Texte-7.md 947 KB
author: Foreign Service Institute description: Standard Chinese generator: ABBYY FineReader PDF 15 title: 'FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 07 SOC - Student Text and
Workbook'
[This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:]{.font3}
[Defense Language Institute]{.font3}
[Foreign Language Center]{.font3}
[NonresidentTraining Division]{.font3}
[Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006]{.font3}
[Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of view, are sometimes included in the language instruction for DLIFLC students since military personnel may find themselves in positions where a clear understanding of conversations or written materials of this nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements-whether real or apparent-in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense.]{.font3}
[Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based solely on their value for instruction in the language. It does not constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise, nor is it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses not mentioned.]{.font3}
[In DLIFLC publications, the words ]{.font3}[he, him,]{.font3 style="font-style:italic;"}[ and/or ]{.font3}[his]{.font3 style="font-style:italic;"}[ denote both masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language texts.]{.font3}
[The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces. Purchase by the customer does not constitute authorization for reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit setting without prior approval from the DLIFLC.]{.font3}
[STANDARD CHINESE: A MODULAR APPROACH]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK]{.font12}
[MODULE 7: SOCIETY]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Before starting Unit 1 of this module, you should have completed core modules 1 through 6 and the optional modules Personal Welfare, Restaurant, and Hotel.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[May 1981]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[]{#bookmark5}[[]{#bookmark6}PREFACE]{.font12}
[Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.]{.font12}
[The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.]{.font12}
[A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department's Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLl); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSl); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).]{.font12}
[The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197 in space provided at the Forign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.]{.font12}
[Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O'Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.]{.font12}
[Writers for the first half of the materials were John H.T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher's guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had Joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.]{.font12}
[All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.]{.font12}
[Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T.C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.]{.font12}
[The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.]{.font12}
[The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual Staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.]{.font12}
[Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.]{.font12}
[Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course materials.]{.font12}
[Jamies R. Frith, Chairman]{.font12}
[Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board]{.font12}
[CONTENTS]{.font12}
[Introduction Section 1: To the Student]{.font12}
[Section 2: To the Teacher]{.font12}
[List of Tapes for Module 7]{.font12}
[Objectives for the Society Module ]{.font12}
[UNIT 1 Travel Plans Introduction ]{.font12}
[Phrases with ]{.font12}[guǎnyú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"concerning,\" \"about\"]{.font12}
[The directional ending -]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"might,\" \"be likely to,\" \"will\"]{.font12}
[The sentence marker -de, \"that's the way the situation is\" Review Dialogue]{.font12}
[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}
[UNIT 2 Equality of the Sexes Introduction ]{.font12}
[Reference Notes ........................ ]{.font12}[by]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"}
[biěde, \"other(s)\" ___V Ifxu.____ ____ ft]{.font12}
[xiàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"like**]{.font12}
[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}
[UNIT 3 Family Values Introduction ]{.font12}
[The verb ending -]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: the start of an action or condition ]{.font12}[cáí7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"only,\" before amounts]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ showing the manner of an action]{.font12}
[The verb ending -]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ---successful reaching/obtaining/finding]{.font12}
[---(with verbs of speech) \"of,\" \"about\"]{.font12}
[---successful perceiving (]{.font12}[kàndao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12}
[The adverb ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"anymore\"]{.font12}
[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}
[UNIT h A Family History Introduction ]{.font12}
[More on ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, marker of absence of change/lack of completion]{.font12}
[Terms for grandparents]{.font12}
[More on indefinite pronouns (\"any/no\" expressions)]{.font12}
[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}
[UNIT 5 Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes Introduction ]{.font12}
[..,yě hao, ...yě hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"whether...or...\"]{.font12}
[Necessary condition marked by ]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase \"in order to\"]{.font12}
[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}
[UNIT 6 Politics and Culture Introduction ]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[de hua]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, if, in case]{.font12}
[More on -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ vs. -]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness ]{.font12}[qù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ expressing purpose]{.font12}
[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}
[UNIT 7 Social Problems Introduction ]{.font12}
[Reference Notes ........................ 215]{.font12}
[-duo]{.font12}[ ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[le, \"much more\" \"Not anymore,\" \"never again\"]{.font12}
[lián...dōu...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"even\"]{.font12}
[zhǐ yào... Jiù...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"provided that...\"]{.font12}
[hú shi...,1 iù shi...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ , \"if not.. .then...\"either.. .or...\"]{.font12}
[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}
[UNIT 8 Directions for the Future]{.font12}
[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}
[]{#bookmark57}[[]{#bookmark65}INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
- [SECTION 1: TO THE STUDENT]{.font12}
[With the ]{.font12}[Society]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ module, you are taking a step up to a new level of expression in Chinese. Up till now, you have \"been dealing with relatively short sentences about concrete situations. In this module, you will start to encounter longer sentences and more abstract statements. The transition will take some time, but you can make it easier on yourself by developing methodical ways of approaching the new material in each unit. The following suggestions may help.]{.font12}
[Keep in mind from here on in that the two skills you will continue to work on, production and comprehension, are no longer expected to stay at approximately the same level. It is natural for your ability to understand what others say to increase more rapidly than your ability to express your own thoughts. As you work through the ]{.font12}[Society]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ module, bear in mind that, while you are asked to ]{.font12}[understand]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ all the dialogues, you are required to be able to ]{.font12}[produce]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ only a limited part of the language you will hear. This is specified in the module objectives, the unit vocabulary lists, and the introductions to the units.]{.font12}
[How to Use the Book]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Each unit of this book presents quite a bit of new information---much more than anyone can master in a few days' time. This is because information has also been included simply for comparison or for your future reference. This is what you should master in each unit:]{.font12}
[(1) The new grammar listed in the introduction for each unit.]{.font12}
[(2) The basic meanings of each vocabulary item. (Related meanings may be given in the reference notes for purposes of comparison, but you are not required to remember them.)]{.font12}
[(3) The cultural background information discussed in some reference notes and contained in each unit's review dialogue.]{.font12}
[You may find it helpful to read through the reference notes three times. On the first time through, read only the notes on cultural background. The second time, go through the notes that explain new grammatical structures. The third time, read only the notes on the meanings and usage of new words. For review, ]{.font12}[test yourself]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ on the example sentences in the notes by covering the Chinese column and trying to translate the English column into Chinese. Check your answer immediately.]{.font12}
[How to Use the Tapes]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Starting with Module 7, there will he only two thirty-minute tapes per unit, instead of five.]{.font12}
[Tape 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ introduces the material on the Reference List, giving you a chance to learn to understand these sentences and to practice saying them. Tape 1 replaces both the C-l and P-1 tapes which you used in Modules 1 through 6.]{.font12}
[You will find that the Tape 1 is denser in content and faster paced than either the C-l or P-1 tapes. The number of new vocabulary items in each unit has been increased from 20-25 to 30-35. You will also notice that the sentences have increased in length. Since you must learn to understand as well as say these sentences from a single tape, you may find that you need to rewind the tape and review the presentation of each sentence ]{.font12}[several times]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In addition, explanations which were formerly found on the C-l and P-1 tapes are now found only in the Reference Notes.]{.font12}
[Tape 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ replaces the C-2 and P-2 tapes. Each Tape 2 will start off with a review of the sentences from the Reference List. This will be followed by three exercise dialogues. You should listen to each dialogue until you understand it thoroughly. The workbook which accompanies Tape 2 describes the setting of the conversation and provides you with the new vocabulary you need to understand it. (You are ]{.font12}[not]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ required to learn these additional vocabulary items.) The workbook also contains questions about each dialogue, for which you will need to prepare answers in Chinese. Your teacher will ask you to answer these and other questions about the conversation in class.]{.font12}
[When you listen to the recorded dialogues, aim only for comprehension of the ideas. Whether or not you can repeat the sentences word for word is not critical. Since they are in colloquial style, the dialogues sometimes contain phrasing which you are not expected to be able to imitate at this stage, yet with a little effort (it is expected to take repeated listenings), you will understand.]{.font12}
- [SECTION 2: TO THE TEACHER]{.font12}
[The format of the core modules from this point on differs considerably from those preceding, and teaching methods should be adapted to the requirements of this new format. Below are a few suggestions on how to use this and subsequent core modules.]{.font12}
[How to Use the Reference Notes]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[The reference notes in ]{.font12}[Society]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ include grammatical explanations, discussions of the usage of new words, and some cultural background information. They are called ''reference" notes for a reason: they are here for the student's present and ]{.font12}[future]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ reference. They are ]{.font12}[not]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ intended as material for classroom study or discussion, for in these later modules, as in the first six, the bulk of classroom time should be spent in the actual use of Chinese. The thoroughness of the notes is intended to relieve you of the need to give lectures on grammar and usage and allow you to devote most of your time with students to live practice of the language. You should familiarize yourself with the content of the notes so that when students pose questions on word usage or a new structure, you can simply refer them to the relevant note.]{.font12}
[The copiousness of example sentences in the notes has a double purpose. First, along with the idiomatic English translations, they show the versatility of the vocabulary items they introduce; at this level of study, a single English translation can seldom fully do justice to the range of nuances expressed by a Chinese word. Second, students can use the example sentences at home for translation practice, either Chinese-English or English-Chinese, using a strip of paper to cover the target-language column and then checking their answer for immediate reinforcement.]{.font12}
[How to Use the Exercise Dialogues]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[The three exercise dialogues in each unit (exercises 2, 3, and h) present completely different situations and characters from the unit review dialogue, but include the same new vocabulary and structures. They provide extra listening comprehension practice at normal conversational speed, an area which should receive increased attention from both student and teacher beginning with this module.]{.font12}
[The language of many of the exercise dialogues is very colloquial and thus a change from the style of the preceding modules. At this stage, students must accustom themselves to hearing everyday Chinese, and if given ample practice, their comprehension will improve quickly. But bear in mind that students are not expected to be able to produce sentences in this colloquial style, only to understand them.]{.font12}
[The taped exercises 2, 3, and h, are to be listened to outside of class as many times as is necessary for the student to answer the questions in the workbook section. In class, the teacher should ask the questions, rephrased in Chinese, and have students answer from their notes or, preferably, from]{.font12}
[memory. If students \"bring up questions on colloquialisms contained in the dialogues at this time, handle them quickly; avoid digressions on expressions which are not required for production. The point of this activity is for the students to talk---to practice saying the new words and structures of the unit]{.font12}
[Further Classroom Activities]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[(1) Use the subjects discussed in the dialogues as points of departure for class discussions in which the teacher takes the part of the Chinese who wants to understand American society and the American students try to explain their ways of thinking and doing things. Depending on class size, the level of the students, and individual students' competitiveness or reticence, these conversations will need to \"be more or less structured. If necessary in order to maintain the flow of ideas or to keep a small number of students from dominating the discussion, everyone can be asked to outline possible answers before coming to class, or the teacher may prepare an outline for the students.]{.font12}
[(2) Students can be asked to tell the story of the review dialogue or an exercise dialogue in their own words. This can be done by the whole class together; if one student omits an important point in the story, another student can remind him of it or supply it himself.]{.font12}
[(3) Have students pick out from the reference list and the dialogues certain sentences which serve a particular communicative function. The Chinese material in this book is especially suited to this type of exercise because of the colloquial tone of the dialogues and the range of emotions and linguistic functions displayed within them. For example, the students may be asked to find a sentence that conveys enthusiasm toward an idea, one that conveys tentativeness when asking a question about a delicate subject, or one that conveys a desire to be helpful. Using the sentences thus found as takeoff points, the teacher can then ask the students to come up with other sentences with the same linguistic function, or ask them to change elements of the sentence to vary its function.]{.font12}
[For example, Unit 1 of ]{.font12}[Society]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ presents some sentences (in the reference list and dialogues) that can be used as responses to proposals:]{.font12}
[Wǒ kǎolu kǎolu. I'll think it over. (non-committal)]{.font12}
[Fěichǎng hǎo. Great. (enthusiastic)]{.font12}
[Nà women shuohǎo le . . . Then we've agreed . . . (decisive)]{.font12}
[Jiù zhèiyang. It's settled, (decisive)]{.font12}
[Students can be asked to add to this list sentences expressing a wider range of responses to a proposal, e.g., flat rejection (]{.font12}[Bù xíng!]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), scandalization (]{.font12}[Nà zěnme kéyi a*]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), lukewarm acceptance (]{.font12}[Kěyǐ . . .]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[Yě hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), indecisiveness (]{.font12}[M . . .]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[Nà, wǒ hǎi děi xiǎngyixiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[Zài shuō ba]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[). etc. If you make up supplementary exercises, you may find it effective to base them on the communicative functions of sentences contained in each unit. A list of these functions will be found in each unit's introduction.]{.font12}
[(U) If the teacher and students find that the new grammar needs to be separately discussed in class, such sessions should be confined to a review of the essential new structures, as listed in each unit's introduction.]{.font12}
[Review]{.font12}
[The two review tapes consist simply of exercises requiring the students to translate the reference list sentences for Units 1 to U and 5 to 8, respectively. The original order of the sentences in the text has been scrambled. The first section of each tape is translation from Chinese to English, the second from English to Chinese.]{.font12}
[Because material introduced in this module is frequently repeated in subsequent lessons, regular review will not be as important as in the earlier modules, where the situational nature of the lessons means that some vocabulary introduced in order to handle one kind of situation occurs in that one module only. However, if desired, one of each unit's exercise dialogues can be reserved for review: have students listen to only two instead of all three exercise dialogues while doing the unit, and then return to the third dialogue several units later to brush up on the vocabulary and structures.]{.font12}
[]{#bookmark66}[[]{#bookmark67}TAPES FOR MODULE 7 (SOC)]{.font12}
::: {style="border-top:solid;"} [Unit 1:]{.font12}
[Unit 2:]{.font12}
[Unit 3:]{.font12}
[Unit U:]{.font12}
[Unit 5:]{.font12}
[Unit 6:]{.font12}
[Unit 7:]{.font12}
[Unit 8:]{.font12} :::
[SOC 1.1, SOC 1.2 SOC 2.1, SOC 2.2 SOC 3.1, SOC 3.2 SOC U.l, SOC U.2 SOC 5.1, SOC 5.2 soc 6.1, soc 6.2]{.font12}
[SOC 7.1, SOC 7.2]{.font12}
[SOC 8.1, SOC 8.2]{.font12}
[SOC Review 1-U, Tape 2 (English to Chinese) SOC Review 5-8, Tape 1 (Chinese to English) SOC Review 5-8, Tape 2 (English to Chinese)]{.font12}
[]{#bookmark68}[[]{#bookmark69}MODULE 7: SOCIETY]{.font12}
[The Society Module (SOC) will provide you with the linguistic skills and cultural background information you need to visit a Chinese family, discuss some aspects of family life and society, to find out how someone's family fits into the pattern of traditional Chinese society, and how it reflects the changes of modern society.]{.font12}
[Before starting this module, you must take and pass the MTG Criterion Test. In addition, it is assumed that by this point you will have already completed the optional modules Personal Welfare, Restaurant, and Hotel; vocabulary from these modules is now considered taught.]{.font12}
[The SOC Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from the first six core modules and associated resource modules is also included.]{.font12}
[OBJECTIVES]{.font12}
[Upon successful completion of this module, you should be able to]{.font12}
[1. Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference Lists.]{.font12}
[2. Say any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference Lists when cued with its English equivalent.]{.font12}
[3. Ask someone about the size of his family, which family members live at home, and where other family members live and why.]{.font12}
[it. Use the rules of Chinese etiquette in social visits: the proper times for visiting; the custom of offering refreshments to visitors and the type of response expected from the visitor; and some polite ways to end a social visit.]{.font12}
[5. Discuss the status, duties, and responsibilities of sons in the traditional Chinese family.]{.font12}
[6. Discuss the different relationships within the Chinese family, especially those between parents and children, and between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law.]{.font12}
[7. Explain why the large (extended) family was the ideal pattern in traditional Chinese society.]{.font12}
[8. Use the proper-terms for referring to your own or someone else's children, and understand the terms for addressing one's children directly; use the terms for paternal grandparents; use the terms for the parents of one's friend.]{.font12}
[9. Understand why early marriage was a common practice in traditional China.]{.font12}
[10. Discuss the effects of the development of industry and business on traditional Chinese society.]{.font12}
[11. Discuss the concept of filial obedience.]{.font12}
[12. Compare the position of women in Chinese society before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China.]{.font12}
[13. Discuss traditional marriage arrangements in China and the roles women were placed in as a result. Understand the government's policy toward marriage after 19\^9 and the actual changes that have occurred.]{.font12}
[1U. Explain and defend some of your personal views on topics such as equality of the sexes, the status of women, living together, marriage, parent-child relationships, care of the elderly, the effects of political and economic conditions on society, crime, and drug abuse.]{.font12}
[UNIT 1]{.font12}
[Travel Plans]{.font12}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
[Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. The pattern ]{.font12}[(Verb) de shi...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[2. Phrases with ]{.font12}[guanyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"concerning,\" \"about.\"]{.font12}
[3. The directional ending -]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. The auxiliary verb ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"might,\" \"be likely to,\" \"will.\"]{.font12}
[5. The sentence marker -de, \"that's the way the situation is.\"]{.font12}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. Offering a visitor something to drink.]{.font12}
[2. Responding to an offer of something to drink.]{.font12}
[3. Concluding a social visit.]{.font12}
[U. Telling someone you can't take the time to explain something but will talk about it later.]{.font12}
[5. Presenting a suggestion or proposal to do something.]{.font12}
[6. Responding to a suggestion or proposal to so something.]{.font12}
[1. A: Jīntiān wǒ ]{.font12}[jièd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ao yìběn hǎo ]{.font12}[xiǎoshuō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Shénme xiǎoshuō, ]{.font12}[rang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ni zènme gāoxìng?]{.font12}
[ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY 11. yìbiān(r)...yìbiān(r) 12. yímiàn...yímiàn...]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | [VOCABULARY]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [cháng chuántǒng]{.font12} | [to be long]{.font12} | | | | | | [tradition, traditional]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [dàlù dào -diǎn dǒngde]{.font12} | [mainland, continent]{.font12} | | | | | | [to pour]{.font12} | | | | | | [point]{.font12} | | | | | | [to understand, to grasp, to | | | know]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [-fāngmiàn (-fāngmiàn)]{.font12} | [aspect, side, area, | | | respect]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [gǎnjué]{.font12} | [feeling, sensation; to feel, to | | | perceive]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [guānyú]{.font12} | [as to, with regard to, | | | concerning, about]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [guojiā]{.font12} | [country, state, nation; | | | national]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [huì]{.font12} | [might, be likely to, | | | will]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Jiè]{.font12} | [to borrow; to lend]{.font12} | | | | | [J ièdao]{.font12} | [to successfully borrow]{.font12} | | | | | [-Jù]{.font12} | [sentence; (counter for sentences | | | or utterances, often followed by | | | ]{.font12}[huà]{.font12 | | | styl | | | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, | | | \"speech\")]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [kǎolu]{.font12} | [to consider, to think | | | about]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [mànmānr (mànmàn)]{.font12} | [slowly; gradually, by and by; | | | taking one's time; in all | | | details]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [niánqīng]{.font12} | [to be young]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [qíngkuàng]{.font12} | [situation, circumstances, | | | condition, state of | | | affairs]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [qíngxing]{.font12} | [situation, circumstances, | | | condition, state of | | | affairs]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [rang]{.font12} | [to make (someone a certain | | | way)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [shèhuì]{.font12} | [society, social simmer vacation | | | can't explain clearly]{.font12} | | [shǔjià shuōbuqīngchu]{.font12} | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [wénhuǎ]{.font12} | [culture]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [xiǎoshuō (-)xuéqī]{.font12} | [fiction, novel]{.font12} | | | | | | [semester, term (of | | | school)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [yánjiū (yánjiu, | [to study (in detail), to do | | yánjiù)]{.font12} | research on; research]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Yàzhōu (Yǎzhōu)]{.font12} | [Asia]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[doing...while doing...]{.font12}
[on the one hand..., on the other hand; for one thing..., for another...; doing...while doing...]{.font12}
[doing...while doing...]{.font12}
[Unit 1, Reference Notes]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. A: Jintiān wǒ ]{.font12}[jièd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ao yìběn hǎo ]{.font12}[xiǎoshuō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Shénme xiǎoshuō, ]{.font12}[rang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ni zènme gāoxìng?]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[jiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to borrow" CAlso "to lend," see Notes on No. 2.3]{.font12}
[Wǒ dào túshūguǎn qù jiè shū. I'm going to the library to borrow]{.font12}
[Etake outl some books.]{.font12}
[For \"from," use ]{.font12}[gēn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[xiang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\" for people and ]{.font12}[cong]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for place names like the library.]{.font12}
[I didn't bring any money. I want to go borrow some from Níngning.]{.font12}
[I borrowed a Chinese history book from the library.]{.font12}
[Cong]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can only be followed by a person if the person is made into a place name, for example by the addition of ]{.font12}[nèr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (]{.font12}[nǎli]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[):]{.font12}
[Wǒ cóng tā nèr jièle wǔkuǎi qián. I borrowed five dollars from him.]{.font12}
[For people, you may also use the common pattern ]{.font12}[wèn...jiè...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, literally "ask...borrow...":]{.font12}
[Wǒ wèn ta jièle yiběn shū. I borrowed a book from him.]{.font12}
[Wǒ bù hǎo yìsi wèn biérén jiè I'm too embarrassed to borrow money]{.font12}
[qián. from other people.]{.font12}
[jièdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The ending -]{.font12}[dǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ expresses that the borrowing results in the thing being obtained. You learned -]{.font12}[dǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and the similar Běijīng -]{.font12}[zháo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the verb ]{.font12}[jiēdao/jiēzhao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "to receive," in the Meeting module.]{.font12}
[You need to know not only what the ending -]{.font12}[dǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means, but also when to use it and when not to. This can't be summed up in one neat formula, but you will see from the following examples that -]{.font12}[dǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used when there was a question of not being able to get the thing. ]{.font12}[Jiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ by itself does not necessarily imply obtaining, so you can use it in situations when you tried to borrow something but couldn't get it.]{.font12}
[Wǒ gēn tā jièle yìběn I borrowed a dictionary from him.]{.font12}
[zìdiǎn.]{.font12}
[Xiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used more in written style.]{.font12}
[Jie may have certain other directional or resultative endings. Here are]{.font12}
[rang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''to make'' someone a certain way, or ''to cause'' someone to become a certain way. When used this way, ]{.font12}[rang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is followed by a person and an adjectival verb. You learned ]{.font12}[rang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as ''to let'' in the Welfare module: ]{.font12}[Rang wǒ kànkan nǐde hùzhào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''Let me see your passport.'' I ]{.font12}[Rang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also mean "to have," "to tell,'' or "to make" someone do something.]]{.font12}
[Tā shuōde huà rang wo hen shēng- What he said made me very angry, qi.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[xiě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This verb which you learned as "to write" is also one of several ways that ''about" is expressed in Chinese. When used with this meaning, ]{.font12}[xiě ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[usually appears in the ]{.font12}[(Verb) de shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ construction discussed immediately below.]{.font12}
[xiěde shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This structure, ]{.font12}[(Verb) de shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, is a major structure of Chinese, so pay extra attention! Use ]{.font12}[(Verb) de shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ when the verb is ]{.font12}[not ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[new information and you want to focus instead on the ]{.font12}[identity]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ of the thing talked about. The pattern itself makes an equational sentence, that is, an A EQUALS B sentence:]{.font12}
[A]{.font12} [IS]{.font12} [B]{.font12} [VERB de]{.font12} [shi]{.font12} [B]{.font12} [Tā zuóde]{.font12} [shi]{.font12} [báicài.]{.font12}
[''What he's making is cabbage."]{.font12}
[In sentence 2A, the verb ]{.font12}[xiě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not new information because any novel must "be written about" something. The object ]{.font12}[dàlùde qíngkuàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is new information which is focused on.]{.font12}
[dàlù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''continent, mainland" ]{.font12}[Zhōngguo dàlù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is ''mainland China," which may also be called ]{.font12}[dàlù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for short Just as we say ''the mainland".]{.font12}
[\'\'other ways are by using the verb ]{.font12}[Jiang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "to talk about," as in ]{.font12}[Zhèiběn shū Jiang shénme?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''What is this book about?"; and ]{.font12}[guānyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (see the note in this section).]{.font12}
[qíngkuàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"situation, circumstances, state of affairs, condition\" Used much more frequently in Chinese than any single one of these translations is used in English. Sometimes the Chinese language uses ]{.font12}[qíngkuàng ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[when in English we would just say \"things\" or \"the way things are.\"]{.font12}
[Sometimes ]{.font12}[qíngkuàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means the \"picture\" about a place (especially an organization); in such cases it may not be necessary to translate it literally.]{.font12}
[Tā gěi women jièshaole tāmen He gave us a presentation (briefing) xuéxiàode qíngkuàng. on their school. (E.g., what]{.font12}
[grades, how many students and teachers, what subjects are taught, etc. )]{.font12}
[Wǒ bù tài shùxī Měidàsīde I'm not too familiar with (the way]{.font12}
[qíngkuàng. things are at) the Department of]{.font12}
[American and Oceanic Affairs.]{.font12}
[guānyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''with regard to, concerning\" The phrase ]{.font12}[guānyù dàlùde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means literally \"one concerning the mainland.\" ]{.font12}[Guānyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is rather formal. In everyday speech, the idea of \"about\" is more often expressed in other ways*, but ]{.font12}[guānyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often used in formal contexts.]{.font12}
[Guānyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a prepositional verb, which means it is followed by a noun (its object) and is related to the main verb. It is not the best behaved of prepositional verbs, however. ]{.font12}[Guānyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ does not occur where you would normally expect to find a prepositional verb phrase (before the verb, e.g., ]{.font12}[dào Zhōngguo ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[qù) ■ Nor does ]{.font12}[guānyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ occur in a sentence the way \"about\" does in English. \"About\" phrases in English are free to occur after the verb, e.g., \"talk about Chinese history,\" \"think about your problem.\" A ]{.font12}[guānyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase (that is, ]{.font12}[guānyù ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[and its object) can only occur in the following places in the sentence:]{.font12}
[Other ways include using the verbs ]{.font12}[jiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[xiě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (see Notes on No. 2). For example, if I am watching a T.V. program and you walk into the room and want to ask, \"What's this about?\" the most \"everyday\" way would be ]{.font12}[Jiǎng shenme de? ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[(actually an abbreviated form of ]{.font12}[Zhèige jiēmù CprogramJ shi jiǎng shenme de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[?). It would sound stilted to use ]{.font12}[guānyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in such an informal situation. You see another example of how \"about\" is expressed in Chinese on the next page under number (3) in the little dialogue: \"About what?\" is ]{.font12}[Shénme diànyǐng?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[It also occurs in a phrase with -de, the whole phrase acting as a noun.]{.font12}
[Compare the following English and Chinese sentences. Although the parts in parentheses are optional in English, the Chinese sentences would be considered wrong without the underlined -de phrases. (For the first example you need to know ]{.font12}[xiāoxi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"news.\")]{.font12}
[jiè gěi wǒ kànkan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"lend (it) to me to read\" In exchange 1, ]{.font12}[jiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ was translated \"borrow.\" Now you see it used for \"to lend.\" To say \"lend something to someone,\" the ]{.font12}[gěi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase always follows the verb ]{.font12}[jiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.* If the indirect object (person who receives) is a pronoun, ]{.font12}[gěi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be omitted:]{.font12}
[Jiè wo yìzhī bǐ. I]{.font12}
[Jiè gěi wo yìzhī bǐ. ]{.font12}[í]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"}[ Lend me a pen.]{.font12}
[(in this extremely common sentence, the ]{.font12}[gěi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is more frequently omitted.)]{.font12}
[3. A: Xiàge ]{.font12}[xuéqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ nǐ xiǎng What are you going to do]{.font12}
[yánjiū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shénme? research on next semester?]{.font12}
[B: Hài shi lǎo wèntí: Zhōng- It's still the same old topic: guóde ]{.font12}[zhèngzhi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ qíngkuàng. the political situation in China.]{.font12}
[xueqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"semester, term\" Since ]{.font12}[xuéqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means literally just \"school-period,\" it could conceivably apply to a scholastic term of any length, including quarters. Chinese schools, however, run on the semester system (fall-winter and winter-spring).]{.font12}
[Xiànzài yěude Měiguo dàxué yíge Some American colleges have semesters xuéqǐ zhǐ you shíèr-sānge lǐbài. which last only twelve or thirteen weeks.]{.font12}
[Shàngge xuéqǐ nǐ dōu niànle What (courses) did you take last]{.font12}
[shénme? semester?]{.font12}
[Xuéqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also be used without the counter -ge: ]{.font12}[shàngxuéqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[xiàxuéqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[yìxuéqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.]{.font12}
[yánjiū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to do research on\" a topic (usually at the graduate level or abovehSometimes may be translated as \"to study\" (in depth, not just preparing for a test).]{.font12}
[A ]{.font12}[gěi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase before ]{.font12}[jiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ would mean \"for,\" not \"to.\" ]{.font12}[jièle jǐběn shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He borrowed a few books for me.\"]{.font12}
[Zhèige wèntí women děi yánjiū We should discuss (OR look into this) yanjiū. question.]{.font12}
[zhèngzhi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"politics, political affairs; political\"]{.font12}
[Keep in mind that \"because of China's political system, the word ]{.font12}[zhèngzhi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has a different set of meanings than we are used to. This is a large question which we will not go into in depth here. But to give you an idea of this concept, here is the definition of ]{.font12}[zhèngzhi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ from a Chinese dictionary.*]{.font12}
[zhèngzhi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The concentrated expression of economics. It comes into being on a particular economic base, serves the economic base, and has a tremendous influence on economic development. In a class society, economic interests are the most fundamental interests of the different classes. In order to safeguard their own interests, the classes inevitably wage intense class struggle among each other. Therefore, class struggle and handling relations between the classes becomes the main content of politics. The relations which politics must handle are the internal relations of a class, relations between the classes, relations between nationalities, and international relations. Politics is manifested in policies and activities in the areas of national life and international relations of political parties, social groups, and social forces which represent certain classes. The politics of the exploiting class has as its aim to oppress the working people and to preserve its own narrow interests. In the politics of the proletariat, bourgeois rule is overthrown with revolutionary violence under the leadership of the proletarian political party, and the dictatorship of the proletariat is established; after power has been seized, socialist revolution is carried through to the end, class struggle is properly waged, and contradictions between ourselves and the enemy as well as contradictions among the people . . . are properly handled; then the focus of struggle is progressively turned towards engaging in the cause of socialist construction and devoting major efforts to developing production, and creating the conditions needed to completely abolish classes and bring about communism.]{.font12}
[Note in particular how the politicization of everyday personal relations in the PRC has resulted in ]{.font12}[zhèngzhi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ being used in a host of phrases such as \"political influence,\" \"political relations,\" \"political background,\" \"political qualifications,\" etc.]{.font12}
[Cíhǎi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, Shanghai Císhū Chūbánshè, 1979.]{.font12}
[U. A: Zuotian Xiao Ming gei ta nupengyou xie xin, xiede hǎo ]{.font12}[cháng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Niánqīng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén ]{.font12}[zǒngs]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[hi niánqīng rén.Wǒ niánqīngde shihou yě shi zhèiyang, ní wàng le?]{.font12}
[Tā niánqīngde shihou bī xiànzài When she was young she was even more gěng hǎo kàn. beautiful than now.]{.font12}
[Niánqīng rén dōu xíhuan wánr. All young people like to have fun.]{.font12}
[zǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"always, invariably\" Like other adverbs such as ]{.font12}[zhēn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"really,\" and ]{.font12}[hái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"still,\" ]{.font12}[zǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often followed by ]{.font12}[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Ní zǒngshi wen wo wèntí. You always ask me questions.]{.font12}
['There are other words for \"long\" in other contexts. When referring to distance, use ]{.font12}[yuǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Lu hěn yuǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"it's a long way.\" For time, you will also need ]{.font12}[jiǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Tā zǒule duo jiǔ le?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"How long has it been since he left?\"]{.font12}
[Remember that ]{.font12}[xiǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is another word for \"young\": ]{.font12}[Tā bí wǒ xiǎo yísuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He\'s a year younger than I.\" ]{.font12}[Wǒ xiǎode shihou]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ usually means \"When I was a child.\" When speaking to a child, you would say ]{.font12}[Ní hái xiǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for \"You're still young.\"]{.font12}
[Zheizhong shiqing zongshi rang This type of thing always makes one rén hěn gāoxìng. very happy.]{.font12}
[Zǒng bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"always not...,\" is one way of saying \"never\":]{.font12}
[Tā zǒng bù xǐhuan biérén wen tā He never likes other people to ask jiālide shi. about his famjly.]{.font12}
[Zǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has another use, which is the one you see in exchange U: Instead of meaning literally \"on every occasion\" or \"at all times,\" ]{.font12}[zǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to suggest that a certain state of affairs should be obviously true, regardless of other circumstances. Translations for this meaning depend upon the context; some are \"after all, surely, always, in any case, when all is said and done, inevitably, eventually.\" Other possible translations are suggested in]{.font12}
[5. A: ]{.font12}[Shǔjiàd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e shihou, nǐ xiǎng Where do you want to go]{.font12}
[dào nǎr qu wánrwanr? over summer vacation?]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ xiǎng dào ]{.font12}[Yàzhōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ I'd like to go visit a few]{.font12}
[jǐge ]{.font12}[guojiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ qu kànkan. countries in Asia.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 5]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[shùjià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''summer vacation\" In China, summer vacation starts in August and ends in September for high schools; college ends in June and starts in late August.]{.font12}
[Zhèige shùjià wǒ bú dào nǎr qù. This summer vacation I'm not going anywhere.]{.font12}
[Yàzhōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"Asia\" Yà comes from the transliterated word for Asia, ]{.font12}[Yàxìyà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Zhōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"continent.~ Many people say ]{.font12}[Yazhōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[guojiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"country, nation, state,\" literally, \"country-family.\" The bound word -]{.font12}[guō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used only in certain phrases or compound words. ]{.font12}[Guojiā ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is the word to use everywhere else. (Sometimes ]{.font12}[guō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used alone, such as in reference to kingdoms or dukedoms of ancient China. But a modern nation is called ]{.font12}[guojiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[wénhuà: \"culture, civilization\" Also ]{.font11}[\"education, cultural background'' as in méiyou]{.font12}[ ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[wénhuàde]{.font12}[ ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[rén, \"an uncultured person\" or an \"uneducated person.\"]{.font12}
[shèhuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"society; social\" ]{.font12}[Xīn shèhuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[jiù shèhuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are jargon for the new and old societies (after and before the socialist transformation). \"in society\" is more often ]{.font12}[zài shèhuìshang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, less frequently ]{.font12}[zài shèhuìli]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[zuòxia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to sit down\" Also ]{.font12}[zuòxialai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[dào...lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"to pour\"; ]{.font12}[dàolai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"to pour and bring here.\" You have seen ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used as a directional ending before, as in ]{.font12}[nǎxialai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"bring down and here,\" or ]{.font12}[pǎolāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"run here.\" There are two things to notice about the meaning of ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as a directional ending: 1) ]{.font12}[Lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used after verbs which tell of movement from one place to another, like ]{.font12}[pǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to run\" or ]{.font12}[nā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to carry\"; OR after verbs which describe an action without movement from one place to another, such as ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to pour.\" 2) The thing ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to, which is what ends up \"here,\" may be the subject OR the object of the sentence. For example, in ]{.font12}[Tā pǎolai le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He ran here,\" it is the subject tā who performs the action of running and comes here. In ]{.font12}[Tā xiělai yìfēng xìn le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He has written a letter which has come here,\" it is the object ]{.font12}[xìn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ which is written and comes here. In ]{.font12}[Yǐfu dōu yǐjǐng xǐlai le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"All the clothes have already been washed and brought here,\" it is the topic ]{.font12}[yǐfu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ which were washed and brought here.]{.font12}
[You will often split ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ from the verb by inserting an object like ]{.font12}[yìbēi chá]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, as in sentence 7B. In fact, in sentence 7B, ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ must be split up; ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may not precede the object. The rules allowing ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to precede the object are complex, and here we will just give some examples of usage.]{.font12}
[8. A:]{.font12} [Nǐ qùde něige dìfang, zhèngzhi, jīngji ]{.font12}[fāngmiànd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e ]{.font12}[qíngxing]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zěnmeyàng?]{.font12} [What was the political and economic situation like where you went?]{.font12} [B:]{.font12} [Jǐjù huà ]{.font12}[shuǒbuqǐngchu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, yǒu shíjiān wǒ zài gēn ni mànmānr shuō ba.]{.font12} [I can't explain it clearly in just a few sentences; when I have time I'll tell you all about it.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[fāngmiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"aspect; area; respect; side\" This noun is used without a counter. It is a useful, sometimes overused word. You won't have any trouble understanding how ]{.font12}[fāngmiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used, but there will be sentences where you wouldn't have thought to use it. When translating, it is sometimes better just to leave ]{.font12}[fāngmiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ out of the English than to strain to use the word \"aspect,\" \"side,\" etc.]{.font12}
[Fāngmiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has two main uses:]{.font12}
[(1) \"aspect, respect, area, field\"]{.font12}
[Zheige wěntí you liǎngfāngmiàn. There are two aspects to this]{.font12}
[question.]{.font12}
[Wǒmen zài zhěifāngmiàn zuǒde We haven't done enough in this area,]{.font12}
[hái bu gòu.]{.font12}
[qíngxing]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In most cases interchangeable with ]{.font12}[qíngkuàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In present-day Běijīng speech, at least among the younger generation, ]{.font12}[qíngkuàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the more common of these two words.]{.font12}
[shuōbuqǐngchu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''can't say/explain clearly" ]{.font12}[Shuǒqǐngchu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a compound]{.font12}
[mànmānr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Also ]{.font12}[mànmàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Many adjectival verbs can be doubled to make an adverb, which is used between the subject and the verb. In Běijīng speech, when you double certain adjectival verbs of one-syllable, the second one becomes first tone (no matter what its original tone) and -r_ is added. These adverbs can take the adverbial ending -de. Other examples are ]{.font12}[kuàikuāir(de)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''quickly," and ]{.font12}[hǎohāorde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''well, properly."]{.font12}
[Mànmàn(de)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[manmānr(de)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has these meanings:]{.font12}
- [(1) ''slowly" Don't forget, however, that ''slowly" can sometimes be translated by ]{.font12}[man]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ alone.]{.font12}
[Tā mànmānrde zǒu huí jiā qu le. He slowly walked home.]{.font12}
[BUT Zǒu man yidiǎnr. I]{.font12}
[Man diǎnr zǒu. J Walk more slowly.]{.font12}
- [(2) \"gradually, bit by bit, by and by\"]{.font12}
[Nǐ gang lai, duì zhèrde qíngkuàng You just arrived and are unfamiliar bù shúxī, mànmānr nī Jiu zhīdao with the situation here, but you'll le. come to know it by and by.]{.font12}
[Mànmānrde, tā Jiu dong le. Gradually he began to understand.]{.font12}
- [(3) Sentences which instruct someone to ]{.font12}[mànmānr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ do this or that can often be translated as \"take your time...,\" or \"don't rush.\"]{.font12}
[Mànmānr zǒu, zānmen lāidejí. Let's take our time walking. We'll]{.font12}
[make it.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[dǒngde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to understand\" Narrower in use than ]{.font12}[dǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. You ]{.font12}[dǒngde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ the meaning of a word, the implications or significance of an event, or the way to do something; but not a foreign language (that you ]{.font12}[dǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), nor what the teacher just said (that you ]{.font12}[tīngdǒng le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), nor someone else's feelings (that you ]{.font12}[liǎojiě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which will be presented in the Traveling in China module).]{.font12}
[You have seen the component -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the verbs ]{.font12}[rènde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[j ide]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. It is only used in a handful of verbs, sometimes acting like a resultative ending. For example, you can say ]{.font12}[rènbude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"can't recognize,\" and ]{.font12}[jìbude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"can't remember,\" but you may not use ]{.font12}[dǒngde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the potential form; for \"can't understand,\" you just say ]{.font12}[bù dǒngde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[(For the second example, you need to know ]{.font12}[xīnli]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"in]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 10]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"might, be likely to, will\" You already know ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ meaning \"to know how to, can.\" Here you see ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used in a new way, to express likelihood. As you can see from these three English translations, ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ranges in meaning from possible to probable to definite. The context may be sufficient to indicate which, but often the degree of probability is not important to the message, and there might be no single \"correct\" English translation. Various adverbs can be added before ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to clarify the degree of certainty, for example, ]{.font12}[yídìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"definitely,\" ]{.font12}[dàgài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"probably,\" ]{.font12}[yěxǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"perhaps,\" etc.]{.font12}
[Here are some examples of how ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used to indicate likelihood: ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Yījīng shíèrdiān bàn le, zhè It's half past twelve. Who would shihou shéi huì lai ne? come at this hour?]{.font12}
[Yídìng yào wǒ qù, tā cái huì qù. I'll have to go or else he won't go.]{.font12}
[nǐ huì zǒucuǒde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: So far you have seen -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used as a marker of possession or of modification, and in the ]{.font12}[shi... de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ construction. Here it is used in an entirely new way: at the end of a sentence, -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can mean \"that's the way the situation is.'' Generally speaking, this -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used in emphatic assertions or denials, especially those expressing probability, necessity, desire, etc.]{.font12}
[Usage note]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Unless the sentence contains ]{.font12}[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or is understood to have an omitted ]{.font12}[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the majority of native Běijīng speakers seem to feel that this -de is ]{.font12}[nānfāng huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, southern Chinese (e.g., Nanjing), or a carry-over into Standard Chinese from southern dialects. Because of these regional connotations you needn't try to use it a lot; it will be enough for you to understand this -de; in fact, you will see that in most of the following examples, the -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is completely unnecessary.]{.font12}
[Cóngqián wǒ cóng Xianggang In the past whenever I have bought]{.font12}
[mǎi shūde shihou, měicì (mail-order) books from Hong Kong,]{.font12}
[dōu (shi) jì zhīpiàode. I have always paid by check (lit.,]{.font12}
[\"sent a check\").]{.font12}
[(2) Sentences with an auxiliary verb (]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[néng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[yào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[yǐnggāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.)]{.font12}
[Nǐ gàosu ta, tā huì shēngqìde.]{.font12}
[Zài xiě yìliǎngge zhōngtóu, wǒ xiǎng néng xièwánde.]{.font12}
