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- <h1><a name="bookmark0"></a><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark1"></a>STANDARD CHINESE</span></h1>
- <p><span class="font7">A MODULAR APPROACH</span></p>
- <p><span class="font6" style="font-weight:bold;">STUDENT TEXT</span></p>
- <p><span class="font6">MODULE 1: ORIENTATION</span></p>
- <p><span class="font6">MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION</span></p>
- <p><span class="font2">AUGUST 1979</span></p>
- <p><span class="font1">Copyright © 1980 by John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, Roberta S. Barry, and Thomas E. Madden</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark2"></a><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark3"></a>PREFACE</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font11"> originated in an interagency-conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the. U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials, to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197^ in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Hickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977» Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher's guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had Joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for paid; of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font11"> was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language' Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course materials. This support included coordination, graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry out these tasks.</span></p>
- <div><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-1.png" alt="" style="width:75pt;height:86pt;">
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">James R. Frith, Chairman</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">CONTENTS</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark2"><span class="font11">Preface</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark4"><span class="font11">Introduction Section I: About the Course </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark5"><span class="font11">Section II: Background Notes </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">MODULE 1: ORIENTATION</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark6"><span class="font11">Objectives</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark7"><span class="font11">List of Tapes</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark8"><span class="font11">Target Lists </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark9"><span class="font11">UNIT 1 Introduction....... . .</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark10"><span class="font11">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark11"><span class="font11">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark12"><span class="font11">Reference Notes .</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark13"><span class="font11">Full names and surnames Titles and terms of address Drills</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark14"><span class="font11">UNIT 2 Introduction </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark15"><span class="font11">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark16"><span class="font11">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark17"><span class="font11">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Given names</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes/no questions Negative statements Greetings</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><a href="#bookmark18"><span class="font11">Drills</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark19"><span class="font11">UNIT 3 Introduction ......... .....</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark20"><span class="font11">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark21"><span class="font11">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark22"><span class="font11">Unit Map</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark23"><span class="font11">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nationality</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark24"><span class="font11">Home state, province, and city Drills</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark25"><span class="font11">UNIT U Introduction </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark26"><span class="font11">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark27"><span class="font11">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark28"><span class="font11">Unit Map</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark29"><span class="font11">Reference Notes......... </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">....</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Location of people and places</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Where people’s families are from</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><a href="#bookmark30"><span class="font11">Drills</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark31"><span class="font11">Criterion Test Sample</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Appendices</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><a href="#bookmark32"><span class="font11">I. Map of China</span></a></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><a href="#bookmark33"><span class="font11">II. Map of Taiwan</span></a></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><a href="#bookmark34"><span class="font11">III. Countries and Regions</span></a></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><a href="#bookmark35"><span class="font11">IV. American States</span></a></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><a href="#bookmark36"><span class="font11">V. Canadian Provinces </span></a></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><a href="#bookmark37"><span class="font11">VI. Common Chinese Names </span></a></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><a href="#bookmark38"><span class="font11">VII. Chinese Provinces </span></a></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><a href="#bookmark39"><span class="font11">VIII. Chinese Cities</span></a></p></li></ul>
- <p><a href="#bookmark40"><span class="font11">MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Objectives</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark41"><span class="font11">List of Tapes</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark42"><span class="font11">Target Lists </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark43"><span class="font11">UNIT 1 Introduction</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark44"><span class="font11">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark45"><span class="font11">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark46"><span class="font11">Reference Notes</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where people are staying (hotels) Short answers The question word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něige</span><span class="font11"> "which?" Drills................ 105</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark47"><span class="font11">UNIT 2 Introduction</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark48"><span class="font11">Reference List .</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark49"><span class="font11">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark50"><span class="font11">Reference Notes .</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where people are staying (houses)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where people are working Addresses The marker do The marker ba The prepositional verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài </span><span class="font11">Drills . .........................120</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark51"><span class="font11">UNIT 3 Introduction</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark52"><span class="font11">Reference List </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark53"><span class="font11">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark54"><span class="font11">Reference Notes ....................•</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Members of a family The plural ending </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-men </span><span class="font11">The question word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǐ-</span><span class="font11"> "how many"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The adverb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font11"> "all”</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark55"><span class="font11">Several ways to express ’’and" Drills . . . .</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">UNIT It</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark56"><span class="font11">Introduction</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark57"><span class="font11">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark58"><span class="font11">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark59"><span class="font11">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Arrival and departure times The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le </span><span class="font11">The </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font11"> construction</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark60"><span class="font11">Drills</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">UNIT 5</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark61"><span class="font11">Introduction</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark62"><span class="font11">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark63"><span class="font11">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark64"><span class="font11">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Date and place of birth</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Days of the week</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ages</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> for new situations</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark65"><span class="font11">Drills</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">UNIT 6</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark66"><span class="font11">Introduction </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark67"><span class="font11">Reference List ....</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark68"><span class="font11">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark69"><span class="font11">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duration phrases</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> for completion</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The "double </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le"</span><span class="font11"> construction</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Action verbs State verbs</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark70"><span class="font11">Drills</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">UNIT 7</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark71"><span class="font11">Introduction .</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark72"><span class="font11">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark73"><span class="font11">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark74"><span class="font11">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where someone works Where and what someone has studied What languages someone can speak Auxiliary verbs General objects</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark75"><span class="font11">Drills</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">UNIT 8</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark76"><span class="font11">Introduction</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark77"><span class="font11">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark78"><span class="font11">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark79"><span class="font11">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">More on duration phrases</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> for new situations in negative sentences</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Military titles and branches of service</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne </span><span class="font11">Process verbs Drills............................223</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark4"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark80"></a>SECTION I: ABOUT THE COURSE</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">This course is designed to give you a practical command of spoken Standard Chinese. You will learn both to understand and to speak it. Although Standard Chinese is one language, there are differences between the particular form it takes in Beijing and the form it takes in the rest of the country. There are also, of course, significant nonlinguistic differences between regions of the country. Reflecting these regional differences, the settings for most conversations are Beijing and Taipei.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">This course represents a new approach to the teaching of foreign languages. In many ways it redefines the roles of teacher and student, of classwork and homework, and of text and tape. Here is what you should expect:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The focus is on communicating in Chinese in practical situations—the obvious ones you will encounter upon arriving in China. You will be communicating in Chinese most of the time you are in class. You will not always be talking about real situations, but you will almost always be purposefully exchanging information in Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">This focus on communicating means that the teacher is first of all your conversational partner. Anything that forces him<a name="footnote1"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark81">1</a></sup> back into the traditional roles of lecturer and drillmaster limits your opportunity to interact with a speaker of the Chinese language and to experience the language in its full spontaneity, flexibility, and responsiveness.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Using class time for communicating, you will complete other course activities out of class whenever possible. This is what the tapes are for. They introduce the new material of each unit and give you as much additional practice as possible without a conversational partner.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The texts summarize and supplement the tapes, which take you through new material step by step and then give you intensive practice on what you have covered. In this course you will spend almost all your time listening to Chinese and saying things in Chinese, either with the tapes or in class.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">How the Course Is Organized</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The subtitle of this course, "A Modular Approach," refers to overall organization of the materials into MODULES which focus on particular situations or language topics and which allow a certain amount of choice as to what is taught and in what order. To highlight equally significant features of the course, the subtitle could Just as well have been "A Situational Approach," "A Taped-Input Approach," or "A Communicative Approach."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ten situational modules form the core of the course:</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">ORIENTATION (ORN)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Talking about who you are and where you are from.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (BIO)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Talking about your background, family, studies, and occupation and about your visit to China.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">MONEY (MON)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Making purchases and changing money.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">DIRECTIONS (DIR)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Asking directions in a city or in a building.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">TRANSPORTATION (TRN)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Taking buses, taxis, trains, and planes, including finding out schedule information, buying tickets, and making reservations.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">ARRANGING A MEETING (MTG)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Arranging a business meeting or a social get-together, changing the time of an appointment, and declining an invitation.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">SOCIETY (SOC)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Talking about families, relationships between people, cultural roles in traditional society, and cultural trends in modern society.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">TRAVELING IN CHINA (TRL)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Making travel arrangements and visiting a kindergarten, the Great Wall, the Ming Tombs, a commune, and a factory.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">LIFE IN CHINA (LIC)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Talking about daily life in Beijing street committees, leisure activities, traffic and transportation, buying and rationing, housing.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS (TAN)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Talking about government and party policy changes described in newspapers: the educational system, agricultural policy, international policy, ideological policy, and policy in the arts.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Each core module consists of tapes, a student textbook, and a workbook.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">In addition to the ten CORE modules, there are also RESOURCE modules and OPTIONAL modules. Resource modules teach particular systems in the language, such as numbers and dates. As you proceed through a situational core module, you •will occasionally take time out to study part of a resource module. (You will begin the first three of these while studying the Orientation Module.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION (P&R) The sound system of Chinese and the Pinyin system of romanization.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">NUMBERS (NUM) Numbers up to five digits.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE) Expressions basic to the classroom</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">learning situation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">TIME AND DATES (T&D) Dates, days of the week, clock time,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">parts of the day.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">GRAMMAR Aspect and verb types, word order,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">multisyllabic verbs and ba., auxiliary verbs, complex sentences, adverbial expressions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The eight optional modules focus on particular situations:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">RESTAURANT (RST)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">HOTEL (HTL)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">PERSONAL WELFARE (WLF)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">POST OFFICE AND TELEPHONE (PST/TEL)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">CAR (CAR)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH, AND DEATH (MBD)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">NEW YEAR'S CELEBRATION (NYR)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS (l&O)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook. These optional modules may be used at any time after certain core modules.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The diagram on page U shows how the core modules, optional modules, and resource modules fit together in the course. Resource modules are shown where study should begin. Optional modules are shown where they may be introduced.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">STANDARD CHINESE : A MODULAR APPROACH</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-2.png" alt="" style="width:406pt;height:588pt;">
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- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Inside a Core Module</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Each core module has from four to eight units. A module also includes</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Objectives</span><span class="font11">: The module objectives are listed at the beginning of the text for each module. Read these before starting work on the first unit to fix in your mind what you are trying to accomplish and what you will have to do to pass the test at the end of the module.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Target Lists</span><span class="font11">: These follow the objectives in the text. They summarize the language content of each unit in the form of typical questions and answers on the topic of that unit. Each sentence is given both in roman-ized Chinese and in English. Turn to the appropriate Target List before, during, or after your work on a unit, whenever you need to pull together what is in’ the unit.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Review Tapes (R-l)</span><span class="font11">: The Target List sentences are given on these tapes. Except in the short Orientation Module, there are two R-l tapes for each module.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Criterion Test</span><span class="font11">: After studying each module, you will take a Criterion Test to find out which module objectives you have met and which you need to work on before beginning to study another module.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Inside a Unit</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Here is what you will be doing in each unit. First, you will work through two tapes:</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Comprehension Tape 1 (C-l)</span><span class="font11">: This tape introduces all the new words and structures in the unit and lets you hear them in the context of short conversational exchanges. It then works them into other short conversations and longer passages for listening practice, and finally reviews them in the Target List sentences. Your goal when using the tape is to understand all the Target List sentences for the unit.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Production Tape 1 (P-1)</span><span class="font11">: This tape gives you practice in pronouncing the new words and in saying the sentences you learned to understand on the C-l tape. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to be able to produce any of the Target List sentences in Chines? when given'the English equivalent. The C-l and P-1 tapes, not accompanied by workbooks, are "portable” in the sense that they do not tie you down to your desk. However, there are some written materials for each unit which you will need to work into your study routine. A text </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Reference List</span><span class="font11"> at the beginning of each unit contains the sentences from the C-l and P-1 tapes. It includes both the Chinese sentences and their English equivalents. The text </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Reference Notes</span><span class="font11"> restate and expand the comments made on the C-l and P-1 tapes concerning grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and culture.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">After you have worked with the C-l and P-1 tapes, you go on to two class activities:</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Target List' Review</span><span class="font11">: In this first class activity of the unit, you find out how well you learned the C-l and P-1 sentences. The teacher checks your understanding and production of the Target List sentences. He also presents any additional required vocabulary items, found at the end of the Target List, which were not on the C-l and P-1 tapes.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Structural Buildup</span><span class="font11">: During this class activity, you work on your understanding and control of the new structures in the unit. You respond to questions from your teacher about situations illustrated on a chalkboard or explained in other ways.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">After these activities, your teacher may want you to spend some time working on the drills for the unit.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Drill Tape</span><span class="font11">: This tape takes you through various types of drills based on the Target List sentences and on the additional required vocabulary.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Drills</span><span class="font11">: The teacher may have you go over some or all of the drills in class, either to prepare for work with the tape, to review the tape, or to replace it.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Next, you use two more tapes. These tapes will give you as much additional practice as possible outside of class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Comprehension Tape 2 (C-2)</span><span class="font11">: This tape provides advanced listening practice with exercises containing long, varied passages which fully exploit the possibilities of the material covered. In the C-2 Workbook you answer questions about the passages.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">8.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Production Tape 2 (P-2)</span><span class="font11">: This tape resembles the Structural Buildup in that you practice using the new structures of the unit in various situations. The P-2 Workbook provides instructions and displays of information for each exercise.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Following work on these two tapes, you take part in two class activities:</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Exercise Review</span><span class="font11">: The teacher reviews the exercises of the C-2 tape by reading or playing passages from the tape and questioning you on them. He reviews the exercises of the P-2 tape by questioning you on information displays in the P-2 Workbook.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">10.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Communication Activities</span><span class="font11">: Here you use what you have learned in the unit for the purposeful exchange of information. Both fictitious situations (in Communication Games) and real-world situations involving you and your classmates (in "interviews") are used.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials and Activities for a Unit</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">TAPED MATERIALS</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">C-l, P-1 Tapes</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">WRITTEN MATERIALS</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Target List</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Reference List</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Reference Notes</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font11">D-l Tapes</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">C-2, P-2 Tapes</span></p>
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- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Drills</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Reference Notes C-2, P-2 Workbooks</span></p>
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- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">CLASS ACTIVITIES</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Target List Review</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Structural Buildup</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Drills</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Exercise Review</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Communication Activities</span></p>
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- <div><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-3.png" alt="" style="width:293pt;height:211pt;">
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- <p><span class="font11">Wen wǔ Temple in central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</span></p>
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- <h3><a name="bookmark82"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark83"></a>SECTION II</span><br><br><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark84"></a>BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">The Chinese Languages</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called "Chinese." We say, for example, that the people of China speak different dialects of Chinese, and that Confucius wrote in an ancient form of Chinese. On the other hand, we would never think of saying that the people of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal speak dialects of one language, and that Julius Caesar wrote in an ancient form of that language. But the facts are almost exactly parallel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Therefore, in terms of what we think of as a language when closer to home, "Chinese" is not one language, but a family of languages. The language of Confucius is partway up the trunk of the family tree. Like Latin, it lived on as a literary language long after its death as a spoken language in popular use. The seven modern languages of China, traditionally known as the "dialects," are the branches of the tree. They share as strong a family resemblance as do Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, and are about as different from one another.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The predominant language of China is now known as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Putonghua</span><span class="font11">, or "Standard Chinese" (literally "the common speech"). The more traditional term, still used in Taiwan, is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guóyǔ</span><span class="font11">, or "Mandarin" (literally "the national language"). Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost two-thirds of the population of China and throughout the greater part of the country.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The term "Standard Chinese" is often used more narrowly to refer to the true national language which is emerging. This language, which is already the language of all national broadcasting, is based primarily on the 'Peking dialect, but takes in elements from other dialects of Standard Chinese and even from other Chinese languages. Like many national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken, and is often spoken with some concessions to local speech, particularly in pronunciation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in pronunciation than in grammar and vocabulary. What distinguishes Standard Chinese most from the other Chinese languages, for example, is that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final consonants.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The remaining six Chinese languages, spoken by approximately a quarter of the population of China, are tightly grouped in the southeast, below the Yangtze River. The six are: the Wu group (Wu), which includes the "Shanghai dialect"; Hunanese (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiang</span><span class="font11">); the "Kiangsi dialect" (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Can</span><span class="font11">); Cantonese (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yuè</span><span class="font11">), the language of Guangdong, widely spoken in Chinese communities in the United States; Fukienese (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mln</span><span class="font11">), a variant of which is spoken by a majority on Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and Hakka (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kèjiā</span><span class="font11">), spoken in a belt above the Cantonese area, as well as by a minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka are also widely spoken throughout Southeast Asia.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">There are minority ethnic groups in China who speak non-Chinese languages. Some of these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related to the Chinese languages. Others, such as Mongolian, are entirely unrelated.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Some Characteristics of Chinese</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">To us, perhaps the most striking feature of spoken Chinese is the use of variation in tone ("tones") to distinguish the different meanings of syllables which would otherwise sound alike. All languages, and Chinese is no exception, make use of sentence intonation to indicate how whole sentences are to be understood. In English, for example, the rising pattern in "He’s gone?" tells us that the sentence is meant as a question. The Chinese tones, however, are quite a different matter. They belong to individual syllables, not to the sentence as a whole. An inherent part of each Standard Chinese syllable is one of four distinctive tones. The tone does just as much to distinguish the syllable as do the consonants and vowels. For example, the only difference between the verb "to buy," </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mai</span><span class="font11">, and the verb "to sell," </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mài</span><span class="font11">, is the Low tone (<sup>w</sup>) and the Falling tone ('). And yet these words are just as distinguishable as our words "buy" and "guy," or "buy" and "boy." Apart from the tones, the sound system of Standard Chinese is no more different from English than French is.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Word formation in Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one thing, there are no conjugations such as are found in many European languages . Chinese verbs have fewer forms than English verbs, and nowhere near as many irregularities. Chinese grammar relies heavily on word order, and often the word order is the same as in English. For these reasons Chinese is not as difficult for Americans to learn to speak as one might think.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This notion contains a good deal of truth. It has been found that, on the average, every other word in ordinary conversation is a single-syllable word. Moreover, although most words in the dictionary have two syllables, and some have more, these words can almost always be broken down into singlesyllable units of meaning, many of which can stand alone as words.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Written Chinese</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an alphabet. The letters may be different from ours, as in the Greek alphabet, but the principle is the same: one letter for each consonant or vowel sound, more or less. Chinese, however, is written with "characters" which stand for whole syllables—in fact, for whole syllables with particular meanings. Although there are only about thirteen hundred phonetically distinct syllables in standard Chinese, there are several thousand Chinese characters in everyday use, essentially one for each single-syllable unit of meaning. This means that many words have the same pronunciation but are written with different characters, as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān,</span><span class="font11"> "sky," X, <sup>an</sup>^ tiān_, "to add," "to increase," . Chinese characters are often referred to as "ideographs,." which suggests that they stand directly for ideas. But this is misleading. It is better to think of them as standing for the meaningful syllables of the spoken language.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand characters. These thousand characters, in combination, give a reading vocabulary of several thousand words. Full literacy calls for knowing some three thousand characters. In order to reduce the amount of time needed to learn characters, there has been a vast extension in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) of the principle of character simplification, which has reduced the average number of strokes per character by half.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">During the past century, various systems have been proposed for representing the sounds of Chinese with letters of the Roman alphabet. One of these romanizations, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hànyǔ Pinyin</span><span class="font11"> (literally "Chinese Language Spelling," generally called "Pinyin" in English), has been adopted officially in the PRC, with the short-term goal of teaching all students the Standard Chinese pronunciation of characters. A long-range goal is the use of Pinyin for written communication throughout the country. This is not possible, of course, until speakers across the nation have uniform pronunciations of Standard Chinese. For the time being, characters, which represent meaning, not pronunciation, are still the most widely accepted way of communicating in writing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Pinyin uses all of the letters in our alphabet except v, and adds the letter u. The spellings of some of the consonant sounds are rather arbitrary from our point of view, but for every consonant sound there is only one letter or one combination of letters, and vice versa. You will find that each vowel letter can stand for different vowel sounds, depending on what letters precede or follow it in the syllable. The four tones are indicated by accent marks over the vowels, and the Neutral tone by the absence of an accent mark:</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark85"><span class="font11">High: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mā</span><span class="font11"> Falling:</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark86"><span class="font11">Rising: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font11"> Neutral:</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark87"><span class="font11">Low:</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">One reason often given for the retention of characters is that they can he read, with the local pronunciation, hy speakers of all the Chinese languages . Probably a stronger reason for retaining them is that the characters help keep alive distinctions of meaning between words, and connections of meaning between words, which are fading in the spoken language. On the other hand, a Cantonese could learn to speak Standard Chinese, and read it alphabetically, at least as easily as he can learn several thousand characters.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Pinyin is used throughout this course to provide a simple written representation of pronunciation. The characters, which are chiefly responsible for the reputation of Chinese as a difficult language, are taught separately.</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark88"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark89"></a>BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE CHARACTERS</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">Each Chinese character is written as a fixed sequence of strokes. There are very few basic types of strokes, each with its own prescribed direction, length, and contour. The dynamics of these strokes as written with a brush, the classical writing instrument, show up clearly even in printed characters. You can tell from the varying thickness of the stroke how the brush met the paper, how it swooped, and how it lifted; these effects are largely lost in characters written with a ball-point pen.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The sequence of strokes is of particular importance. Let's take the character for "mouth," pronounced </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">kou</span><span class="font11">. Here it is as normally written, with the order and directions of the strokes indicated.</span></p><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-4.png" alt="" style="width:67pt;height:63pt;">
- <p><span class="font11">If the character is written rapidly, in "running-style writing," one stroke glides into the next, like this.</span></p><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-5.png" alt="" style="width:46pt;height:47pt;">
- <p><span class="font11">If the strokes were written in any but the proper order, quite different distortions would take place as each stroke reflected the last and anticipated the next, and the character would be illegible.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The earliest surviving Chinese characters, inscribed on the Shang Dynasty "oracle hones" of about 1500 B.C., already included characters that went beyond simple pictorial representation. There are some characters in use today which are pictorial, like the character for "mouth." There are also some which are directly symbolic, like our Roman numerals I, II, and III. (The characters for these numbers—the first numbers you learn in this course—are like the Roman numerals turned on their sides.) There are some which are indirectly symbolic, like our Arabic numerals 1, 2, and 3. But the most common type of character is complex, consisting of two parts: a "phonetic," which suggests the pronunciation, and a "radical," which broadly characterizes the meaning. Let’s take the following character as an example.</span></p><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-6.png" alt="" style="width:61pt;height:72pt;">
- <p><span class="font11">This character means "ocean" and is pronounced </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font11">. The left side of the character, the three short strokes, is an abbreviation of a character which means "water" and is pronounced </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuǐ</span><span class="font11">. This is the "radical." It has been borrowed only for its meaning, "water." The right side of the character above is a character which means "sheep" and is pronounced </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font11">. This is the "phonetic." It has been borrowed only for its sound value, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font11">. A speaker of Chinese encountering the above character for the first time could probably figure out that the only Chinese word that sounds like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang </span><span class="font11">and means something like "water" is the word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font11"> meaning "ocean." We, as speakers of English, might not be able to figure it out. Moreover, phonetics and radicals seldom work as neatly as in this example. But we can still learn to make good use of these hints at sound and sense.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Many dictionaries classify characters in terms of the radicals. According to one of the two dictionary systems used, there are 1?6 radicals; in the other system, there are 21U. There are over a thousand phonetics.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chinese has traditionally been written vertically, from top to bottom of the page, starting on the right-hand side, with the pages bound so that the first page is where we would expect the last page to be. Nowadays, however, many Chinese publications paginate like Western publications, and the characters are written horizontally, from left to right.</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark90"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark91"></a>BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE PERSONAL NAMES AND TITLES</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a given name. There is no middle name. The order is the reverse of ours: surname first, given name last.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable surname followed by a two-syllable given name:<a name="footnote2"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark92">2</a></sup></span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mao Zédōng (Mao Tse-tung)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōu Ēnlái (Chou En-lai)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiang Jièshí (Chiang Kai-shek)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Song Qìnglíng (Soong Ch’ing-ling—Mme Sun Yat-sen)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Song Měilíng (Soong Mei-ling—Mme Chiang Kai-shek)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a single syllable:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhu De (Chu Teh)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lin Biāo (Lin Piao)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hú'Shì (Hu Shih)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāng Qīng (Chiang Ch’ing—Mme Mao Tse-tung)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">There are a few two-syllable surnames. These are usually followed by single-syllable given names:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Sima Guāng (Ssu-ma Kuang) Ōuyáng Xiū (Ou-yang Hsiu) Zhūgě Liang (Chu-ke Liang)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable given names:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Sīmǎ Xiangrú (Ssu-ma Hsiang-Ju)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred written with a single character and several dozen written with two characters. Some single-syllable surnames sound exactly alike although written with different characters, and to distinguish them, the Chinese may occasionally have to describe the character or "write" it with a finger on the palm of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely to encounter are fewer than a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that they account for a good majority of China’s population.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Given names,' as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a limited list of characters. Men’s names are often but not always distinguishable from women’s; the difference, however, usually lies in the meaning of the characters and so is not readily apparent to the beginning student with a limited knowledge of characters.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Outside the People’s Republic the traditional system of titles is still in use. These titles closely parallel our own "Mr.," "Mrs.," and "Miss." Notice, however, that all Chinese titles follow the name—either the full name or the surname alone—rather than preceding it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The title "Mr." is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Xiānsheng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">_Mǎ Mínglǐ Xiānsheng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The title "Mrs." is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tāitai</span><span class="font11">. It follows the husband’s full name or surname alone.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Taitai</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Mínglǐ Tāitai</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The title "Miss" is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎojiě</span><span class="font11">. The Mǎ family’s grown daughter, Defēn, would be</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Xiǎojiě</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Defēn Xiǎojiě</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Even traditionally, outside the People’s Republic, a married woman does not take her husband’s name in the same sense as in our culture. If Miss Fāng Bǎolán marries Mr. Mǎ Mínglǐ, she becomes Mrs. Mǎ Mínglǐ, but at the same time she remains Fāng Bǎolán. She does not become Mǎ Bǎolán; there is no equivalent of "Mrs. Mary Smith." She may, however, add her husband’s surname to her own full name and refer to herself as Mǎ Fāng Bǎolán. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss Fāng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese today in various parts of the world. The titles carry certain connotations, however, when used in the PRC today: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taitai</span><span class="font11"> should not be used because it designates that woman as a member of the leisure class. Xiǎojiě should not be used because it carries the connotation of being from a rich family.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">In the People’s Republic, the title "Comrade," </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongzhì</span><span class="font11">, is used in place of the titles </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tāitai</span><span class="font11">, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎojiě</span><span class="font11">. Mǎ Mínglǐ would be</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Tongzhì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Mínglǐ Tongzhì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The title "Comrade" is applied to all, regardless of sex or marital status. A married woman does not take her husband’s name in any sense. Mǎ Mínglǐ’s wife would be</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Fang Tongzhì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Fang Bǎolán Tongzhì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Children may be given either the mother's or the father’s surname at birth. In some families one child has the father’s surname, and another child has the mother’s surname. Mǎ Mínglǐ’s and Fang Bǎolán’s grown daughter could be</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Tongzhì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Defēn Tongzhì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Their grown son could be</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Fang Tongzhì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Fang Zìqiáng Tongzhì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official titles and titles of respect in addition to the common titles we have discussed here. Several of these will be introduced later in the course.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for special consideration. In the People’s Republic the policy is to assign Chinese phonetic equivalents to foreign names. These approximations are often not as close phonetically as they might be, since the choice of appropriate written characters may bring in nonphonetic considerations. (An attempt is usually made when transliterating to use characters with attractive meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names do not at all resemble Chinese names. For example, the official version of "David Anderson" is Dǎiwéi Āndesēn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct a valid Chinese name that suggests the foreign name phonetically. For example, "David Anderson" might be An Dàwèi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a Chinese surname, semantic suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic suggestiveness. For example, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wang</span><span class="font11">, a common Chinese surname, means "king," so "Daniel King" might be rendered Wang Dànián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Students in this course will be given both the official PRC phonetic equivalents of their names and Chinese-style names.</span></p>
- <h2><a name="bookmark93"></a><span class="font5" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark94"></a>MODULE 1: ORIENTATION</span></h2>
- <p><span class="font11">The Orientation Module and associated resource modules provide the linguistic tools needed to "begin the study of Chinese. The materials also introduce the teaching procedures used in this course.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The Orientation Module is not a typical course module in several respects. First, it does not have a situational topic of its own, but rather leads into the situational topic of the following module—Biographic Information. Second, it teaches only a little Chinese grammar and vocabulary. Third, two of the associated resource modules (Pronunciation and Romanization, Numbers) are not optional; together with the Orientation Module, they are prerequisite to the rest of the course.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">OBJECTIVES</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Upon successful completion of this module and the two associated resource modules, the student should</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Distinguish the sounds and tones of Chinese well enough to be able to write the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hànyǔ Pinyin</span><span class="font11"> romanization for a syllable after hearing the syllable.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. , Be able to pronounce any combination of sounds found in the words of the Target Lists when given a romanized syllable to read. (Although the entire sound system of Chinese is introduced in the module, the student is responsible for producing only sounds used in the Target</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11"><sub>;</sub> Sentences for CRN. Producing the remaining sounds is- included in the Objectives for Biographic Information.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3» Know the names and locations of five cities and five provinces of China well enough to point out their locations on a map, and pronounce the names well enough to be understood by a Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Comprehend the numbers 1 through 99 well enough to write them down when dictated, and be able to say them in Chinese when given English equivalents.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Understand the Chinese system of using personal names, including the use of titles equivalent to "Mr.," "Mrs.," "Miss," and "Comrade."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Be able to ask and understand questions about where someone is from.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Be able to ask and understand questions about where someone is.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. Be able to give the English equivalents for all the Chinese expressions in the Target Lists.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. Be able to say all the Chinese expressions in the Target Lists when cued with English equivalents.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">10. Be able to take part in short Chinese conversations, based on the Target Lists, about how he is, who he is, and where he is from.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">TAPES FOR ORN AND ASSOCIATED RESOURCE MODULES</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Orientation (ORN)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Unit</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-l</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">1&2 D-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3 D-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3 C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">U:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">it</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">it</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">it D-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">It C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">it</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Pronunciation and Romanization (P&R)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">P&R 1 P&R 2 P&R 3 P&R U P&R 5 P&R 6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Numbers (NUM)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">NUM 1 NUM 2 NUM 3 NUM it</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Classroom Expressions (CE)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">CE 1</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">CRN</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 1 TARGET LIST</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Nǐ shi shéi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Wang Dàniàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ shi Hu Mailing.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nǐ xìng shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ xìng Wang.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ xìng Hu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Tā shi shéi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Mǎ Mínglī.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Mǎ Tàitai.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā shi Mǎ Xiǎojiě.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Mǎ Tongzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Mǎ Mínglǐ Xiānsheng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Mǎ Mínglǐ Tàitai.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. A: Tongzhì, tā shi shéi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Fang Bǎolán Tongzhì.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Who are you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I am Wang Dàniàn (Daniel King) I am Hu Mailing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What is. your surname?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My surname i s Wang (King).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My surname is Hu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Who is he/she?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He is Ma Mínglǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mr. Mǎ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is Mrs. Mǎ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is Miss Mǎ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He/she is Comrade Mǎ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mr. Wang, who is he?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mr. Ma Minglǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Sir, who is she?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is Mrs. Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Comrade, who is she?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is Comrade Fāng Bǎolán.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 2 TARGET LIST</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1. A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi Wang Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you Mr. Wang?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Wang Dàniàn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I am Wang Dàniàn.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bu shi Wang Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’m not Mr. Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">2. A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ xìng Wang ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Is your surname Wang?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wo xìng Wang.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">My surname is Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Wang.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">My surname isn ’t Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nín guìxìng?'</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xìng Wang.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Your surname? (POLITE) My surname is Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">1+.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ jiao shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">What is your given name?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wo jiao Danian.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">My given name is Danian (Daniel).</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ hǎo a?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">How are you?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ hao. Nǐ ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’m fine. And you?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Hǎo. Xièxie.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Fine, thank you.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 6. míngzi</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">given name</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 3 TARGET LIST</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Nǐ shi Měiguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Shi.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bú shi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nǐ shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Shi, wo shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bú shi, wǒ hú shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nǐ shi něiguo rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wo shi Měiguo rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wo shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">4. A: Nǐ shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Shanghai rén.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you an American?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes (I am).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No (I’m not).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you Chinese?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, I’m Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, I’m not Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What’s your nationality?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m an American.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m English.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you from?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m a Californian.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m from Shanghai.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">5. Déguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Germany</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">6. Eguo (Eguó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Russia</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">7. Fàguó (Fǎguo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">France</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">8. Rìhěn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Japan</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 4 TARGET LIST</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Andésēn Xiansheng, nǐ shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Andésēn Fūren ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā yě shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Tā shi Yingguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bu shi, tā hú shi Yingguo rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā àiren ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā yě hú shi Yingguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Qīngwèn, nǐ lāojiā zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ lǎojiā zài Shāndōng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Qingdao zài zhèr ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Qingdao hú zài nàr, zài zhèr.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">5- A: Nǐ àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā xiànzài zài Jiānádà,</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you from, Mr. Anderson?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">I'm from Texas.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">And Mrs. Anderson?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is from Texas too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Is he English?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, he is not English.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">And his wife?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She isn't English either.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where is your family from?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My family is from Shāndōng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Is Qīngdǎo here? (pointing to a map)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qīngdǎo isn’t there; it’s here, (pointing to a map)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where is your spouse now?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He/she is in Canada now.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Learn the pronunciation and location of any five cities and five provinces of China found on the maps on pages 80-81.</span></p><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-7.png" alt="" style="width:268pt;height:211pt;">
- <p><span class="font11">On a Beijing street (courtesy of Pat Fox)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 1</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark95"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark96"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Questions and answers about full names and surnames.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Titles and terms of address ("Mr.," "Mrs.," etc.).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Prerequisites to the Unit </span><span class="font11">(Be sure to complete these before starting the unit.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Background Notes.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. P&R 1 (Tape 1 of the resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization), the tones.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. P&R 2 (Tape 2 of the resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization), the tones.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need </span><span class="font11">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The drill tape (1D-1).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">About the C-l and P-1 Tapes</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The C-l and P-1 tapes are your introduction to the Chinese words and structures presented in each unit. The tapes give you explanations and practice on the new material. By the time you have worked through these two tapes, you will be competent in understanding and producing the expressions introduced in the unit.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">With the C-l tape, you learn to understand the new words and structures. The material is presented in short conversational exchanges, first with English translations and later with pauses which allow you to translate. Try to give a complete English translation for each Chinese expression. Your goal when using the C-l tape is to learn the meanings of all the words and structures as they are used in the sentences.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">With the P-1 tape, you learn to put together these sentences. You learn to pronounce each new word and use each new structure. When the recorded instructions direct you to pronounce a word or say a sentence, do so out loud. It is important for you to hear yourself speaking Chinese, so that you will know whether you are pronouncing the words correctly. Making the effort to say the expression is a big part of learning it. It is one thing to think about how a sentence should be put together or how it should sound. It is another thing to put it together that way or make it sound that way. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to produce the Target List expressions in Chinese when given English equivalents. At the end of each P-1 tape is a review of the Target List which you can go over until you have mastered the expressions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">At times, you may feel that the material on a tape is being presented too fast. You may find that there is not enough time allowed for working out the meaning of a sentence or saying a sentence the way you want to. When this happens, stop the tape. If you want to, rewind. Use the control buttons on your machine to make the tape manageable for you and to get the most out of it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">About the Reference List and the Reference Notes</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The Reference List and the Reference Notes are designed to be used before, during, or directly after work with the C-l and P-1 tapes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The Reference List is a summary of the C-l and P-1 tapes. It contains all sentences which introduce new material, showing you both the Chinese sentences written in romanization and their English equivalents. You will find that the list is printed so that either the Chinese or the English can be covered to allow you to test yourself on comprehension, production, or romanization of the sentences.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The Reference Notes give you information about grammar, pronunciation, and cultural usage. Some of these explanations duplicate what you hear on the C-l and P-1 tapes. Other explanations contain new information.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You may use the Reference List and Reference Notes in various ways. For example, you may follow the Reference Notes as you listen to a tape, glancing at an exchange or stopping to read a comment whenever you want to. Or you may look through the Reference Notes before listening to a tape, and then use the Reference List while you listen, to help you keep track of where you are. Whichever way you decide to use these parts of a unit, remember that they are reference materials. Don’t rely on the translations and romanizations as subtitles for the C-l tape or as cue cards for the P-1 tape, for this would rob you of your chance to develop listening and responding skills.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">About the Drills</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The drills help you develop fluency, ease of response, and confidence. You can go through the drills on your own, with the drill tapes, and the teacher may take you through them in class as well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Allow more than half an hour for a half-hour drill tape, since you will usually need to go over all or parts of the tape more than once to get full benefit from it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The drills include many personal names, providing you with valuable pronunciation practice. However, if you find the names more than you can handle the first time through the tape, replace them with the pronoun </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā </span><span class="font11">whenever possible. Similar substitutions are often possible with place names.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Some of the drills involve sentences which you may find too long to understand or produce on your first try, and you will need to rewind for another try. Often, particularly the first time through a tape, you will find the pauses too short, and you will need to stop the tape to give yourself more time. The performance you should aim for with these tapes, however, is full comprehension and full, fluent, and accurate production while the tape rolls.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The five basic types of drills are described below.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drills</span><span class="font11">: The teacher (T) gives a pattern sentence which the student (S) repeats. Then the teacher gives a word or phrase (a </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) which the student substitutes appropriately in the original sentence. The teacher follows immediately with a new cue.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Here is an English example of a substitution drill:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">T: Are you an American?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">S: Are you an American?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">T: (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) English</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">S: Are you English?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">T: (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) French</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">S: Are you French?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drills</span><span class="font11">: On the basis of a model provided at the beginning of the drill, the student makes a certain change in each sentence the teacher says.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Here is an English example of a transformation drill, in which the student is changing affirmative sentences into negative ones:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">T: I’m going to the bank.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">S: I'm not going to the bank.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">T: I’m going to the store.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">S: I'm not going to the store.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drills</span><span class="font11">: On the basis of a model given at the beginning of the drill, the student responds to questions or remarks by the teacher as cued by the teacher.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Here is an English example of a response drill:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">T: What is his name? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Harris</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">S: His name is Harris.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">T: What is her name? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Noss</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">S: Her name is Noss.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drills</span><span class="font11">: The student adds something to a pattern sentence as cued by the teacher.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Here is an English example of an expansion drill:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">T: He isn’t Chinese, (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Japanese</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">S: He isn’t Chinese. He's Japanese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">T: She isn’t German. (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) French</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">S: She isn’t German. She’s French.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Combination Drills</span><span class="font11">: On the basis of a model given at the beginning of the drill, the student combines two phrases or sentences given by the teacher into a single utterance.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Here is an English example of a combination drill:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">T: I am reading a book. John gave me the book.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">S: I am reading a book which John gave me.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">T: Mary bought a picture. I like the picture.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">S: Mary bought a picture which I like.</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark10"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark97"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Wang Dāniān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Who are you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I am Wang Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Who are you?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Hu Měilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I am Hu Měilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Ma Mínglǐ.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">It.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mā Mínglǐ.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Hu Měilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">She is Hu Měilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ xìng shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">What is your surname?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xìng Wang.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">My surname is Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">What is his surname?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng Ma.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">His surname is Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mr. Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Mínglǐ Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mr. Wang, who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Mínglǐ Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Sir, who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mr. Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Sir, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Tāitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">She is Mrs. Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mr. Wáng, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi MS Mínglǐ Tāitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">She is Mrs. Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mr. Wang, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Xiǎojiě.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">She is Miss Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">1U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Ta/shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Mínglǐ Tongzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is Comrade Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">15. A: Tongzhì, tā shi shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Fāng Bǎolán.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">16. A: Tongzhì, tā shi shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Fāng Bǎolán.Tongzhì.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Comrade, who is she?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is Fāng Bǎolán.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Comrade, who is she?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is Comrade Fāng Bǎolán</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <h3><a name="bookmark11"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark98"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">nǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">shéi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">shénme</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">tā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">tàitai</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">tongzhì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">wo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">xiānsheng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">xiǎojie (xiáojie) xìng</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">you</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">who what to he</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">he, she Mrs.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Comrade</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mr.; sir Miss to he surnamed</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <h3><a name="bookmark12"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark99"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Wang Dàniān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Who are you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I am Wang Dàniān.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Who are you?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wo shi Hu Měilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I am Hú Měilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Hu Měilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">She is Hú Měilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 1-U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> means "to he" in the sense of "to he someone or something," as in "I am Daniel King." It expresses identity, (in Unit U you will learn a verb which means "to he" in another sense, "to he somewhere," as in "I am in Beijing." That verh expresses location.) The verh </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> is in the Neutral tone (with no accent mark) except when emphasized.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Unlike verbs in European languages, Chinese verbs do not distinguish first, second, and third persons. A single form serves for all three persons.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang Dàniān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">am</span><span class="font11"> Wang Dàniān.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Hú Měilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(You </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">are</span><span class="font11"> HÚ Měilíng.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span><span class="font11"> Mǎ Mínglǐ.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Later you will find that Chinese verbs do not distinguish singular and plural, either, and that they dò not distinguish past, present, and future as such. You need to learn only one form for each verb.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The pronoun </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font11"> is equivalent to both "he" and "she."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The question </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ shi shéi?</span><span class="font11"> is actually too direct for most situations, although it is all right from teacher to student or from student to student. (A more polite question is introduced in Unit 2.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Unlike English, Chinese uses the same word order in questions as in statements.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi</span><span class="font11">?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Who</span><span class="font11"> is he?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mǎ Mínglǐ</span><span class="font11">?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mǎ Mínglǐ</span><span class="font11">.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">When you answer a question containing a question word like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shei</span><span class="font11">, "who," simply replace the question word with the information it asks for.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Nǐ xìng shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ xìng Wang.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. </span><span class="font15" style="font-variant:small-caps;">a:</span><span class="font11"> Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā xìng Ma.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">What is your surname? My surname is Wang.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What is his surname? His surname is Mǎ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">■Notes on Nos, 5-6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xìng</span><span class="font11"> is a verb, "to be surnamed." It is in the same position in the sentence as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11">, "to be."</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang Banian.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang Danian.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">am surnamed</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Notice that the question word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shénme</span><span class="font11">, "what," takes the same position as the question word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi</span><span class="font11">, "who."</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">are</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">who</span><span class="font11">?)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shénme?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">are surnamed</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">what?</span><span class="font11">) ..........-</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shénme</span><span class="font11"> is the official spelling. However, the word is pronounced as if it were spelled shérnma, or even </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéma</span><span class="font11"> (often with a single rise in pitch extending over both syllables). Before another word which begins with a consonant sound, it is usually pronounced as if it were spelled </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shém</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Who is he?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mr. Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Mínglǐ Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mr. Ma Minglí.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 7-8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">After the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> you may have the full name alone, the surname plus title, or the full name plus title.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mínglǐ.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mínglǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11">, literally "first-born," has more of a connotation of respectfulness than "Mr." </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11"> is usually applied only to people other than oneself. Do not use the title </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11"> (or any other respectful title, such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiàoshòu</span><span class="font11">, "Professor") when giving your own name. If you want to say "I am Mr. Jones," you may say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ xìng Jones</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">When a name and title are said together, logically enough it is the name which gets the heavy stress: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">WANG Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11">. You will often hear the title pronounced with no full tones: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">WĀNG Xiansheng</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Wang Xiansheng, ta shi shéi?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Mr. Wang, who is he? He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div style="border-top:solid;">
- <p><span class="font11">Sir, who is he?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mr. Ma.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Mǎ Mínglǐ Xiānsheng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">10. A: Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi Mǎ Taitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Sir, who is she? She is Mrs. Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mr. Wang, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Mínglǐ Taitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">She is Mrs. MS Mínglǐ</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 9-12</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">When you address someone directly, use either the name plus the title or the title alone. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11"> must he translated as "sir" when it is used alone, since "Mr." would not capture its respectful tone. (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taitai</span><span class="font11">, however, is less respectful when used alone. You should address Mrs. Mǎ as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mǎ Taitai</span><span class="font11">.)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi Mǎ Xiǎojiě.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mr. Wang, who is she? She is Miss Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">1U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Mínglǐ Tongzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is Comrade Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">15.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tongzhì, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Comrade, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Fāng Bǎolǎn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">She is Fāng Bǎolān.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">16.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tongzhì, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Comrade, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Fāng Bǎolán Tongzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">She is Comrade Fāng Baolān.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 13-16</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">See the Background Notes on Chinese Personal Names and Titles for </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongzhì</span><span class="font11">, "Comrade," and the use of maiden names.</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark100"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark101"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Substitution Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: MS Mínglǐ</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Hu Meilíng</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Wang Dàniàn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">4. Li Shìmín</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Liu Lìróng</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Zhāng Bǎolán.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Ta shi Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is Ma Minglí.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Hu Meilíng. (She is Hu Meiling.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Wang Dàniàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is Wang Danian.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Li Shìmín.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is Li Shìmín.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Liu Lìróng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(She is Liu Lìróng.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhāng Bǎolán.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(She is Zhāng Bǎolán.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">When the cue is given by a male speaker, male students should respond.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">When the cue is given by a female speaker, female students should respond.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Nī shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">You: Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi Wáng Dàniàn</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(cue) Wáng Dàniàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">am Wang Daniàn.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Who are you?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">OR Nī shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi Hu Meilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(cue) Hu Meilíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">am Hu Meilíng.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Who are you?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nī shi shéi? (Who are you?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Liu Shìmín</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Liu Shìmín. (I am Liu Shìmín.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nī shi shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Who are you?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Chén Huìrán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Chén Huìrán. (I am Chén Huìrán.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nī shi shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Who are you?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Huáng Déxián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Huáng Déxián. (I am Huáng Déxián.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nī shi shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Who are you?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhào Wǎnrú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Zhào Wǎnrú. (I am Zhào Wǎnrú.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nǐ shi shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Who are you?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Nǐ shi shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Who are you?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiang Bǐngyíng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Gāo Yǒngpíng</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Jiang Bǐngyíng. (I am Jiang Bǐngyíng.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Gāo Yǒngpíng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(I am Gāo Yǒngpíng.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">C. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Mǎ Xiānsheng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Who is he?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi shéi? Hu Taitai</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Who is she?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Mǎ Xiansheng. (He is Mr. Mǎ.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mao Xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng Tongzhì</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi? (Who is she?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Liu Xiǎojiě</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi? (Who is she?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhao Taitai</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Hu Taitai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(She is Mrs. Hu. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mao Xiānsheng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is Mr. Mao.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhāng Tongzhì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is Comrade Zhāng.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Liu Xiǎojiě. (She is Miss Liu.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is Mr. Ma.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhao Taitai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(She is Mrs. Zhao.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 2</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark102"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark103"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered, in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Questions and. answers about given names.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">2.</span><span class="font11"> Yes/no questions.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Negative statements.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Greetings.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Prerequisites to the Unit</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. P&R 3 and. P&R 1 (Tapes 3 and. 1 of the resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The 2D-1 tape.</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark15"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark104"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Wang Taitai ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Wang Taitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Is she Mrs. Wang?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is Mrs. Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi Wang Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you Mr. Wang?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Wang Dàniān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I am Wang Daniān.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you Mr. Ma?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Wang Dàniān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I am Wāng Daniān.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you Mr. Ma?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ hú shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’m not Mr. Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Wāng Dàniān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">I am Wāng Daniān.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ hú shi Wāng Dàniān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’m not Wāng Dàniān.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ xìng Fāng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Is your surname Fāng?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ hú xìng Fāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">My surname isn't Fāng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xìng Wāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">My surname is Wāng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ hú xìng Wāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">My surname isn’t Wāng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ xìng Mǎ ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Is your surname Mǎ?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Bú xìng Mǎ. Xìng Wāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">My surname isn’t Mǎ. It’s Wāng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nín guìxìng?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Your surname? (POLITE)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xìng Wang.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">My surname is Wāng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ jiào shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">What is your given name?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ jiào Dàniān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">My given name is Daniān.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ hǎo a?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">How are you?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ hǎo.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’m fine.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ hǎo a?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">How are you?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ hǎo. Nǐ ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’a fine. And you?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Hǎo, xièxie.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Fine, thanks.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 13. míngzi</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">given name</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">a</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">bù/bú bú shi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">guìxìng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">hǎo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">jiao</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ma míngzi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ne</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">xièxie</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <h3><a name="bookmark16"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark105"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">(question marker)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">not not to be</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(honorable) surname</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">to be fine, to be well</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">to be called</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(question marker) given name</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(question marker)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">thank you</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark17"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark106"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Wang Taitai ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Wang Taitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Is she Mrs. Wang? She is Mrs. Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you Mr. Wang?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wo shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I am Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you Mr. Mǎ?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I am Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes cn Nos. 1-3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11"><sup>r</sup>he marker ma may he added to any statement to turn it into a question which may be answered "yes” or "no."</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(She is Mrs. Wang.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Tàitai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Is she Mrs. Wáng?)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">The reply to a yes/no question is commonly a complete affirmative or negative statement, although, as you will see later, the statement may be stripped down considerably.</span></p>
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">U. A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma? Wǒ bú shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">5. A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you Mr. Mǎ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m not Mr. Mǎ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I am Wang Danián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m not Wang Dànián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. H-5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The negative of the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11">, "to be," is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font11">, "not to be." The equivalent of "not" is the syllable </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù.</span><span class="font11"> The tone for the syllable </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bu </span><span class="font11">depends on the tone of the following syllable. When followed by a syllable with a High, Rising, or Low tone, a Falling tone is used (bù). When followed by a syllable with a Falling or Neutral tone, a Rising tone is used (bú).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">bù fēi (not to fly) bù féi (not to "be fat) bù fěi (not to slander) bú fèi (not to waste)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Almost all of the first few verbs you learn happen to be in the Falling tone, and so take bu. But remember that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11"> is the basic form. That is the form the syllable takes when it stands alone as a short "no" answer—</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù</span><span class="font11">— and when it is discussed, as in "Bù means ’not’."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Notice that even though </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11">, "to be," is usually pronounced in the Neutral tone in the phrase </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font11">, the original Falling tone of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> still causes </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11"> to be pronounced with a Rising tone: bú.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. A: Nǐ xìng Fāng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wo bú xìng Fāng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Wǒ xìng Wáng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ bú xìng Wáng.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nǐ xìng Mǎ ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bú xìng Mǎ. Xìng Wáng.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Is your surname Fāng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My surname isn’t Fāng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My surname is Wáng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My surname isn’t Wáng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Is your surname Mǎ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My surname isn’t Mǎ. It’s Wáng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Dàniàn.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang Daniàn.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">bú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">not</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mr. Ma.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">It is quite common in Chinese—much commoner than in English--to omit the subject of a sentence when it is clear from the context.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Nín guìxìng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ xìng Wáng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Your surname? (POLITE) My surname is Wáng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín</span><span class="font11"> is the polite equivalent of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ</span><span class="font11">, "you."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guìxìng</span><span class="font11"> is a polite noun, "surname." </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guì</span><span class="font11"> means "honorable." </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xìng</span><span class="font11">, which you have learned as the verb "to be surnamed," is in this case a noun, "surname."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Literally, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín guìxìng?</span><span class="font11"> is "Your surname?" The implied question is understood, and the "sentence" consists of the subject alone.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">10. A: Nǐ jiao shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ Jiào Dànián.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">What is your given name? My given name is Dànián.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 10</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiào</span><span class="font11"> is a verb meaning "to be called." In a discussion of personal names, we can say that it means "to be given-named."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">11. A: Nǐ hǎo a? B: Wǒ hǎo.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">How are you? I’m fine.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Notice that the Low tones of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǒ</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ</span><span class="font11"> change to Rising tones before the Low tone of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo</span><span class="font11">: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ní hǎo a</span><span class="font11">? </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wo hǎo</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hǎo</span><span class="font11"> is a verb—"to be good," "to be well," "to be fine." Since it functions like the verb "to be" plus an adjective in English, we will call it an adjectival verb.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">hǎo.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">am fine.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">hǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">a?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">are fine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">?)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">12. A:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ hǎo a?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ hǎo. Nǐ ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hǎo, xièxie.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">How are you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m fine. And you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Fine, thanks.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 12</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font11"> makes a question out of the single word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ</span><span class="font11">, "you": "And you?" or "How about you?"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiè</span><span class="font11"> is the verb "to thank." "I thank you" would be </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ xièxie nǐ</span><span class="font11">. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xièxie</span><span class="font11"> is often repeated: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xièxie, xièxie</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">13. míngzi given name</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 13</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">One way to ask what someone’s given name is: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi</span><span class="font11">?</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark18"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark107"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">A. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. Wáng.)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi Hú Tàitai.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(She is Mrs. HÚ.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi Liu Tongzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is Comrade Liú.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Tā shi Zhāng Xiǎojiě.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(She is Miss Zhāng.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is Mr. Mǎ.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi Fāng Xiǎojiě.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(She is Miss Fāng.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shi Lin Tongzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is Comrade Lin.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? (is he Mr. Wáng?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Hu Tàitai ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is she Mrs. Hú?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Liú Tongzhì ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is he Comrade Liú?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhāng Xiǎojiě ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is she Miss Zhāng?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is he Mr. Mǎ?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Fāng Xiǎojiě ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is she Miss Fāng?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Lin Tongzhì ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is he Comrade Lín?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Wáng?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhào Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Zhào?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. She is Mrs. Zhào.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Chén Tongzhì ma? (Is she Comrade Chén?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Chén Tongzhì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is Comrade Chén.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Liú Xiǎojiě ma? (Is she Miss Liú?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Liú Xiǎojiě. She is Miss Liú.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Song Xiānsheng ma? (is he Mr. Song?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi. (Yes.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Song Xiānsheng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He is Mr. Song.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Sun Tàitai ma? (is she Mrs. Sūn?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Sūn Tàitai. She is Mrs. Sūn.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng ma? (is he Mr. Zhāng?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi. (Yes.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng. He is Mr. Zhāng.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">C. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">All of your answers will be negative. Give the correct name according to the cue.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Bu shi. Tā shi Liu Xiānsheng. (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Liu (No. He is Mr. Liu.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is he Mr. Wang?)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Gāo Xiǎojiě ma? (is she Miss Gāo?)</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Xiǎojiě.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(No. She is Miss Zhāo.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Huang Tongzhì ma? (Is she Comrade Huang?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi. Tā shi Wang Tongzhì. (No. She is Comrade Wāng.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yang Tāitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Yang?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi. Tā shi Jiǎng Tāitai. (No. She is Mrs. Jiǎng.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Ma?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, Tā shi Mao Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. Mao.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhōu Xiǎojiě ma? (is she Miss Zhōu?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi. Tā shi Zhāo Xiǎojiě. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Jiāng Xiānsheng ma? Jiǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi. Tā shi Jiǎng Xiānsheng (No. He is Mr. Jiǎng.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is he Mr. Jiāng?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">D. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">This drill is a combination of the two previous drills. Give an affirmative or a negative answer according to the cue.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Ta shi Liu Taitai ma? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Liu</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is she Mrs. Liu?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā shi Liu Taitai ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huang</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is she Mrs. Liu?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? Wang (is he Mr. Wang?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi Gāo Taitai ma? Zhao</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(is she Mrs. Gāo?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā shi Tang Xiǎojiě ma? Tang (is she Miss Tang?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Shi. Tā shi Liu Taitai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes. She is Mrs. Liu.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi. Tā shi Huang Tāitai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(No. She is Mrs. Huang.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi. Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wāng.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi. Tā shi Zhao Tāitai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(No. She is Mrs. Zhāo.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi. Tā shi Tǎng Xiǎojiě.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes. She is Miss Tang.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi Huang Xiānsheng ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wang</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is he Mr. Huang?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi Zhāng Tàitai ma? Jiāng (Is she Mrs. Zhāng?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">E. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Nǐ shi Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Are you Mr. Zhāng?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nǐ shi Zhào Tàitai ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Are you Mrs. Zhào?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nǐ shi Jiāng Xiāojiě ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Are you Miss Jiāng?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Nǐ shi Liú Tongzhì ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Are you Comrade Liú?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. , Nǐ shi Song Tàitai ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Are you Mrs. Song?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nǐ shi Lǐ Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Are you Mr. Lī?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Nǐ shi Sun Tongzhì ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Are you Comrade Sun?)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bu shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. Wáng.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bu.shi. Tā shi Jiāng Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs. Jiāng.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Nǐ xìng Zhāng ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is your surname Zhāng?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ xìng Zhào ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is your surname Zhào?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ xìng Jiāng ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is your surname Jiāng?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ xìng Liú ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is your surname Liú?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ xìng Song ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is your surname Song?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ xìng Lǐ ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is your surname Lǐ?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ xìng Sun ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is your surname Sun?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">F. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Wǒ xìng Zhāng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(My surname is Zhāng.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wǒ xìng Chen.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Wǒ xìng Huáng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Wǒ xìng Gāo.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Wǒ xìng Sūn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Wǒ tú xìng Zhang.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(My surname is not Zhāng.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Chen.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wo bú xìng Huáng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Gāo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Sūn.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Wǒ xìng Zhāng.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Wǒ xìng Zhōu.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Zhāng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Zhōu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">G. Transformation</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font11">Drill</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Wǒ bú xìng Lǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(My surname is not Lǐ.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Wǒ bú shi Lǐ Xiānsheng. (I am not Mr. Lǐ.)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Chén Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Chén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">4.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Lin Tongzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Lin.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōu Xiāojiě.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōu.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiang Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiang.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Song Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Song.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">H.</span></p></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drill</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: '</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">rā bú shi Wáng Xiānsheng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Huáng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is not Mr. Wáng.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā bú shi Wáng Xiānsheng, tā xìng Huáng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is not Mr. Wáng; his surname is Huáng.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiang Tàitai. Jiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Jiāng Tàitai, tā xìng Jiāng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Liú Tongzhì. Lin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Liú Tongzhì, tā xìng Lin.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">u.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Song Xiāojié. Sūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Song Xiāojiě, tā xìng Sūn.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Zhōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhào Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng, tā xìng Zhōu.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Zhāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāng Tongzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Jiāng Tongzhì, tā xìng Zhāng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Sūn Tàitai. Song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai, tā xìng Song.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">I. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Wǒ bú xìng Fāng. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Wǒ bú xìng Fāng, xìng Hú.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(cue) Hú (My surname is not Fang;</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(My surn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">ame is not Fāng.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">it’s Hú.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wǒ bú xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Sūn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Sūn, xìng Song.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3. Wǒ bú xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Yang.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Yang, xìng Tang.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">U. Wǒ bú xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Zhāng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5. Wǒ bú xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōu.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Zhōu, xìng Zhào.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">6. Wǒ bú xìng Wang.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Huáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Wáng, xìng Huáng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7. Wo bú xìng Jiāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Jiāng.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">J.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Respons</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">e Drill</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">j Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Wáng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is he Mr. Wáng?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">OR</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? Huáng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is he Mr. Wang?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Wáng Xiānsheng. Tā xìng Huáng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is not Mr. Wáng. His surname is Huáng.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Liú Tàitai ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Lin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Liú Tàitai. Tā xìng Lin.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Chen Xiāojiě ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Chen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi. Tā shi Chen Xiāojiě.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Máo Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Máo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi. Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāng Tongzhì ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Jiāng Tongzhì. Tā xìng Zhāng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Song Tàitai ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi. Tā shi Song Tàitai.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">7-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Li Xiānsheng. Tā xìng Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">L. Transformation</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font11">Drill</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">: Wo xìng Wang jiao Dàniān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(My surname is Wāng, and my given name is Dàniān.)</span></p></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Nǐ xìng Wāng jiào shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Your surname is Wāng, and what is your given name?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Dàniān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Dàniān.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Hú jiào Měilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng Hu jiào shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Měilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Li Jiao Shìyīng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng Lǐ jiào shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shìyīng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Fāng jiao Bǎolán.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng Fāng jiào shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Bǎolán.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Sun jiào Déxián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng Sun jiào shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Déxián.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">' 6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Chén jiào Huìrán.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng Chén jiào shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Huìrán.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng jiào Zhènhàn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng Zhāng jiào shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhènhàn.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">K. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Wǒ xìng Wang.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(My surname is Wang.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Student 1</span><span class="font11">: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(What is his surname?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Student 2</span><span class="font11">: Tā xìng Wang.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His surname is Wang.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wǒ xìng Chen.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Wǒ xìng Liu.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Wǒ xìng Huang.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Wo xìng Song.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Wǒ xìng Lǐ.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font2">I</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Wǒ xìng Wang.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">SI:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">S2:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">shénme ? Chen.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">SI:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shénme?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">S2:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Liu.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">SI:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shénme?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">S2:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Huang.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">SI:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shénme ?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">S2:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Song.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">SI:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shénme?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">S2:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">SI:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shénme?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">S2:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">M. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Combination Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā xìng Chen. Tā jiào </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā xìng Chen, jiào Bǎolān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bǎolān. (Her surname is Chén, given</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Her surname is Chén. name Bǎolān.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Her given name is</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Baolān.)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ. Tā jiào Mínglǐ.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ, jiào Mínglǐ.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Hú. Tā jiào Bǎolān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Hú, jiào Bǎolān.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāng, Tā jiào Déxiān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāng, jiào Déxiān.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōu. Tā jiào Zǐyàn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōu, jiào Zǐyàn.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng. Tā jiào Tíngfēng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng, jiào Tíngfēng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Chén. Tā jiào Huìrān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Chén, jiào Huìrān.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">UT</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 3</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark108"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark109"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font13">s</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Nationality.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Home state, province, and city.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Prerequisites to the Unit</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. P&R 5 and P&R 6 (Tapes 5 and 6 of the resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. NUM 1 and NUM 2 (Tapes 1 and 2 of the resource module on Numbers), the numbers from 1 to 10.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The 3B-1 tape.</span></p></li></ul>
- <h3><a name="bookmark20"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark110"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Nǐ shi Měiguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Měiguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nǐ shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Wang Xiānsheng, nǐ shi Yingguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ hú shi Yingguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Nǐ shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B. Bú shi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Nǐ shi Měiguo rén ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Shi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Mǎ Xiǎojiě shi Měiguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Měiguo rén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Shi, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. A: Nǐ shi něiguo rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Měiguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Tā shi něiguo rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Yingguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nǐ shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Shànghǎi rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Tā shi Fāng Bǎolánde</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">xiānsheng.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">10. A: Tā shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">11. A: Nǐ shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu rén.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you an American?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m an American.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you Chinese?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mr. Wāng, are you English?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m not English.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you Chinese?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you an American?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, I am.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Is Miss Mǎ an American?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, she is not American.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Is she Chinese?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, she is Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What is your nationality?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m American.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What is his nationality?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He is English.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you from? I’m from Shànghǎi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He is Fāng Bǎólān’s husband</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where is he from?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He’s from Shāndōng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you from? I’m a Californian.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nī shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Měiguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you an American?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nī shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">něiguo rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">What’s your nationality?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nī shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you from?</span></p></td></tr>
- </table></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Déguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Germany</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">1U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Eguo (Eguo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Russia</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">15.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Fàguó (Faguó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">France</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">16.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Rìběn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Japan</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <h3><a name="bookmark21"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark111"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(possessive marker)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Deguō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Germany</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Eguó (Eguó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Russia</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Fàguó (Faguó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">France</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-guó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">country</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāzhōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">California</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Měiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">America, United States</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">where?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">něi-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">which?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">něiguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">which country</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">person</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Rìhěn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Japan</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shāndōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(a province name)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shanghai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(a city name)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Yīngguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">England</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">China</span></p></td></tr>
- </table><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-8.png" alt="" style="width:446pt;height:565pt;">
- <h3><a name="bookmark23"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark112"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi Měiguo rén ma? Wǒ shi Měiguo rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you an American? I’m an American.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you Chinese?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’m Chinese.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wang Xiānsheng, nǐ shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mr. Wang, are you English?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Yīngguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wo bú shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’m not English.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 1-3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ren</span><span class="font11"> is a noun, "person" or "persons"; so </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Měiguo ren</span><span class="font11"> is a noun phrase, literally "America person." Sometimes, however, it is preferable or necessary to translate expressions of this sort as adjectives or prepositional phrases.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi Měiguo rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">He</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">is</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">an American</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(noun phrase)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">He</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">is</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Chinese</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(adjective)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">He</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">is</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">from Shāndōng</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">(prepositional phrase)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Although </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Měiguo ren</span><span class="font11"> is translated here as "an American," in other contexts it may be translated as "the American," "American," or "the Americans." Later you will learn the various ways to indicate in Chinese whether a noun is definite or indefinite, singular or plural.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The syllable -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> usually loses its tone in expressions like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Měiguo ren</span><span class="font11">. (Some speakers drop the tone when the word stands alone: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Měiguo</span><span class="font11">.)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1+.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you Chinese?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">No.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi Měiguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you an American?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, I am.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">5-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Xiǎojiě shi Měiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Is Miss Mǎ an American?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā bú shi Měiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">No, she is not American.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Is she Chinese?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, she is Chinese.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Notes on Nos,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The short "yes" answer </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> is really the verb "am" of the longer, more complete answer. The short "no" answer </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font11"> is really the "am not" of the longer answer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">It is possible to reduce a "no" answer to </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11"> (note the Falling tone), but polite usage requires that you follow it up with a more complete answer. Both the short answers </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font11"> are commonly followed by complete answers.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">6. A: Nǐ shi něiguo rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Měiguo rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Tā shi něiguo rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">What is your nationality? I’m American.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What is his nationality? He is English.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 6-7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Něi-</span><span class="font11"> is the question word "which." It is a bound word—a word which cannot stand alone—not a free word.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">něi-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">guo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(which</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">country</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">person)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Notice that the syllable -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guó</span><span class="font11">, "country," in the phrase </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něiguo rén</span><span class="font11"> may lose its Rising tone.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nī shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Shanghai rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you from? I’m from Shānghǎi.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Fāng Bǎolánde xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is Fāng Bǎolán*s husband.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Where is he from?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">He’s from Shāndōng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nī shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you from?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’m a Californian.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 8-11</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǎr</span><span class="font11"> is the question word "where.” The syllable -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> is the possessive marker; it functions like the English possessive ending -*s_.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(where</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">’s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">person)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">By reversing the word order, a slightly more idiomatic translation is possible: "a person of where." The closest English equivalent is "a person from where." To clarify the role of -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> in this expression, the tape gives the following example of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font11"> functioning like the English possessive ending -’s:</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Fāng Bǎolán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Fāng Bǎolán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">’s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">husband)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Měiguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Are you an American?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">něiguo rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">What’s your nationality?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you from?</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <h3><a name="bookmark113"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark114"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">A. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">All responses will be affirmative.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma? </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (is he Chinese?) (He is Chinese.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">B. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Jiānádà rén ma? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Yīngguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is he a Canadian?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi Rìběn rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3- Tā shi Yīngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiguo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā shi Méiguo rén ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiānádà</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi Èguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Déguo</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">6.</span><span class="font11"> Tā shi Yuènán rén ma? Zhōnggué</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shi Fàguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Yīngguo</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén. Shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is not Canadian. He is English.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Rìběn rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi Zhōngguo</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Yīngguo rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi Méiguo</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Méiguo rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi Jiānádà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Eguo rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi Déguo rén</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Yuènán rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Fàguo rén. Shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Rìběn rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Rìběn rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Méiguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Méiguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Déguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Déguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiānádà rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Fàguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Fàguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">C. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Speaker: Tā shi něiguc</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">) rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Fàguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Fàguó</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(What is his nationality?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi něiguo rén? Zhōngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He is French.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi něiguo rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Měigué</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Měiguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi něiguo rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">J iānādà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi něiguo rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Rìhěn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Rìhěn rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi něiguo rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Eguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Eguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā s’.ii něiguo rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Déguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Déguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">D. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Beijing (Where is he from?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Ta shi Beijing rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is from Beijing.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎrde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shànghǎi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shànghǎi rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎrde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Chángshā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Changshā rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">4.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎrde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tāizhōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tāizhōng rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎrde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tāihěi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tāiběi rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎrde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tiānjíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tiānjíng rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎrde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Běijīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Běijīng rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi Táiběi rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā shi Shanghai rén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi Měiguo rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shi Taizhōng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi něiguo rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi něiguo rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi něiguo rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">F. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Lǐ Tàitai. (She is Mrs. Lǐ.)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā xìng Gāo.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi Tāihěi rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">If. Tā xìng Liú.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi Měiguo rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā bú shi Lī Tàitai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(She is not Mrs. Lī.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú xìng Gāo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Taiběi rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú xìng Liú.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Měiguo rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">G. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ask the appropriate ma question.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā xìng Hú.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(His surname is Hú.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi Běijīng rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi Wǎng Dànián.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā xìng Lin.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā xìng Hú ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is his surname Hú?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Běijīng rén ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Wáng Dànián ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xìng Lin ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">H. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā xìng Zhāng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His surname is Zhāng.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā xìng (What’s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">shénme ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">his surname?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Beijing rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi nǎrde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Wang Dàniàn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Rìběn rén.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi něiguo rén?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi nǎrde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Chén Tongzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 4</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark115"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark116"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Location of people and places.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Where people’s families are from.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Prerequisites to the Unit</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. NUM 3 and NUM H (Tapes 3 and U of the resource module on Numbers).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. CE 1, on Classroom Expressions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workhook.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The Ur-1 tape.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">E. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Běijīng rén. (He is from Běijīng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">OR</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is he from?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi neiguo rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(What's his nationality?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <h3><a name="bookmark26"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark117"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">(in Běijīng)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Qǐngwèn, nǐ shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wo shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Qǐngwèn, Andésēn Fūren shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā yě shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Tā shi Yingguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bú shi, tā hú shi Yingguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā àiren ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā yé hú shi Yingguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Qǐngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Qīngdǎo zài Shāndōng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Qǐngwèn, nǐ lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ lǎojiā zài Āndàluè.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">C: Wǒ lǎojiā zài Shāndōng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6-. A: Chén Shìmín Tongzhì zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā zài nàr.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Zài zhèr.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nǐ àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ àiren xiànzài zài Jiānǎdà.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where are you from?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m from Texas.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where is Mrs. Anderson from?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is from Texas too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Is he English?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, he is not English.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">And his wife?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She isn’t English either.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qīngdǎo is in Shandong-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where is your family from?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My family is from Ontario.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My family is from Shāndōng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where is Comrade Chén Shìmín?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He’s there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where is Qīngdǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">It’s here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where is your wife now?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My wife is in Canada now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. Learn the pronunciation and locations of any five cities and five provinces of China found on the maps on pages 80-81.</span></p></li></ul>