[Nǐ zènme méi mǎi a, yìdiǎn dōu bú guì, nǐ yǐnggāi mǎide.]{.font12}
[Nǐ zhème bù shūfu, Jīntiānde huì nǐ bù yǐnggāi qùde.]{.font12}
[Women zǒng you yìtiān yào hui dàlùde. []{#footnote1}^1^]{.font12}
[If you tell him he'll get angry.]{.font12}
[If I write for another hour or two I think I can finish writing it.]{.font12}
[How come you didn't buy it? It's 1 at all expensive. You should ha^1^ bought it.]{.font12}
[Since you're feeling so ill, you shouldn't go to today's meeting.]{.font12}
[There will come a day when we will go back to the mainland.]{.font12}
[Zhèixiē shū ]{.font12}[yídìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xūyaode.]{.font12}
[Wǒ he kāfēi ]{.font12}[cōnglái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bú fàng tángde.]{.font12}
[Mapó Doùfu ]{.font12}[píngcháng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dōu yǒu ròude.]{.font12}
[Wǒmende gōngzuò zhēnshi tài duō le, zuòbuwánde.']{.font12}
[Zhèige diànyǐng wǒ cóngqián kànguode.]{.font12}
[Tt doesn\'t, matter.]{.font11}
[All right, all right.]{.font11}
[yìfāngmiàn...yìfāngmiàn...]{.font11 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Th i s hand..., on the other hand...\" or \"for and (?) \"doing...while doing...\"]{.font11}
[Zài Xianggang yìfāngmiàn nǐ you Jǐhui he Zhōngguo ren tan huà, yìfāngmiān keyi zhǐdao dalude qíngkuāng.]{.font11}
[Tā yìfāngmiàn kàn diànshì, yì-fāngmiàn chǐ dōngxi.]{.font11}
[1]. yìbiān(r)...yìbiān(r).. .]{.font11}
[12.]{.font11 style="font-style:italic;"}[ yímiàn(r)...yímiàn(r)...]{.font11}
[has two meanings: (1) \"on (die one one thing..., for another thing...\"]{.font11}
[In Hong Kong, on the one hand you\'ll have a chance to talk with Chinese and on the other hand you can learn about the situation on the mainland]{.font11}
[He watches television while eating.]{.font12}
[doing...whi1c doing ...]{.font11}
[doing...while doing ...]{.font11}
[Notes on Mos. 11 and 12]{.font11 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[yìbiān(r)...yìbiān(r)...]{.font11 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and doing. . . Both of these patterns ]{.font11}[mian...yìfāngmiàn. ..]{.font11 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font11}
[Yìbiān zuò yìbiān xué ba.\']{.font11}
[Wo yìbiānr ting yìbiānr xiě.]{.font11}
[Women yìbiān zǒu yìbiān tan, hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font11}
[Unit 1, Tape 1, Review Dialogue]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[As Tom (A) (]{.font12}[Tāngmǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), a graduate student in Chinese Area Studies at Georgetown University, is studying in his apartment, a knock comes at the door It is his classmate Lǐ Ping (B), an exchange student from Hong Kong.]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Bú yào máfan, shénme hēde dōu xíng.]{.font12} [Don\'t go to any trouble. Anything to drink is fine.]{.font12} [A:]{.font12} [Kěkōukelè, Júzi shuīr , háishi]{.font12} [Coke, orange Juice or beer?]{.font12}
[píjiù?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [M, júzi shui ba!]{.font12} [Um, orange juice.]{.font12} [A:]{.font12} [Hao, wo mashàng j iù lái, yào]{.font12} [Okay, I\'ll get it right now. Do]{.font12}
[bīngkuàir ma?]{.font12} [you want ice cubes?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Bú yào, xièxie.]{.font12} [No, thanks.]{.font12}
[(Li Ping sits down and leafs through the books, and Tom returns with]{.font12}
[two]{.font12}
[glasses of orange juice. )]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12}
[Tāngmǔ?.\']{.font12}
[Tom?]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12}
[Ng?]{.font12}
[Yeah?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12}
[Zhè sānge dìfangde shū, ni dōu]{.font12}
[Reading books from]{.font12}
[all three of]{.font12}
[kàn, ní juéde zenmeyàng?]{.font12}
[these places, what do]{.font12}
[you think?]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12}
[Wǒde gānjué bú shi yíjù huà]{.font12}
[I can\'t explain my]{.font12}
[feelings in]{.font12}
[°K]{.font12}[ekoukělè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Coca-Cola\"; ]{.font12}[júzi shuí(r]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), \"orange juice\" (Beijing usage)]{.font12}
[kéyi shuōqīngchude. Eng... zhème shuō ba, wǒ zǒng Juéde dàlù rén, Xianggang rén, he Taiwan rén dōu shi Zhōngguo rén, tāmen you yíyàngle wénhuà chuán-tǒng, kěshi yīnwei zhèngzhide qíngkuàng bù tong, shèhuìde qíngkuàng yě jiu bù yíyàng le.]{.font11}
[Nǐ shuōde duì, dànshi nǐ yào dǒngde Zhōngguo shèhuì, zhǐ kàn shū shi bù gōude.]{.font11}
[Ei, nǐ zhīdào ma, xiànzài xué Zhōngwénde xuéshēng you hen duō jíhui dào Zhōngguo qu. Suǒyǐ wǒ jìhuà zài zhèige xuéqī wánle de shihou, qù Zhōngguo kànkan. Erqiě, wǒ hái xiǎng zhǎo ]{.font11}[ze]{.font11 style="font-style:italic;"}[ hǎo péngyou yìqǐ qù.]{.font11}
[Zuótiān wǒ Jiedao wǒ mǔqlnde xìn, ]{.font11}[tā]{.font11 style="font-style:italic;"}[ xǐwàng wǒ hui Xiānggǎng guo shùjià; zěnmeyàng, nǐ he wo yìqǐ huíqu ba. Nǐ kéyi zhù zai wǒmen jiāli, erqiě, zài Xianggang yìfāngmiàn nǐ you Jīhui hé Zhōngguo rén tan huà, yì fāngmiàn kéyi zhīdao dàlù, Xiānggǎng he Tai-wǎr.ie qíngkuàng, nǐ kàn hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font11}
[Fēicháng hǎo.']{.font11}
[Name, nǐ hái yào he nǐ jiāli rén shāngliang yixiar ha?]{.font11}
[Bu bì, gěi fùmǔ dǎ diànhuàde shihou, gàosu tamen wǒde jìhua Jiu xíng le. Wo yào yánjiū Zhōngguo shèhuì, fùmǔ yídìng huì gāoxìngde.]{.font11}
[just a few words. Hmm...let\'s say that I\'ve always felt that people on the mainland, in Hong Kong and Taiwan are all Chinese, all have the same cultural tradition, but because the political situations are different, the social situations are also different.]{.font11}
[You\'re right. But if you want to understand Chinese society, it\'s not enough Just to read books.]{.font11}
[Say, you know, students of Chines\'-have a lot of opportunities to go to China now. So I\'m planning to go • \' China for a visit when this se®est<'r is over. And what\'s more, I\'d like to find a good friend to go with.]{.font11}
[Yesterday I got a letter from my mother, and she\'d like me to come back to Hong Kong for summer vacation. How about going back with me? You can stay at our house; what\'s more, in Hong Kong, on the one hand you\'ll hav\'-a chance to talk with Chinese and on the other hand you can learn about * m situation m the na\'.r.l and . ^:^n Hong Kong and in Taiwan. What do you think]{.font11}
[Great.\']{.font11}
[Well then, you\'ll still want to discuss this a bit with your parents, I suppose?]{.font11}
[That\'s not necessary. When I call them, I\'ll tell them my plan, and then everything should be all right. I\'m sure they\'ll be happy that I want to study Chinese society.]{.font11}
[Měiguo niánqīng rén dōu you zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ, zhèi yidiǎnr, wǒ fēicháng xǐhuan.]{.font11}
[Young people in America really think for themselves (:'.ave tneir cwn ideas). T really like that.]{.font11}
[Niánqīng rén you zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ shi duìde, kěshi fùmǔde huà vě ymggai kaolu.]{.font11}
[It\'s good that young people think for tneicselves, bun you still ought to consider wha\' ycur •arents say.]{.font11}
[B: M. Na women shuōhǎo le, Jin-]{.font12}
[nián shǔjià qù Xianggang, xiànzài hái you wǔge yuède shíjiān kéyi zhǔnbèi.]{.font12}
- [A: Duì, Jiù zhème bàn! Jīnnián]{.font12}
[xiàtiān wǒ Jiù yào dào zhèige dìfang dà, rénkǒu duō, lìshǐ you chángde guójiā qu le. Hài Zhèige Jìhua zhēn ràng wo gāoxìng!]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo, jiù zhèiyang. Wǒ yinggāi]{.font12}
[zǒu le!]{.font12}
[A: Nǐ máng shenme! Hái zǎo ne!]{.font12}
[B: Bù zǎo le, huíqu hái děi niàn]{.font12}
[shū ne!]{.font12}
- [A: Nà, you shíjiān nǐ zài lái]{.font12}
[wánr!]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo, míngtiān jiàn.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Míngtiān Jiàn!]{.font12}
[Mm. Well then we have decided.]{.font12}
[This summer vacation we\'ll go to Hong Kong. We still have five months to prepare.]{.font12}
[Right, that\'s what we\'ll do. This summer we will go to that country with a large area, a great population, and a long history. Boy, this plan really makes me happy.]{.font12}
[Good, it\'s settled. I have to go.]{.font12}
[What\'s the hurry? It\'s still early!]{.font12}
[No it isn\'t. I still have to study when I get back.]{.font12}
[Well then, come again when you have time!]{.font12}
[Okay, see you tomorrow.]{.font12}
[See you tomorrow.]{.font12}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise contains a conversation in which a Chinese mother and son, who have lived in the United States for five years, discuss the possibility of his taking a summer trip to China.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once, you'll probably want to rewind the tape listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases conversation:]{.font12}
[xīnshì]{.font12}
[zhǎngdà]{.font12}
[dàxuéshēng]{.font12}
[gèguó]{.font12}
[gāozhōng]{.font12}
[haohSor]{.font12}
[Jìzhu]{.font12}
[After listening to it completely, and answer the questions below as you]{.font12}
[you will need to understand this]{.font12}
[something weighing on one's mind, worry]{.font12}
[to grow up]{.font12}
[college student]{.font12}
[various countries]{.font12}
[senior high school]{.font12}
[properly, carefully, thoroughly]{.font12}
[to remember]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
[1. How does Xiao Ming's mother know that something is on his mind? How does she bring up the subject?]{.font12}
[2. What are his classmates doing over the summer?]{.font12}
[3. Why does he think Asian culture is interesting?]{.font12}
[í+. How does Xiǎo Ming's mother react to his idea?]{.font12}
[5. What advice does she give?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation a Chinese student studying at a university in the U.S. comes home on a Friday night and finds his American roommate engrossed in his studies.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:]{.font12}
[Wode tiān na!]{.font12}
[student association to be concerned about]{.font12}
[jìndàishī modern history]{.font12}
[xiàndài modern]{.font12}
[pǐchá bíng pizza]{.font12}
[gushū ancient books]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
[1. Why does the Chinese student object to his roommate studying the classics?]{.font12}
[2. Why doesn't the American student like to talk about politics?]{.font12}
[3. What other subjects does the Chinese student feel his roommate should become familiar with for a well-rounded education?]{.font12}
[Does the American student agree? Why or why not?]{.font12}
[5. What will the roommates do after the American student finishes his homework?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.]{.font12}
[Exercise 4]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise, an American university student visits her Chinese literature professor after class in his office.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following new words and phrases:]{.font12}
[to get worked up, to be agitated]{.font12}
[liùshi niándài]{.font12}
[the decade of the sixties]{.font12}
[yí as soon as]{.font12}
[gaibi an change(s)]{.font12}
[liúxia to leave]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. Why was Professor Tang so upset in class?]{.font12}
[2. Why did the student visit her professor?]{.font12}
[3. What things does she bring him? Why?]{.font12}
[What recent changes have there been in the state of Chinese literature?]{.font12}
[5. What is Professor Tang's attitude about the future?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[A mother and. her son who immigrated, to America from China five years ago]{.font12}
[are talking after dinner:]{.font12}
- [A: Xiǎo Ming, nǐ zài chǐ yidiǎnr]{.font12}
[a.]{.font12}
- [B: Mā, wǒ chibǎo le, bù xiǎng chǐ]{.font12}
[le.]{.font12}
- [A: Měitiān niàn shū niànde zhème]{.font12}
[wan, zài bu duō chi yidiǎnr, zěnme xíng na?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ zhēnde chibǎo le, yidiǎnr]{.font12}
[dōu bù xiǎng chi le.]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎizi, nǐ you shénme ]{.font12}[xǐnshì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Kě bu kéyi hé wo tántan?]{.font12}
- [B: Mā, ni zuòxia. Zanmen lai]{.font12}
[Měiguo sìwǔnián le, lāide shihou wǒ hai shi ge haizi, xiànzài yǐjīng shi dàren le. Wǒ suīran ]{.font12}[zhǎngdà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le, kěshi zuò shénme shir, haishi xiǎng xiān he nín tántan.]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎode, you shénme shir, nǐ]{.font12}
[jiù shuō ba!]{.font12}
- [B: Mā, wǒ you Jǐge Měiguo tōng-]{.font12}
[xué, dōu shi xué Zhōngwénde, jīnnián shujià, tāmen xiǎng dào Yàzhōu qù kànkan, wǒ yě xiǎng hé tǎmen yìqǐ qù.]{.font12}
[A: Dōu shi nianqīng rén ma?]{.font12}
[B: Shi a, dōu shi ]{.font12}[dàxuéshěng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Tāmen qù Yǎzhōu, shi qù wánr]{.font12}
[háishi qù yánjiū Yǎzhōude zhèngzhi, wénhuà qíngxing?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ xiǎng, tāmen juéde Yàzhōu]{.font12}
[wénhuà hěn you yìsi, Yàzhōu ]{.font12}[gèguō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shèhuìde qíngkuàng yě hěn you yìsi.]{.font12}
[Xiǎo MÍng, have some more to eat.]{.font12}
[I'm full, Mom. I don't want any more.]{.font12}
[You study so late every day, if you keep eating so little, how will that do?]{.font12}
[I've really had enough. I Just don't want any more.]{.font12}
[Son, what do you have on your mind? Can you talk about it with me?]{.font12}
[Mom, sit down. We've been in America for four or five years now. When we came I was still a child, but now I'm an adult. But even though I've grown up, whenever I do something I still like to discuss it with you first.]{.font12}
[Okay, if you have something you'd like to talk about, go ahead.]{.font12}
[Mom, I have a few American classmates who study Chinese. This summer vacation, they want to go to Asia, and I'd like to go with them.]{.font12}
[Are they all young people?]{.font12}
[Yes, they're all college students.]{.font12}
[Are they going to Asia for fun or to study the political and cultural situation in Asia?]{.font12}
[I think they find Asian culture and the social situation in the Asian countries very interesting.]{.font12}
- [A: Tāmen Juéde zuì you yìside]{.font12}
[dìfang shi nǎr a?]{.font12}
- [B: Dāngrán shi Zhōngguo!]{.font12}
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- [A: Nǐ líkāi Zhōngguo zhǐ you]{.font12}
[sìwǔniān, Jiù xiǎng huíqu le?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ laide shihou cái shàng]{.font12}
[gāozhōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, duì Zhōngguo wénhuà dǒngdede tài shǎo. Wǒ xiǎng wǒ yǐnggāi huíqu kànkan.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhōngguode wénhuà yǐjīng you]{.font12}
[sìqiānniānde lìshǐ, yōu yìside dōngxi hěn duo. Nǐ yào yánjiù Zhōngguo wénhuà, wǒ bù ]{.font12}[fǎnduì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Búguò, zǒu yǐqián, nǐ yídìng yào hé ]{.font12}[Yéye hǎohāor]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ tan yícì. Tā Jǐshíniān méiyou huíqu le, yídìng you hěn duō huà yào hé ni shuō.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ Jìzhu le, yídìng hé Yéye]{.font12}
[haohāor tányitán.]{.font12}
[Which place do they think is the most interesting?]{.font12}
[China, of course!]{.font12}
[You left China only four or five years ago, and already you want to go back again?]{.font12}
[When I came I was only in senior high, and I understood too little about Chinese culture. I think I ought to go back to visit.]{.font12}
[Chinese culture already has four thousand years of history, and there are many interesting things. I'm not against your wanting to study Chinese culture. But before you go you have to talk it over thoroughly with Grandpa. He hasn't been back in several decades and I'm sure he'll have a lot to say to you.]{.font12}
[I'll remember. I'll make sure I talk it over thoroughly with Grandpa.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Two classmates, an American (B) and a Chinese (A), share an apartment somewhere in America. The American is at home studying ]{.font12}[Shǐ Jì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[Records of the Historian,]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ a classical history. His Chinese classmate comes in the door.]{.font12}
- [A:]{.font12}[ Wǒde tiān, na!]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Nǐ hái zài niàn]{.font12}
[shù? Ai, he bēi píjiǔ xiūxi xiuxi hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, ràng wo bǎ]{.font12}
[zhèiyidiǎnr kànwàn xíng bu xíng?]{.font12}
[bty God! Are you still studying? Hey, how about taking a break for a beer?]{.font12}
[Okay, okay, let me finish reading this little bit, okay?]{.font12}
- [A: Hài, nǐ zǒngshi kàn ]{.font12}[gǔshù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[Xiànzài shèhuìde qíngxing, nǐ Jiu yìdiǎnr dōu bu kǎolù ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Shéi shuō wǒ bù kǎolù, ]{.font12}[xué-]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[shēnghuìd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e shi wǒ yě zuòle bù shǎo ma!]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ zhén you yìsi! Zuò]{.font12}
[yidiǎnr xuéshěnghuìde shi Jiu shi ]{.font12}[guānxǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shèhuì le!]{.font12}
[Come on, you're always reading classics! Don't you ever think about the condition of today's society?]{.font12}
[Who says I don't think about it. I've done a lot with the Student Association, you know!]{.font12}
[You're something else! Just doing a little work with the Student Association means you're concerned about society*]{.font12}
[Well then, what do you think I should do?]{.font12}
[There are so many people on the mainland, how come you don't try to find out what their situation is like?]{.font12}
[I think that political problems are too much bother (tedious and involved). I don't like to talk about politics.]{.font12}
[I didn't mean I wanted to talk politics with you. I mean that as you study China, on the one hand you should read the classics and study traditional Chinese culture, but on the other hand you can also read some Chinese history of the past hundred years.]{.font12}
[You're right about that. I have modern Chinese history class this semester, don't I?]{.font12}
[But I think that besides taking classes, you could read some fiction, too.]{.font12}
[Read fiction?! When (lit. \"where") do I have time to read any fiction?]{.font12}
[Lately I've been reading a few modern Chinese novels which are very interesting. If you want to understand modern Chinese society, you really have to read more of this kind of fiction.]{.font12}
[How can I compare with you; you read so fast! Hey, how about this: after you've finished reading them, tell me which book is best and then I'll read it, okay?]{.font12}
[Okay, that's what we'll do. Now I'll leave you alone. Oh yeah---what are we going to eat tonight? I'll make something, okay?]{.font12}
[You don't have to make anything. Why don't we Just have something easy. After I finish reading this, how about going out and having a pizza?]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo! Ní kuài diǎnr niàn,]{.font12}
[niànwán zǎnmen jiu zǒu.]{.font12}
[Okay! Hurry up and read, we'll leave right after you finish.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[At an American university, a student (A), who has studied in Taiwan, comes to see her professor from China, Professor Tang (B).*]{.font12}
[A: Tang Xiǎnsheng, wǒ kéyi Professor (Teacher) Tang, may I come]{.font12}
[jìnlai ma? in?]{.font12}
- [B: Dǎngrán, qǐng jìnlai ba! You Of course, please come in! Is]{.font12}
[shi ma? there some matter (you want to see]{.font12}
[me about)?]{.font12}
- [A: Mm, jǐntiǎn shàng kède shihou]{.font12}
[nín dàgài hěn bu shūfu, wǒ lái kànkan nín.]{.font12}
- [B: Ou! Hai dàile huār lai!]{.font12}
[Xièxie ni.]{.font12}
- [A: Mei shenme, yǐnggāide. Tang]{.font12}
[Xiansheng, nín xiànzàide gǎnjué zěnmeyàng, hǎo yidiǎnr ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎoduō le, xièxie ni.]{.font12}
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- [A: You shénme wǒ kéyi gěi nín]{.font12}
[zuòde...nín bié kèqi.]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ qù dào liǎngbēi kāfěi lai,]{.font12}
[hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ xiǎng, Jǐntiǎn shàng kède]{.font12}
[shihou nín tài ]{.font12}[jīdòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, xiànzài zuì hǎo bù he kǎfēi.]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo ba, nǐ dào liǎngbēi Júzi-]{.font12}
[shu? lai. Wǒ bú yào bīng.]{.font12}
[A: Hǎode, wǒ Jiù lái.]{.font12}
[(She gets the orange Juice out of the and brings it over to his desk.)]{.font12}
[Um, in class today, you must have felt very bad, so I've come to see you.]{.font12}
[Oh! You even brought flowers!]{.font12}
[Thank you.]{.font12}
[Not at all, it's only proper. Dr. Táng, how do you feel now, better?]{.font12}
[Much better, thank you.]{.font12}
[If there's anything I can do for you...don't be polite.]{.font12}
[How about going and pouring Cusl a couple of cups of coffee?]{.font12}
[I think that during class today you got too worked up. It would be best if you didn't have any coffee now.]{.font12}
[Okay, then get us two glasses of orange Juice. I don't want any ice.]{.font12}
[Okay, I'll be right back.]{.font12}
[refrigerator in Professor Táng's office]{.font12}
[\'Professor Táng first studied literature in the early 1930's in Shànghǎi and himself belonged to several literary clubs and publications which included some of the authors he now discusses with his students.]{.font12}
- [A: Tang Xiansheng, you yíjù huà]{.font12}
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- [•wǒ bù zhīdào kéyi bu kéyi shuō.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [B: You shénme huà, nǐ jiù shuō]{.font12}
[ba!]{.font12}
- [A: Nín měicì Jiang Zhōngguo]{.font12}
[liùshi niándài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wénxué dōu fēicháng Jīdòng, zhèiyangr duì nínde shēntī bù hǎo!]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ yě zhīdao, kěshi ]{.font12}[yì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ tan]{.font12}
[zhèi fāngmiànde wèntí, zǒngshi rang wo hen Jīdòng.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhōngguo wénxuéde qíngkuāng]{.font12}
[zhèijīnián youle hěn dàde ]{.font12}[gǎibiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Yǒude shíhou hǎo yidiǎnr, yǒude shíhou bù zěnme hǎo.]{.font12}
- [B: Zhōngguode shìqing Jiù shi]{.font12}
[zhèiyàng, hé zhèngzhide guānxi tài dà. Wǒ lǎo le, wǒ méi bànfǎ dong le.]{.font12}
- [A: Nín shi wǒmende lǎoshī. Ruguǒ]{.font12}
[nín bù dong, shéi dong ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Èi, yīhòude yánjiū, Jiù shi]{.font12}
[nǐmen niánqīng rénde shi le.]{.font12}
- [A: Tang Xiansheng, nín bu yào]{.font12}
[zhèiyangr xiǎng, women dōu xīwàng yīhòu Zhōngguo wénxuéde qíngxing huì hǎo yidiǎnr. Jīntiān wǒ zài tùshūguǎn Jièle Jīběnr xīn shu, dōu shi bu cuòde. Gěi nín ]{.font12}[liúxia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba!]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo, you shiJian wo kànyikan.]{.font12}
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- [A: Wǒ zǒu le, nín duō xiūxi]{.font12}
[yihuīr. Zàijiàn.]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo, zài Jiàn. Xièxie nī]{.font12}
[lai kàn wo.]{.font12}
[A: Bu kèqi.]{.font12}
[Dr. Tang, there's something I want to say but I don't know if I can.]{.font12}
[Whatever you have to say, Just say it!]{.font12}
[Every time you talk about Chinese literature of the sixties you get very agitated.\" That's bad for your health!]{.font12}
[I know, but as soon as I talk about the topic it always makes me very agitated.]{.font12}
[There have been big changes in the state of Chinese literature in the past few years. Sometimes it's been a little better and sometimes it hasn't been too good.]{.font12}
[That's exactly the way things are in China; their relationship with politics is too great. I'm too old, I can't understand it any more.]{.font12}
[But you're our teacher. If you don't understand, who does?]{.font12}
[(Sigh) In the future, research will be the Job of you young people.]{.font12}
[Dr. Tang, don't think that way. All of us hope that the state of Chinese literature will get better in the future. I got a few new books out of the library today which are all pretty good. I'll leave them with you!]{.font12}
[Okay, I'll look through them when I have time.]{.font12}
[I'm going to leave now. You get some more rest. Good-bye.]{.font12}
[All right, good-bye. Thanks for coming to see me.]{.font12}
[You're welcome.]{.font12}
[Many authors of considerable fame and accomplishment were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. One unfortunate instance of this resulted in Lǎo Shě's suicide.]{.font12}
[UNIT 2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Equality of the Sexes]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. The uses of ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[biěde,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"other(s)\" and ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[lìngwài]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"other.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[2. The pattern ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[měi...jiu...]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[3. The pattern ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yuè...yuè...]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the more...the more....\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
<!-- -->
- [U. The pattern ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yuè lai yuè....]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"more and more....\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
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[5. The verb ending ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[-xiaqu,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to continue,\" \"to go on.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[6. The prepositional verb ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[xiang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"like.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7. The adverb ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[jiù,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"as soon/early as that.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. Asking a person\'s views on an issue.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[2. Being tactfully hesitant when asking about a delicate topic.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[3. Correcting a false impression given by something you said.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
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- [U. Dismissing an idea or proposal.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
<!-- -->
- [1. A: Zhèiběn Fǎwén ]{.font12}[zhōukān xiāngdāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bú cuò!]{.font12}
[B: A! Nǐ xiànzài duì Fǎwén hen ]{.font12}[you yánjiū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le, néng kàn Fǎwén zázhì le!]{.font12}
[This French weekly is quite good!]{.font12}
[Oh! You know a lot about French now you can read French magazines!]{.font12}
- [2. A: ]{.font12}[Nánnū píngděng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi bu shi Zhōngguo rénde kànfǎ?]{.font12}
[B: Shi, kěshi nèi shi Zhōngguo rénde xīn ]{.font12}[guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, bú shi lǎo guānniàn.]{.font12}
[Is equality between men and women a Chinese viewpoint?]{.font12}
[Yes, but that\'s a new concept of the Chinese, not an old one.]{.font12}
- [3. A: Zhèi]{.font12}[piān wénzhāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bù hǎo ma?]{.font12}
[B: Bú shi zhèige yìsi. Wénzhāng bú cuò, jiù shi chángle yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ hái you shénme biéde wénzhāng ma?]{.font12}
[Isn't this article any good?]{.font12}
[That wasn't what I meant. The article is pretty good, it's just that it's a bit long.]{.font12}
[Do you have any other articles?]{.font12}
[h. A: Nǐ ]{.font12}[jiēhūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yīqián ]{.font12}[yìzhí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dōu gēn fùmǔ yìqǐ zhù ma?]{.font12}
[B: Bú shi, wǒ méi jiēhūn jiu líkāi jiā ]{.font12}[dúlì shēnghuōl]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e qī-bā nián.]{.font12}
- [5. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèr you yìpiān guānyù ]{.font12}[tōngjūde xǐnwén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Suànle]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba. Zhèizhǒng xǐnwén you shénme yìsi?]{.font12}
[Before you got married did you live with your parents all along?]{.font12}
[No, I left home before I got married and lived independently for seven or eight years.]{.font12}
[Look, here's a news article about ''living together.\"]{.font12}
[Forget it. What's interesting about that kind of news?]{.font12}
- [6. A: Nī jiejie ]{.font12}[yǐxué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ fāngmiànde shū ]{.font12}[yuè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ lái ]{.font12}[yuè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ duō le!]{.font12}
[B: Shi a, tā zài ]{.font12}[pǐnmìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xué]{.font12}
[Your sister is getting more and more medical books!]{.font12}
[Yes, she's studying medicine with all her energy.]{.font12}
- [7. A: Liu Xiānshengde kè ]{.font12}[shízài ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[méi yìsi.]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ tǐn]{.font12}[gxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, mànmānr huì ]{.font12}[you xìngqud]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e.]{.font12}
- [8. A: ]{.font12}[Xiang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Wang Jiàoshòu zhèi-yangde lǎoshǐ zhēnshi bù duo.]{.font12}
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- [B: Nǐ shuōduì le. Ruguǒ bú shi tā ]{.font12}[bāngzhu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wo, wǒ zhēn bù xiǎng xué le.]{.font12}
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- [9. A: Sānnián yīqián wǒ jiu bú ]{.font12}[kào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ fùmǔ shēnghuo le.]{.font12}
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- [B: Nī néng zìjǐ ]{.font12}[guan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zìjī, zhēn bú cuò.]{.font12}
[Mr. Liu's class is really boring.]{.font12}
[If you keep attending it, gradually you'll become interested.]{.font12}
[There really aren't many teachers like Professor Wang.]{.font12}
[You're right. If it weren't for the help he's given me, I wouldn't want to study anymore.]{.font12}
[I stopped depending on my parents for a living three years ago.]{.font12}
[It's really great that you can take care of yourself Cbe your own bossí\'.]{.font12}
- [10. A: Tā xiěde jǐběn xiǎoshuō xiànzài dōu hěn ]{.font12}[liúxíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
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- [B: Nà dāngrān, xiàng tā nèiyang you ]{.font12}[dìwei]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ you ]{.font12}[zhǐshid]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e rén, xiěde xiǎoshuō yídìng you yìsi.]{.font12}
[The novels he wrote are all very popular now.]{.font12}
[Of course. Novels written by someone with his position and knowledge are sure to be interesting.]{.font12}
[ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY]{.font12}
[11. you bāngzhu]{.font12}
[12. you dàolī]{.font12}
[13. zìyou]{.font12}
[12*. -bèizi]{.font12}
[15. ]{.font12}[Xǐnwén Zhōukān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[16. fùnu]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | [VOCABULARY]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [bāngzhu]{.font12} | [help; to help]{.font12} | | | | | [-bèizi]{.font12} | [all one's life, | | | lifetime]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [dàolǐ]{.font12} | [principle, truth, hows and whys; | | | reason, argument, sense]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [dìwei dull]{.font12} | [position, status]{.font12} | | | | | | [to be independent; | | | independence]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [funú]{.font12} | [woman; women, | | | womankind]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [guan]{.font12} | [to take care of; to mind, to | | | bother about]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [guānniàn]{.font12} | [concept, idea, notion]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [jiéhūn (jiēhūn)]{.font12} | [to get married]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [kào]{.font12} | [to depend on, to rely on; to | | | lean against; to be near, to be | | | next to]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [liúxíng]{.font12} | [to be common, to be popular, to | | | be prevalent]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [méi yìsi]{.font12} | [to be uninteresting, to be | | | boring;]{.font12} | | | | | | [to be pointless, to be | | | meaningless; to be a drag; to be | | | without value, not worthy of | | | respect]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [nánnū]{.font12} | [men and women, | | | male-female]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [-pi an]{.font12} | [(counter for sheets, articles or | | | pieces of writing)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [píngděng pínmìng]{.font12} | [equality; to be equal (of | | | people) with all one's might, for | | | all one is worth, desperately, | | | like mad; to risk one's life, to | | | defy death]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [shēnghuó shizài suàn | [life; to live; | | le]{.font12} | livelihood]{.font12} | | | | | | [really; to be real]{.font12} | | | | | | [forget it, let's drop the | | | matter, let it go at that; come | | | off it, come on]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [tóngjū]{.font12} | [to cohabit; | | | cohabitation]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [wénzhāng]{.font12} | [article, essay; prose (writing) | | | style]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [xiang]{.font12} | [to be like, to resemble; like; | | | such as]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [xi āngdāng]{.font12} | [quite, pretty, | | | considerably]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [-xiaqu]{.font12} | [(resultative ending which | | | indicates continuing an | | | action)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [xìngqu]{.font12} | [interest]{.font12} | | | | | [xinwén]{.font12} | [news]{.font12} | | | | | [Xinwén Zhōukān]{.font12 | [Newsweek]{.font12 | | st | st | | yle="text-decoration:underline;"} | yle="text-decoration:underline;"} | | | | | [xué yī]{.font12} | [to study medicine]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [yī]{.font12} | [medical science, medicine (used | | | in phrases like xué yī)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [yīxué yìzhí]{.font12} | [medical science, | | | medicine]{.font12} | | | | | | [all along, continuously, all the | | | time (up until a certain | | | point)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [you bāngzhu you dàolī you xìngqu | [to be helpful]{.font12} | | you yánjiū]{.font12} | | | | [to make sense]{.font12} | | | | | | [to be interested]{.font12} | | | | | | [to have done research on; to | | | know a lot about]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [yuè...yuè...]{.font12} | [the more...the | | | more...]{.font12} | | [yuè lai yuè...]{.font12} | | | | [more and more..., | | | increasingly...]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [zhīshi zhōukān]{.font12} | [knowledge]{.font12} | | | | | | [weekly publication, | | | weekly]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [zìyou]{.font12} | [magazine, a \"weekly\" freedom; | | | to be free]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhōukān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''weekly publication, weekly magazine'' One of the meanings for ]{.font12}[zhōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is ''week.\" (Other meanings include ''cycle, circuit.'') ]{.font12}[Kān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a word element meaning \"to print, to publish\" or \"a periodical, a publication.\" Notice that this is a different word from the falling-tone ]{.font12}[kàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to read.\" Some other words using these syllables (which you will often hear, but need not learn now) are:]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [zhōumò zhōubào zhōukān yuèkān | [weekend]{.font12} | | bàokān qīkān kānwù]{.font12} | | | | [weekly publication, weekly | | | weekly publication]{.font12} | | | | | | [monthly publication newspapers | | | and magazines | | | periodicals]{.font12} | | | | | | [publications]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[xiāngdāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"quite, pretty,\" as in \"quite a lot\" or \"pretty good.\" This word is not quite as positive as ]{.font12}[zhēn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"really, truly,\" but more so than ]{.font12}[hái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"fairly, rather\" (which will be presented in Unit U).]{.font12}
[Tā chǎode cài xiāngdāng hǎo chǐ. He cooks pretty well.]{.font12}
[Zhèige zhǎnlǎnguǎn xiāngdāng This exhibition hall is quite good,]{.font12}
[bú cuò.]{.font12}
[you yánjiū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to have done research on, to know a lot about, to be expert on, to be knowledgeable about.\" You have often seen ]{.font12}[you]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used with a noun, such as ]{.font12}[ming]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"name,\" or ]{.font12}[qián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"money,\" to form a phrase which acts like an adjectival verb. ]{.font12}[You míng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"to be famous,\" ]{.font12}[you qián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"to be rich.\" ]{.font12}[You yánjiū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is Just such a phrase.]{.font12}
[As shown in sentence IB, to say \"knowledgeable ABOUT\" something, use the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[duì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"towards, with regard to,\" as in:]{.font12}
[duì]{.font12} [......]{.font9} [you yánjiū]{.font12} [(with regard to]{.font12} [Ca subject of study2]{.font12} [have research)]{.font12}
[\"to know a lot about (something)\"]{.font12}
[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The marker ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used twice in the sentence above to show a new situation. This person's French seems to have improved because NOW he knows a lot about French and can read magazines.]{.font12}
[2. A: ]{.font12}[Nánnū píngděng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi bu shi Is equality between men and women Zhōngguo rénde kànfǎ? a Chinese viewpoint?]{.font12}
[B: Shi, kěshi nèi shi Zhōngguo Yes, but that's a new concept of the rénde xin ]{.font12}[guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, bú Chinese, not an old one.]{.font12}
[shi lǎo guānniàn.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[nánnū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"male and female,\" used only for humans.]{.font12}
[Nánnūde shìqing zuì nan shuō. Matters between men and women are the hardest to judge.]{.font12}
[Women xuéxiào nánnū xuéshēng There are both men and women students]{.font12}
[dōu you. at our school.]{.font12}
[W X X]{.font9}
[Nan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[nū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ma\^r modify nouns referring to people, e.g., ]{.font12}[nuxuésheng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"woman student, '' ]{.font12}[nutōngzhì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ , \"woman comrade. \"]{.font12}
[A: Chen Yīngmíng dào nǎr qu le? Where did Chen Yīngmíng go?]{.font12}
[B: Tā he yíge tóngxué chūqu le. He went out with a classmate.]{.font12}
[A: Shi nántóngxué shi Was it a male classmate or a female]{.font12}
[nutōngxué? classmate?]{.font12}
[Nánde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[nūde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are sometimes used for \"man\" and \"woman,\" but when used to refer to an individual (e.g., ]{.font12}[nèige nánde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) they are rather impolite. When used for \"men\" and \"women\" in general or to distinguish between the sexes, they are, however, acceptable.]{.font12}
[A: Wǒ mǎi zhèizhǒng xíng bu xíng? Should I buy this kind?]{.font12}
[B: Bù xíng, zhèi shi nánde yòngde. No, this is for men's use.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
[A: Gāngcái you yíge rén dǎ diàn- Just now someone telephoned for you. huà lai zhǎo ni.]{.font12}
[B: Shi nánde shi nude? Was it a man or a woman?]{.font12}
[nánnū píngděng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"equality of the sexes,\" literally \"man-woman equality.\" The marriage law of May 1, 1950, established a policy in the PRC which has *For animals, \"male\" is ]{.font12}[gōng(de)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and \"female\" is ]{.font12}[mǔ(de)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, e.g., ]{.font12}[gōngniū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"bull,\" ]{.font12}[mǔniū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"cow.\"]{.font12}
[Tāde gǒu shi gōngde háishi mǔde? Is his dog a male or a female?]{.font12}
[You rén shuō kāidāo yihòu bù Some people say that after an opera-]{.font12}
[yīnggāi chi gōngjī, yīnggāi tion one shouldn't eat rooster;]{.font12}
[chi mǔjī. one should eat hen.]{.font12}
[remained basically the same up to the present day. It forbade bi g]{.font12}[amy]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[polygamy, and the traditional practice of adopting a young girl for the purpose of later marrying her to one's son. It also fixed a minimum age for marriage, urged the acceptance of remarriage of widows, allowed divorce by mutual consent, and gave women the choice not to take their husband's surname at marriage. Today, although traditional attitudes toward women and marriage persist especially in rural China, official policy has made some tangible inroads toward the goal of equality. Most importantly, men and woman are regarded as equal under the law. They receive the same schooling. They must receive equal compensation for equal work. (it is expected, however, that women doing heavy physical work are not as strong or productive as men, and so their pay will be correspondingly lower.) In addition, the leadership of communes, production teams, and unions must include special women personnel who represent the interests of women in matters of politics, finance, work, and personal relations.]{.font12}
[píngděng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This word is both a noun and a verb: \"to be equal; equality\"]{.font12}
[Cóngqián zài Zhōngguo nánnū bù Formerly men and women were unequal píngděng, xiànzài bù tong le. in China. Now it is different.]{.font12}
[Měiguo rén gēn Zhōngguo rén duì Americans and Chinese don\'t have nánnù píngděngde guānniàn bú all that similar an idea of]{.font12}
[tài yíyàng. equality of the sexes.]{.font12}
[guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"way of thought, concept; sense (of), mentality (of)\" This is a way of thinking about the larger issues of life, the way \"things\"]{.font12}
[(values, responsibilities, and so on) should be. One ]{.font12}[guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is only part]{.font12}
[of a whole system of attitudes, thoughts and beliefs. In given contexts, you can sometimes translate it as an \"idea\" held by a person or group (but it]{.font12}
[does ]{.font12}[not]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ mean \"idea\" as in \"I have a good idea\" Cthis would be ]{.font12}[zhúyìl]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[). In a]{.font12}
[society, ways of thinking come and go; people have a mixture of ]{.font12}[xīn guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"new ways of thought, new ideas,\" and ]{.font12}[lao guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"old ways of thought, old ideas.\" Ways of thinking which are no longer current are called ]{.font12}[jiù guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"outmoded ways of thinking.\" For instance, equality of the sexes is a ]{.font12}[xín guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[; the idea that arranged marriages are superior to marriages of free choice is a ]{.font12}[lǎo guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[; the idea of child brides as acceptable and practical is a ]{.font12}[jiù guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Some ]{.font12}[guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are considered \"correct\" and \"good\" by the majority, and some are considered \"incorrect\" and \"bad.\" ]{.font12}[Jiātíng guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"a sense of family,\" is usually considered good.' \"Bad\" concepts have names too Efor example, ]{.font12}[síyǒu guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"sense of personal ownership\"!. People are sometimes criticized because their such-and-such ]{.font12}[guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is too weak or too strong, and they are told accordingly either to strengthen it or get rid of it.]{.font12}
[Sometimes the American way of thinking and the Chinese way is the same, sometimes not.]{.font12}
['Other \"good\" concepts containing words that haven't been presented yet are ]{.font12}[dàodé guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"sense of morality,\" ]{.font12}[zǔzhí guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"sense of organization,\" and ]{.font12}[zhèngcè guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"sense of official policy.\"]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[piān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This is a counter. First, -]{.font12}[piān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the counter for whole short pieces of writing, such as articles or essays. Second, -]{.font12}[piān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can count single sheets of paper with writing or printing on them (compare ]{.font12}[yìzhāng zhǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ which is a sheet of paper without regard to what is on it). Third, -]{.font12}[piān(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ by itself means a leaf of a book; that is, ]{.font12}[yìpiān(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ equals both sides of one page.]{.font12}
[wénzhāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: (1) "a writing, literary composition, article, essay\" (counter: -]{.font12}[piān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[); (2) \"prose style,\" as in]{.font12}
::: {style="border-bottom:solid;"} [Tāde wénzhāng bú cuò.]{.font12} :::
[His (prose) writing is very good.]{.font12}
[Bú shi zhèige yìsi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"That wasn't what I meant,\" or more literally, \"Not that meaning (the one you just said).\"]{.font12}
[jiù shi...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here means \"merely, only, just.\"]{.font12}
[chángle yidiǎnr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"a little bit too long.\" The marker ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ following an adjectival verb, such as \"to be long\" can mean either: 1) new situation, the article is now a bit long, or 2) excessive degree, the article is a bit too long. You've seen the second meaning in sentences such as ]{.font12}[Tai hǎo le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"That's wonderful."' Sentence 3B tells you that the speaker feels the article is overly long.]{.font12}
[biéde:]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"other, others\" Distinguish in Chinese between ]{.font12}[biéde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"others in general,\" and ]{.font12}[lìngwài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"another\" or \"the other.\" Use ]{.font12}[biéde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ when you are ]{.font12}[not specifying]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"which others.\" Use ]{.font12}[lìngwài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ + Number + Counter when you refer to a ]{.font12}[certain]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"other\" or ]{.font12}[certain]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"others.\" Contrast this pair of sentences■ \"]{.font12}[wǎnliàn wǎnhūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"late involvement and late marriage\" This refers to waiting until young people are in their late twenties before they become romantically involved or think of marriage.]{.font12}
[*\"]{.font12}[biàncheng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to change into\" (SOC Unit 3)]{.font12}
[Nǐ hái yào kàn biéde ma?]{.font12}
[Nǐ hái yào kàn lìngwài yíge ma?]{.font12}
[Contrast also:]{.font12}
[Zhèiběnr zìdiǎn bù hǎo, wǒ yào lìngwài yìběnr.]{.font12}
[Zhèiběnr zìdiǎn bù hǎo, wǒ yào biéde.]{.font12}
[Would you like to look at some other ones? (UNSPECIFIED OTHERS)]{.font12}
[Would you like to see the other one, too? (A CERTAIN ONE---\"THE\" OTHER)]{.font12}
[This dictionary is no good. I want the other one. (A CERTAIN OTHER ONE---e.g., the other one which the sales clerk showed you)]{.font12}
[This dictionary is no good. I want another. (UNSPECIFIED---e.g., you don't know whether the store has any others, but you would like to see some)]{.font12}
[Other examples:]{.font12}
[Tāmen liǎngge rén, yíge shi wǒ gēge, lìngwài yíge shi wǒ péngyou.]{.font12}
[Women zhèixiē rén lǐbiānr, chùle wǒ dào Xianggang qù yīwài, biéde rén dōu dào Taiwan qù.]{.font12}
[Zuótiān láide rén, wǒ zhǐ rènshi Tang Huìyíng, lìngwài sānge rén wǒ dōu bù rènshi.]{.font12}
[Of those two, one is my older brother, and the other is my friend. (A CERTAIN OTHER---\"THE\" OTHER)]{.font12}
[Of those of us here, only I am going to Hong Kong; all the others are going to Taiwan. (UNSPECIFIED--- ANY AND ALL OTHERS IN THE GROUP)]{.font12}
[Of the people who came yesterday, I only know Tang Huìyíng. I don\'t know any of the other three.]{.font12}
[(CERTAIN OTHERS---\"THE\" OTHER ONES)]{.font12}
[Tā hai yào biéde. He wants more of them.]{.font12}
[Tā hai zuōle hiéde cài. He made other dishes as well.]{.font12}
[Ní hai zhīdao hiéde hao fànguānr Do you know any other good restaurants? ma?]{.font12}
[shénme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"any\" The meaning of ]{.font12}[shénme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is changed from \"what\" to \"any\" hy the question word ]{.font12}[ma]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ at the end of the sentence. (Without ma, the sentence would mean, \"What other articles do you have?\")]{.font12}
[Ní yào shénme? What do you want?]{.font12}
[Ní yào shénme ma? Do you want anything?]{.font12}
[Ní dōu zhīdao shénme hao fàn- What good restaurants do you know? guǎnr?]{.font12}
[Ní zhīdao shénme hǎo fàn- Do you know of any good restaurants?]{.font12}
[guǎnr ma?]{.font12}
[U. A: Nī ]{.font12}[jiēhūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yíqián yìzhí dōu Before you got married did you gēn fùmǔ yìqī zhù ma? live with your parents all along?]{.font12}
[B: Bu shi, wǒ méi jiēhūn jiu No, I left home Before I got married líkāi jiā ]{.font12}[dull shēnghuōl]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e and lived independently for seven qī-bā nián. or eight years.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[jiéhūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to get married\" Also pronounced ]{.font12}[jiēhūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Jiéhūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a process verb, not a state verb. It is often seen with an aspect marker such as ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, or negated with ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tāmen jiéhūnle méiyou? Have they gotten married yet? (This]{.font12}
[is the equivalent of \"Are they married?\")]{.font12}
[Tāmen méi jiéhūn. They have not gotten married. (Equi]{.font12}
[valent to \"They are not married.\")]{.font12}
[Tāmen bù jiéhūn. They are not going to get married.]{.font12}
[Nī jiéhūn duo jiǔ le? Have long have you been married?]{.font12}
[Jiéhūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a verb-object compound, literally meaning \"to knot marriage.\" ]{.font12}[Jié ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[and ]{.font12}[hūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be separated by aspect markers, such as -de. or -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Nī shi shénme shihou jiéde hūn? When did you get married? ]{.font12}[or]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Nī shi shénme shihou jiéhūnde?]{.font12}
[Liu Xiānsheng Jiéguo sāncì hūn. Mr. Liu has been married three times.]{.font12}
[To say \"get married TO SOMEONE\" use the pattern ]{.font12}[gēn...jiéhūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[he...Jiéhūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tā gēn shéi jiéhūn le? To whom did he get married?]{.font12}
[yìzhí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"all along, continuously, always" You have seen ]{.font12}[yìzhí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"straight,\" used to refer to direction, as in ]{.font12}[yìzhí zōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Here ]{.font12}[yìzhí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to refer to time.]{.font12}
[Women yìzhí zài zhèli gōngzuò. We've always worked here.]{.font12}
[Tā yìzhí zài Taidà niàn shū. He studied all along at Taiwan]{.font12}
[University.]{.font12}
[Yìzhí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can \"be used with reference to a phrase telling of a period of time (]{.font12}[sānnian]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"three years,\" or ]{.font12}[jiéhūn yǐqiān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"before getting married\") to say \"all during (that time).\"]{.font12}
[It rained for three days straight.]{.font12}
[Neige háizi hěn xǐhuan dull That child really likes to he inde-]{.font12}
[shēnghuó, tā zài zhōngxuéde pendent. He started to work when]{.font12}
[shíhou yǐjíng kāishǐ gōngzuò le. he was in high school.]{.font12}
[Tā zhème dà, JīngJi hái méiyou He\'s so old and still not econom-dúlì. ically independent.]{.font12}
[shēnghuo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to live; life; livelihood\" ]{.font12}[Sheng-]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is stressed and -]{.font12}[huo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is unstressed or neutral tone. A ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase may come either before or after the verb ]{.font12}[shēnghuo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[5. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèr you yìpiān Look, here\'s a news article on]{.font12}
[guānyú ]{.font12}[tongJud]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e ]{.font12}[xǐnwén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. \"living together.\"]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Suànl]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e ba. Zhèizhǒng Forget it. What\'s interesting about]{.font12}
[xǐnwén you shénme yìsi? that kind of news?]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 5]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[tongjū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to live together, to cohabit\" ]{.font12}[Jū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a literary word for \"to live.[]{#footnote2}^2^' Although some dictionaries define ]{.font12}[tongjū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ simply as \"to live together,\" giving examples such as an uncle and nephew living together, ]{.font12}[tongjū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ almost always implies sexual relations. It may even be used to describe romances of shorter durations, whether or not a household was set up. You\'ll notice that in some dialogues in this unit, the speakers prefer the phrase ]{.font12}[nannū tongju ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[in order to be explicit.]{.font12}
[xǐnwén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"news\" This is the word for \"news\" as in \"the evening news,\" \"the news in the paper today,\" \"official news.\" It is not the word for news between friends, unless one is Joking about the importance of what is about to be said. EThe word for news between people is ]{.font12}[xiāoxi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"tidings,\" (MBD, Unit 5) which has a second meaning of \"official news.\"3]{.font12}
[Nǐ kàn diànshi xǐnwén le ma? Did you see the television news?]{.font12}
[Jintiān bàoshangde xǐnwén hěn The news in the paper today is very]{.font12}
[you yìsi, yīnggāi hǎohāor interesting; you should read it]{.font12}
[kànkan. carefully.]{.font12}
[suàn le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"Forget it.\" ]{.font12}[Suàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the verb \"to calculate, to figure, to compute.\" The idiom ]{.font12}[suàn le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is translated as \"let it be,\" \"let it pass,\" \"drop the matter,\" \"let it go at that. '']{.font12}
[Forget it, don't ask him about it any more.]{.font12}
[Let him do it himself, and the heck with it.]{.font12}
::: {style="border-bottom:solid;"} [B: Shǐ a, tā zài ]{.font12}[pīnmìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xué ]{.font12}[yī]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ne.]{.font12} :::
[Your sister is getting more and more medical books!]{.font12}
[Yes, she's studying medicine with all her energy.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[nǐ jiějie yīxué fāngmiànde shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"your sister's medical books\" To say just \"your sister's books\" you put a -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ on ]{.font12}[jiějie]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Nǐ Jiějiede shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. But -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not used after ]{.font12}[jiějie]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in 6A. This is because of the modifying phrase ]{.font12}[yīxué fāngmiànde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which ends in -de. To have two -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrases in a row before a noun is often considered stylistically bad; the way to get around it is to keep only the last -de. Other examples:]{.font12}
[Zhōu Xiānsheng E-del tàitai -de péngyou]{.font12}
[yuè lái yuè duō le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"more and more...\" The pattern ]{.font12}[yuè...yuè...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to express the idea \"the more...the more...\" Fill in the blanks with verbs (state or action).]{.font12}
[yuè duō]{.font12} [yuè hao]{.font12}
[\"the more the better\"]{.font12}
[yue kan | yue bu dong]{.font12}
[\"the more one reads, the]{.font12}
[more confused one gets\"]{.font12}
[When the verb ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used in the first blank of this pattern, the whole phrase expresses the idea of \"increasingly...\" or \"...-er and ...-er\":]{.font12}
[I yuè lai | yuè gāo |]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[\"to become taller and taller\"]{.font12}
[Huang Taitaide nuer yue lai yue Mrs. Huang\'s daughter is getting piàoliang le. prettier all the time.]{.font12}
[Dōngxi yuè lai yuè guì le. Things are getting more and more]{.font12}
[expensive.]{.font12}
[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the marker of ongoing action which you learned in the Meeting module, Unit 2: ]{.font12}[Tā xiànzài zài kāi huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"She is attending a meeting now.\" Note that ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used in sentence 6B even though the action of studying is not necessarily going on at this very second, but only at intervals. She might not be studying right when this sentence is said, but she still is going to medical school. Likewise, if you are in the middle of a novel, you can say ]{.font12}[Wǒ zài kàn yiběn xiǎoshuō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ even if you have put it aside for a day or two.]{.font12}
[zài...ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Sentences with ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the marker of ongoing action, often end in ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the marker of absence of change or lack of completion. (See Unit 2 of the Transportation module and Unit h of this module.)]{.font12}
[pǐnmìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"exerting the utmost strength, with all one's might, for all one is worth, desperately, like mad\" ]{.font12}[Pǐnmìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means literally \"to risk one's life\" or \"to defy death.\" One translation which captures the spirit of ]{.font12}[pǐnmìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"knocking oneself out.\"]{.font12}
[There's too much to do. She's working like mad and still won't be able to finish.]{.font12}
[méi yìsi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This phrase, meaning literally ''has no meaning," has an abundance of uses: (1) uninteresting, boring; (2) pointless, meaningless; (3) to be a drag; (U) without value, not worthy of respect, cheap.]{.font12}
- [(1) Zhèiběn shū zhēn méi yìsi.]{.font12}
[Wǒ kàn nǐ bú bì qù nèige dìfang, méi shenme yìsi.]{.font12}
- [(2) Jīntiān kāi huì, shénme dōu méi zuò, zhēn méi yìsi.]{.font12}
[Tā bù dong, zài Jiang ye méi yìsi.]{.font12}
[This book is really boring.]{.font12}
[I don't think you need to go there.]{.font12}
[It's not particularly fun (interesting)]{.font12}
[We didn't get anything done at today's meeting. How pointless.]{.font12}
[He doesn't understand. It's pointless to try to explain it any more.]{.font12}
[Tā bú zài, zánmen qù yě méi yìsi, shénme dōu bù néng zuò.]{.font12}
- [(3) Tā zài Měiguo, tā àiren zài Déguo, zhēn méi yìsi.]{.font12}
[(U) Zài tā bèihōu° shuō zhèiyangrde huà, zhēn méi yìsi!]{.font12}
[Since he's not there, it would be pointless for us to go. We wouldn't be able to do anything.]{.font12}
[He's in America and his love is in Germany. What a drag!]{.font12}
[Talking like that behind her back is really low.]{.font12}
[tīngxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to go on listening\" You've seen the action verb ]{.font12}[ting]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to listen\" and the directional ending -]{.font12}[xiàqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to go down\" before. Here ]{.font12}[xiàqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not used as a directional ending, but rather a resultative ending \"to continue, to go on.\" As a resultative verb, ]{.font12}[tīngxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may take ]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and bu as middle syllables to make verbs which say \"can\" and \"cannot.\"]{.font12}
[8. A: ]{.font12}[Xiàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Wang Jiàoshòu zhèi- There really aren't many teachers yangde lǎoshī zhēnshi bù like Professor Wáng.]{.font12}
[duō.]{.font12}
[B: NǏ shuōduì le. Rúguo bú You're right. If it weren't for]{.font12}
[shi tā ]{.font12}[bāngzhu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wo, wǒ the help he's given me, I]{.font12}
[zhēn bù xiang xué le. wouldn't want to study anymore.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[xiàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be similar to, to resemble\" ]{.font12}[Xiàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used as a full verb or as a prepositional verb. Here it is a full verb:]{.font12}
[Tā xiang fùqin, bú xiang mǔqin. He resembles his father, not his mother.]{.font12}
[As a prepositional verb, ]{.font12}[xiang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used in making comparisons. Notice the similarity of the word order between comparison sentences with ]{.font12}[xiang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and those with ]{.font12}[you]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[gēn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tā xiang tā gēge name cōngming. She\'s as intelligent as her brother.]{.font12}
[Nǐ you tā name gāo. You\'re as tall as he is.]{.font12}
[Nǐ gēn tā yíyāng gāo. You\'re the same height as he.]{.font12}
[Comparison sentences with ]{.font12}[xiang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ must have either ]{.font12}[yíyàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[zhème]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (]{.font12}[zènme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), or ]{.font12}[name]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ before the main verb. ]{.font12}[Xiang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ makes rather imprecise comparisons; its original meaning is, after all, \"resemble" or \"like," not exact equality.*]{.font12}
[You hold chopsticks like I do. (It's) as beautiful as a painting.]{.font12}
[The weather the past couple of days has been as nice as spring.]{.font12}
[Her eyes are as blue as sea water.]{.font12}
[The negative ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ comes before the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[xiang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tā bú xiang tā mèimei name He\'s not as intelligent as his]{.font12}
[cōngming. little sister.]{.font12}
[Nèi shihou shēnghuo bú xiang Life was not as good then as it xiànzài zhème hǎo. is now.]{.font12}
[Xiàng...zhèiyang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Zhèiyang(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[nèiyang(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are sometimes used after a noun or pronoun in phrases with ]{.font12}[xiàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, for example:]{.font12}
[xiàng tā zhèiyangde rén people like him (lit., \"like him this]{.font12}
[kind of people\")]{.font12}
[xiàng Wang Jiàoshòu zhèiyangde teachers like Professor Wang (lit., lǎoshī \"like Professor Wang this kind of]{.font12}
[teachers\")]{.font12}
[In such sentences, the ]{.font12}[zhèiyang(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[nèiyang(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are hard to translate into smooth English. It is usually best to leave those words out of the translation.]{.font12}
[Měitiān dōu xiàng jīntiān zhèi- If every day were like today, we yang jiù shūfu le. would have it easy.]{.font12}
[Beijing kao yā zhèiyangde cài, It would be too expensive to eat tiāntiān chī tài guì le. dishes like Běijīng roast duck]{.font12}
[every day.]{.font12}
[9.]{.font12} [A:]{.font12} [Sānnián yīqián wo Jiu bú ]{.font12}[kào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ fùmǔ shēnghuó le.]{.font12} [I stopped depending on my parents for a living three years ago.]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Nī néng zìjī ]{.font12}[guān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zìjī, zhēn bú cuò.]{.font12} [It\'s really great that you can take care of yourself (be your own boss)]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The adverb ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often used after expressions of time, and stresses that the time when the event happens is comparatively prompt, soon, or early. The English translations may vary; this use of ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has the flavor of ''as soon as that\" or \"as early as that,\" but it can also be conveyed in English simply by putting extra stress on the time expression. For example, \"He\'s coming TODAY.\'\" (]{.font12}[Tā jīntiān jiu lái le.*]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[). When used this way, ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is always unstressed or neutral tone.]{.font12}
[As in sentence 9A, new-situation ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often (but not always) used at the end of a sentence in connection with the adverb ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[kào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This verb has several commonly used meanings: (1) to lean against, to lay back on, (2) to depend/rely on, and (3) to be near/next to.]{.font12}
[Bié kào chēmén. Don\'t lean against the door of the]{.font12}
[car.]{.font12}
[Wǒde Yīngwén bù hāo, xie My English isn\'t good. When I write]{.font12}
[wénzhāng wánquán kào zìdiān. essays, I depend completely on a]{.font12}
[dictionary.]{.font12}
[The ending ]{.font12}[-zhāo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''succeed (in connecting with or touching)," can also be used with ]{.font12}[guǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Guǎnbuzhāo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means ''can be no concern of..., to be none of one's business."]{.font12}
[The colloquial ]{.font12}[Guǎn ta (ne)!]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ expresses brusque dismissal: ''Who cares about]{.font12}
[zìjǐ.. .zìjǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''oneself" Use the pronoun ]{.font12}[wǒ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for "l, me, my, mine," but use ]{.font12}[zìjǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[wǒ zìjǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for ''myself." Depending on the context, ]{.font12}[zìjǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can mean ''myself, yourself, him/herself, ourselves, themselves." Sometimes ]{.font12}[zìjǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used twice in the same clause, as in sentence 9B.]{.font12}
[Liúxíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is also used in compound nouns, such as ]{.font12}[liúxíngbìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"epidemic.\"]{.font12}
[Zhè yíge xlngqī yōu liúxíng- This past week there has been an]{.font12}
[bìng, nīmen Jiāde háizi epidemic; it would be best if]{.font12}
[zuì hǎo bié chū men. your children didn't go out.]{.font12}
[*]{.font12}[zhàogu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to take care of, to care for\" (Society, Unit 5) ]{.font12}[piàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to fool, to deceive\"]{.font12}
[you zhǐshi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be knowledgeable,\" literally \"to have knowledge\" ]{.font12}[you dàolǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to make sense,\" literally \"to have reason\" ]{.font12}[you bāngzhu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be helpful,\" literally \"to have help\"]{.font12}
[Here you see three more examples of how ]{.font12}[you]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to exist, to have,\" and a noun can be used to make an adjectival verb. Sometimes the meaning of the resulting phrase is more than Just the sum of its parts. ]{.font12}[You xìngqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"to be interested (in something),\" while ]{.font12}[you yìsi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"to be interesting.\" Here are some of the others you have already learned.]{.font12}
[to be related to yòu míng to be expert you yòng]{.font12}
[Jiéhūn shi yíbèizide shi, děi Marriage is a lifetime thing; you hǎohāor xiǎngxiang. should think it over carefully.]{.font12}
[fùnū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In Taiwan, a ]{.font12}[funū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is generally a married woman, but in PRC usage the word has no connotations about marital status. ]{.font12}[Fùnū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is also used in a collective sense, \"women\" or \"womankind.\"]{.font12}
[Unit 2, Tape 1, Review Dialogue]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[At the entrance to Lauinger Library at Georgetown University, Lǐ Ping (B) encounters Tom (A).]{.font12}
[B: Èi! Tāngmǔ, nǐ hǎo a! Hey! Hi, Tom!]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ hǎo, Lǐ Ping! Lai kàn Hi, Lǐ Ping. Did you come here to]{.font12}
[shū ma? do some reading?]{.font12}
[*]{.font12}[tímu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"subject, topic\" (see Unit 5)]{.font12}
[°The reason Lī Ping is being so careful here is that he knows Tom and his girlfriend are living together.]{.font12}
[wèntí. Erqiě wǒmen dōu yuànyi zài jiēhūn yǐqiān qīngchǔde zhīdao zìjī xǐhuande nèige rén shi yíge shénmeyàngrde rén. Zhèi yě xūyào shíjiān.]{.font12}
- [B: Kěshi you rén huì juéde]{.font12}
[nīmen zhèiyang zuò shi yīnwei nīmen juéde tóngjū bǐ jiēhūn zìyóu.]{.font12}
- [A: You rén zhème shuō, kěshi wǒ]{.font12}
[xiǎng tāmen méi dǒng wǒmende zìyóu shi shénme.]{.font12}
- [B: Shi shénme ne?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Měiguo rén Juéde zìjī kéyi]{.font12}
[jìhua zìjǐde shēnghuó shi zuì zhòngyàode zìyóu. Rūguo Měiguo méiyǒu zhèizhǒng zìyóu, jiù bú huì you name duō rén xiǎng lai Měiguo le, nī shuō wǒ shuōde duì bu dui?]{.font12}
- [B: Nī shuōde you diǎnr dàoli.]{.font12}
[Ou . . . Wǒ hai wangle wèn ni, jīnniàn xiàtiān, nǐde nupéngyou néng péi ni dào Xiānggǎng qu ma?]{.font12}
- [A: Bù xíng. Tā jìhua dào Déguo]{.font12}
[qu niàn shū. Shǔjiàde shihou tā yào zài Déguo zhù sānge yuè, nà duì tāde Déwén yídìng hěn you bāngzhu.]{.font12}
- [B: Duì.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Zěnmeyàng, nī duì ]{.font12}[Xǐnwén Zhōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[kān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zhèipiān wénzhāng hai you shénme biéde kànfǎ ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Kanfǎ you. Zhèige tímu hěn]{.font12}
[dà, women yīhòu mànmàn zài tan.]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo, yīhòu zài tan.]{.font12}
[that problem first. What's more, we each want to have a clear idea of of what kind of person the other is ]{.font12}[before]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ we get married. And that takes time.]{.font12}
[But some people will think you are doing this because you feel that living together is freer than marriage.]{.font12}
[Some people say that, but I don't think they have understood what our freedom is.]{.font12}
[What is it, then?]{.font12}
[Americans feel that to be able to plan their own life is the most important freedom. If America didn't have that kind of freedom, there wouldn't be so many people who want to come here. Don't you think I'm right?]{.font12}
[There's something to what you say. Oh ... I forgot to ask you something else: Will your girlfriend be able to come with you to Hong Kong this summer?]{.font12}
[No. She's planning to go to school in Germany. During summer vacation she's going to live in Germany for three months. I'm sure that will help her German a lot.]{.font12}
[That's right.]{.font12}
[So what about it, do you have any other opinions about that article in ]{.font12}[Newsweek?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Yes, I have other opinions about it. But it's a big topic. We can talk all about it later.]{.font12}
[Okay, we'll talk about it later.]{.font12}
[Unit 2, Tape 2 Workbook]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise ia a conversation in which a young man in Beijing talks with a middle-aged man about a problem.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you\'ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:]{.font12}
[húshuō to talk nonsense; drivel]{.font12}
[xiangbuchū can\'t think up, can\'t come up with]{.font12}
[Xiao Lin tamen Xiao Lin and the others]{.font12}
[shēnqǐng to apply for]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
[1. Propose a reason why Xiao Míngzi is no longer in school. (Hint: What are his other friends doing? What is the policy emphasis in China on careers for youth?)]{.font12}
[2. Is Xiao Míngzi looking for a job? Why or why not?]{.font12}
[3. What kind of job does his middle-aged friend suggest?]{.font12}
[1. To whom must Xiao Míngzi apply before he goes out to take pictures?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation a grandmother and her granddaughter discuss sexual equality and changes in morality in new China.]{.font12}
[Exercise]{.font12}
[In this exercise, as a mother and. son finish dinner, they discuss his future.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following new words and phrases:]{.font12}
[Master's degree]{.font12}
[Ph.D.]{.font12}
[to be unable to find]{.font12}
[High School Student]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (a periodical) senior high school]{.font12}
[to be developed]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. What is Xiǎo Lin's mother's major concern about his future?]{.font12}
[2. Why doesn't he want to go to college anymore?]{.font12}
[3. Who does Xiǎo Lin use as an example of why a college education is useless?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. What is his mother's position on the advantages of college education in Hong Kong?]{.font12}
[5. Does Xiǎo Lin's mother act as an advisor or does she expect her son to obey her wishes on this matter?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Conversation between a middle-aged man]{.font12}
- [A: Xiǎo Míngzi, jīntiān zěnme you]{.font12}
[shíjiān zài jiā?]{.font12}
- [B: Zěnme méi shíjiān? Líkāi]{.font12}
[xuéxiào yīhòu, shíjiān duōduō le.]{.font12}
- [A: Bié ]{.font12}[hushuō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[■ Nǐ you gōngzuò]{.font12}
[le meiyou?]{.font12}
- [B: You gōngzuò! Yǒule gōngzuò]{.font12}
[hái zài zhèr zuòzhe! you yìsi!]{.font12}
[A: Ao! Wǒ zhīdao le,]{.font12}
[nī hái méi]{.font12}
[gōngzuò na!]{.font12}
[s ~w~ • •]{.font9}
- [B: Ng. Laoshi shuo]{.font12}
[děngyiděng.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ zhèiyang děngxiaqu zěnme]{.font12}
[xíng ne? Yìtiān méi gōngzuò, yìtiān jiù děi kào fùmǔ a.]{.font12}
- [B: Hài, wǒ yě zhīdao, zhèiyang]{.font12}
[xiàqu bù xíng, kěshi wǒ shizài ]{.font12}[xiǎngbuchū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shenme hǎo bànfa ya! Nī shuō wǒ zěnme bàn?]{.font12}
[A: Nī huì shénme?]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ shénme dōu bú huì. Xiàng]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Lin tamen]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ huì zuò zhuōzi yǐzi shenmede, yě dōu you gōngzuò le.]{.font12}
[A: Ei, nǐ huì bu hui zhào xiàng?]{.font12}
[(A) and a young man (B) in Běijīng.]{.font12} [Xiǎo Míngzi, how is it that you have time to be at home today?]{.font12} [How would I not have time? Since I left school, I've had lots more time.]{.font12} [Cut it out. Do you have a job yet?]{.font12} [Have a job! If I had a Job would I still be sitting here! You're something else!]{.font12} [Oh! I see, you still don't have a job!]{.font12} [Uh-huh. My teachers said I can wait a while.]{.font12} [How will it do for you to go on waiting like this? Every day you don't have a job, you have to depend on your parents.]{.font12} [(Sigh), I know that it won't do to go on like this, but I really can't think of any good solution! What do you think I should do?]{.font12} [What do you know how to do?]{.font12} [I don't know how to do anything. Like Xiǎo Lin and the others, who can make tables, chairs, and so on, all have jobs already.]{.font12} [Say, can you take photographs?]{.font12}[B: Bú huì. No.]{.font12}
[*Work is assigned, so getting a job is not a matter of personal initiative. Work assignment is done by the work assignment committee of the city district, under coordination of the citywide office.]{.font12}
[\"Teachers, while not directly involved in the assignment of work, can be influential in the process. There is a group of teachers in each high school or university who make specific recommendations to city offices which decide whether a student finds work in the city or is sent to the country.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ duì zhào xiang you méiyou]{.font12}
[xìngqu?]{.font12}
- [B: You a]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Zhèiyang ba! Wǒ you yíge Rìběn]{.font12}
[zhàoxiàngjī, wǒ jiao ni zěnmeyàng zhào xiàng, nǐ jiu kéyi you gōngzuǒ le.]{.font12}
- [B: Suàn le ba, huì zhào xiàng]{.font12}
[zěnme huì you gōngzuǒ ne!]{.font12}
- [A: Hài, nǐ zhēn bù cōngming.]{.font12}
[Měitiān dōu you bù shǎo rén lai Beijing, shéi bù xiǎng zài Tiān'ānmén qián zhào zhang xiàng! Nǐ zài zhao liǎngge tóngxué, you guǎn zhàoxiàngde, you guǎn shōu qiánde, bu jiù xíng le ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Nín shuōde you dàolǐ, jiù]{.font12}
[zenme ban! Duì le, yào chūqu zhào xiàng, hái xūyào ]{.font12}[shēnqǐng ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ba?]{.font12}
- [A: Nà róngyi. Míngtiān, nǐ qù]{.font12}
[zhǎo lǎoshī, tāmen huì bāngzhu ni bànde.]{.font12}
[Are you interested in photography?]{.font12}
[Sure!]{.font12}
[How about this: I have a Japanese camera. I'll teach you how to -take pictures, and then you can have a job.]{.font12}
[Come on! How can I have a job by knowing how to take pictures!]{.font12}
[Tsk, you're really not on the ball. Every day there are lots of people who come to Běijīng; who doesn't want to get their picture taken in front of Tiān'ānmén! If you find a couple of classmates, and have one in charge of taking the pictures and one in charge of collecting the money then you're all set, right?]{.font12}
[What you say makes sense; that's just what I'll do! Oh yes---if you want to go out and take pictures, you have to apply, too, don't you?]{.font12}
[That's easy. Tomorrow, go see your teachers. They'll help you do it.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Conversation between a grandmother Běijīng.]{.font12}
[A: Nǎinai, nín shuō, xīn Zhōngguo,]{.font12}
[nánnū píngděng, fùnude dìwei gāoduō le, duì bu dui?]{.font12}
- [B:]{.font12}[ Nà hái yǒng shuō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Women]{.font12}
[niánqīngde shihou, fùnū zài jiāli, zài shěhuìshang dōu méiyou shenme dìwei, zhǐ you hěn shǎode nūháizi you jǐhui niàn shū. Bu xiàng nǐmen, gēn nánháizi yíyàng, niàn shū, zuǒ shi, ]{.font12}[duo hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[A: Nǎinai, nà nǐ shuō, tongjū]{.font12}
[zhèijiàn shir shi bu shi duì fùnù bù hǎo?]{.font12}
[(B) and her granddaughter (A) in]{.font12}
[Grandma, don't you think that in new China, with equality of the sexes the status of women is much higher?]{.font12}
[That goes without saying. When we were young, women didn't have much status in the family or in society. Only a very few girls had a chance to study. It wasn't like the way it is for you, who study and work just the same as boys. How great that is!]{.font12}
[Then what do you think, Grandma, is cohabitation a bad thing for women?]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ zěnme yuè shuō yuè ]{.font12}[qíguài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[le? Zài xīn Zhōngguo nǎr you tōngjūde shir?]{.font12}
- [A: Zěnme méiyou? Wǒ gāngcái]{.font12}
[kànde ]{.font12}[Zhōngguo Qǐngniáns]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[hang jiù you yìpiān wénzhāng, zhèipiān wénzhāng shuō, you yíge nánháizi he yíge nùháizi tōngjū le.]{.font12}
- [B: Tāmen wèishénme bù jiēhūn?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
[A: Nèige nánde xiǎng shàng dàxué.]{.font12}
[B: Ou, duì le, jiēle hūn jiu hù]{.font12}
[néng shàng dàxué le. Nà ]{.font12}[hòulǎi ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Hòulái, nèige nánde zhēn shàng]{.font12}
[dàxué le.]{.font12}
- [B: Niànwánle shū tāmen jiēhūn le]{.font12}
[ha?]{.font12}
- [A: Méiyou. Niànwán shū, nèige]{.font12}
[nánde xiǎng, nèi nuháizi méi dìwei, yě méi qián, tāmen jiu suàn le.]{.font12}
- [B: Suàn le?.' Nà shi shénme huà!]{.font12}
[Tā hái you méiyou yidiǎnr ]{.font12}[dàodé ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[guānniàn!]{.font12}
- [A: Dàodé guānniàn?! Hng, xiànzài]{.font12}
[shèhuishang jiù you zhèizhǒng shir! Nín shuō zhèi shi wèishénme?]{.font12}
- [B: Ai! Zhèi shíjǐnián ]{.font12}[qíqíguài-]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[guàid]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e xǐnwén zhēn duō! Shénme shihou cái néng hǎo yidiǎnr ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Shéi zhīdào! Wǒ xiǎng kuài]{.font12}
[le! Kuài hǎo yidiǎnr le!]{.font12}
[What's with these odd topics you're bringing up? Where is there such a thing as cohabitation in new China?]{.font12}
[There isn't, huh? Well in the ]{.font12}[China Youth]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ that I just read there\'s an article that said there was a young man who was living with a young woman.]{.font12}
[Why didn't they get married?]{.font12}
[The man wanted to go to college.]{.font12}
[Oh, right, you can't go to college after you're married. So what happened afterwards?]{.font12}
[Afterwards, the man really went to college.]{.font12}
[And after he finished school they got married, I suppose?]{.font12}
[No. After he finished school, the guy thought, she didn't have any status or any money, so they should call it quits.]{.font12}
[Call it quits.' What kind of thing is that to say! Didn't he have any sense of morality!]{.font12}
[Sense of morality?.\' Ha, that\'s just the sort of thing that society is full of these days! Why do you think that is?!]{.font12}
[(Sigh) The last decade or so there sure has been a lot of strange news! When will it get better?]{.font12}
[I think it will be soon! It's going to get better soon!]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Hong Kong, a mother (A) and son (B) have just finished dinner.]{.font12}
[A: Xiǎo Lin, chīle fàn bú yào]{.font12}
[niàn shū le, xiūxi xiuxi ba!]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Lin, don\'t study any more after dinner, just relax a bit!]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo. Nín yào he chǎ ma? Wǒ]{.font12}
[qù dào.]{.font12}
- [A: Deng yíxià, ràng wo kànkan,]{.font12}
[nǐde máoyí shi bu shi pò le? Míngtiān wǒ děi qù gěi ni mǎi jiàn xínde.]{.font12}
- [B: Mā, wǒ bú yào xinde, zhèijiàn]{.font12}
[hai kéyi chuān ne.]{.font12}
- [A: Tiān lěng le, nǐ xūyào yíjiàn]{.font12}
[xǐn máoyǐ, wǒ huì gěi ni yùbei-hǎo. Míngniàn nǐ shàng dàxuéde shihou, wǒ huì duō gěi ni yùbei jijiàn xǐn yīfu.]{.font12}
- [B: Bú yòng le, wǒ bù xiǎng shàng]{.font12}
[dàxué le.]{.font12}
- [A: Wèishénme? Nǐ bú shi yào]{.font12}
[xué yī ma?]{.font12}
- [B: BÙ shǎo rén shuō bú shàng]{.font12}
[dàxué yě kéyi gōngzuò, yě yíyàng kéyi shēnghuó. Wèishénme yídìng yào shàng dàxué ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Zhèizhōng huà xiànzài hěn]{.font12}
[liúxíng, kěshi wǒ xiǎng zhè huà bú tài duì.]{.font12}
- [B: Wèishénme? Yǒude rén zài]{.font12}
[dàxuéli pǐnmìng niàn shū, xiàng women Jiā duìmiànde Zhōu Xian-sheng, duì shùxué nàme you yān-jiū, déle ]{.font12}[shuòshì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[boshì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, hái bu shi ]{.font12}[zhǎobudào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ gōngzuò!]{.font12}
- [A: Zhōu Xianshengde qíngxing]{.font12}
[gēn biérén bù tong, suírǎn tā xiāngdāng you zhīshi, kěshi tā bù xǐhuande gōngzuò tā jiu bú zuò, nà dāngrán bù róngyi ]{.font12}[zhǎo-dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ gōngzuò.]{.font12}
- [B: Duì le, tā bù xǐhuan zuò]{.font12}
[lǎoshǐ, tā Jiù xǐhuan xiě wénzhāng, zài ]{.font12}[Zhōngxuéshēng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zhōu-kānshang wǒ hái kànjianguo tāde wénzhāng ne!]{.font12}
[Do you want to drink some tea? I'll go pour it.]{.font12}
[Wait a second, let me see, is your sweater torn? Tomorrow I'll have to go buy you a new one.]{.font12}
[Mom, I don't want a new one. I can still wear this one.]{.font12}
[The weather's getting cold, you need a new sweater. I'll get one ready for you. Next year when you go to college I'll get a few more new things ready for you to wear.]{.font12}
[You don't need to, I don't want to go to college anymore.]{.font12}
[Why not? Don't you want to study medicine?]{.font12}
[A lot of people say that you can work and live Just the same without going to college. Why is it necessary to go to college?]{.font12}
[This kind of talk is very popular these days, but I don't think it's very true.]{.font12}
[Why not? Some people study like mad at a university, like Mr. Zhōu who lives across from us; he's such an expert in mathematics, he's got a Master's degree and a Ph.D., and isn't he still unable to find a job!]{.font12}
[Mr. Zhou's situation is different from other people's. Although he is quite knowledgeable, he won't take a Job he doesn't like. So of course it isn't easy for him to find a job.]{.font12}
[Right. He doesn't like to be a teacher, he just likes to write articles. I've even seen his articles in the weekly ]{.font12}[High School Student]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ .*]{.font12}
[A: Tāde wénzhāng hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
[B: Hǎo, kǎshi bù rongyì dong,]{.font12}
[zhōngxuéshēng kàn zhèiyangde wénzhāng tài nan le.]{.font12}
- [A: Suóyi, nǐ bù néng shuō Zhōu]{.font12}
[Xianshengde qíngxing jiù shi dàjiāde qíngxing. Wǒ xiǎng, kéyi zhèiyang shuō: niànguo hěn duō shūde rén bù yídìng you hěn hǎode gōngzuǒ. Kěshi duō niàn yidiǎnr shū duì zhǎo gōngzuǒ yídìng you bāngzhu.]{.font12}
- [B: Kěshi, wǒde jīge tongxué]{.font12}
[gāozhōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ méiyou niǎnwán jiu zuǒ shile, xiànzài tāmende shēnghuo dōu bū yòng kào fùmǔ le, tāmen dōu dūlì le.]{.font12}
- [A: Dànshi wǒ xiǎng, shèhuì hǎishi]{.font12}
[xūyào you zhīshide rén, shèhuì yuè ]{.font12}[fādá]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yuè xūyào you zhīshi. Nǐ shuō duì bu dui?]{.font12}
- [B: Duì!]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Name hǎo le, nǐ niàn dàxuéde]{.font12}
[shi zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
- [B: Mm . . . wǒ zài xiǎngyixiǎng.]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo, women míngtiān zài]{.font12}
[tantan.]{.font12}
[Are his articles good?]{.font12}
[Yes, but they're not easy to understand. They're too hard for high school students to read.]{.font12}
[So you can't say that Mr. Zhou's situation is everyone\'s situation. I think you might say this: someone who has had a lot of education doesn\'t necessarily get a very good job. But getting more education will certainly be helpful in looking for a job.]{.font12}
[But several classmates of mine started working before they had finished high school, and now they don\'t have to depend on their parents to support them; they\'re all independent.]{.font12}
[But I think that society still needs knowledgeable people. The more developed society is, the more it needs knowledge. Don\'t you think so?]{.font12}
[Right!]{.font12}
[All right then, what about the matter of your going to college?]{.font12}
[Mm . . . I\'ll think it over some more.]{.font12}
[Okay, we\'ll talk more about it tomorrow.]{.font12}
[UNIT 3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Family Values]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[1. The verb ending -]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[qilai]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ showing the start of an action or condition.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[2. The pattern ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[(méi)you shénme (Adjectival Verb)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[3.]{.font12}[ Cónglái bù/méi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"never. '']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[h. The adverh ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[cái]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"only,\" \"before amounts.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[5.]{.font12}[ The marker -]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zhe]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ showing the manner of an action.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[6.]{.font12}[ The vert ending -]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[dào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ for (1) successful reaching/obtaining/finding, (2) \"of,\" \"about\" (with certain verbs), (3) successful perceiving (e.g., ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[kàndao]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to see\").]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7.]{.font12}[ The adverb ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zài]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"anymore.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[8. Placement of phrases with the prepositional verb ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[dào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to,\" \"up to,\" \"until.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[9. The use of ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[suǒyoude]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"all.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. Narrating a brief story about a person.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[2. Expressing approval and disapproval of someone's attitude or way of thinking.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[3. Expressing puzzlement at a situation.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[U. Stressing how understandable a situation is.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[1.]{.font12} [A:]{.font12} [Nǐ jiějie xiànzài zěnme duì zhèngzhi wèntí ]{.font12}[rèxīnqilai ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[le?]{.font12} [How is it that your older sister has become so interested and enthusiastic about political questions now?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Zhèi méiyou shénme ]{.font12}[qíguài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, tā jīnnián kāishǐ xué zhèngzhixué le.]{.font12} [There's nothing strange about that, she started studying political science this year.]{.font12}
[2.]{.font12} [A:]{.font12} [Nǐ zěnme bù chī le?]{.font12} [Why aren't you eating?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Wǒde wèi hěn ]{.font12}[nánshòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[chību-xiàqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12} [My stomach is uncomfortable, I can't eat anymore.]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12} [Nà wǒ gěi ni ]{.font12}[nòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dianr tāng ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12} [I'll go get you some soup then.]{.font12}
[ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY]{.font12}
[11.]{.font12} [you yòng]{.font12} [to be useful]{.font12} [12.]{.font12} [hěiyè]{.font12} [(darkness of) night, nighttime]{.font12} [13.]{.font12} [xīn]{.font12} [heart]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | [VOCABULARY]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [báitiān biàn biàncheng]{.font12} | [daytime]{.font12} | | | | | | [to change, to become different | | | to turn into, to become]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [cái]{.font12} | [only (before an | | | amount)]{.font12} | | [-chéng chíbuxiàqù | | | cónglái]{.font12} | [into]{.font12} | | | | | | [cannot eat (cannot get | | | down)]{.font12} | | | | | | [ever (up till now), | | | always]{.font12} | | | | | | [(up till now)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [cónglái bù/méi]{.font12} | [never]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [-dào]{.font12} | [(resultative ending used for | | | perception by one of the | | | senses:]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [-dào]{.font12} | [Jiàndao]{.font12 | | | styl | | | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, | | | ]{.font12}[kàndao]{.font12 | | | styl | | | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, | | | ]{.font12}[tīngdao]{.font12 | | | styl | | | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, | | | etc.) (resultative ending used to | | | indicate reaching: | | | ]{.font12}[xiǎngdao]{.font12 | | | styl | | | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, | | | ]{.font12}[shuōdao]{.font12 | | | styl | | | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, | | | ]{.font12}[tán-dao]{.font12 | | | styl | | | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, | | | etc. , often translated as | | | \"about\")]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [děng dào]{.font12} | [to wait until; when, by the | | | time]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [hēiyè]{.font12} | [(darkness of) night, | | | nighttime]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Jiǎng]{.font12} | [to stress, to pay attention to, | | | to be particular about]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Jiātíng]{.font12} | [family]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [kàndao kū]{.font12} | [to see to cry]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [liáo]{.font12} | [to chat to chat]{.font12} | | | | | [liáo tian(r)]{.font12} | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [ma]{.font12} | [(marker of obviousness of | | | reasoning)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [nánshòu]{.font12} | [to be uncomfortable; to feel | | | bad, to feel unhappy]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [nòng (neng) nònglai]{.font12} | [to do; to fool with; to get to | | | get and bring]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [qíguài]{.font12} | [to be strange, to be odd, to be | | | surprising]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [-qilai]{.font12} | [(resultative ending which | | | indicates starting)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [rèxīn]{.font12} | [to be enthusiastic and | | | interested; to be warmhearted; to | | | be earnest]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [rèxínqilai]{.font12} | [to become enthusiastic and | | | interested]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [shuōdao]{.font12} | [to speak of; as for | | | all]{.font12} | | [suǒyǒude...dōu]{.font12} | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [xiǎngdào xiǎoshun]{.font12} | [to think of]{.font12} | | | | | [-xiaqu]{.font12} | [to he filial; filial | | | obedience]{.font12} | | | | | | [down (directional ending used | | | for eating or drinking | | | down)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [xǐn]{.font12} | [heart; mind]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [-yì]{.font12} | [hundred million]{.font12} | | | | | [yì tian dào wan | [all day long]{.font12} | | yònggōng]{.font12} | | | | [to be industrious, to be | | | hardworking (in one's | | | studies)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [you yòng]{.font12} | [to be useful]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [zhang]{.font12} | [to grow]{.font12} | | | | | [zhǎngdà]{.font12} | [to grow up]{.font12} | | | | | [zhòng nan qīng nū zhuàn | [to regard males as superior to | | qián]{.font12} | females]{.font12} | | | | | [zuìjìn zuò]{.font12} | [to earn money, to make | | | money]{.font12} | | | | | | [recently; soon]{.font12} | | | | | | [to be, to act as]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[1. A:]{.font12} [Nǐ jiějie xiànzài zěnme duì zhèngzhi wèntí ]{.font12}[rèxīnqilai ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[le?]{.font12} [How is that your older sister has become so interested and enthusiastic about political questions now?]{.font12} [B:]{.font12} [Zhèi méiyou shénme ]{.font12}[qíguài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, tā jīnnián kāishǐ xué zhèngzhixué le.]{.font12} [There's nothing strange about that, she started studying political science this year.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[rèxīn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be enthusiastic and interested; to he warmhearted, to he earnest\"There are two meanings for this adjectival verh. It can he used to describe a positive feeling toward a cause or issue, or to describe warm feelings toward other people.]{.font12}
[Like many adjectival verbs, ]{.font12}[rèxīn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used either as a main verb or as an adverb (that is, modifying another verb).]{.font12}
[As main verb]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[He's very enthusiastic about studying Chinese.]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: As a verb by itself, ]{.font12}[qǐlāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to rise up.\" As part of a compound verb, -]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has several different functions. First, it can be a directional or resultative ending meaning \"go up, rise up (physically)\":]{.font12}
[tiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to jump, to leap\"]{.font12}
[In addition to meaning literally "to go up,\" ]{.font12}[-qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can \"be used to tell something about the aspect of the verb: to show *'the start of the action or condition.\" In the example in the Reference List above, -]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ indicates that older sister's enthusiasm has newly started up. Other examples:]{.font12}
[(WITH AN ACTION VERB)]{.font12}
[Haizi kūqilai le. The child began (has begun) to cry.]{.font12}
[(WITH AN ADJECTIVAL VERB)]{.font12}
[Tiānqi rèqilai le. The weather has warmed up.]{.font12}
[As with many other compound verbs, the object of the verb may be inserted between the two parts of the verb ending:]{.font12}
[Bù zhīdao wèishénme, tā xiànzài I don't know why, but he has started hēqi jiù lai le. to drink now.]{.font12}
[Wǒ liùge yuè méi xiāngguo jiā, I haven't thought of home for kěshi jīntiān xiāngqi jiā six months, but today I started]{.font12}
[lai le. to feel homesick.]{.font12}
[Another function of the ending ]{.font12}[-qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is to make generalized statements which are sometimes translated using \"when ...ing,\" or \"when it comes to ...ing\":]{.font12}
[-Qilai is also used in several idiomatic expressions where its meaning is harder to pinpoint, e.g., ]{.font12}[xiangqilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to think of, to remember,\" where -]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ seems to indicate the coming \"up\" into consciousness of an idea.]{.font12}
[Wo xiǎngqilai le, tā xing Mài. Now I remember, his surname is Mài.]{.font12}
[qiguài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be strange, to be surprising, to be odd\"]{.font12}
[Zhèi méiyou shénme qíguài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"There's nothing strange about that.\" ]{.font12}[You shénme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used before an adjectival verb, as in]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[nánshòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to feel uncomfortable; to feel bad, to feel unhappy,\" literally , \"to find something hard to bear\" This adjectival verb can be used to describe physical aches and pains, or emotional ones.]{.font12}
[Twenty hours on an airplane. How uncomfortable!]{.font12}
[It really makes one feel bad.]{.font12}
[To make it clear you are talking about sadness and not a physical pain, you can use the phrase ]{.font12}[xīnli hěn nánshòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (]{.font12}[xīn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, No. 13 on this reference list, being the equivalent of either the heart or mind in such instances).]{.font12}
[Tīngdàole zhèiyàngrde huà, tā He was very sad after hearing xīnli hěn nánshòu. that kind of talk.]{.font12}
[chībuxiàqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''unable to eat (it all) up\" Here you see an example of -]{.font12}[xiàqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used for its meaning as a directional ending. While in English we might say \"eat it UP,\" the Chinese, more analytically, say \"eat it down.\" Using the verb ]{.font12}[hē]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to drink,\" you can also say ]{.font12}[hēxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to drink down.\" The meaning of ]{.font12}[chīxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[hēxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ might be better conveyed as \"to take in\" or \"to get down\" food or drink; you use these verbs when you want to stress getting food or drink down into the stomach, rather than just the action of eating.]{.font12}
[As a resultative verb, ]{.font12}[chīxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[hēxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may take -de- or -bu- as a middle syllable for the additional meaning of \"can\" or \"cannot.\" In ]{.font12}[chīde-xiàqù/chībuxiàqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[hēdexiàqù/hēbuxiàqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the syllables -]{.font12}[xià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and -]{.font12}[qù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are still somewhat stressed (you can still hear their falling tones), whereas they are unstressed and often neutral tone in the words ]{.font12}[chīxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[hēxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[able to eat it down ]{.font12}[unable to eat it down ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[didn't eat it down ate it down]{.font12}
[Wǒ chīde tài bǎo le, chībuxiàqù I'm too full, I can't eat any more le.]{.font12}
[Zhèige yào chīxiaqu jiù huì hǎo You'll feel better after you take le. this medicine.]{.font12}
[Tā bù zhīdào zěnme nòngle hǎoduō Somehow he made himself a lot of qián. money.]{.font12}
[\"]{.font12}[bìngren]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"sick person, patient\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ xiǎng nǐ bú bì guan zhèijiǎn shi, nòngde bù hǎo dōu shi nǐde cuò.]{.font12}
[Shìqing yuè nòng yuè da, zhēn bù zhǐdǎo zěnme ban cái hǎo.]{.font12}
[Tā zhème shuō nòngde wǒ zhēn bù hǎo yìsi.]{.font12}
[I don't think you should try to take charge of this. If you handled it badly it would be all your fault.]{.font12}
[This matter is getting blown up bigger and bigger. I really don't know what to do.]{.font12}
[His saying that really embarrassed me.]{.font12}
[Nong]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can mean ''to play with, to fool]{.font12}
[Bie nòng wǒde biǎo.]{.font12}
[Nòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be followed by another verb e.g., ]{.font12}[nòngzāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''to make (something) (lit., \"to make Csomething! break''); thing! die"). Examples:]{.font12}
[Shi shéi bǎ wǒde yùsǎn nònghuǎi le?]{.font12}
[with, to monkey with":]{.font12}
[Don't fool with my watch.]{.font12}
[which shows the result of some action, dirty"; ]{.font12}[nòngpò]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "to break something\" ]{.font12}[nòngsǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to kill\" (lit., \"to make Csome]{.font12}
[Who was it who broke my umbrella? (literally, \"made it so that it broke\")]{.font12}
[I'll go get breakfast ready.]{.font12}
[This question is very important, we must get it clear.]{.font12}
[Don\'t get your clothes dirty.]{.font12}
[You're mistaken, I think. He didn't leave the mainland until last year.]{.font12}
[Yesterday you explained this question to me, but today I can't understand it again. Could you explain it to me once again?]{.font12}
[nònglai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to get and bring (here)\" Compare the use of the directional ending -]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in ]{.font12}[nònglai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to its use in ]{.font12}[Wǒ gěi ni dǎo bēi chá lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you learned in Unit 1.]{.font12}
[Where did you get this from?]{.font12}
[3. A: Wǒ qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lan ]{.font12}[liǎo tiānr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ Lie qù le, tā ]{.font12}[yìtiān dao wǎn yònggōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, méi shíjiān péi ni liào tiānr.]{.font12}
[I'm going to go look for Xiǎo Lan to have a chat.]{.font12}
[Don't go, she works hard all day long and doesn't have the time to chat with you.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[liāo tiān(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to chat" ]{.font12}[Liao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means "to chat," and ]{.font12}[tiān(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ acts as its object\^]{.font12}[Tiān(r)~]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[may also be omitted.]{.font12}
[Women liāole yíge zhōngtōu. We chatted for an hour.]{.font12}
[Nǐ shénme shihou you gōngfu, When you have time, we'll go find women zhǎo ge dìfang liāoliao a place and chat a while, tiānr.]{.font12}
[Nǐ bié qù le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''don't go" The English translation here can't really be adequate without getting cumbersome. The one syllable ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ tells you that not going is a change from what was earlier expected. To show the meaning of the marker ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for new situation, the translation might be ''Change your plans and don ' t go. "]{.font12}
[yìtiān dào wǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''all day long" The syllable ]{.font12}[yǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (''one") is sometimes used to mean ''the whole, the entire." ]{.font12}[Yìtiān dào wǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be literally translated as ''the whole day until late," but is also often used to mean ''all the time, always." You can use the whole phrase as you would a time-when word (e.g., ]{.font12}[jǐntiǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), or you can split it up with a verb, as in ]{.font12}[yìtiān máng dào wǎn ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[''busy the whole day until late," or ''busy all day long."]{.font12}
[Tā yìtiān dào wǎn dōu zài māng. He's busy all day long.]{.font12}
[Tā yìtiān dào wǎn shuō tāde She's always saying from morning]{.font12}
[qián bú gòu yòng. to night that she doesn't have]{.font12}
[enough money.]{.font12}
[yònggōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to be diligent, to be hardworking" in one's ]{.font12}[studies]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Nī bú yònggōng jiù bú rang ni If you don't work hard, I won't let niàn dàxué le. you go to college.]{.font12}
[Women zhèrde xuésheng dōu hěn All our students here are very yònggōng. hardworking.]{.font12}
[péi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to accompany; to keep somebody company" In the Transportation module, you saw the verb ]{.font12}[péi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ meaning~w~"to accompany, to go along with" in the sentence ]{.font12}[Tā qǐng wo péi tā yìqǐ qù lúxíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"She asked me to accompany her on her trip."Here you see ]{.font12}[péi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used in another sense, \"to keep someone company.\"]{.font12}
[Notes on No. U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[conglái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''ever (up till now), always (up till now)" ]{.font12}[Conglái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means that something remains the same or unchanged from the past up to now. It is almost always followed by an adverb---]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, or the negatives ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. The two most common combinations are ]{.font12}[conglái bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[cónglái méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, of course, have different uses; roughly speaking, ]{.font12}[conglái bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"(habitually) never (do X)'' and ]{.font12}[cónglái méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means ''have never (done X in the past).\" With ]{.font12}[cónglái méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the verb of the sentence usually takes the aspect marker -]{.font12}[guo ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[(experience at any previous time).]{.font12}
[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In the Transportation Module, you saw the adverb ]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used to mean \"then and only then\" or \"not until then.\" It was used to talk about something that happened later than expected, for example, ]{.font12}[Tā shi zuótiān cái láide]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He didn't get here until yesterday.\" In sentence ]{.font12}[Ub,]{.smallcaps}[ you see ]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (still an adverb) used to mean \"only\" a certain amount.]{.font12}
[Cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"only\" in the sense of \"as little as,\" \"so little.\" It stresses that the amount is less than expected, less than normal, etc.]{.font12}
[You already know two other adverbs which mean \"only\": ]{.font12}[zhǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Cái ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is used with the meaning \"only\" strictly before amounts, while ]{.font12}[zhǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[Jiù ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[are also used for \"only\" in the sense of \"no other way\" or \"no others\":]{.font12}
[Zhǐ/Jiù néng zènme zuò. (We) can only do it this way.]{.font12}
[Wǒmen jǐge rén, zhǐ/jiù you wǒ I am the only one of us who can speak huì shuō Fǎguo huà. French.]{.font12}
[(]{.font12}[Cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may not be used in such sentences.)]{.font12}
[(That is, it could have \"been, should have \"been, or might later \"become more.)]{.font12}
[He's only studied three years and speaks so well. (AS LITTLE AS THREE YEARS)]{.font12}
[Tā yígòng cái kànle sānpiān wen- He only read three articles zhāng. altogether. (SO FEW)]{.font12}
[Although adverbs normally come only before a verb, ]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may stand directly before an amount:]{.font12}
[Only five people? (SO FEW?)]{.font12}
[His house costs only three hundred dollars a year. (SO LITTLE!)]{.font12}
[Is that all? (SO LITTLE?)]{.font12}
[Sentence UB illustrates that when speaking about a person's age, ]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ should be used for \"only\" rather than ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. It is also much better to use ]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for \"only\" when speaking about the time of day, the date, etc.:]{.font12}
[Today is only the thirteenth (of the month). It's still early!]{.font12}
[Cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not used in sentences meaning the speaker imposes a restriction on an amount. This includes suggestions, instructions, commands, wishes, or sentences expressing intention. In these sentences, use ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[zhǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, e.g.: ]{.font12}[Nǐ jiù gěi ta yidiǎnr ba]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Just give him a little\"; ]{.font12}[Wǒ zhǐ yào chi yìwǎn fan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"l only want to eat one bowl of rice.\"]{.font12}
[mángzhe niàn shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be busy studying\" ]{.font12}[Máng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here is not the state verb \"to be busy,\" but an action verb, \"to busily engage in (something).\" Here are other examples:]{.font12}
[Nǐ zài máng shénme ne? What are you busy with?]{.font12}
[Wǒ mángle yìtiān le. I have been busily working all day.]{.font12}
[Tā yìtiān dào wan máng zhèige He is busy with all sorts of things máng nèige. all day long.]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In sentence hB, you see the marker -]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used in a sentence with word order like that of one in the Directions module: ]{.font12}[Zǒuzhe qù kéyi ma? ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\"Can you get there by walking?\" -]{.font12}[Zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the marker of DURATION. It may be attached to an action or process verb. The combination action verb plus -]{.font12}[zhe ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[refers to the duration of the action, that is, the action has started and is continuing, e.g., ]{.font12}[Tā pǎozhe ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He is running.\" The combination process verb plus -]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to the duration of the new state entered into through the process (remember that \"process\" here means a change from one state to]{.font12}
[xiǎngdào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to think of\" -]{.font12}[Dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here is not the prepositional verb \"to\" but the ending for compound verbs of result which you have so far seen in ]{.font12}[jièdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to successfully borrow\" and ]{.font12}[shuōdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to talk about.\" The verb ending -]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to successfully reach/obtain/find.\" In the compound verb ]{.font12}[xiǎngdào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the verb ]{.font12}[xiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ expresses the action of thinking about it, and -]{.font12}[dào ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[says that your thought \"reached to\" the idea---came into your head.]{.font12}
[Another verb like ]{.font12}[xiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in referring to mental activity is ]{.font12}[kǎolū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to consider,\" which you learned in Unit 1, and just as with ]{.font12}[xiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, you can use -]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ with ]{.font12}[kǎolū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Here are examples of ]{.font12}[xiǎngdào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[kǎolùdào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Notice the different translations possible for ]{.font12}[mei xiǎngdào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[xiǎngbudào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[I've thought of another point.]{.font12}
[I thought you would probably be the only one coining. Who would have thought all of you would come!]{.font12}
[I didn't expect this kind of situation. (Lit., \"I didn't think there would be this kind of situation.\")]{.font12}
[I was surprised they got married so soon.]{.font12}
[You didn't consider that point, did you?]{.font12}
[How could I take so many things into consideration!]{.font12}
[5. A: Wǒde xiǎo nūér liǎngsānsuìde My youngest daughter cried a lot shihou cháng ]{.font12}[kū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, xiànzài when she was two or three years]{.font12}
[zhǎngdà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le, bú zài kū le. old, but now she has grown up]{.font12}
[and doesn't cry anymore.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. \$]{.font12}