- <h3><a name="bookmark27"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark118"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">àiren</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Andàluè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">spouse</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ontario</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Dezhōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Texas</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">fūren</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Lady, Madame, Mrs wife (of a high-ranking person)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiānádà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Canada</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lǎoj iā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">’’original home”</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nàr (nèr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">there</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Qingdao</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qīngwèn . . .</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(a city name) May I ask . . .</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xiànzài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">now</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">yě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">also, too, either</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">zài zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">to be in/at/on here</span></p></td></tr>
- </table><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-9.png" alt="" style="width:564pt;height:445pt;">
- <h3><a name="bookmark29"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark119"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Qǐngwèn, nǐ shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where are you from? I’m from Texas.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qǐngwèn</span><span class="font11">: Literally, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐng</span><span class="font11"> means ’’request,” and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wen</span><span class="font11"> means "ask (for information).’’ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qǐngwèn</span><span class="font11"> is used as English speakers use "excuse me," to get someone’s attention in order to ask him a question.<a name="footnote3"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark120">3</a></sup></span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Qǐngwèn, Andésēn Fūren shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where is Mrs. Anderson from?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is from Texas too.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā yě shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Names</span><span class="font11">: In the People’s Republic, a foreigner is known by the standard phonetic equivalent of his full name. His given name is followed by his surname, which is followed by the appropriate title. Mr. David Anderson will be called </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dàiwéi Andésēn Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11">. In Taiwan, there is no set way of giving names to foreigners. Sometimes, as in the PRC, a phonetic equivalent of the full name is used (though there are no standard versions). Sometimes, the equivalent is based entirely on the surname. Mr. Anderson, for instance, might be </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ān Désēn Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11">. The surname may also be translated, as when "King" is translated into </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wang</span><span class="font11">. It is also common to base the Chinese surname on the first syllable of the original surname, and the Chinese given name on something else (often the original given name). In Taiwan, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dàwèi</span><span class="font11"> is a common phonetic equivalent for "David." "Mr. David Anderson," therefore, might be </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ān Dàwèi Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11">. Here is a chart of SOME of the Chinese names that might be given to Mr. David Anderson.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">PRC:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">TAIWAN:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Dàiwéi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Andésēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Ān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Désēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Ān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Dàwèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Titles</span><span class="font11">: In the PRC, a foreign man is addressed as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11">, and a married woman as either </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fūren</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font11">, depending on her status. The term </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fūren</span><span class="font11"> is an expecially respectful term used to address the wife of a high-ranking official or businessman. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fūren</span><span class="font11"> is also used this way on Taiwan. An unmarried foreign woman in the PRC may be addressed as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎojiě</span><span class="font11">, "Miss." Married or unmarried women may be addressed as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nushì</span><span class="font11">, "Ms." or "Ma’am." </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nushì</span><span class="font11"> will be introduced in BIO, Unit 1.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The term </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongzhì</span><span class="font11">, "Comrade," was originally used only by members of the Communist Party to address other members. It is now the general term of address used by all Chinese adults in the PRC. It should be remembered, though, that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongzhì</span><span class="font11"> does carry a distinct political implication. Visitors in the People's Republic, who are not citizens and who do not take part in efforts to realize Communist ideals, will not be addressed as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongzhì</span><span class="font11"> and should not feel obliged to address anyone else as such.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yě</span><span class="font11"> is an adverb meaning "also" or "too." It always comes before the verb.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Tā shi Yīngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bu shi, tā bú shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā àiren ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā yě bú shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Is he English?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, he is not English. '</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">And his wife?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She isn't English either</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Àiren</span><span class="font11">, which originally meant "loved one," "sweetheart," or "lover," is used in the PRC for either "husband" or "wife," i.e., for "spouse."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The possessive phrase </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā àiren</span><span class="font11">, "his wife" (or "her husband"), is formed by putting the words for "he" (or "she") and "spouse" together. The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font11"> (which you have seen in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎrde rén</span><span class="font11">) is not needed when the possessive relationship is felt to be very close. (See also the notes on No. 5.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yě</span><span class="font11"> in a negative sentence is usually translated as "either." In this case, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11"> comes between </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> and the verb. Possible English translations for yě, in both affirmative and negative sentences, are</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> shi Yīngguo rén. She is English </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">too</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">also</span><span class="font11"> English.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> bú shi Yīngguo rén. She is not English </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">either</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">also</span><span class="font11"> not English.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Qǐngwèn, Qingdao zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where is Qingdao? Qingdao is in Shāndōng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">B: Qingdao zài Shāndōng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài</span><span class="font11"> is the verb "to be in/at/on," that is, "to be somewhere." </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài </span><span class="font11">involves location, while </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì</span><span class="font11"> involves identity, "to be someone/something."</span></p>
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">identity</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Měiguo rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">an American.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">location</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zài</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">am in</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōngguó.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">China.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">5- A: Qǐngwèn, nǐ lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ lǎojiā zài Āndàlúè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">C: Wǒ lǎojiā zài Shāndōng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where is your family from?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My family is from Ontario.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My family is from Shāndōng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Literally, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎojiā</span><span class="font11"> is "old home" ("original home," "ancestral home," "native place"), that is, the place you and your family are from. When a Chinese asks you about your </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎojiā</span><span class="font11">, he probably wants to know about your hometown, the place where you grew up. When you ask </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">a</span><span class="font11"> Chinese about his </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎojiā</span><span class="font11">, however, he will tell you where his family came from originally. A Chinese whose grandparents came from the province of Guangdong will give that as his </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎojiā</span><span class="font11">, even if he and his parents have spent all of their lives in SÌchuān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span><span class="font11"> (literally "Where is your original home?") asks for the LOCATION of the town you come from. The question is answered with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài </span><span class="font11">plus the name of the province (or state) that the town is located in: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ lǎojiā zài Dézhōu</span><span class="font11"> (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Andàlūè</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shāndōng</span><span class="font11">). </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ lǎojiā shi nǎr?</span><span class="font11"> (translated into English as "What is your original home?") asks about the IDENTITY of the town you come from. That question is answered with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> plus the name of the town (or city): </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ lǎojiā shi Jiùjǐnshān</span><span class="font11"> (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qǐngdǎo</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shànghǎi</span><span class="font11">). Compare:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ lǎojiā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> Guǎngdōng. My original home </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">is in</span><span class="font11"> Guangdong.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ lǎojiā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> Guǎngzhōu. My original home </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span><span class="font11"> Guǎngzhōu.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">The possessive </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ lǎojiā</span><span class="font11">, like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā àiren</span><span class="font11">, does not require a possessive marker. However, if more than one word must he used to indicate the possessor, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font11"> is often inserted after the last word: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ àirende lǎojiā</span><span class="font11">, "your spouse’s original home" or "where your spouse’s family comes from."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">6. A: Chén Shìmín Tongzhì zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā zài nàr.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Where is Comrade Chén Shìmín? He’s there.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Zài zhèr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nǐ àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B Wǒ àiren xiànzài zài Jiānàdà.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Where is Qīngdǎo? It * s here.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Where is your wife now? My wife is in Canada now.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 6-8</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">You have learned three words for asking and telling about locations.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div style="border:solid;">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎr?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(where?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nàr (nèr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(there)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(here)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Notice that the question word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font11"> is in the Low tone, while the answer words </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèr</span><span class="font11"> are both in the Falling tone. Also notice that the vowel sound in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèr</span><span class="font11"> is different from that in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font11">. (Some speakers prefer </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèr</span><span class="font11"> to </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font11">.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">When you are talking about movable things and people that you presume are not nearby ("nearby" being approximately within pointing range), you usually ask where they are NOW. The "present time" word may be omitted if the time has been established earlier in the conversation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ àiren </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiànzài</span><span class="font11"> zài nǎr? Where is your wife </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">now?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Běijīng. She’s in Běijīng (now).</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">If you ask about someone or something you presume to be nearby (a pair of scissors in a drawer, for instance, or a person in a group across the room), you do not use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiànzài</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">In</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">English, the words</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">"here" and "there" are used to refer to locations</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">of any size. In Chinese, however, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèr</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font11"> are usually not used for</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">cities, provinces, and countries (with the exception that you may use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèr </span><span class="font11">to refer to the city you are in). Instead, you repeat the name of the place. Compare these two exchanges in Beijing:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">COUNTRY: Mǎdīng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo</span><span class="font11"> ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiànzài zài </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He’s </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">here</span><span class="font11"> now.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">CITY: . Mǎdīng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shànghǎi</span><span class="font11"> ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hú zài </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shànghǎi</span><span class="font11">; tā zài zhèr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He's not </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">there</span><span class="font11">; he’s here.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiānādà</span><span class="font11">, "Canada": Although the middle syllable of this word is marked with the Rising tone, at a normal rate of speech you will probably hear </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiānádà</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <h3><a name="bookmark30"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark121"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">A. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Respond, to the question "Where is he/she from?" according to the cue.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Hunan (Where is he/she from?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi nǎrde rén? Shāndōng (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi nǎrde rén? Héhéi (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā shi nǎrde rén? Jiāngsū (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi nǎrde rén? Guǎngdōng (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi nǎrde rén? Hubei (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shi nǎrde rén? Sìchuān (Where is he/she from?)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Hunan rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is from Hunan.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is from Shāndōng.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Héhěi rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is from Hehěi.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is from Jiāngsū.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Guǎngdōng rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is from Guǎngdōng.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Hubei rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is from Hubei.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Sìchuān rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is from Sìchuān.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Ask the appropriate "where</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Zhāng Tongzhì Fūren shi Beijing rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Zhāng’s wife is from Beijing.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Huang Tongzhì Fūren shi Shanghai rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Wang Tongzhì Fūren shi Nanjing rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Li Tongzhì Fūren shi Guǎngzhōu rén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Zhao Tongzhì Fūren shi Xiānggǎng rén.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">question, as in the example.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Qǐngwèn, Zhāng Fūren shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where is Mrs. Zhāng from?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, Huang Fūren shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, Wang Fūren shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, Lǐ Fūren shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, Zhao Fūren shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Máo Tongzhì Furen shi Qingdao Qǐngwèn, Máo Furen shi nǎrde ren?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">rén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Chén Tongzhì Fūren shi Beijing Qǐngwèn, Chén Fūren shi nǎrde</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">rén. rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">C. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Change affirmative statements to negative statements.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Héhěi rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is from Hebei.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā shi Fujian rén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi Zhèjiāng rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi Hunán rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shi Sìchuān rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">D. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Add </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> to the statements.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Héběi rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is from Héběi.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi Zhèjiāng rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi Fujian rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā shi Hunán rén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shi Hénán rén.</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Ta bú shi Heběi ren.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn't from Héběi.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Fujian rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Zhèjiāng rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Hunán rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Sìchuān rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā yě shi Héběi rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is from Héběi too.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yě shi Zhèjiāng rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yě shi Fujian rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yě shi Hunán rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yě shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yě shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yě shi Hénán rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">E. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Add </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> to the statements.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Zhào Xiānsheng hú shi Taiwan rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Zhào isn’t from Taiwan.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Lǐ Xiānsheng bú shi Táiběi rén. (Mr. Lǐ isn’t from Táiběi.)</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Wāng Xiānsheng bú shi Taizhōng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr Wāng isn’t from Taizhōng.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Huang Xiānsheng bú shi Tainan rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Huang isn’t from Tainan.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5- Liú Xiānsheng bú shi Táidōng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Hú Xiānsheng bú shi Jīlong rén. (Mr. Hu isn’t from Jīlong.)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Chén Xiānsheng bú shi Gāoxiong rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Chén isn't from Gāoxiong.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Zhào Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táiwān rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Zhào isn't from Taiwan either.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táiběi rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Lǐ isn’t from Taiběi either.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Tāizhōng rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Wáng isn't from Tāizhōng either.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huang Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táinán rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Huang isn’t from Tainan either.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Liú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táidōng rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Liú isn't from Táidōng either.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Jīlong rén. (Mr. Hu isn't from Jīlong either.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chén Xiānsheng yě bú shi Gāoxiong rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Chén isn't from Gāoxiong either.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">F. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Mǎ Tongzhì shi Běijīng rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is Comrade Mǎ from Beijīng?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā bú shi Běijīng rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn't from Běijīng.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě bú shi Běijīng rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn't from Běijīng either.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Zhāng Tongzhì shi Shanghai rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(is Comrade Zhāng from Shanghai?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Jiāng Tongzhì shi Nanjing rén ma? (is Comrade Jiāng from Nanjing?)</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Chén Tongzhì shi Guǎngzhōu rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is Comrade Chén from Guǎngzhōu?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Sun Tongzhì bú shi Chéngdū rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(is Comrade Sūn from Chéngdū?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Mao Tongzhì shi Qīngdǎo rén ma? (is Comrade Mao from Qīngdǎo?)</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Yang Tongzhì shi Beijing rén ma? (is Comrade Yang from Beijing?)</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Shànghǎi rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn’t from Shànghǎi.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě bú shi Shànghǎi rén (He/she isn't from Shànghǎi either.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Nanjing rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn't from Nanjing.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě bú shi Nanjing rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn’t from Nanjing either.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Guǎngzhōu rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn’t from Guǎngzhōu.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yě bú shi Guǎngzhōu rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn’t from Guǎngzhōu either.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Chéngdū rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn’t from Chéngdū.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě bú shi Chéngdū rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn’t from Chéngdū either.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Qīngdǎo rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn’t from Qīngdǎo.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě bú shi Qīngdǎo rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her spouse isn’t from Qīngdǎo either.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi Běijīng rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn’t from Beijing.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě bú shi Běijīng rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her spouse isn’t from Běijīng either.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">G. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Qǐngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Shāndōng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo?)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Qīngdǎo zài Shāndōng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Qīngdǎo is in Shāndōng.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Qǐngwèn, Nanjing zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāngsū</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where is Nanjing?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Qǐngwèn, Guangzhou zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Guangdong</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where is Guangzhou?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Qǐngwèn, Shànghǎi zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāngsū</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where is Shànghǎi?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5- Qǐngwèn, Beijing zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Hebei</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where is Beijing?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Qīng/èn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Shāndōng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where is Qingdǎo?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Qǐngwèn, Shànghǎi zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāngsū</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where is Shànghǎi?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Nanjing zài Jiāngsū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Nanjing is in Jiāngsū.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Guǎngzhōu zài Guǎngdōng.) (Guangzhou is in Guǎngdōng.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Shànghǎi is in Jiāngsū.)<a name="footnote4"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark122">4</a></sup></span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Beijing zài Héběi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Beijing is in Héběi.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qīngdǎo zài Shāndōng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Qingdao is in Shāndōng.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Shànghǎi is in Jiāngsū.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Lǐ Tongzhi shi Sichuan ren. (Comrade Li is from Sichuan.)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Zhōu Tongzhì shi Zhejiang rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Zhōu is from Zhejiang.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Mao Tongzhì shi Hunan rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Mao is from Hunan.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā àiren zài nǎr? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Měiguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Jiānádà (Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Yingguo (Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Déguó (Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Měiguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Fàguo (Where is his/her spouse? )</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Eguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ Tongzhide lǎojiā zài Sìchuān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Li’s family is from Sìchuān.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōu Tongzhide lǎojiā zài Zhèjiāng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Zhou’s family is from Zhèjiāng.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mao Tongzhide lǎojiā zài Hunan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Mao’s family is from Hunan.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā àiren xiànzài zài Měiguo. (His/her spouse is in</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">America now.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her spouse is in Canada now.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Yingguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her spouse is in England now.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Déguó.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her spouse is in Germany now. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Fàgué.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her spouse is in America now. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Fàguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her spouse is in France now.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Èguó.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her spouse is in Russia now.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">H.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Lin Tongzhì shi Hubei rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Lin is from Hubei. )</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wang Tongzhì shi Shānxī rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Wang is from Shānxī.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Huang Tongzhì shi Shānxī rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Huang is from Shānxī.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">4. Gāo Tongzhì shi Fūjiàn rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Gāo is from Fūjiàn.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Lin Tongzhìde lǎojiā zài Hubei.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Lin's family is from Hubei.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wang Tongzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Wang's family is from</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shanxi.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huang Tongzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Huang's family is from Shanxi.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Gāo Tongzhìde lǎojiā zài Fūjiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Gāo's family is from</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Fūjiàn.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">CRITERION TEST SAMPLE</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The purpose of the Criterion Test at the end of each module is to show you not only how much of the material you have learned, but also what points you need to work on before beginning to study another module.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Since the primary goal of ORN is to introduce the sound system of Standard Chinese, this test focuses on your ability to discriminate and produce tones, vowels, and consonants. Additionally, there are sections which test your ability to comprehend and produce numbers from 1 through 99 and the material in the ORN Target Lists. Your knowledge of personal names and titles and the romanization system is also tested. Read the Objectives at the beginning of the module for a description of exactly what the test covers. Note: Although the entire sound system is introduced in the Pronunciation and Romanization Module, you will be tested here only on those sounds which occur in the Target Sentences. Other sounds will be included in Criterion Tests for later modules.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Following is a sample of the Criterion Test for this module. Each section of the test, with directions and a sample question, is represented here so that you may know exactly what is expected of you after studying the ORN Module.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Minimum scores are suggested for each section of the test. Achieving these^scores means that you are adequately prepared for the next module. If you fall below the minimum criterion on any section, you should review relevant study materials.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You will use a tape to complete Part I of the test. Part II is written, and you will complete Part III with your instructor. Part IV of the test (Diagnostics) indicates the passing score for each section and review materials for each section.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Part I</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. This section tests your ability to distinguish the four tones. In your test booklet you will see two syllables after each letter. The speaker will pronounce both syllables, and then say one of them again. You are to decide which syllable was repeated, and circle the appropriate one to indicate your choice. The syllables may occur in any of the four tones, regardless of which tone was used previously in the module. The same syllable may occur more than once in this section.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēi</span><span class="font11">...</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fěi</span><span class="font11"> and then repeat </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēi.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">a. (fēi</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">fěi</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. This section tests your ability to recognize the four tones in isolated syllables. The speaker will pronounce a syllable twice; you add to the written syllable the tone that you hear. Again, the syllables may occur in any of the four tones, regardless of which tone was used previously in the module.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fěi</span><span class="font11">...</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fěi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">a. fei</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. This section tests your ability to recognize the four tones in two-syllable combinations. The speaker pronounces each two-syllable item twice and then pauses a moment for you to mark tones on the written syllables. For the first ten items, one of the two tones is already marked. For the last ten items, you must fill in both tones.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cháběi</span><span class="font11">...</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cháběi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">chaběi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">lí. In this section, you are tested on syllables which differ minimally in sound. The speaker will pronounce each syllable in an item once; then he will pronounce one of the syllables again. Decide which of the syllables was repeated, and indicate your choice by circling that written syllable in your test booklet. The syllables in this test do not necessarily correspond in every way to syllables in the Target Lists. They may vary in tone, for example.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fan</span><span class="font11">...</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fang</span><span class="font11"> and then repeat </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fang</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">a. fan</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">fang</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. In this section, you complete the romanization for the syllables that you hear. As the speaker says a syllable, write the appropriate vowel or consonant letter(s) in the blank. This tests your ability to recognize the sounds of a syllable and to use the romanization system correctly. The speaker will say each syllable twice.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pang</span><span class="font11">...</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pang</span><span class="font11">; then you would write</span></p><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-10.png" alt="" style="width:43pt;height:22pt;">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. This section tests your ability to understand the numbers 1 through 99 in Chinese. For each item, the speaker will say a number, and you write down the numerals for that number.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">For example, you might hear: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shí-sān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">a.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">7-</span><span class="font11"> This section tests your ability to understand questions and answers about where someone is from and where he is now. Listen to a conversation between Mr. Johnson and Comrade Zhào, who have just met. You will hear the conversation three times. The third time you hear it, a pause will follow each line. You may use these pauses to fill in the boxes in your booklet with appropriate information. (You do not have to wait for the second repetition of the conversation to fill in the answers, of course.)</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">For example: CYou will hear a conversation similar to conversations you heard on the C-2 tapes in this module.I</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Home State or Province</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Present</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Location</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Comrade Zhào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mr. Johnson (Yuēhànsūn)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Comrade Zhào’s husband</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mrs. Johnson</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- </table>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. This section tests your ability to comprehend Chinese utterances by asking you for the English equivalents. For each item, the speaker will say a sentence from the Target List twice. You indicate your understanding of the sentence by circling the letter of the English sentence which most closely matches the meaning of the Chinese sentence.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">For example, you might hear: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ shi shéi</span><span class="font11">?...</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ shi shēi</span><span class="font11">?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. a. Who is she?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">h. Who is he?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">'c'X Who are you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Part II</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. This section tests your general understanding of the Chinese system of personal names and titles. Read the family histories in your test "booklet, and answer the questions.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">For example,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yang Tíngfēng is the Chinese name used "by an American, Timothy Young, now that he is living in Taipei. His Chinese surname is:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. (aì) Yang h. Tíngfēng c. Yang Tíngfēng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Part III</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">10. This section tests your ability to pronounce the four tones. Simple sound combinations have been chosen so that special attention may be given to tone production. For each item, choose one syllable and read it aloud. As you do so, put a circle around the one you choose. The instructor will note the syllable he hears. Be sure to choose a fair sampling of all four tones, and select them in random order.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">For example, you might say: ma</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">a. ma</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">11. This section tests your ability to pronounce Chinese sounds from the Target Lists, as well as your ability to read romanization. For each item, choose one syllable and read it aloud. As you do so, put a circle around the one you choose. The instructor will note the syllable he hears. Be sure to choose syllables from each column as you go through this section of the test.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">For example, you might say: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nín</span></p><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-11.png" alt="" style="width:29pt;height:23pt;">
- <p><span class="font11">níng</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">12. This section tests your ability to locate and name main cities and provinces in China. Using the map in your booklet, point out to your instructor five cities and five provinces and name them. Pronunciation is of secondary importance here.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">13. This section tests your ability to produce sentences in Chinese. Your instructor will say an English sentence from the Target Lists, and you translate it into Chinese. Your Chinese sentence must be correct both in grammar and in content.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">14. This section tests your ability to make conversational use of the material covered in this module. Although limited in scope, this conversation between you and your instructor represents a situation which you are likely to encounter in the real world. As in any conversation, you are free to ask for a repetition or rephrasing of a sentence, or you may volunteer information on the subject. It is not so much the correctness of your pronunciation and grammar that is being tested as it is your ability to communicate effectively.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font9">Co O</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div style="border:solid;"><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-12.png" alt="" style="width:553pt;height:433pt;">
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX I: MAP OF CHINA</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX II: MAP OF TAIWAN</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-13.png" alt="" style="width:438pt;height:568pt;">
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX III: COUNTRIES AND REGIONS</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Afghanistan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Āfùhàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Germany, West</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Xīdé</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Albania</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Āěrbāníyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Ghana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jiānà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Algeria</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Āěrjílìyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Gibraltar</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zhíbùluotuo</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Andorra</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Andàoěr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Great Britain</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Dà Búlièdiān</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Angola</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Ān’gēlā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Greece</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Xīlà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Argentina</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Agentíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Greenland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Gélínglán</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Australia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Aodàlìyà^</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Grenada</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Gélínnàdá</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Austria</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Aodìlì (Aoguo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Guam</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Guāndǎo</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bahama Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bahama Qúndǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Guatemala</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Guādìmǎlā</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bahrain</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bālín(guó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Guinea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jīnèiyà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bangladesh</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mèngj iālā(guo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Guinea-Bissau</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jīnèiyà Bīshào</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Barbados</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bābāduōsi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Guyana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Guīyànà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Belgium</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bīlìshí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Haiti</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Hǎidì</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Belize</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bólìzī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Honduras</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Hóngdūlāsī</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Benin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bèiníng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Hungary</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Xiōngyálì</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bermuda</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bǎimùdá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Iceland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bīngdǎo</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bhutan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bùdān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">India</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yìndù</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bolivia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bōlìwéiyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Indonesia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yinní (Yìndùníxīyà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Botswana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bocíwǎnà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Iran</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yīlǎng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Brazil</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bāxī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Iraq</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yīlākè</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Britain</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yīngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Ireland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Aiěrlán</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bulgaria</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bǎojiālìyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Israel</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yīsèliè</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Burma</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Miǎndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Italy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yìdàlì</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Burundi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bùlóngdí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Ivory Coast</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Xiàngyá Hǎiàn</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Cabinda</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Kǎbēndá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jamaica</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yámǎijiā</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Cameroun</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Kāmàilóng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Japan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Rīběn</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Canada</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jiānádà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Java</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zhǎowā</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Cape Verde Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Fódé Jiao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jordan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yuēdàn</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Central Africa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zhōngfēi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Kampuchea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jiǎnbǔzhài</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Chad</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zhàdé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Kenya</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Kěnníyà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Chile</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zhìlì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Korea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Cháoxiǎn (Běijīng)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">China</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zhōngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Hánguó (Taiwan)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Colombia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Gēlúnbǐyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Kuwait</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Kēwēitè</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Comoro Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Kēmóluó Qúndǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Laos</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lǎowō (Běijīng),</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Congo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Gāngguǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Liáoguo (Taiwan)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Costa Rica</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Gēsīdálíjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Latvia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lātuōweiyà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Cuba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Gúbā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lebanon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Líbānèn</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Cyprus</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Sàipǔlùsī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lesotho</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Láisuǒtuō</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Czechoslovakia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jiékè (Jiékèsīluófákè)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Liberia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lìbīlīyà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Democratic Yemen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mínzhǔ Yemen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Libya</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lìbīyà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Denmark</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Dānmài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Liechtenstein</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lièzhīdūnshìdēng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Djibouti</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jibuti</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lithuania</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lìtáowǎn</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Dominican Republic</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Duōmīníjiā (Gònghéguó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Luxemburg</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lúsēnbǎo</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">East Timor</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Dong Dìwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Madagascar</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mǎdájiāsījiā,</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Ecuador</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Eguāduōěr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mǎěrjiāshí</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Egypt</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Āijí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Malawi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mǎlāwéi</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">El Salvador</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Sàěrwǎduō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Malaysia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mǎláixīyà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">England</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yīngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mai di 're Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mǎěrdàifū</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Equatorial Guinea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Chìdào Jīnèiyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mali</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mǎlī</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Estonia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Àishāníyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Malta</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mǎěrtā</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Ethiopia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Āisàiébīyà (Běijīng),</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mauritania</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Máolītǎníyà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yīsuǒbīyà (Taiwan)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mauritius</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Máolīqiúsī</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Fiji</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Fěijì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mexico</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mòxīgē</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Finland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Fēnlán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Monaco</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mónàgē</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">France</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Fǎguó, Fàguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mongolia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Měnggǔ</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">French Polynesia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Fǎshǔ Bōlìníxīyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Morocco</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Moluògē</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Gabon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jiāpéng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mozambique</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mòsāngbīkè</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Gambia, The</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Gāngbīyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Namibia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Nàmībīyà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Germany</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Déguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Nauru</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Nǎolǔ</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Germany, East</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Dōngdé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Nepal</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Níboěr</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font10">Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Okinawa Oman Pakistan Palestine Panama</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Réunion Rhodesia Romania Russia Rwanda San Marino Sāo Tomé and</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Príncipe Saudi Arabia</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font10">Scotland Senegal Seychelles Is. Siberia Sierra Leone Sikkim Singapore Solomon Is. Somalia South Africa Soviet Russia Soviet Union Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Surinam Swaziland</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Sweden Switzerland Syria Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font10">United Arab Emirates</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">United Kingdom</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font10">Hélán</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Āndilièsī Qúndǎo Xīn Xīlán Níjiālāguā Nírìěr Nírìlìyà Nuówēi Chōngshéng Āmàn Bājīsitǎn Bālēsitǎn Bānámǎ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Bābùyà Xīn Jīnèiyà Bālāguī Mìlǔ Fèilubin Pútáoyá Bōduōlígè Kǎtǎěr Liúníwāng(dǎo) Luódéxīyà Luómàníyà Ēgué, Eguó Lúwàngdá Shèng Mǎlìnuò Shèng Duōměi he</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Pǔlínxībī</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Shātè Ālābó (Beijing), Shāwūdì Àlābó (Taiwan)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Sūgélán Sàinèijiāěr Saisheer Qúndǎo Xībólìyà Sàilā Liang Xi jin Xinjiāpō Suǒluómén Qúndǎo Suǒmǎlī Nánfēi Sūè (Taiwan) Sūlián Xībānyá Sīlīlánkǎ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Sudan Sūlīnán Sīwēishìlàn (Běijīng)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Shīwǎjìlán (Taiwan) Ruìdiǎn Ruìshì Xùlìyà Tǎnsāngníyà Tàiguó Duōgē Tāngjiā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Tèlìnídá he Duōbāgē Túnísī Tǔerqí Wūgāndá Wūkèlán Alābó Liánhé</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Qiúzhǎngguó Liánhé Wángguó</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font10">United States Upper Volta Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Virgin Is. Wales Western Sahara Western Samoa White Russia Yemen Yugoslavia Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font10">MěiguÓ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Shèng Woěrtā Wūlāguī Wěinèiruìlā Yuènán</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Weiěrjīng Qúndǎo Wēiěrsī Xi Sāhālā Xi Sàmóyǎ Bai ÉLuósī Yemen Nánsīlāfū Zhāyīěr Zànbǐyǎ Jīnbābùwéi</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX IV: AMERICAN STATES</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font10">All the names of states may be followed by the word </span><span class="font10" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhōu</span><span class="font10"> "state," for example, Alabama</span><span class="font10" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font10">zhōu.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Alabama</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Ālāsījiā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Yàlìsāngnà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Akěnsè, Akānsàsī *</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Jiāzhōu, Jiālìfoníyà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Kēluólāduō</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Kāngnièdígé, Kāngnǎidígé</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Tèlāhuá, Delāwēi(ěr)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Foluolīdá</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Qiǎozhìyà, Zuǒzhìyà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Xiàwēiyí</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Aidáhé</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Yīlìnuò(sī)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Yìndìānnà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Yīāhuá, Àiāhuá</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Kānsàsī</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Kěntǎjī</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Lùyìsīānnà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Miǎnyīn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Mǎlīlǎn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Mǎsāzhūsài, Mǎshěng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Mìxīgēn, Mìxiēgēn, Mìzhíān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Míngnísūdá</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Mìxīxlbī</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Mìsūlī</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Méngdànà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Nèibùlāsījiā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Nèihuádá</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Xīn Hānbùshíěr, Xīn Hǎnbùxià</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Xīn Zéxī</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Xīn Mòxīgē</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Niuyuē</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Běi Kǎluoláinà, Běi Kǎluolínnà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Běi Dákētā, Běi Dákēdá</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Éhàié</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Ekèlāhémǎ, Akèlāhémǎ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Élègāng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Bīnzhōu, Bīnxīfǎníyà, Bīnxīfǎnníyà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Luodé Dao, Luodéàilǎn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Nan Kǎluoláinà, Nán Kǎluolínnà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Nan Dakētā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Tiánnàxī</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Dézhōu, Dékèsàsī</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Youtā, Yōuta</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Wēiméngtè, Fóméngtè</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Wēijíníyà, Fo.jíníyà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Huáshèngdùn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Xī Fójíníyà Wēisīkāngxīn(g) Huáiémíng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">*The alternative forms given in this list idea of the range of transliterations.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">are not exhaustive, but are meant to give an</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">8U</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX V: CANADIAN PROVINCES</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Alberta</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yǎbódá</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">British Columbia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yīngshǔ Gēlúnbīyà</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Manitoba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mànnítuōbā</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">New Brunswick</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Xīn Bùlúnzīwéikè</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Newfoundland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Niǔfēnlándǎo</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Northwest Territories</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Xīběilíngdì</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Nova Scotia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Xīn Sīkèshè</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Ontario</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Āndàliiè</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Prince Edward Island</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Aidéhuádǎo</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Quebec</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Kuíběikè</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Saskatchewan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Sākèqíwàn</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yukon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yùkōng</span></p></td></tr>
- </table></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX VI: COMMON CHINESE NAMES</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Surnames</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Huáng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Wáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zhōu </span><span class="font4" style="font-style:italic;">i</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Jiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Liú</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Chén</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jiang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yáng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Li</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Gāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Sīmǎ</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zhào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Ōuyáng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Máo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Sūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Hú</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Táng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Wú</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Fāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Liang</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Given Names (male)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Dálī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yǒngpíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Shàowén</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Míngli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zìqiáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Shìyīng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Dànián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jié</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Tíngfēng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Shìmín</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zhīyuǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Cheng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Huá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Guǒquán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zhènhàn</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Déxián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Given Names (female)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Juān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Huìwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Mīnzhēn</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lìréng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Défēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Huìrán</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Wǎnrú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Lù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bingyíng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Měilíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Bǎolán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Qīng</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Xiùfèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Yùzhēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zǐyàn</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Qiǎoyún</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Měilì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX VII: CHINESE PROVINCES</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10" style="text-decoration:underline;">Pinyin Spelling</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10" style="text-decoration:underline;">Map Spelling</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Ānhuī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Anhwei</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Fújiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Gānsù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Fukien</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Kansu</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Guangdong Guǎngxi Guizhou Hebei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Kwangtung Kwangsi Kweichou Hopeh</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Heilongjiang</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Hénán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Heilungkiang</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Honan</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Húběi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Hupeh</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Hun an</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Hunan</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jiāngsū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Kiangsu</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Jiāngxī</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Jilin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Kiangsi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Kirin</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Liaoning Nèiměnggǔ Níngxià Qīnghǎi Shāndōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Liaoning</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Inner Mongolia</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Ningsia</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Tsinghai Shantung</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Shānxī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Shansi</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Shanxi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Shensi</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Sìchuān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Szechuan</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Taiwan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font10">Taiwan</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Xīnjiāng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Xizāng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Yunnan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10">Sinkiang</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Tibet</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Yunnan</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Zhèjiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font10">Chekiang</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX VIII: CHINESE CITIES</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10" style="text-decoration:underline;">Pinyin Spelling</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Běijīng Changsha Chéngdū Datong Gāoxiōng Guǎngzhōu Hangzhou Hànkou Huáinan Jīlóng Kāifēng Nǎnchāng Nánjīng Qīngdǎo Shànghǎi Táiběi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Táidōng Tainan</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Táizhōng Tiānjīn Wǔchāng Wuhan Xīān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font10" style="text-decoration:underline;">Map Spelling</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Peking Ch'ang-sha Ch’eng-tu Ta-t’ung Kao-hsiung Canton Hang-chou Han-k'ou Huai-nan Chi-lung K’ai-feng Nan-ch'ang Nanking Tsingtao Shanghai</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">Taipei T’ai-tung T'ai-nan</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">T'ai-chung Tientsin Wu-ch’ang Wu-han Sian</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <h2><a name="bookmark40"></a><span class="font5" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark123"></a>MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION</span></h2>