[xiǎo nūér]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Not \"little daughter,\" as you might have thought, but \"youngest daughter.\" ]{.font12}[Xiǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[dà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are used, respectively, for the \"youngest\" and \"oldest\" of brothers and sisters. The ones in between, if there are any, are numbered. For example, a mother would refer to her four sons, starting with the eldest, as her ]{.font12}[dà érzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[èr érzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[sān érzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, and ]{.font12}[xiǎo érzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[zhǎngdà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to grow up\" This is a compound verb of result made of ]{.font12}[zhang ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\"to grow\" and ]{.font12}[dà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to be big.\"]{.font12}
[Nǐ zhǎngdàle xiǎng zuǒ shénme? What do you want to do when you grow up?]{.font12}
[Sānge yuè bū jiàn, zhèige hǎizi It's been just three months since I zhǎngdàle bù shǎo. last saw this youngster and he has]{.font12}
[grown quite a bit.]{.font12}
[bū zài kū le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"doesn't cry anymore\" ]{.font12}[Zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the adverb which you learned meaning \"again.\" Here it means \"anymore,\" referring to the continuing of a]{.font12}
[6. A: ]{.font12}[Zuò]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ fùmǔde bù yǐnggāi Those who are parents shouldn't]{.font12}
[zhòng nan qǐng nu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. regard males as superior to]{.font12}
[females.]{.font12}
[B: Duì. Zuò háizide yě yǐnggāi Right. And those who are children ]{.font12}[xiàoshun]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ fùmǔ. should show filial obedience to]{.font12}
[their parents.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zuò]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be, to act as\" As you are well aware, there are times when you can't use ]{.font12}[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to translate English \"to be.\" One of these is when \"to be\" means that a person takes on a certain role, position, or occupation. An example is \"to be president\" as in \"I want to be president\" or \"He was president for eight years.\" In such cases you use the same verb \"to do\", ]{.font12}[zuò]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Wǒ xiǎode shihou chángcháng xiǎng When I was young I often thought jiānglái yào zuò yíge yǐsheng, I wanted to be a doctor when]{.font12}
[kěshi xiànzài zhīdao zuò yǐsheng I grew up, but now I know that]{.font12}
[tài nán le. it's too hard to be a doctor.]{.font12}
[Tā congqián zuòguo Jīngji Bùzhǎng. He was once the Minister of Einance. (You could also say ]{.font12}[Tā cóngqián shi Jǐngji Bùzhǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[Zhèi shi wǒ dìyǐcì zuò zhǔrén This is the first time I am to be qīng kè, xīnli hěn jǐnzhāng.°° host and have guests over. I'm nervous.]{.font12}
[Phrases like ]{.font12}[zuò fùmǔde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[zuò háizide]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the reference list sentence are used to talk about categories of people as defined by a certain role, position, occupation, etc.]{.font12}
[Zhèizhǒng shìqing, zuò fùmǔde Those in the position of parents yǐnggāi xiān xiǎngdào. should foresee things like this.]{.font12}
[Kàndao xuéshengde Zhōngwén When we see that our students have]{.font12}
[xuéde nàme hǎo, women zuò learned their Chinese so well, it]{.font12}
[lǎoshīde zhēn gāoxìng. makes us teachers very happy.]{.font12}
[zhòng nán qīng nǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to treat men as important and women as unimportant,\" ]{.font12}[Zhòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the verb \"to be heavy,\" with the additional meaning, in literary style, of \"to stress, to put importance on.\" ]{.font12}[Qīng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the verb \"to be light (in weight),\" with an extended meaning in literary Chinese of \"to regard lightly, to attach little importance to.\"]{.font12}
[In the traditional Chinese family, a son had a starring role. One reason was that sons assured the family's continuity, something which every man felt was his duty to his ancestors. In addition, the son usually became the family representative after the father's death or retirement. A daughter, on the other hand, was expected to leave the family and become part of her]{.font12}
[zhǔrén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"host, master\" **]{.font12}[,jǐnzhāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be nervous, to be tense\" husband's household, so her importance was considerably less than that of a son. A woman was always subject to a man's authority: a daughter had to obey her father, a wife had to obey her husband, and a widow had to obey her son.' Of course, individual women, by their strength, intelligence, and personality, were able to exert great influence on the family, but this was often accomplished indirectly.]{.font12}
[xiàoshun]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This can be used either as a verb with an object, \"to be filial toward (someone),\" as in the Reference List sentence above, or as an adjectival verb meaning \"to be filial\":]{.font12}
[Zhèige háizi hěn xiàoshun. This child is very filial.]{.font12}
[In traditional society, filial obedience was regarded as the primary virtue in life and the source of all other virtues. It consisted of respect for one's parents and ancestors, obedience in all cases to one's parents' will, consideration and care for their daily welfare, continuation of the family line, and avoidance of any actions which would shame the good name and reputation of the family. But more than formal adherence to rules of good conduct, filial obedience was also an attitude of warmth, founded in the deep love of son and daughter for their parents. And although its origin and center is the relationship of child to parents, this important concept extended outside the family to govern all other relationships in the life of a Chinese. It was said that if a son was not filial to his parents, he would probably not fulfill the duties of a good husband, a faithful friend, or a loyal citizen.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[báitiān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"daytime; during daylight,\" literally \"white-day\" In the sense of \"daylight,\" the opposite of ]{.font12}[báitiān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is ]{.font12}[hēiyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"dark of night,\" literally, \"black-night.\" In the sense of \"daytime, working hours,\" the opposite of ]{.font12}[báitiān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is ]{.font12}[wǎnshang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"evening, night.\"]{.font12}
[Tā báitiān zuò shǐ, wǎnshang She works during the day and]{.font12}
[niàn shū. studies at night.]{.font12}
[děng dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"wait until\" Here you see the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to, up to\" used after another verb. (Contrast this with ]{.font12}[xiǎngdào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to think of\" where ]{.font12}[-dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used as a verb ending showing result and is written as part of the verb.) You now know two meanings for the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, one having to do with location and the other with time: 'This is from an old saying called the ]{.font12}[Sān Cong]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the Three Follows,\" i.e., the three paths to be followed. The saying is usually quoted in its original classical style: ]{.font12}[Zài jiā cong fù, chū jià cong fū, fū sǐ cong zǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"When at home obey your father, when married, obey your husband., when your husband dies obey your son.\"]{.font12}
[(1) location: \"to, up to\"]{.font12}
[(2) time: \"until\"]{.font12}
[What is the difference between putting your ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase after the verb or before it?]{.font12}
[Dào phrase after verb]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[If the ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase tells where or at what time you end up ]{.font12}[as a result]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ of the action, then it comes after the verb:]{.font12}
[Wǒ zǒu dào shūfáng wàibian, ting- I walked up to the door of the study Jian tāmen zài lǐbian shuō huà. and heard them inside talking.]{.font12}
[Wǒ yǐjīng kàn dao dìyìbǎilíngyī I've already read up to page 101. yè le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang kàn shū Last night I read until past three]{.font12}
[kàn dao sāndiǎnduō zhōng. o'clock (in the morning).]{.font12}
[In sentences which show that something changes location, ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to this place\" or ]{.font12}[qù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to that place\" will usually come at the end of the whole clause:]{.font12}
[I MAIN VERB dào TIME OR PLACE lai OR qu~|]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Tā zǒu dào wǒ qiánmian qu le. He walked in front of me.]{.font12}
[Qīng bǎ nèijǐběn shū ná dào Please bring those books here,]{.font12}
[zhèli lai.]{.font12}
[Dào phrase before the verb]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [a. Put the ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase before ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[qù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ when they are the main verb of the sentence:]{.font12}
[Tā dào Chongqing qù le. He has gone to Chongqing.]{.font12}
[Tā yào dào wǒ zhèr lái. He is coming to my place.]{.font12}
- [b. If another verb phrase follows the ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase, ]{.font12}[qù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may sometimes be omitted making the ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase appear to modify the second verb phrase:]{.font12}
<!-- -->
[A: Women dào nǎr chī fàn? Where shall we go to eat?]{.font12}
[B: Dào fàntīng chī fàn. We'll go to the dining room to eat.]{.font12}
[(Literally, these mean \"To where shall we eat?\" and \"We'll to the dining room eat.\")]{.font12}
- [c. A ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase may come before the verb if the phrase shows that a point is reached prior to the action or condition:]{.font12}
[à, \"page\"]{.font12}
[Let's wait until the afternoon and then talk. (Contrast ]{.font12}[tan dào xiàwu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"talk until the afternoon.\")]{.font12}
[conglái bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"never, never does... Earlier in this unit (No. h), you saw the phrase ]{.font12}[conglai mei]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"have never, had never...\" ]{.font12}[Conglái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ itself means \"at any time in the past up until now.\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ conglái bù xiǎng zǎoshang I never feel like studying in the]{.font12}
[niàn shū. morning.]{.font12}
[Whether you choose ]{.font12}[conglái bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[conglái mei]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ depends on what kind of verb you are using and how it is normally negated. To summarize what you learned back in the Biographic Information module, STATE verbs (which include adjectival verbs and auxiliary verbs) are always negated with bù. PROCESS verbs are always negated with ]{.font12}[mei]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ when referring to an actual state of affairs. ACTION verbs can be negated with ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ depending on the meaning. While there are grammar rules for choosing ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to negate your verb, there are also semantic reasons for choosing one or the other: Are you generalizing about something habitual or speaking of a specific instance?]{.font12}
[ACTION VERBS (]{.font12}[Bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ make a difference in meaning.)]{.font12}
[Conglái vs. cóngqián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Cóngqián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the past,\" is a noun, a time word. It may, for example, be the object of the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, e.g., ]{.font12}[Zài congqián you rén zenme zuò]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"in the past, some people did it that way.\" ]{.font12}[Conglai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also be used as a moveable adverb, in which case it can be translated \"in the past, before, formerly\": ]{.font12}[Wǒ congqián (OR Cóngqián wǒ) méiyou chē, xiànzài you le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Before I didn\'t have a car, but now I do.\"]{.font12}
[Conglái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"always (in the past), from the beginning,\" is not a noun; it cannot, for example, be the object of the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. It is used adverbially, always between the subject and the verb. Both ]{.font12}[cóngqián méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[conglái méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may sometimes be translated as \"never,\" but ]{.font12}[conglái méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ makes a stronger statement.]{.font12}
[Wǒ ]{.font12}[cóngqián méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ chiguo Zhōngguo I haven\'t eaten Chinese food before, cài. (There wasn\'t one time when I ate]{.font12}
[Chinese food.)]{.font12}
[shuōdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to speak of; as for\" In this unit, you have seen ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used as a resultative ending \"to sucessfully reach/obtain/find,\" as in ]{.font12}[xiǎngdào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to think of.\" You also saw it as a prepositional verb in ]{.font12}[děng dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"wait until.\" Here you see another example of -]{.font12}[dao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as a resultative ending. When -]{.font12}[dao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used with verbs of speech, such as ]{.font12}[shuō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[tán]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[jiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, they are translated as \"to speak of\" or \"to talk about.\" (In this meaning, -]{.font12}[dao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not interchangeable with -]{.font12}[zháo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[Women gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, We were talking about you just nǐ jiù lái le. now, and here you are!]{.font12}
[Jǐntiǎn nǐ gēn ta jiǎngdao wǒ Did you talk about me with him méiyou? today?]{.font12}
[Wǒ chángcháng xiǎngdào wǒde I often think of my child,]{.font12}
[háizi.]{.font12}
["]{.font12}[guīju]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"manners\" (see Unit U)]{.font12}
[Notice that in sentence 8B, ]{.font12}[shuōdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used at the beginning of the sentence to introduce a topic, as we use \"when it comes to\" or \"speaking of\" in English. Here are some other examples.]{.font12}
[Shuōdao jiéhūnde shi, wǒ hai When it comes to the marriage, I]{.font12}
[děi xiǎngyixiǎng. have to think it over some more.]{.font12}
[Tandao Zhōngguo wénhuà, When it comes to Chinese culture,]{.font12}
[tā bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō. he knows a lot more than I do.]{.font12}
[Zuìjǐn yíge yuè, tā dōu méiyou She hasn't written for the last month, lai xìn.]{.font12}
[Tā shi zuìjǐn jǐtiān cái láide. She just arrived within the last few days.]{.font12}
[Besides referring to the near past, ]{.font12}[zuìjǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also refer to the near future--- \"soon\":]{.font12}
[Tā zuìjǐn yào chū guo. He will be going abroad soon.]{.font12}
[To make it clear you are talking about the future rather than the past, use ]{.font12}[zuìjǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in combination with auxiliary verbs like ]{.font12}[yào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[xiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[dǎsuan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[zhǔnbèi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[jǐhuà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[dà jiātíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"large family; extended family\" The phrases ]{.font12}[dà jiātíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[xiǎo jiātíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, literally \"large family\" and \"small family,\" are often used in a specific sense. In traditional Chinese society, ]{.font12}[dà jiātíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ referred not merely to the number of people in the family, but to the number of generations living together. Although opinions on this vary greatly, you need at least three generations living together to be considered a ]{.font12}[dà jiātíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[---an \"extended f]{.font12}[ami]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ly\"---and each generation must be several people \"deep.\" Ideally, such a family contained a father and mother, all their sons and their wives, their sons' sons and their wives, and all their children, extending to about the fourth generation. A classic example of a ]{.font12}[dà jiātíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, like the Jiǎ family in the novel ]{.font12}[Dream of the Red Chamber]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, might include over 130 people all living in households within one complex of houses and courtyards.]{.font12}
[Do not misuse ]{.font12}[jiātíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which refers to the family as an entity, for ]{.font12}[jiā rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[jiālide rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which refer to the people in the family. This mistake is easy to make because both ideas can be expressed in English by the word \"family\":]{.font12}
[Wǒ dào Niǔ Yuē qù kàn wǒ Jiā rén I'm going to New York to see my (OR wǒ jiālide rén). family.]{.font12}
[zěnme bù hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"How could they be bad?\" or, more idiomatically, \"What could be bad about them?\" Use ]{.font12}[zěnme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to make a rhetorical question disagreeing with someone else's position.]{.font12}
[A: Bú duì, bú duì. That's not right, that's not right.]{.font12}
[B: Zěnme bú duì.' What do you mean it's wrong!]{.font12}
<!-- -->
[A: Women bù kéyi zhèiyangr zuò. We can't do it this way.]{.font12}
[B: Zěnme bù kéyi?.' Zhèi méiyou Why not?! There's nothing wrong with]{.font12}
[shenme bù kéyide. it.]{.font12}
[suǒyǒude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"all\" This is the word for \"all\" used to modify nouns. (The adverb ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to modify verbs.) ]{.font12}[Suǒyǒude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is mostly used with nouns at the front of the sentence (that is, subjects or objects in topic position). In sentences with ]{.font12}[suǒyǒude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is almost always used, too.]{.font12}
[Suǒyǒude cài dōu hěn hǎo chi. All the food is delicious.]{.font12}
[SuǒySude cài wǒ dōu chīwán le. I finished all the food.]{.font12}
[Suǒyǒude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used with the ]{.font12}[bǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ construction, in which case ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ goes before the main verb, not before the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[bǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Wǒ bǎ suǒyǒude cài dōu chiwán le. I finished all the food.]{.font12}
[Suǒyǒude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also be used without a noun following it, as long as the context makes it clear what things ]{.font12}[suǒyǒude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to:]{.font12}
[Wǒ xǐhuan gōngyuán, Huáshèngdùn I like parks. I've been to all the suǒyǒude wǒ dōu qùguo le. ones in Washington.]{.font12}
[Here are some more example sentences with ]{.font12}[suǒyǒude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Notice that the -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is sometimes omitted.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 10]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[kàndao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to see, to perceive by sight\" This is another example of the ending -]{.font12}[dao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used as part of a compound verb of result. You have now seen -dao meaning (1) \"to successfully reach/obtain/find\" and (2) \"about.\" With verbs of perception, the meaning of -]{.font12}[dao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be thought of as \"sucessfully reach\" by means of the senses, or \"to successfully perceive.\" Another instance of this is ]{.font12}[tīngdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to hear, to perceive by listening.\"]{.font12}
[Běijīng speakers prefer ]{.font12}[kànjian]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[tīngjian]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in many contexts, but ]{.font12}[kàndao ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[and ]{.font12}[tīngdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are used by all speakers of Standard Chinese.]{.font12}
[biàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to change, to become different, to transform, to alter\"]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Zhèige rén zhēnde biàn le, | [This fellow has really changed, | | yǐqiān tā bú shi | he wasn't this way | | zhèiyangrde.]{.font12} | before.]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Zhèijiàn máoyī xǐle jǐcì, biàn | [After this sweater was washed a | | yānsè le.]{.font12} | few times, it changed | | | color.]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Jǐniān bú jiàn, tā yǐjīng biàn | [I hadn't seen him for a few | | lǎo le.]{.font12} | years;]{.font12} | | | | | | [he had aged a lot. (refers to | | | his appearance)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[You can also use ]{.font12}[biàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the pattern ]{.font12}[biàn---de---STATE VERB]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, as in:]{.font12}
[Cong qùniàn dào xiànzài, tā He has become a lot healthier]{.font12}
[biànde jiànkāngduō le. since last year.]{.font12}
[Wo shíjīnián méi jiàndao ta, I haven't seen him in over ten years,]{.font12}
[bù zhīdào tā biànde zěnme- I wonder what he is like now?]{.font12}
[yang le?]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[chéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"become,\" \"into\" This is used with a number of verbs to form a compound: ]{.font12}[gǎichéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to change (one thing) into (another)\"; ]{.font12}[fānyichéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to translate into\"; ]{.font12}[zuòchéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to make into\"; ]{.font12}[zhǎngchéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to grow into.\"]{.font12}
[11. you yòng to be useful]{.font12}
[12. hēiyè (darkness of) night, nighttime]{.font12}
[13. xīn heart; mind]{.font12}
[Notes on Nos. 12 and 13]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[hēiyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This is mostly used in sentences where ]{.font12}[baitiān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"(light of) day, daytime,\" is contrasted with its opposite (see the first exchange of the review dialogue for this unit). The normal word for \"nighttime\" is ]{.font12}[wǎnshang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[xīn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The abstract concept \"heart, Tā(de) xīn hǎo.]{.font12}
[Tā zuòle zhèijiàn shi, xīnli hěn nánguò.]{.font12}
[Tā xiěwánle zhěipiān xiǎoshuō, xīnli hěn gāoxìng.]{.font12}
[Tā xīnli xiǎngde he tā zuòde bù yíyàng.]{.font12}
[(For the organ \"heart,]{.font12}
[or, in many contexts, \"mind\":]{.font12}
[He has a good heart (i.e., he is kind).]{.font12}
[He felt very bad after he did that.]{.font12}
[He was very happy after he finished writing this short story.]{.font12}
[He acts differently than he thinks.]{.font12}
[\"heart-organ.\")]{.font12}
[Unit 3, Review Dialogue]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[On the flight from Washington to Hong Kong (via New York and. Anchorage), Lǐ Ping (B) and Tom (A) are chatting.]{.font12}
["]{.font12}[hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means literally, ''as for being all right, it is all right, but..." This means \"It is. okay, but...\" or in more idiomatic English, \"Well, okay, but...\"]{.font12}
[We have altered the spelling to show the stewardess\'s non-standard pronunciation.]{.font12}
[*]{.font12}[gǎnxiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be grateful/thankful to\"]{.font12}
[B: Deng dao nǐ jiàndao tade shihou, When you meet her I'm sure you'll]{.font12}
[nǐ yídìng huì xǐhuan ta, yě huì like her, and our home, too. xǐhuan wǒmen jiāde.]{.font12}
[I'm sure I will, too!]{.font12}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a conversation between a Chinese student and an American student in their dormitory room somewhere in the the U.S.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words you will need to understand this conversation:]{.font12}
[Kěkǒukělè]{.font12}
[-ban (counter for a class of students)]{.font12}
[nūshēng coeds, women students]{.font12}
[zǎo a long time ago]{.font12}
[diào yǎnlèi to cry (lit., \"fall tears\")]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
[1. What is the Chinese student's girlfriend studying? Why is he worried about her?]{.font12}
[2. What was the traditional Chinese attitude toward educating women?]{.font12}
[3. How did the Chinese student first meet his girlfriend?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. Why do you suppose she would let herself cry in the library?]{.font12}
[What was her boyfriend's reaction?]{.font12}
[5. How was she able to come to college?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation a mother and son in Beijing talk after a day of work.]{.font12}
::: {style="border-bottom:solid;"} [Listen to the conversation second time through, look helow]{.font12}
[Here are the new words you kělián sǐ hu fàngxīn rìzi jǐngshen]{.font12} :::
[once straight through. Then, on the and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[will need to understand this conversation]{.font12}
[to he pitiful]{.font12}
[to die]{.font12}
[to worry]{.font12}
[days]{.font12}
[energy, spirits]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will he ahle to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
[1. What is Wang Li's problem?]{.font12}
[2. How does the son propose to help her?]{.font12}
[3. What problem does the mother see with this proposal? What does the son volunteer to do?]{.font12}
[U. What is the mother's reaction to her son's suggestion?]{.font12}
[5. What two other things would lift Wáng Li's spirits?]{.font12}
[After you have prepared your answers, you may want to look at the translation for the conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.]{.font12}
[Exercise 1+]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation, a husband, and wife talk in their home in Běijīng.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following new words:]{.font12}
[Qīnghǎi]{.font12} [(a province in Western China)]{.font12} [bìngrén]{.font12} [sick person, patient]{.font12} [fǎnzhèng]{.font12} [anyway, in any case]{.font12} [chéngli rén yě hǎo, xiāngxia rén yě hǎo]{.font12} [whether it\'s city people or country people]{.font12} [yīyuàn]{.font12} [hospital]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can give them orally in class.]{.font12}
[1. Why was Xiùyun late coming home?]{.font12}
[2. Why did she get medicine for her husband? For what reason does she insist he take the medicine?]{.font12}
[3. What did they see in Qīnghǎi ten years ago?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [h. What are their professions?]{.font12}
[5. What kind of situation does the husband hope China will never have again?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Conversation between an American student and a Chinese student in their college dormitory in America.]{.font12}
[A: ]{.font11}[Tā niàn shū niànde hǎo bu hǎo? How does he do in school?]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Běijīng, a mother and son talk after a day of work.]{.font12}
[A: Mā, nín dào nǎr qu le?]{.font12}
[B: Zài Lǎo Wáng jiā zuòle yihuǐr.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Wáng LǏde qíngkuàng hǎo]{.font12}
[yidiǎnr ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo yidiǎnr, bù kū le, kěshi]{.font12}
[háishi yìtiān dào wǎn méiyou yíjù huà.]{.font12}
[A: Zhēn ràng rén nánshòu.]{.font12}
[B: Kě bu shi ma, shizài shi]{.font12}
[kělián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, Wáng Li fùqin sǐle cái]{.font12}
[Where have you been, Mom?]{.font12}
[I was over at Lǎo Wáng's for a while.]{.font12}
[Is Wáng Li's situation better now?]{.font12}
[Somewhat better. She isn't crying anymore, but she still doesn't say a thing all day long.]{.font12}
[It really makes one feel bad.]{.font12}
[Doesn't it, though? It's really pitiful: first Wáng Li's father]{.font12}
[bànnián mǔqin you sǐ le. Báitiān hǎo yidiǎnr, dàjiā ké\^i qù péipei ta. Wǎnshang, nū-háizi yíge rén zài jiāli, zhēn rang rén ]{.font12}[bú fàngxǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [A: Mā, wǒ xiǎngdào yíge hǎo]{.font12}
[bǎnfǎ, rang Wang LÌ bān dao zánmen jiā lái ba! Nín gēn tā liáoliao tiānr, yěxǔ huì hǎo yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
- [B: Mm, zhèige bǎnfǎ hǎo shi hǎo,]{.font12}
[kěshi zánmen jiā jiù zhè liǎngjiān xiǎo wūzi, wǒ bǎ nǐ fang zai nǎr ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ xiǎng Wáng Lì bānlái yǐhoù]{.font12}
[wǒ kéyi zǎi Wáng jiā zhù jǐtiān, děng Wáng Lìde qíngkuàng hǎo yì-diǎnr, wǒ zǎi bānhuilai ma!]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo háizi, nǐ zhème rèxīn]{.font12}
[bāngzhu biérén, hěn hǎo. . . . Wáng Li hěn xiàoshun, zhèixiē ]{.font12}[rìzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, tā huì chángcháng xiǎng tāde fùmǔ, duō hé tā tántan, mǎnmānrde, tā huì hǎo yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ zǎi qù zhǎozhao tā cóng-]{.font12}
[qiánde tǒngxué, rǎng tamen dōu lái hé ta tántan, péi ta chūqu zǒuzou.]{.font12}
- [B: Duì le, děngdǎo tā shàng]{.font12}
[bān le, jiù hǎo le. Rén mángde shihou ]{.font12}[jǐngshén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ huì hǎo yìxiē.]{.font12}
- [A: Duì. Nà zánmen xiànzài jiù]{.font12}
[qù jiē ta ba!]{.font12}
- [B: Děngyiděng, bǎ wūzi shōushi-]{.font12}
[hǎo zài qù.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ gēn nín yíkuàir shōushi.]{.font12}
[dies, and then less than half a year later her mother dies, too. During the daytime it's not so bad, everybody goes and keeps her company. But in the evening the girl is alone at home. It really makes one worry.]{.font12}
[Mom, I've thought of a good way (to solve the problem). Have Wáng Lì move to our house! If you can chat with her, maybe that will help.]{.font12}
[That ]{.font12}[is]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ a good idea, but our place only has these two small rooms. Where would I put you?]{.font12}
[I think I could go live at the Wáng\'s house. When Wáng Li's condition is a little better, I'll move back here!]{.font12}
[Good boy. It's good that you're so eager to help others. . . . Wáng Lì is very filial, and she'll miss her parents a lot during this time. If we talk with her a lot, gradually, she\'ll get better.]{.font12}
[I'll go call on some of her former classmates and have them come talk with her and go out for walks with her.]{.font12}
[Right. When she starts work, everything will be all right. When a person is busy, their spirits improve.]{.font12}
[Right. Well, let\'s go get her right now!]{.font12}
[Wait. Let's straighten up the room before we go.]{.font12}
[I'll straighten it up with you.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[A husband, and wife talk in Běijīng.]{.font12}
[Ei]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is an interjection which tells that the speaker just thought of something.]{.font12}
[ren yě hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, you hing hù néng kàn yǐsheng, you hing méi yào chide shi, zài yě hù néng you le.]{.font12}
- [B: NǏ shuōde duì. Hǎo le, hǎo le,]{.font12}
[nǐde hing cái hǎo yidiǎnr, nǐ chile yào zǎo diǎnr xiūxi ha.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ xiān hǎ yào chile, děng]{.font12}
[yihuǐr, wo hái děi chūqu yítàng, ]{.font12}[yiyuànl]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[i hái you jǐjiàn shi děi hàn, wǒ qù kàn yixia jiu huilai.]{.font12}
- [B: Zǎo diǎnr huílai.']{.font12}
[Whether it's people in the city or people in the country, we can't have any more situations where people are sick and yet unahle to see a doctor or get medicine.]{.font12}
[You're right. Okay, your illness is only a little better, after you take your medicine go to hed early.]{.font12}
[I'll take the medicine now, but I have to go out again in a while. I still have a few things I have to take care of at the hospital. I'll be back right after I go take a look there.]{.font12}
[Don't come back too late.']{.font12}
[soc]{.font12}
[UNIT U]{.font12}
[A Family History]{.font12}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
[Grammar Topics Covered, in This Unit]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. More on ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, marker of absence of change/lack of completion.]{.font12}
[2. The adverb ]{.font12}[duō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (]{.font12}[duō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), \"how...."']{.font12}
[3. More on indefinite pronouns (\"any/no\" expressions).]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. Review of ]{.font12}[you (Noun)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrases.]{.font12}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. Expressing worries or reservations about doing something.]{.font12}
[2. Reassuring someone that they need not worry.]{.font12}
[3. Asking for clarification of the meaning of what someone just said.]{.font12}
[U. Commenting on other's good fortune.]{.font12}
- [1. A: Nǐ Laba zhème zǎo jiu ]{.font12}[qǐlai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le!]{.font12}
[B: Tā ]{.font12}[niánji]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dà le, měitiān shuìde zǎo.]{.font12}
[Your father got up so early!]{.font12}
[He's getting on in years, and]{.font12}
[he goes to bed early.]{.font12}
- [2. A: Xiǎo Wangde ]{.font12}[yeye]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ you he nèixie ]{.font12}[xiǎo péngyou ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[liáo tiānr ne!]{.font12}
[B: Tā ]{.font12}[rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hěn hǎo, hěn xǐhuan háizi.]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Wang's grandfather is talking with those kids again!]{.font12}
[He's a very good person, and he likes children a lot.]{.font12}
- [3. A: Zhèi liǎngnián nǐ ]{.font12}[nǎinai shēntǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hǎo ma?]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Hái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hǎo, you shihou hái néng qǐlai ]{.font12}[shōushi ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[shoushi wūzi.]{.font12}
[U. A: Zhāng jiāde ]{.font12}[érxífu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hěn you ]{.font12}[guǐju]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Shi a, Zhāng jiā nǎinai zhēn you ]{.font12}[fuqi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [5. A: ]{.font12}[Guòqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, Zhōngguo rén chū guō niàn shū ]{.font12}[duō ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[nán!]{.font12}
[B: Xiànzài hǎo le, zǒu dao nǎr yě méi rén ]{.font12}[kànbuqǐ ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[le.]{.font12}
- [6. A: ]{.font12}[Rénjia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dōu juéde Xiǎo Wáng shi ge hěn yōu ]{.font12}[lǐmàod]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e háizi.]{.font12}
[Has your grandmother's health been good the past couple of years?]{.font12}
[Fairly good; sometimes she can still get up and straighten up the room.]{.font12}
[The Zhāng family's daughter-in-law is a proper young woman.]{.font12}
[Yes, the Zhāng family's grandmother is really blessed with good fortune.]{.font12}
[In the past how difficult it was for Chinese to go abroad to study!]{.font12}
[Now it's better, no matter where they go, no one looks down on them anymore.]{.font12}
[Everyone feels Xiǎo Wáng is a very well-mannered child.]{.font12}
[7. A: Zhèi yì ]{.font12}[jiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén dōu niànguo bù shǎo shū.]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12}[8.]{.font12}[A:]{.font12}[B:]{.font12}
[Tǐngshuō tāmende ]{.font12}[sūnzi sūnnu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiànzài dōu niàn ]{.font12}[Si Shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ne!]{.font12}
[Tāmen Jiā guòqù shi ]{.font12}[you qián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén, you bù shǎo ]{.font12}[cáichǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Nǐ shuōde cáichǎn shi ]{.font12}[tǔdǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba?]{.font12}
[This whole family has had quite a good education.]{.font12}
[I understand that their grandsons and granddaughters are (all) studying the Four Books now!]{.font12}
[Their family used to be rich. They had quite a lot of property.]{.font12}
[The property you're talking about is land, isn't it?]{.font12}
- [10. A: Wǒ mǔqin zǒng ]{.font12}[dānxǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wǒ gěge zài wàibianr ]{.font12}[chǐ kǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [B: Tāmen Jǐge xiǎo péngyou ]{.font12}[hùxiāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bāng máng, bú huì chǐ kǔde.]{.font12}
[My mother is always worried that my older brother is having a rough time away from home.]{.font12}
[His bunch of friends help each other out. They don't have such a rough time.]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | [VOCABULARY]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [baba]{.font12} | [father, dad, papa]{.font12} | | | | | [bang máng bù shǎo]{.font12} | [to help; help]{.font12} | | | | | | [to be quite a lot, to be much, | | | to be many]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [cáichǎn chī kǔ]{.font12} | [property]{.font12} | | | | | | [to suffer, to undergo | | | hardship]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [dānxīn duo (duō)]{.font12} | [to be worried, to be uneasy | | | how...]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [érxífu(r) (érxífer)]{.font12} | [daught er-in-law]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [fuqi]{.font12} | [blessings, good | | | fortune]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [guīju]{.font12} | [rules of proper behavior, social | | | etiquette, manners; rule (of a | | | community or organization), | | | established practice, | | | custom]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [guòqù]{.font12} | [the past]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [hái hùxiāng]{.font12} | [fairly, passably | | | mutually]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [-jiā]{.font12} | [(counter for families)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [kànbuqǐ]{.font12} | [to look down on, to scorn, to | | | despise]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [lǐmào]{.font12} | [manners, politeness]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [nǎinai niánji]{.font12} | [grandmother (on father's side) | | | age]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [qǐlai]{.font12} | [to get up (in several | | | senses)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [rén]{.font12} | [person; body; self people; they; | | | he, she; I]{.font12} | | [rénjia]{.font12} | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [shēntǐ shōushi]{.font12} | [body; health]{.font12} | | | | | | [to straighten up; to get one's | | | things ready]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Si Shū]{.font12} | [the Four Books | | | (]{.font12}[Dàxué]{.font12 | | | styl | | | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, | | | ]{.font12}[Zhōngyōng]{.font12 | | | styl | | | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, | | | ]{.font12}[Lúnyǔ]{.font12 | | | style="text-de | | | coration:underline;"}[.]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [sūnnū sūnzi]{.font12} | [Mèngzǐ]{.font12 | | | style="text-de | | | coration:underline;"}[)]{.font12} | | | | | | [granddaughter (through one's | | | son) grandson (through one's | | | son)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [tǔdì]{.font12} | [land]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [xiǎo péngyou]{.font12} | [little friend; kids]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[grandfather (on the father's side) also]{.font12}
[to have manners, to he proper]{.font12}
[to he well mannered, to he polite]{.font12}
[to he rich]{.font12}
[can only, to have to, to he forced to]{.font12}
[to move and stay (in a place), to settle down]{.font12}
[Unit U, Reference Notes]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. A: Nǐ ]{.font12}["baba]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zhème zǎo jiu Your father got up so early.]{.font12}
[qǐlai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12}
[B: Tā ]{.font12}[niánji]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dà le, měitiān He's getting on in years, and]{.font12}
[shuǐde zǎo. he goes to bed early.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhème zǎo jiu qǐlai le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The adverb ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to stress the earliness (]{.font12}[zhème zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) of father's getting up. On this use of ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, review Unit 2, Notes on No. 9• Here are more examples:]{.font12}
[Tā wǔdiǎn zhōng jiu qǐlai le. He got up at five (that early).]{.font12}
[Wǒ mǎshàng jiu lái. I'll be there in a minute.]{.font12}
[Bù jiù, tā jiu líkāi le. Shortly afterwards, he left.]{.font12}
[qǐlai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to get up,\" from a bed or just from a sitting position. In an abstract sense it means \"to arise,\" e.g., \"to arise and revolt\" C]{.font12}[qǐlai gemǐngi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Nǐ tiāntiān shénme shihou qǐlai? When do you get up every day?]{.font12}
[Tā niánji dà le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Literally, \"As for him, the age is now big.\" ]{.font12}[Le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used here to indicate change of state, as it often is in sentences telling a person's age (]{.font12}[Tā sānshi suǐ le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[You should learn the following typical examples of how to use ]{.font12}[niánji]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Tā (you) duo dà niánji le? How old is he? (USED ONLY OF ADULTS)]{.font12}
[Tā niánji dà le. He's advanced in years.]{.font12}
[Tā niánji bù xiǎo le. She's not young any more.]{.font12}
[Use ]{.font12}[Nín duo dà niánji le?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to ask an adult's age. To ask a child's age, though, say ]{.font12}[Nǐ duo dà le?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[Nǐ you duo dà?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[Nǐ jǐsuǐ (le)?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[The Chinese are not secretive about their age the way many Westerners are. It is not considered impolite to ask someone's age, even women and old people. As in the West, old people are often proud of their age and glad to let you know it.]{.font12}
[Měitiān shuǐde zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Literally, \"every day goes to bed early.\" ]{.font12}[Měitiān ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is needed in Chinese to express the idea of \"habitual\" which in English is conveyed simply by the present tense of \"goes.\" Without ]{.font12}[měitiān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the Chinese sentence might refer to one particular instance only. For example, it might mean that grandfather went to bed early the night before.]{.font12}
[shuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you may know from the Welfare module, means \"to sleep,\" hut also \"to go to hed, to retire.\" It is like many verbs in Chinese which can indicate either the continuing performance of an action (sleeping) or the start of an action (trying to sleep, i.e., going to hed). In the following examples, the pair of translations show the ambiguity. In real conversation, of course, the ambiguity rarely causes problems because the listener interprets one way or the other according to the context:]{.font12}
[{]{.font8}[Has he gone to bed?]{.font12}
[Did he sleep (and then get up)?]{.font12}
[{]{.font8}[Has it started to rain?]{.font12}
[Did it rain (and then stop)?]{.font12}
[í Has the bell gone off?]{.font12}
[Diànlíng xiǎngle' ma? (]{.font12}
[I Did the bell ring (and then stop)?]{.font12}
[To remove this ambiguity, you can use more specific phrasing. For example, the aspect marker ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ specifies absence of change, lack of completion, and so rules out the second translation for each of the above three sentences: ]{.font12}[Tā shuì ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He is sleeping,\" ]{.font12}[Xià yǔ ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"It's raining,\" ]{.font12}[Diànlíng xiǎng ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"The bell is ringing.\" To be even more specific you could use ~]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the marker of duration (usually used in combination with ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[): ]{.font12}[Tā shuìzhe ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[Xiàzhe yǔ ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[Diànlíng xiǎngzhe ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Or you could use the marker ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for ongoing action:]{.font12}[Tā zài shuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He is (in the midst of) sleeping,\" etc. To be the most specific of all, you can use ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, -]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, and ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ all in the same sentence: ]{.font12}[Tā zài shuìzhe ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.]{.font12}
[Shuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also be used to mean \"to lie down,\" regardless of whether the person sleeps or not. (The meaning \"lie down\" for ]{.font12}[shuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is only accepted by some speakers; others always use the verb ]{.font12}[tang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to lie down,\" which you learned in the Welfare module.)]{.font12}
[Tā shuì zai dìshang kàn diànshì. He lies on the floor and watches television.]{.font12}
[Nǐ kàn tā shuì dao zhuōzishang Look at him lying on the table! lai le!]{.font12}
[shuìde zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is another example of a manner expression following a verb plus -de, a structure which was introduced back in the Transportation module (]{.font12}[Nǐ kāide tài kuài le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"You are driving too fast\"). ]{.font12}[Shuìde wǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means either \"to go to bed late\" or \"to sleep late.\"]{.font12}
[*]{.font12}[xiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to sound, to make a sound\"]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[yéye]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"grandfather," only for the father's father. Back in the Biographic Information module you learned ]{.font12}[zǔfù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for \"paternal grandfather.\" ]{.font12}[Yéye]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the same person, but is the word you would use when addressing him directly or when talking about him informally. See the diagram under ]{.font12}[nǎinai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ below (Notes on No. 3). COne\'s mother\'s father is ]{.font12}[lǎoyé]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[wàigōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.1]{.font12}
[Xiǎo péngyou]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"little friends,\" is a warm term for young children. It may be used either to address children directly or to talk about them in the third person. The host of a children\'s television show, for example, would address the young viewers as ]{.font12}[xiǎo péngyou(men)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. You may someday need to use this word to address a young child whom you don\'t know, for example, one that you meet on the street. And, of course, ]{.font12}[xiǎo péngyou]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is also used in its literal sense to refer to the \"young friends\" of a child.]{.font12}
[Xiǎo péngyou.\' Tiān hēi le, kuài Little boy/girl, it\'s getting dark hui jiā qu ba.\' out. You\'d better go back home.]{.font12}
[Nèixiē xiǎo péngyou dōu zài Those kids are playing outdoors,]{.font12}
[wàitou wānr ne.]{.font12}
[liāo tiānr ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you first learned in the sentence ]{.font12}[Hái méi ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, is the marker which emphasizes ABSENCE OF CHANGE or LACK OF COMPLETION. (it is, in a way, the opposite of ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which marks CHANGED SITUATION or COMPLETION.) In what specific situations can or should you use ]{.font12}[ne?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ We can note two kinds of meaning for sentences in which absence-of-change ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ often appears:]{.font12}
[(1) Continued State, e.g.,]{.font12}
[Hai you ne. There is still some more.]{.font12}
[Hai méiyou ne. Not yet.]{.font12}
[(2) Ongoing Action, e.g.,]{.font12}
[Tā chī fàn ne. He\'s eating.]{.font12}
[Nǎinai zuò fàn ne. Grandma is cooking.]{.font12}
[Remember also that ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often used in sentences which contain ]{.font12}[-zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the marker of DURATION (something like continued state), or ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the marker of ONGOING ACTION.]{.font12}
::: {style="border-top:solid;"} [Tā shuì jiào ne.]{.font12}
[Tā shuìzhe ne.]{.font12}
[Tā zài shuì ne.]{.font12} :::
[(NO CHANGE)]{.font12}
[(DURATION + NO CHANGE) (ONGOING + NO CHANGE)]{.font12}
[There is a famous nursery rhyme which contains two ongoing-action sentences that end in ahsence-of-change ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In one of its many versions, the rhyme goes like this (just read and enjoy; ignore the words you don't know):]{.font12}
[rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Besides the meaning of ''man, person,\" ]{.font12}[rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also \"be used to refer more specifically to someone's (1) character, (2) mental state of \"being, or (3) physical self.]{.font12}
[(1) character]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhèi liǎngnián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the last couple of years\" ]{.font12}[Zhèi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ before an amount of time often means \"the last\" or \"the past.\" ]{.font12}[Liang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ does not necessarily mean exactly \"two\" but can mean \"a couple,\" an indefinite small number.]{.font12}
[We are going there in a couple of days.]{.font12}
[nǎinai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"paternal grandmother\" For \"grandma and grandpa,\" the Chinese order is almost always ]{.font12}[yéye nǎinai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. LA maternal grandmother is called ]{.font12}[lǎolao ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[or ]{.font12}[wàipó]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.J Here is a tree showing what to call grandparents in Chinese. The top two rows are conversational terms used either to address grandparents directly or refer to them. The third row shows the more formal words which you learned in BIO; these are ]{.font12}[not]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used in addressing one's grandparents directly. (The labels \"Northern\" and \"Southern,\" are generalizations; many more terms exist, but these are widely encountered.)]{.font12}
[shēntǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"body\" OR \"health\"]{.font12}
[\"]{.font12}[bang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be great/fantastic/terrific\"]{.font12}
[Don't always he knocking yourself out studying; you should look after your health more.]{.font12}
[hái hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"fairly good\" You first learned the adverb ]{.font12}[hái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as meaning \"still.\" When used before a state verb, ]{.font12}[hái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also mean that the quality expressed by that verb may still be said to apply, although just barely. Often it may be translated as \"fairly, passably\":]{.font12}
[Zhèige dianyǐng hái bū cuè, The movie was fairly good. Although]{.font12}
[suīrán cháng yidiǎn, kěshi it was a little long, it was]{.font12}
[duì wǒde Zhōngwén you bāngzhu. good for my Chinese.]{.font12}
[Shōushi xíngli]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to pack one's baggage.\"]{.font12}
[Notes on No. U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Zhāng jia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the Zhāng family\" In Běijīng pronunciation, the ]{.font12}[jiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is unstressed and often neutral tone, like a suffix: ]{.font12}[Zhāngjia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[érxífu:]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"daughter-in-law\" In Běijīng, this word is often pronounced]{.font12}
[guīju]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: A definite standard, regulation, or custom which forms part of the conduct of a group of people (e.g., a community, a company, a gang, etc.)]{.font12}
[You guīju]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, as you see in exchange U, means \"to have manners, to be proper (in benavior).\" ]{.font12}[Mei guīju]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"to be badly behaved,\" said, for example, of a child. (]{.font12}[Bù guīju]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used to imply unfaithfulness of a wife.)]{.font12}
[Zhāng Taitai jiāo háizi jiāode Mrs. Zhāng teaches her children well, hǎo, tāde háizi dōu hěn you they are all very well-behaved,]{.font12}
[guīju.]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Sānr! Bié zhèiyangr. Ke- Cut it out, Xiǎo Sānr. What will the ren kànjian nǐ zènme méi guests think when they see you mis-]{.font12}
[guīju, zěnme hǎo yìsi? behaving so?]{.font12}
[fúqi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This is a traditional Chinese concept: the destiny to enjoy happiness in life. It is different from the Western idea of luck Ewhich is closer to Chinese ]{.font12}[yùnqiZ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[I. Luck refers to chance occurrences like winning a lottery, while ]{.font12}[fúqi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to one's whole life situation. Some people have more ]{.font12}[fúqi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and some less. In practice, ]{.font12}[fúqi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is measured by a person's wealth, prestige, and especially his or her family situation. In traditional China, for a man to have a lot of sons was reason to say he had ]{.font12}[fúqi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In exchange U, the grandmother is said to have ]{.font12}[fúqi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ because her daughter-in-law is a very proper or well-behaved woman.]{.font12}
[Tā zhēn yōu fúqi, búdàn yōu yíge He is really blessed with good for-]{.font12}
[hǎo jiātíng, you yōu yíge hǎo tune. Not only does he have a nice gōngzuò. family, but a good job, too.]{.font12}
[Nǐ fūqi zhēn hǎo, da érzi jì You are really blessed with good for-]{.font12}
[qián, xiǎo nūér song huār! tune. Your oldest son sent you]{.font12}
[money and your little girl gave you flowers]{.font12}
[Daughters-in-law]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The relationship between the husband's wife and his mother is different in traditional China from in the West. A wife, after all, is considered to become a member of her husband's family, so she is supposed to regard her mother-in-law as her new mother, and show her the same filial obedience. The husband's mother, for her part, tries to find for her son a young woman who will obey and get along with her, who will work hard for the family and around the house.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 5]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[guòqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the past\" Distinguish this noun from the verb \"to pass,\" which in Beijing has a neutral-tone ]{.font12}[qu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[guòqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Since it is a time word, the noun ]{.font12}[guòqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may go either before the subject or between the subject and verb. Most commonly it is placed at the very beginning of the sentence, before the subject:]{.font12}
[Guòqu, tā zài Xiānggǎngde shihou, In the past, when he was in Hong tā jiāo shū. Kong, he taught school.]{.font12}
[Guòqù, tā bāngguo wo hěn duō máng. In the past he has been a great help to me.]{.font12}
[Guòqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also be used to modify a noun]{.font12}
[Nà dōu shi guòqùde shi le.']{.font12}
[duō nán]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"how difficult.'\" ]{.font12}[Duō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, used before a state verb to express a]{.font12}
[Jīntiān tiānqi duō hǎo.]{.font12}
[Nǐ bù zhīdào zài zhèr mǎi diàn-yīng piào you duō nán.']{.font12}
[Duō piàoliangde háizi a.']{.font12}
[Tā zěnme kéyi zhème shuō? Duō ràng rén shěngqì.']{.font12}
[Nǐ kàn tā duō xǐhuan niàn shū.]{.font12}
[zǒu dào nǎr yě méi rén kànbuqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Nǎr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here is used as an indefinite pronoun, \"anywhere, no matter where.\" You learned about indefinite pronouns in the Meeting module, where you had the sentence ]{.font12}[Míngtiān xiàwu shénme shíhou dōu kéyi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. A question word, such as ]{.font12}[shéi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[shénme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[něig]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e or ]{.font12}[nǎr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ followed by the adverb ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ before the verb expresses the idea of \"any.\" When the verb has ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ before it, the pattern expresses the ideas of \"nobody, nothing, neither, nowhere,\" etc.]{.font12}
[Shéi dōu kéyi qù. Anyone may go.]{.font12}
[Shéi dōu bù kéyi qù. No one may go.]{.font12}
[You may use anything.]{.font12}
[You may not use anything.]{.font12}
[Any of them would be the same.]{.font12}
[None of them is clear.]{.font12}
[You can go anywhere.]{.font12}
[No place is as good as here.]{.font12}
[When ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used before the verb, the adverb ]{.font12}[yě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used in place of ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Shéi yě bù kéyi qù. No one can go.]{.font12}
[Shénme yě bù kéyi yòng. You may not use anything.]{.font12}
[Něige yě bù qíngchu. None of them is clear.]{.font12}
[Nǎr yě méi zhèr hǎo. No place is as good as here.]{.font12}
[The \"any/no\" expression may be the subject or object of the sentence, or as in exchange 5, it may be the object of a prepositional verb:]{.font12}
[Mai gěi shéi dōu kéyi. It's okay to sell it to anyone.]{.font12}
[Mai gěi shéi dōu bu kéyi. It's not okay to sell it to any-]{.font12}
[Mài gěi shéi yě bu kéyi. J one.]{.font12}
[Fang zai nǎr dōu yíyàng. It's the same wherever you put it.]{.font12}
[Fàng zai nǎr dōu bù yíyàng. It's different every place you put it.]{.font12}
[Dào něige yóujú qù jì dōu kéyi. It would be all right to go to any post office to mail it•]{.font12}
[Gēn shéi shuō dōu (OR yě) méi It doesn't matter who you tell it to. guānxi.]{.font12}
[kànbuqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: A resultative compound verb meaning \"to look down on, to scorn, to despise.\" Unlike other resultative verb compounds, this one occurs only with -de- or -bu-. (]{.font12}[Méi kànqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[kànqǐ le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are very rare.)]{.font12}
[Bié kànbuqǐ zhèixiē xiǎo shi. Don't look down on these little matters.]{.font12}
[Wǒ zuì kànbuqǐ zhèiyangde rén. I despise this kind of person most.]{.font12}
[Bù yǐnggāi kànbuqǐ fùnū, nánrén Don't look down on women. Anything]{.font12}
[néng zuǒde shi, nùrén yě néng a man can do a woman can do. zuò.]{.font12}
[The positive form ]{.font12}[kàndeqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means to treat someone or something seriously because you believe them/it to be capable, important, worthy, etc. It may be translated as \"to think a lot of,\" \"to think highly of\":]{.font12}
[6. A: ]{.font12}[Rénjia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dōu juéde Xiǎo Wáng Everyone feels Xiǎo Wáng is a very shi ge hěn you ]{.font12}[lǐmàod]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e well-mannered child,]{.font12}
[háizi.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[rénjia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This pronoun has a few different meanings. As used in exchange 6 it means \"everyone, people (in general), they\":]{.font12}
[Rénjia dōu shuō nèige dìfang hěn People say that place is very pretty, hǎo kàn.]{.font12}
[It can also mean \"other people\" or \"someone else\":]{.font12}
[Zhèiběnr shū dàgài kéyi jiè gěi I can probably lend you this book, nī, būguò shi rénjiade, wǒ děi but it's someone else's. I have xiǎn wènwen. to ask them first.]{.font12}
[Besides referring to unspecified people, ]{.font12}[rénjia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also refer to specific people. Most often it refers to a specific third party, \"he,\" \"she,\" or ''they\":]{.font12}
[If he doesn't want to lend it, then just forget it.']{.font12}
[Has your daughter had any children yet?]{.font12}
[No---she doesn't want any.']{.font12}
[I tried to give it to her, but she didn't want it. What can you do?]{.font12}
[Look at how well Xiǎo Huá does in her studies, but you.']{.font12}
[Renjia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also refer to the speaker, in other words, \"l.\" In such a case, the speaker is being intentionally playful, witty, or cute:]{.font12}
[You want so much?! Come on, give me a little!]{.font12}
[I don\'t like this kind of movie!]{.font12}
[Why do I have to go see it?]{.font12}
[I've been waiting for you for an hour.]{.font12}
[Today\'s Sunday. Let me sleep a little later!]{.font12}
[1ǐmào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"manners, etiquette,\" the expression in speech and behavior of modesty and respectfulness. This includes politeness of speech, saying the right things at the right times, table manners, and so on. C]{.font12}[LǏ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"ritual.\" ]{.font12}[Mào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"appearance.\"!]{.font12}
[Yōu lǐmào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to be well-mannered,\" ]{.font12}[méiyou lǐmào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to be ill-mannered.\"]{.font12}
[niànguo bù shǎo shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Literally, \"studied a lot of books.\" This is the GENERAL OBJECT ]{.font12}[shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ which you first learned back in the Biographic Information module. It doesn\'t really mean \"books,\" but anything at all which is studied. ]{.font12}[Niàn shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Just means \"to study, to be in school,\" so we translate ]{.font12}[niànguo bù shǎo shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as \"to be very well educated\" or \"to have a good education.\"]{.font12}
[Sūnzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"grandson,\" and ]{.font12}[sūnnu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"granddaughter\" include only the children of one's son. CThe children of one's daughter are called ]{.font12}[wàisūnzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[wài-sūnnu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.i ]{.font12}[Sūnnu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also have an -r ending: ]{.font12}[sūnnur]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (the real Běijīng pronunciation of -]{.font12}[nur]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is kind of tricky; ask a native Běijīng speaker to say ]{.font12}[sūnnur ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[for you).]{.font12}
[Si Shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the Four Books,\" which are ]{.font12}[Daxué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"The Great Learning\"; ]{.font12}[Zhōn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[g-]{.font12}[yōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"The Doctrine of the Mean\"; ]{.font12}[Lunyǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"The Analects of Confucius\"; and ]{.font12}[Mèngzǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Mencius.\" ]{.font12}[Dàxué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[Zhōngyōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are chapters from ]{.font12}[Lǐ Jì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"The Book of Rites,\" which were raised to the status of separate \"books\" by the Southern Song Dynasty philosopher ]{.font12}[Zhū Xī]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. After the Song Dynasty, philosophers of the Idealist school looked upon the Four Books as the classics of Confucianism. Many older Chinese you meet today studied the Four Books when they were children.]{.font12}
[8. A: Tāmen jiā guòqù shi ]{.font12}[yǒu qián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Their family used to be rich, rén, yǒu bù shǎo ]{.font12}[cáichǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. They had quite a lot of property.]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ shuōde cáichǎn shi The property you're talking]{.font12}
[tǔdì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba? about is land, isn't it?]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[yǒu qián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be rich,\" literally, \"to have money.\" You have now seen quite a few phrases built around the state verb ]{.font12}[yǒu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Like other state verbs (such as ]{.font12}[hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be good,\" ]{.font12}[ài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to love,\" ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be able to, to know how to,\"), ]{.font12}[yǒu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be modified by adverbs such as ]{.font12}[hěn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"very\"; ]{.font12}[fēicháng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"very, extremely\"; ]{.font12}[zhēn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"really\"; ]{.font12}[tài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"too\"; etc.]{.font12}
[You]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, of course, differs from all other state verbs in that it is made negative with ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ instead of ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[BÙ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may nevertheless modify an adverb preceding ]{.font12}[yǒu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[You cannot use ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in this sentence because the negation goes with ]{.font12}[tài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, not with ]{.font12}[yǒu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In fact, switching around the order of negative and adverb results in a big difference in meaning:]{.font12}
[Not too interesting.]{.font12}
[So boring!]{.font12}
[9. A: Nǐ ]{.font12}[zhùxialai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba, yě kéyi Stay (live) here and you can help]{.font12}
[gěi wǒmen ]{.font12}[bāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dianr us a bit.]{.font12}
[máng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ báitiān you kè, ]{.font12}[zhǐ hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ I have classes during the day; wǎnshang zuò diǎnr shǐ. I can only work at night.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhùxialai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to stay; to settle down\" in a place. ]{.font12}[Zhù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can \"to live, to reside\" or just \"to stay\" temporarily in a place, -xialai adds the meaning of coming to rest,]{.font12}
[When you first get here you don't know, it's only after you've lived here for a while that you realize why nobody likes to come here.]{.font12}
[I'm going to go look for a hotel now]{.font12}
[That's all right, why don't you just stay at my house?]{.font12}
[You first saw this in the Welfare module, Both are very]{.font12}
[conversational.]{.font12}
[Bāng máng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a verb-object phrase (literally, \"help-busy,\"---\"help me in my busy-ness\"). For example, you can say]{.font12}
[Bāng wo yidiǎnr máng. Help me a little.]{.font12}
[Wǒ zǎi Měiguode shihou, tā He helped me a lot when I was in]{.font12}
[bāngle wǒ bù shǎo máng. America.]{.font12}
[Bāngzhu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, however, is just a verb. The word order is therefore simpler with ]{.font12}[bāngzhu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ than with ]{.font12}[bāngmáng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tā]{.font12} [bāngzhu wo.]{.font12}
[Tā]{.font12} [bāng wǒde máng.]{.font12}
[or]{.font12} [Tā]{.font12} [gěi wo bāng máng.]{.font12}
[\"He helps me.\"]{.font12}
[You can see that when ]{.font12}[bāng máng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used, the person helped is expressed either (1) in a phrase modifying ]{.font12}[máng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or (2) in a prepositional phrase with gěi.]{.font12}
[zhǐ hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"can only, have no choice hut to\"]{.font12}
[zǎi wǎihianr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Literally, \"on the outside,\" a common way of saying \"away from home\" or \"away from one's hometown.\" The Chinese have an expression (in literary style), ]{.font12}[Zǎi jiǎ qiǎn rì hǎo, chū wǎi yì shi nán]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"At home one thousand days are good, but when one is on the outside (away from one's hometown) even one moment is difficult.\"]{.font12}
[chǐ kǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to have a rough time, to suffer hardships\" ]{.font12}[Kǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"bitter,\" when referring to life or an experience, means \"hardship, suffering, pain.\"]{.font12}
[Tǎ chīle bù shǎo kù cái cong dǎ- He went through some rough times xué bìyè. before he graduated from college.]{.font12}
[Méiyou chīguo zhànzhēngde' kǔ, If you haven't experienced the suffer-jiù bù zhīdao jīntiānde shēng- ing of war, you don't know that our huó láide bù róngyi. life today didn't come easily.]{.font12}
[Neng chi kǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to be able to take hardships,\" \"to have fortitude.\"]{.font12}
[Zhōngguo hěn duō rénde kànfǎ shi In China many people think that young]{.font12}
[niánqīng rén yīnggāi néng chī people ought to be able to take kǔ. hardship.]{.font12}
[Tā neige rén hěn néng chī kǔ, He can take a lot of hardship. Don't bú yòng dānxīn. worry.]{.font12}
[hùxiāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"mutually, reciprocally, with each other\" This is an adverb, so it must go after the subject (if there is one) and before the verb.]{.font12}
[Women kéyi hùxiāng xuéxí. Nǐ We can learn from each other. You jiāo wo Yǐngwén, wō Jiāo ni teach me English and I'll teach you]{.font12}
[Zhōngwén. Chinese.]{.font12}
[\"]{.font12}[zhànzhēng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"war\"]{.font12}
[Unit b, Review Dialogue]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Questions ending in ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ often ask the whereabouts of someone or something, hence the translation \"Where's Mom?\"]{.font12}
[*Tom knows that this way of addressing Grandma is proper for a friend of her grandson. He intentionally calls her ]{.font12}[Lǐ Nǎinai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as soon as he sees her in order to establish the relationship.]{.font12}
["gāi: \"will probably\"]{.font12}
['''More literally, \"When it comes to telling it, the talk is long.\" ''''Notice that grandma's phrasing shows that the woman is first a daughter-in-law, then a wife.]{.font12}
[A: Nei shihou nuhaizi shang da-]{.font12}
[xuéde duō hu duō?]{.font12}
[C: Méiyou xiànzài zhème duō.]{.font12}
[Women érxífu jiā xiāngdāng yǒu qián, érqiě yídàjiā rén yǒu qī-hāshígè, zài Sūzhōu shéi dōu zhīdao tāmen jiā.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhèiyangrde jiātíng' guīju]{.font12}
[yídìng bù shǎo.]{.font12}
[C: Shéi shuō hu shi ne.' Tāmen]{.font12}
[jiāde xiáojie bù néng zài wài-hianr niàn shū, zhǐ néng qīng lāoshǐ dào jiāli jiāo diǎnr Si Shū shenmede. Xiǎo Ping mǔqin juéde yíge fùnǔ yào zài shèhuìshang dull, yídìng děi chūqu niàn shū. Jiù zhèiyang, tā cái pǎo dào Shànghǎi niàn shū qu le.]{.font12}
[A: Zài nèi shihou, zhēn hu róngyi.]{.font12}
[C: Zài dàxuéde shíhou, Xiǎo]{.font12}
[Píngde fùmǔ shi hěn hǎode péngyou, kěshi zěnme hàn ne? Women shénme dōu méiyou le, yě méiyou qián, zìjǐde érzi zěnme néng hé zhèiyangr yíwèi xiáojie jiēhūn ne? Xiǎo Ping mā hu name xiǎng. . . .]{.font12}
[A: Tā zěnme xiǎng?]{.font12}
[C: Tā shuō tā yào zhǎo yíge zìjǐ]{.font12}
[xǐhuande rén jiēhūn, dìwei he qián dōu hu zhǒngyào. Ai, tā chile duōshao kǔ cái líkāile nèige dà jiātíng.]{.font12}
[A: Nà, nǐmen zěnme dào Xiānggǎng]{.font12}
[lái le ne?]{.font12}
[C: Tāmen zài Yīngguó niànwán shū]{.font12}
[jiù lái Xiānggǎng zuǒ shi, yìnián yǐhòu you hǎ women jiē-lai le, zhèiyangr yìjiā rén cái zài Xiānggǎng zhùxialai le. Xiànzài wǒ niánji dà le, jiāli dà shir xiǎo shir dōu shi Xiǎo]{.font12}
[Were there many women who went to college in those days?]{.font12}
[Not as many as there are now. My daughter-in-law's family was quite rich, and there were seventy or eighty people in that one big family. Everyone in Sūzhōu knew them.]{.font12}
[A family like that must have had a strict code of behavior.]{.font12}
[You bet they did! Their young ladies couldn't go to school outside the home: they could only hire a teacher to come to the house and teach them a little of the Four Books and so forth. Xiǎo Ping's mother felt that if a woman wanted to be independent in society, she had to leave home to study. That's why she ran away to Shànghǎi to go to school.]{.font12}
[That must have been really hard back then.]{.font12}
[When they were in college, Xiǎo Ping's parents were very good friends, but what were we to do? We didn't have a thing left, and we didn't have any money. How could our (own) son marry a young lady like that? But Xiǎo Ping's mother didn't think so. . . .]{.font12}
[What did she think?]{.font12}
[She said she wanted to find a person she herself liked to get married to, and that status and money weren't important. (Sigh) What she went through to leave that big family.]{.font12}
[Well then, how did you come to Hong Kong?]{.font12}
[When they finished school in England they came to Hong Kong to work; a year later they brought us out, and then our whole family settled here. Now that I'm getting on in years, Xiǎo Ping's mother takes care of all the big and small matters]{.font12}
[Ping mùqin guan. Nǐ shuō wǒ fúqi hǎo, zhēn shi yidiǎnr yě bū cuò.]{.font12}
- [B:]{.font11}[ Nǎinai, wǒ mǎ kuài huilai le]{.font12}
[ba?]{.font12}
- [C: Kuài huilai le, women qù bǎ]{.font12}
[zǎofàn nònghǎo ba.]{.font12}
[A, B: Hǎo, zǒu ba.]{.font12}
[here at home. So when you say I'm blessed with good fortune, you're absolutely right.]{.font12}
[Grandma, Mom will be home soon, won't she?]{.font12}
[Yes. Let's go get breakfast ready.]{.font12}
[Okay, let's go.]{.font12}
[Unit U, Tape 2 Workbook]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once.]{.font12}
[want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a conversation between two neighbors who meet in their courtyard in Beijing.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
[1. Why does Older Sister Lin do all of her own housework?]{.font12}
[2. What does she think of her daughter-in-law?]{.font12}
[3. What can you infer about what housing is like in Older Sister Lin\'s neighborhood?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [k. From this conversation you can see that a daughter-in-law]{.font12}
[is very important in the Chinese family. Make a list of her responsibilities.]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation a Chinese man invites his girlfriend over for dinner.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:]{.font12}
[pa to be afraid]{.font12}
[shǒuchāode handwritten]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
[1. Why is Xiao Lan hesitant to go to her boyfriend's home for dinner?]{.font12}
[2. Why does Xiao Lan think large families are difficult?]{.font12}
[3. Where would the couple live if they got married? Why must they wait for a place of their own to live?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. What does Xiao Lan think of bringing to her boyfriend's home that evening? Why?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.]{.font12}
[Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise a grandmother talks with her granddaughter.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following new words and phrases:]{.font12}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
[1. What does Grandma think of the new generation of daughters-in-law?]{.font12}
[2. How does Grandma remember her own experience as a newlywed?]{.font12}
[3. What is the difference between \"standards of conduct\" and \"manners\"?]{.font12}
[U. Why does Grandma reprimand Xiǎo Yun? Do you think she was justified?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Beijing, two old neighbors meet in their courtyard.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
["]{.font12}[shūshufufude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"very comfortable\" *"]{.font12}[yě gāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"really should\"]{.font12}
[\"]{.font12}[Fángzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here refers to any type of housing, including an apartment or just a room. The housing situation in Běijīng is so tight that this couple will probably have to wait months to get one room.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[°]{.font12}[Hái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"still\" is used in rhetorical questions; here it implies \"The answer to your question is so obvious, why are you still asking?\" ]{.font12}[Shénme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, here in the neutral tone, means \"why, what for\" rather than \"what.\"]{.font12}
[°]{.font12}[Hái bu shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used in rhetorical questions; literally, it means, \"Is it not still (a case of...),\" or in more colloquial English, \"Could it be anything but....\" Here, it is best translated as \"of course.\"]{.font12}
[°]{.font12}[hǎo nǎinai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: A rather theatrical, humorously cajoling form of address, \"dear grandma.\" The girl uses this term in order to get her grandmother to do her the favor of answering the front door.]{.font12}
[UNIT 5]{.font12}
[Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes]{.font12}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
[Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. The pattern ]{.font12}[yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"whether... or\"]{.font12}
[2. The adverb ]{.font12}[cai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ marking necessary condition.]{.font12}
[3. Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. ]{.font12}[Wèile]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"in order to.\"]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [5- Comparison of two words for \"afterwards,\" ]{.font12}[yǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[hòulǎi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. Inquiring about customs in the culture.]{.font12}
[2. Expressing that you don't understand something and asking another's interpretation of it.]{.font12}
[3. Expressing that you don't see the value of something and asking another\'s point of view on it.]{.font12}
[4. Expressing partial agreement, specifying one\'s reservations.]{.font12}
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | [1.]{.font12} | [A:]{.font12} | [Zhèi | [What has your | | | | liǎngnián, | income been | | | | nǐmende | like the past | | | | ]{.font12}[ | couple of | | | | shōurù]{.font12 | y | | | | style= | ears?]{.font12} | | | | "text-decoratio | | | | | n:underline;"}[ | | | | | zěnme | | | | | yàng?]{.font12} | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | [B:]{.font12} | [Zhèi | [The past | | | | liǎngnián, | couple of | | | | ]{ | years, | | | | .font12}[nongyè | agricultural | | | | shē | production | | | | ngchǎn]{.font12 | conditions have | | | | style= | been pretty | | | | "text-decoratio | good, and our | | | | n:underline;"}[ | income has been | | | | qíngkuàng bu | all right, | | | | cuò, shōurù yě | too.]{.font12} | | | | hái | | | | | hǎo.]{.font12} | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | [2.]{.font12} | [A:]{.font12} | [Tāde | [I didn't | | | | ]{.font12}[ | understand the | | | | shuōfǎ]{.font12 | way he said | | | | style= | that. Did you | | | | "text-decoratio | understand | | | | n:underline;"}[ | it?]{.font12} | | | | wǒ méi | | | | | ting-dong, nǐ | | | | | tǐng]{. | | | | | font12}[míngbai | | | | | ]{.font12 | | | | | style="t | | | | | ext-decoration: | | | | | underline;"}[le | | | | | ma?]{.font12} | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | [B:]{.font12} | [Méiyou, wǒ yě | [No, I didn't | | | | méi | understand it | | | | tīngmíngbai, | ei | | | | érqiě zhèige | ther.]{.font12} | | | | ]{.font12 | | | | | }[tímu]{.font12 | [Moreover this | | | | style= | topic is too | | | | "text-decoratio | hard.]{.font12} | | | | n:underline;"}[ | | | | | yě tài nán | | | | | le.]{.font12} | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - [7. A: Tā wèishénme | [Why did she get married | | ]{.font12}[zǎohūn]{.font12 | early?]{.font12} | | style="text-de | | | coration:underline;"}[?]{.font12} | [Last year her father died and | | | there was no one to take care of | | [B: Qùnián tā fùqin | her. All she could do was get | | ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 | married.]{.font12} | | sty | | | le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | [Most people like | | le, méi rén | freedom.]{.font12} | | ]{.font12}[zhàogu]{.font12 | | | sty | [But not many people can obtain | | le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | freedom.]{.font12} | | ta, zhǐ hǎo jiehūn le.]{.font12} | | | | [All three generations live | | - [8. A: | together so that they can take | | ]{.font12}[Duōshù]{.font12 | care of each other.]{.font12} | | sty | | | le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | [I've heard that in the past you | | rén dōu xǐhuan | had a lot of interesting customs | | zìyou.]{.font12} | here.]{.font12} | | | | |
{=html} | [Yes. Later, when industry and | | <!-- --> | commerce developed, customs | || changed, too.]{.font12} | | - [B: Kěshi, hú shi hěn duō rén | | | néng | [to labor; labor]{.font12} | | ]{.font12}[dédao]{.font12 | | | sty | [labor force, labor]{.font12} | | le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | | | zìyou.]{.font12} | [industry]{.font12} | | | | |{=html} | [business, commerce]{.font12} | | <!-- --> | | || [the great majority]{.font12} | | - [9.]{.font12}[ Weile]{.font12 | | | sty | [to live; to become alive; to | | le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | survive; to be live/alive/living; | | néng hùxiāng zhàogu, tāmen | to be movable/moving]{.font12} | | yìjiā | | | sān]{.font12}[dài]{.font12 | [habit, custom, usual practice; | | sty | to be accustomed to, to be used | | le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | to]{.font12} | | zhù zai yiqi.]{.font12} | | | | [to heed, to obey (someone's | | - [10. A: Tīngshuō cóngqián, | orders)]{.font12} | | nǐmen zhèli you hěn duō you | | | yìside | | | ]{.font12}[fēngsú]{.font12 | | | style="text-de | | | coration:underline;"}[.]{.font12} | | | | | |{=html} | | | <!-- --> | | || | | - [B: Shi a. | | | ]{.font12}[Hòulái]{.font12 | | | sty | | | le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | | | gōngshāngyè fādá le, fēngsú | | | yě ]{.font12}[gǎibiàn | | | ]{.font12 | | | style="text-deco | | | ration:underline;"}[le.]{.font12} | | | | | | [ADDITIONAL REQUIRED | | | VOCABULARY]{.font12} | | | | | | - [11. láodòng]{.font12} | | | | | | - [12. láolì]{.font12} | | | | | | - [13. gōngyè]{.font12} | | | | | | [11. shāngyè]{.font12} | | | | | | - [15. dàduōshù(r)]{.font12} | | | | | | - [16. huó]{.font12} | | | | | | - [17- xíguàn]{.font12} | | | | | | - [18. ting]{.font12} | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[VOCABULARY]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [bǎochí]{.font12} | [to keep, to preserve, to | | | maintain]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [cái]{.font12} | [only in that case, only under | | | this condition]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [dàduōshù(r)]{.font12} | [the great majority]{.font12} | | | | | [-dài]{.font12} | [generation (counter); era, | | | (historical) period]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [de dédao duōshù(r)]{.font12} | [to get]{.font12} | | | | | | [to get]{.font12} | | | | | | [the majority of, most | | | of]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [fādá]{.font12} | [to be (highly) developed, to be | | | flourishing, to be | | | prosperous]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [fēngsú]{.font12} | [custom(s)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [gǎibiàn gōngyè | [to change]{.font12} | | gōngshāngyè]{.font12} | | | | [industry]{.font12} | | | | | | [industry and commerce]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [hǎochù hòulái huó]{.font12} | [benefit, advant age]{.font12} | | | | | | [later, afterwards]{.font12} | | | | | | [to live; to become alive; to | | | survive; to be live/alive/living; | | | to be movable/moving]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [láodòng láodònglì | [to labor]{.font12} | | láolì]{.font12} | | | | [labor force, labor; able-bodied | | | persor labor force, | | | labor]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [míngbai]{.font12} | [to understand, to be clear on, | | | to comprehend; to be clear, to be | | | obvious]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [nóngyè]{.font12} | [agriculture]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [shāngyè shēngchǎn shōurù | [commerce, business]{.font12} | | shuōfǎ]{.font12} | | | | [to produce; production]{.font12} | | | | | | [income, earnings]{.font12} | | | | | | [way of saying a thing; | | | statement, version, | | | argument]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [sǐ]{.font12} | [to die]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [tímu (tímù)]{.font12} | [topic, subject; title; (test) | | | question, problem]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [ting tóngyì]{.font12} | [to heed, to obey (someone's | | | orders) to agree, to consent; | | | agreement, consent]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [wèile]{.font12} | [in order to; for the purpose of; | | | for the sake of]{.font12} | | | | | | [lUT]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[xíguàn habit, custom, usual practice; to]{.font12}
[be accustomed to, to be used to]{.font12}
[. . .yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo whether...or...; both...and...]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [yě jiù you hǎochù]{.font12} | [accordingly, correspondingly, so | | | to be beneficial, to be good | | | (for)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [zǎohūn]{.font12} | [early marriage; child marriage; | | | to marry as a child, to marry | | | early]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [zhàngfu zhǎogu zhèng]{.font12} | [husband]{.font12} | | | | | | [to take of; care]{.font12} | | | | | | [just, precisely, right]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhèiliǎngnián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: See Unit U, Notes on No. 3-]{.font12}
[shōurù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"income, earnings\" While in English you say \"income\" is \"large\" or \"small,\" in Chinese you say \"much\" (]{.font12}[duō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) or \"little\" (]{.font12}[shǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[Tāde shōurù hù shao. Her income isn't small. (lit., \"little\")]{.font12}
[Tāde shōurù hú tài duō. His income isn't very high.]{.font12}
[shēngchǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to produce (agricultural or industrial products), to manu-facture (industrial products); production, operation (of a plant)\"]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[mínghai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to he clear on, to understand,\" literally, \"hright-white\" This is an adjectival verh which may or may not he followed hy an object:]{.font12}
[I understand what you mean.]{.font12}
[Gāngcǎi nǐ you gěi wǒ jiǎngle Now that you\'ve just explained it to yícǐ, wo bǐjiǎo míngbai le. me again, I understand it better.]{.font12}
[Míngbai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also be used to mean \"to be clear, to be obvious,\" as in:]{.font12}
[Zhèijiàn shìqing hěn míngbai. This matter is very clear/obvious.]{.font12}
[tīngmíngbai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to hear and understand\" This is a compound verb of result with an adjectival verb, ]{.font12}[míngbai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ indicating the result. As just stated ]{.font12}[míngbai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can mean either \"to understand\" or \"to be clear,\" but ]{.font12}[tingmíngbai ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[means only \"to understand by listening,\" NOT \"to hear clearly.\" Use ]{.font12}[tīngqǐng-chu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to mean \"to hear clearly.\"]{.font12}
[I couldn\'t understand a thing in yesterday\'s class.]{.font12}
[Another verb of perception which can take ]{.font12}[míngbai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to show the result is ]{.font12}[kàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to see, to read.\"]{.font12}
[Nǐ kàn méi kànmíngbai zhèige Did you understand the (test) question]{.font12}
[tímu? (when you read it)?]{.font12}
[As a compound verb of result, ]{.font12}[tingmíngbai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can take the syllables -de- and -bu- to add the meaning of \"can\" and \"can\'t.\" (For the following example you need to know ]{.font12}[wàiwén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"foreign language,\" and ]{.font12}[bù guǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"no matter.\")]{.font12}
[Gang xué yìzhong wàiwénde shihou, When you\'re just beginning to study bù guǎn tīngdemíngbai tǐngbu- a foreign language, it\'s good for]{.font12}
[míngbai, duō ting duì nǐ yídìng you to listen a lot whether you]{.font12}
[you hǎochù. understand or not.]{.font12}
[tímu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This noun has three commonly used meanings: (1) \"topic, subject,\" (2) \"title,\" and (3) \"question, problem\" (e.g., on a test or in an exercise).]{.font12}
[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: You\'ve already seen ]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in talking about TIME (\"not until\") as in ]{.font12}[Tā zuotiān cái láide]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He didn\'t come until yesterday.\" Here you see another use of cái, \"not unless.\" It points out a NECESSARY CONDITION.]{.font12}
[Zhèijiàn shi,]{.font12}
[tā guǎn]{.font12}
[cái xíng.]{.font12}
[As for this]{.font12}
[(if) he takes]{.font12}
[only in that]{.font12}
[case]{.font12}
[matter,]{.font12}
[care of it,]{.font12}
[will it be]{.font12}
[okay.]{.font12}
[\"it won\'t be okay unless he takes care of this matter.\"]{.font12}
[Here are other examples:]{.font12}
[bǎochí:]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to keep, to preserve, to maintain\"]{.font12}
[If you can keep on memorizing four new characters a day, you\'ll he ahle to memorize over a thousand a year.]{.font12}
[There are a lot of places in Chinese society which are still holding on to old customs and hahits.]{.font12}
[U.]{.font14} [A:]{.font12} [Jiāli ]{.font12}[lāodònglì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ duō, shēnghuo ]{.font12}[yě jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ huì hǎo yidiǎnr.]{.font12} [If a family has more manpower, then it follows that life will be a little better.]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Keshi xiànzài rénkǒu duō bù yídìng you shénme ]{.font12}[hǎochù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12} [But now it\'s not necessarily an advantage to have a lot of people.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[lāodònglì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"work force,\" literally \"lahor-power\"]{.font12}
[Fùnu zài nóngcūn shi xiāngdāng In rural areas, women are a very zhòngyàode lāodònglì. important source of labor.]{.font12}
[Lāodònglì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also he used to refer to ahle-hodied individuals who do manual labor:]{.font12}
[A: Tāmen jiā you jǐge lāodònglì? How many able-bodied persons are there in their family?]{.font12}
[B: You sìge ban lāodònglì. There are four and a half. (The half]{.font12}
[may be a child or an older person who cannot do as much work.)]{.font12}
[-lì hy itself means \"power\" or \"ability,\" and is used in combinations:]{.font12}
[nénglì ability rénlì manpower]{.font12}
[diànlì electric power tīnglì hearing ability]{.font12}
[huōlì firepower; thermal shuǐlì water power, hydraulic]{.font12}
[dònglì motivating power, force, power]{.font12}
[impetus, driving force]{.font12}
[°Jì, \"to remember,\" can also mean \"to commit to memory.\"]{.font12}
[yě Jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"accordingly,\" literally \"also then\" Other translations for this are \"correspondingly,\" \"so.\" The tone of ]{.font12}[Jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often neutral.]{.font12}
[hǎochù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"benefit, advantage\" You may also hear ]{.font12}[hǎochù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (Neutral-tone -]{.font12}[chu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[). The phrase ]{.font12}[yǒu hǎochù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to be advantageous, to be beneficial.\"]{.font12}
[What good does it do you to drink every day.']{.font12}
[Use the pattern ]{.font12}[duì...yǒu hǎochù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for \"to be good for..., to be of benefit to..]{.font12}
- [5. A: Zài nàr xiě zìde nèige rén Is that person writing over there shi bu shi tā ]{.font12}[zhàngfu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[? her husband?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [B: ]{.font12}[Zheng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi tā! That's him all right!]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 5]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zài nàr xiě zìde nèige rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''the person writing over there\" Notice once again that the preferred word order is to put the specifier-number-counter between the modifying phrase and the noun.]{.font12}
[Specifier-Number-]{.font12}
[Modifying phrase]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[____________]{.font12}[Counter]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[__________]{.font12}[Noun]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[xiě zìde]{.font12} [nèige]{.font12} [rén]{.font12} [hěn hǎo kànde]{.font12} [nèi sānge]{.font12} [nuháir]{.font12}
[It is also possible to put the ]{.font12}[nèige]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[zhèige]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ at the head of the phrase (]{.font12}[nèige xiě zìde rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) but especially in longer phrases it sounds better to keep ]{.font12}[nèige]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[zhèige]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ close to the noun, as in the Reference List sentence above.]{.font12}
[zhèng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"just, right, exactly, precisely Like other adverbs, ]{.font12}[zhèng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is placed in front of a verb.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[gōngshāngyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''industry and commerce'' This is a compound of ]{.font12}[gōngyè ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[''industry\'* and ]{.font12}[shāngyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"commerce. '' ]{.font12}[Gōngyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[nongyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also combine as ]{.font12}[gōngnongyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, as in ]{.font12}[gōngnongyè shēngchǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"industrial and agricultural production.\"]{.font12}
[fādá]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be developed, to be well-developed; to be prosperous, to be flourishing\" This is an adjectival verb, that is, it describes a state or condition. A literal translation of the Reference List sentence above might be: \"(For) industry-commerce to be flourishing, there is what benefit?\" In addition to describing industry, ]{.font12}[fādá]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used to describe a person's muscular build or a developed country.]{.font12}
[Zhèige guójiā hěn fādá. This country is very prosperous.]{.font12}
[Tāmen nàrde wenhuà hěn fādá. The culture there is very developed.]{.font12}
[Don't confuse the state verb ]{.font12}[fādá]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ with the action verb ]{.font12}[fāzhǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which can take an object, e.g., ]{.font12}[fāzhǎn nongyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to develop agricultureT"]{.font12}
[náli dōu...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"everywhere\" Here you see another example of a question word (here ]{.font12}[náli]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"where\") used to mean \"every...\" or \"any...\" In order to get such a meaning, you must use ]{.font12}[náli]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (or ]{.font12}[shéi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[shenme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.) before ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[yě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Notice that the question word can come in various places in the sentence.]{.font12}
[tongyì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to agree, to consent; agreement, consent\" As a verb, the meaning of ]{.font12}[tongyì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the same as in English. But there is a difference in how you say WHO it is you agree with. In Chinese, you don't agree with a person; you agree with an idea, opinion, statement, etc. In sentence ]{.font12}[6b,]{.smallcaps}[ the object ]{.font12}[zhèi yìdiǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is up front in the sentence. Notice the placement of the object in the sentences below.]{.font12}
[I agree with him (his ideas).]{.font12}
[CAUTION: Often speakers of English want to say ]{.font12}[gēn...tongyì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ because we say \"agree with...\" in English, but there is no such form in Chinese. Instead, use the last example above. ]{.font12}[Tongyì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also be directly followed by a clause, as in]{.font12}
[He doesn't approve of (OR won't agree to) their getting married.]{.font12}
[As a noun, ]{.font12}[tongyì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"agreement" or \"consent.\"]{.font12}
[We need their consent before we can do this.]{.font12}
- [7. A: Tā wèishénme ]{.font12}[zāohūn?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Why did she get married early?]{.font12}
[B: Qùnián tā fùqin ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le, méi Last year her father died and there rén ]{.font12}[zhàogu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ta, zhǐ hao was no one to take care of her, so]{.font12}
[jiēhūn le. all she could do was get married.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exchange illustrates that old ways of thinking persist in China today. Although in urban areas an increasing number of women are self-sufficient, great variations in social and economic conditions are starkly obvious in a comparison of city and country life.]{.font12}
[zāohūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"early marriage\" This can refer to two different things, sometimes causing confusion.]{.font12}
[First, it refers to the Chinese practice of marrying a young girl off long before she was an adult in order to bring some money into her parents' home and to add to the number of able-bodied workers in her in-laws' home. Her \"husband\" was also very young---as young as twelve to fourteen years old, and often younger than she.]{.font12}
[Second, these days ]{.font12}[zāohūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can simply mean marrying at a somewhat younger age than is normally expected. This is the meaning in exchange 7-]{.font12}
[Ershisìsuì jiēhūn zěnme néng How can you say getting married at]{.font12}
[shuō shi zāohūn? twenty-four is early marriage?]{.font12}
[Zhōngguo guòqù dàduōshù rén dōu In the past most people in China zāohūn. married at an early age.]{.font12}
[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to die\" This is a process verb, like ]{.font12}[bìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to become ill, to get sick,\" and therefore corresponds to the English \"to become dead\" rather than \"to be dead.\" ]{.font12}[Sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a process verb; it describes an instantaneous change of state. In English one can say of a person with a terminal illness that he \"is dying,\" but this cannot be translated directly into Chinese. Rather, one must say ]{.font12}[Tā kuài (yào) sǐ le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He is about to die,\" or ]{.font12}[Tā huōbuliāo duō jiǔ le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He won't live much longer,\" or ]{.font12}[Tā huōbucháng le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He hasn't long to live.\"]{.font12}
[Tīngshuō Lāo Liūde fùqin sǐ le. I heard that Lāo Liu's father has died.]{.font12}
[The verb ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not usually negated with ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, but rather with ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[hái méi ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[(even when it corresponds to English \"to be dead\").]{.font12}
[Nèi shihou, tā fùqin méi sǐ, At that time, his father was alive,]{.font12}
[kéyi chángcháng zhàogu ta. and was able to take care of him.]{.font12}
[Sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can \"be used directly \"before a noun as an adjective meaning \"dead.\" ]{.font12}[Shi side]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may \"be used to mean "is dead."]{.font12}
[Zhèi shi yìtiáo sǐ yu. This is a dead fish.]{.font12}
[Zhèitiáo yu shi side. This fish is a dead one OR This]{.font12}
[fish is dead.]{.font12}
[Sǐ may he considered \"blunt and uncouth or inauspicious when used for people. To he respectful, use ]{.font12}[guòqu le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''passed away," or ]{.font12}[qùshì le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''left the world." Sometimes you can avoid saying ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hy using ]{.font12}[hái zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[hái huozhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''still living," e.g., ]{.font12}[Nèi shihou tā yeye hái zài/hái huozhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "At that time, his grandfather was still living." (See Notes on No. 15-)]{.font12}
[In some parts of traditional China, the usage of ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ was affected hy superstition. This is especially true in Taiwan. Even today, during the lunar New Year holidays, some traditionalists take pains to avoid uttering ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "to die," lest they he plagued hy had luck and death in the clan for the next twelve months. In Taiwan, the superstition extends to the similar-sounding word ]{.font12}[si]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''four." Some hospitals have no fourth floor; ]{.font12}[sìlou]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''fourth floor," could too easily become ]{.font12}[sǐlou]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''death floor," in rapid speech. For a similar reason, some motorists refuse to drive cars with license plates hearing the number h. And if money is given as a wedding present, the figure must not contain the number h, or the donor would be guilty of wishing death on the couple.]{.font12}
[zhàogu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''to look after, to take care of; care" ]{.font12}[You zhàogu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can mean ''to be well taken care of, to receive good treatment." (For the first example, you need to know that ]{.font12}[yòueryuán]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means ''kindergarten.")]{.font12}
- [8. A: ]{.font12}[Duōshù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén dōu xǐhuan zìyou. Most people like freedom.]{.font12}
[B: Kěshi, hú shi hěn duō rén néng But not many people can obtain ]{.font12}[dédao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zìyou. freedom.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[duōshù(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"majority, most,\" literally, \"the larger number\" ]{.font12}[Dàduōshù(r) ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is \"the great majority.\" In many instances, there isn't much difference in meaning between ]{.font12}[duōshù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[dàduōshù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Duōshù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used to modify a noun, as in ]{.font12}[duōshùdǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the majority party,\" or ]{.font12}[duōshù mínzú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"majority nationalities.\" CThe opposite of ]{.font12}[duōshù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is ]{.font12}[shǎoshù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"minority.\" See Traveling in China module, Unit 1.J]{.font12}
[bú shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"it is not the case that\" To translate the subject \"not many people\" into Chinese, you need to use a verb (]{.font12}[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[you]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[). You can't put bù directly before ]{.font12}[hěn duō rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Other examples:]{.font12}
[dé]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to get, to receive\" ]{.font12}[Dé]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is much more limited than English \"to get.\" Use ]{.font12}[dé]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ only for ]{.font12}[passively]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ receiving a prize, a degree, a grade, and the like. (For these examples, you need to know ]{.font12}[kǎoshì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"test\"; ]{.font12}[yōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"excellent\" Fused in mainland schools like the grade \"A\" in the U.S.!; ]{.font12}[fēn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"points\"; ]{.font12}[jiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"prize\"; ]{.font12}[shuǒshì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Master's degree.'')]{.font12}
[Zuótiānde kǎoshì wǒ déle ge I got an \"A\" on yesterday's test,]{.font12}
[\"you.\"]{.font12}
[Tǎ déle yìbǎi fēn. He got 100 (points).]{.font12}
[Shéi dé jiǎng le? Who won the prize?]{.font12}
[Tā shi něiniǎn déde shuǒshì? What year did he receive his Master's]{.font12}
[degree?]{.font12}
[De]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is also used for \"contracting\" diseases. (in the second example, ]{.font12}[lǎnwěiyǎn ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is \"appendicitis.\")]{.font12}
[Tā dé bìng le, bù néng qù le. He came down with something and cannot go.]{.font12}
[Tā déle lānwěiyán, děi mǎshǎng He got appendicitis and had to be kāi dāo. operated on immediately.]{.font12}
[dedao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to receive, to get, to gain, to obtain\" Add the ending -]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to the verb ]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to get the meaning of successful obtaining (cf. ]{.font12}[jièdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to successfully borrow,\" in Unit 1).]{.font12}
[Tā dédao hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng He left immediately after getting jiù zǒu le. his passport.]{.font12}
[\"To get\" in English often means to ]{.font12}[actively]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ seek to obtain a thing. In those cases, do not use ]{.font12}[dé(dào)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Use such verbs as ]{.font12}[ná/nádào/nálai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[zhǎo/zhǎodào/ zhǎolai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[nòngdao/nònglai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, or a more specific verb such as ]{.font12}[mǎi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[yào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (\"to ask for\"), ]{.font12}[jiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[; and ]{.font12}[qǐng(lai)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[jiào(lai)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for \"getting\" people.]{.font12}
- [9.]{.font12}[ Wèile]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ néng hùxiāng zhàogu, All three generations live together]{.font12}
[tāmen yìjiā sā]{.font12}[ndài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zhù zai so that they can take care of each]{.font12}
[yìqǐ. other.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[wèile]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"in order to, for the purpose of; for the sake of\" A phrase with ]{.font12}[wèile]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may come at the very front of the sentence or after the subject.]{.font12}
[Tā wèile yào dào Zhōngguo qù Because he wants to go to China to gōngzuǒ, suóyi xiànzài zài xué work, he is studying Chinese now. Zhōngwén ne.]{.font12}
[Wèile kàn diànyǐng, tā méi qù He didn't go to class so he could go shàng kè. see a movie.]{.font12}
[Wèile]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also come after ]{.font12}[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Zhèijiàn shi dōu shi wèile tā. This was done all for him.]{.font12}
[This prepositional verb covers a range of meanings falling under the categories of (1) benefit, (2) purpose, or (3) motive. It is sometimes hard to pinpoint exactly which of these meanings is the one expressed by a particular sentence.]{.font12}
[Benefit, sake]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Wǒ wèile tā cái láide. I came only for his sake.]{.font12}
[Wǒ wánquán shi wèile nǐ. I am (doing this) entirely for your]{.font12}
[sake.]{.font12}
[Purpose, goal]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Motive or reason for some act, thought, or feeling]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Jiù wèi(le) zhème yidiǎnr shi, You got angry over such a small nǐ jiù shēngqì la? thing?]{.font12}
[Even though you will find that ]{.font12}[wèile]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is sometimes idiomatically translated as \"because,\" as in these last examples, it is still not completely a synonym of ]{.font12}[yǐnwèi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. When you want to say \"because,\" you should use ]{.font12}[yǐnwèi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. When you want to say \"for the sake of\" or \"for the purpose of,\" use ]{.font12}[wèile]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [10. A: Tīngshuō cóngqián, nǐmen I've heard that in the past you had zhèli you hěn duō you a lot of interesting customs here,]{.font12}
[yìside ]{.font12}[fēngsú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [B: Shi a. ]{.font12}[Hòulái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ gōngshāngyè Yes. Later, when industry and fādále, fēngsú yě ]{.font12}[gǎibiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le. commerce developed, customs changed, too.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 10]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[fēng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[sú: \"custom" The definition of ]{.font12}[fēngsú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in a Chinese dictionary reads: ''the sum total of etiquette, usual practices, etc., adhered to over a long period of time in the development of society." Compare this with ]{.font12}[xíguàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"behavior, tendency or social practice cultivated over a long period of time, and which is hard to change abruptly.\" Notice that ]{.font12}[xíguàn ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[may refer to the practices or habits of either an individual or a community, whereas ]{.font12}[fēngsú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers only to those of a community.]{.font12}
[Guòqù Zhōngguo you zǎohūnde In the past China had the custom]{.font12}
[fēngsú. of early (child) marriage.]{.font12}
[hòulái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"afterwards, later\" Both ]{.font12}[hòulái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[yǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are time nouns which can be translated as \"afterwards\" or \"later.\" But there are differences between them:]{.font12}
[(1) ]{.font12}[Differences in patterns]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Yǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can either follow another element (trans-lated as \"after...\") or it can be used by itself.]{.font12}
[Tā láile yǐhòu, women Jiù zou le. After he came, we left.]{.font12}
[Yǐhòu tā méiyou zài láiguo. Afterwards, he never came back again.]{.font12}
[Hòulái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can only be used by itself.]{.font12}
[Hòulái tā jiù shuì jiào le. Afterwards he went to sleep.]{.font12}
[(2) ]{.font12}[Differences in meaning]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Both ]{.font12}[jrǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[hòulái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used to refer to]{.font12}
[the past. For example, either ]{.font12}[yǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[hòulái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used in the sentence]{.font12}
[Kāishǐde shihou tā bù zhǐdào zěnme bàn, kěshi hòulái/yǐhòu xiǎngchūle yíge hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[bànfa]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"in the beginning, he didn't know what to do, but later he thought up a good way.\"]{.font12}
[But if you want to say \"afterwards\" or \"later\" referring to the future, you can only use ]{.font12}[yǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. When it refers to the future time, ]{.font12}[yǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be translated in various ways, depending on the context:]{.font12}
[Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu zài Let's wait until ]{.font12}[the future]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to see shuō• about ]{.font12}[future]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ matters.]{.font12}
[Yǐhòu n? you kòng, qǐng cháng In the ]{.font12}[future]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ when you have time, lái wán. please come over more often.]{.font12}
[Wo yǐhòu zài gàosu ni. I'll tell you ]{.font12}[later on]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tāde hāizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā His child said that ]{.font12}[someday]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, he wants]{.font12}
[yào gēn yíge Rìběn rén jiēhūn. to marry a Japanese.]{.font12}
[Usage Note]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Yǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has the literal meaning of \"after that.\" It implies that some past event functions as a dividing point in time, a sort of time boundary. ]{.font12}[Yǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to the period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of reference (usually the time of speaking). It is often translated as \"since.\"]{.font12}
[Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū, yǐhòu He only wrote one book, and hasn't zài méi xiěguo. written any since (if he is still]{.font12}
[alive) OR He wrote only one book, and after that never wrote another. (if he is dead)]{.font12}
[gāibiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to change; change\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ bù míngbai tā wèishénme háishi I don't understand why he still can\'t bù néng gaibiàn tāde guānniàn. change his ideas (way of thinking).]{.font12}
[Biàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you learned in Unit 3, can be used only as a verb, not as a noun. ]{.font12}[Biàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[gāibiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be interchangeable in a small number of contexts, but there is an essential difference between them: ]{.font12}[Biàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a process verb, \"to become different,\" and ]{.font12}[gāibiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is an action plus process, \"to alter in such a way as to become different.\"This can cause English-speaking students confusion because the English verb \"change\" covers both these meanings. Here are some examples:]{.font12}
[Tāde xiāngfā biàn le. His way of thinking changed (became]{.font12}
[different).]{.font12}
[Women yínggāi gāibiàn zhèige We should change this state of]{.font12}
[qíngkuāng. affairs (alter this state of affairs]{.font12}
[so that it becomes different).]{.font12}
[Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[lāodòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The verb \"to do physical labor, to labor, to work\" or the noun \"physical labor, manual labor.\"]{.font12}
[shēngchān lāodòng productive labor]{.font12}
[lāodòng shōurù income from work]{.font12}
[huo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to live\" ]{.font12}[Huō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[shēnghuo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, and ]{.font12}[zhù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may all be translated as \"to live\" but actually have different meanings. ]{.font12}[Huo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ basically refers to the body's having life or breath, and is the opposite of ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Shēnghuo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ emphasizes day-to-day living; it is used mostly when describing the needs or quality of daily life. ]{.font12}[Zhù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to talk about residence in a particular place, either as one's home, or temporarily (]{.font12}[zhù lūguān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to stay at a hotel,\" and ]{.font12}[zhù yuan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to stay in the hospital\").]{.font12}
[Yu zai shuǐli cai neng huo. Fish can live only in water.]{.font12}
[Nèige dìfangde rén kéyi huó dao The people there live to be very]{.font12}
[hěn lǎo. old.]{.font12}
[Tā huóde hěn cháng.]{.font12}
[Tā dàgài huóbucháng le.]{.font12}
[Huó]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ often means \"to live\" in the sense]{.font12}
[Tā Jin yīyuànde shihou, shéi dōu xiǎng tā bù néng huó le, kěshi tā you huóle yìnián cái sǐ.]{.font12}
[\"custom, usual practice.\"]{.font12}
[Tǎng zai chuángshang[]{#footnote4}^4^ kàn shū shi yíge bù hǎode xíguàn.]{.font12}
[Wo you zǎo qǐde xíguàn.]{.font12}
[Taitai bù xǐhuan tā xiānsheng bànyè yīhòu cái hui jiāde xíguàn.]{.font12}
[Zhèige jùzi bù zhīdào wèishenme zènme shuō, zhèi jiù shi wǒmen-de xíguàn.]{.font12}
[He had a long life.]{.font12}
[He probably won't live much longer.]{.font12}
[of \"to survive\":]{.font12}
[When he went into the hospital, no one thought he could live (survive), but he lived another year before he died]{.font12}
[It's a bad habit to read in bed.]{.font12}
[I'm an early riser. (Lit., \"I have the habit of getting up early.\")]{.font12}
[The wife doesn't like her husband's habit of not coming home until after midnight.]{.font12}
[I don't know ]{.font12}[why]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ this sentence is said this way. It's just the way we say it.]{.font12}
[As a verb, ]{.font12}[xíguàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means]{.font12}
[Jīntiān shi wǒ dìyītiān dài yǎn-jìng, wǒ hái méi xíguàn. Wǒ xīwàng hěn kuài jiu kéyi xíguàn le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ hěn bù xíguàn chī zhèrde fàn.]{.font12}
[Wǒ yījīng xíguàn zhème zuò le, hěn nán gǎi.]{.font12}
[to become/be accustomed to\":]{.font12}
[Today is my first day wearing glasses and I'm not used to them yet. I hope I can get used to them quickly.]{.font12}
[I'm not at all used to the food here.]{.font12}
[I'm already used to doing it this way It's very hard to change.]{.font12}
[ting]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This word., which you already know as \"to listen,\" can also mean \"to heed, to obey\" someone's suggestions, directions, or orders.]{.font12}
[Tā shuōde yǒu dàolǐ, nǐ yīnggāi What he says makes sense. You should ting tāde huà. listen to him (do as he says).]{.font12}
[Wǒ gàosu tā yīnggāi zhèiyang I told him he should, do this, but]{.font12}
[zuò, tā bù tīng. he wouldn\'t listen.]{.font12}
[Hǎo ba, tīng nīde. Okay, I'll do as you say. (]{.font12}[nīde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is]{.font12}
[short for ]{.font12}[nīde huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[Lǐ Ping (B), Tom (A), and Lī Ping's classmate from Taiwan, Wáng Chéng (D), have Just gone to the movie ]{.font12}[The Dream of the Red Chamber]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[*. On their way home , they chat.]{.font12}
['This novel by Cáo Xuěqín (172U?-1?6U) tells of the twilight years of the Jiǎ family, grown wealthy in the service of Qīng Dynasty emperors. The story revolves around the spoiled and effeminate young man of the house, ]{.font12}[Jiǎ Bǎoyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (Precious Jade), and his love for his cousin, ]{.font12}[Lin Dàiyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (Black Jade).]{.font12}
[zhǔyào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"mainly\"]{.font12}
[I\']{.font12}[nóngcūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"rural area\" (See Unit 6)]{.font12}
[\^]{.font12}[Zhōngguo funu meiyou jiēhūn yiqian yao tīng fùmǔde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: (1) ]{.font12}[méiyou jiēhūn yǐqián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is completely equivalent to ]{.font12}[Jiēhūn yǐqián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"before getting married\". The ]{.font12}[méiyou]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ does not change the meaning. (2) ]{.font12}[Tīng fùmǔde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is equivalent to ]{.font12}[tīng fùmǔde huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to obey one's parents.\"]{.font12}
[\^]{.font12}[sīxiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"thought, thinking\" (See Life in China module, Unit h)]{.font12}
[\^]{.font12}[tígāo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"raise, improve(ment)\" (See Traveling in China module, Unit 2)]{.font12}
[B: Hǎo, women dào jiǎ le. Wang]{.font12}
[Chéng jìnqu zuòzuo ba!]{.font12}
[D: Hǎo, jìnqù yíxià.]{.font12}
[Okay, we are at my house. Come in for a while, Wang Chéng, okay?]{.font12}
[Okay, I'll come in for a while.]{.font12}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a conversation between a grandmother and her high-school-age granddaughter in Tianjin.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:]{.font12}
[Zhāng Lǐ Shi (an old way of referring to a]{.font12}
[woman whose own surname is Lǐ and whose husband's surname is Zhāng)]{.font12}
[zài shuō besides, moreover]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. Can you infer how people generally learn about new policies like birth control in China?]{.font12}
[2. What does Grandma think of the new policy?]{.font12}
[3. What is the difference between the old and the new custom with regard to taking one's husband's surname after marriage?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation two classmates are talking in Hong Kong about the situation on the mainland.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words you will need to understand this conversation:]{.font12}
[shichang market]{.font12}
[nóngmín peasant]{.font12}
[For this conversation, you also need to know what \"free markets\" are. The Chinese term is ]{.font12}[zìyou shìchǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. These are government-controlled, negotiated-price markets which individual peasants, brigades, or communes hold in the cities at officially designated locations to sell agricultural products, livestock, and fish. After units have fulfilled state quotas for an agricultural sideline product, any surplus (with the exception of certain restricted products) may be sold on the open market. Free markets are supposed to encourage agricultural sideline production, stimulate the exchange of urban and rural products, improve the supply of non-staple foods in the cities, and supplement state-operated commerce.]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. How do free markets help peasants? How do they help agricultural production?]{.font12}
[2. How do free markets improve life for people in the cities?]{.font12}
[3. What other developments in the countryside do the classmates think will affect the mainland's economic situation?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. For how long did classmate B's family live in the Jiangxi countryside?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.]{.font12}
[.]{.font12}[Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise two classmates in Hong Kong discuss a death in the family of a friend.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following words and phrases:]{.font12}
[lǎoxiānsheng old gentleman]{.font12}
[gǔhuī ashes (of a person)]{.font12}
[sònghuiqu to take back]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can t]{.font12}[alk ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. Where will Mr. Wang's remains be buried?]{.font12}
[2. What was the nature of family clashes between Mr. Wang and his five sons?]{.font12}
[3. From Mr. Wang's point of view, what were the advantages in having his sons get married young?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. What did his sons think about early marriage?]{.font12}
[5. What did Mr. Wang gradually come to understand that made him give up trying to have his sons marry early?]{.font12}
[6. What sentence can you say to someone in a conversation to suggest that you talk about a different topic?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Tiānjīn, a grandmother talks with her high school age daughter.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Hong Kong, two classmates are talking.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise u]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[°It is the custom to take the remains back to one's hometown.]{.font12}
[B: Xíng a! Wáng Lǎoxiānsheng you]{.font12}
[wǔge érzi, tā yuànyi érzimen zǎohūn, tā xiǎng, zǎo jiēhūn, zǎo you sūnzi, nà duo hǎo!]{.font12}
- [A: Zǎohūn, lǎorén yě kéyi zǎo]{.font12}
[yidiǎnr you zhàogu, zhè bú cuò.]{.font12}
- [B: Wáng Lǎoxiānsheng zhèng shi]{.font12}
[zhèige yìsi. Keshi érzimen bú nàme xiǎng.]{.font12}
[A: Tāmen zěnme xiǎng?]{.font12}
[B: Tāmen shuō nèizhǒng \"zǎohūn,]{.font12}
[jiāli láodònglì duō, shōurù jiu duō, shēnghuo jiu hǎo\" de xiǎngfǎ shizài shi tài jiù le. Tāmen shi niánqīng rén, tāmende guānniàn dōu shi xīnde.]{.font12}
[A: Wáng Lǎoxiānsheng zěnme bàn ne?]{.font12}
[B: Hòulái tā mànmànde yě míngbai]{.font12}
[xiànzài gēn guòqù wánquán bù tong le, tā yě jiù bù shuō shenme le. Suōyi yìzhí dào Wáng Xiān-sheng sǐ, Jiāli yě méiyou shenme dà wèntí.]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎo le, women huàn ge tímu ba,]{.font12}
[tántan nīde qíngxing. Nī zuìjìn zěnmeyàng? Niàn shū niànde hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
- [B: Bu cuò, jiù shi máng. Jǐntiǎn]{.font12}
[you diǎn shíjiān xiūxi xiuxi, women qù hē chá hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo, zǒu ba!]{.font12}
[Sure! Mr. Wáng had five sons. He wanted his sons to marry early.]{.font12}
[He thought that if Chis sons3 got married young, he would get grandsons sooner, and how great that would be.]{.font12}
[With early marriage, old people can be cared for sooner; that\'s good too.]{.font12}
[That\'s exactly what Mr. Wáng had in mind. But his sons didn\'t think think so.]{.font12}
[What did they think?]{.font12}
[They thought the idea that \"early marriage brings the family more manpower, and therefore more income and a better life\" is really too old. They\'re young people and all their ideas are new ones.]{.font12}
[What did Mr. Wáng do?]{.font12}
[Later he gradually came to understand that things are completely different now from the way they used to be, so he stopped talking about it. So there weren\'t any big problems in the family up until Mr. Wáng died.]{.font12}
[Okay, let\'s change the subject and talk about your situation. How have you been lately? Are your studies going well?]{.font12}
[Pretty well, its just that I\'m busy. But today I have time to take a break. Let\'s go have some tea, okay?]{.font12}
[Okay, let\'s go!]{.font12}
[UNIT 6 Politics and. Culture]{.font12}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
[Grammar Topics Covered, in This Unit]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. -]{.font12}[de huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''if,\" "in case."]{.font12}
[2. Choosing between -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and -le.]{.font12}
[3. More on ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"in the midst of."]{.font12}
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- [U. ]{.font12}[Bù guǎn. ..]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ , ''no matter.'']{.font12}
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[5.]{.font12}[ Nǎr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used in rhetorical questions to make a denial.]{.font12}
[6. Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness.]{.font12}
[7.]{.font12}[ Qù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ expressing purpose.]{.font12}
[8.]{.font12}[ (Amount of time) lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''in the past...," ''over the past....'']{.font12}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. Requesting to speak with someone.]{.font12}
[2. Making a comment in order to verify a piece of information.]{.font12}
[3. Expressing that you are disturbed by a troublesome circumstance.]{.font12}
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- [U. Expressing scandalized disapproval.]{.font12}
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- [1. A: Nǐ yàoshi xiǎng tīng ]{.font12}[gùshi-de huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, wǒ gěi ni jiǎng yíge ya!]{.font12}
[B: Suàn Le. Wǒmen ]{.font12}[xiǎ qí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba!]{.font12}
- [2. A: Tīngshuǒ ]{.font12}[jiěfàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yǐhòu, ]{.font12}[Gǒngchǎndǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zuǒle xiě hǎo shi.]{.font12}
[B: Eng, you xiě ]{.font12}[zhèngcè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi hú cuò, you xiě hú tǎi hǎo.]{.font12}
- [3. A: Lǎo Wangde érzi ]{.font12}[rùg]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[uo ]{.font12}[Tuan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ma?]{.font12}
[B: Méiyou, tīngshuǒ cānjiǎguo ]{.font12}[Hongwèibīng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[U. A: Nǐ tīngshuǒ le ma, Lǎo Zhǎngde nuér ]{.font12}[àishang ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[Xiǎo Wang le.]{.font12}
[B: Zhè zhēn shi mafan shir, Lǎo Zhang zuì ]{.font12}[hen]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Wang-jiǎde rén.]{.font12}
[5. A: Rúguo nī hú ]{.font12}[jièyìd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e huà, wǒ xiǎng hé nǐde mishu tan Jifēn zhōng.]{.font12}
[B: Tā zài ]{.font12}[dǎ zì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, mashàng Jiù lai.]{.font12}
[If you want to listen to a story, I'll tell you one.]{.font12}
[Forget it. Let's play chess.]{.font12}
[I've heard that the Communist Party did some good things after liberation. []{#footnote5}^5^]{.font12}
[Yes, some policies were all right, hut some weren't too good.]{.font12}
[Did Lǎo Wang's son ever Join the Communist Youth League?]{.font12}
[No, hut I've heard that he was in the Red Guards.]{.font12}
[Have you heard? Lǎo Zhang's daughter has fallen in love with Xiǎo]{.font12}
[Wáng.]{.font12}
[This is really trouble. Lǎo Zhāng really hates the Wáng family.]{.font12}
[If you don't mind, I'd like to talk with your secretary for a few minutes.]{.font12}
[He's typing, he'll be here in a moment.]{.font12}
[Zhèige háizi ]{.font12}[bú xiàng huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[bù guǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zěnme shuō dōu bù tīng.]{.font12}
[B: Duì ma, zhè nǎr xiàng Xīn Zhōngguode ]{.font12}[értong]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[This child is too much. No matter what you say, he Just doesn't listen.]{.font12}
[Yes, he's certainly no Cnot like anyl child of \"New China.\"]{.font12}
- [7. A: Zhèipiān ]{.font12}[duǎnpiān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiǎoshuō xiěde shi shénme?]{.font12}
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- [B: Xiěde shi yíge ]{.font12}[nongcūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[gànhud]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e gùshi.]{.font12}
- [8. A: Nǐ ]{.font12}[Jí Jímángmángd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e, zuò shénme qu a?]{.font12}
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- [B:]{.font12}[ Shàng xué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ qu a!]{.font12}
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- [9. A: ]{.font12}[Zhèngfǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shǐ hu shi ]{.font12}[hǎohù ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[rénmende cáichǎn?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [B: Shǐ. Zhèngfǔ ]{.font12}[shíxíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[hǎohù rénmen cáichǎnde zhèngcè.]{.font12}
- [10. Zài Gòngchǎndǎng ]{.font12}[lǐngdǎoxià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, Zhōngguo zài ]{.font12}[shǐjiès]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[hangde dìwei yǒule hěn dàde gǎihiàn.]{.font12}
[What is this short story about?]{.font12}
[It's the story of a cadre in a rural area.]{.font12}
[What are you in such a hurry to go do?]{.font12}
[I'm going to school!]{.font12}
[Does the government protect people's property?]{.font12}
[Yes. The government is carrying out a policy of protecting people's property.]{.font12}
[Under the leadership of the Communist Party, China's position in the world has changed greatly.]{.font12}
- [11. A: Shínián ]{.font12}[lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, zhèi liǎngge ]{.font12}[chéngshǐd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e gōngshāngyè yuè lái yuè fādá le.]{.font12}
[B: Zhè hé zhèngfǔde lǐngdǎo]{.font12}
[shi fēnbùkāide.]{.font12}
[In the past ten years industry and commerce in these two cities have hecome more and more developed.]{.font12}
[This can't he separated from the government's leadership.]{.font12}
[ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY]{.font12}
[12. dang]{.font12}
[13. yuányīn]{.font12}
[1U. Jiārù]{.font12}
[political party; (capital D-) the (Communist) Party]{.font12}
[reason, cause]{.font12}
[to Join]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | [VOCABULARY]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [ài àishang]{.font12} | [to love]{.font12} | | | | | | [to fall in love with]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [bǎohù]{.font12} | [to protect]{.font12} | | | | | [bù guan]{.font12} | [no matter (what, whether, | | | etc.)]{.font12} | | [bú xiàng huà]{.font12} | | | | [to be ridiculous, to be | | | outrageous, to be absurd (talk, | | | acts, etc.)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [canjiā]{.font12} | [to participate in, to take part | | | in, to Join, to attend]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [chéngshì]{.font12} | [city; urban]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [dang dǎ zì -de huà | [(political) party to type (on a | | duǎnpiān]{.font12} | typewriter) if; in case; | | | supposing that short (stories, | | | articles)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [értóng]{.font12} | [child (formal word)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [fen fēnkāi]{.font12} | [to divide, to separate, to split | | | to separate, to split | | | up]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [gànbu Gòngchǎndǎng | [cadre]{.font12} | | gùshi]{.font12} | | | | [the Communist Party | | | story]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [hen]{.font12} | [to hate, to loathe, to detest | | | (a) Red Guard; the Red | | [Hóngwàibīng]{.font12} | Guards]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Jiǎrù Jiěfàng jièyì jíjímángmang | [to join]{.font12} | | jímáng]{.font12} | | | | [to liberate, to emancipate; | | | liberation]{.font12} | | | | | | [to mind, to take | | | offense]{.font12} | | | | | | [in a big hurry]{.font12} | | | | | | [to be hasty, to be | | | hurried]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [...lái lǐngdǎo]{.font12} | [for the past...(amount of time) | | | to lead, to direct, to | | | exercise]{.font12} | | | | | | [leadership (over); leadership; | | | leader, leading cadre]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [nóngcūn]{.font12} | [country, rural area; rural; | | | village]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [ru]{.font12} | [to enter; to Join]{.font12} | | | | | [rù Tuan]{.font12} | [to Join the Communist Youth | | | League | | | (]{.font12}[Gòngqingtuán]{.font12 | | | sty | | | le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | | | or ]{.font12}[Gòngchǎnzhǔyì | | | Qīngniántuán]{.font12 | | | style="text-de | | | coration:underline;"}[)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [-shang]{.font12} | [(verb ending indicating starting | | | and continuing)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [shàng xué]{.font12} | [to go to school; to attend | | | school]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [shijiè shijièshang | [world]{.font12} | | shíxíng]{.font12} | | | | [in the world, in the whole | | | world]{.font12} | | | | | | [to practice, to carry out, to | | | put into effect, to | | | implement]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [-tuán Tuan]{.font12} | [group, society]{.font12} | | | | | | [the (Communist Youth) | | | League]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [-xia xia qí]{.font12} | [under]{.font12} | | | | | | [to play chess]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [yuányīn]{.font12} | [reason, cause]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [zhèngcè zhèngfǔ]{.font12} | [policy government]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[1. A: Nǐ yàoshi xiǎng tīng ]{.font12}[gùshi-]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ If you want to listen to a story, ]{.font12}[de huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, wǒ gěi ni Jiang I'll tell you one.]{.font12}
[yíge ya!]{.font12}
[B: Suàn le. Women ]{.font12}[xià qí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ha! Forget it. Let's play chess.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[gùshi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"story,\" only in the sense of a short, fictional tale. Remember that another word you have learned, ]{.font12}[xiǎoshuō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, can also be used for \"story\" in the sense of a literary work. Also take special note that a news \"story\" should be translated as ]{.font12}[xǐnwěn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (NOT ]{.font12}[gùshi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[\"To tell stories\" is ]{.font12}[Jiǎng (OR shuō) gùshi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (don't use the verb ]{.font12}[gàosu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[Nǐmen zhèr yǒu shénme értǒng Do you have any children's stories gùshi ma? here? (in a bookstore)]{.font12}
[Zhèipiān gùshi xiěde zhēn hǎo. This story is very well written.]{.font12}
[Gùshi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may take as a counter either -ge, -]{.font12}[duàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, or -]{.font12}[pian]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (for written stories).]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[de huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"if,\" \"in case,\" or \"supposing that\" Used at the end of a clause which tells a hypothetical situation, often in combination with another word for \"if\" (]{.font12}[yàoshi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[rúguǒ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.) earlier in the same clause.]{.font12}
[Yàoshi nǐ bu qùde huà, wǒ yě bu If you don't go, I won't go. qù.]{.font12}
[Chǐ fàn chībǎo le, yàoshi zài chǐ If you eat more after you're already de huà, dùzi Jiu bù shūfu le. full, your stomach won't feel well.]{.font12}
[Wǒ qǐlai tài zǎode huà, wǒ Jiù If I get up too early I feel tired, huì Juéde lèi.]{.font12}
[Yào shi wǒde huà, wǒ bu nàme zuò. If it had been me, I wouldn't have]{.font12}
[done it that way.]{.font12}
[xià qí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"play chess\" This is actually a general word for several different kinds of chess or other board games. CSpecific names do exist for each game: ]{.font12}[xiàngqí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Chinese chess\"; ]{.font12}[tiàoqí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"(the Chinese form of) checkers\"; ]{.font12}[wéiqí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"go\" (a board game); ]{.font12}[guojì xiàngqí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (PRC) or ]{.font12}[xǐyáng qí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (Taiwan), \"international or Western chess\"; etc.J]{.font12}
[Who did you play chess with?]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[jiěfàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to liberate, to emancipate; liberation\" This word is applied in Communist ideology to the overthrow of what is considered \"reactionary\" rule. In China today ]{.font12}[jiěfàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used to refer to the actual occupation of an individual area by Communist forces at any time from 19\^+5 up until 1950 (when the administrative authority of the Communist government had finally extended throughout the mainland and Hǎinán Island). For example, if someone says]{.font12}
[Women zhèige dìfang jiěfàngde Our area was liberated late (in the wǎn. revolution).]{.font12}
[this means that Communist forces reached their area at a late date (perhaps in late 19\^+9 or early 1950). ]{.font12}[Jiěfàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also be used to refer to the end of \"China's War of Liberation,\" marked by the official proclamation of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 19\^+9. For example,]{.font12}
[Jiěfàng yīhòude jīnián, wǒ zhù For the first few years after liber-zai Shànghǎi. ation I lived in Shànghǎi.]{.font12}
[Gòngchǎndǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the Communist party,\" literally \"share-property party\" In a mainland China context, the Communist party is often referred to simply as ]{.font12}[Dǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the Party." The official name is ]{.font12}[Zhongguo Gòngchǎndǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Chinese Communist Party (CCP).\"]{.font12}
[zhèngcè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"policy\" (especially of a government)]{.font12}
[Zuìjìnde zhèngcè gǎibiàn le. The (government's) policy has changed]{.font12}
[recently.]{.font12}
[rù: \"to enter\" ]{.font12}[Rù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is most often used in literary Chinese. In the spoken language, it is mainly used in a handful of set phrases like ]{.font12}[rù xué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to enter school, to start school,\" or ]{.font12}[rù yuàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be hospitalized.\" Otherwise, \"to enter\" is expressed by the verbs ]{.font12}[jin]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[jìnlai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, or ]{.font12}[jìnqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[In the set phrases ]{.font12}[rù Tuán]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to join the Communist Youth League,\" and ]{.font12}[rù Dǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to Join the Communist Party,\" ]{.font12}[rù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is actually short for the verb ]{.font12}[jiǎrù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (No. 11+ on the Reference List), which means \"to join\" an organization.]{.font12}
[Tuan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the League,\" short for ]{.font12}[Zhongguo Gòngchǎnzhùyì Qīngniāntuān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"China Communist Youth League,\" also abbreviated as ]{.font12}[Gòngqingtuān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. This is a nationwide organization for working youth and students between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five. Its aim is to cultivate members' political awareness and their cultural and scientific knowledge. The League's history goes back to 1922, but its name, goals, and influence have changed over the years. During the Cultural Revolution, the functions of the League were largely taken over by the Red Guards (see note on next page), but in 1973 the League began to recover its former influence. Today, the League organizes political study sessions as well as educational and recreational activities at schools, universities, factories, and other places of work. The League also provides leadership for the Young Pioneers (]{.font12}[Shàoxiǎnduì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), an organization for children from seven to fourteen.]{.font12}
[The connection between the Communist Party and the League is a close one, although the League is independently organized and has its own central committee with a national congress that meets periodically. Policy leadership for the League comes from the Youth Department of the Communist Party Central Committee. By no means do all League members go on to become Party members, but leadership experience in League activities makes many likely candidates for later Party membership.]{.font12}
[cānjiǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to Join; to participate in, to take part in; to attend\"]{.font12}
[Canjiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to the action of Joining a group or Joining in an activity. It also means \"to participate\" or \"to take part in.\" ]{.font12}[Cānjiǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is also the word to use for \"to attend\" a meeting, convention, or other gathering (but not a play, film, or other non-participatory event).]{.font12}
[rùguo Tuan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[cǎnjiǎguo Hongwèibing]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: You were introduced to the marker -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the Biographic Information module, with sentences like ]{.font12}[NǏ cōngqiān lāiguo ma?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Have you ever been here before?\" You also saw that -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can provide by itself the meaning of \"ever\": ]{.font12}[Tǎ qùguo Zhōngguo ma?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Has he ever been to China?\" In exchange 3, the speakers use -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ with the meaning of \"ever\" having done something.]{.font12}
[\"]{.font12}[wǎnhuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"evening party\" ]{.font12}[xùnliànbǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"training class\"]{.font12}
[Why use -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and not -]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in these sentences? A helpful rule of thumb is to use -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in Chinese when you would say \"ever\" in English. But -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and \"ever\" do not ]{.font12}[always]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ correspond; as you can see in sentence 3B, the English does not contain the word \"ever.\" The reason speaker B decided to use -]{.font12}[guo ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[there rather than ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is that he knows Lǎo Wang's son is no longer in the Red Guards. Using -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rather than ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ implies that the Joining (]{.font12}[cānjiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) was later undone---that the son is not a Red Guard now.]{.font12}
[The verb ]{.font12}[cānjiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ tells an action that results in a new state: the action of Joining results in the state of being part of something. Similar verbs include ]{.font12}[zuò]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to sit,\" (the action of sitting results in the state of being seated) and ]{.font12}[chuān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (the action of putting on clothes results in the state of the clothes being on). Process verbs as well show the change from one state to a new state, like ]{.font12}[bìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (to go from wellness to sickness), ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (to go from not being here to being here). When -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used with these kinds of verbs it often implies that the resulting state is no longer in effect.']{.font12}
[Hongwèibíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the Red Guards,\" lit., \"Red Guard-Soldiers\" It was in Beijing in 1966 that middle school and college students first began to form groups calling themselves ]{.font12}[Hóngwèibìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. At that time CCP Chairman Máo Zedong had been trying with little success to stir up a mass movement against \"revisionist\" elements in the Chinese Communist Party, and to infuse the country with a new revolutionary spirit. The newly formed Red Guard groups first directed their efforts at reactionary leaders in the schools. After Mao publicly expressed his support for the Red Guards, their movement quickly grew into a major force in the first stage of the Cultural Revolution. Their opposition to Liu Shàoqí, then Chairman (head of state) of the PRC, was instrumental in his downfall. Before long, groups of Red Guards were crisscrossing China by train, bus, any means of transportation---many on foot---to spread the concepts of the Cultural Revolution. The scale of these excursions is difficult to imagine; Red Guards, other student groups, and tagalongs--- altogether millions of young people---were to be seen everywhere, bringing Beijing's political movements to the rest of the country.]{.font12}
[After their inception, the thousands of Red Guard groups nationwide had difficulty forming a cohesive organization, and after the first three years of the Cultural Revolution (1966 to 1968) their power began to wane. They remained a prestige group, however, until their official abolishment in 1978.]{.font12}
[Outside observers, as well as many Chinese, had mixed opinions of the Red Guards. That they were a major force in stirring the country to Join in the movements of the time is beyond question. But the zealous excesses and cruelties of many Red Guards toward people of \"undesirable\" political or family backgrounds are equally well known.]{.font12}
['-]{.font12}[Guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also be used when the speaker does not know for sure whether the state is still in effect. But do not use -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ when you know for sure that the state ]{.font12}[is]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ still in effect. For example, if you know that a person has come here and is still here, you can only say ]{.font12}[Tā lái le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[ài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: 'to love (state verb)]{.font12}
[Wǒ xiǎng tǎ shi zhènde ài ní. I think she really loves you.]{.font12}
[Tā you ài xuéxí, you ài láodòng, She loves study and loves physical shi ge hǎo tongzhì. labor. She is a good comrade.]{.font12}
[a food, hobby, sport, activity, as in the following examples:]{.font12}
[I just love sweet and sour spareribs!]{.font12}
[He really loves to talk.]{.font12}
[Do you like to go to the movies?]{.font12}
[No.]{.font12}
[My father is fond of (playing) chess.]{.font12}
[someone)'']{.font12}
[After attending classes at this school for one month, he fell in love with his Chinese teacher.]{.font12}
[I fell in love with her right from the first time I saw her.]{.font12}
[I know you don't love me anymore; you've taken a liking to Wáng Cheng.]{.font12}
[Particularly in Beijing speech, the ending ]{.font12}[-shang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ added to some verbs has the meaning of starting and then continuing, \"to set about (doing something), to fall into the habit of (doing something), to take to (doing something).\"]{.font12}
[They have started to play chess again OR They're back playing chess again.]{.font12}
[You're smoking again?!]{.font12}
[chǒu yān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to smoke\"]{.font12}
[Kànshang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to take a fancy to, to settle on\":]{.font12}
[àishang Xiǎo Wang le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: A new-situation ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is extremely common when presenting an event as \"hot news,\" as the speaker does in this sentence. Hot news should, after all, he presented to the listener as something he doesn\'t already know---as a new situation. (For the second example you need to know ]{.font12}[zǒngtǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"president,\" and ]{.font12}[fǎngwèn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to visit.\")]{.font12}
[Wǒ zhǎodao yige xīnde gōngzuò I\'ve found a new joh! le!]{.font12}
[Jǐntiǎn hàozhǐshang shuō Měiguo It says in today\'s paper that the zǒngtǒng yào dào Zhōngguo lái president of the U.S. is going to fǎngwèn le. come visit China!]{.font12}
[Of course, this ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is sometimes optional. It may he omitted in the above two examples, hut not in sentence ]{.font12}[Ua.]{.smallcaps}
[hen]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to hate,\" only in the literal meaning of \"to loathe, to detest, to have intense ill feelings toward\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ hen nèiyìjiā rén. I hate that whole family.]{.font12}
[Wǒ hen ta gěi wo dàilaile name I hate him for bringing me so much duō máfan. trouble.]{.font12}
[Wǒ zuì hen zuò zhèizhōng shi. I detest doing this sort of thing most of all.]{.font12}
[\"To hate\" in the milder sense of \"to dislike\" or \"to wish to avoid\" is expressed in Chinese by other words. (For the last example below you need to know ]{.font12}[tǎoyàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to dislike, to be disgusted with.\")]{.font12}
[Zǎoshang wǒ zhēn bú yào qǐlai. I hate to get up in the morning.]{.font12}
[Zhèiyang máfan nǐ, wǒ zhēn bù hǎo I hate to put you to all this yìsi. trouble.]{.font12}
[Xiàng tā zhèiyangde rén méiyou I hate to see someone like him yíge hǎo gōngzuò, tài kěxī le. without a good job.]{.font12}
[*]{.font12}[chang gē]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to sing (songs)\" (a verb plus general object, like ]{.font12}[niàn shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12}
[dǎ zì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to type\" on a typewriter, literally \"to hit characters.\"]{.font12}
[Tā dǎ zì dǎde hěn kuài. He types very fast.]{.font12}
[Zì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here is a general object like ]{.font12}[huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in ]{.font12}[shuo huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Speakers of English are often tempted to say ]{.font12}[dǎ zì zhèige]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for \"type this,\" but that is incorrect. To specify the thing which is typed, use ]{.font12}[dǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ without the word ]{.font12}[zì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Some verb]{.font12}
[used with ]{.font12}[da]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Type this for me.]{.font12}
[Please type this letter.]{.font12}
[I have to go type a letter.]{.font12}
[Have you finished typing that letter?]{.font12}
[Has that letter been typed?]{.font12}
[I'll bring this over to you as soon as I finish typing it.]{.font12}
[like the school subject):]{.font12}
[I've studied typing.]{.font12}
[She teaches English typing at a middle school.]{.font12}
[Zì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, by itself, may be used as follows:]{.font12}
[Wǒ dǎcuòle yíge zì. I typed a character (letter or word)]{.font12}
[wrong.]{.font12}
[The type is too small in this hook.]{.font12}
[zài dǎ zì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"He's (in the midst of) typing\" You first learned ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the marker of ongoing action, in Meeting, Unit 2: ]{.font12}[Tā zài kāi huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He is (in the midst of) attending a meeting.\" Use ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to specify that an action is in the midst of progressing or evolving.]{.font12}
[Because ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ denotes \"continuing action,\" it is used with action verbs, which indicate the event has duration. On the other hand, process verbs, which indicate simply a change of state, are not compatible with ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to die,\" ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to arrive,\" ]{.font12}[ting]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to (come to a) stop,\" ]{.font12}[qù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to go.\" The verb ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, for example, describes the instantaneous transition from a living state to a dead state. It makes no sense to speak of being \"in the midst of dying\"; a person is either alive or dead.\" Likewise, you have either arrived (]{.font12}[dàole]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) or not; are either stopped (]{.font12}[tingle]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) or still moving; are either gone (]{.font12}[qùle]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) or still present.]{.font12}
[You can make ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ negative with either ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Questions are usually best formed with ]{.font12}[shi bu shi zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[; some speakers use ]{.font12}[you méiyou zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[zài bu zai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Sentences with ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ often end in ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the emphatic marker of absence of change (see Unit U, Notes on No. 2).]{.font12}
- [6. A: Zhèige háizi ]{.font12}[bú xiàng huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, This child is too much. No matter ]{.font12}[bù guǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zěnme shuō dōu what you say, he Just doesn't]{.font12}
[bù ting. listen.]{.font12}
[B: Duì ma, zhè nǎr xiàng Xīn Yes, he's certainly no Cnot like Zhōngguōde ]{.font12}[értōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[! any] child of \"New China.\"]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[bú xiàng huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be outrageous, to be ridiculous, to be absurd\" Literally this means \"doesn't resemble speech.\" As used today, ]{.font12}[bú xiàng huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be applied not only to things which are said, but also to situations and people.]{.font12}
[Zhèiyang zhēn bú xiàng huà, Jiù yào qián bú zuò shi, zěnme xíng!]{.font12}
[Bú xiàng huà, bǎ wūzi nòngde zhème luàn, yě bù shōushi shoushi.]{.font12}
[This is outrageous! To Just want money but not work. How can that do!]{.font12}
[This is too much! He made the room such a mess and doesn't even straighten up.]{.font12}
[Zhèige háizi yìtiān dào wan wánr, This child plays all day long and bú niàn shū, zhēn bú xiàng huà. doesn't study. He's really too much.]{.font12}
[bù guan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "no matter..." The first half of a ]{.font12}[bù guan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ sentence contains either (1) an interrogative word, e.g.,]{.font12}
[Bù guǎn]{.font12} [shénme]{.font12} [No matter what]{.font12}
[shéi]{.font12} [who]{.font12}
[shénme shihou]{.font12} [when]{.font12}
[nǎr]{.font12} [where]{.font12}
[wèishénme]{.font12} [why]{.font12}
[zěnme]{.font12} [how]{.font12}
[duōshǎo]{.font12} [how much]{.font12}
[duo lèi]{.font12} [how tired]{.font12}
[etc]{.font12}
[or (2) a clause expressing alternatives, e.g.,]{.font12}
[Bù guǎn]{.font12} [tā qù bu qù shi bu shi zhēnde tā shi Zhōngguo rén háishi Měiguo rén jintiǎn (háishi) míngtiān]{.font12} [No matter whether he goes or not whether it's true or not whether he is Chinese or American whether it's today or tomorrow etc.]{.font12}
[The last half of a ]{.font12}[bù guan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ sentence usually (not always) has dōu or sometimes ]{.font12}[yě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Bù guan xià bu xià yǔ, wō dōu qù. Whether it rains or not, I'm going.]{.font12}
[nǎr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Literally ''where," used in rhetorical questions to make a denial. Compare this with ]{.font12}[Náli!]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you learned in the Biographic Information module to deny compliments.]{.font12}
[Do these houses all belong to you?]{.font12}
[Heck no!]{.font12}
[Where did he go?]{.font12}
[How should I know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)]{.font12}
[I'll go ask him.]{.font12}
[He]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ doesn't know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)]{.font12}
[How could we possibly arrive by three o'clock!]{.font12}
[értong]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"child\" This is the word used in formal contexts. It usually refers to children under approximately ten years of age.]{.font12}
[children's literature children's hospital]{.font12}
- [7. A: Zhèipiān ]{.font12}[duǎnpiān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiǎoshuō What is this short story about? xiěde shi shénme?]{.font12}
[B: Xiěde shi yíge ]{.font12}[nongcūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ It's the story of a cadre in a]{.font12}
[gànbud]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e gùshi. rural area.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[duǎnpiān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"short,\" of written compositions. ]{.font12}[Duǎnpiān xiǎoshuō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"short story\"?^1^In China, the short story began to develop as a genre as early as the Tang and Song dynasties. In modern times, Chinese short story writers were greatly influenced by Western short stories.]{.font12}
[nongcūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This has three main uses: (1) \"country, rural area\"; (2) \"rural,\" when used to modify a noun; and (3) \"rural community, farm village\" (counter: ge). In mainland China, this third use is no longer common because of the reorganization of rural areas into communes, with village-sized units becoming production brigades (]{.font12}[shēngchǎn dàduì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[In the Welfare module, you learned another word for \"country, rural area\": ]{.font12}[xiāngxià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Xiāngxià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[nongcūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are comparable in meaning. ]{.font12}[Xiāngxià ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is chiefly a conversational word, however, rarely used in formal contexts. ]{.font12}[Xiāngxià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may even be used in a disparaging manner; ]{.font12}[nongcūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, being more neutral]{.font12}
['The expressions ]{.font12}[zhèige cūnr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"this village,\" ]{.font12}[wǒmen cūnr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"our village,\" ]{.font12}[nǐmen cūnr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"your village,\" etc., are nevertheless still used in the PRC.]{.font12}
[Zhèige nóngcūn yǒu duōshǎo What is the population of this farm]{.font12}
[rénkǒu? village? (not mainland, usage)]{.font12}
[gànbu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Usually translated into English \"by the French word \"cadre,\" this word has two meanings in China.[]{#footnote7}^7^ First, it can refer to full-time functionaries of the (usually central) Party or government. Second---this is the sense of ]{.font12}[gànhu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in sentence 7B---it can have the broader meaning of any person who has a leadership job. There are cadres in the army, factories, schools, communes, anywhere leadership positions exist. It is always clear who is a ]{.font12}[gànbu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and who is not; positions and people are well defined as cadre or not. ]{.font12}[Gànbu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is contrasted with ]{.font12}[qúnzhòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the masses.\" For example, certain meetings may be attended by \"cadres\" but not by \"the masses,\" and certain documents are distributed to \"cadres\" of a certain level but not to \"the masses.\"]{.font12}
[Most cadres are \"not engaged in production\" C]{.font12}[tuōchǎn lei]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, but some are \"half released from production\" E]{.font12}[bàn tuōchǎnJ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Very few are \"not released from production\" E]{.font12}[bù tuōchǎnJ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In general, cadres' salaries are higher than ordinary workers, and they have more privileges.]{.font12}
[Lǎo gànbu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is translated as \"veteran cadre,\" that is, a cadre from before liberation.]{.font12}
[In the PRC, the English word \"cadre\" is usually pronounced \"cah-der,\" with the first syllable stressed.]{.font12}
- [8. A: Nǐ ]{.font12}[jíjímangmangd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e zuò What are you in such a hurry to]{.font12}
[shénme qu a? go do?]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Shàng xué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ qu a! I'm going to school!]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[jíjímangmǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"in a great hurry\" This comes from a repetition of each syllable of the adjectival verb ]{.font12}[jímang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which means \"hasty, hurried.\" Jí means \"anxious\" and ]{.font12}[mang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you have learned as \"busy,\" here means \^īn a rushed manner.\"]{.font12}
[Many adjectival verbs may be reduplicated to make them more vivid. For example:]{.font12}
[Bǎobǎode]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"very full\":]{.font12}
[Adjectival verbs of two syllables are reduplicated in an AABB pattern: repeat the first syllable twice and then the second syllable twice.]{.font12}
[gāoxìng becomes gāogāoxìngxìng]{.font12}
[píngcháng becomes píngpíngchángcháng]{.font12}
[kèqi becomes kèkeqìqì]{.font12}
[Adjectival verbs reduplicated this way can be used to modify nouns, as in]{.font12}
[Tā Jiù shi yíge píngpíngcháng- He is Just an ordinary fellow, chángde rén.]{.font12}
[or to modify verbs, as in]{.font12}
[Women kèkeqìqìde tántan. Let\'s talk it over politely.]{.font12}
[Tāmen gāogāoxìngxìngde zǒu le.]{.font12}
[These reduplicated adjectival verbs are not made negative or used in a comparative sentence.]{.font12}
[zuò shénme qu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Literally, \"you are going in order to do what?\" ]{.font12}[Qù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used at the end of a sentence to show purpose: \"go ]{.font12}[in order to]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[...\" or \"come ]{.font12}[in order to]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[...\" Whether you choose ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[qu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ depends, in many cases, on the direction of the action; if the direction is towards \"here,\" use ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, and if it is \"away,\" use ]{.font12}[qu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Wen ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ qu ba! Go ask ]{.font12}[him]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[Nǐ kuài máng qu ba! Go about your business!]{.font12}
[Wǒ kàn ni lai le. I've come to see you.]{.font12}
[Putting ]{.font12}[qu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ before or after the verb phrase gives about the same meaning. In fact, in Běijīng speech, they may be used both before ]{.font12}[and]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ after the verb phrase. The following three patterns are equivalent:]{.font12}
[Nī qù wen tā.]{.font12}
[Nī wen tā qu.]{.font12}
[Nī qù wen tā qu.]{.font12}
[lái ná piào le.]{.font12}
[ná piào lai le. lái ná piào lai le.]{.font12}
[Sometimes there can he ambiguity about whether ]{.font12}[qu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are being used to express ''purpose" or \"direction." For example, the phrase ]{.font12}[ná piào lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"bring the tickets here\" if ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a directional ending, but \"come here in order to get the tickets\" if ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ indicates purpose.]{.font12}
[shàng xué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This phrase means either \"to go to school\" in the sense of \"it's eight o'clock, the children have already gone to school,\" or \"to attend school,\" as in \"I attended high school in Chicago.\" ]{.font12}[Xué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a general object like ]{.font12}[shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in ]{.font12}[niàn shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to study.\" You can replace it by a more specific object such as ]{.font12}[xiǎoxué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"elementary school,\" or ]{.font12}[Jíngshān Zhōngxué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Jíngshān Middle School.\"]{.font12}
[Tā shàng xué qu le. He has gone to school.]{.font12}
[Suīrán tā niānji dà le, kěshi Although he's old, he still wants to tā hái xiang shàng xué. go to school.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhèngfǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"government\" ]{.font12}[Zhèng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ originally meant \"political affairs,\" and fǔ was the word for \"government offices.\"]{.font12}
[Tā zài Měiguo zhèngfǔlí gōngzuò. He works in the U.S. government.]{.font12}
[Distinguish ]{.font12}[zhèngfǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ from ]{.font12}[guojiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the state.\"* In PRC terminology, ]{.font12}[guojiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the entire organization by means of which the ruling class exercises its rule, including administrative bodies, the military, police, courts, and prisons. ]{.font12}[Zhèngfǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to the administrative bodies of the state---for example, the State Council.]{.font12}
[bǎohù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to protect\" from harm or loss, or \"to safeguard\"]{.font12}
[Here we are not talking about ]{.font12}[guojiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[*s other meaning, \"country, nation.\"]{.font12}
[Even \"before liberation, the Chinese Communists attempted to allay widespread fears that a Communist government would signal an end to private property \"by proclaiming ]{.font12}[bǎohǔ rénmín cáichǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as an official policy.]{.font12}
[shíxíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to carry out, to put into practice/effect, to implement\" an idea, plan, policy, system, or program.]{.font12}
[Zhèige jìhuà néng bu néng shíxíng Whether or not this plan can be im-hái shi ge wèntí. plemented is still a question.]{.font12}
[Xiàge yuè women yào kāishǐ shi- Next month we are going to put a new xíng yìzhǒng xínde kǎoshì method for testing into practice,]{.font12}
[bànfǎ.]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[xià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"under,\" used only after certain nouns. The ones you have learned far in this course are ]{.font12}[lǐngdǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[qíngkuàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[bāngzhù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[zhàogu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Zài zhèizhǒng qíngkuàngxià, zuì In this kind of situation, it is hǎo shénme dōu bú zuò. best not to do anything.]{.font12}
["]{.font12}[nénglì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"ability\"; ]{.font12}[qiáng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"strong\"]{.font12}
[shi j iè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''world."]{.font12}
[Zhèige dìfang duì tā lái shuō To him, this place seemed like a new hǎoxiàng shi yíge xǐn shìjiè. world.]{.font12}
[Tā duì dìsān shìjiè guójiāde He is interested in the political]{.font12}
[zhèngzhi qíngkuàng you xìngqu. situation in third world countries.]{.font12}
[To say \"in the world,'' use ]{.font12}[shìjièshàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. This is often equivalent to English ''in the whole world.\"]{.font12}
[Shìjièshàng méiyou yíge rén There is no one like him in the]{.font12}
[xiàng tā zhèiyang. whole world.]{.font12}
[Ruìshì hiǎo zài shìjièshàng hěn Swiss watches are famous throughout you ming. the world.]{.font12}
[Shìjiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also he used to modify other nouns:]{.font12}
[Zhōngguo shi Shìjiè Yínhángde China is a member country of the chéngyuánguō.° World Bank.]{.font12}
[11. A: Shínián ]{.font12}[lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, zhèi liǎngge In the past ten years, industry and ]{.font12}[chéngshìd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e gōngshāngyè commerce in these two cities have]{.font12}
[yuè lái yuè fādá le. become more and more developed.]{.font12}