- <p><span class="font11">The Biographic Information Module provides you with linguistic and cultural skills needed for a simple conversation typical of a first-meeting situation in China. These skills include those needed at the beginning of a conversation (greetings, introductions, and forms of address), in the middle of a conversation (understanding and answering questions about yourself and your immediate family), and at the end of a conversation (leave-taking).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Before starting this module, you must take and pass the ORN Criterion Test. The resource modules Pronunciation and Romanization and Numbers (tapes 1-U) are also prerequisites to the BIO Module.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from Module 1 and associated resource modules may also be included.</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark6"></a><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark124"></a>OBJECTIVES</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">Upon successful completion of the module, the student should be able to</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Pronounce correctly any word from the Target Lists of ORN or BIO, properly distinguishing sounds and tones, using the proper stress and neutral tones, and making the necessary tone changes.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Pronounce correctly any sentence from the BIO Target Lists, with proper pauses and intonation, that is, without obscuring the tones with English intonation.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Use polite formulas in asking and answering questions about identity (name), health, age, and other basic information.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Reply to questions with the Chinese equivalents of "yes" and "no."</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Ask and answer questions about families, including who the members are, how old they are, and where they are.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Ask and answer questions about a stay in China, including the date of arrival, location-purpose-duration of stay, previous visits, traveling companions, and date of departure.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Ask and answer questions about work or study—identification of occupation, the location, and the duration.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target Lists.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">,9. Be able to say any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target Lists when cued with its English equivalent.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">10. Take part in a short Chinese conversation, using expressions included in the BIO Target List sentences.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">TAPES FOR BIO AND ASSOCIATED RESOURCE MODULES</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Biographic Information (BIO 7</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Unit 1:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Unit 2:</span></p></td><td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2</span></p></td><td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-l</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">C-l</span></p></td><td colspan="4" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1 p-1</span></p></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1 C-2</span></p></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1 P-2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2 P-2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">2</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-1</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1&2</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">D-l</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">3&U</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">D-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">U:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">U</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">u</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">U</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">U</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">5&6</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">D-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">6:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">6</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">6</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">6</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">6</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">7:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">7</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">7</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7&8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">D-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">7</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">7</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">8:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Units 1-U R-l</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Units 5-8 R-l</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Classroom Expressions (CE)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">CE 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Time and Dates (T&P)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">T&D 1 T&D 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 1 TARGET LIST</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù zai nar?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nǐ zhù zai něige fàndiàn?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nǐ zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù, wǒ "bu zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">lu Nǐ zhù zai Mínzu Fàndiàn ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù, wǒ bù zhù zai Mínzu Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Něiwèi shi Gāo Tongzhì?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Nèiwèi shi Gāo Tongzhì.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Zǎo. Nuèwǎkè Nushì.' Nín hǎo.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ hen hǎo.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Nǐ shi Měiguo nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu Jiùjīnshān rén.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where are you. staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I'm staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Which hotel are you staying at?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I'm staying at that hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you staying at this hotel?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, I'm not staying at this hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, I'm not staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Which one is Comrade Gāo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">That one is Comrade Gāo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Good morning. Miss Novak.' How are you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I'm very well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you from in America?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I'm from San Francisco, California.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 2 TARGET LIST</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Nǐ péngyou jiā zài nǎli?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiā zài Dàlī Jiē.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi...?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ Jiē Sìshièr-hào.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Where is your friend's house?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">His house is on Dàlī Street.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What is your friend’s address?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">His address is No. U2 Dàlǐ Street.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nǐ shi WèiShàoxiào ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">h. Nà shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde, nà shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ zhù zai nàli ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù, wo zhù zai zhèli.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Nǐ péngyou zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bù zài Táiběi gōngzuò; tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nǐ zài nali gōngzuò?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zài yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">You are Major Weiss, aren’t you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn’t it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, that’s the Ambassador Hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you staying there?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, I’m staying here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Does your friend work in Taipei?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He doesn’t work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where do you work?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I work at the defense attache’s office.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I work at a bank.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">7. lù road</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 3 TARGET LIST</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Nǐmen you háizi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">You, women you.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Liu Xiānsheng méiyou Měiguo péngyou.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nǐmen you jǐge nánháizi, jǐge nùháizi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Women you liǎngge nánháizi, yíge nùháizi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Do you have any children?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, we have.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mr. Liu doesn’t have any American friends.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How many boys and how many girls do you have?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">We have two boys and one girl.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Hú Xiānsheng Hú Taitai you jǐge háizi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāmen you liangge háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Dōu shi núháizi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Nǐmen háizi dōu zài zhèli ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù, liangge zài zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguo.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nǐ jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">You wo tàitai gēn sānge háizi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Nǐ jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiù you wǒ fùqin, mǔqin</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">How many children do Mr. and Mrs. Hú have?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">They have two children.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are they hoys or girls?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Both of them are girls.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are all your children here?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What people are in your family?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">There’s my wife and three children.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What people are in your family?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Just my father and mother.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">only</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">dìdi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">younger Brother</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">gēge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">older Brother</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">jiějie</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">older sister</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">mèimei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">younger sister</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">xiōngdì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">brothers</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">jiěmèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">sisters</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">15.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">xiōngdì jiěmèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">brothers and sisters</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">16.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">fùmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">parents</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">17-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">zǔfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">paternal grandfather</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">18.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">paternal grandmother</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">19.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">wài zǔfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">maternal grandfather</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">20.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">wàizǔmǔu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">maternal grandmother</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">21.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">hàha</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">papa, dad, father</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">22.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">mama</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">momma, mom, mother</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 4 TARGET LIST</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Ta míngtian lai ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yǐjīng lai le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Is he coming tomorrow?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He has already come.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ péngyou lai le ma? Tā hái méi(you) lai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Has your friend come?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She hasn’t come yet.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shénme shíhou dàode?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi zuótiān dàode.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">When did he arrive? He arrived yesterday.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi yíge rén láide ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bu shi, wo bú shi yíge rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Did you come alone?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, I didn’t come alone</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Jlaide.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ něitiān zǒu?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">What day are you leaving?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ jǐntiān zǒu.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’m leaving today.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">hòutiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">the day after tomorrow</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">qiàntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">the day before yesterday</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">tiāntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">every day</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">érzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">son</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">nuer</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">daughter</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 5 TARGET LIST</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Nǐ shi zài nǎr shengde?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi zài Dézhōu shēngde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nǐmen xīngqījī zǒu?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Women Xīngqītiān zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where were you born?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I was born in Texas.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What day of the week are you leaving?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">We are leaving on Sunday.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nǐ shi něinián shēngde?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wo shi Yíjiǔsānjiǔnián shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Nǐ shi jǐyùè jǐhào shēngde?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Qíyùe sìhào shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5- Nǐ duō dà le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ sānshiwǔ le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nǐmen nánháizi dōu Jǐsuì le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yíge jiǔsuì le, yíge liùsuì le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What year were you horn?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I was horn in 1939•</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What is your month and day of hirth?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I was horn on July 1+.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How old are you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m 35.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How old are your hoys?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">One is nine, and one is six.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">T. hòuniān</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8.</span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;"> Jīnian</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. míngnián</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">10. qiānniàn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">11. qùniān</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">12. niánniàn</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">the year after next</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">this year</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">next year</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">the year before last</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">last year</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">every year</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 6 TARGET LIST</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Nǐ zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zhù yinian.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nǐ tàitai zài Xianggang zhù duo Jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù liāngtiān.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nǐ xiǎng zài Taiwan zhù duo Jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xiǎng zhù liùge yùè.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">4. Nǐ lāile duo Jiù le?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ lāile liǎngge xīngqī le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long are you staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m staying one year.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I think she is staying two days.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m thinking of staying six months.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long have you heen here?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I have heen here two weeks.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Nǐ taitai zài Xianggang zhùle duo Jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhùle liǎngtiān.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Lǐ Taitai méi lai.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Nǐ cóngqian láiguo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ cóngqian méi laiguo. Wǒ taitai láiguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She stayed two days.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mrs. Lǐ didn’t come.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Have you ever Been here Before?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I have never been here before. My wife has been here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. qu</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">to go</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">New York</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. Niǔ Yuē</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 7 TARGET LIST</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Nín zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zài Meiguo Guówùyuàn gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wo shi xuésheng.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nǐ lái zuò shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ lái niàn shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">H. Nǐ niàn shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xūé Zhōngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Nǐ zài dàxiié niànguo lìshǐ ma? Niànguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nǐmen huì shuō Zhōngwén ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ tàitai bú huì shuō, wǒ huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Where do you work?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I work with the State Department.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where do you work?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m a student.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What did you come here to do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I came here to study.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What are you studying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m studying Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Did you study history in college?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Can you speak Chinese?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">My wife can’t speak it; I can speak a little.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Nǐde Zhōngguo hua hen hǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Náli, nàli. Wǒ Jiù huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Your Chinese is very good.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">8. Nǐ shi zài náli xiiéde Zhōngwén? Where did you study Chinese?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi zài Huáshèngdùn xiiéde. I studied it in Washington.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">jīngjixiié</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">economics</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Rìwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Japanese language</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">wénxūé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">literature</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhèngzhixiié</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">political science</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">nán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">to be difficult</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">rōngyi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">to be easy</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">15.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">xuéxí (xiiéxi)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">to study, to learn (PRC)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 8 TARGET LIST</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Nǐ jīntiān hái you kè ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou kè le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nǐ cóngqián niàn Yīngwén niànle duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén niànle liùnián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nǐ niàn Fàwén niànle duo jiú le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ niànle yìnián le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Qunián wǒ hái bú huì xiě Zhōngguo zì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Nǐ fùqin shi júnrén ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi, tā shi hǎijun júnguān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Do you have any more classes today? I don’t have any more classes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long did you study English?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I studied English for six years.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long have you been studying French?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’ve been studying it for one year.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Last year I couldn’t write Chinese characters.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Now I can write a little.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Is your father a military man?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, he’s a naval officer.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Wǒ Jīntian bù lai le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bìng le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Jíntiān hǎo le méiyou?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Jíntiān hǎo le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. kōngjun</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. lùjun</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">10. shìbīng</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">11. zuò shi</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">12. Dewén</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’m not coming today. I’m sick.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you better today' Today I’m better.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">air force</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">army</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">enlisted man to work German language</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 1</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark125"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark126"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Where people are staying (hotels).</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Short answers.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The question word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něige</span><span class="font11">, "which."</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workhook.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The drill tape (1D-1).</span></p></li></ul>
- <h3><a name="bookmark44"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark127"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">(in Běijīng)</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù zai nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. B: Nǐ zhù zai Mínzù Fandiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Shi, wǒ zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nǐ zhù zai něige fàndiàn?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. B: Něiwèi shi Zhāng Tongzhì?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā shi Zhāng Tongzhì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5.* B: Něige rén shi Méi Tongzhì?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Neige rén shi Méi Tongzhì.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where are you staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, I’m staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Which hotel are you staying at?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Which one is Comrade Zhāng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is Comrade Zhāng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Which person is Comrade Mei?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">That person is Comrade Mei.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. B: Neiwèi shi Gāo Tongzhì?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Nèiwèi shi Gāo Tongzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7.<a name="footnote5"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark128">5</a></sup> A: Nǐ zhù zai zhèige fandiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bù, wo bú zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. B: Jiāng Tongzhì! Nín zǎo.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Zāo. Nuòwākè Nushì! Nín hǎo.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wo hen hǎo.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Qǐngwèn, nǐ shi Měiguo nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu Jiùjīnshān rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Which one is Comrade Gāo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">That one is Comrade Gāo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you staying at this hotel?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, I’m not staying at this hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Comrade Jiāng! Good morning.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Good morning. Miss Novak! How are you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m very well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where are you from in America?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m from San Francisco, California.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <h3><a name="bookmark45"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark129"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">fàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">hotel</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">-ge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(general counter)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">hen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">very</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiùjīnshān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">San Francisco</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Mínzu Fàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nationalities Hotel</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">něi-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">which</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">něige?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">which?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">nèige</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">that</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">neiwèi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">which one (person)?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">nèiwèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">that one (person)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">nushì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(polite title for a married or</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">unmarried woman) Ms.; lady</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shi.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, that’s so.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">-wèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(polite counter for people)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zǎo.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Good morning.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhèi-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">this</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhèige</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">this</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhèiwèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">this one (person)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">to stay, to live</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <h3><a name="bookmark46"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark130"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù zai nǎr? May I ask, where are you staying?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn. I’m staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù</span><span class="font11">, "to live," or "to reside," may be used to mean "to stay at" (temporary residence) or "to live in" (permanent residence).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhù zai nǎr</span><span class="font11"> literally means "live at where." The verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11">, "to be in/ at/on," is used here as a preposition, "at." It loses its tone in this position in a sentence. (The use of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> as a preposition is treated more fully in Unit 2.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fàndiàn</span><span class="font11"> has two meanings—"restaurant" and "hotel" (a relatively large hotel with modern facilities).<a name="footnote6"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark131">6</a></sup> Literally, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fàndiàn</span><span class="font11"> means "rice shop."</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. B: Nǐ zhù zai Mínzu Fàndiàn ma? Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Shi, wǒ zhù zai Mínzu Fàndiàn. Yes, I’m staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shi</span><span class="font11">: The usual way to give a short affirmative answer is to repeat the verb used in the question. Some verbs, however, may not be repeated as short answers. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhù</span><span class="font11"> is one such verb. Others not to be used are </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìng</span><span class="font11">, "to be surnamed," and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiào</span><span class="font11">, "to be given-named." Many speakers do not repeat the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> as a short answer. To give a short "yes" answer to questions containing these verbs, you use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nǐ zhù zai něige fàndiàn?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. B: Něiwèi shi Zhāng Tongzhì?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā shi Zhāng Tongzhì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Which hotel are you staying at? I’m staying at the Běijīng Hotel</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Which one is Comrade Zhāng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is Comrade Zhāng.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. B: Něige rén shi Mei Tongzhì?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Neige rén shi Méi Tongzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. B: Neiwèi shi Gāo Tongzhì?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Nèiwèi shi Gāo Tongzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">T. A: Nǐ zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bù, wǒ hú zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Which person is Comrade Mei?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">That person is Comrade Mei.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Which one is Comrade Gāo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">That one is Comrade Gāo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you staying at this hotel?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, I’m not staying at this hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 3-7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Něige</span><span class="font11"> is the question word "which." In the compound </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něiguo</span><span class="font11">, you found the hound word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něi-</span><span class="font11">, which was attached to the noun </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11">. In the phrase </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něige rén</span><span class="font11">, "which person," the hound word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něi-</span><span class="font11"> is attached to the general counter -ge. (You will learn more about counters in Unit 3. For now, you may think of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-ge</span><span class="font11"> as an ending which turns the hound word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něi-</span><span class="font11"> into the full word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něige</span><span class="font11">.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Něige rén/Něiwèi</span><span class="font11">: To he polite when referring to an adult, you say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèiwèi</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něiwèi</span><span class="font11">, using the polite counter for people -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèi</span><span class="font11"> rather than the general counter -ge. though -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge</span><span class="font11"> is used in many informal situations.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Notice that the noun </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rén</span><span class="font11"> is not used directly after -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèi</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nèiwèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Měiguo rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi shéi?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Něiwèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn?</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Compare the specifying words "which?" "that," and "this" with the location words you learned in Unit U of ORN:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">specifying words</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">něige?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(nǎge?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(which?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">nèige</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(nàge)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(that)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhèige</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(zhège)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(this)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">location words</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎr?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(where?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">nàr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(nèr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(there)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(zhàr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(here)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Both question words are in the Low tone, while the other four words are in the Falling tone.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Many people pronounce the words for "which?" "that," and "this" with the usual vowels for "where?" "there," and "here": </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎge? nàge</span><span class="font11">, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhège</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù</span><span class="font11">: A short negative answer is usually formed, hy </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hù</span><span class="font11"> plus a repetition of the verb used, in the question. When a verb, like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù (zai)</span><span class="font11">, cannot he repeated, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hù</span><span class="font11"> is used as a short answer and is followed by a complete answer. Notice that when used by itself </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11"> is in the Falling tone, but when followed by a Falling-tone syllable </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11"> is in the Rising tone.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù, tā xiànzai bú zài zher. No, he’s not here now.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">8. B: Jiāng Tongzhì! Nín zǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè Nushì! Nín hǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ hen hǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Comrade Jiāng! Good morning.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Good morning. Miss Novak! How are you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m very well.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Name as greeting</span><span class="font11">: A greeting may consist simply of a person’s name: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wang Tongzhì</span><span class="font11">! "Comrade Wang!" The name may also be used with a greeting phrase: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wang Tongzhì! Nín zǎo</span><span class="font11">. "Comrade Wang! Good morning."—or, in reverse order, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín zǎo. Wang Tongzhì</span><span class="font11">! "Good morning. Comrade Wang!" The name is pronounced as an independent exclamation acknowledging that person’s presence and status. It is not de-emphasized like "Comrade Wang" in the English sentence "Good morning, Comrade Wang."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín zǎo</span><span class="font11"> means "good morning"—literally, "you are early." You may also say either </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ zǎo</span><span class="font11"> or simply </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎo</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nushì</span><span class="font11">, "Ms.," is a formal, respectful title for a married-or unmarried woman. It is used after a woman's own surname, not her husband’s. Traditionally, this title was used for older, educated, and accomplished women. In the PRC, where people use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongzhì</span><span class="font11">, "Comrade," in general only foreign women are referred to and addressed as (so-and-so) </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nushì</span><span class="font11">. On Taiwan, however, any woman may be called (so-and-so) </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nushì</span><span class="font11"> in a formal context, such as a speech or an invitation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín hǎo</span><span class="font11">: This greeting may be said either with or without a question marker, just as in English we say "How </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">are</span><span class="font11"> you?" as a question or "How are you" as a simple greeting.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ hǎo ma? How are you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ hǎo. How are you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Also just as in English, you may respond to the greeting by repeating it rather than giving an answer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ Tongzhì! </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín hǎo</span><span class="font11">. Comrade Lǐ! </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">How are you</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín hǎo</span><span class="font11">. Gāo Tongzhì! </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">How are you</span><span class="font11">. Comrade Gāo!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Literally, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hen</span><span class="font11"> means "very.” The word often accompanies adjectival verbs (like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo</span><span class="font11">, "to be good"), adding little to their meaning. (See also Module 3, Unit 3.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">How to identify yourself</span><span class="font11">: You have now learned several ways to introduce yourself. One simple, direct way is to extend your hand and state your name in Chinese—for instance, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mǎ Mínglǐ</span><span class="font11">. Here are some other ways:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Mǎ Mínglǐ. I am Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xìng Mǎ. My surname is Mǎ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xìng Mǎ, jiào Mǎ Mínglǐ. My surname is Mǎ; I am called Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒde Zhōngguo míngzi jiào My Chinese name is Mǎ Mínglǐ. Mǎ Mínglǐ.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Qǐngwèn, nǐ shi Měiguo nǎrde rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu Jiùjīnshān rén.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, where are you from in America?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m from San Francisco, California</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Order of place names</span><span class="font11">: Notice that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiāzhōu Jiùjīnshān</span><span class="font11"> is literally "California, San Francisco." In Chinese, the larger unit comes before the smaller. Similarly, in the question </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ shi Měiguo nǎrde rén?</span><span class="font11"> the name of the country comes before the question word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font11">, which is asking for a more detailed location. The larger unit is usually repeated in the answer:</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shāndōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wo shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shāndōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Qīngdǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">rén.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Literally, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiùjīnshān</span><span class="font11"> means "Old Gold Mountain." The Chinese gave this name to San Francisco during the Gold Rush days.</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark132"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark133"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">A. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Respond, according to the cues.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhù zai nar?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Běijīng Fàndiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is he/she staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nǐ àiren zhù zai nar?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Mínzú Fàndiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is your spouse staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Li Tongzhì zhù zai nar? zhèige fàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is Comrade Lǐ staying?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Fāng Tongzhì zhù zai nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">neige fàndiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is Comrade Fāng staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Chén Tongzhì zhù zai nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Běijīng Fàndiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is Comrade Chén staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Lin Tongzhì zhù zai nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Mínzú Fàndiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is Comrade Lin staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Huang Tongzhì zhù zai nǎr? zhèige fàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is Comrade Huǎng staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Give affirmative responses to all</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Gāo Nushì zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is Miss Gāo staying at the Nationalities Hotel?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Zhāng Nushì zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhù zai Běijīng Fandian. (He/she is staying at the</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Běijīng Hotel.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is staying at this hotel.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is staying at that hotel. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is staying at the Běijīng Hotel.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is staying at this hotel.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Shi, tā zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn. (Yes, she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi, tā zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Jiāng Nushì zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Huang Nushì zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Wang Nushi zhu zai Beijing Fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Lin Nushì zhù zai Mínzu Fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Mao Nushì zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi, tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">Shi, </span><span class="font11">tā zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi, tā zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi, tā zhù zai Mínzu Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi, tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">C. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Give negative responses to all</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Jiāng Xiānsheng zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(is Mr. Jiāng staying at this hotel?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Mǎ Xiānsheng zhù zai nàge fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Lǐ Xiānsheng zhù zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Zhào Xiānsheng zhù zai Yuānshān Dàfàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Liu Xiānsheng zhù zai Yuānshān Dàfàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tang Xiānsheng zhù zai nàge fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Song Xiānsheng zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Bu shi, tā bú zhù zai zhège fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(No, he isn’t staying at this hotel.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai nàge fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai Guobīn Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai Yuānshān Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai Yuānshān Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai nàge fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai zhège fàndiàn</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">D.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Give either a negative or an affirmative response, according to the</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">cues.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tang Tongzhì zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) zhèige fàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Is Comrade Tang staying at this hotel?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Mǎ Tongzhì zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) zhèige fàndiàn (Is Comrade MS staying at this hotel?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Mǎ Tongzhì zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma? zhèige fàndiàn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Lǐ Tongzhì zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? Běijīng Fàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Zhào Tongzhì zhù zai Mínzu Fàndiàn ma? Běijīng Fàndiàn</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Liú Tongzhì zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? nèige fàndiàn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Jiāng Tongzhì zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma? nèige fàndiàn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Zhāng Tongzhì zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? Mínzu Fàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Shi, tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn. (Yes, he is staying at this hotel.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bu shi, tà hú zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(No, he isn’t staying at that hotel.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù shi, tā bu zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi tā zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù shi, tā bù zhù zai Mínzù Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù shi, tā bù zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi, tā zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù shi, tā bù zhù zai Běijīng</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">E.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Change the less polite forms </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèige ren</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèige ren</span><span class="font11"> to the more polite forms </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèrwèi</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèivèi</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Nèige rén shi Lǐ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Nèiwèi shi Lǐ Tongzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tongzhì. (That one is Comrade Lǐ.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(That person is Comrade Lǐ.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Zhèige rén shi Fāng Tongzhì. Zhèiwèi shi Fang Tongzhì.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nèige rén shi Jiāng Tongzhì. Nèiwèi shi Jiāng Tongzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Zhèige rén shi Zhōu Tongzhì.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Neige rén shi Zhāng Tongzhì.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Zhèige rén shi Chén Tongzhì.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Nèige rén shi Hu Tongzhì.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhèiwèi shi Zhōu Tongzhì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nèiwèi shi Zhāng Tongzhì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhèiwèi shi Chén Tongzhì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nèiwèi shi Hu Tongzhì.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">F.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Respond to </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něige fàndiàn?</span><span class="font11"> "which hotel?" according to the cues.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhù zai něige fàndiàn?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Mínzú Fàndiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Which hotel is he/she staying at?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Zhāng Tongzhì zhù zai něige fàndiàn? Běijīng Fàndiàn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Jiāng Tongzhì zhù zai něige fàndiàn? nèige fàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Wang Tongzhì zhù zai něige fàndiàn? zhèige fàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Huang Tongzhì zhù zai něige fàndiàn? Mínzú Fàndiàn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Lin Tongzhì zhù zai něige fàndiàn? Běijīng Fàndiàn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Liú Tongzhì zhù zai něige fàndiàn? zhèige fàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn. (He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">G.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Respond to </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něige rén?</span><span class="font11"> "which person?" with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèige rén</span><span class="font11">, "that person."</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Qǐngwèn, něige rén shi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Nèige rén shi Wáng Déxián.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Déxián? (That person is Wáng Déxián.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, which person</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">is Wáng Déxián?)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">2.</span><span class="font11"> Qǐngwèn, neige rén Shìmín?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Qǐngwèn, neige rén Bǎolán?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Qǐngwèn, neige rén Tíngfēng?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Qǐngwèn, neige rén Wǎnru?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Qǐngwèn, neige rén Meilíng?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Qǐngwèn, neige rén Zhīyuǎn?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">shi Zhao Nèige</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">shi Lin Nèige</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">shi Gāo Nèige</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">shi Zhāng Nèige</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">shi Hu Nèige</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">shi Song Nèige</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">rén shi Zhao Shìmín.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">rén shi Lin Baolán.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">rén shi Gāo Tíngfēng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">rén shi Zhāng Wǎnrú.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">rén shi Hú Meilíng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">rén shi Song Zhīyuǎn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">H.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Ask the appropriate ’’which" or "where" question according to the statements.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā lǎojiā zài Qīngdǎo. (His/her family is from Qīngdǎo.)</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā xiànzài zài Jiānádà. (He/she is in Canada now. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is staying at the Běijīng Hotel.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā xiànzài zài Shāndōng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is in Shāndōng now.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā zhù zai Mínzu Fàndiàn. (He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.)</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā lǎojiā zài Hubei.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her family is from Hubei.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā xiànzài zài Měiguō.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is in America now.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is his/her family from?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is he/she now?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai neige fàndiàn?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(In which hotel is he/she staying?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is he/she now?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai neige fàndiàn?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(in which hotel is he/she staying?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is his/her family from?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is he/she now?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn. (He/she is staying at this hotel.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā lǎojiā zài Guǎngdōng. (His/her family is from Guǎngdōng.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai neige fàndiàn?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(In which hotel is he/she staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is his/her family from?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-14.png" alt="" style="width:210pt;height:297pt;">
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Pagoda in central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 2</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark134"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark135"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Where people are staying (houses).</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Where people are working.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Addresses.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ha</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. The prepositional verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Nped</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The 2D-1 tape.</span></p></li></ul>
- <h3><a name="bookmark48"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark136"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">(in Taipei)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Nǐ zhù zai náli?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zhù zai Guóhīn Dàfàndiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nǐ zhù zai náli?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zhù zai zhèli.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā zhù zai nali.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nǐ zhù zai náli?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zhù zai péngyou jiā.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">it. A: Nǐ péngyou jiā zài náli?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ Jiē.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Nǐ péngyoude dìzhī shi...?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6.* A: Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào ha?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Shìde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">?.**A: Nà shi Guohīn Dàfàndiàn ha?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Shìde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nǐ péngyou xiànzài zài náli gōngzuò ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā zài Táinán gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9 .* A: Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1O .**A: Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zài yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m staying here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How about him?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He is staying there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m staying at a friend’s house.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where is your friend’s house?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">His house is on Dàlǐ Street.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What is your friend’s address?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">His address is No. h2 Dalǐ Street.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You are Major Weiss, aren’t you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn’t it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where does your friend work now?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He works in Tainan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where do you work?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I work at the defense attache’s office.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where do you work?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I work at a bank.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">11 .<a name="footnote7"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark137">7</a></sup> <a name="footnote8"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark138">8</a></sup><sup></sup> A: Nǐ péngyou zài Tāiběi gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā bú zài Taiběi gōngzuò; tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Does your friend work in Taipei?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He doesn’t work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 12. lù</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">road</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <h3><a name="bookmark49"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark139"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">ba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(question marker expressing supposition of what answer will be)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">dàfàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">hotel</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(possessive marker)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">dìzhǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">address</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">gōngzuò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">to work</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Ambassador Hotel</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-hào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">number (in addresses)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">jiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">home, house</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiē</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">street</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">road</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">nà-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">that</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">nàge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">that (one)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">náli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">where</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">nàli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">there</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">péngyou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">friend</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shàoxiào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">major (military title)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, that’s so.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǔguānchù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">defense attache’s office</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">yínháng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">bank</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">zài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">to be in/at/on (prepositional ve</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhè-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">this</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhège</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">this (one)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhèli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">here</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">introduced on C-2, P-2, and, drill tapes</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Diyī Dàfàndiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Měiguo Guójì Jiāoliú</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zǒngshǔ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Měiguo Yínháng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Táiwān Yínháng yóuzhèngjú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">First Hotel</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U.S. International Communications Agency</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bank of America</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bank of Taiwan post office</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <h3><a name="bookmark50"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark140"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nī zhù zai náli?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zhù zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m staying at the Ambassador Hotel</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nī zhù zai náli?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you staying?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zhù zai zhèli.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’m staying here.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">How about him?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai nàli.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">He is staying there.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 1-2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guóbīn</span><span class="font11"> actually refers to any official state guest, not just an ambassador. (The word for "ambassador" is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàshī</span><span class="font11">.) The translation "Ambassador Hotel" has been used for years by that hotel and, although inaccurate, has been retained in this text.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dàfàndiàn</span><span class="font11"> means "great hotel" or "grand hotel." It is commonly used in the names of Taiwan and Hong Kong hotels.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Náli</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàli</span><span class="font11">, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèli</span><span class="font11"> are common variants of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font11">, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèr</span><span class="font11"> in non-Peking dialects of Standard Chinese. The forms with r_ are Peking dialect forms. Compare:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Peking Other</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǎr?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">náli?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(where?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nàr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nàli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(there)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhèli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(here)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Notice the difference in tone between </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">náli</span><span class="font11">. This is because -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">li </span><span class="font11">has a basic Low tone, and the first of two adjoining Low-tone syllables changes to a Rising tone: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎ</span><span class="font11"> + </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-lǐ</span><span class="font11"> = </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">náli</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nǐ zhà zai náli?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: No zhù zai péngyou jiā.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Nī péngyou jiā zài náli?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā jiā zài Dàlī Jiē.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Where are you staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m staying at a friend’s house.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where is your friend’s house?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">His house is on Dàlī Street.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 3-^</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The possessive relationships in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pengyou jiā</span><span class="font11">, "friend’s house," </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ péngyou jiā</span><span class="font11">, "your friend’s house," and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā jiā</span><span class="font11">, "his house," are unmarked, while the English must include ~’s_or the possessive form of the pronoun ("your," "his"). In Chinese, possessive relationships may he expressed by simply putting the possessor in front of the possessed when the relationship between the two is particularly close, like the relationship between a person and his home, family, or friends.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi...?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">What’s your friend’s address?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">His address is No. U2 Dàlǐ Street.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Péngyoude dìzhǐ</span><span class="font11">: The marker -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> in this phrase is just like the English possessive ending -’s_. With the exception of close relationships, this is the usual way to form the possessive in Chinese.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">péngyou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">dìzhǐ</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(your</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">friend</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">’s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">address)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Unlike the English -’s. ending, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font11"> is also added to pronouns.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">wǒde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(my)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǐde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(your)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">tāde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(his/her)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">You are learning possessive phrases in which the marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font11"> is used (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāde dìzhǐ</span><span class="font11">) and some possessive phrases which do not contain </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font11"> (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ péngyou Jiā</span><span class="font11">). There are certain reasons for the inclusion or omission of -de. If a close relationship exists between the possessor and the possessed, the marker -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> might not be used. If a phrase is long and complex, as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lǐ Xiānsheng péngyoude taitai</span><span class="font11">, the marker -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> is used to separate the possessor from the possessed.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">short or simple</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiā</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">wo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">pengyou</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">long or complex</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hú Měilíng -de lǎojiā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">nǐ péngyou -de dìzhǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ Xiānsheng péngyou -de taitai</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">But these are not hard and fast rules. The use or omission of -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> is not determined solely by the number of syllables in a phrase or by the closeness between the possessor and the possessed, although both of these considerations do play a big part in the decision.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">While some common nouns are usually used without -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> before them, most nouns are more likely to be preceded by -de, and many even require it. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dìzhǐ</span><span class="font11">, "address,” is the only noun you have learned which REQUIRES the possessive marker -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> added to the possessor. But other nouns such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiā</span><span class="font11"> are not always preceded by -de. This is also the case with nouns indicating personal relationships, like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùmǔ</span><span class="font11">, "father,” and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tàitai</span><span class="font11">, "wife." </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Péngyou</span><span class="font11">, "friend,” </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xuésheng</span><span class="font11">, "student," and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎoshī</span><span class="font11">, "student," are commonly used without -de, but may also be used with the marker.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You might expect the question </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi... ?</span><span class="font11"> to be completed with a word such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shénme</span><span class="font11">, "what." However, the incomplete form given in this exchange, with the voice trailing off, inviting completion, is also commonly used.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Addresses</span><span class="font11">: The order in which addresses are given in Chinese is the reverse of that used in English. In Chinese, the order is from the general to the specific: country, province or state, city, street name, street number.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-hào</span><span class="font11">: A street number is always given with the bound word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-hào</span><span class="font11">, "number," after it.