[B: Zhè hé zhèngfǔde lǐngdǎo This can't be separated from the shi ]{.font12}[fēnbukāid]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e. government's leadership.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 11]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[shínián lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"for the past ten years\" or \"over the past ten years\"]{.font12}
[Shínián lái, wǒ xuéle hěn duō Over the past ten years, I've learned Yíngwén. a lot of English.]{.font12}
[Jǐnián lái wǒ dōu méiyou shōudao I haven't gotten any letters from her tāde xìn le. for the past few years.]{.font12}
[Lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is usually used with a relatively long period of time, especially months or years. There are no definite rules for how long is \"long,\" but you would not, for example, use ]{.font12}[lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to say \"for the last half hour\" (which would be ]{.font12}[zhèi bànge zhōngtōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[The expression of time may be preceded by ]{.font12}[zhèi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"these,\" for example, ]{.font12}[zhèi jǐnián lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"for the past few years.\"]{.font12}
[chéngshì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"city\" or \"(comparatively large) town\" Originally ]{.font12}[chéng ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[meant a city wall and ]{.font12}[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ a \"market.\" (]{.font12}[Shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is now also an administrative unit, as in ]{.font12}[Běijīng shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Běijīng municipality.'') \"]{.font12}[chéngyuánguō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"member country\"]{.font12}
[You have already learned the word ]{.font12}[chéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for \"city, town.\" ]{.font12}[Cheng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which originally meant \"city walls,\" is now mostly used in set phrases such as ]{.font12}[jin cheng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to go into the city, to go into town, to go downtown\" (to the part within the original city walls); or ]{.font12}[chénglǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"in the city,\" and ]{.font12}[chéngwài ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\"outside the city\" (again using the walls to differentiate the two). ]{.font12}[Chéng ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is also used to translate \"town\" in foreign place names, e.g., ]{.font12}[Qiáozhìchéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Georgetown.\" The Chinese also use ]{.font12}[xiǎo chéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to translate \"town\" when referring to foreign situations, as in]{.font12}
[Tā zhù zai lí Niǔ Yuē hù yuǎnde He lives in a little town near New yíge xiǎo chéngli. York.]{.font12}
[But ]{.font12}[xiǎo chéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not used to speak of a town in China; instead people say \"county\" (]{.font12}[xiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) or \"commune\" (]{.font12}[gōngshè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) or Just \"place\" (]{.font12}[dìfang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[To translate \"city,\" ]{.font12}[chéngshì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the word you will use most often.]{.font12}
[Lúndūn shi shiJiè you míngde London is a world-famous metropolis,]{.font12}
[dà chéngshì.]{.font12}
[Shànghǎi shi shìjièshang zuì Shànghǎi is the largest city in the]{.font12}
[dàde chéngshì. world.]{.font12}
[fēnhukāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"cannot he separated\" A more English-sounding translation for sentence 11B would he, \"This is directly related to the government\'s leadership.\"]{.font12}
[The verh ]{.font12}[fēn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to separate, to divide,\" as in]{.font12}
[Women fēn yige píngguǒ, hǎo hu Let\'s split (share) an apple, okay? hǎo?]{.font12}
[Bǎ nèige píngguǒ fēn liǎngkuài. Divide the apple in two.]{.font12}
[Píngguǒ fēn hǎo duo zhong. There are lots of different kinds]{.font12}
[of apples. (Lit., \"Apples are divided into many kinds.")]{.font12}
[The verh ending -]{.font12}[kāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you have seen meaning \"open\" as in ]{.font12}[dǎkai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, here is something like English \"apart.\"]{.font12}
[Bǎ hāizimen fēnkāi. Keep the children apart.]{.font12}
[Bǎ hóngde gēn lānde fēnkāi. Keep the red ones separate from the]{.font12}
[hlue ones.]{.font12}
[Zhèi liǎngzhāng zhǐ shi fēnde- These two sheets of paper can he kāide. taken apart.]{.font12}
[Notes on Additional Required. Vocabulary]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[yuányǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"reason, cause\"]{.font12}
[jiārù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This is the formal word for \"to join.\" (You will recognize ]{.font12}[jiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"add,\" from ]{.font12}[canjiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[rù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"enter,\" from ]{.font12}[rù Tuan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[Ding]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the same word you learned in the Meeting module for \"to reserve.\"]{.font12}
[On the balcony of Lǐ Ping's apartment, Tom (A) and Lǐ Ping's sister Lǐ Wen ]{.font12}[(ē)]{.smallcaps}[ have a conversation.]{.font12}
[A: Lǐ Wen, nǐ yíge rén zài zhèr Are you playing chess all by your-]{.font12}
[°Lǐ Wén may be working out chess strategies or playing Chinese chess (which can be done alone).]{.font12}
[bú jièyìde huà, wo yě hěn xiǎng wèn ]{.font12}[nǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ jǐge wèntí.]{.font12}
[Qīng!]{.font12}
[Tīng Lǐ Ping shuō, nǐ zhīdao xiě dàlùde qíngkuàng.]{.font12}
[Wo you hěn duō tóngxué he péngyou, tāmen dōu shi cong dàlù laide. Tāmen zài nàr shēnghuole èrsānshínián, dāng-rán hěn qīngchù. Wo he tamen chángcháng zài yìqǐ, yě jiù zhīdaole yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
[Tīngshuǒ, Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ shíxíng nánnù píngděngde zhèngcè, suōyi Zhōngguo fùnǔde dìwèi tígāole hěn duō, Jiātíngde qíngkuàng yě he Jiěfàng yǐqián bù yíyàng le.]{.font12}
[Nī shuōde duì. Zài Gòngchǎndǎng lǐngdǎoxià, bù guǎn shi nongcūn háishi chéngshì, nu-háizi hé nánháizi yíyàng, dōu kéyi shàng xué, zhǎngdàle yě yíyàng ké\^ri you gōngzuò. Jiātíng, fùnu hé értong, dōu kéyi dédao shèhuìde bǎohù.]{.font12}
[Zhè bú shi hěn hǎo ma?]{.font12}
[Mm, yīnggāi shi hěn hǎo, kěshi cōng Liù Liù nián dào Qī Liù niàn, zài zhèi shíniánlī, shèhuì-shang yǐnwèi zhèngzhide yuányǐn youle hěn duō wèntí. Wo kéyi gěi ni jiǎng yige gùshi.]{.font12}
[Nǐ kuài shuōshuo ba!]{.font12}
[Nī tīngzhe, ā. You yíwèi lǎo gànbu, zài Shànghǎi gōngzuò. Tā zhǐ you yíge nuér. Kěshi zài Liù Qī niánde shihour, līngdǎo shuō tā you zhèngzhi wèntí.]{.font12}
[I'd like to ask ]{.font12}[you]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ a few questions.]{.font12}
[Be my guest!]{.font12}
[I hear from Lǐ Ping that you know a bit about the situation on the mainland.]{.font12}
[I have a lot of classmates and friends who come from the mainland. They lived there for twenty or thirty years, so naturally they know quite well what goes on there. I spend a lot of time with them, so I've gotten to know something about it too.]{.font12}
[I understand that the Chinese government carries out a policy of equality of men and women, so the position of women has improved a great deal, and families are in quite a different way than before liberation.]{.font12}
[That's right. Under the leadership of the Communist Party, no matter whether in the countryside or the cities, girls can go to school Just as boys can, and when they grow up they can also get jobs Just the same. Families, women and children all receive society's protection.]{.font12}
[That's great, isn't it?]{.font12}
[Yeah, it ought to be great, but in the ten years from *66 to *?6, a lot of social problems came about because of political reasons. I can tell you a story.]{.font12}
[Oh, please do!]{.font12}
[Listen t\" this. There was this old cadre who worked in Shànghǎi. She only had one daugher. But in '67 the the leadership said she had political problems.]{.font12}
[A: Zāogāo.' Na tā nǔér yě yǒu]{.font12}
[māfan le.]{.font12}
[E: Yidiǎnr dōu t>ú cuǒ. Zhèige]{.font12}
[nǔhāizi bù néng rù Tuan, bù néng cānjiǎ Hongwèibīng. Péngyou, tongxué dōu líkāile ta. Yǒude shihour, zài dàjiēshang, hěn shóuxǐde rén yě hǎoxiàng bú rènshi ta yíyàng.]{.font12}
[A: Nà, tā zěnme bàn ne?]{.font12}
[E: Nèige shíhou, tā juéde shēng-]{.font12}
[huó zhěn shi yidiǎnr xīwàng yě méiyou. Tā kāishí hèn tāde mǔqin. Tā yào líkāi ta, tā yào líkāi tāde jiā.]{.font12}
[A: Hǒulái ne?]{.font12}
[E: Hǒulāi, tāmen zhēnde fēnkāi le.]{.font12}
[Nuér dàole nóngcǔn.]{.font12}
[A: Zhèiyang, tāde qíngkuāng huì]{.font12}
[hǎo yidiǎnr ba?]{.font12}
[E: Yidiǎnr yě méiyou. Zài nongcǔn]{.font12}
[suīrān tā gōngzuòde hěn hǎo, tā hāishi méiyou shénme zhèngzhi shēnghuo, lǐngdǎo hé rénmen yě méiyou yīnwei tā líkāile mǔqin jiu gāibiàn duì tāde kànfǎ.]{.font12}
[A: Nà, tā dàgài bú huì you shénme]{.font12}
[péngyou, yě bù róngyi àishang shénme rén.]{.font12}
[E: Shi. Tài nan le. Tā àishangle]{.font12}
[yíge nānhāizi, nèige nānhāizi yě ài tā, érqiě yīnwei tā, bù né\^g yǒu ge bǐjiǎo hǎode gōngzuǒ.]{.font12}
[A: Zhè shízài tài bú xiàng huà le.]{.font12}
[E: Jiǔniān yǐhòu, lǐngdǎo nǒng-]{.font12}
[qǐngchǔ le, tā mǔqin méiyou wèntí. Zhèige nuhāizi jíjímāng-māng pǎohuí Shànghǎi, kěshi tā zài yě jiànbudào tāde mǔqin le. Tā mǔqin yǐjīng sǐ zài yīyuànli le.]{.font12}
[Uh-oh.' Then her daughter was in for some trouble too.]{.font12}
[Absolutely right. This girl couldn't join the (Communist Youth), League or the Red Guards. Her friends and classmates all left her. Sometimes when she was walking down the street, people she knew well would act as if they didn't know her.]{.font12}
[Well then, what did she do?]{.font12}
[At that time she felt that her life was completely hopeless. She began to hate her mother. She wanted to leave her. She wanted to leave her home.]{.font12}
[And after that?]{.font12}
[Afterwards, they really did split up. The daughter went to the countryside.]{.font12}
[That way her situation got a little better, I guess?]{.font12}
[Not a bit. Although she worked very well in the countryside, she still didn't have any political life. The leadership and the people didn't change their opinion of her just because she left her mother, either.]{.font12}
[Well then, she probably didn't have any friends, and it probably wasn't easy to fall in love with anyone.]{.font12}
[Yes. It was really hard. She fell in love with a boy, and he loved her. But because of her, he couldn't get a better job.]{.font12}
[That's really absurd.]{.font12}
[Nine years later, the leadership got it straightened out that her mother was (politically) okay. The girl rushed back to Shanghai in a flurry, but she was never to see her mother again. She had already died in a hospital.]{.font12}
[Yíge jiātíng jiù zhèiyang wan le! Ní zěnme huì zhīdao zhèige gùshi?]{.font12}
[Yàoshi nī zhùyi yíxiàr Qī Qī nian, Qī Bā niande Zhōngguo bào-zhī, jiu kéyi kàndao hěn duō zhèiyangde gùshi. Wo zài gěi ni jièshao yìhěn shū.]{.font12}
[Shénme shū?]{.font12}
[Zhōngguo Yī Jiǔ Qī Qī nian dào Yī Jiu ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[Ofc]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;"}[ Bā nian Duǎnpiān Xiǎoshuō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Nī zhīdao, ruguo yōu rén xiǎng dōngde Zhōngguo shèhuì, Jiù yídìng yào yánjiū cōng Liù Liù nian dào Qī Liù niànde qíngkuàng. Yánjiūle yīhòu cai néng míngbai jīntiānde Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ hé Zhōngguo rén wèishenme yào gǎi-biàn zhè shínián lái zhèngzhi-shang, Jīngjishangde qíngkuàng, ràng Zhōngguo rén zhěnde dédao jiěfàng.]{.font12}
[Nī néng bāng wo zhǎodào nèiběn shū ma?]{.font12}
[Wō yōu zhèiběn shū, kéyi song' gei ni. Kàn shū hái bu gòu, yōu jīhui qù dàlù kànkan.]{.font12}
[Wō yōu jīhui yídìng qù.]{.font12}
[Just like that, a family was destroyed! How do you happen to know this story?]{.font12}
[If you watched the newspapers in \'77 and '78 you could see lots of stories like that. Let me recommend a book to you, too.]{.font12}
[What book?]{.font12}
[Chinese Short Stories of 1977-]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[1978.]{.font12}
[You know, if someone wants to understand Chinese society they have to study the situation from '66 to '76. Only after you've studied it can you understand why today the Chinese government and people are trying to change the political and economic conditions of the past ten years and let the Chinese people really be liberated.]{.font12}
[Can you help me find that book?]{.font12}
[I have it, and I can give it to you. But reading isn't enough. If you get the chance, go visit the mainland.]{.font12}
[If I get the chance, I certainly will.]{.font12}
[*]{.font12}[Sòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here means "to give" something as a gift.]{.font12}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a conversation in which an evening university teacher visits the home of her student, Gāo Xiǎohuà, who also works in a Shànghǎi factory, to talk with her mother.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:]{.font12}
[yèdà evening university]{.font12}
[pǎolai pǎoqù to run around]{.font12}
[xuéhuì to learn, to master]{.font12}
[gōngchǎng factory]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. What kind of student is Xiǎohuà?]{.font12}
[2. What was Teacher Liu's main concern in visiting Comrade Fang Bǎolán?]{.font12}
[3. What were schools like during the Cultural Revolution?]{.font12}
[U. Did Teacher Liu come as a representative of the university, factory, or both? How do you know?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise a husband and wife in the city of Harbin in northeast China talk at home.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Èr (the couple's son, \"Little No. Two,"]{.font12}
[so called because he is their second child)]{.font12}
[zhǐ yào as long as, provided that]{.font12}
[gāogàn senior cadres]{.font12}
[běnrén herself, himself, oneself,]{.font12}
[myself, etc.]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. Where did Xiǎo Er go after work?]{.font12}
[2. What kind of trouble does Xiǎo Èr's father anticipate?]{.font12}
[3. What does Xiǎo Èr's mother think of his girlfriend?]{.font12}
[4. To whom does she refer when discussing political trouble? Why?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.]{.font12}
[Exercise 4]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise a student talks with another student from mainland China in their dorm in Hong Kong.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following new word:]{.font12}
[writer, literary man]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. Why do the roommates decide to stay home? What do they decide to do instead?]{.font12}
[2. Where did Chén Bin learn to play chess? Why do you suppose he was living there?]{.font12}
[3. What was the countryside like during the Cultural Revolution?]{.font12}
[4. What did Chén Bin do besides play chess?]{.font12}
[5. After Chén Bin's experience, what does he think of the situation in mainland China?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[A young woman named Gāo Xiǎohuá works at a factory in Shànghǎi and attends the factory's evening university. One afternoon her teacher (A) at the university pays a visit to Gāo Xiǎohuá*s mother, Fāng Bǎolán (B).]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ shi Fāng Bǎolán Tongzhì]{.font12}
[ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Shi. Nín guìxìng?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Wǒ xing Liu, shi Gāo Xiǎohuá]{.font12}
[Tongzhì zài ]{.font12}[yèdàd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e lǎoshī.]{.font12}
- [B: Ou, shi Xiǎohuáde lǎoshī.]{.font12}
[Kuài qǐng jìnlai zuò.]{.font12}
[Are you Comrade Fāng Bǎolán?]{.font12}
[Yes. May I ask your name?]{.font12}
[My name is Liú. I'm Comrade Gāo Xiǎohuá*s teacher at the evening university.]{.font12}
[Oh, Xiǎohuá*s teacher! Please come in and sit down.]{.font12}
[(Gāo sits down and Fāng brings some tea.)]{.font12}
- [B: Liu Lǎoshī, Xiǎohuá zài yèdà]{.font12}
[zěnmeyàng a?]{.font12}
- [A: Xiǎohuá hěn yònggōng, xuéxide]{.font12}
[hěn hǎo. Kěshi wǒ zǒng juéde Xiǎohuá shēntǐ bú gòu hǎo. Měitiān dōu hǎoxiàng hěn lèi, shi bu shi shuìde bú gòu?]{.font12}
- [B: Yidiǎnr dōu bú cuò, shi]{.font12}
[xiūxide bú gòu. Zhèi háizi měitiān huílai niàn shū dōu děi niàn dao liǎng-sāndiǎn zhōng.]{.font12}
- [A: Xiànzàide niánqīng rén zhèi]{.font12}
[yang niàn shū shi you yuányīnde.]{.font12}
- [B: Shéi shuō bú shi ne? Shínián]{.font12}
[lái xuéxiàode qíngxing tài bú xiàng huà le. Nèi shihou háizi-men niànbuliǎo shū, cānjiāle Hōngwèibīng, yìtiān dào wǎn zài wàibiānr ]{.font12}[pǎolai pǎoqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, shénme yě méi ]{.font12}[xuéhuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Xiànzài cānjiāle gōngzuò, zài bú niàn shū, zěnme néng bǎ gōngzuò zuòhǎo ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Kěshi, shíniánde shū bú shi]{.font12}
[shítiān bànyuè* kéyi niànwánde.]{.font12}
[How is Xiǎohuá doing in the evening university, Teacher Liú?]{.font12}
[Xiǎohuá is very hardworking and does very well in her studies, but it does seem to me that her health is not good enough. She seems tired every day. Is it because she doesn't get enough sleep?]{.font12}
[Absolutely right. She doesn't get enough rest. Every day the child comes home and studies until two or three o'clock.]{.font12}
[There's a (good) reason for the way young people study now.]{.font12}
[That's for sure! For the past ten years conditions in the schools have been unspeakable. During that time, students couldn't study. They joined the Red Guards and were out running around from morning till night. They didn't learn a thing. Now that they are participating in work, if they go on without studying, how can they do their work well?]{.font12}
[But you can't complete ten years of study in ten days or half a month.]{.font12}
['This is an idiom for \"a short time."]{.font12}
[Women zuò lǎoshǐde, zuò fùmǔde hái děi bǎohù tāmende jiànkāng. Bù neng ràng tāmen tài lèi le. Nǐmen Xiǎohuá měitiān yídìng yào zǎo diǎnr xiūxi.]{.font12}
- [B: Zhēn xièxie nín. Nín huíqu]{.font12}
[yǐhòu yě tì wǒmen xièxie ]{.font12}[gōngchǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ he yèdàde lǐngdǎo.]{.font12}
- [A: Bú kèqi. Zhèixiē dōu shi wǒmen]{.font12}
[yínggāi zuòde.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ yě huì zhàogu Xiǎohuá, ràng]{.font12}
[tā hǎohāor gōngzuò, hǎohǎor xuéxi.]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo, wǒ zǒu le. Zàijiàn!]{.font12}
[B: Zàijiàn! You kòngr lái zuò a!]{.font12}
[Those of use who are teachers and parents still must protect their health. We can\'t let them get too tired. Your Xiǎohuá must go to bed earlier.]{.font12}
[Thank you very much. When you get back, thank the leadership at the factory and the evening university.]{.font12}
[Not at all. All this is what we should be doing.]{.font12}
[And I'll take care of Xiǎohuá, and see that she works well and studies well.]{.font12}
[All right. I'll be on my way. Good-bye.]{.font12}
[Good-bye. When you have time, come over and sit a while.]{.font12}
[the city of Harbin in northeast China, a mother (B) and father (A) talk home.]{.font12}
[V ~w~ V ~v~]{.font10}
- [A:]{.font11 style="font-style:italic;"}[ Ei, ]{.font12}[Xiao Er]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiale ban, Jiji-]{.font12}
[mángmángde you dào nǎr qù le?]{.font12}
- [B: Tā shuō, qù gēn tāde yíge tǒng-]{.font12}
[xué xué Yǐngwén dǎ zì.]{.font12}
- [A: Xué Yǐngwén dǎ zì? Shi nán-]{.font12}
[tóngxué háishi nùtongxué?]{.font12}
- [B: Jiù shi shàngcì láiguode nèige]{.font12}
[nutongxué.]{.font12}
- [A: ~w~Xiǎo Er yàoshi àishang nèige]{.font12}
[nǔháizi jiù máfan le.]{.font12}
- [B: You shénme máfan? Nà háizi]{.font12}
[shi dàxuéshēng, you you lǐmào, láile hái bāng wǒ zuò fàn shenme-de. You shénme bù hǎo?]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ zhǐdao shénme? Tā fùqin]{.font12}
[you zhèngzhi wèntí.]{.font12}
[Say, where did Xiǎo Èr go off to in such a rush after work?]{.font12}
[He said he was going to learn English typing from a classmate.]{.font12}
[To learn English typing? Was it a male classmate or a female classmate?]{.font12}
[It's the female classmate who was over last time.]{.font12}
[If Xiǎo Er falls in love with that girl it's going to be trouble.]{.font12}
[What trouble? That girl is a college student, and well mannered. And when she came over she even helped me cook and so on. What\'s wrong with that?]{.font12}
[What do you know? Her father has political problems.]{.font12}
- [B: Bu duì ha?.' Wǒ tīng Xiǎo Èr]{.font12}
[shuō, jīnniān xiàtiān tā rù Tuan le. Yàoshi tā fùqin yǒu zhèngzhi wèntíde huà, tā néng rù Tuan ma?]{.font12}
- [A: Néng, xiànzài you zhèngcè, ]{.font12}[zhǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[yào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hāizi hǎo, jiù kéyi rù Tuan, bù guǎn tā fùmǔde wèntí you duo dà.]{.font12}
- [B: Zhè jiù duì le ma, wǒ shuō]{.font12}
[nèi hāizi shi hǎo hāizi!]{.font12}
- [A: Bù xíng, hāishi děi ràng tāmen]{.font12}
[fēnkāi, yǐhòu māfan tài duō!]{.font12}
- [B: Shéi méiyou māfan? ]{.font12}[Gāogànd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e]{.font12}
[hāizi jiù méiyou māfan le? Lin Biāo cóngqiān yě shi dà gànhur, nǐ néng ràng nǐ érzi gěn tā nuér jiēhūn ma?]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, hié shuō le.]{.font12}
[Hāizide shi zhēn hù hǎo hàn!]{.font12}
- [B: You shénme hù hǎo hànde?! Zhǐ]{.font12}
[yào nèi hāizi ]{.font12}[hěnrén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hǎo, tāmen you hùxiāng xǐhuan, jiù xíng le.]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo! Tīng nīde.]{.font12}
[You must he wrong! I've heard from Xiǎo Èr that she joined the (Communist Youth) League this summer. If her father had political problems, could she join the League?]{.font12}
[Yes. Now there's a policy that as long as the child is good, he or she can enter the League, no matter how great his or her parents' problems are.]{.font12}
[There you have it, then! I ]{.font12}[said ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[she was a good child.]{.font12}
[No, it won't do. We should still make them break up. There will be too much trouble later on.]{.font12}
[Who doesn't have trouble? Do you think the children of senior cadres don't have any trouble? Lin Biāo was a big cadre too, but would you let your son marry his daughter?]{.font12}
[Okay, okay. Don't say any more! Children's matters are really hard to handle.]{.font12}
[What's hard to handle? As long as the girl herself is good, and they like each other, it will be fine.]{.font12}
[Okay. We'll do as you say.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise H]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Hong Kong, a student (A) talks with in their dorm.]{.font12}
[A: Chén Bīn, jīntiān wǎnshang bù]{.font12}
[chūqu ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Wàimian zài xià yǔ, bù xiǎng]{.font12}
[chūqu le, nǐ ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ yě bù chūqu, women xià qí]{.font12}
[hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo a!]{.font12}
[another student from mainland China (B)]{.font12}
[Chén Bīn, aren't you going out tonight?]{.font12}
[It's raining outside. I don't want to go out. How about you?]{.font12}
[I don't want to go out either.]{.font12}
[How about playing chess?]{.font12}
[Okay!]{.font12}
- [A: Duì le, nǐ xià qí xiàde zhème]{.font12}
[hǎo, shi zài nǎr xuéde?]{.font12}
- [B: Nnnn . . .]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Duìbuqī, rúguo nǐ bú jièyìde]{.font12}
[huà, jiù jiǎng gěi wo tíngting.]{.font12}
- [B: Méiyou shenme. Nǐ zhǐdao,]{.font12}
[wǒ zài nongcūn zhùguo shinian.]{.font12}
[A: Wǒ zhǐdao.]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ zhùde nèige dìfang zài shān-]{.font12}
[li, méiyou gōnggòng qìchē, gèng méiyou huǒchē. Erqiě, nèige shihou wǒ jiālide rén yě dōu cōng chéngshì bān dao xiāngxià qu le.]{.font12}
- [A: Nà, nī yìnián sānbǎi liùshiwǔ-]{.font12}
[tiān bù líkāi nèige dìfang le?]{.font12}
- [B: Jiù shi.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
[A: Nǐ měitiān zuò shénme ne?]{.font12}
[B: Nèige dìfang you ge xiǎo tú]{.font12}
[shūguǎn .]{.font12}
[A: Lībianr you shénme shū?]{.font12}
[B: Ou, chúle zhèngzhi shū yīwài,]{.font12}
[jiù shi értong gùshi, méi shénme yìsi.]{.font12}
[A: Nà nǐ zěnme bàn?]{.font12}
[B: Túshūguǎnli yě you rén xià qí,]{.font12}
[wǒ gēn tāmen xué, mànmànde, wǒ xià qí xiàde bú cuò le.]{.font12}
[A: Chúle xià qí nī hái zuò shénme?]{.font12}
[B: Ou, xiěguo yidiǎn duǎnpiān]{.font12}
[xiǎoshuō.]{.font12}
- [A: Òu! Nǐ shi ge ]{.font12}[wénxuéjiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[! You]{.font12}
[jǐhui gěi wo kànkan, xíng bu xíng?]{.font12}
[Say, you play chess so w*»ll. Where did you learn it?]{.font12}
[Mnnn . . .]{.font12}
[Excuse me, if you don't mind, tell me about it.]{.font12}
[That's all right. You know I lived in the country for ten years.]{.font12}
[I know.]{.font12}
[The place I lived was in the mountains. There were no buses, much less trains. Also, at that time my whole family had moved from the city to the country.]{.font12}
[Then you didn't leave the place 365 days a year?]{.font12}
[That's right.]{.font12}
[So what did you do every day?]{.font12}
[There was a small library there.]{.font12}
[What kind of books did it have?]{.font12}
[Oh, apart from political books, there were only children's stories, which weren't very interesting.]{.font12}
[Well then, what did you do?]{.font12}
[There were people who played chess in the library. I learned from them. By and by I began to play chess pretty well.]{.font12}
[What did you do besides playing chess?]{.font12}
[Oh, I wrote a few short stories.]{.font12}
[Oh, you're a writer! When you have a chance, let me read some, okay?]{.font12}
- [B: Xiěde bù hǎo.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Hai, hu yào kèqi ma! Duì le,]{.font12}
[you yíge wèntí, wǒ hěn zǎo jiù xiǎng wen ni.]{.font12}
- [B: Shénme wèntí?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Xiànzài nǐ dàole Xianggang,]{.font12}
[kàndàole hù tōngde shìjiè, nǐ xiǎng shénme? Nǐ hú hèn nèi shíniánde shenghuo ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Měi yícì xiǎngdào nèi shí]{.font12}
[niánde shēnghuo, wǒ dōu hěn nánshòu, kěshi nèi hú shi wǒ yíge rénde shi, shi shèhuìde wèntí. Wǒ xiǎng xiànzài zhèngfǔde zhèngcè yǒule gǎihiàn. Wǒ xí-wàng zài zhèige zhèngfǔ lǐngdǎo-xiàde Zhōngguo rén hú yào zài you nèi shíniánde qíngkuàng.]{.font12}
[A: Wǒ yě xǐwàng. Hǎo, women]{.font12}
[xià qí ha.]{.font12}
[They're not very good.]{.font12}
[Oh, don't he polite! Oh yes, there's a question I've heen wanting to ask you for a long time.]{.font12}
[What?]{.font12}
[Now that you've come to Hong Kong and seen a different world, what do you think? Aren't you hitter about life during those ten years?]{.font12}
[I'm always sad whenever I think of those ten years of life. But I am not alone in this, it's a problem of society. I think that the government's policy has changed. I hope that under the leadership of this government, what went on during those ten years will never happen to the Chinese people again.]{.font12}
[Me too. Okay, let's play chess.]{.font12}
[UNIT T]{.font12}
[Social Problems]{.font12}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
[Grammar Topics Covered, in This Unit]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1.]{.font12}[ (Adjectival Verb)-duō le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"much more....\"]{.font12}
[2.]{.font12}[ (Verb) (Verb) kàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"try and (Verb).\"]{.font12}
[3. How to express \"not anymore,\" \"never again.\"]{.font12}
[U. The pattern ]{.font12}[cong X (Verb)-qǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to start (Verb)-ing from X.\"]{.font12}
[5. How to express billions.]{.font12}
[6. The pattern ]{.font12}[lián...dōu...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"even.\"]{.font12}
[7. The pattern ]{.font12}[zhǐ yào...Jiù...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"provided that....\"]{.font12}
[8.]{.font12}[ Lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ indicating that someone will perform a specified action.]{.font12}
[9. The pattern ]{.font12}[bú shi...Jiù shi...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"either.•.or....\"]{.font12}
[10.]{.font12}[ Shǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to cause/make/enable.\"]{.font12}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. Stating hypotheses about the causes of phenomena.]{.font12}
[2. Stating hypotheses about the interrelationships of phenomena.]{.font12}
[3. Expressing value Judgments about abstract phenomena.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. Expressing different degrees of agreement and disagreement.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [1. A: Nǐ juéde zuìjin shèhuìshang ]{.font12}[āndìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yidiǎnr ma?]{.font12}
[B: Dāngrán, yǒule xǐn ]{.font12}[fǎlù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[fàn zuìd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e rén shǎoduō le.]{.font12}
- [2. A: Wǒ xiǎng kànkan jǐntiǎn you shénme ]{.font12}[guǎnggào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Zhèr you yífèn ]{.font12}[Huáshèngdùn Youbào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, náqu ]{.font12}[zhǎozhǎo kàn ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ha!]{.font12}
[Do you think society has heen calmer lately?]{.font12}
[Of course. Since there have heen new laws, there are far fewer people committing crimes.]{.font12}
[I'd like see what ads there are today.]{.font12}
[Here's a copy of the ]{.font12}[Washington Post]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Take it and try to find some.]{.font12}
- [3. A: Zuìjin jǐnián ]{.font12}[jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ gōngzuò you hěn dàde ]{.font12}[jìnbù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Shi a, xuéxiàoli ]{.font12}[zài yě méiyou]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shénme ]{.font12}[luànqǐbāzāo-]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[de qíngkuàng le.]{.font12}
[U. A: Nǐ shuō, ]{.font12}[zōngjiàod]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e ]{.font12}[zéren ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[shi shénme?]{.font12}
[B: Zhèi hú shi yíge ]{.font12}[j iǎndānd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e wèntí, wǒmen děi ]{.font12}[cong ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[lìshǐ tánqǐ.]{.font12}
[5. A: Zài dàlùde shíyì rénkǒu-]{.font12}[zhōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ you duǒshǎo shi ]{.font12}[shòug]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[uo jiàoyude?]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ xiǎng xiànzài ]{.font12}[lián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ lí chéngshì hěn yuǎnde nǒngcūn dōu you xuéxiào, shòuguo jiàoyude rén dàgài hù shǎo.]{.font12}
[There's heen a lot of progress in work in education these past few years.]{.font12}
[Yes, schools aren't so messed up anymore.]{.font12}
[What do you think the responsibility of religion is?]{.font12}
[That's not a simple question. We have to begin by talking about history.]{.font12}
[How many of the one billion people on the mainland have received an education?]{.font12}
[I think that now even villages far from the city have schools, so there are probably a lot of people who are educated.]{.font12}
[6. A: ]{.font12}[Ming Bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bú cuò, ]{.font12}[shìjièxìng-]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ The ]{.font12}[Ming Pao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not bad. It has de xǐnwén tā dōu yǒu. all the world news.]{.font12}
[B: Duì le. ]{.font12}[Ming Bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bú cuò, Yes, the ]{.font12}[Ming Pao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is quite good. You ]{.font12}[bù néng bu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ kàn. have to read it.]{.font12}
[ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY]{.font12}
[to he confused, to he chaotic to he effective; to he valid]{.font12}
[VOCABULARY]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [āndìng]{.font12} | [to \"be | | | stable/settled/quiet]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [běnlái]{.font12} | [originally, in the beginning, at | | | first; to begin with, in the | | | first place]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [\"bù néng bu]{.font12} | [to have to, must]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [cóng...(Verb)-qǐ]{.font12} | [to start (Verb)-ing | | | from...]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [fǎlū fan fàn zuì]{.font12} | [law]{.font12} | | | | | | [to violate, to offend to commit | | | a crime]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [guǎnggào]{.font12} | [advert i s ement]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Huáshèngdùn Youbào]{.font12 | [the ]{.font12}[Washington | | st | Post]{.font12 | | yle="text-decoration:underline;"} | st | | | yle="text-decoration:underline;"} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [j iǎndān jiàoyu jìnbù]{.font12} | [to be simple]{.font12} | | | | | | [to educate; education to | | | progress; progress]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [(V V) kàn]{.font12} | [try and (V), (V) and see how it | | | is]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [lái]{.font12} | [(used before a verb to express | | | that something will be | | | done)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [lián...dōu/yě... | [even...]{.font12} | | luàn]{.font12} | | | | [to be in disorder, to be | | | chaotic, to be in a mess; | | | indiscriminately, recklessly, | | | arbitrarily, any old | | | way]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [luànqībāzāo]{.font12} | [in a mess, in confusion, in | | | disorder; miscellaneous, jumbled, | | | all thrown in together]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Ming Bào]{.font12 | [Ming Pao]{.font12 | | st | sty | | yle="text-decoration:underline;"} | le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | | | (a Hong Kong newspaper)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [shā]{.font12} | [to kill (in general); to kill | | | (specifically with a knife or | | | knifelike instrument); to try to | | | kill]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [shǐ]{.font12} | [to cause, to enable (followed by | | | a verb)]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [shìjièxìng shòu jiàoyu]{.font12} | [worldwide to receive an | | | education]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [xī dú]{.font12} | [to take drugs]{.font12} | | | | | [-xing]{.font12} | [nature, -ness, | | | -ibility]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [you bànfa, (duì...) you | [to be able to deal with | | xiào]{.font12} | (something) to be effective; to | | | be valid]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[never again responsibility if only in; among (organized) religion crime; guilt]{.font12}
[xin fǎlǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In March, 1978, after the first session of the Fifth National People's Congress, the Chinese government began to adopt many new laws. Beginning July 1, 1979, the Fifth National People's Congress passed into effect twelve new legal codes, including a criminal code.]{.font12}
[fàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to violate, to offend, to transgress, to commit (wrongs, crimes, errors)\" Here are some other words commonly used with the verh fàn:]{.font12}
[fàn zuì to commit crimes fàn fǎ to break the law]{.font12}
[fàn guī to violate regulations]{.font12}
[Zhèige háizi méi xīwàng le, There is no more hope for this child,]{.font12}
[fànle you fàn, zong shi bù He violates the rules time and again,]{.font12}
[gǎi. and never reforms.]{.font12}
[zuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"crime, guilt,\" used in phrases like ]{.font12}[fàn zuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to commit a crime,\" and ]{.font12}[you zuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be guilty (of a crime).\"]{.font12}
[History will give us an answer as to whether he is really guilty or not.]{.font12}
[...shǎoduō le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"a lot less, far fewer\" The adjectival verb ]{.font12}[duō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be many, to be much,\" can be used after other adjectival verbs which can be qual-fied by degree, such as ]{.font12}[hǎoduō le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"a lot better,\" ]{.font12}[duōduō le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"a lot more.\" In such phrases, the first adjectival verb is used as a process verb, showing a change of state, and therefore the phrase always ends in le_.]{.font12}
[You're a lot thinner than before.]{.font12}
[Since \'?8, there have been a lot more opportunities to go to China.]{.font12}
[2.]{.font12} [A:]{.font12} [Wǒ xiǎng kànkan jīntiān you shénme ]{.font12}[guǎnggào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12} [I'd like today.]{.font12} [see what ads there are]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Zhèr you yífèn ]{.font12}[Huáshèngdùn Youbào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, náqu ]{.font12}[zhǎozhǎo kàn ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ba!]{.font12} [Here's a ]{.font12}[Post]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \' some.]{.font12} [copy of the ]{.font12}[Washington ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[take it and try to find]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12}
[Youbào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"Post,\" in the name of a newspaper. The syllable ]{.font12}[you]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"post\" or \"mail,\" as in ]{.font12}[yōujú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"post office.\" CNames of other newspapers are translated using the same pattern, ]{.font12}[X-bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Shíbào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"Times,\" ]{.font12}[Rìbào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"Daily,\" ]{.font12}[Kuàibào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"Express.\"!]{.font12}
[náqu...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"take away\" This is a compound verb of direction. Many of the compound verbs you have seen have three syllables. But like ]{.font12}[dàolai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in Unit 1 of this module (]{.font12}[dàolai yìbēi chá]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), ]{.font12}[náqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has only two: the main action verb and the relative motion (away). The direction of the action (up, down, in, out, etc.) is not specified. (See the display on the next page.) °]{.font12}[shc>u]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be thin\"]{.font12}
[Relative Motion]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Main Verb]{.font12} | [Direction Towards or | | | Away]{.font12} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [ná ì zěu 1 pǎo > kāi I bān | [r chu ]{.font12}[\"ù | | J]{.font12} | ]{.smallcaps}[Jin]{.font12} | | | | | | [/ xià \ | | | f]{.font12}[lái]{.font12 | | | style="font-style:italic;"} | | | | | | [\ shàng / ]qù]{.font12} | | | | | | [gUO]{.font12} | | | | | | [I qǐ' J]{.font4} | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[°-qī- is used only with -]{.font12}[lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, never with -qù.]{.font12}
[zhǎozhǎo kàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''try to find" ]{.font12}[Zhǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the verb "to look for, to search." It is reduplicated here, meaning that the action lasts an indefinite amount of time: ''look a little bit." ]{.font12}[Kàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ following a reduplicated verb means ''and see (if it works, if it's okay, if you can do it, etc.)."]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to educate; education" ]{.font12}[Jiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the same character as ]{.font12}[Jiāo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "to teach," but in ]{.font12}[jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is pronounced with a Falling tone. ]{.font12}[Yù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means "to cultivate, to raise.]{.font12}[Jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has some different uses from English "to educate." It is used not only for institutional education but also for parents' education of their children, and in the PRC for ''education" of the people by the Communist Party. (For the first example, you need to know ]{.font12}[nǔlì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "to make efforts.")]{.font12}
[*kěn, "to be willing to"]{.font12}
[Another sense of ]{.font12}[jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is to try through reason to convince a person to do things according to certain rules, instructions, or demands:]{.font12}
[Nǐ děi jiàoyu jiàoyu nǐde háizi, You have to try to straighten out tā yuè lái yuè huài. your child. He is becoming more]{.font12}
[and more of a scoundrel.]{.font12}
[Jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is commonly used in the phrase ]{.font12}[shòu Jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to receive an education,\" which is discussed in No. 5 below.]{.font12}
[jìnbù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to make nrogress, to advance\" or, as a noun, \"progress.\" Literally \"to put forward steps.\"]{.font12}
[Yīxué jìnbùde nàme kuài. Medicine is advancing so rapidly.]{.font12}
[Tāde Yǐngwén you jìnbù le. He has made some more progress with]{.font12}
[his English.]{.font12}
[Tāde Zhōngwen jìnbù tài màn. His Chinese is progressing too slowly.]{.font12}
[Jìnbù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is commonly used with the verb ]{.font12}[you]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, especially ]{.font12}[you hěn dàde jìnbù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Zuìjin jīge yuè wǒmende xuéshěng Our students have made great progress yǒule hěn dàde jìnbù. these last few months.]{.font12}
[You jìnbù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used as an adjectival verb, \"to be improved.\"]{.font12}
[Nèige xuexiào hěn you jìnbù. That school is greatly improved.]{.font12}
[In the PRC, ]{.font12}[jìnbù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used as an adjectival verb meaning \"to be (politically) progressive,\" that is, suited to the needs of the times and stimulating the development of society.]{.font12}
[zài yě méiyou...le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"not anymore...\" The advert ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and a negat ive, such as ]{.font12}[méiyou]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, can be used to express the idea of not doing something anymore. There are two word orders:]{.font12}
[méiyou ì C(yě) méiyou]{.font12}
[) zài OR zài <]{.font12}
[bú J I(yě) bù]{.font12}
[For examples of the first pattern, see Unit 3, Notes on No. 5» ]{.font12}[bú zài kū le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"doesn\'t cry anymore.\"]{.font12}
[The second pattern is more emphatic. The word ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ should be given special stress in these sentences:]{.font12}
[I\'m never coming back here again!]{.font12}
[If ]{.font12}[yě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is added between ]{.font12}[zai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and the negative, the meaning is about the same.]{.font12}
[Wǒ ZAI yě bù chi tang le. I\'m never going to eat candy again.]{.font12}
[Nèitiáo lù hěn wēixiǎn, nǐ ZAI That road is very dangerous, don\'t]{.font12}
[yě bié zǒu neitiao lù le. ever take it again.]{.font12}
[luàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be in disorder, to be in a mess, to be chaotic\"]{.font12}
[They ate and drank like crazy yesterday.]{.font12}
[He/she is (sexually) loose.]{.font12}
[Quit running all over the place.]{.font12}
[to be in a mess,\" literally \"chaotic-translated this as \"at sixes and]{.font12}
[moral messes.]{.font12}
[I'm sorry, the room is a mess. I haven't had the time to straighten up- yet today.]{.font12}
[Everything was fine at first, but then he came along and messed it up.]{.font12}
[She went out with a disreputable (unsavory) character.]{.font12}
[Luànqībāzāo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not made negative and is not used in comparative sentences.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zéren]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"responsibility, duty\" Also pronounced ]{.font12}[zérèn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[If this thing isn't done well, it's my responsibility.]{.font12}
::: {style="border-bottom:solid;"} [Lǎoshīde zéren jiù shi bāngzhu xuéshēng hǎohāor xuexí.]{.font12}
[A: Jiaoyu haizi shi funúde zéren ma!]{.font12}
[B: Xiànzài fùnu jiěfàng le, nánrén yě you zéren zuò zhàixiē shìqing.]{.font12}
[Shìqing nòng dao xiànzài zhài-yangr, zéren bú zài wǒmen.]{.font12} :::
[The teacher's responsibility is to help the students apply themselves to their studies.]{.font12}
[Rearing (educating) children is the responsibility of women!]{.font12}
[Women are liberated now. Men also have the responsibility to do these things.]{.font12}
[It is not our responsibility that the situation was made the way it is now.]{.font12}
[cong lìshǐ tánqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''begin by talking about history'' In Unit 3 of this module, you learned that the directional ending -]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, besides indicating upward motion, could also be used to indicate beginning an action (]{.font12}[Nǐ jiějie zěnme duì zhengzhi wentí ràxǐnqilai le?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[). The ending -qǐ in ]{.font12}[tanqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ also means "to start," but is used only in the fixed pattern ]{.font12}[cóng X (Verb)qǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to start (Verb)-ing from X." While the English translation for sentence UB says \"begin by talking about history,\" the Chinese says literally, \"start talking from history.\"]{.font12}
[Zheijiàn shi cong nǎr shuōqǐ? Where should I begin? (when about to tell a story, etc.)]{.font12}
[Wǒ bù zhǐdào cong nǎr xiěqǐ. I don't know where to begin writing.]{.font12}
[Women děi cong tour zuòqǐ. We have to start from the beginning]{.font12}
[again. (]{.font12}[Cong tour]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"from the beginning.\")]{.font12}
[cong ling zuòqǐ to start from scratch (lit., \"start]{.font12}
[from zero\")]{.font12}
[Notes on No. ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[5]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;"}
[shíyì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"one billion,\" literally \"ten one-hundred-millions\" Here are some more examples of how to express billions in Chinese:]{.font12}
[zài...rénkōuzhōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"in the population, of the population\" The syllable -]{.font12}[zhōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be added, to nouns, like the locational ending -]{.font12}[lǐmiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, to give the meaning \"in\" or \"among.\" It is often used with the verb ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Many of the students are from the country.]{.font12}
[Many of the countries of the third world are countries of Asia and Africa.]{.font12}
[Shèhuì shēnghuózhōngde wèntí, We can\'t very well ignore the women yě bù néng bú zhùyì a.\' problems of life in society.]{.font12}
[shòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to receive\" The types of things which can be \"received\" using the verb ]{.font12}[shòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are limited. ]{.font12}[Shòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is usually followed by a verb being used as a noun.]{.font12}
[(Receiver)]{.font12} [shòu]{.font12} [(Action)]{.font12} [Fùnu ertong]{.font12} [shòu]{.font12} [falúde baohu.]{.font12} [(Women and children]{.font12} [receive]{.font12} [the protection of the law.)]{.font12}
[shòu jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to receive an education\" ]{.font12}[Shòuguo jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"educated\" (because of -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which indicates having experienced something).]{.font12}
[Tā shi (yíge) shòuguo jiàoyude rén, zěnme huì zuò zhèizhōng shi?]{.font12}
[He has (received) a college education.]{.font12}
[lián...dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"even...\" ]{.font12}[Lian]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a prepositional verb which literally means \"including,\" but in the ]{.font12}[lián...dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ pattern, \"even.\" A ]{.font12}[lián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase always precedes the verb. Either the adverb ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[yě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used in a sentence with ]{.font12}[lián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Notice how ]{.font12}[lián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used with subjects, objects, and verbs:]{.font12}
[With subject]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[\"Even children understand this.\"]{.font12}
[\"Even educated people can\'t understand what he says.\"]{.font12}
[With verb]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[\"She didn\'t even look at me.\" \"He wouldn\'t even listen.\" \"He didn't even ask.\"]{.font12}
[']{.font12}[lián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often optional in this pattern.]{.font12}
[A: Zhāng Sān shi nǐde lǎo péngyou ba?]{.font12}
[Zhāng Sān is an old friend of yours, isn\'t he?]{.font12} [I\'ve never even met him. How could he be an old friend of mine?]{.font12} [You didn\'t even taste the dish. How could you know it doesn't taste good?]{.font12}[B: Wo lián Jiàn dōu méi Jiànguo ta, zěnme huì shi lǎo péngyou ne?]{.font12}
[Nǐ lián cháng dōu méi cháng, zěnme zhīdao zhèige cài bù hǎo chī ne?]{.font12}
- [6. A: ]{.font12}[Ming Bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bú cuò, ]{.font12}[shìjièxìng-]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ The ]{.font12}[Ming Pao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not bad. It has de xǐnwén tā dōu you. all the world news.]{.font12}
[B: Duì le. ]{.font12}[Ming Bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bú cuò, Yes, the ]{.font12}[Ming Pao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is quite good, you ]{.font12}[bù néng bú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ kàn~ have to read it.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Ming Bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: A Hong Kong newspaper known for reporting without an overly dominant political point of view.]{.font12}
[shǐjièxǐng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The syllable -]{.font12}[xing]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"character, nature, quality,\" can be used after a noun like the English endings -]{.font12}[ness]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, -]{.font12}[ity]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, or -ce, as in \"onesidedness,\" \"creativity,\" \"importance.\" The resulting abstract noun can be used alone or is frequently used, followed by -de, to modify another noun.]{.font12}
[kěnéngxǐng]{.font12} [possibility, likelihood]{.font12} [zhòngyàoxìng]{.font12} [importance]{.font12} [dulìxìng]{.font12} [independent character]{.font12} [xíguànxìng]{.font12} [habitual]{.font12} [liúxíngxìng]{.font12} [epidemic]{.font12} [lìshǐxìng]{.font12} [historical]{.font12} [yàoxìng]{.font12} [property of a medicine]{.font12} [youxìng]{.font12} [oiliness]{.font12} [tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: You have learned ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as \"he\']{.font12} [\" or \"she,\" but sentence 6A is the first]{.font12} [time in this course that ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has been]{.font12} [used as \"it.\" (The word ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also]{.font12}
[be omitted from the sentence without changing the meaning.) You know that Chinese most often does not use any word for \"it,\" as in]{.font12}
[Wǒ qù ná. I'll go get ]{.font12}[it]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Zài zhuōzishang. It * s on the table.]{.font12}
[Furthermore, \"it\" is sometimes expressed in Chinese by repeating the entire noun phrase, for example]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ néng bāng wo zhǎodào Can you help me find that book?]{.font12}
[zhèiběn shū ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ you zhèiběn shū, kéyi I have ]{.font12}[it]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, and I can give it to you.]{.font12}
[song gei ni.]{.font12}
[Least often, \"it\" is expressed by the pronoun ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.° There is no single rule which will tell you when you can use ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. It is often used as the object of ]{.font12}[bā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Nǐ bǎ ta ná dao nǎr qu le? Wǒ Where did you take it to? How come zěnme zhǎobudào? I can't find it?]{.font12}
[Hái you yíge Jiǎozi, nǐ bǎ ta There's one more dumpling left; you chile. eat it.]{.font12}
[bù néng bu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"cannot not\"---in other words, \"cannot but; have no choice but to; must\" The second ]{.font12}[bu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is unstressed and usually neutral tone.]{.font12}
[Wèile Jiātíngde guānxi, wǒ bù For the sake of my family, I have no néng bu zhèiyang zuò. choice but to do this.]{.font12}
[Gēn zhèizhǒng rén zài yìqǐde When together with this sort of]{.font12}
[shihou, bù néng bu xiǎoxīn person, one must be rather careful,]{.font12}
[yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
[°One stylistic feature of modern written Chinese is that ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used for \"it\" much more than in true spoken Chinese. This was originally an imitation of the structure of Western languages.]{.font12}
- [7. A: ]{.font12}[Zhǐ yào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ nǐ ]{.font12}[lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hang máng As long as you help out, we'll he women Jiù ]{.font12}[yǒu bànfa]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ahle to do it.]{.font12}
[B: Zhè you shénme? Yǐnggāide This is nothing. It's only right! ma!]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhǐ yào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"as long as, provided that\" This is used in the pattern]{.font12}
[zhǐ yào...Jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Bu yào kǎolu tài duō, zhǐ yào nǐ Don't think it over so much. If you xǐhuan Jiù hǎo le. like it, that's all that matters.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[bú shi...jiù shi...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Bú shi tā, jiù shi nǐ, chúle nǐmen yǐwài hái you shéi huì zhèiyang zuò?]{.font12}
[Lǎo Wáng zuò cài, bú shi tài xián jiù shi tài là.]{.font12}
[Tā bú shi zài jiā, jiù shi zài bàngōngshì, biéde dìfang tā bú huì qù.]{.font12}
[Tā bú shi chǐ zhèige, jiù shi chǐ nèige, zuǐ° méiyou tíngde shihou.]{.font12}
[xǐ dú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to take drugs\" Literally \"to inhale poison,\" but used for any method of drug taking. (For the last example you need to know ]{.font12}[kěkǎyǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"cocaine,\" and ]{.font12}[hǎiluòyǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"heroin.\")]{.font12}
[Tā yìtiān máng dào wǎn, zěnme He's busy all day long. He wouldn\'t huì qù xǐ dú? go and take drugs!]{.font12}
[Nèige háizi xǐ dú xīle hǎo Jǐ- That kid has been taking drugs for nián le, shēnt? yǐjīng huài le. years, and his health has gotten bad.]{.font12}
[Tā xǐ shénme dú? Kěkǎyǐn háishi What drugs does he take? Cocaine or hǎiluòyǐn? heroin?]{.font12}
[shā rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to kill, to murder\" or \"to try (unsuccessfully) to kill/ murder\" The Chinese verbs for \"kill\" often consist of two parts: a verb telling the action (stab, shoot, beat, etc.) and a verb telling the resulting process of dying. Here is a list of some common ones (this is only here to clarify a point of grammar---you don\'t have to memorize all these words):]{.font12}
[hàisǐ (by scheming)]{.font12}
[zhāsǐ (by stabbing)]{.font12}
[diànsǐ (by electric shock) dúsǐ (by poisoning)]{.font12}
[zuǐ, \"mouth\"]{.font12}
[diàosǐ (by hanging)]{.font12}
[biēsǐ (by suffocation or drowning) lēisǐ (by strangling with a cord) qiāsī (by strangling with the hands) yǎsī (by crushing or running over) zhuàngsǐ (by a collision) qìsī (by making someone angry!) dǎsī (by a blow, beating, or gunshot)]{.font12}
[and the most general term of all]{.font12}
[nòngsǐ (by any means)]{.font12}
[In classical Chinese, ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ originally meant \"to kill with a knife\" or \"to slaughter (an animal).\" Today, ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is still used for \"to slaughter\" or \"kill\" animals, as in]{.font12}
[Nǐ huì bu hui shā Jī? Do you know how to kill]{.font12}
[a chicken?]{.font12}
[In modern Chinese, ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can have (1) a general meaning or (2) a specific meaning.]{.font12}
[(1) The general meaning of ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the same as ]{.font12}[nòngsǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or the English \"to kill, to murder.\" This is the way ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used when the method of killing is not stated or not known.]{.font12}
[Tā bā nèige rén shāsǐ le. He killed that person. (method not]{.font12}
[considered)]{.font12}
[(2) The specific meaning of ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is to kill with a knife or knifelike instrument (e.g., a bayonet). In this meaning, ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ contrasts with all the other ways of killing listed above. When in your sentence you want to express the method of killing, you must choose an appropriate verb. It would be wrong to say ]{.font12}[Tā yòng qiāng bǎ nèige rén shāsǐ le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Instead, you should say]{.font12}
[Tā yòng qiāng bǎ nèige rén dǎsǐ He killed that man with a gun. le.]{.font12}
[Shā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ takes on its specific meaning as soon as you start talking about methods, so in such sentences, you must choose your verb according to the mode of killing.]{.font12}
[A: Tā bǎ tā tāitai shāsǐ le. He killed his wife.]{.font12}
[B: Zěnme nòngsǐde? How did he kill her?]{.font12}
[A: Dúsǐde. He poisoned her.]{.font12}
[One last point: ]{.font12}[Shā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may express the action of only ]{.font12}[trying]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to kill, without implying that the person or animal actually died.]{.font12}
[Tā shā jī shāle liǎngdāo kěshi He cut the chicken twice, but didn't méi bǎ ta shāsǐ. kill it.]{.font12}