<a name="footnote9"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark141">9</a></sup></span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">6. A: Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Shìde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Nèi shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Shìde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">You are Major Weiss, aren’t you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 6-7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ba</span><span class="font11"> is a marker for a question which expresses the speaker's supposition as to what the answer will be. It is the type of question which asks for a confirmation from the listener.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11"><sub>(</sub>There are three ways to translate the two questions in exchanges 6 and 7 into English:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào ba? Aren't you Major Weiss?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You must be Major Weiss.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nèi shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn? Isn’t that the Ambassador Hotel?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn’t it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">That must be the Ambassador Hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Each translation reflects a different degree of certainty on the part of the speaker. (While the differences in certainty are expressed in English by variation in wording, they can be expressed in Chinese by intonation.) You will probably find that the ’’isn’t it’’/’’aren’t you" translation fits most situations.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The short answer </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shide</span><span class="font11"> is an expanded form of the short answer </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11">, with the same meaning! "Yes, that’s so." </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shìde</span><span class="font11"> is also the word used for the "yes" in the military "Yes, sir."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nà</span><span class="font11"> (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèi</span><span class="font11">): In the subject position, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nà</span><span class="font11"> (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèi</span><span class="font11">), "that," and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhè</span><span class="font11"> (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi</span><span class="font11">), "this," may be used either as free words or as bound words, with -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge </span><span class="font11">following. Compare:</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(That</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">is the Ambassador Hotel.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-ge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(That</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">one</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">is the Ambassador Hotel.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">However, the question form </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎ-</span><span class="font11"> (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něi-</span><span class="font11">'</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nage (fàndiàn) shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nī péngyou xiànzài zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā zài Tainan gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Nī zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zài Wǔguānchu gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">10. Ar Nī zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zài yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">11. A: Nī péngyou zài Táiběi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">gōngzuò ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò; tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">) is a bound word.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Which one (hotel) is the Ambassador Hotel?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where does your friend work now?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He works in Tainan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where do you work?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I work at the defense attache’s office.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where do you work?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I work at a bank.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Does your friend work in Taipei?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He doesn’t work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 8-11</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǔguānchù</span><span class="font11">, "defense attache’s office," literally means "military attache’s office."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài...gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">: Compare these two sentences:</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Táinán.</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">is in</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tainan.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Táinán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">gōngzuò.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">in</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tainan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">works.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">The sentence </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zài Tainan gōngzuò</span><span class="font11"> seems to have two verbs: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11">, "to be in/at/on," and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">, "to work." But there is only one verb in the translation: "He works in Tainan." The translation reflects the fact that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> loses its full verb status in this sentence and plays a role like that of the English preposition "in." The </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> phrase in Chinese, like the "in" phrase in English, gives more information about the main verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">; that is, it tells where the action takes place. "He works," and the work takes place "in Tainan." In sentences like this, the word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> is a prepositional verb. Most relationships expressed by prepositions in English are expressed by prepositional verbs in Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You have also seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> used as a prepositional verb in the sentence </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zhù zài náli?</span><span class="font11"> "Where do you live?"—literally, "You live at where?" Notice that in this sentence the prepositional verb phrase </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài náli</span><span class="font11"> comes after the main verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù</span><span class="font11">. In the sentence </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?</span><span class="font11"> the prepositional verb phrase </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài náli</span><span class="font11"> comes before the main verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">. Many things, such as stress, contrast, and other objects in the sentence, can influence the order of the prepositional verb phrase and the main verb. In some cases, either order may be used, as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zài náli zhù?</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zhù zài náli?</span><span class="font11"> In other cases, the word order is fixed, as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?</span><span class="font11"> For text examples, it will be pointed out whether or not the word order may be changed, and the reasons will be given.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">, "He doesn’t work in Taipei": In this sentence, the negative adverb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11"> comes before the prepositional verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài </span><span class="font11">(which starts the complete predicate </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài Táiběi gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">), not before the main verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">. This makes sense, for you are not saying "He does NOT WORK," but you are saying "He does NOT work IN TAIPEI."</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā .</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">gōngzuò.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">bù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">gōngzuò.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">zài Táiběi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">gōngzuò.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">bú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">zài Táiběi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">gōngzuò.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">A. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <h3><a name="bookmark142"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark143"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Lī Xiānsheng zhù zai náli?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is Mr. Lī staying?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhù zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn (He is staying at the Ambassador Hotel.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Gāo Xiānsheng zhù zai náli? Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Yáng Xiānsheng zhù zai náli? Dìyī Dàfàndiàn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">4. Táng Xiānsheng zhù zai náli? zhèli</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Símā Xiānsheng zhù zai náli? pengyou jiā</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Liú Xiānsheng zhù zai náli? nàli</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Wáng Xiānsheng zhù zai náli? Dìyī Dàfàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai Yuanshān Dafandian.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai Dìyī Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai zhèli.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai péngyou jiā.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai nàli.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù zai Dìyī Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">B. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā pengyou jiā zai nali? </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Ta jia zai Boai Lu.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Bóài Lù (His/her house is on Boài</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where is his/her friend’s Road.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">house?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Lī Xiānsheng jiā zài náli? Tā jiā zài Dūnhuà Lù.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Dūnhuà Lù</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Wáng Xiānsheng jiā zai nali? Nóngān Jiē</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. He Xiānsheng jiā zài náli? Dàlī Jiē</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Bāó Xiānsheng jiā zài náli? Nánjīng Lù</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Mǎ Xiānsheng jiā zài náli? Zhōngshān Lù</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Ta jia zai Nongan Jie.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiā zài Dàlī Jiē.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiā zài Nánjīng Lù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiā zài Zhōngshān Lù.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Lin Xiānsheng jiā zài nàli? Zhèjiāng Jiē</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiā zài Zhèjiāng Jiē.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">C.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">According to each cue, respond with the appropriate street number on</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dàlī Jiē</span><span class="font11">. I</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) U2hào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(What is your friend’s address?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? kOhào</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? 95hào</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? 2éhào</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? TThào</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? 68hào</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? UUhào</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her address is No. </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">h2 </span><span class="font11">Dali Street.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshihào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Jiǔshiwǔ-hào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Ershiliù-hào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Qīshiqíhào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Liùshihà-hào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshisìhào.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">D.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Give the appropriate Taiwān street addresses according to the cues.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Dàlī Jiē U2hào (What is your friend’s address?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Boài Lù 9Hhào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her address is No. U2 Dàlī Street.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tade dìzhī shi Boài Lù Jiǔshisìhào.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi...? Dūnhuà Lù 55hào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi...? Nóngān Jiē 75hào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5• Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi...? Dàlǐ Jiē li2hào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi...? Dūnhuà Lù 55hào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi...? Bóài Lù 9^hào</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Nongān Jiē Qīshiwǔ-hào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔ-hào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Bóài Lù Jiǔshisìhào.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">E. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Mǎ Tàitai jiā zài Dàlǐ Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mrs. Ma’s house is at No. U2 Dàlǐ Street.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Zhào Tàitai jiā zài Bóài Lù Jiǔshisìhào.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Lǐ Tàitai jiā zài Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. He Tàitai jiā zài Nóngān Jiē Qīshiwǔhào.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5- Bāo Tàitai jiā zài Dàlǐ Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Wāng Tàitai jiā zài Bóài Lù Jiǔshisìhào.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7- Lin Tàitai jiā zài Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her address is No. U2 Dàlǐ Street.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Bóài Lù Jiǔshisìhào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Nóngān Jiē Qīshiwǔhào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ Jiē Sìshièrhào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Bóài Lù Jiǔshisìhào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">F. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Change each </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font11"> question to a </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ba</span><span class="font11"> question.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Nín shi Wèi Shàoxiào ma? (Are you Major Weiss?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi Zhāng Shàoxiào ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nín shi Huang Xiǎojiě ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">A. Nà shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Zhè shi Dìyī Dàfàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nàwèi shi Wang Tàitai ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Nà shi Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">G. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zài náli gōngzuò? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Táiběi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā zài náli gōngzuò? Táinán</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā zài náli gōngzuò? Táizhōng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā zài náli gōngzuò? Gāoxióng</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā zài náli gōngzuò? Jīlóng</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā zài náli gōngzuò? Táiběi</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā zài náli gōngzuò? Táizhōng</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You.</span><span class="font11">: Nín shi Wèi Shàoxiào ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(You are Major Weiss, aren’t you?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Zhāng Shàoxiào ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nín shi Huáng Xiǎojiě ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nà shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhè shi Dìyī Dàfàndiàn ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nàwèi shi Wáng Tàitai ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nà shi Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā zài Táiběi gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she works in Taipei.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Táinán gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Gāoxióng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Jīlóng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Táiběi gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">H.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font0">i</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zài yóuzhèngju gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Dots he/she work at the post office?) </span><span class="font4" style="font-style:italic;">ì</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā zài yínháng gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā zài Měiguo Yínháng gōngzuò ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā zài yóuzhèngju gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Duì le, tā zài yóuzhèngju gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes, he/she works at the post office.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā zài yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā zài Měiguo Yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò•</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11"><■*</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Dui le, tā Zai youzhèngju gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Add </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiànzài</span><span class="font11">, ’’now,</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Zhōu Xiānsheng zài Táiběi gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Zhōu works in Taipei.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Zhāng Xiānsheng zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Hù Xiāojiě zài Táinán gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Mǎ Xiaojiě zài Gāoxióng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Zhāo Xiānsheng zài Jīlóng gōngzuò.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Chén Xiānsheng zài Táiběi gōngzuò.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7- Jiāng Xiāojiě zài Gāoxióng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">to each statement.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Zhōu Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Táiběi gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Zhōu is working in Taipei now.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hu Xiāojiě xiànzài zài Táinán gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mā Xiāojiě xiànzài zài Gāoxióng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhào Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Jīlóng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chén Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Táiběi gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāng Xiāojiě xiànzài zài Gāoxióng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">J. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Make each statement negative by</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I* </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Hú Tongzhì zài Běijīng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Hú works in Běijīng.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Lī Tongzhì zài Nanjing gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā zài Qīngdǎo gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Lin Tongzhì zài Guangzhou gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Zhào Tongzhì zài Shànghǎi gōngzuò.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Chén Tongzhì zài Qīngdǎo gōngzuò.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Huang Tongzhì zài Běijīng gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">changing </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> to </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú zài</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Hú Tongzhì bú zài Běijīng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Hu doesn’t work in Běijīng.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lī Tongzhì bú zài Nanjing gōngzuò</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú zài Qīngdǎo gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lin Tongzhì bú zài Guǎngzhōu gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhào Tongzhì bú zài Shànghǎi gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chén Tongzhì bú zài Qīngdǎo gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huang Tongzhì bú zài Běijīng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">K. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Give negative responses to the according to the cues.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Hú Xiǎojiě zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Táinán (Does Miss Hú work in</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Taipei?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Lī Tàitai zài Táizhōng gōngzuò ma? Jīlong</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Mǎ Xiānsheng zài zhèli gōngzuò ma? Gāoxiong</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò ma? Měiguo Yínháng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā zài youzhèngjū gōngzuò ma? Taiwan Yínháng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">questions, adding correct information</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò; tā zài Táinán gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(She doesn’t work in Taipei; she works in Tainan.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú zài Táizhōng gōngzuò; tā zài Jīlong gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú zài zhèli gōngzuò; tā zài Gāoxiong gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò; tā zài Měiguo Yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bu zai youzhengjū gōngzuò; ta zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Lin Xiānsheng zài nàli gōngzuò ma? zhèli</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Liú Xiǎojiě zài Tāihěi gōngzuò ma? Táizhōng</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hú zài nàli gōngzuò; tā zài zhèli gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hú zài Tāihěi gōngzuò; tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">L. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Give an affirmative or negative</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zài Tāihěi gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Taihěi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Does he/she work in Taipei?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā zài Taihěi gōngzuò ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Táinán</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Does he/she work in Taipei?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò ma? Jīlōng</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā zài zhèli gōngzuò ma? zhèli</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā zài yōuzhèngjú gōngzuò ma? Táiwān Yínháng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò ma? zhèli</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā zài Měiguo Yínháng gōngzuò ma? Měiguo Yínháng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">response according to each cue.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Duì le, tā zài Tāihěi gōngzuò. (Yes, he/she works in Taipei.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hú zài Táihěi gōngzuò; tā zài Táinán gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she doesn’t work in Taipei; he/she works in Tainan.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hú zài Táizhōng gōngzuò; tā zài Jīlóng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā zài zhèli gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hu zai youzhèngjú gōngzuò; tā zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hú zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò; tā zài zhèli gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā zài Měiguo Yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 3</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark56"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark144"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Members of a family.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The plural ending </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-men</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The question word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jǐ-</span><span class="font11"> ”how many."</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. The adverb dōu "all." 5. Several ways to express "and."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The 3D-1 tape.</span></p>
- <div>
- <h3><a name="bookmark52"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark145"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(in Taipei)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Nǐmen you háizi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: You, women you.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. B: Liú Xiānsheng you Měiguo péngyou ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā méiyou Měiguo péngyou.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā you Yingguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. AC Nǐmen you jǐge háizi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Women you sānge háizi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Nǐmen you jǐge nánháizi,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">jǐge núháizi?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Women you liangge nánháizi, yíge núháizi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. B: Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tāmen dōu shi nuháizi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. B: Hu Xiānsheng, Hú Tàitai ne? Tāmen you jǐge háizi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tāmen you liangge háizi.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Dōu shi núháizi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Nǐmen háizi dōu zài zhèli ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bù, liangge zài zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguo.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nǐ jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: You wǒ tàitai gēn sānge háizi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. B: Nǐ jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Jiù you wǒ fùqin, mǔqin.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Do you have any children?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, we have.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Does Mr. Liú have any American friends?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He doesn’t have any American friends.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He has English friends.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR He has an English friend.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How many children do you have?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">We have three children.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How many boys and how many girls do you have?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">We have two boys and one girl.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are they boys or girls?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">All of them are girls.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How about Mr. and Mrs. Hu? How many children do they have?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">They have two children.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are they boys or girls?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Both of them are girls,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are all your children here?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What people are (there) in your family?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">There’s my wife and three children</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What people are (there) in your family?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Just my father and mother.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">only-</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">dìdi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">younger brother</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">gēge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">older brother</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">jiējie</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">older sister</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">1U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">mèimei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">younger sister</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">15.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xiōngdì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">brothers</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">16.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">jiěmèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">sisters</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">17.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xiōngdì jiěmèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">brothers and sisters</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">18.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">fùmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">parents</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">19.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zǔfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">paternal grandfather</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">20.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">paternal grandmother</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">21.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">wàizǔfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">maternal grandfather</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">22.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">wàizǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">maternal grandmother</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">23.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">baba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">papa, dad, father</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">2U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">mama</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">momma, mom, mother</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;">VOCABULARY</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">baba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">papa, dad, father</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">dìdi dōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">younger brother all, both</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">fùmǔ fùqin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">parent s father</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">gēge gēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">older brother and</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">hái háizi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">still, yet children, child</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jǐ-Jiāli JiěJie J iěmèi Jǐge jiù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">how many family older sister sisters how many only, .just</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">liǎng-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">two</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">māma méi mèimei méiyou -men mǔqin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">momma, mom, mother not, not to have younger sister</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">not to have, there is not (plural suffix)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">mother</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">nán-nánháizi nímen</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">nu-nuháizi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">male boy you (plural) female girl</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">tāmen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">they, them</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">wàizǔfù wàizǔmǔ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">women</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">maternal grandfather maternal grandmother we, us</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">xiōngdì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">xiōngdì jiěmèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">brothers</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">brothers and sisters</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">you</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">to have, there is</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhǐ zǔfù zǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">only</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">paternal grandfather</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">paternal grandmother</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">introduced in</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Communication Game</span><span class="font11">)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">yíng le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I’ve) won</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <h3><a name="bookmark54"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark146"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Nǐmen you háizi ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: You, women you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Do you have any children?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, we have.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The plural pronouns are formed hy adding </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-men</span><span class="font11"> to the singular pronouns</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">singular</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">wo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(you)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(he/she)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">plural</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">women</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(we)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nǐmen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(you)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">tāmen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(they)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">(You have already seen these pronoun forms used as possessives: "my," "our," etc. Later you will find that they are also used as objects: "me," "us," etc.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Háizi</span><span class="font11">: Chinese nouns have the same form for singular and plural. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Háizi</span><span class="font11"> may he either "child" or "children."<a name="footnote10"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark147">10</a></sup> Usually the context will make clear whether a noun should be translated as singular or as plural, but not always. Chinese does not require that the matter be pinned down to the same extent that English does. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Women you háizi</span><span class="font11"> is a perfectly good sentence, even though the only accurate translation is the clumsy "We have one or more children." We would prefer to have enough information to translate it either as "We have a child" or as "We have children." At times this ambiguity is an advantage. When you ask </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐmen you háizi ma? </span><span class="font11">you do not, after all, know whether you are referring to one child or to more than one child. To cover both bets in the same way in English, we have to say "Do you have </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">any</span><span class="font11"> children?"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. B: Liú Xiānsheng you Měiguo péngyou ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā méiyou Měiguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā you Yingguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Does Mr. Liú have any American friends?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He doesn’t have any American friends.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He has English friends. OR He has an English friend.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Měiyou</span><span class="font11">: All the verts discussed so far form the negative with bù, with the single exception of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font11">, ”to have," which has the irregular</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">negative form </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">meiyou</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nǐmen you jǐge háizi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Women you sānge háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Nǐmen you jǐge nánháizi, jǐge nùháizi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Women you liǎngge nánháizi, yíge nùháizi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">How many children do you have?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">We have three children.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How many boys and how many girls do you have?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">We have two boys and one girl.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 3-^</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">In Peking speech, jǐ~, "how many," is usually used only when the number expected in an answer'is about 10 or less. In many other parts of China, speakers use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǐ-</span><span class="font11"> no matter how large a number is expected in the answer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Counters</span><span class="font11">: In Chinese, a noun cannot be counted or specified (i.e., used with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něi-</span><span class="font11">, "which," </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèi-</span><span class="font11">, "that," </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi-</span><span class="font11">, "this") without the addition of a bound word, a counter, to indicate the sort of thing being specified or counted. English has a few such counters, as "head" in "how many head of cattle" and "loaves" in "seven loaves of bread."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The counter used in a particular instance depends on the noun being specified or counted. Many nouns have special counters. You have already learned the polite counter for persons, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-wèi</span><span class="font11">. Other special counters refer in some way to the kind of thing the noun represents. The word for "hotel," for instance, has a special counter </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-jiā</span><span class="font11">, "house," used for counting or specifying business establishments.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The general counter -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge</span><span class="font11"> is used with nouns that do not have special counters. For example, there is no special counter for the word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pùbù</span><span class="font11">, "waterfall," so you would say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíge pùbù</span><span class="font11">, "one waterfall." You have already found the general counter </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-ge</span><span class="font11"> in specifying expressions such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">neige háizi</span><span class="font11">, "which child," and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèige fàndiàn</span><span class="font11">, "this hotel."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You may find that, in colloquial speech, nouns that have special counters are sometimes used with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-ge</span><span class="font11"> anyway, but this tendency is looked down upon by many speakers.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Here are the numbers 1 through 10 with the counter -ge: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíg</span><span class="font11">e, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎngg</span><span class="font11">e, sānge, sìge, wǔge, liùge, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíg</span><span class="font11">e, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bág</span><span class="font11">e, jiùge, shíge The number 2 has a special form before a counter: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎng-</span><span class="font11">. Notice that the words for 1, 7, and 8 have Rising tones before -ge, because </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-ge</span><span class="font11"> is basically a Falling-tone syllable. (See also Unit 5» notes on No. 9 and No. 10.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nan-</span><span class="font11">, nù-: The "bound words </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nan-</span><span class="font11">, "male," and nu-, "female," are often used in compounds; for example, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánpéngyou</span><span class="font11">, ""boyfriend," and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nútóngzhì</span><span class="font11">, "(woman) Comrade."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">"</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">And"</span><span class="font11">: In Chinese, a word for "and" is not needed "between parallel phrases like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎngge nánháizi, yíge núháizi</span><span class="font11">, "two boys, (and) one girl." A pause is usual between the two phrases, but even the pause is sometimes omitted.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. B: Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tāmen dōu shi nuháizi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. B: Hu Xiānsheng, Hu Taitai ne? Tāmen you jǐge háizi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tāmen you liǎngge háizi.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Dōu shi nuháizi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Nǐmen háizi dōu zài zhèli ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bù, liǎngge zài zhèli, yíge hái zài Meiguo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Are they boys or girls?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">All of them are girls.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How about Mr. and Hrs. Hu? How many children do they have?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">They have two children.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are they boys or girls?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Both of them are girls.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are all your children here?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">5-7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span><span class="font11"> In Chinese, an "or" question (i.e., a question asking which of two alternatives is true) may be asked simply by stating the two alternatives with a pause between. In this kind of "or" question, the verb must appear in each alternative. (You will learn other ways of making "or" questions in later modules.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dōu</span><span class="font11"> may usually be translated in a sentence as "all (of)," or, if it refers to only two things, as "both (of)." Literally, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font11"> means "in all cases," "uniformly," "entirely," "completely." Since it is an adverb, it must be placed after the subject of a sentence and before the verb (like the adverb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11">, "also").</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nǐ jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: You wǒ tàitai gēn sānge háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">9. B: Nǐ Jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Jiù you wǒ fùqin, mǔqin.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">What people are (there) in your family?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">There’s my wife and three children.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What people are (there) in your family?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Just my father and mother.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos.8-9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Literally, the phrase </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ Jiāli</span><span class="font11"> means "in your home" (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiā</span><span class="font11">, "home"; -lǐ, "in"). In this sentence it is extended to mean "the people in your home," that is, "your family."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ jiāli - you - shénme rén?</span><span class="font11"> Phrase hy phrase, this question is: "in your family - there are - what people?" The word "family" can Le taken to mean either all your relatives or only those living in your household.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">By itself, the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font11"> means "to be," "to exist." You have now seen it translated two ways: 1) as "have," with a personal subject: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Women ^ǒ</span><span class="font11">u </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sānge háizi</span><span class="font11">. "We </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">have</span><span class="font11"> three children." 2) as "there is/are," in the so^ called impersonal construction: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ Jiāli ^ǒu shénme rén?</span><span class="font11"> "What people </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">are </span><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">there</span><span class="font11">) in your family?"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">In exchange 8, the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font11"> in the answer is translated as "there’s." Some English speakers may find this translation too colloquial. The answer can also be translated just by listing the family members, with no verb in the English, as was done in exchange 9- Chinese almost always keeps the verb in the answer to a question, while English tends to leave it out.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">How to say "and"</span><span class="font11">: Chinese has several words for "and." </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gēn</span><span class="font11"> is the word for "and" when joining nouns or noun phrases. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yě</span><span class="font11"> is the word for "and" when joining verbs, verb phrases, or whole sentences:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú xìng Lǐ, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> bú xìng Lǔ. Wǒ xìng Lú.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(I’m not surname! Lǐ,- </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">and</span><span class="font11"> I’m not surname! Lǔ. I’m surname! Lu. ) Chinese tends to use a word for "and" when the noun phrases being joined are not parallel and not to use one when the phrases are parallel:</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">.NOT PARALLEL</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">wǒ tàitai</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">possessor</span><span class="font11">) (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">noun</span><span class="font11">)</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">£®n</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">sānge háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">number</span><span class="font11">) (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">noun</span><span class="font11">)</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(There’s my wife and three children.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">PARALLEL</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">You</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">liangge nánháizi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">number</span><span class="font11">) (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">noun</span><span class="font11">)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">9</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">yíge núháizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">number</span><span class="font11">) (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">noun</span><span class="font11">)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(There are two boys and one girl.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td colspan="4" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">While "and" is often omitted in Chinese, between nouns and between noun phrases—</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">it may be added for just as in English.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">emphasis</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font11">, "only," "just," is an adverb (like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font11">). The use of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù </span><span class="font11">to mean "only" is probably mostly confined to the Peking dialect.<a name="footnote11"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark148">11</a></sup> Speakers from other parts of the country will not necessarily use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font11"> to mean "only" or understand it as such. A more widely used and understood word for "only" is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ</span><span class="font11">. Thus the answer in exchange 9 could also be </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhǐ you wǒ fùqin, mǔqin</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chinese is much more precise than English in its terms for family members. There is not Just one word for "brother" or "sister" but words for "older brother," "younger brother," "older sister," and "younger sister."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">older younger</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(brother)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">gēge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">dìdi</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(sister)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">jiějie</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">mèimei</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(brothers)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xiongdì</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(sisters)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">jiěmèi</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">When referring to both older and younger sisters, the term </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiěmèi</span><span class="font11"> is used. When referring to both older and younger brothers, the term </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiōngdì</span><span class="font11"> is used. When referring to sisters and brothers, the phrase </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiōngdì Jiěmèi </span><span class="font11">is used.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chinese also distinguishes between grandparents on the father’s side of the family and grandparents on the mother’s side:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">father's</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font11">side mother's</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font11">side</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(grandfather)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zǔfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">wàizǔfù</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(grandmother)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">wàizǔmǔ</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">The syllable </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wài-</span><span class="font11"> in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wàizǔfù</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wàizǔmǔ</span><span class="font11"> literally means "outer" or "outside."</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark149"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark150"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">A. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Give affirmative answers, using </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā you Měiguo péngyou ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Does he/she have any American friends?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā you Zhōngguo péngyou ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Does he/she have Chinese friends?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā you Déguo péngyou ma? (Does he/she have German friends?)</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">h. Tā you Rìhěn péngyou ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Does he/she have Japanese friends?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā you Jiānádà péngyou ma? (Does he/she have Canadian friends?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā you Èguo péngyou ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Does he/she have Russian friends?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā you Yīngguo péngyou ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Does he/she have English friends?)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: You, tā you Měiguo péngyou. (Yes, he/she has some American friends.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tā you Zhōngguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes, he/she has Chinese friends.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tā you Déguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes, he/she has German friends.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tā you Rìhěn péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes, he/she has Japanese friends.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tā you Jiānádà péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes, he/she has Canadian friends.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tā you Eguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes, he/she has Russian friends.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tā you Yīngguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes, he/she has English friends.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">B. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Give affirmative answers, using</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā you gēge ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Does he/she have an older brother?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā you jiějie ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā you dìdi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: You, tā you gēge.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes, he/she has an older brother.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tā you Jiějie.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tā you dìdi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Tā you mèimei ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tāmen you háizi ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tāmen you nánháizi ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tāmen you nuháizi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">C. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Give negative answers, using </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Zhāng Xiānsheng you jiějie ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Does Mr. Zhāng have an older sister?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wáng Xiānsheng you nuháizi ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Lin Xiānsheng you mèimei ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">h. Tā tàitai you gēge ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Huáng Xiǎojiě you dìdi ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Mǎ Xiānsheng Mǎ Tàitai you háizi ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Yáng Tàitai you nánháizi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tā you mèimei.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tāmen you háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tāmen you nánháizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tāmen you nuháizi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Méiyou, Zhāng Xiānsheng méiyou jiějie.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(No, Mr. Zhāng doesn’t have an older sister.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou, Wǎng Xiānsheng měiyou nuháizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou, Lin Xiānsheng méiyou mèimei</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou, tā tàitai méiyou gēge.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou, Huáng Xiǎojiě méiyou dìdi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou, Mǎ Xiānsheng Mǎ Tàitai méiyou háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou, Yáng Tàitai méiyou nánháizi</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">D.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Give a negative or affirmative response to each question according to</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">the</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">cue.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Nǐ you dìdi ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) you</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Do you have a younger brother?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Nǐ you dìdi ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) méiyou</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Do you have a younger brother?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: You, wǒ you didi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes, I have a younger brother.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou, wǒ méiyou dìdi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(No, I don’t have a younger brother.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā you měimèi ma? méiyou</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Wang Tongzhì you gēge ma? méiyou</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tāmen you háizi ma? you</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Guō Tongzhì you Yīngguo péngyou ma? méiyou</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Chén Xiānsheng you Fàguo péngyou ma? you</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou, tā méiyou mèimei.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou, Wang Tongzhì méiyou gēge.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You, tāmen you háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou, Guō Tongzhì méiyou Yīngguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You, Chén Xiānsheng you Fàguo péngyou.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">E. Transformation</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font11">Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Change each ma question to a </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jī</span><span class="font11"> question.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tamen you háizi ma? (Do they have children?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wáng Xiānsheng you jiějie ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tāmen you nánháizi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Nǐmen you nuháizi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Fāng Xiāojiě you gēge ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Zhao Tàitai you dìdi ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā you Zhōngguo péngyou ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tāmen you jīge háizi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How many children do they have ?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Xiānsheng you jīge jiějie?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāmen you jīge nánháizi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐmen you jīge nuháizi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Fāng Xiaojiě you jīge gēge?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhao Tàitai you jīge dìdi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā you jīge Zhōngguo péngyou?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">F.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Respond to the questions according to the cues.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Zhāng Tongzhi you jige háizi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How many children does Comrade Zhāng have ?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Zhào Tongzhì you jīge nuháizi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Zhang Tongzhi you liangge háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Zhāng has two children.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhào Tongzhì you yíge nuháizi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Chén Tongzhì you jǐge nánháizi? 3</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Jiāng Tongzhì you jǐge Měiguo péngyou? 5</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Fāng Tongzhì you jǐge mèimei? 1</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Wáng Xiānsheng you jǐge Zhōngguo péngyou? 2</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā you jǐge gēge? 3</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Chén Tongzhì you sānge nánháizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāng Tongzhì you wǔge Měiguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Fāng Tongzhì you yíge mèimei.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Xiānsheng you liǎngge Zhōngguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā you sānge gēge.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">G. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Add the cues to the questions.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā you jǐge nánháizi? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) nuháizi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(How many sons does he/ she have?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Huáng Xiānsheng you jǐge Měiguo péngyou? Fàguo péngyou</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Lī Tāitai you jǐge gēge? dìdi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Sūn Xiǎojiě you jǐge jiějie? mèimei</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tāmen you jǐge Yīngguo péngyou? Déguo péngyou</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Sòng Xiānsheng you jǐge nánháizi? nùháizi</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā you jǐge gēge? jiějie</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā you jǐge nánháizi, jǐge nùháizi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How many sons and how many daughters does he/she have?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huáng Xiānsheng you jǐge Měiguo péngyou, jǐge Fàguo péngyou?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lī Tàitai you jǐge gēge, jǐge dìdi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Sūn Xiǎojiě you jǐge jiějie, jǐge mèimei?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāmen you jǐge Yīngguo péngyou, jǐge Déguo péngyou?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Song Xiānsheng you Jǐge nánháizi, jǐge nuháizi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā you jǐge gēge, jǐge jiějie?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">H. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Use 1) </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font11"> + the number and 2) </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font11"> to answer each question.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā you Jǐge nánháizi, Jǐge nuháizi? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) 2</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(How many sons and how many daughters does he/she have?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Lǐ Xiānsheng you Jǐge gēge, Jǐge JiěJie? 1</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Zhāng Xiǎojiě you Jǐge JiěJie, Jǐge mèimei? 2</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Zhōu Tàitai you Jǐge gēge, jǐge dìdi? 1</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Hu Xiānsheng you jǐge dìdi, jǐge mèimei? 2</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā you Jǐge Fàguo péngyou, jǐge Déguó péngyou? 2</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tāmen you jǐge nánháizi, Jǐge núháizi? 1</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā Jiù you liangge nánháizi, méiyou nuháizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she has only two sons, no daughters.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiù you yíge gēge, méiyou JiěJie.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiù you liangge JiěJie, méiyou mèimei.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiù you yíge gēge, méiyou dìdi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiù you liangge dìdi, méiyou mèimei.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiù you liangge Fàguo péngyou, méiyou Déguó péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāmen Jiù ^ou yíge nánháizi, méiyou núháizi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">I. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā you jǐge nánháizi, jǐge nuháizi? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) 2, 3</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(How many sons and how many daughters does he/she have?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Zhōu Tongzhì you jǐge gēge, jǐge dìdi? 1, 2</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Zhāng Tongzhì you jǐge JiěJie, jǐge mèimei? 3, 1</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tāmen you jǐge Zhōngguo péngyou, jǐge Rìběn péngyou? 5, 1</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā you liangge nánháizi, sānge nuháizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she has two sons and three daughters.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōu Tongzhì you yíge gēge, liangge dìdi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng Tongzhì you sānge JiěJie, yíge mèimei.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāmen you wúge Zhōngguo péngyou, yíge Rìběn péngyou.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Chén Tongzhì you jǐge Yīngguo péngyou, jǐge Déguo péngyou? 3, 2</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Liú Tongzhì you jǐge nánháizi, jǐge nuháizi? 2, 2</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā you jǐge jiějie, jǐge gēge?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">1, 3</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Chén Tongzhì you sānge Yīngguo péngyou, liǎngge Déguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Liú Tongzhì^you liǎngge nánháizi, liǎngge nuháizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā you yíge jiějie, sānge gēge.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">J. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The speaker ■will ask you two questions for each exchange. Use the number cue to answer the first question. Answer the second question with dōu and the first alternative.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Qingwen, tāmen you jige </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tamen you liangge haizi. háizi? (They have two children.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, how many children do they have?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi? Dōu shi nánháizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Are they boys or girls?) (Both of them are boys.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Qǐngwèn, tā you jǐge xiōngdì?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi gēge, shi dìdi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Qǐngwèn, tā you jǐge jiěmèi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi jiějie, shi mèimei?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Qǐngwèn, tā you jǐge Zhōngguo péngyou? 4</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi nánpéngyou, shi nupéngyou?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Qǐngwèn, tā you jǐge Měiguo péngyou? 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi nánpéngyou, shi nupéngyou?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Qǐngwèn, tā you Jǐge háizi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā you sānge xiōngdì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Dōu shi gēge.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā you liǎngge jiěmèi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Dōu shi jiějie.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā you sìge Zhōngguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Dōu shi nánpéngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā you liǎngge Měiguo péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Dōu shi nánpéngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā you sānge háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Dōu shi nánháizi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">7. Qǐngwèn, tāmen you jǐge háizi? Tāmen you wǔge háizi. 5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi nánháizi, shi nuhaizi? Dōu shi nánháizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1U1</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">K. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐmen</span><span class="font11"> jiāli you shénme rén? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) tāmen</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāmen</span><span class="font11"> jiāli you shénme rén? Fāng Xiānsheng</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fāng Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11"> jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng Xiāojiě</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">H. Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhāng Xiāojiě</span><span class="font11"> Jiāli you shénme rén? Lǐ Mínglǐ</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lǐ Mínglǐ</span><span class="font11"> jiāli you shénme rén? nǐ gēge</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ gēge</span><span class="font11"> jiāli you shénme rén? nǐ péngyou</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ péngyou</span><span class="font11"> jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāmen</span><span class="font11"> jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fang Xiānsheng</span><span class="font11"> jiali you shénme rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhāng Xiāojiě</span><span class="font11"> jiāli you shénme ren?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lǐ Mínglǐ</span><span class="font11"> jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ gēge</span><span class="font11"> jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ péngyou</span><span class="font11"> jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">L. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Add. the cue and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn</span><span class="font11"> to each sentence.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā you yíge háizi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) tàitai (He/she has one child.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Hu Xiānsheng you yíge mèimei. mǔqin</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Lǐ Xiāojiě you liǎngge dìdi. jiějie</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">H. Liu Xiānsheng you yíge nuháizi. mǔqin</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Lin Tàitai you sānge nánháizi. xiānsheng</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā you yíge jiějie. fùqin</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Wáng Xiānsheng you sìge háizi. tàitai</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: You tā tàitai gēn yíge háizi. (There’s his wife and one child.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You tā mǔqin gēn yíge mèimei.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You tā jiějie gēn liǎngge dìdi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You tā mǔqin gēn yíge nuháizi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">tā xiānsheng gēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">sānge nánháizi.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">tā fùqin gēn yíge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">jiějie.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">You</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">tā tàitai gēn sìge háizi.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">M. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tāmen háizi dōu zài zhèli ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Měiguo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Are all of their children here?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā gēge, JiěJie dōu zài zhèli ma? Jiāzhōu</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā Měiguo péngyou dōu zài zhèli ma? Táizhōng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā dìdi, mèimei dōu zài Zhōngguo ma? Dézhōu j</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5- Wáng Xiānshengde háizi dōu zài Dézhōu ma? Jiāzhōu</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nèi liǎngwèi Xiānsheng dōu zài Shànghǎi ma? Qīngdǎo</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tāmen háizi dōu zài Xiānggǎng ma? Měiguō</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">You:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù, yíge zài zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(No. One is here, and one is still in America.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù, yíge zài zhèli, yíge hái zài Jiāzhōu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù, yíge zài zhèli, yíge hái zài Táizhōng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù, yíge zài Zhōngguo, yíge hái zài Dézhōu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù, yíge zài Dézhōu, yíge hái zài Jiāzhōu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù, yíge zài Shànghǎi, yíge hái zài Qīngdǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù, yíge zài Xiānggǎng, yíge hái zài Měiguo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 4</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark61"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark151"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Arrival and departure times.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font11"> construction.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The 1+D-l tape.</span></p></li></ul>
- <h3><a name="bookmark62"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark152"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">(in Běijīng)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;"> A:</span><span class="font11"> Nī àiren lai ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā lai.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nī àiren lai le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Lai le, tā lai le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nī àiren yě lai le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā hāi méi lai.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Tā shénme shíhou lai?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā míngtiān lai.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Nī péngyou shénme shíhou dào?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā yījīng dào le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. A: Tā shi shénme shíhou dàode?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi zuotiān dàode.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Nī shi yíge rén laide ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bú shi , wǒ 'bú shi yíge rén láide.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nī shénme shíhou zǒu?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ Jíntiān zǒu.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Nī něitiān zǒu?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ jintiān zǒu.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Is your wife coming?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is coming.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Has your wife come?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, she has come.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Has your wife come too?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She hasn’t come yet.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">When is she coming? She is coming tomorrow.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">When is your friend arriving?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He has already arrived.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">When did she arrive?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She arrived yesterday.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Did you come alone? No, I didn’t come alone.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">When are you leaving?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m leaving today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What day are you leaving?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m leaving today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">hòutiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">the day after tomorrow</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">qiántiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">the day before yesterday</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">tiāntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">every day</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">érzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">son</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">1U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">nūér</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">daughter</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <h3><a name="bookmark63"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark153"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">dào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">érzi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">hòut i ān (hòut ian) Jīntiān (jintian) lai le</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">míngtiān (míngtian) něitiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">nuer</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">qiántiān (qiántiān) shénme shíhou shi... de</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">-tiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">tiāntiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">yíge rén</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">yǐjīng (yǐjing)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">zǒu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">zuotiān (zuotian)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">to arrive</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">son</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">the day after tomorrow</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">today</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">to come</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(combined </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">: new-situation and completion marker)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">tomorrow</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">what day</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">daughter</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">the day before yesterday</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">when</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(focus construction)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">day</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">every day</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">singly, alone</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">already</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">to leave</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">yesterday</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">J iéhūn méi jiéhūn</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">to get married, to be married not to be married</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">introduced in Communication Game</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">kěshi but</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">xiǎng to think, to think that</span></p>
- <div>
- <h3><a name="bookmark64"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark154"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ àiren lái ma? Tā lái.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Is your wife coming? She is coming.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">These sentences refer to future time, hut </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font11"> is not a future-tense form. Strictly speaking, Chinese verbs do not have tenses. The same form of the verb can be used in present, past, and future contexts.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">We translated the sentence </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zài Táinán gōngzuò</span><span class="font11"> as "He </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">works</span><span class="font11"> in Tainan," assuming a present context. But in a past context we could translate it as "He </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">worked</span><span class="font11"> in Tainan"; and in a future context we could translate it as "He </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">will work</span><span class="font11"> in Tainan." The verb form </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò</span><span class="font11"> does not tell you what time is being talked about. You have to look elsewhere for that information, perhaps to a time expression like "last year" or "now" or "tomorrow," or to the conversational setting.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nǐ àiren lái le ma? Has your wife come?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Lái le, tā lái le. Yes, she has come.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Aspect</span><span class="font11">: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Le</span><span class="font11"> is an aspect marker. Through the use of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> and other one-syllable markers (de, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhe</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11">), the; Chinese language indicates whether the occurrence being talked about is completed, ongoing, about to occur, or experienced for the first time. Aspect markers may also be used to indicate whether the whole situation in the sentence is a new, changed situation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">"Completion" and "new situation" are not tenses but aspects. Aspect is a way of talking about events or activities in relation to time. While tenses categorize action in terms of features such as completedness and change. Aspect markers are very different from tense markers because the same aspect may be used in past, present, and future contexts. We may speak of an action that will be completed as of a future time, for example, or of a situation that was new as of a past time. English communicates these ideas to a certain extent through the use of many different tenses for the verb (future perfect, simple past, etc.). Chinese does this through the use of aspect markers and time words. The verbs themselves do not change form.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Le</span><span class="font11"> is used in exchange 2 to indicate two aspects—completion and new situation. (it is, however, often used to indicate only one aspect.) Here, it indicates that the person has come, meaning that the action is completed, and that the person is now here, a changed situation. When the marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> refers to both these aspects, we call it "combined </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">.” Combined </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> can be thought of as a telescoping of the completion </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> followed by a new-situation la: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le le</span><span class="font11"> becomes </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">. In the next two units, you will see the marker le used to indicate each of these aspects separately.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nī àiren yě lai le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā hái méi lai.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Has your wife come too? She hasn’t come yet.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Negative of combined le</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Compare these affirmative and negative forms:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">affirmative</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">negative</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">affirmative</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">negative</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(is coming)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">bù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(isn’t coming)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(has come Cnowl)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi(you)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(hasn’t come Cyetl)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Notice that the marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> does not appear in the negative answer in the exchange.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hai</span><span class="font11">: The negative of a sentence containing combined </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> will include the adverb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font11">, "yet," as well as the negative </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mei(you)</span><span class="font11">. In English, the "yet" is frequently left out.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Like other adverbs such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font11"> always precedes the verb, although not always directly. Elements such as the negatives </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font11"> may come between an adverb and a verb.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Méiyou</span><span class="font11">, "not have," is used to negate the aspect of completion; that is, to say that a certain event did not take place. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Méiyou</span><span class="font11"> may be shortened to </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font11">. Here are three possible negative answers to the question </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā lái le ma?</span><span class="font11"> "Has he come?"</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">hai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">méiyou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">lai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He hasn’t come yet.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">hai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">lai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He hasn’t come yet.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méiyou.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Not yet.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Tā shénme shíhou lai?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā míngtiān lai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Nǐ péngyou shénme shíhou</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">dào?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā yǐjīng dāo le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">When is she coming?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is coming tomorrow.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">When is your friend arriving?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He has already arrived.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. U-5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Position of time words</span><span class="font11">: Time phrases occupy the same position in a sentence as adverbs such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hai</span><span class="font11">—between the subject and the verb.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">6. A: Tā shi shénme shíhou dàode?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā shi zuotiān dàode.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">When did she arrive? She arrived yesterday.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shénme shíhou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lai?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(When is she coming?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">míngtiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(She is coming tomorrow.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">yě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(She has come too.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Nǐ shi yíge rén laide ma?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Did you come alone?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, I didn’t come alone.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bu shi, wǒ bú shi yíge rén láide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 6-7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">(Shi)...de</span><span class="font11">:<a name="footnote12"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark155">12</a></sup> This is another way to indicate the aspect of completion. The aspect marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> and the pattern </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font11"> perform different functions and convey different meanings. This is how they are different:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The aspect marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> or its negative </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mei(you)</span><span class="font11"> is used, when the center of interest is whether or not an action took place. For example, if you do not know whether Mr. Sūn came or not, you would ask</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā láile méiyou? Did he come?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">and you would be answered either</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā láile. He came,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">or</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā méi lái. He didn’t come.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">In this question and answer, you use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> or its negative </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi(you)</span><span class="font11"> because the focus is on whether the action took place or not.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The purpose of the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font11"> construction, on the other hand, is to focus on additional information about a completed action; that is, the construction is used when the center of interest is NOT whether or not a certain action took place. For example, once it has been established that Mr. Sūn did in fact come, the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font11"> construction will probably be used for any additional questions and answers about his coming. For example:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi shénme shíhou láide? When did he come?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi zuotiān láide. He came yesterday.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi yíge rén láide ma? Did he come alone?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi yíge rén láide. He came alone.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">These questions and answers use the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font11"> construction because you already know that Mr. Sūn came and now you are asking for additional information about his visit. Many types of additional information can be focus points for which the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font11"> construction is used. In </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā shi shénme shíhou láide?</span><span class="font11"> the additional information is the time when something happens. In </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā shi yíge rén láide ma?</span><span class="font11"> the information asked for is the manner in which something takes place. Other possible focus points are place, cause of action, goal of action, and performer of action.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Now let’s take a look at how </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> function separately in this construction. The verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11">, coming before the phrase which is the center of interest, serves as a signal that what follows is emphasized. The verb "to be" is often used in a similar way in English to mark the center of interest:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> zuotiān láide ma? </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Was</span><span class="font11"> it yesterday that he came?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Another way of showing the center of interest in English is by word stress. Here is a comparison between focusing in Chinese with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font11"> and focusing in English with stress:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lái le ma? Has he come?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lái le. Yes, he has.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> zuotiān láide ma? Did he come YESTERDAY?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shi, tā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> zuotiān láide. Yes, YESTERDAY.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> coming after the verb indicates completion. When the marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> is not used in the séntence, that sentence no longer describes a completed event. The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> by itself emphasizes something about the action. Compare these sentences:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Jintiān lái. She is coming (later) today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Jintiān láide. She came (earlier) today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">For the time being, you will not use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> without </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The negative form of the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font11"> construction is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi... de</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Compare this with the negatives you have already learned:</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zuótiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-de.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(It was YESTERDAY that he came.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">bú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zuótiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-de.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(It wasn’t YESTERDAY that he came.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He has come.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He hasn’t come. )</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(míngtian)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He is coming Ctomorrowl.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(míngtiān)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">bù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He isn’t coming CtomorrowU.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Notice that in a </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font11"> construction the negative </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11"> precedes the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> rather than the main verb. Short answers are also formed with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi </span><span class="font11">rather than with the main verb:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi yíge rén láide ma? Did you come alone?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shi</span><span class="font11">, wǒ shi yíge rén láide. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yes</span><span class="font11">, I came alone.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bú shi</span><span class="font11">, wǒ bú shi yíge rén láide. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">No</span><span class="font11">, I didn’t come alone.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font11"> construction is not used in every completed-action sentence containing a time, place, or manner phrase. If the center of interest is still whether or not the action took place, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> is used. If, for example, you knew that someone was expected to come yesterday and you wanted to find out only whether he actually did come, the conversation might go as follows:</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā zuótiān méi lái ma? Didn’t he COME yesterday?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā zuótiān lái le. He DID COME yesterday.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">to</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Literally, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíge rén</span><span class="font11"> means "one person." When describe how someone does something, translate</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">the expression is used it as "alone."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">shénme shíhou zǒu?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Jīntiān zǒu.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">When are you leaving? I’m leaving today.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">něitiān zǒu?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">What day are you leaving?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jīntiān zǒu.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I’m leaving today.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 8-9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The word for "day" is the bound word -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān</span><span class="font11">. To ask "what day" (literally "which day"), the bound word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něi-</span><span class="font11">, "which," is combined with the bound word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-tiān</span><span class="font11">, "day": </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něitiān</span><span class="font11"> (like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něiguo</span><span class="font11">, "which country").</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">něitiān?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(what day?/which day?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">qiántiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(day before yesterday)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zuotiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(yesterday)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jīntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(today)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">míngtiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(tomorrow)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">hòutiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(day after tomorrow)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Some speakers say the -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān</span><span class="font11"> in these words in the Neutral tone: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiántiān zuotian</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jintian</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">míngtiān</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòutian</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark60"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark156"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A.</span></p></td><td colspan="4" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Nǐ àiren lái ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(is your spouse coming?)</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Nǐ àiren lái le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Has your spouse come?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">fùmǔ zǒu ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">fùmū zǒu le ma?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">péngyou zǒu ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">péngyou zǒu le ma?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">gēge zǒu ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">gēge zǒu le ma?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">jiējie lái ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">JiěJie lái le ma?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">mèimei lái ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">mèimei lái le ma?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">dìdi zǒu ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">dìdi zǒu le ma?</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">B. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā lai le ma? (Has he/she come?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Mao Tongzhì dào le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Lǐ Tongzhì zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Mǎ Tongzhì zǒu le ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Zhāng Tongzhì lai le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Huang Tongzhì dāo le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Sūn Tongzhì zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā yǐjīng lai le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Has he/she already come?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mao Tongzhì yǐjīng dào le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ Tongzhì yǐjīng zǒu le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Tongzhì yǐjīng zǒu le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng Tongzhì yǐjīng lái le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huang Tongzhì yǐjīng dào le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Sūn Tongzhì yǐjīng zǒu le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">C. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā lai le ma? (Has he/she come?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wang Tongzhì zǒu le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Lǐ Tongzhì dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. He Tongzhì lai le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Zhào Tongzhì lai le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Liú Tongzhì zǒu le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Sūn Tongzhì lai le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā hái méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she hasn’t come yet.)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">mei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zǒu.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">dào.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái •</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái •</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zǒu.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">D.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Has he/she left?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Zǒu le, ta yǐjīng zǒu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes, he/she has already left.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě yǐjīng zǒu le. (His/her spouse has already left too.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">4. Lǐ Tongzhì zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā gēge ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Wáng Tongzhì lái le ma? Tā àiren ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Zhào Xiānsheng dào le ma? Tā dìdi ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Zhāng Tongzhì zǒu le ma? Chén Tongzhì ne?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Lái le, tā yǐjīng lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě yǐjīng lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Dào le, tā yǐjīng dào le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě yǐjīng dào le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zǒu le, tā yǐjīng zǒu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā gēge yě yǐjīng zǒu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lái le, tā yǐjīng lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě yǐjīng lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Dào le, tā yǐjīng dào le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā dìdi yě yǐjīng dào le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zǒu le, tā yǐjīng zǒu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chén Tongzhì yě yǐjīng zǒu le</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">E.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā lái le ma? (Has he/she come?)</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Fāng Nushì lái le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā dìdi ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Lǐ Xiānsheng dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā fùmǔ ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Chén Tongzhì zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāng Tongzhì ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. ,Tā mǔqin dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiějie ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā hái méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she hasn’t come yet.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě hái méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her spouse hasn’t come yet either.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě hái méi zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi dào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě hái méi dào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Fāng Nushì hái méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā dìdi yě hái méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ Xiānsheng hái méi dào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā fùmǔ yě hái méi dào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chén Tongzhì hái méi zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāng Tongzhì yě hái měi zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā mǔqin hái méi dào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiějie yě hái méi dào.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">F. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Give an affirmative response to the first question in each exchange, and include </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font11"> in your response to second question.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zǒu le ma? </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā yǐjīng zǒu le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Has he/she left?) (He/she has already left.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne? Tā àiren hái méi zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(And his/her spouse?) (His/her spouse hasn’t left</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">yet.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā lái le ma? Tā yǐjīng lái le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne? Tā àiren hái méi lái.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā dào le ma? Tā yǐjīng dào le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne? Tā àiren hái méi dào.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">H. Wáng Xiansheng zǒu le ma? Tā muqin ne?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Qian Tongzhì lái le ma? Jiāng Tongzhì ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Máo Niishì dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā mèimei ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Zēng Fūren zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā muqin ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Xiānsheng yǐjīng zǒu le Tā muqin hái méi zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qián Tongzhì yǐjīng lái le. Jiāng Tongzhì hái méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Máo Niishì yǐjīng dào le. Tā mèimei hái méi dào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zēng Fūren yǐjīng zǒu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā muqin hái méi zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">G. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā lái le ma? (Has he/she come?)</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Cáo Tongzhì lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Sūn Tongzhì ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Zhāng Xiānsheng lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā dìdi ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā muqin dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā mèimei ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Wáng Nushì zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng Nushì ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā hái méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she hasn’t come yet.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yǐjīng lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her spouse has already come.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yǐjīng zǒu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi dào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yǐjīng dào le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Cáo Tongzhì hái méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Sūn Tongzhì yǐjīng lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng Xiānsheng hái méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā dìdi yǐjīng lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā muqin hái méi dào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā mèimei yǐjīng dào le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wang Nushi hai mei zou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng Nushì yǐjīng zǒu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">H. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Respond to each question with a completed-action answer or a yet-to-be-completed answer, depending on the cue.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zou le ma? </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā yǐjīng zǒu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) zuotiān (His/her spouse has already</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Has he/she left?) left.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne? Tā àiren yě yǐjīng zǒu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) zuotiān (His/her spouse has already</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(And his/her spouse?) left too.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">I. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shénme shíhou lái? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) míngtiān</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(When is he/she coming?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Lī Xiānsheng shénme shíhou zǒu? jīntiān</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Hu Xiǎojiě shénme shíhou dào? hòutiān</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Huáng Tàitai shénme shíhou zǒu? míngtiān</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā míngtiān lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is coming tomorrow</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jīntiān zǒu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Ta hòutiān dào.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Ta míngtiān zǒu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lái le ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">míngtiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi lái.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">míngtiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yě hái méi lái.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā dào le ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">zuotiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yǐjīng dào le.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">míngtiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren hái méi dào.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">'It.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zǒu le ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">míngtiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi zǒu.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">•—</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā gēge ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zuotiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā gēge yǐjīng zǒu le.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhào Tongzhì dào le ma? zuotiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhào Tongzhì yǐjīng dào le.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Tongzhì ne</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">? zuotiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Tongzhì yě yǐjīng dào le,</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā fùmǔ zǒu le :</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">ma? míngtiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā fùmǔ hái méi zǒu.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tāmen háizi ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zuotiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tāmen háizi yǐjīng zǒu le.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren lái le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">ma? zuotiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren yǐjīng lái le.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tāmen háizi ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">míngtiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tāmen háizi hái méi lái.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zēng Xiansheng shénme shíhou lái? hòutiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hòutiān lái.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Xiaojiě shénme shíhou dào?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jintiān dào.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">jíntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shénme shíhou zǒu?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hòutiān zǒu.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">hòutiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Lin Tàitai shénme shíhou zǒu? Lin Tàitai shi shénme shíhou zǒude?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shénme shíhou lái? Tā shi shénme shíhou laide?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">L. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Respond with a </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font11"> sentence when the cue makes it appropriate.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā lái•</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) míngtiān (He/she is coming.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) zuotiān (He/she came.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wáng Tàitai zǒu. jīntiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">37 Huang Tàitai zǒu le. qiántiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ù. Lǐ Xiānsheng lái. hòutiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Lin Xiānsheng lái le. zuotiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Mǎ Xiǎojiě dào le. qiántiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">M. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Give affirmative responses to the</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi zuotiān láide ma? (Did he/she come yesterday?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wáng Xiānsheng shi jīntiān dàode ms ?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Lǐ Tongzhì shi qiántiān zǒude ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">k. Máo Furen míngtiān lái ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tāmen háizi hòutiān dào ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā fùmǔ jīntiān zǒu ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā mingtiān lai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is coming tomorrow.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi zuotiān láide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she came yesterday.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Tàitai jīntiān zou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huáng Tàitai shi qiántiān zǒude.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ Xiānsheng hòutiān lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lin Xiānsheng shi zuotiān láide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Xiǎojiě shi qiántiān dàode.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You: Shìde. Tg shi zuotiān láhJe.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes. He/she came yesterday.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde- Wáng Xiānsheng shi jīntiān dàode.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde. Lǐ Tongzhì shi qiántiān zoude.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde. Máo Fūren míngtiān lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde. Tāmen háizi hòutiān dào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde. Tā fùmǔ jīntiān zǒu.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">J. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">For each item, ask "which day....</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker:</span><span class="font11"> Tā lái.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is coming.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wáng Xiānsheng zǒu.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Lǐ Tàitai dào.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">4. Hú Tàitai zǒu.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Zhāng Xiānsheng dào.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Huáng Tàitai lái.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā zǒu.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā něitiān lái?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Which day is he/she coming?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Xiānsheng něitiān zǒu?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ Tàitai něitiān dào?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hú Tàitai něitiān zǒu?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng Xiānsheng něitiān dào?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huáng Tàitai něitiān lái?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā něitiān zǒu?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">K. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shenme shíhou lái? (When is he/she coming?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wáng Xiānsheng shénme shíhou dào?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Lǐ Tàitai shénme shíhou zǒu?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Hú Xiānsheng shénme shíhou lái?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Huáng Tàitai shénme shíhou dào?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi shénme shíhou láide?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(When did he/she come?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Xiānsheng shi shénme shíhou dàode?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ Tàitai shi shénme shíhou zǒude?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hú Xiānsheng shi shénme shíhou láide?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huáng Tàitai shi shénme shíhou dàode?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Zhāng Nushì shi zuótiān laide ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde. Zhang Nushì shi zuótiān láide.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">N. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Give negative responses</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">to the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font11"> questions.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi zuótiān láide ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Did he/she come yesterday?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Jiā.ng Xiānsheng shi jintiān dàode ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Zhāng Tongzhì shi qiántiān zǒude ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tāmen shi zuótiān láide ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tāmen háizi shi qiántiān dàode ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. He Tongzhì shi jintiān zǒude ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7- Tā àiren shi zuótiān láide ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Bù. Tā bú shi zuótiān láide. (No. He/she didn't come yesterday.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù. Jiāng Xiānsheng bú shi Jintiān dàode.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù. Zhāng Tongzhì bú shi qiántiān zǒude.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù. Tāmen bú shi zuótiān láide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù. Tāmen háizi bú shi qiántiān dàode.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù. He Tongzhì bú shi jintiān zǒude.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù. Tā àiren bú shi zuótiān láide</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">0. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">According to the cues, each </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font11"> question.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi zuótiān láide ma? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) affirmative</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Did he/she come yesterday?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā shi zuótiān láide ma? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) negative</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Did he/she come yesterday?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wáng Tongzhì shi qiántiān dàode ma? neg.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">give an affirmative or a</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">negative response to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Shìde. Tā shi zuótiān láide (Yes. He/she came yesterday</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù. Tā bú shi zuótiān láide (No. He/she didn’t come yesterday.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù. Wáng Tongzhì bú shi qiántiān dàode.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">3.. Tā gēge shi jíntiān láide ma? neg.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Lǐ Xiānsheng shi jíntiān zǒude ma? neg.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Zhào Fūren shi zuótiān dàode ma? aff.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tāmen háizi shi qiántiān zǒude ma? neg.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Sūn Nushì shi zuótiān dàode ma? neg.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù. Tā gege hu shi jíntiān láide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù. Lǐ Xiānsheng bú shi jíntiān zǒude.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde. Zhào Fūren shi zuótiān dàode.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù. Tāmen háizi bú shi qiántiān zǒude.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bù. Sūn Nushi bu shi zuotiān dàode.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-15.png" alt="" style="width:293pt;height:209pt;">
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Celebrating the birthday of Mǎzǔ (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 5</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark157"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark158"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered, in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Date and. place of birth.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Days of the week.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Ages.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. The marker le for new situations.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. The C-l and P~1 tapes, the Reference List, and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The 5D-1 tape.</span></p></li></ul>
- <h3><a name="bookmark57"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark159"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">(in Běijīng)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Āndesēn Fūren, nǐ shi zài nǎr shēngde?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi zài Dézhōu shēngde.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nǐmen shi Xǐngqīsì dàode ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bu shi, women shi Xīngqǐwǔ dàode.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nǐmen xīngqījī zǒu?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Women Xīngqītiān zǒu.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Nǐ shi něiniǎn shēngde?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Yījiǔsānjiǔnián shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Nǐ shi Jīyūè shēngde?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Qíyiie shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. A: Nǐ shi Jīhào shēngde?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Sìhào shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">7.<a name="footnote13"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark160">13</a></sup> A: Nǐ duo dà le?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ èrshisì le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. <a name="footnote14"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark161">14</a></sup>A: Nǐ duo dà le?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ sānshiwǔ le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Nǐmen nuhaizi jǐsuì le?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā bàsuì le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">10. A: Nǐmen nánháizi dōu jǐsuì le?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Yíge jiǔsuì le, yíge liùsuì le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Mrs. Anderson, where were you horn?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I was born in Texas.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Did you arrive on Thursday?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, we arrived on Friday.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What day of the week are you leaving?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">We are leaving on Sunday.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What year were you born?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I was born in 1939.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What month were you born?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I was born in July.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What day of the month were you born?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I was born on the fourth.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How old are you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m 21+.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How old are you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m 35.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How old is your girl?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She’s eight years old.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How old are your boys?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">One is nine, and one is six.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">11. hòunián (hòunian)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">12. jīnnián (jīnnian)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">13. míngnián (míngnian)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">1U. niánnián (niánnian)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">15. qiánnián (qiánnián)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">16. qunián (qiinian)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">the year after next</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">this year</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">next year</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">every year</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">the year before last</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">last year</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <h3><a name="bookmark53"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark162"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">duo da</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">hòunián (hèunian)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">jǐhào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">jīnnián (jīnnian)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">jǐsuì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">jǐyíiè</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">míngnián (míngnian)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">něinián</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">niánnián (niánnian)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">qiánnián £qiánnian)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">qiinián (qiinian)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">shēng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">-suì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">xīngqījǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Xīngqītiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Xīngqīyī (Xīngqīèr,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Xīngqísān, Xīngqīsì, Xīngqīwǔ, Xīngqīliù)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">how old</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">the year after next</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">what day of the month this year how old what month</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">next year</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">which year every year</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">the year Before last last year</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">to be born</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">year (of age)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">what day of the week Sunday</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Monday (Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">introduced on C-2, P-2, and drill tapes</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">shàngge yiiè last month xiàge yiiè next month zhèige yūè this month</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark59"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark163"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Āndesēn Fūren, nǐ shi zài nǎr shēngde?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wo shi zài Dézhōu shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mrs. Anderson, where were you horn?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I was horn in Texas.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Ko. 1</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">The </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font11"> construction is used as on time and manner expressions.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">to focus on place expressions as well</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zài Měiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-de.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I was horn in America.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">WHERE</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zuotiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-de..</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I arrived yesterday.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">WHEN</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">yíge rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-de.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I came alone.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">HOW .</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nǐmen shi Xǐngqīsì dàode ma? Did you arrive on Thursday?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bú shi, women shi Xīngqǐwǔ No, we arrived on Friday,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">dàode.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nǐmen xīngqǐjǐ zǒu? What day of the week are you</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">leaving?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Women Xīngqītián zou We are leaving on Sunday.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 2-3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Days of the week</span><span class="font11">;</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xīngqījǐ?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(what day of the week?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xīngqīyī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Monday)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xīngqīèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Tuesday)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xīngqīsān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Wednesday)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xǐngqīsì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Thursday)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xīngqǐwǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Friday)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xīngqīliù.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Saturday)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xīngqītián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Sunday)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Until now, you have always seen Jǐ-, "how many," at the beginning of a word (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jǐge háizi</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jǐwèi xiānsheng</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jǐhào</span><span class="font11">). In </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐngqǐjǐ</span><span class="font11">, -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jǐ.</span><span class="font11"> is at the end of the word. In both places, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jǐ</span><span class="font11"> occupies the position of a number and acts like a number: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐngqǐjǐ</span><span class="font11">, "what number day of the week?"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">What year were you born? I was born in 1939-</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">4. A: Nǐ shi něinián shēngde? B: Wǒ shi Yījiusānjiǔnián shēngde.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The word for "year," -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nian</span><span class="font11">, is a bound word (like the word for "day," -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān</span><span class="font11">). The question word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něinián</span><span class="font11">, "which year," is formed with the bound word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něi-</span><span class="font11">, "which."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The year is given as a sequence of digits, so that 1972, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">YǐJiǔqǐèrnián</span><span class="font11">, would literally be "one-nine-seven-two year." In a sequence of digits, the word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">èr</span><span class="font11"> (not </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎng-</span><span class="font11">) is used for 2, and the words for 1, 7, and 8 keep their basic High tones. (See notes on No. 10 for cases in which these tones change.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Nǐ shi Jǐyiiè shēngde?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Qíytiè shēngde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">What month were you born? I was born in July.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Months</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jīyuè?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(what month?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Yǐyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(January)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Eryuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(February)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Sānyiiè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(March)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Sìyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(April)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wuyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(May)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Liùyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(June)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Qíyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(July)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Báyiiè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(August)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiuyiiè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(September)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shíyiiè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(October)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shíyīyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(November)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Shieryiie</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(December)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Since the names of the months are formed with numbers, jī-, "how many," is the appropriate question word to use for "what month." </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jì-</span><span class="font11"> is used in Běijīng to ask for a number expected to be around 10 or 11.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Notice the tones on the words for 1, 7, and 8, which most Peking speakers pronounce as Rising before Falling-tone words such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yūè</span><span class="font11">. The syllable -yī- in the word for "November," however, is usually pronounced with the High tone: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shíyīyuè</span><span class="font11">. (See the notes on No. 10 for a summary of tone changes.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">6. A: Nī shi jīhào shēngde?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi Sìhào shēngde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">What day of the month were you born?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I was born on the fourth.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Days of the month</span><span class="font11"> are expressed by the number of the day followed by the bound word -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hao</span><span class="font11">. You will remember that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-hao</span><span class="font11"> is also used in giving addresses.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">In asking about days of the month, jī~, "how many," is used, even though the question may be answered by a number as high as 31.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The month and day of the month may be given together. For example,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nī shi jīyūè jīhào shēngde? What is your month and day of</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">birth?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi Bayuè Jiuhào shēngde. I was born on August 9.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Nī duo dà le?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">How old are you? I’m 24.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How old are you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I'm 35.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ èrshisì le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nī duo dà le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ sānshiwu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 7-8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ duo dà le?</span><span class="font11"> "How old are you?" literally means "How big (in years of age) are you?" This is a common way to ask a person’s age. The question is appropriate for asking the age of a child or a young adult, but the expression is not considered polite enough for asking an older adult his age. (More formal ways to ask a person’s age will be introduced on the C-2, P-2, and drill tapes.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> which ends these sentences calls attention to the fact that something is true now that was not true before.<a name="footnote15"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark164">15</a></sup> </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Le</span><span class="font11"> has only this new-situation meaning in these sentences. It has no meaning of completion, since, in fact, there is no completed event.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">One way to reflect the new-situation </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> in the English translation is to add the word "now": "I’m 35 now." Essentially, however, "new situation" (sometimes called "change of state") is a Chinese grammatical category with no simple English equivalent.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> for new situations is always found at the end of a sentence and is sometimes called "sentence le."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Notice that neither answer contains a verb. The verb that has been left out is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font11">, "to have." The verb may not be left out in the negative: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ méiyou sānshiwǔ</span><span class="font11">, "I’m not 35-"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐmen nuháizi Jǐsuì le? Tā básuì le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">How old is your girl? She’s eight years old.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No, 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-suì</span><span class="font11">: In the traditional Chinese system of giving ages, a person is one </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-suì</span><span class="font11"> old at birth and becomes another -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">suì</span><span class="font11"> old on the New Year’s following his birth. A baby born the day before New Year’s would thus be two -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">suì</span><span class="font11"> old on the day after his birth. Most Chinese, however, have now switched to the Western style of computing age and use -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">suì</span><span class="font11"> Just as we use "years old."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-suì</span><span class="font11">, like the word -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hào</span><span class="font11">, is a bound word showing what kind of thing a number is counting.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">In a date or address you are listing a number and use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">èr</span><span class="font11"> for 2, while in giving an age you are counting an amount of something and use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liáng</span><span class="font11">: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liāngsuì</span><span class="font11">, "two years old."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">10. A: Nǐmen nánháizi dōu jǐsuì le? B: Yíge jiǔsuì le, yíge liùsuì le.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">How old are your boys?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">One is nine, and one is six.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font11"> is used when "both" or "all" would probably not be used in English, namely, when expecting different information about each of the things (or persons) being discussed. "All" tends to be collective, asking or telling about something the members of a group have in common. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dōu</span><span class="font11"> can be distributive, asking or telling something about the members of a group as individuals.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yí</span><span class="font11">, gí, bá: In the spoken language of Peking, the basic High tones of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐ</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐ</span><span class="font11">, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bā</span><span class="font11"> usually change to Rising tones before Falling-tone words (such as -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hào</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuè</span><span class="font11">, and -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">suì</span><span class="font11">). This change is most common when the complete number given has only one digit. When there are two or more digits, the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐ</span><span class="font11"> and bā of numbers ending in 7 and 8 are more likely to have Rising tones than the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐ</span><span class="font11"> of numbers ending in 1 (which is usually in the High tone). Compare:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Shiqíhào Shíyīyuè</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">the 17th November</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">In all cases, the High tone is more likely to be kept in rapid speech. You may also encounter speakers who never make changes in the tones of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐ</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐ</span><span class="font11">, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bā</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Remember that, in the digit-by-digit form of giving the year, the numbers 1, 7, and 8 keep their basic High tones: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yǐjiǔbāliùnián</span><span class="font11">, 1986</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Additional Required Vocabulary</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">DAYS</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">YEARS</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">qiántiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuot</span><span class="font11">iān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">jīntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">míngtiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">hòutiān</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">qiánnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">qiinian</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">jīnnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">míngnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">hòunián</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">In the Chinese system of expressing relative time in terms of days and years, only one pair of terms is not parallel: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuotiān</span><span class="font11">, "yesterday," and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qunián</span><span class="font11">, "last year."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">A. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <h3><a name="bookmark65"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark165"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Qǐngwèn, tā shi zài nǎr shēngde?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Dézhōu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where was he/she horn?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Qǐngwèn, nī àiren shi zài nǎr shēngde? Jiāzhōu</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where was your spouse born?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Qǐngwèn, tā àiren shi zài nǎr shēngde? Shànghǎi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where was his/her spouse born?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Qǐngwèn, nī haizi shi zài nǎr shēngde? Sìchuān</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where was your child born?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. ,Qīngwèn, nǐmen nuháizi shi zài nǎr shēngde? Beijīng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where was your daughter born?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Qǐngwèn, nǐmen nánháizi shi zài nǎr shēngde? Mázhōu</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where was your son born?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Qǐngwèn, Zēng Xiānsheng shi zài nǎr shēngde? Niǔ Yuē</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, where was Mr. Zēng born?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi zài Dézhōu shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she was born in Texas.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Ta shi zài Jiāzhōu shengde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she was born in California.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi zài Shànghǎi shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she was born in Shànghǎi.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi zài Sìchuān shēngde. (He/she was born in Sìchuān.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi zài Běijīng shēngde (She was born in Běijīng.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi zài Mázhōu shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He was born in Massachusetts.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi zài Niǔ Yuē shēngde (He was born in New York.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">B. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Qǐngwèn, nī shénme shíhou zou? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) něitiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, when are you leaving?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">You:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, nī něitiān zǒu?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, what day are you leaving?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">2. Qǐngwèn, nǐ něitiān zǒu? Jīyǔè</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Qǐngwèn, nǐ jīyǔè zǒu? jǐhào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ll. Qǐngwèn, nǐ jǐhào zǒu? něinián</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Qǐngwèn, nǐ něinián zǒu? jīyǔè jǐhào</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Qǐngwèn, nǐ jīyǔè jǐhào zǒu? xīngqījī</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Qǐngwèn, nǐ xīngqījī zǒu?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, nǐ jīyǔè zǒu?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, nǐ jǐhào zǒu?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, nǐ něinián zǒu?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, nǐ jīyǔè jǐhào zǒu?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, nǐ xīngqījī zǒu?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">C. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Women Xīngqīyī zǒu.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Xīngqīèr (We are leaving on</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Monday.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Women Xīngqīèr zǒu. Xīngqīsān</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Women Xīngqīsān zǒu. Xīngqīsì</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Women Xīngqīsì zou. xīngqījī</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Women xīngqījī zǒu?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Xīngqǐwǔ</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Women Xīngqīwǔ zǒu. Xīngqītián</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Women Xīngqītián zǒu. Xīngqīliù</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. Women Xīngqīliù zǒu.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Women Xīngqīèr zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(We are leaving on Tuesday.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Women Xīngqīsān zou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Women Xīngqīsì zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Women xīngqījī zǒu?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Women Xīngqīwǔ zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Women Xīngqītián zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Women Xīngqīliù zou.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">D.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Nǐ háizi shi něinián shēngde ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) 1971</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(What year was your child horn?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Lǐ Xiānsheng shi něinián shēngde? 19UU</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nǐ dìdi shi něinián shēngde? 1910</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Nèige háizi shi něinián shēngde? 1967</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Zhèige nánháizi shi něinián shēngde? 1968</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nèige rén shi něinián shēngde? 1927</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shi něinián shēngde?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">1933</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Yījiǔqīyīnián shēngde (He/she was horn in 1971.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yījiǔsìsìnián shēngde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yījiǔsìlíngnián shēngde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yījiǔliùqīnián shēngde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yījiǔliùbānián shēngde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yījiǔèrqīnián shēngde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yījiǔsānsānnián shēngde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">E.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi jǐyuè shēngde?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Eryúè</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(What month was he/she horn?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā àiren shi jīyuè shēngde?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǔyùè</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Zhāng Tongzhì shi Jǐyiiè shēngde? Sìyuè</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Wáng Tongzhì shi jǐyùè shēngde? Shíyīyuè</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Nǐ àiren shi Jǐyiiè shēngde? Báyiiè</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nǐ gēge shi jǐyúè shēngde?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Shíèryiiè</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Eryiiè shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she was horn in February.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Wǔyùè shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Sìyuè shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Shíyīyuè shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Báyiiè shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Shíèryuè shēngde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā mèimei shi jǐyiiè shengde? Liùyiiè</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Liùyiiè shēngde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">F. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Yíyuè shēngde. (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) yíhào</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she was born in January.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi Yíyiiè shēngde. shíyīhào</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi Yíyuè shēngde. èrshiliùhào</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā shi Yíyiiè shēngde. qíhào</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5- Tā shi Yíyuè shēngde. shísìhào</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi Yíyuè shēngde. èrshibàhào</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shi Yíyiiè shēngde. shíhào</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Yíyiiè yíhào shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she was born January first.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yíyiiè shíyīhào shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yíyiiè èrshiliùhào shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yíyiiè qíhào shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yíyiiè shísìhào shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yíyiiè èrshibàhào shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Yíyiiè shíhào shēngde.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">G. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2 • Sp</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">eake</span><span class="font11">r: Nimen nuhaizi jīsuì le? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) 5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">'.How old is your daughter?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. nánháizi jisuì le? 11</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3- Hú Taitai nuhaizi jisui le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1 ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">h. Tǎ mèimei Jisuì le? 7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. M nánháizi jīsuì le? 6</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā wùsuì le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(She is five.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shiyīsuì le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shísānsuì le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā qísuì le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā liusuì le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nī nuhaizi Jīsuì le? U</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā sìsuì le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">7- Nèige nánháizi Jisuì le? 8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ta básuì le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">H.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā duo dà le? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) 35</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(How old is he/she?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nǐ gēge duo dà le? Uh</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><a href="#bookmark166"><span class="font11">3. Nī dìdi duo dà le?</span></a></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><a href="#bookmark167"><span class="font11">h. Tā JiěJie duo dà le?</span></a></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><a href="#bookmark168"><span class="font11">5. Nī mèimei duo dà le?</span></a></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā àiren duo dà le? 28</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Wáng Tongzhì duo dà le? hl</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā sanshiwǔ le. (He/she is 35-)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā sìshisì le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā sānshi le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā sìshiqī le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā sānshièr le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā èrshibā le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā sìshiyī le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Nín muqin duo dà suìshu </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā liùshiwǔsuì le. le? (She is 65.)</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) 65</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How old is your mother?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nín fùqin duo dà suìshu le? Tā liùshiqísuì le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">67</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā JiěJie duo dà suìshu le? Tā sìshiliùsuì le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font16">U6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">h. Tā gēge duo dà suìshu le? Tā sìshisìsuì le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font17">uu</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Zhāng Xiānsheng duo dà suìshu le? Tā qīshièrsuì le. 72</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Wáng Tàitai duo dà suìshu le? Tā wǔshijiǔsuì le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">59</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Wang Tàitai mèimei duo dà suìshu Tā wǔshibásuì le. le? 58</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">J. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Substitute </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shàngge yuè</span><span class="font11">, "last month" (May), </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèige yiiè</span><span class="font11">, "this month" (June), or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàge yiiè</span><span class="font11">, "next month" (July), according to the month mentioned in the speaker’s sentence.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Wǔyiiè láide.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she came in May.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā Qíyiiè lái.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is coming in July.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā Liùyiiè lái.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is coming in June.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi Liùyiiè láide.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5- Tā Qíyiiè zǒu.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi Wǔyiiè dàode.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shi Liùyiiè zǒude.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Ou. Tā shi shàngge yiiè láide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Oh. He/she came last month.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ou. Tā xiàge yiiè lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Oh. He/she is coming next month.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ou. Tā zhèige yiiè lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Oh. He/she is coming this month.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ou. Tā shi zhèige yuè láide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ou. Tā xiàge yiiè zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ou. Tā shi shàngge yiiè dàode.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ou. Tā shi zhèige yiiè zǒude.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">K. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Sach of the speaker’s statements is the answer to a question. After</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">hearing each answer, ask the question</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1' S</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">peaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi Yījiǔsānwǔnián shēngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she was born in 1935- )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2 Tā shi Sìyiiè láide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she came in April.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">3- Tā shi Xīngqīwǔ zǒude.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she left on Friday.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">which could have prompted the response.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi něinián shēngde?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(What year was he/she born?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi jǐyiiè láide?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(What month did he/she come?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi xīngqījǐ zǒude?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(What day of the week did he/she leave ?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā shi qihào dàode. Tā shi jǐhào dàode?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she arrived on the seventh.) (What day of the month did he/she arrive?)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Yījiǔqīsìnián láide.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi něinián láide?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xīngqītián zǒude.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi xīngqījī zǒude?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Jiǔyuè shēngde.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi jīyǔè shēngde?</span></p></td></tr>
- </table><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-16.png" alt="" style="width:294pt;height:210pt;">
- <p><span class="font11">Farm in northern Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 6</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark66"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark169"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered, in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Duration phrases.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> for completion.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The "double </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le"</span><span class="font11"> construction.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. The marker -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Action verbs.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. State verbs.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The C-2 and. P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The 6D-1 tape.</span></p></li></ul>
- <h3><a name="bookmark67"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark170"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">(in Taipei)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Nǐ zhù duo jiù?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zhù yìnián.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nǐ tàitai zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā zhù liǎngtiān.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nǐ tàitai zài Xianggang zhù duo jiù?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù liǎngtiān.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">h. A: Nǐ xiǎng zhù duo jiù?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ xiǎng zhù yìnián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Nǐ xiǎng zài Taiwān zhù duo Jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ xiǎng zhù háge yuè.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6.<a name="footnote16"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark171">16</a></sup> A: Nǐ pengyou xiǎng zhù duo Jiù?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā xiǎng zhù liǎngge xīngqì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Nǐ laile duo Jiǔ le?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ laile sāntiān le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng zhùle duo jiù?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā zhùle liǎngtiān.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Tā lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Lái le, tā lái le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">10. A: Tā lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Méi lái, tā méi lái.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">11. A: Nǐ congqián láiguo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ congqián méi láiguo.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">How long are you staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m staying one year.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long is your wife staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She is staying two days.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I think she is staying two days.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long are you thinking of staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I'm thinking of staying one year.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I'm thinking of staying eight months.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long is your friend thinking of staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He is thinking of staying two weeks.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long have you heen here?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I have heen here three days.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She stayed two days.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Did he come?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, he came.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Did he come?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, he didn't come.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Have you ever heen here before?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I have never heen here before.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">12. qù</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">to go</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">New York</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">13. Niǔ Yùē</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark68"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark172"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">cóngqian</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">before</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">duo jiǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">how long</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-guo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(experiential marker)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Niǔ Yǔē</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">New York</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">qù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">to go</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xiǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">to think that, to want to would like to</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Xiānggǎng xīngqī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Hong Kong week</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">to live somewhere</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <h3><a name="bookmark69"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark173"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Nǐ zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zhù yìnián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long are you staying? I'm staying one year.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Expressions like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">duo jiǔ</span><span class="font11">, "how long," and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìnián</span><span class="font11">, "one year," called duration phrases, come after the verb.* Notice the contrast with time-when phrases, like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shenme shíhou</span><span class="font11">, "when," and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǐnnián</span><span class="font11">, "this year," which come before the verb.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shénme shíhou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zǒu?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(When are you leaving?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">duo jiǔ?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(How long are you staying?)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">If a duration phrase is used with the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù</span><span class="font11">, this phrase preempts the position after the verb; and any place phrase, like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài Běijīng</span><span class="font11">, must come before the verb.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yìnián:</span><span class="font11"> In telling how many years (giving an amount) no counter is</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zài Běijīng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I'm living in Běijīng.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zài Běijīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">duo jiǔ?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(How long are you staying in Běijīng?)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">used. The tone on </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yí</span><span class="font11">, "one," changes to Falling before a Rising tone.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nǐ tàitai zhù duo jiǔ? B: Tā zhù liǎngtiān.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">How long is your wife staying? She is staying two days.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Liǎngtiān</span><span class="font11">: -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān</span><span class="font11">, ’’day," like -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nian</span><span class="font11">, "year," is used without a counter. When telling how many of something, the number 2 takes the form </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎng</span><span class="font11">.* (See Unit 3, notes on Nos. 3-U.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng zhù duo j iǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wo xiǎng tā zhù liǎngtiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Nǐ xiǎng zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wo xiǎng zhù yìnián.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I think she is staying two days.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long are you thinking of staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m thinking of staying one year</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 3-^</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng</span><span class="font11">, "to think that," "to want to," "would like to," maybe used as a main verb or as an auxiliary verb. As a main verb it means "to think that." It is used this way in the answer of exchange 3 and in the following examples.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xiǎng tā míngtiān lai. I think he is coming tomorrow.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xiǎng tā bú qù. I think he is not going.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">When </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng</span><span class="font11"> is used as a main verb meaning "to think that," it is not made negative. This may be a special problem for English speakers who are used to saying "I </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">don’t think</span><span class="font11"> he is going." In Chinese, it is "I think he is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">not going</span><span class="font11">," </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ xiǎng tā bú qù</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">When </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng</span><span class="font11"> is used as an auxiliary verb, it means "to want to," "would like to." It is used this way in exchange H, which could also be translated as "How long would you like to stay?" Here are other examples:</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Nī xiǎng zǒu ma? Would you like to leave? OR</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Do you want to go?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ bù xiǎng zǒu. I don’t want to leave.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Nī xiǎng zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma? Do you want to work in Taipei?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">*"One day" is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìtiān</span><span class="font11">. The tone on </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐ</span><span class="font11"> changes to Falling before a High tone.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān zhù duo Jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ xiǎng zhù báge yǔè.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">6.</span><span class="font11"> A: Nǐ péngyou xiǎng zhù duo Jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā xiǎng zhù liǎngge xīngqí.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m thinking of staying eight months.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long is your friend thinking of staying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He is thinking of staying two weeks•</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">5-6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You already know that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìnián</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìtiān</span><span class="font11"> are used without counters. The words for "month" and "week," however, are used with counters. Compare:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Nǐ láile duo Jiǔ le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ láile sāntiān le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">How long have you been here? I have been here three days.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">sāntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(three days)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">sānnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(three years)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">sānge xīngqī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(three weeks)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">sānge yǔè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(three months)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le...le</span><span class="font11">, "up until now," "so far": The use of completed-action le. after the verb and of new-situation </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> after the duration phrase tells you how long the activity has been going on and that it is still going on. The answer could also have been translated "I have been here three days so far." This pattern is sometimes called "double </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Notice that when </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> is in the middle of a sentence (in this case, because it is followed by a duration phrase), we write it attached to the verb before it: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">láile duo Jiǔ le</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nī tàitai zài Xianggang zhùle duo Jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Tā zhùle liǎngtiān.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She stayed two days.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Completion le</span><span class="font11">: Here you see the marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> used to indicate one aspect, completion. Compare a sentence with one </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> to a sentence with two le’s:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zài nàr zhùle sāntiān. I stayed there three days.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zài zhèr zhùle sāntiān le. I have heen here (stayed here) for</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">three days now (so far).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Completion </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> is used with verbs that describe actions or processes, not with verbs that describe a state or condition, or a continuing situation. The following sentences, describing states or ongoing situations, have past-tense verbs in English but no </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> in Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nèige shíhou tāmen zhī you At that time they </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">had</span><span class="font11"> only two</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">liǎngge haizi. children.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā quniān bú zài Shànghǎi, He </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wasn*t</span><span class="font11"> in Shànghǎi last year;</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">zài Běijīng. he </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">was</span><span class="font11"> in Běijīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Verb types in Chinese</span><span class="font11">: In studying some languages, it is important to learn whether a noun is masculine, feminine, or neuter. In Chinese, it is important to learn whether a verb is an action, state, or process verb. These three verb categories are meaning (semantic) groups. A verb is a member of one group or another depending on the meaning of the verb. For instance, "running" and "dancing" are actions; "being good" and "being beautiful" are states; and "getting sick" and "melting" are processes. In Chinese, grammatical rules are applied differently to each semantic verb category. For the most part, you have learned only action and state verbs in this course; so these comments will be confined to those two verb categories. (See Unit 8 of this module for process verbs.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Action verbs</span><span class="font11">: These are verbs which describe physical and mental activities. The easiest to classify are verbs of movement such as "walking," "running," and "riding"; however, action verbs also include verbs with not too much motion, such as "working" and "writing," and verbs with no apparent motion, such as "studying." One test for determining if a verb is an action is asking "What did he do?" "He arrived," "He spoke," and "He listened" are answers which contain action verbs. "He knew," "He</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">wanted," and "He is here" are answers which contain state verbs, not action</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">verbs. Some of the action verbs you have learned are:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">dào (to arrive) lai (to come)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">gōngzuò (to work) zhù (to live, to stay)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">State verbs</span><span class="font11">: These verbs describe qualities, conditions, and states. All adjectival verbs, such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo</span><span class="font11">, "to be good," and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǔ</span><span class="font11">, "to be long (in time)," are state verbs. Emotions, such as "being happy" and "being sad," are expressed with state verbs. "Knowing," "liking," "wanting," and "understanding," which may be called mental states, are also expressed with state verbs. Also, all auxiliary verbs, such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng</span><span class="font11">, "to want to," "would like to," are state verbs. Here are some of the state verbs:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">dà (to be large) duì (to be correct) xìng (to be surname!) xiǎng (to want to)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">shi (to be) jiào (to be called) zài (to be at) zhīdao (to know)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Aspect and verb types</span><span class="font11">: Not every aspect marker in Chinese may be used with all types of verbs. Completion </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> does not occur with state verbs. It does occur with action verbs.</span></p>
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">ACTION</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yǐjīng dào le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā gōngzuòle yìnián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lái le ma?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">STATE</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā qǔnián bú zài zhèr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zuotiān xiǎng qù. Tā zuotiān bù zhīdào.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">He has already arrived.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He worked one year.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Did he come?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He wasn’t here last year. Yesterday he wanted to go. He didn’t know yesterday.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">9- A: Tā lái le ma?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Did he come?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, he came.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Did he come?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, he didn’t come.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">B: Lái le, tā lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">10. A: Tā lái le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Mei lái, tā méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 9-10</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Compare the two possible interpretations of the question </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā lái le ma? </span><span class="font11">and the answers they receive:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Completion le</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Did</span><span class="font11"> she come?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(She came.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(She didn’t come.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">Combined le</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Has she come?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(She has come. OR She’s here.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(She hasn’t come yet.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">The first question, with completion le, asks only if the action took place. The second question, with combined le., asks both whether the action has been completed and whether the resulting new situation still exists.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">11. A: Nī cóngqián láiguo ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ cóngqián méi láiguo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Have you ever been here before? I have never been here before.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The aspect marker -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> means literally "to pass over," "to cross over." The implication is that an event took place and then ceased at some time in the past.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">It may help you to conceptualize -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> in terms of a bridge. The whole bridge is the event. The marker -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> stresses the fact that not only have you crossed over the bridge but at present you are no longer standing on it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The meaning of -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> changes slightly depending on what type of verb it is used with: action or process. (-</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> may not be used with state verbs.) With an action verb, -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> means that the action took place and then ceased at some time before the present. With a process verb, -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> means that the process took place and that the state which resulted from the process ended at some time before the present.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Remember that aspect markers like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> and -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> are used only when the speaker feels it necessary to stress some feature or aspect of an event. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Le</span><span class="font11"> is used to stress finishing, or completion, -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> is used to stress that a situation occurred in the past and was "over" or "undone" before the time of speaking (that is, the absence of that situation followed the situation).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Let’s contrast -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> with completion </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">: Both </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> and -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> express completion, but -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> stresses that an action is no longer being performed, or that a state resulting from a process no longer exists. For example, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā lái le</span><span class="font11"> means "He came" or "He has come," not indicating whether or not he is still there. But </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā láiguo</span><span class="font11"> means "He came" with the specification that he is not there anymore—that is, he came and left.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">One of the uses of the aspect marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-guo</span><span class="font11"> is in sentences which express experience or having experienced something at least once in the past, that is, "to have had the experience of doing something." This is how -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> is used in exchange 11. In a question, the marker -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11"> can he reflected by the English word "ever," and in a negative statement by "never."</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">congqián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">-guo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Have you </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ever</span><span class="font11"> been Ecornel here before?)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">congqián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-guo,.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I have </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">never</span><span class="font11"> been Ccome3 here before.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">congqián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-guo.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(I have been tcomel here before.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">The negative of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā lái le</span><span class="font11"> does not include a </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">, but the negative of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā láiguo</span><span class="font11"> does have a -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11">. The negative adverb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font11"> is used to negate both completion </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> and -</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">le.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-guo.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-guo.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <h3><a name="bookmark70"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark174"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">A. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Zhang Xiānsheng zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) yíge yǔè</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long is Mr. Zhāng staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wáng Xiaojiě zhù duo jiǔ? liangge xīngqī</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long is Miss Wáng staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Hu Tàitai zhù duo jiǔ? sānge yǔè</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long is Mrs. Hú staying?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">sìge xīngqī</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long is he/she staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā tàitai zhù duo jiǔ? liangge xīngqī</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long is his wife staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Lī Xiǎojiě zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">wǔge yǔè</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long is Miss Lī staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā xiānsheng zhù duo Jiǔ? liùge xīngqī</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long is her husband staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Speaker: Zhāng Tongzhì zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) santiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long is Comrade Zhāng staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā mǔqin zhù duo jiǔ? yìnián</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā fùqin zhù duo jiǔ? wǔtiān</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Wáng Tongzhì zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">hātiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Zhāng Xiānsheng zhù yíge yǔe.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Zhāng is staying one month.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Xiǎojiě zhù liangge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Miss Wáng is staying two weeks.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hú Tàitai zhù sānge yǔè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mrs. Hú is staying three months.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù sìge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is staying four weeks.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā tàitai zhù liǎngge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His wife is staying two weeks.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lī Xiǎojiě zhù wǔge yǔè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Miss Lī is staying five months.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiānsheng zhù liùge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Her husband is staying six weeks.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Zhāng Tongzhì zhù sāntiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Zhāng is staying three days.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā mǔqin zhù yìnián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā fùqin zhù wǔtiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Tongzhì zhù bātiān.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Nǐ jiějie zhù duo Jiǔ? liǎngnián</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Hu Tongzhì zhù duo jiǔ? sìtiān</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā zhù duo jiǔ? sānnián</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ jiějie zhù liǎngnián</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hu Tongzhì zhù sìtiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù sānnián.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">C. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā mǔqin zhù duo jiǔ? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) liǎngge yǔè</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long is his/her mother staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā mèimei zhù duo jiǔ? yíge xīngqī</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Zhāng Tàitai zhù duo jiǔ? jiǔtiān</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā gēge zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">sìge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Wáng Xiānsheng zhù duo jiǔ? yíge yǔè</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā dìdi zhù duo Jiǔ? yìnián</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā jiějie zhù duo Jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">shítiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā mǔqin zhù liǎngge yǔè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her mother is staying two months.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā mèimei zhù yíge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng Tàitai zhù jiǔtiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā gēge zhù sìge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Xiānsheng zhù yíge yǔè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā dìdi zhù yìnián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiějie zhù shítiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">D. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Zhāng Tàitaide gēge zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Xiānggǎng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long is Mrs. Zhāng’s older brother staying?)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Zhāng Tàitaide gēge zài Xiānggǎng zhù duo Jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long is Mrs. Zhāng’s older brother staying in Hong Kong?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Jiāng Xianshengde dìdi zhù duo Jiāng Xianshengde dìdi zài jiǔ? Guǎngzhōu Guǎngzhōu zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Zēng Xiǎojiěde mèimei zhù duo j iǔ? Zhōngguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Chén Tongzhìde jiějie zhù duo jiǔ? Shànghǎi</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Qian Tongzhìde àiren zhù duo jiǔ? Měiguo</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Cao Xiǎojiěde fùqin zhù duo jiǔ? Qīngdǎo</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Xià Xiānshengde mǔqin zhù duo jiǔ? Běijīng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Zēng Xiǎojiěde mèimei zài Zhōngguo zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chén Tongzhìde jiějie zài Shànghǎi zhù duo Jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Qian Tongzhìde àiren zài Měiguo zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Cao Xiǎojiěde fùqin zài Qīngdǎo zhù duo Jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Xià Xiānshengde mǔqin zài Běijīng zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ē. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhù jǐtiān?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(How many days is he/ she staying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Hú Xiānsheng zhù jīge yuè?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Wang Tàitai zhù jīge xīngqī?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">k. Tā xiānsheng zhù jīniān?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Zhōu Xiāojiě zhù jīge yuè?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Wǒ fùqin zhù Jīge xīngqī?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā mèimei zhù jītiān?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā xiǎng zhù jītiān?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How many days is he/she planning on staying?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hu Xiānsheng xiǎng zhù jīge yuè? Wang Tàitai xiǎng zhù jīge xīngqī? Tā xiānsheng xiǎng zhù jīniān?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōu Xiāojiě xiǎng zhù jīge yuè? Wǒ fùqin xiǎng zhù Jīge xīngqī? Tā mèimei xiǎng zhù jītiān?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">F. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhù yíge xīngqī. (He/she is staying one week.)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā zhù liǎngniān.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā zhù sānge yuè.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">. Tā zhù liǎngge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù yíge xīngqī. (I think he/she is staying one week.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù liǎngniān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù sānge yuè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù liǎngge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">5-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">qītiān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">xiǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">tā zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">qītiān.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">sìnián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xiǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">tā zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">sìnián.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">liùge yǔè.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">xiǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">tā zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">liùge yǔè</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">G. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhù yíge xīngqī. (He/she is staying one week.)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Mǎ Tongzhì zhù yìnián.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Mǎ is staying one year.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Wáng Tongzhì zhù sìge yǔè.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Wáng is staying four months.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Zēng Tongzhì zhù wǔtiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Zēng is staying five days.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Wǒ zhù liǎngge xīngqī.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(I am staying two weeks.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā háizi zhù liùtiān.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her child is staying six days.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā mèimei zhù liǎngnián. (His/her younger sister is staying two years.)</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhùle yíge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she stayed one week.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Tongzhì zhùle yìnián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Mǎ stayed one year.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Tongzhì zhùle sìge yǔè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Wáng stayed four months.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zēng Tongzhì zhùle wǔtiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Comrade Zēng stayed five days.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zhùle liǎngge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(I stayed two weeks.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā háizi zhùle liùtiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her child stayed six days.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā mèimei zhùle liǎngnián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her younger sister stayed two years.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">H.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhùle sāntiān.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she stayed three days.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wǒ zhùle yíge xīngqī.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(I stayed one week.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhùle sāntian le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she has stayed three days.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zhùle yíge xīngqī le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(I have stayed one week.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā fùqin zhùle liǎngge yuè. (His/her father stayed two months.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā jiějie zhùle shíyītiān. (His/her older sister stayed eleven days.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Wang Xiānsheng zhùle yìnián. (Mr. Wáng stayed one year.)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">6.</span><span class="font11"> Wáng Tāitai zhùle sānge xīngqī. (Mrs. Wáng stayed three weeks.)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Hú Xiǎojiě zhùle qītiān.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Miss Hú stayed seven days.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā fùqin zhùle liǎngge yuè le. (His/her father has stayed two months.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiějie zhùle shíyītiān le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(His/her older sister has stayed eleven days.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Xiānsheng zhùle yìnián le. (Mr. Wáng has stayed one year.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Tàitai zhùle sānge xīngqī le. (Mrs. Wáng has stayed three weeks.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hú Xiǎojiě zhùle qītiān le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Miss Hú has stayed seven days.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">I. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Respond hy adding </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng zhù</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhùle</span><span class="font11">, each statement, according to the cue.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhù yìtiān.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) hái méi lái (He/she is staying one day.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā zhù yìtiān. yǐjīng zǒu le (He/she is staying one day. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā zhù yìtiān. hái zài zhèr (He/she is staying one day.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā zhù liǎngge xīngqī. yǐjīng zǒu le</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is staying two weeks.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā zhù sāntiān. hái méi lái (He/she is staying three days.)</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">h. Tā zhù yìnián. hái zài zhèr (He/she is staying one year.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhùle</span><span class="font11"> + duration phrase + </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā xiǎng zhù yìtiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is planning on staying one day.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhùle yìtiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she stayed one day.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhùle yìtiān le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she has stayed one day.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhùle liǎngge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she stayed two weeks.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiǎng zhù sāntiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is planning on staying three days.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhùle yìnián le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she has stayed one year.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā zhù wuge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">yǐjīng zǒu le</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is staying five weeks.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Ta zhùle wuge xīngqī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she stayed five weeks.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">J. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā Xīngqīyī lái, Xīngqīsān zǒu.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is coming on Monday, leaving on Wednesday.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā yíyiiè lái, Sìyuè zǒu.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā Wǔyiiè lái, Qíyiiè zǒu.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā yíhào lái, liùhào zǒu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā Liùyiiè lái, Shíyiiè zǒu.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā Yījiǔqīliùnián lái, Yījiǔqībānián zǒu.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā Xīngqīwǔ lái, xiàge Xīngqīyī zǒu.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā xiǎng zhù liǎngtiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is planning on staying two days.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiǎng zhù sānge yiiè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiǎng zhù liǎngge yiiè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiǎng zhù wutiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiǎng zhù sìge yiiè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiǎng zhù liǎngniān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiǎng zhù sāntiān.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">K. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi èrhào láide, sìhào zǒude.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she came on the second, left on the fourth.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi Yījiǔqīyīnián láide, Yījiǔqīsìnián zǒude.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi Sānyiiè láide, Wǔyiiè zǒude.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā shi Xīngqīèr láide, Xīngqīliù zoude.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi Jiǔhào láide, Shíyīhào zǒude.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā zhùle liǎngtiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she stayed two days.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhùle sānnián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhùle liǎngge yiiè,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhùle sítiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zhùle liǎngtiān.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi zuétiān láide, jīntiān Tā zhùle yìtiān. zǒude.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shi shàngge yùè sānshiyíhào Tā zhùle wǔtiān. láide, zhèige yùè wǔhào zǒude.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">L. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā míngtiān bù lái. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā zuotiān mei lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) zuotiān (He/she didn’t come yesterday.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she isn’t coming tomorrow.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">M. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā lái le ma? (Did he/she come?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā àiren lái le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā mǔqin lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Hù Tongzhì lái le ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā dìdi lái le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Wáng Dànián lái le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Zhào Tongzhì lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā láiguo ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Has he/she ever been here?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren láiguo ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā mǔqin láiguo ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hu Tongzhì láiguo ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā dìdi láiguo ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wáng Dànián láiguo ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhào Tongzhì láiguo ma?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font16">19U</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hòutiān bù zǒu.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">qiántiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">qiántiān méi zǒu.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā míngnián bù lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">qùnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">qunián méi lái.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">1+.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiàge yùè bù zou. shàngge yùè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">shàngge yùè méi zǒu.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiàge xīngqī bù shàngge xīngqī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">shàngge xīngqī méi lái.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hòunián bù lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">qiánnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">qiánnián méi lái.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jīntiān bù zǒu.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">jīntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">jīntiān méi zǒu.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">N. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Give a negative response to each question.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Wáng Xiǎojiě lái le ma? </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Wáng Xiǎojiě méi lái.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Did Miss Wáng come?) (Miss Wáng didn’t come.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Lin Xiānsheng lái le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Liú Tàitai lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā lái le ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Huáng Xiānsheng lái le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Chén Xiǎojiě lái le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Sūn Tàitai lái le ma?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Lin Xiānsheng méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Liú Tàitai méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huáng Xiānsheng méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chén Xiǎojiě méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Sūn Tàitai méi lái.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">0. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Give a negative response to each</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā láiguo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Has he/she ever "been here?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā àiren láiguo ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā nánháizi láiguo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tāmen háizi dōu láiguo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā dìdi láiguo ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā jiějie láiguo ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā mǔqin láiguo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">question.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā méi láiguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she has never "been here.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā àiren méi láiguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā nánháizi méi láiguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāmen háizi dōu méi láiguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā dìdi méi láiguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā jiějie méi láiguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā múqin méi láiguo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 7</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark71"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark175"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered, in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. Where someone works.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Where and what someone has studied.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. What languages someone can speak.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Auxiliary verbs.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">5. General objects.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The TD-1 tape.</span></p>
- <div>
- <h3><a name="bookmark72"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark176"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">(in Taipei)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Nín zài náli gongzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zài Měiguo Guowùyuàn gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nín zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi xiiésheng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nín lái zuò shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ lái niàn shū.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Ou, wǒ yě shi xiiésheng.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Qǐngwèn, nǐ niàn shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ niàn lìshǐ.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Kē Xiānsheng, nī niàn shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zài zhèli xiié Zhōngwén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. B: Qǐngwèn, nī xiiéguo Yīngwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Xiiéguo.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. B: Qǐngwèn, nī huì shuō Yīngwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. A: Nī tàitai yě huì shuō Zhōngguo huà ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Bú huì, tā hú huì shuō.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Nīde Zhōngguo huà hen hǎo.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Náli, náli. Wo jiù huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">10. A: Nī shi zài náli xiiéde?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi zài Huáshèngdùn xiiéde.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">11. B: Nī shi zài dàxiié xiiéde Yīngwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Shìde, wǒ shi zài Táiwān Dàxiié xiiéde Yīngwén.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Where do you work?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I work with the State Department.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where do you work?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m a student.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What did you come here to do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I came here to study.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Oh, I’m a student too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, what are you studying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m studying history.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m studying Chinese here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, have you ever studied English?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, can you speak English?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I can speak a little.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Can your wife speak Chinese too?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">No, she can’t.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Your Chinese is very good.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where did you study it? I studied it in Washington.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Did you study English at college?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">12. jīngjixue</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">13. Rìwén</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1U. wénxiié</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">15. zhèngzhixué</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">16. nan</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">17. róngyi</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">18. xuéxí (xiiexi)</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">economics</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Japanese language</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">literature</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">political science</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">to "be difficult</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">to Le easy</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">to study, to learn (PRC)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;">VOCABULARY</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">dàxué</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">university</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">huà Huáshèngdùn huì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">language, words</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Washington</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">to know how to, can</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">J īngj ixué</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">economics</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lìshī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">history</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Měiguo Guówùyuàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">U.S. Department of State</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">nan</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">niàn (shū)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">to he difficult to study</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Rìwén róngyi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Japanese language to be easy</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">shuō (huà)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">to speak, to talk</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">wénxūé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">literature</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">xúé to study</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">xìiéshēng (xuésheng) student</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">xuéxí (xuéxi)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">to study, to learn (PRC)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">yìdiǎn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yīngwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">a little English</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">zhèngzhixué Zhōngwén zuò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">political science Chinese to do</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">introduced on C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">and P-2 tapes</span><span class="font11">)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shénme dìfang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">where, what place</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <h3><a name="bookmark74"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark177"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">1. A: Nín zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zài Měiguo Guowùyūàn gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nín zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi xuésheng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where do you work?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I work with the State Department</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Where do you work?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m a student.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 1-2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài Měiguo Guowùyūàn gōngzuò</span><span class="font11"> means either "work at the State Department" (i.e., at main State in Washington, D.C.) or "work in the organization of the State Department" (no matter where assigned). Here the expression is translated loosely as "work with the State Department," meaning "in the organization."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nín lái zuò shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ lái niàn shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Ou, wǒ yě shi xiiésheng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Qǐngwèn, nī niàn shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ niàn lìshǐ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">What did you come here to do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I came here to study.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Oh, I'm a student too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, what are you studying?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m studying history.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 3-H</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Purpose</span><span class="font11">: When </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font11">, "to come," is followed hy another verh, the second verh expresses the purpose of the subject’s coming. The "purpose of coming" may he emphasized hy the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font11"> construction, with the marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> before the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font11">: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ shi lái niàn shūde</span><span class="font11">, "I came to study."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Niàn shū</span><span class="font11">: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Niàn</span><span class="font11"> by itself means "to read aloud. ’’ When followed by an object, the expression means "to study." </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shū</span><span class="font11"> is "book(s)," but </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn shū </span><span class="font11">simply means "to study." </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shū</span><span class="font11"> is used as a general object, standing for whatever is being studied.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Niàn lìshǐ</span><span class="font11">: When you are talking about studying a particular subject, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn</span><span class="font11"> is followed by the name of that subject rather than by the general object </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shū</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">To have the meaning "to study," </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn</span><span class="font11"> must be followed by either the general object </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shū</span><span class="font11"> or a specific object such as the name of a subject.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Verb types</span><span class="font11">: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zuò</span><span class="font11">, "to do," and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn (shū)</span><span class="font11">, "to study," are action verts. Both are made negative with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11"> when referring to actions not yet finished, Both may take completion </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> or its negative </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú niàn shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā méi niàn shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yǐjīng niàn shū le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">He doesn’t study.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He didn’t study.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He has already studied</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">5. A: Kē Xiānsheng, nǐ niàn shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ zài zhèli xúé Zhōngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. B: Qǐngwèn, nǐ xūéguo Yīngwén ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Xūéguo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m studying Chinese here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, have you ever studied English?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 5-6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xué</span><span class="font11">, "to study" (an action verb): You will recognize </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xué</span><span class="font11"> from the word for "student," </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xuésheng</span><span class="font11">. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xué</span><span class="font11"> may refer to acquiring either knowledge or a skill. For example, you can </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xué</span><span class="font11"> history, economics, a language, piano, and tenuis'. On the other hand, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn</span><span class="font11"> is used for "study" in the sense of taking a course or courses in a field of knowledge. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Niàn</span><span class="font11"> is not used for a skill.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">In some contexts, the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xué</span><span class="font11"> means "to learn." The following sentence may be interpreted two ways, depending on the situation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wo zài Měiguo yǐjīng xūéguo. I learned it in America.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(e.g., how to use chopsticks)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR I studied it in America.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(e.g., the Chinese language)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngwén</span><span class="font11"> is used for either the Chinese spoken language or the written language, including literature. In general, use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xué</span><span class="font11"> for "learning" to speak Chinese and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn</span><span class="font11"> for "studying" Chinese literature.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì shuō Yīngwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">May I ask, can you speak English</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I can speak a little.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ tàitai yě huì shuō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Can your wife speak Chinese too?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo huà ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Bú huì, tā bú huì shuō.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">No, she can’t.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Rotes on Nos. 7-8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huì</span><span class="font11">, "to know how to," "can," is an auxiliary verb. It is used "before the main verb to express an attitude toward the action or to express the potential of action. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiang</span><span class="font11">, "to want to," "would like to," is also an auxiliary verb. "Should," "must," and "may" are other examples of auxiliary verbs. All auxiliary verbs in Chinese are state verbs, which means that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11"> is always used to make them negative. Auxiliary verbs never take the aspect marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> for completed action, regardless of whether you are talking about past, present, or future.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā qúniān bú huì shuō Yīngwén. He couldn't speak English last year.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">"When the marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> is used, it is the aspect marker for new situations.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā qúniàn bú huì shuō Yīngwén, Last year he couldn’t speak English, xiànzài huì le. but now he can.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wo huì shuō yìdiǎn</span><span class="font11">, "I can speak a little": The word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìdiǎn</span><span class="font11">, literally "a dot," functions as a noun. It is used in a sentence to mean "a little bit" where a noun object, such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yīngwén</span><span class="font11">, "English," might be used.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yìdiǎn</span><span class="font11"> may not be used directly after an auxiliary verb, which must be followed by another verb.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shuō</span><span class="font11">, "to speak," "to talk," is another example of a verb which must always have an object.* </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shuō</span><span class="font11"> must be followed by either</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(1) the general object </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huà</span><span class="font11">, "words," in which case the meaning of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuō huà</span><span class="font11"> is simply "to speak," "to talk," as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā hái méi shuō huà</span><span class="font11">, "He hasn’t yet spoken"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(?) a specific object such as the name of a language.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bú huì</span><span class="font11">: The short yes/no answer to a question containing the auxiliary verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font11"> is formed with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font11"> rather than with the main verb.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo huà</span><span class="font11">: This expression refers only to the spoken language, in contrast to </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngwén</span><span class="font11">, which refers to both the spoken and written language.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Nīde Zhōngguo huà hen hǎo. B: Nali, nali. Wǒ j iù huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Your Chinese is very good.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">See also the note on </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn shu</span><span class="font11">, under exchange 3.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Literally, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">náli</span><span class="font11"> means "where." As a reply to a compliment, we have translated </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">náli</span><span class="font11"> as "not at all." In China, it has traditionally been considered proper and a matter of course to deny any compliment received, no matter how much truth there is to it. Many people still regard </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xièxie</span><span class="font11">, "thank you," as an immodest reply to a compliment, since that would amount to agreeing that the compliment was completely correct.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font11">, "only": As was noted in Unit 3, notes on Nos. 8-9, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font11"> meaning "only" is not as widely understood as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ</span><span class="font11">. The last sentence in exchange 9 could just as well be </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ zhǐ huì shuō yìdiǎn</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">10. A: Nǐ shi zài náli xùéde?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ shi zài Huáshèngdùn xùéde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">11. B: Nǐ shi zài dàxùé xùéde Yǐngwén ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Shìde, wǒ shi zài Táiwān Dàxùé xùéde Yǐngwén.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Where did you study it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I studied it in Washington.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Did you study English at college?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 10-11</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">In the Peking dialect of Standard Chinese, which is the model for grammatical patterns presented in this course, the -de of a </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de </span><span class="font11">construction comes between the verb and its object. The object, therefore, is outside the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font11"> construction. Compare "I studied here" with "I studied English here":</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zài zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xùé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-de.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">zài zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">•• X xue</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Yǐngwén.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">However, you may hear some Standard Chinese speakers who place the object inside the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font11"> construction.</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark75"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark178"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">A. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā zài náli gōngzuò? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Guōwùyǔàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">youzhèngjú</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3- Tā zài náli gōngzuò? yínháng (Where does he/she work?)</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǔguānchù</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Guobīn Dàfàndiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Běi j īng Fàndiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Mínzu Fàndiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā zài Guowùyǔàn gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she works with the State Department.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài youzhèngjú gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she works at the post office.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she works at a bank.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she works at the defense</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">attache’s office.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Guobīn Dàfàndiàn gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she works at the Ambassador</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hotel.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Běijīng Fàndiàn gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she works at the Běijīng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hotel.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Mínzu Fàndiàn gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she works at the Nationalities</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hotel.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Expansion Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi xuésheng, tā xué Zhōngwén• (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) zhèli</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is a student; he/she studies Chinese.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi xǔésheng, tā xué Zhōngguo huà. nàli</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi xǔésheng, tā niàn shénme? zhèli</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi xǔésheng, tā zài zhèli xǔé Zhōngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is a student; he/she studies Chinese here.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi xǔésheng, tā zài nàli xǔé Zhōngguo huà.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi xǔésheng, tā zài zhèli niàn shénme?</span></p>
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">4.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi xùésheng, tā náli?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">niàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">lìshǐ.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi xùésheng, tā zài náli niàn lìshǐ?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi xùésheng, tā zhèli '</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">niàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">wénxùé.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi xùésheng, tā zài zhèli niàn wénxùé.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi xùésheng, tā nàli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">xūé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Fàwén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi xùésheng, tā zài nàli xūé Fàwén.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi xùésheng, tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">xùé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā shi xùésheng, tā zài zhèli xùé</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">zhèli</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">C. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Qǐngwèn, tā niàn shénme? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) jīngjixùé</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, what is he/ she studying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Qǐngwèn, Wáng Dànián niàn shénme? wénxùé</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, what is Wáng Dànián studying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Qǐngwèn, Fāng Xiāojiě niàn shénme? Zhōngguo wénxùé</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, what is Miss Fāng studying?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Qǐngwèn, tā mèimei niàn shénme? zhèngzhixué</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, what is his/her younger sister studying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Qǐngwèn, tā àiren niàn shénme? lìshǐ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, what is his/her spouse studying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Qǐngwèn, Sūn Huìrán niàn shénme? Zhōngguo lìshǐ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, what is Sūn Huìrán studying?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā nánháizi niàn shénme? j īngj ixūé</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(What is his/her son studying?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā niàn jīngjixūé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is studying economics.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn wénxùé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is studying literature.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn Zhōngguo wénxùé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(She is studying Chinese literature.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn zhèngzhixùé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(She is studying political science.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Ta niàn lìshǐ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is studying history.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn Zhōngguo lìshǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(She is studying Chinese history.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn jīngjixùé.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is studying economics.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">D. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Wang Xiānsheng niàn lìshǐ.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Wang is studying history.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Mǎ Xiānsheng niàn wénxūé.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Zhāng Xiānsheng niàn jǐngjixūé.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Lǐ Xiānsheng niàn Rìwén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā niàn lìshǐ.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Hú Xiānsheng niàn Yǐngwén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Chén Xiānsheng niàn Fàwén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Wáng Xiānsheng lái niàn lìshǐ (Mr. Wáng is coming to study history.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Mǎ Xiānsheng lái niàn wénxūé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhāng Xiānsheng lái niàn jīngjixūé</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Lǐ Xiānsheng lái niàn Rìwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lái niàn lìshǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Hu Xiānsheng lái niàn Yǐngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chén Xiānsheng lái niàn Fàwén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">E.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Sūn Tongzhì lái zuò shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) gōngzuò</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(What did Comrade Sūn come to do?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Mǎ Tongzhì lái zuò shénme? niàn shū</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Chén Tongzhì lái zuò shénme? xūé Rìwén</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā lái zuò shénme? niàn lìshǐ</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Huáng Xiānsheng lái zuò shénme? niàn zhèngzhixūé</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Qián Tongzhì lái zuò shénme? xūé Yǐngwén</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā lái zuò shénme? gōngzuò</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā lái gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she is coming to work.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lái niàn shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lái xué Rìwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lái niàn lìshǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lái niàn zhèngzhixūé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lái xūé Yǐngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lái gōngzuò.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">F.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Qǐngwèn, tā lái niàn shū ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(May I ask, did he/she come to study?)<a name="footnote17"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark179">17</a></sup></span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Qǐngwèn, tā lái niàn Zhōngwén ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Qǐngwèn, tā lái niàn jīngjixué j ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Qǐngwèn, tā mèimei lái niàn Yīngwén ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Qǐngwèn, Chén Xiānsheng lái niàn zhèngzhixué ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Qǐngwèn, Wáng Xiānsheng lái xué Fàwén ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Qǐngwèn, Zhāng Xiǎojiě lái xué Rìwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Duì le, tā lái niàn shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(That’s right, he/she came to study.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā lái niàn Zhōngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā lái niàn jīngjixué.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā lái niàn Yīngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā lái niàn zhèngzhixué.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā lái xué Fàwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Duì le, tā lái xué Rìwén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">G. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi zài dàxué xuéde Zhōngwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Did he/she study Chinese in college?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi zài Měiguo xūéde Zhōngwén ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi zài Táiwān Dàxué niànde Yīngwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā shi zài Měiguo niànde lìshǐ ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi zài Jiāzhōu niànde zhèngzhixué ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Shìde, tā shi zài dàxué xūéde Zhōngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes, he/she studied Chinese in college.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde, tā shi zài Měiguo xūéde Zhōngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde, tā shi zài Táiwān Dàxué niànde Yīngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde, tā shi zài Měiguo niànde</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">lìshǐ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde, tā shi zài Jiazhōu niànde zhèngzhixué.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi zài Zhongguo niànde Zhōngguo -wénxùé ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shi zài Huáshèngdùn niànde</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">JīngJixùé ma?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde, tā shi zài Zhōngguo niànde Zhōngguo wénxùé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde, tā shi zài Huáshèngdùn niànde JīngJixùé.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">H.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Give negative responses to all. the according to the cues.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi zài Zhōngguo xùéde Zhōngguo huà ma? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Měiguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Did he/she study Chinese in China?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi zài Měiguo niànde Fàwén ma? Jiānádà</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi zài Táiwān Dàxué niànde zhèngzhixùé ma? Měiguo Dàxùé</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā shi zài Yīngguo niànde Yīngguo wénxùé ma? Měiguo Dàxùé</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi zài Jiāzhōu niànde Jīngjixué ma? Táiwān Dàxùé</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi zài</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo niànde lìshǐ ma? Jiāzhōu Dàxùé</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā shi zài Jiānádà niànde Zhōngwén ma? Táiwān questions, and complete your answers</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Bú shi, tā shi zài Měiguo xùéde Zhōngguo huà.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(No, he/she studied Chinese in America.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā shi zài Jiānádà niànde Fàwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā shi zài Měiguo Dàxùé niànde zhèngzhixùé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā shi zài Měiguo Dàxùé niànde Yīngguo wénxùé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā shi zài Táiwān Dàxùé niànde Jīngjixùé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā shi zài Jiāzhōu Dàxùé niànde Zhōngguo lìshǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú shi, tā shi zài Táiwān niànde Zhōngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Give a negative or an affirmative response to each question, according to the cues.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā shi zài Huáshèngdùn </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Shìde, tā shi zài Huáshèngdùn xùéde Zhōngguo huà ma? xùéde Zhōngguo huà.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Huáshèngdùn (Yes, he/she studied Chinese</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Did he/she study Chinese in Washington.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">in Washington?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā shi zai Taiwan Daxue Bu shi, ta shi zai Meiguo Daxue niànde Zhōngguo lìshǐ niànde Zhōngguo lìshǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ma? (No, he/she studied Chinese history</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Měiguo Dàxūé at American University. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Did he/she study Chinese</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">history at Taiwan University?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā shi zài dàxíié xiiéde Zhōngwén ma? dàxíié</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā shi zài Taiwān Dàxíié niànde Zhōngguo wénxíié ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Jiāzhōu Dàxíié</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā shi zài Měiguo Dàxíié niànde wénxūé ma? Měiguo Dàxùé</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā shi zài Jiāzhōu Dàxūé niànde zhèngzhixūé ma? Táiwān Dàxūé</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde, tā shi zài dàxūé xūéde Zhōngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bu shi, tā shi zài Jiāzhōu Dàxūé niànde Zhōngguo wénxūé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Shìde, tā shi zài Měiguo Dàxūé niànde wénxūé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bu shi, tā shi zài Táiwān Dàxūé niànde zhèngzhixūé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā shi zài Fàguo niànde Fàwén ("French") ma? Měiguo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bu shi, tā shi zài Měiguo niànde Fàwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">J. Substitution</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font11">Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Nǐ huì shuō Yǐngwén ma? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Déwén</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Can you speak English?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nǐ huì shuō Déwén ma? Rìwén</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Nǐ huì shuō Rìwén ma? Fàwén</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Nǐ huì shuō Fàwén ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo huà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5- Nǐ huì shuō Zhōngguo huà ma? Déguó huà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6, Nǐ huì shuō Déguó huà ma?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Nǐ huì shuō Déwén ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Can you speak German?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ huì shuō Rìwén ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ huì shuō Fàwén ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nī huì shuō Zhōngguo huà ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ huì shuō Déguó huà ma?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">K. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Combination Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Wǒ xúé Zhōngwén. (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) Rìwén</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(I’m studying Chinese.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Wǒ xúé Zhōngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) tā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(I’m studying Chinese.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā xué Fàwén. Déwén</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Wǒ xúé Fàwén. tā</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Wǒ xúé zhèngzhixúé. tā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Wǒ xúé zhèngzhixúé. jīngjixúé</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Wǒ xúé wénxúé. lìshǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Wǒ xúé Zhōngwén, wǒ yě xúé Rìwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(I’m studying Chinese, and I’m studying Japanese too.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xúé Zhōngwén, tā yě xúé Zhōngwér (I’m studying Chinese; he/she is studying Chinese too.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xué Fàwén, tā yě xúé Déwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xúé Fàwén, tā yě xúé Fàwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xúé zhèngzhixúé, tā yě xúé zhèngzhixúé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xúé zhèngzhixúé, wǒ yě xúé Jīngjixúé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xúé wénxúé, wǒ yě xúé lìshǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">L. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Combination Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Lin Xiānsheng zài Huáshèngdùn. Tā xúéguo Fàwén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Lin was in Washington. He studied French.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Huáng Xiǎojiě zài Měiguo. Tā niànguo zhèngzhixúé.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Miss Huáng was in America.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">She studied political science.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Liú Tàitai zài Jiāzhōu Dàxúé.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niànguo jīngjixúé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mrs. Liú was at the University of California. She studied economics.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Song Xiānsheng zài Měiguǒ. Tā niànguo lìshǐ.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Song was in America. He studied history.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Lin Xiānsheng zài Huáshèngdùn xúéguo Fàwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Lin studied French in Washington.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huáng Xiǎojiě zài Měiguo niànguo zhèngzhixúé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Miss Huáng studied political science in America.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Liú Tàitai zài Jiāzhōu Dàxúé niànguo Jīngjixúé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mrs. Liú studied economics at the University of California.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Song Xiānsheng zài Měiguo niànguo lìshǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Mr. Song studied history in America.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā zài Běijīng. Tā xūéguo Zhōngwén.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she was in Běijīng. He/she studied Chinese.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Sūn Xiaojiě zài Jiānádà. Tā niànguo Yīngguo wénxùé.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Miss Sūn was in Canada. She studied English literature.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā zài Zhōngguo. Tā niànguo Zhōngguo wénxùé.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she was in China. He/she studied Chinese literature.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Běijīng xuéguo Zhōngwén. (He/she studied Chinese in Běijīng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Sūn Xiaojiě zài Jiānádà niànguo Yīngguo wénxùé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Miss Sūn studied English literature in Canada.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài Zhōngguo niànguo Zhōngguo wénxùé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He/she studied Chinese literature in China.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">M. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Give an affirmative or a negative to the cues.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Nī huì shuō Yīngwén ma? (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) xūéguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Can you speak English?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Nī huì shuō Yīngwén ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) méi xuéguo (Can you speak English?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Nī huì shuō Zhōngwén ma? xué guo</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā huì shuō Déwén ma? méi xuéguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Nī huì shuō Rìwén ma? xuéguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā huì shuō Yīngguo huà ma? xué guo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Nī huì shuō Fàwén ma? méi xuéguo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">response to each question, according</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Wǒ huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(I can speak a little.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ hú huì shuō.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(I can’t speak it.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hú huì shuō.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ hú huì shuō.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">N. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Give an affirmative or a negative to the cues.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">; Tā huì shuō Zhōngguo huà ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) xíiéguo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Can he/she speak Chinese?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā huì shuō Zhōngguo huà ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) méi xuéguo (Can he/she speak</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Chinese?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā àiren huì shuō Fàwén ma? xuéguo</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā fùqin huì shuō Rìwén ma? méi xuéguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Lǐ Tongzhì huì shuō Déwén ma? méi xuéguo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Wāng Tongzhì huì shuō Yǐngwén ma? xiiéguo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Chén Tongzhì huì shuō Fàwén ma? xiieguo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">response to each question, according</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Huì, tā huì shuō Zhōngguo huà.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(Yes, he/she can speak Chinese.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú huì, tā hú huì shuō</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo huà.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(No, he/she can't speak Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huì, tā àiren huì shuō Fàwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú huì, tā fùqin bú huì shuō Rìwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bú huì, Lǐ Tongzhì bú huì shuō Déwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huì, Wáng Tongzhì huì shuō Yǐngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Huì, Chén Tongzhì huì shuō Fàwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 8</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark76"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark180"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. More on duration phrases.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> for new situations in negative sentences.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Military titles and branches of service.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">V. The marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Process verbs.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. The 8D-1 tape.</span></p>
- <div>
- <h3><a name="bookmark77"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark181"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(in Taipei)</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1. B: Nǐ jīntiān hái you kè ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Méiyou kè le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. A: Nī congqian niàn Yǐngwén niànle duo jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ niàn Yīngwén niànle liùnián.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nī xiànzài niàn shénme ne?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ niàn Fàwén ne.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">4. A: Nī niàn Fàwén niànle duo jiǔ le?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ niànle yìnián le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. B: Nī huì xiě Zhōngguo zì ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Huì yìdiǎn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. A: Qunián wǒ hái hú huì xiě.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Nī fùqin shi jǔnrén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Shi, tā shi hǎijǔn jǔnguān.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. B: Wǒ jīntiān hu lái le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ hìng le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Jīntiān hǎo le méiyou?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Jīntiān hǎo le.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Do you have any more classes today?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I don’t have any more classes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long did you study English?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I studied English for six years.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What are you studying now?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m studying French.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">How long have you heen studying French?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’ve heen studying it for one year.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Can you write Chinese characters?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I can a little.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Last year I couldn’t write them.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Now I can write a little.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Is your father a military man?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, he’s a naval officer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m not coming today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m sick.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Today I’m better.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">10. kōngjǔn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">11. lùjǔn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">12. shìbīng</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">13. zuò shi</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">14. Déwén</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">air force</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">army enlisted man to work</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">German language</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <h3><a name="bookmark78"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark182"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">hìng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Déwén</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Fàwén (Fawén)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">hǎijun</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">jùnguān junrén</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">kè</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">kōngjun</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">lùjūn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">shibǐng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">xiě</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">zì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">zuò shi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">to "become ill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">German language</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">French language navy-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">military officer military person</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">class air force</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">army enlisted man to write character to work</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark79"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark183"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">1. B: Nī jintian hái you kè ma? Do you have any more classes today?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Méiyou kè le. I don’t have any more classes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on-No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hái</span><span class="font11">, "additionally," "also": used as an adverb meaning "still, way to use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nī hái xiǎng zǒu ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nī hái yào xiié shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You have already learned the word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái </span><span class="font11">' In this exchange you learn a second</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Do you still want to leave?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">What else do you want to study?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Méiyou...le</span><span class="font11">: You will remember that in the negative of a completed action, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font11"> replaces the completion marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">—is never used together with it.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He came)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi(you)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He did not come)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">In the sentence </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Méiyou kè le</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> is a new-situation marker, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font11"> is simply the negative of the full verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font11">. (Remember that the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font11"> is always made negative with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mei</span><span class="font11">, never with bù.)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">you kè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(Now he has class. CDue to a change in the schedule, he now has class at this time.!)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">méi-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">you kè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">(He doesn’t have any more classes.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù...le/méiyou...le</span><span class="font11">: When the marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> for new situations is used with a negative verb, there are two possible meanings: one is that something that was supposed to happen is now not going to happen; the other is that something that was happening is not happening anymore. Thus the following sentence is ambiguous:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bù lái le. He is not coming now. CEither</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">he was expected to come but changed his mind, or he used to come at this time but now has stopped.!</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">In the context of a conversation, the meaning of the sentence would become</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">clear.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Here are more examples with the "anymore" meaning:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú niàn shū le. He is not going to study anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">CHe will no longer attend college.3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú shi wǒde péngyou le. He is not my friend anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou le. There is no more.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">Nī congqian niàn Yīngwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">How long did you study English?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">niànle duo jiǔ?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén niànle liùnián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">I studied English for six years</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">More on duration</span><span class="font11">: In Unit 6 of this module, you learned to express duration in a sentence with no object (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ zài Xiānggǎng zhùle liùge yùè le</span><span class="font11">). In this unit, you learn one way to express the duration of an activity which involves using both a verb and an object (e.g., ’’studying economics”). In such cases, the verb appears twice in the sentence: first when the object is stated, and again when the duration is stated.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn jīngjixué, niànle He studied economics for one year, yìnián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiié Zhōngguo huà, xiiéle He has been studying Chinese for sānge yuè le. three months.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Notice that aspect markers do not occur after the first verb in each sentence, but only after the second verb and at the end of the second sentence.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">3. A: Nī xiànzài niàn shénme ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wo niàn Fàwén ne.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">What are you studying now? I’m studying French.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ne</span><span class="font11"> is an aspect marker used to emphasize the fact that something is in progress. With action verbs, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font11"> indicates that the action is going on. With state verbs, ne shows that the state exists. With some process verbs, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font11"> indicates that the process is going on. Ne may not be used with certair process verbs. (See also notes on No. 8, about verbs.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">U. A: Nǐ niàn Fàwén niànle duo Jiǔ le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ niànle yìnián le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">5. B: Nǐ huì xiě Zhōngguo zì ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Huì yìdiǎn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">How long have you been studying French?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’ve been studying it for one year</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Can you write Chinese characters?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I can a little.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. U-5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiě Zhōngguo zì</span><span class="font11">: The verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiě</span><span class="font11">, "to write," can occur with specific objects, such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo zì</span><span class="font11">, as well as with the general object </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zì</span><span class="font11">. The combination </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiě zì</span><span class="font11"> can mean either "to write characters" or simply "to write."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiǎng xǔé xiě Zhōngguo He wants to learn to write Chinese zì. characters.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Xiǎo dìdi sìsuì le, yǐjīng Little younger brother is four huì xiě zì le. years old and already can write.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">In the reply </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huì yìdiǎn</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font11"> is used as a main verb—not as an auxiliary verb, as in the question. As a main verb, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font11"> means "to have the skill of," "to have the knowledge of," "to know."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ huì Yīngwén. I know English.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">6. A: Qǔnián wǒ hái bǔ huì xiě. Last year I couldn’t write them.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn le. Now I can write a little.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qǔnian wǒ hai bu hui xiě</span><span class="font11">: Notice that here it is the auxiliary verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hui</span><span class="font11">, not the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiě</span><span class="font11">, that is made negative. Auxiliary verbs such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng</span><span class="font11"> are STATE verbs and so are made negative with the prefix </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11">, regardless of whether the context is past, present, or future.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xianzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn le</span><span class="font11">: The marker used is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> for new situations. It is always placed at the end of a sentence.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The time word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiànzài</span><span class="font11"> comes at the beginning of the sentence here. Most time words of more than one syllable may come either before or after the subject, but in either case before the verb.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">7. A: Nǐ fùqin shi jùnrén ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Shi, tā shi hǎijùn jùnguān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">8. B: Wǒ jintiān bù lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ bìng le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Is your father a military man?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yes, he’s a naval officer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m not coming today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I’m sick.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 7-8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìng</span><span class="font11">, "to get sick," "to become ill," is a process verb; that is, the activity described includes some changes in the situation. Process verbs tell of an action which has caused a change from one state to another as from whole to broken ("to break") and from frozen to melted ("to melt"). </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bìng</span><span class="font11"> is typical of process verbs: not only is an action described (coming down with an illness) but also a resulting state (being ill). Because of this typical combination, process verbs are sometimes thought of as combining the semantic characteristics of action and state verbs.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">One of the main purposes of talking about verbs in terms of action, state, and process is to draw attention to the fact that the Chinese way of- expressing something may not correspond to the English. For instance, "I am sick" in Chinese is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ bìng le</span><span class="font11"> ("I have gotten sick"). For "I am not sick," you say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ méi bìng</span><span class="font11"> ("I didn’t get sick").</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Process verbs are always made negative with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font11">, regardless of whether you are referring to past, present, or future.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ bìng le méiyou? Are you sick?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Méiyou. Wǒ méi bìng. No. I’m not sick.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(State verbs are always made negative with bù.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Another reason for putting verbs into categories according to the type of meaning is to discover how verbs behave in sentences. Knowing whether a verb is in the action, state, or process category, you will know what aspect markers and negatives may be used with that verb. In the following charts, a check mark means that this combination of verb and aspect occurs in the language.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ASPECT MARKERS</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">VERBS</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">completion</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font11">le </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">combined le</span><span class="font11"> new-situation</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font11">le</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">ACTION</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font11">STATE</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">PROCESS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11">2^.—-—'</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Examples</span><span class="font11">:<a name="footnote18"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark184">18</a></sup></span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ACTION Tā zuotiān gōngzuò le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yǐjīng lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Gēge xiànzài niàn dàxué le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">STATE Tā xiànzài huì xiě zì le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">PROCESS Tā zuotiān t>ìng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xiànzài hìng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bìngle yíge yuè le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">He worked yesterday, (completion </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He has already come, (combined </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Older brother goes to college now. (new-situation le)<a name="footnote19"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark185">19</a></sup></span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He can write now. (new-situation </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He got sick yesterday, (completion </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He is sick.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(combined </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He has been sick for one month now. (new-situation </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> and completion </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">VERBS</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ACTION STATE PROCESS</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">NEGATION</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi(you)</span><span class="font11">—negation of completion </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font16">^x^</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái méi</span><span class="font11">—negation of combined </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Examples</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">ACTION Tā bú niàn shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā méi niàn shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi niàn shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">STATE Tā qūnian bu xiang nian shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He doesn’t (isn’t going to) study.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He didn’t study.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He hasn’t studied yet.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Last year, she didn’t want to study.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">PROCESS Tā jīntiān méi bìng. Tā hái méi hǎo.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">He is not sick today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">He hasn’t yet recovered.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Notice that only action verbs use the whole range of negatives to mark the negative of future or present action, completed action, or new situations. State verbs use the negative prefix </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11"> even when referring to past states. Process verbs use the negative prefix </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font11"> even when referring to something in the present.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">If you find a verb occurring with a negative or an aspect marker you had not expected, you might discuss with your teacher how the verb behaves in terms of these charts. You might discover that what you thought was a state verb is actually a process verb, or vice versa.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">9. A: Jīntiān hǎo le méiyou?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you better today? Today I’m better.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">B: Jīntiān hǎo le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jīntiān hǎo le</span><span class="font11">: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hǎo</span><span class="font11"> is one of many state verbs which can become process verbs. When such a verb becomes a process verb, it takes on a different meaning. While the state verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo</span><span class="font11"> means "to be good" or "to be well," the process verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo</span><span class="font11"> means "to get better," "to recover." Compare these sentences:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hǎo. He’s in good health.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zuotiān bìng le. Tā jīntiān Yesterday he became sick. Today he yǐjīng hǎo le. is already recovered.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The difference between the state verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo</span><span class="font11"> and the process verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo</span><span class="font11"> is even more evident in negative sentences. State verbs, as you remember, are made negative only with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11">. Process verbs are made negative only with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi </span><span class="font11">or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái méi</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bù hǎo. He’s not good. CHe’s not a good</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">person.3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi hǎo. He hasn’t yet recovered. CHe is</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">still sick.3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">It can be difficult to remember that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìng</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo</span><span class="font11">, sometimes translated as "to </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">be</span><span class="font11"> sick" and "to be better," are actually process verbs in Chinese, not state verbs. The English sentence "I am better (recovered)" translates as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wo hǎo le</span><span class="font11"> ("I have </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">become</span><span class="font11"> well") and would be incorrect without the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jintiān hǎo le méiyou?</span><span class="font11"> Questions may be formed from statements containing completion </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> or combined </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> by adding </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font11"> at the end of the statements. You will learn more about forming questions in the first unit of the next module.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā lāile méiyou?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ,hǎole méiyou?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Did he come?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Are you recovered (from your illness)?</span></p>
- <div><img src="Student Text Mods 01 and 02_files/Student Text Mods 01 and 02-17.png" alt="" style="width:480pt;height:327pt;">
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">In a Taipei classroom (courtesy of Thatcher Dean)</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark186"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark187"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font11">A. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā Jīntiān hái you kè ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(Does he have any more classes today?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā Jīntiān hái lái ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā xiànzài hái huì shuō Zhōngguo huà ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā xiànzài hái you Zhōngguo shū ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā hái niàn lìshǐ ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā xiànzài hái zài kōngjūn gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Ta xiànzài hái xiǎng zǒu ma?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā méiyou kè le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He doesn’t have any more classes.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bù lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú huì shuō Zhōngguo huà le</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā méiyou Zhōngguo shū le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú niàn lìshǐ le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bú zài kōngjūn gōngzuò le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā bù xiǎng zǒu le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">B.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Expansion Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā cōngqián niàn lìshǐ. (He formerly studied history.)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā cōngqián niàn shū.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā cōngqián zài lùjūn zuò shi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā cōngqián bú huì.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā cōngqián bù zhīdào.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tāde Zhōngwén cōngqián bù hen hǎo.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā cōngqián huì shuō Fàguo huà.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā cōngqián niàn lìshǐ, xiànzài bú niàn le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He formerly studied history, but now he doesn’t anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā cōngqián niàn shū, xiànzài bú niàn le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā cōngqián zài lùjūn zuò shi, xiànzài bú zài lùjūn zuò shi le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā cōngqián bú huì, xiànzài huì le</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā cōngqián bù zhīdào, xiànzài zhīdao le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāde Zhōngwén cōngqián bù hen hǎo, xiànzài hen hǎo le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā cōngqián huì shuō Fàguo huà, xiànzài bú huì le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">C. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā niànguo zhèngzhixué. (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) duo jiǔ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He has studied political science.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā niànguo jīngjixué. jǐnián</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā niànguo Zhōngguo wénxǔé. duo jiǔ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā xuéguo Rìwén. jǐge yǔè</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā zài kōngjǔn zuòguo shi. duo jiǔ</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā niànguo Zhōngguo lìshǐ. duo jiǔ</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā niànguo Yīngguo wénxǔé.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">jǐnián</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā niàn zhèngzhixǔé, niànle duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long did he study political science?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn jīngjixǔé, niànle jǐnián?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn Zhōngguo wénxǔé, niànle duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xǔé Rìwén, xǔéle jǐge yǔè?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài kōngjǔn zuò shi, zuòle duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn Zhōngguo lìshǐ, niànle duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn Yīngguo wénxǔé, niànle jǐnián?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">D.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā xiànzài niàn lìshǐ. (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) duo jiǔ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is studying history now.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā xiànzài xǔé Rìwén. jǐge yǔè</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā xiànzài niàn Yīngwén. jǐge yǔè</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā xiànzài zài hāijun zuò shi. j ǐnián</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā xiànzài xǔé Zhōngguo huà. duo jiǔ</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā xiànzài zài lùjǔn zuò shi. jǐnián</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā xiànzài zài yínháng zuò shi. jǐnián</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā niàn lìshǐ, niànle duo jiǔ le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long has he "been studying history?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xǔé Rìwén, xǔéle jǐge yǔè le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn Yīngwén, niànle jǐge yǔè le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài hāijǔn zuò shi, zuòle jǐnián le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xǔé Zhōngguo huà, xǔéle duo jiǔ le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài lùjǔn zuò shi, zuòle jǐnián le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài yínháng zuò shi, zuòle jǐnián le?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">E.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā xiànzài hái niàn lìshǐ ne. (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) duo jiǔ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is still studying history.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā xiànzài hái niàn Zhōngguo wènxǔé ne. dué jiǔ</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā xiànzài hái xué Rìwén ne. jige yuè</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā xiànzài hái zài lùjǔn zuò shi ne. duo j iǔ</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā xiànzài hái xué Zhōngguo huà ne. duo jiǔ</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā xiànzài hái niàn zhèngzhixùé ne. duo jiǔ</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā xiànzài hái niàn jīngjixǔé ne. duo jiǔ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā niàn lìshǐ, hái ’xiang niàn duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">(How much longer is he going to study history?)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn Zhōngguo wènxǔé, hái xiǎng niàn duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xué Rìwén, hái xiǎng xué jǐge yuè?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài lùjǔn zuò shi, hái xiǎng zuò duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xǔé Zhōngguo huà, hái xiǎng xǔé duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn zhèngzhixǔé, hái xiǎng niàn duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn jīngjixǔé, hái xiǎng niàn duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">F.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā xiànzài niàn lìshǐ. (He is studying history now. )</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā niànguo lìshǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He studied history.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā xiànzài hái niàn lìshǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He is still studying history.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā xiànzài niàn Zhōngguo wènxǔé.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā niànguo Zhōngguo wénxǔé.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā xiànzài hái niàn Rìwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā niàn lìshǐ, niànle duo jiǔ le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long has he studied history?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn lìshǐ, niànle duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long did he study history?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn lìshǐ, hái xiǎng niàn duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(How long does he plan to study history?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn Zhōngguo wènxǔé, niànle duo jiǔ le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn Zhōngguo wénxǔé, niànle duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn Rìwén, hái xiǎng niàn duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā nianguo Riwén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā xùéguo Yīngwén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā xiànzài hái xùé Yīngwén.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. Tā xiànzài zài kōngjǔn zuo shi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">G.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Expansion Drill</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Wo xiě zì le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(I wrote.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Wǒ dong le.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Wǒ lái le.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">4. Wǒ zǒu le.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Wǒ zuò le.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Wǒ tīng le.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Wǒ xùé le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">H.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā xiě le ma? (Did he write?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā lái ìe ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā hǎo le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">4. Tā dong le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā zǒu le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā tīng le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā xùé le ma?</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font11">Tā niàn Rìwén, niànle duo Jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xùé Yīngwén, xùéle duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā xùé Yīngwén, hái xiǎng xùé duo jiǔ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā zài kōngjǔn zuò shi, zuòle duo jiǔ le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Wǒ xiě zì le, tā méi xiě zì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(I wrote; he didn’t write.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ dong le, tā méi dong.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ lái le, tā méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zǒu le, tā méi zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ zuò le, tā méi zuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ tīng le, tā méi tīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wǒ xùé le, tā méi xùé.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā hái méi xiě.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(He still hasn’t written.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi hǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi dong.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi tīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái méi xùé.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font11">I. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā cóngqian "bu huì xiě Zhōngguo zì. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(In the past he couldn’t write Chinese characters. And now?)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2. Tā cóngqian hù xiǎng xūé Rìwén. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā cóngqian hú niàn lìshǐ. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā cóngqian hù dōng Fàwén. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tāmen cóngqian méiyou haizi. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā cóngqian hú huì shuō Déguó huà. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā cóngqian hù xiǎng xūé Yīngwén. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā hái hú huì xiě Zhōngguo zì (He still can’t write Chinese characters.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái hù xiǎng xūé Rìwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái hú niàn lìshǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái hù dōng Fàwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tāmen hái méiyou háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái hú huì shuō Déguó huà.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā hái hù xiǎng xūé Yīngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">J. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">1.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font11">: Tā congqián hú huì xiě Zhōngguo zì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">(</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) now he can (in the past he couldn’t write Chinese characters. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā congqián huì xiě Zhōngguo zì. (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) no longer (in the past he could write Chinese characters. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">OR Tā. congqián hú huì xiě Zhōngguo zì. (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font11">) still can’t</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(in the past he couldn’t write Chinese characters. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11">: Tā congqián hú huì xiě, xiànzài huì xiě le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(in the past he couldn’t write; now he can.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā congqián huì xiě, xiànzài hú huì xiě le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(in the past he could write; now he can’t.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā congqián hú huì xiě, xiànzài hái hú huì xiě.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">(in the past he couldn’t write; now he still can’t.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">2, Tā congqián hù dong Fàwén. now he can</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">3. Tā congqián dong Fàwén. no longer</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">U. Tā congqián hù dong Fàwén. still can’t</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">5. Tā congqián hù xiǎng xùé Yīngwén. now he does</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">6. Tā congqián xiǎng xùé Yīngwén. no longer</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">7. Tā congqián hù xiǎng xùé Yīngwén. still doesn’t</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">8. Tā congqián hu niàn lìshǐ. now he does</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">9. Tā congqián niàn lìshǐ. no longer</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font11">10. Tā congqián hú niàn lìshǐ. still doesn’t</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā congqián hù dong, xiànzài dong le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā congqián dong, xiànzài hù dong le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā congqián hù dong, xiànzài hái hù dong.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā congqián hù xiǎng xùé, xiànzài xiǎng xùé le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā congqián xiǎng xùé, xiànzài hù xiǎng xùé le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā congqián hù xiǎng xùé, xiànzài hái hù xiǎng xùé. ,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā congqiáh hú niàn, xiànzài niàn le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā congqián niàn, xiànzài hú niàn le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā congqián hú niàn, xiànzài hái hú niàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font9">GPO 787- 001/3310</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">228</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote1">1</a></sup><a name="bookmark81"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">As used in this course, the words "he," "him," and "his" are intended to include both masculine and feminine genders. (Translations of foreign language material not included.)</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote2">2</a></sup><a name="bookmark92"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The first version of each example is in the Pinyin system of romanization. The second, parenthesized version is the conventional, or anglicized, spelling.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote3">3</a></sup><a name="bookmark120"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11"></span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qǐngwèn</span><span class="font11"> is NOT the word used for saying "excuse me" when you step on someone’s foot. For that, you say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">duìbuqǐ</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote4">4</a></sup><a name="bookmark122"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Although Shànghǎi is physically located in Jiāngsū Province, it is a separate political entity. (The cities of Beijing and Tianjin are also separate entities.)</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote5">5</a></sup><a name="bookmark128"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote6">6</a></sup><a name="bookmark131"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Another word for "restaurant" is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fànguǎnzi</span><span class="font11">. The general word for "hotel" is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">luguǎn</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote7">7</a></sup><a name="bookmark137"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote8">8</a></sup><a name="bookmark138"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote9">9</a></sup><a name="bookmark141"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">The word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dì-</span><span class="font11"> is sometimes translated "number," as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dìyǐ</span><span class="font11">, "number one." (See resource module on Numbers, tape U.)</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote10">10</a></sup><a name="bookmark147"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A few nouns referring to people may be made explicitly plural by adding</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">-</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">men</span><span class="font11">-• </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">háizimen</span><span class="font11"> can only be "children,"</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote11">11</a></sup><a name="bookmark148"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11"></span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font11"> has several other meanings, which will be presented to you as you continue through this course. -> oh</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote12">12</a></sup><a name="bookmark155"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">0n occasion, a speaker may omit the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font11"> (which is why it is written in parentheses in these notes).</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote13">13</a></sup><a name="bookmark160"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote14">14</a></sup><a name="bookmark161"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote15">15</a></sup><a name="bookmark164"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ages may also be asked and given without using the new-situation </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote16">16</a></sup><a name="bookmark171"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote17">17</a></sup><a name="bookmark179"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">A11 these sentences could be translated with "is coming" instead of "did come."</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote18">18</a></sup><a name="bookmark184"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Most of the time you can figure out from a verb’s meaning the semantic category in which that verb belongs. However, process verbs may not be so predictable.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote19">19</a></sup><a name="bookmark185"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font11">In affirmative sentences containing action verbs, the marker </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11"> for new situations is used to describe a change in a general habit.</span></p>
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