[']{.font12}[qiāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"gun\"]{.font12}
[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to cause, to make\"]{.font12}
[shǐ (Object) (Verb) . . .]{.font12}
[If there is an aspect marker, it goes with the verb following ]{.font12}[shǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, never with shǐ itself:]{.font12}
[Shi shénme yuányǐn shǐ tāmen What was it that caused them to]{.font12}
[fēnkāi le? split up?]{.font12}
[Shǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ sometimes means \"to enable,\" particularly if followed by ]{.font12}[néng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or other words of that meaning:]{.font12}
[Chile zhèizhōng xīnde yào, shǐ By taking this new medicine, the pa-bìngren hǎode hěn kuài. tient was able (enabled) to recover]{.font12}
[very quickly.]{.font12}
[Although ]{.font12}[shǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may sometimes be translated by \"make,\" \"make\" may not always be translated by ]{.font12}[shǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. When \"make\" means \"to compel\" someone to do something, it can be translated by ]{.font12}[jiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Lǐ Xiānsheng jiào tā zài xiě Mr. Lǐ made him write it over again,]{.font12}
[yícì.]{.font12}
- [9- ]{.font12}[Běnlǎi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ tāde Zhōngwén bú cuò, Originally, his Chinese was pretty]{.font12}
[líkāi Zhōngguo jiǔle, wàngle good, but he's been away from]{.font12}
[hěn duō. China for a long time and has]{.font12}
[forgotten a lot.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[běnlǎi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"originally, in the beginning, at first; to begin with, in the first place\" This is a moveable adverb; that is, it may come before or after the subject, but always before the verb.]{.font12}
[Běnlǎi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has two main uses: (1) to indicate that the situation was originally one way but then it changed, and (2) to express that something has been the case since the beginning and is still the case. On the next page are examples of both meanings.]{.font12}
[(1) SITUATION HAS CHANGED]{.font12}
[A clause with ]{.font12}[běnlái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often related to another with ]{.font12}[dāngrán]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Zhèige dōngxi běnlái Jiù shi nǐ- This thing belongs to you; of course de, wǒ dāngrán yào huán gei ni! I would return it to you.]{.font12}
[Běnlái tā zài dàxué niànde shi She studied sociology in college, shèhuixué, tā dāngrán duì she- so of course she's interested in hui wèntí you xìngqu. social problems.]{.font12}
[Note on Additional Required Vocabulary]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[you xiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be effective; to be valid\"]{.font12}
[Zhèige yào hěn you xiào. This medicine is very effective.]{.font12}
[Zhèizhāng piào hái you xiào ma? Is this ticket still valid?]{.font12}
[Lǐ Ping (B), Tom (A), and Lǐ Wen (E) are talking in the Li's living room.]{.font12}
[A: Nǐ zài kàn shénme hàozhǐ?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12}[ Ming Bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Ming Bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hú cuò,]{.font12}
[hěn you yìsi.]{.font12}
[E: Zài Měiguo yě xiàng Xiānggǎng]{.font12}
[zhèiyang, shénme luànqībāzāode xǐnwén dōu wang hàozhǐshang xiě ma?]{.font12}
- [A: Píngchāng wǒ kàn ]{.font12}[Huashèngdùn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Youbào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Zhèige hàozhǐ hú cuò, guōnèi, guōwàide xǐnwén dōu you, dāngrán guǎnggào yě hù shǎo. Zhōngwén hàozhǐ, wǒ yě kàn, nèi shànghianr yě you nǐ shuōde nèizhong \"luànqībāzāo\" de xǐnwén.]{.font12}
- [B: Nimen zhèiyang shuō, wǒ hù]{.font12}
[zěnme tōngyì. Shénme shi \"luàn-qǐhāzāo\"? Shèhuì shēnghuó běnlái jiù shi zhèiyang ma.']{.font12}
[E: Suàn le ba.' Jīntiān shi shā]{.font12}
[rén, míngtiān shi xī dú, wǒ bú yào kàn.]{.font12}
[A: Kàn háishi xūyào kànde, yǐnwèi]{.font12}
[shèhuì shēnghuózhōngde wèntí, wǒmen yě bù néng bú zhùyì a!]{.font12}
[E: Xiānggǎngde shèhui wèntí zhēn]{.font12}
[duō! Shénme dìfangrde rén dōu you, shénmeyàngrde wèntí yě dōu you.]{.font12}
- [A: Shèhui wèntí shi shìjièxìngde,]{.font12}
[bù zhǐ shi Xiānggǎng you.]{.font12}
[E: Ng, nàme, rénmen duì zhèixie]{.font12}
[wèntí jiu méiyou shénme bànfǎr ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Bànfǎ hěn duō, dìfang bù tong,]{.font12}
[bànfǎ yě bù yíyàng. Kěshi zhèixiē bànfǎ shi bu shi you xiào jiu bù zhīdào le.]{.font12}
[What newspaper are you reading?]{.font12}
[Ming Pao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. It's pretty good, very interesting.]{.font12}
[In America is it the same as in Hong Kong: they put all kinds of crazy news in the paper?]{.font12}
[I usually read the ]{.font12}[Washington Post]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. It's a pretty good paper. It has domestic as well as international news. Of course there are a lot of ads, too. I read Chinese newspapers too, and they have \"all kinds of crazy news '' in them, as you put it.]{.font12}
[I don't really agree with what you are saying. What is \"all kinds of crazy news\"? That's exactly the way life in society ]{.font12}[is]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[Forget it! Today it's killing, tomorrow it's drugs. I don't want to read that.]{.font12}
[We still need to read it, because we can't very well ignore the problems of life in society.]{.font12}
[Hong Kong sure has a lot of social problems. There are people from everywhere, and all kinds of problems.]{.font12}
[Problems in society are worldwide. Hong Kong isn't the only place that has them.]{.font12}
[Mm, then is there nothing people can do about these problems?]{.font12}
[There are a lot of ways to deal with them. Different places have different ways of dealing with them. But whether these ways work or not is another question.]{.font12}
- [A: You rén shuō zǒngjiào shi]{.font12}
[yìzhōng banfǎ, bù guǎn shénme Jiào, dōu shi Jiào rén zuò hǎo shìrde. Kěshi wō xiǎng jiàoyu hěn zhōngyào, shòu jiàoyude rén yuè duō, shèhuide wèntí yuè shǎo.]{.font12}
- [B: Erqiě jīngji fāda yě hěn yào-]{.font12}
[jǐn. Jīngji bù fǎdáde dìfang, rénmen fàn zuìde jīhui Jiu gèng duō.]{.font12}
[E: ]{.font11}[Jiù shi ma, rén yào chī fàn,]{.font12}
[lián fàn dōu chībubǎo, tāmen zěnme néng bú fàn zuì ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Wō xiǎng méi nàme jiǎndān.]{.font12}
[Fàn zuì hé hěn duō shi yōu guānxi, tèbié shi hé jiātíng yōu guānxi.]{.font12}
[E: Nī jiǎngjiang kàn.]{.font12}
[A: Zài jīngji fādáde dìfang, xiǎo]{.font12}
[jiātíng yuè lái yuè duō, érqiě fùmǔmen dōu yōu gōngzuò, dōu hěn máng, méiyou shíjiān duō guǎn háizi. You xiě niánqīngde fùmǔ yě hěn shǎo xiǎngdào zìjīde zéren, méiyou shénme jiātíng guānniàn.]{.font12}
[E: Nǐde huà yōu dàolī, kěshi dà]{.font12}
[lùde qíngxing ne? Nīmen zěnme xiǎng?]{.font12}
- [B:]{.font11}[ Shi a. Dàlù jīngji bù fādá,]{.font12}
[érqiě dàjiā yě dōu yōu jiātíng guānniàn. Kěshi, kànkan bàozhī, dàlùshang fàn zuìde rén yě bù shǎo.]{.font12}
- [A:]{.font11}[ Wō xiǎng zhè hé zhèngzhi bù]{.font12}
[āndìng yōu guānxi, tèbié shi cóng Liù Liù nián dào Qī Liù nián.]{.font12}
[Some people say that religion is one way. No matter what the religion, it always teaches people to do good. But I think education is important. The more educated people there are, the fewer social problems there will be.]{.font12}
[And also, a developed economy is important. In places where the economy isn't well-developed, there are more opportunities for people to connnit crimes.]{.font12}
[Exactly. People have to eat. If they can't even get enough to eat, how can you expect them not to commit crimes?]{.font12}
[I don't think it's so simple. Crime is related to many different things, especially to the family.]{.font12}
[Would you explain what you mean?]{.font12}
[Where the economy is developed, there are more and more small families; also, both parents have jobs and are very busy, so they don't have time to take good care of the children. Some young parents seldom think of their own responsibilities and don't have much of a sense of family attachment.]{.font12}
[That makes sense. But what about the situation on the mainland? What do you two think?]{.font12}
[Yeah, the mainland's economy isn't developed, and furthermore everyone has a sense of attachment to the family. But read the papers: there are quite a few people committing crimes on the mainland too.]{.font12}
[I think this has to do with the political instability, especially from '66 to '?6.]{.font12}
- [B: Shi ma, nèige shihou, shénme]{.font12}
[fǎlu dōu méiyou. Lián fàn zuì hú fàn zuì dōu nòngbuqīngchu, shèhui wèntí zěnme huì shǎo?]{.font12}
[A: Nǐde kànfǎ, wǒ hěn tongyì. Wǒ]{.font12}
[xiǎng, zhǐ yǒu shǐ zhèngzhi āndìng, JǐngJi, wénhuà fādá, cái néng shǐ shèhui jìnbù.]{.font12}
[(Grandma Lǐ walks in.)]{.font12}
[G: Nǐmen zài tán shénme, tánde]{.font12}
[zhème gāoxìng?]{.font12}
[A: Lǐ Nǎinai, women zài tán shèhui]{.font12}
[wèntí.]{.font12}
[G: Hǎo le, nǐmen tángòu le meiyou?]{.font12}
[Chile fàn zài tán xíng hu xíng?]{.font12}
- [A, B, E: Xíng, chile fàn zài tán.]{.font12}
[Yes. During that time there wasn\'t any law at all. If you can't even tell the difference between committing a crime and not committing one, how can social problems be reduced?]{.font12}
[I agree very much with your view. I think that society can only be made to progress if the political situation is stabilized and the economy and culture are made to flourish.]{.font12}
[What are you talking about so cheerfully?]{.font12}
[We're talking about social problems, Grandma Lǐ.]{.font12}
[Well, have you talked enough? How about continuing the conversation after dinner?]{.font12}
[Okay! We'll talk more after dinner.]{.font12}
[Unit ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[7,]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;"}[ Tape 2 Workbook]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This conversation begins when two young friends run into each other at a trolley stop on the west side of Běijīng.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:]{.font12}
[bang to be great, to be fantastic]{.font12}
[bú jiàn bú don't leave until we've met up',]{.font12}
[sàn!]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. Where is Xiǎo Liú working and what is he doing there?]{.font12}
[2. How does he keep up with his English?]{.font12}
[3. What does the article say about education in the U.S.?]{.font12}
[U. What does Xiǎo Liú's friend want him to do?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in Washington, D.C.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second, time through, look helow and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. Why do they say that the ]{.font12}[Ming Pao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a good newspaper?]{.font12}
[2. What is the procedure for mail-ordering a television for one's relatives in Guangzhou?]{.font12}
[3. Why would overseas Chinese want to take advantage of this procedure? (Can't their relatives in China buy a television themselves?)]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [h. To whom do the sisters want to send the television? Why?]{.font12}
[5. In what form will they make the payment?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.]{.font12}
[Exercise h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation a father and son in Běijīng talk about religion.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following words]{.font12} [and. phrases:]{.font12} [xiāngxìn]{.font12} [to believe in]{.font12} [j iàotáng]{.font12} [church]{.font12} [zuò lǐbài]{.font12} [to worship, to attend religious services]{.font12} [Nan Měi]{.font12} [South America]{.font12} [tour]{.font12} [head, chief, boss]{.font12} [xué hao]{.font12} [to learn from good examples, to]{.font12}
[learn to be a good person]{.font12}
[homework, schoolwork, classwork]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. What does the son think is so strange? Why is this on his mind?]{.font12}
[2. What did the son read in the newspaper? What was his reaction?]{.font12}
[3. What does his father have to say about religion? (There are four points.)]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. ]{.font12}[Xué hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is considered very important for teenagers in China. How does this fit into the son's concept of religion?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Two young friends run into each other at a trolley stop on the west side of]{.font12}
[Beijing.]{.font12}
- [A: Hēi, Xiǎo Liu! Hǎo jiū hú jiàn.]{.font12}
[Nǐ xiànzài zài nǎr gōngzuò ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Jiù zài zhèr, Beijing Túshūguǎn.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Hei, hǎo gōngzuò! Zài túshūguǎn]{.font12}
[zuò shénme?]{.font12}
- [B: Fǎnyì.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
[A: Yīngwén fǎnyì?]{.font12}
[B: Yǐngwén fǎnyì.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Nǐ zhēn you hànfa! Xuéle jǐ-]{.font12}
[niande Yīngwén zhēn you yòng le. Xiànzài zài fǎnyi shénme?]{.font12}
- [B: Jintiǎn fǎnyide shi ]{.font12}[Huashèngdùn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Yoùbàod]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e yìpiǎn wénzhāng, xiěde shi guǎnyú jiàoyude wèntí.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhēn hù jiǎndǎn°! Lian hàozhǐ]{.font12}
[dōu néng fǎnyi le. Nī you shí-jiǎn ma? Néng hu néng gěi wo jiǎng diǎnr?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǎnshang wǒ hai děi xué Yīngwén, jiù néng gēn ni liáo jīfēn zhōng.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
[A: Nǐ hái xué Yīngwén?]{.font12}
[B: Yīngwén hú gòu, hù néng hù xué]{.font12}
[ya!]{.font12}
[A: Shéi jiǎo ni?]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ gēge jīnnián xiàtiǎn cong]{.font12}
[Měiguo huilai le, tǎ jiāo wo.]{.font12}
[Hey, Xiǎo Liú! Long time no see. Where are you working now?]{.font12}
[Right here, at the Beijing Library.]{.font12}
[Hey, what a great joh! What do you do there?]{.font12}
[Translation.]{.font12}
[English translation?]{.font12}
[English translation.]{.font12}
[You're really something! Those few years you've spent studying English really turned out to he useful. What are you translating now?]{.font12}
[Today I'm translating an article from the ]{.font12}[Washington Post]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ on the topic of education.]{.font12}
[That's amazing! You can even translate newspapers now. Do you have some time? Can you tell me a little about it?]{.font12}
[Tonight I have to study English, so I can only chat with you for a few minutes.]{.font12}
[You're still studying English?]{.font12}
[My English isn't good enough. I have to study!]{.font12}
[Who teaches you?]{.font12}
[My brother came back from the U.S. this summer. He's teaching me.]{.font12}
[°]{.font12}[bù jiǎndǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"not simple/ordinary/commonplace,\" in other words, \"amazing, phenomenal.\"]{.font12}
- [A: Zhēn ]{.font12}[hang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}['. Duì le, kuài' shuō-]{.font12}
[shuo nèipiān wenzhāng, wǒ tǐngshuō zài Meiguo shòuguo dàxué jiàoyude rén hěn duō.]{.font12}
- [B: Duì le, Měiguo shi dàxuéshēng]{.font12}
[zuì duōde guójiā.]{.font12}
[A: Zhēnde?]{.font12}
[B: Zhēnde, dàjiā yìfāngmiàn gōngzuò,]{.font12}
[yìfāngmiàn xuéxí, yōu bù shāo rén dōu' wǔshisuì le, hái zài dàxué niàn shū ne.]{.font12}
- [A: Wō xiǎng zhèi shi Měiguo Jìnbù-]{.font12}
[de yíge yuányǐn! Zhèipiān wénzhāng nǐ fānwánle ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Kuài fānwán le, dàgài míngtiān]{.font12}
[jiu fānwán le.]{.font12}
- [A: Néng bu néng gěi wo kànkan?]{.font12}
[---Zhōngwénde.]{.font12}
- [B: Wō wen yíxià wōmende lǐngdǎo,]{.font12}
[dàgài méiyou shenme wèntí.]{.font12}
- [A: Nà míngtiān wǎnshang liùdian]{.font12}
[bàn, wō hái zài zhèr děng ni, ]{.font12}[bú jiàn bú sàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ a!]{.font12}
- [B: Xíng, bú jiàn bú sàn!]{.font12}
[That's fantastic! Oh yeah, tell me about that article. I hear that there are a lot of people with a college education in the U.S.]{.font12}
[Yes, the U.S. is the country with the most college students (in the world).]{.font12}
[Really?]{.font12}
[Really. Everyone works and studies at the same time. There are quite a few people who even at the age of fifty are still studying at a university.]{.font12}
[I think that's also a reason why America is so progressive! Have you finished translating the article?]{.font12}
[Almost. I'll probably finish tomorrow.]{.font12}
[Could you give it to me to read?]{.font12}
[---the Chinese.]{.font12}
[I'll ask our leader. There probably won't be any problem.]{.font12}
[Then tomorrow evening at six-thirty I'll wait for you here. And don't leave until we've met up!]{.font12}
[Okay, we won't leave until we've met up!]{.font12}
[']{.font12}[kuài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here should not be translated as \"quickly\" or \"hurry up\"; it simply conveys the eagerness of the speaker to hear about the article, something like the British, \"Do tell me about that article.\"]{.font12}
[° °]{.font12}[Dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here means \"as much as, even,\" so ]{.font12}[dōu wǔshisuì le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"as old as fifty\" or \"even fifty years old.\"]{.font12}
["']{.font12}[Fānwán le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means the same as ]{.font12}[fānyiwán le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"finished translating.\"]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in Washington, D.C.]{.font12}
[A: Èrjiě, nǐ kàn shénme hào ne?]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Ming Bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, wǒ xǐhuan zhèige]{.font12}
[hàozhǐ, hù zuǒ yě hú you.]{.font12}
- [A: Erqiě, shìjièxìngde xǐnwén tā]{.font12}
[dōu you. Zhèige hào zhēnde hú cuò.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ yě xǐhuan tāde guǎnggào, duì]{.font12}
[women zhèixie zhù zai guǒwàide Zhōngguo rén hěn yǒu yòng.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ kànjian shénme guǎnggào le,]{.font12}
[zhème yǒu xìngqu?]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ lai kàn, zhèr yǒu yige]{.font12}
[diànshì guǎnggào.]{.font12}
[A: Zěnme shuōde?]{.font12}
[B: Zhèige guǎnggào shuō, zhǐ yào]{.font12}
[women jì yìzhāng zhīpiào dào Xiānggǎng, Jiù kéyi gěi Jiāli rén mǎi cǎisè diànshì le.]{.font12}
- [A: Shi ma? Dàlù rén mǎi diànshì]{.font12}
[hù rōngyi. Women lái kànkan, kàn néng hu néng gěi yéye nǎinai mǎi ge diànshì.]{.font12}
- [B: Bànfa shi zhèiyangr: Women hǎ]{.font12}
[qian hé yéyede dìzhī Jì dao Xiānggǎng, Xiānggǎngde gōngsī Jì yìzhāng dānzi gěi tāmen, tāmen jiu kéyi zài Guǎngzhōude hǎihuò gōngsǐ qǔ diànshì le.]{.font12}
- [A: Rúguǒ nèige diànshì hù hǎo]{.font12}
[zěnme hàn?]{.font12}
- [B: Nà shi gōngsǐde zéren, tāmen]{.font12}
[yídìng kéyi gěi° huàn yige hǎode.]{.font12}
[What newspaper are you reading, Sister No. Two?]{.font12}
[Ming Pao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. I like it; it\'s neither too left nor too right.]{.font12}
[And it has all the world news. It\'s really quite a good paper.]{.font12}
[I like its advertisements too. They are very useful to us Chinese who live abroad.]{.font12}
[What ad did you see that you\'re so interested in?]{.font12}
[Come look, there\'s an ad for a television here.]{.font12}
[What does it say?]{.font12}
[It says that if we just send a check to Hong Kong, we can huy a color television for our family.]{.font12}
[Oh? It\'s not easy for people on the mainland to huy televisions. Let\'s look and see if we can huy a T.V. for grandpa and grandma.]{.font12}
[This is the way it works: We send the money and grandpa\'s address to Hong Kong, and the company in Hong Kong sends them a receipt,' and then they can pick up the television at a department store in Guǎngzhōu.]{.font12}
[What if the television has something wrong with it?]{.font12}
[That\'s the company\'s responsibility. I\'m sure they would exchange it for a good one.]{.font12}
[Dānzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here refers to a ]{.font12}[tíhuòdān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"bill of lading,\" hence it may be translated loosely as \"receipt.\" (The specific translation for \"receipt\" is ]{.font12}[shōujù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[fāpiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[°°]{.font12}[Gěi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a colloquial abbreviation for ]{.font12}[gěi tamen]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"for them.\"]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [B: Duì, women jǐntiǎn jiù | [Right. Let's send out the check | | bǎ]{.font12} | today.]{.font12} | | | | | [zhǐpiào jìchuqu.]{.font12} | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[is well for them; the]{.font12}
[only thing]{.font12}
[they]{.font12}
[lack is a television.]{.font12}
[When they]{.font12}
[have]{.font12}
[a television I'm sure happy.]{.font12}
[they'll be]{.font12}
[very]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[A father (B) and son (A) talk in Beijing.]{.font12}
- [A: Bàba! Xiànzài zěnme you zenme]{.font12}
[duō rén ]{.font12}[xiāngxìn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zǒngjiào le, zhēn qíguài!]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ kànjian shénme shi le?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [A: Zài lùkǒurshang nèige ]{.font12}[jiàotāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,]{.font12}
[jǐntiǎn yōu hěn duō rén zài ner ]{.font12}[zuò lǐbài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, yě yōu niánqīngde rén!]{.font12}
- [B: Wōmende fǎlū shuō Zhōngguo rén]{.font12}
[kéyi yōu zǒngjiào zìyou, zhèi méiyou shénme qíguài ma!]{.font12}
- [A: Wō jìde bàoshang shuō, zài ]{.font12}[Nan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Měid]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e yíge guojiā yōu yìzhōng shénme zōngjiào yōu hěn duō rén xiāngxìn, zhèixiē rén bǎ zìjǐde qián dōu gěile zhèige zōngjiào-de ]{.font12}[tour]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, kěshi zhèige tour shi ge huàirén, xīdú, shā rén, shénme luānqǐbāzāode shir dōu zuò. Suóyi wō juéde zōngjiào zìyou yě bù yídìng hǎo.]{.font12}
- [B: Zōngjiào bú shi yíjiàn Jiǎndān-]{.font12}
[de shi. Zōngjiào hé fàn zuì méiyou yídìngde guānxi. Zōngjiào yōu tāde dúlìxìng, yōude shihou hé zhèngzhi, wénhuà yōu guānxi, yōude shihou méiyou. Děng dào nǐ zhǎngdàle yǐhòu, rúguǒ n? yōu xìngqu kéyi yánjiū yanjiu.]{.font12}
[Dad, how come there are so many people who believe in religion now? It's so strange!]{.font12}
[Why, what have you seen?]{.font12}
[In that church on the corner, today there were a lot of people worshiping. There were young people there too.]{.font12}
[Our law does give the Chinese people freedom of religion. There's nothing strange about that!]{.font12}
[I remember it said in the newspaper that there was some religion in South America a lot of people believed in, and the people gave all their money to the head of this religion, but he was a bad person who took drugs and killed people and did all sorts of crazy things. So I don't think that freedom of religion is necessarily good.]{.font12}
[Religion isn't a simple thing. It doesn't have a definite relationship to crime. Religion has its independent character; sometimes it's related to politics and culture, and sometimes it isn't. When you grow up, if you're interested, you can study it.]{.font12}
["]{.font12}[yìzhōng shénme zōngjiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"some religion\" ]{.font12}[Shénme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here acts as an indefinite pronoun modifying ]{.font12}[zōngjiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and means that the speaker does not know how to describe or specify the religion precisely.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ tingshuǒ shìjièshang you hěn]{.font12}
[duō bù tóngde zōngjiào, yě you hěn duō you yìside zōngjiào gùshi, zài zhèixiě gùshili you xiě shi ràng rén ]{.font12}[xué hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, shi duì rén you hǎochùde.]{.font12}
- [B: Zhèi shi zhēnde. Yánjiū zōng-]{.font12}
[Jiào xūyào hěn duōde zhishi, tèbié shi lìshǐ zhishi, shi hěn you yìside. Hǎo le, zhèige wèn-tí women yǐhòu zài tan. Nǐde ]{.font12}[gōngkè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zuòwánle meiyou?]{.font12}
- [A: Hái you yidiǎnr, wǒ mǎshàng]{.font12}
[jiù qù zuò.]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo, kuài qù ba! Zuòwánle]{.font12}
[gōngkè zài tan.]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo!]{.font12}
[I hear that there are many different religions in the world and that there are a lot of interesting religious stories. Some of the stories have the purpose of teaching people from good examples, so they're good for people.]{.font12}
[That's true. To study religion, you need a lot of knowledge, especially a knowledge of history. It's very interesting. All right, we'll talk about this question later. Is your homework done?]{.font12}
[I still have a little. I'll go do it right away.]{.font12}
[Okay, hurry up! When you've finished your homework, we'll talk some more.]{.font12}
[Okay!]{.font12}
[UNIT 8 Directions for the Future]{.font12}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
[Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. Action-Process compound verbs.]{.font12}
[2. The directional ending -]{.font12}[hui]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"hack.\"]{.font12}
[3. The patterns ]{.font12}[(Verb) dong (Verb) xi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[dǒng (Verb) xi (Verb)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. The marker -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ after phrases with a parallel structure.]{.font12}
[5. The adverb ]{.font12}[you]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"after all,\" \"anyway.\"]{.font12}
[6. The adverb phrase ]{.font12}[yě bu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"don\'t even,\" \"won\'t even,\" \"wouldn\'t even.\"]{.font12}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. Asking for an explanation of the causes/motives behind a situation.]{.font12}
[2. Politely asking someone to quiet down.]{.font12}
[3. Expressing appreciation to someone for their hospitality.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. Taking leave of a group of people in the middle of a conversation.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [1. A: Míngtiān clou yǒu shéi ]{.font12}[kǎoshì ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [B:]{.font12}[ Deng yíxià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wǒ gěi ni xiě yíge ]{.font12}[dānzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [2. A: ]{.font12}[Bomǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shuì ]{.font12}[wǔjiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ne ha?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [B: X, xiǎo shēng diǎnr. Bié bǎ ta ]{.font12}[chǎoxǐng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [3. A: Nǐ kàn zhèicìde ]{.font12}[shēngyì ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [B: Bù zhǐdào. ]{.font12}[Yào kàn yùnqi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12}
[U. A: Wǒ xiǎng qù mǎi xiě ]{.font12}[gǒngyìpǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dàihuí Meiguo.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ zhèr ]{.font12}[zhènghǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yǒu jǐjiàn, nǐ dōu ]{.font12}[dàishang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [5. A: ]{.font12}[Hǎoxiàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi Xiǎo L? cǒng ménkǒur ]{.font12}[guòqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [B: N? ]{.font12}[hǎohāorde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zài zhèr niàn shù ba! Bié xiǎng dōng xiǎng xīde.]{.font12}
[Who's taking the test tomorrow?]{.font12}
[I'll write you a list in a minute.]{.font12}
[Is your mother taking a Enoontime3 nap?]{.font12}
[Sh! Keep it down. Don't wake her up.]{.font12}
[How do you think business will go this time?]{.font12}
[I don't know. It depends on luck.]{.font12}
[I want to go buy some handicrafts to take back to America.]{.font12}
[I just happen to have some here.]{.font12}
[Take them with you.]{.font12}
[That looked like Xiǎo L? who just passed by the door.]{.font12}
[You just tend to your studies]{.font12}
[Eproperly!! Don't be thinking of this and that.]{.font12}
- [6. A: Qùnián tade Yǐngwén hái shuō-de name ]{.font12}[nántǐng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, jīnnián hǎoxiàng hǎoduǒ le. Shi ]{.font12}[zěnme hui shi?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[B: Shi ]{.font12}[zenme hui shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, tā mùqin ]{.font12}[téng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ta, song ta qù Yīngguó niànle yìnián shù.]{.font12}
[Last year his English still sounded so awful, but this year it seems a lot better. What happened?]{.font12}
[It's this way: his mother dotes on him and sent him to school in England for a year.]{.font12}
- [7. A: Tā hái qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lán ]{.font12}[gàn shenme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, rénjia ]{.font12}[you]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bù xǐhuan ta!]{.font12}
[What is he going to see Xiǎo Lán for? After all, she doesn't like him.]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ bié jí, wǒ lái ]{.font12}[quànq]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[uan ta.]{.font12}
[Don't get upset, I'll try to persuade him.]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| - [8. A: Nǐ shuō wō | [Do you think I should |
| ]{.font12}[gāi]{.font12 | go?]{.font12} |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | [You do as you see fit, hut I |
| hu gai qu?]{.font12} | hear that there's about to he a |
| | war there.]{.font12} |
| {=html} | |
| <!-- --> | [Just now when I went to see Dr. |
| | Wang off, he said he would he |
| - [B: Nǐ | willing to see you |
| ]{.font12}[kànzhe]{.font12 | CmedicallyD.]{.font12} |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | [(Now) that's great. I'll go see |
| hàn ha, tíngshuō nèige | him when he gets hack.]{.font12} |
| dìfangr kuài ]{.font12}[dǎ | |
| zhang]{.font12 | [What a stupid kid, why didn't |
| sty | you tell me about this before, |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | since it's such an important |
| le.]{.font12} | thing.]{.font12} |
| | |
| {=html} | [I did tell you, but you've |
| <!-- --> | forgotten.]{.font12} |
| | |
| - [9. A: Gāngcái wǒ qù gěi Wáng | [(colloquial) why on earth, what |
| Dàifu | for; to do what]{.font12} |
| ]{.font12}[sòngxíng]{.font12 | |
| styl | [to do (something), to perform |
| e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, | (something), to have (an event), |
| tā shuō tā | to help oneself (to food, etc.), |
| ]{.font12}[yuànyi]{.font12 | to Join in (a game, |
| sty | etc.)]{.font12} |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | |
| gěi nín kànkan.]{.font12} | [uncle (father\'s elder brother); |
| | term for the father of one\'s |
| {=html} | friend]{.font12} |
| <!-- --> | |
| | |
| - [B: Zhèi | |
| ]{.font12}[yíxiàzi]{.font12 | |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | |
| hǎo le. | |
| ]{.font12}[Děng]{.font12 | |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | |
| tā huilai wō qù kàn | |
| ta.]{.font12} | |
| | |
| {=html} | |
| <!-- --> | |
| | |
| - [10. A: Zhèige | |
| ]{.font12}[shǎ]{.font12 | |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | |
| háizi, zènme dàde shir yě hu | |
| zǎo diǎnr gàosu wo!]{.font12} | |
| | |
| [B: Wō | |
| ]{.font12}[yuánlái]{.font12 | |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | |
| gēn nín shuōguo, nín wàng | |
| le.]{.font12} | |
| | |
| [ADDITIONAL REQUIRED | |
| VOCABULARY]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [11. gànmá]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [12. lái]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [13. hófù]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[\"business, trade]{.font12}
[to see (someone) off, to wish (someone) a good trip; to give a going-away party]{.font12}
[to be (very) fond of, to be attached to, to dote on]{.font12}
[noontime nap]{.font12}
[to depend on]{.font12}
[anyway; after all (used in questions and negative statements)]{.font12}
[original, former; originally, formerly; (expresses finding out the true situation)]{.font12}
[to wish, would like, to want to; to be willing to]{.font12}
[luck]{.font12}
[what\'s it all about]{.font12}
[like this]{.font12}
[after this, as a result of this]{.font12}
[like this]{.font12}
[it just so happens that, to happen to, as it happens; Just in time, Just right, Just enough]{.font12}
[Unit fl, Reference Notes]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Who's taking the test tomorrow?]{.font12}
[I'll write you a list in a minute.]{.font12}
[est, or quiz; test, exam\" This may be noun. ]{.font12}[Kao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as a verb may be used alone]{.font12}
[She was tired after taking the test.]{.font12}
[He did pretty well on the test this time.]{.font12}
[How did the test(s) go today?]{.font12}
[How did you do on your economics exam?]{.font12}
[ī.et me quiz you.]{.font12}
[het's go to the movies after we're done taking the test.]{.font12}
[děng yíxià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may have its literal meaning, \"wait a minute, wait a while,\" or it may mean \"in a minute, in a while.\"]{.font12}
[\"WAIT A MINUTE, WAIT A WHILE\"]{.font12}
[Děng yíxià, wǒ yào dǎ ge diànhuà, dǎwánle women Jiù zǒu, hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
[NT děng yíxià, wǒ lái bāngzhu ni.]{.font12}
[\"TN A MTNUTE, TN A WHILE\"]{.font12}
[NT xiān chT, děng yíxià wǒ xTwánle yTfu Jiù lái.]{.font12}
[NTmen xiān zǒu ba, děng yíxià wǒ zài qù.]{.font12}
[Deng yíxià yǒu yíwèi xing Wángde )ai zhǎo wo, qTng ni ràng ta J ìnJ ai .]{.font12}
[Wait a second, I want to make a phone call. We'll go as soon as I'm finished, okay?]{.font12}
[Wait a second, let me help you with that.]{.font12}
[You go ahead and eat. I'll come as soon as I've finished washing the clothes.]{.font12}
[You go ahead and leave. T'il go in a will It?.]{.font12}
[In a while a Mr. Wáng will be coming to see me. Please let him in.]{.font12}
[2. A: ]{.font12}[Bómǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shuì ]{.font12}[wǔjiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ne ba? Is your mother taking a CnoontimeJ nap?]{.font12}
[B: X, xiǎo shēng diǎnr. Bié Sh.\' Keep it down. Don\'t]{.font12}
[bǎ ta ]{.font12}[chǎoxǐng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le. wake her up.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[bómǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"wife of father\'s older brother,\" but also a term for the mother of one's friend. Relationships between friends are often thought of and even spoken of in terms similar to family relationships. Friends are like brothers and sisters, and therefore a friend's parents are addressed as aunt (]{.font12}[bómǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) and uncle (]{.font12}[bófù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[shuì wǔjiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to take a nap,\" literally \"to sleep the afternoon sleep.\" ]{.font12}[Wǔshuì shíjiǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"afternoon nap time,\" as in a school or organization.]{.font12}
[3. A: Nǐ kàn zheicìde ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[shēngyì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ How do you think business will]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zěnmeyàng? go this time?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[B: Bu zhīdao. ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Yào kàn yùnqi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ le. I don't know. It depends on luck.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Notes on No. 3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
[shēngyì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"business, trade\" Also pronounced ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[shēngyi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yào kàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"depends on...\" By itself, ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[kàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ (which you know as \"to look at\" and \"to think, to have the opinion that\") has another meaning, \"to depend on, to be up to, to be determined by.\" Often ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[děi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is added before it.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yùnqi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"luck; to be lucky\" This word can be used either as a noun or as an adjectival verb. The following sentences show some of its uses as a noun:]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tāde yùnqi zhēn bú cuò. He really has good luck.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Nī yùnqi zhēn hǎo! You're really lucky!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[CTo say \"to be unlucky,\" use ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[dǎoméi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[bù zǒu yùn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[U. A: Wǒ xiǎng qù mǎi xiē ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[gōngyì-]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ I want to go buy some handicrafts ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[pǐn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ dàihuí Měiguó. to take back to America.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[B: Wǒ zhèr ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zhènghǎo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ yǒu jǐjiàn, I just happen to have some here.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nǐ dōu ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[dàishang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba. Take them with you.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Notes on No. U]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
[dàihuí]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to bring/take back\" You have seen ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[hui]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ used as a main verb meaning \"to return to,\" in ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[hui jiā]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to return home,\" and ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[hui guo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to return to one\'s country,\" and with the endings -]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[lai]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ and -]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[qu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ as in ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[huílai]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to come back.\" Here you see it used as a directional ending. ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Dàihuí]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ can only be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[used if it is followed by a place name, like ]{.font12}[Meiguo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in sentence ]{.font12}[Ua.]{.smallcaps}[ Otherwise you should use ]{.font12}[dàihuilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[dàihuiqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, depending on whether the direction is toward or away from the point of reference.]{.font12}
[Wǒ běnlái xiǎng xiàge yuè mǎi I was originally going to buy a sofa shāf ā", jīntiān zhènghǎo(r) next month, but today I happened to]{.font12}
[pèngdao héshìde, jiù mǎi le. come across the right kind, so I]{.font12}
[bought it.]{.font12}
[*]{.font12}[pèngdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to run into, to come across\"]{.font12}
[**]{.font12}[shāfā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"sofa\"]{.font12}
[dàishang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to take along with one\" In the Beijing dialect, the verh ending -]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[shang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is sometimes used to mean \"along with\" a person. (For the first example you need to know ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[tí]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to carry from the hand at the side of the body.\")]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tā tíshang shūhāo Jiu zǒu le. She picked up her schoolbag and left.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèige sǎn nǐ náshang ba. Take this umbrella along with you.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Nǐ bàoshang háizi, wǒ názhe You carry the child, and I'll hold]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhèige. this.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Speakers who are not from Beijing would use different endings in these cases, for example -]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zhe]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ or -]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[qu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ (depending on the meaning of the sentence).]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Go over there and take a look.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Someone passed by the door.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Someone is coming over from there.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[It will pass in Just a while.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Come on over here!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Come over (to my house) for a while.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(Lit., \"Come over to sit awhile.\")]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[C'mere! OR Get over here. (CAN BE IMPOLITE)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Guòqu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is also a polite or respectful word for \"to die,\" similar to English \"to pass away.\" As mentioned in Unit 5» Chinese often avoid using the stark-sounding ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[sǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[hǎohāor]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"well; industriously; properly; thoroughly\" In Unit 1 of this module, you learned ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[mànmānr]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"slowly,\" which is a reduplication of the adjectival verb ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[màn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to be slow.\" In Beijing conversation, the second ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[màn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is said with the first tone, and -r is added, making ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[mànmānr]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[. In many other parts of China, it is said as ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[mànmàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[. Likewise, Beijing ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[hǎohāor]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often heard as ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[hǎohǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ elsewhere. Reduplication allows an adjectival verb to be used before a verb as a modifier, with or without ]{.font12}[-de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, for example, ]{.font12}[mànmàn(de) chi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to eat slowly,\" ]{.font12}[hǎohǎo(de) ting]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to listen well.\"]{.font12}
[Hǎohǎorde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (]{.font12}[hǎohǎode]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) has more specific meanings than Just \"well.\" It can mean \"properly,\" \"thoroughly,\" or \"nicely,\" or \"in perfectly good condition, with nothing the least bit wrong.\"]{.font12}
[xiǎng dong xiǎng xǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to think of this and that, to let one's mind wander*^1^]{.font12}[Pong]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"east,\" and xǐ, \"west,\" are used in the patterns ]{.font12}[(Verb) dōng (Verb) xǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[dōng (Verb) xǐ~(Verb)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to express that a person's action has no]{.font12}
[...-de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Here you see a new use of the marker -de. After certain phrases, especially ones with a parallel structure, -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"that way,\" describing a way of looking, acting, or Just a state of affairs. (For the following examples, you need these three items: ]{.font12}[lǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"all the time, always\";]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
[téng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be fond of, to be attached to, to dote on\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[This kid! No matter how fond of him you are, he never does what you say.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Grandma is really attached to (OR dotes on) my younger brother.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[This child is adorable; you can't help but be fond of him!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[She is especially attached to her son, and is always afraid that he won't eat well.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zěnme hui shi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"what happened; what's it all about; what's the story\" Also said as ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zěnme yìhuí shi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Zěnme]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ here means ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zěnmeyàng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"what kind, of what nature.\" ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Hui]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a counter for ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[shi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, as in ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[You zhèihuí shi ma?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"is there such a thing?\" or \"Did such a thing (really) happen?\" In the phrase ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zěnme yìhuí shi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, the number ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yī]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often dropped from ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yìhuí]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ just as it can be dropped in phrases like ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[chǐ (yí)ge píngguǒ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"eat an apple.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèi shi zěnme hui shi? Wūli What is this, anyway? Why is this zěnme nàme zāng? room so dirty?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèi shi zěnme hui shi? Dōngxi What\'s going on, anyway? Things are]{.font12}
[getting more and more expensive every day.]{.font12}
[zènme hui shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Also ]{.font12}[zhème hui shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. This phrase has two main uses:]{.font12}
[(1) Used before telling the facts or details of an event, as in sentence 6B.]{.font12}
[(2) Said after one learns the facts or outcome of an event, e.g.,]{.font12}
[What did you \"buy this for? It's so expensive!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[How come you always do what ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[he]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ says?!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Why are you still here? Hurry up and go home!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[This is such a small matter! Why should you get so angry?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[What's this thing for?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[You have to go to her house tonight.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[What for?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[To take this to her.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[you]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: You have seen the adverb ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[you]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ meaning (1) ''again," as in ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Ní you lái ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[le, ''You're here again" and (2) ''both.. .and.as in ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[You hǎo you piányi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, T\^Both good and inexpensive." In sentence TA, ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[you]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to stress that the speaker thinks what he is saying is a strong reason why something should he otherwise. This ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[you]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is usually used in sentences with the verb made negative, or in rhetorical questions (those to which no answer is expected).]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[IN SENTENCES WITH THE VERB MADE NEGATIVE]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tā you hù shǎ.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Wǒ you hù zhīdào jintiǎn xià yǔ.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Ní you méi kànjianguo ta, ni zěnme zhīdao tā hù hǎo?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tā you hú shi wàijiāoguān, zěnme zài dàshiguǎn gōngzuò?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[IN RHETORICAL QUESTIONS]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tā you zhīdao shénme?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Shéi you néng kànde nàme yuǎn ne?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[He's no dummy, after all.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[After all, I didn't know it was going to rain today.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[You've never seen him, after all; how could you know he's no good?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[He's not a diplomat, after all; why is he working in the embassy?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[What does he know, anyway? (Means, "He doesn't know anything.")]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Who could have seen that far ahead, after all? (Means, "No one could have seen that far.")]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[So what if he's a (government) minister? (Means, ''The fact that he's a government minister is unimpressive.")]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Yàoshi tā hù néng zuò, shéi you If he can\'t do it, who can? (Means, néng zuò ne? \"if he can\'t, nobody can.\")]{.font12}
[quàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to advise\" or \"to try to persuade\" a person. This describes the action of talking to someone in order to bring them around to a certain way of thinking. Sentence 7B might be translated simply as, \"Don\'t get upset, I\'ll talk to him.\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ quàn ni háishi bú yào xué wénxué, bìyè yǐhòu zhao gōngzuò nan na.\']{.font12}
[My advice to you is not to study literature. It would be awfully hard to find a job after you graduate.]{.font12}
[Tāde shi nǐ bú yào quàn, tā huì gěi ni zhǎo máfande.]{.font12}
[You\'d better not try to advise him about his affairs, otherwise he\'ll give you trouble.]{.font12}
[8. A: Nǐ shuō wō ]{.font12}[gāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bu gai qù? Do you think I should go?]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ ]{.font12}[kànzhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bàn ba, tíngshuō You do as you see fit, but I hear]{.font12}
[nèige dìfangr kuài ]{.font12}[dǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ that there\'s about to be a war]{.font12}
[zhàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le. there.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[gāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"should; ought to; to be someone\'s turn to (do something)\" ]{.font12}[Gāi ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is an auxiliary verb very similar in meaning to ]{.font12}[yinggāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Kuài qīdiǎn bàn le, wǒ gāi shàng It\'s almost seven-thirty. I should bān qu le. be leaving for work.]{.font12}
[Wǒ gāi shuō shénme ne? What should I say?]{.font12}
[Gāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is frequently used before the subject of a clause. In such cases it can also mean \"to be (someone\'s) turn to (do something).\"]{.font12}
[Míngtiān gāi tā qǐng kè le. Tomorrow it\'s his turn to treat.]{.font12}
[Zhèixiē shi běnlái gāi wǒ zuòde, bìngle zhèi jǐtiān, tǒngshì-men dōu bāng máng zuòwán le.]{.font12}
[Zhèicì gāi wǒ qǐng ni kàn dianyǐng le.]{.font12}
[Gāi nǐ zǒu le OR Gāi nǐ le.]{.font12}
[It should have been me who did these things in the first place, but with me being sick the past few days, my colleagues finished them all for me.]{.font12}
[This time it\'s my turn to treat you to a movie.]{.font12}
[Your move OR It\'s your turn, (in playing a game)]{.font12}
[kànzhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In front of another verb, ]{.font12}[kànzhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"(do something) as one sees fit.\" The \"locking\" in ]{.font12}[kànzhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to looking at the situation in order to decide what one is able to do and what is best to do. The most common phrase in which ]{.font12}[kànzhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ appears is ]{.font12}[kànzhe bàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to do as one thinks bes]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Nǐ shuō wǒ shi qù hǎo ne?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Do you think it would be best for me]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Háishi bú qù hǎo?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to go or not to go?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[B:]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Zěnme shuō ne? Nǐ kànzhe]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [What should I say? Do what you think]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[bàn ba!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [best!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A:]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Nī yào mǎi shenme yánsède]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [What color shirt do you want to buy?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[chènshǎn?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[B:]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Nǐ kànzhe mǎi ba.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Buy what you think best.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[dǎ zhang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to fight a war, to go to war" This is a verb plus general object, like ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[niàn shū]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Zhang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not used by itself (except in a construction like ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Zhèi yízhang dale hǎojǐge yuè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''This battle/war was fought for many months,\" in which ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zhang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ simply precedes ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[dǎ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ instead of following it).]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[If you want to say ''war\" by itself, you have to use another word, ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zhànzhēng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, which is taught in the next module.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[9. A: Gangcái wǒ qù gěi Wang Daifu ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[sòngxíng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, tǎ shuo tǎ ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yuànyi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ gěi nín kànkan.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[B: Zhèi ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yíxiàzi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ hǎo le. ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Děng ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[tǎ huílai wǒ qù kàn ta.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Just now when I went to see Dr. Wáng off, he said he would be willing to see you Cmedically].]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(Now) that's great. I'll go see him when he gets back.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
[sòngxíng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: (1) \"to see off, to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn wǒ dào jīchǎng gěi Zhāng Xiansheng, Zhāng Tàitai sòngxíng.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[wish (someone) a good trip\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[At two this afternoon I'm going to the airport to see Mr. and Mrs. Zhāng off.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [(2) \"to give a going-away party\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
<!-- -->
- [A: Nǐ jǐntiǎn wǎnshang yǒu Are you busy tonight?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[meiyou shi?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [B: Women jǐntiǎn wǎnshang chūqu We're going out for dinner tonight chǐ fàn, gěi péngyou song- to have a going-away party for a xíng. friend.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhèi yíxiàzi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"as a result of this\" This means that something has happened which brings a new turn to the situation. It can often be translated into English simply by using the word \"now.\" (in sentence 9B, it may be best just to omit it from the translation.)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Qián lái le, zhèi yíxiàzi keyi The money has come. Now we can buy mǎi fángzi le! the house!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèi yíxiàzi zǎogǎo le, wǒde This is terrible! I don't have]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[qián bú gòu le. enough money (e.g., to pay for the]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[things I just brought to the cashier).]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[děng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"when, by the time; till\" This word, which you first learned as \"to wait,\" can have these other meanings in a dependent clause. This use is similar to that of ]{.font12}[děng dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you learned in Unit 3 may be used for \"when\" or \"by the time.']{.font12}
[Děng wǒ dàole Běijīng wǒ cái zhīdao tā yě zài Běijīng.]{.font12}
[It wasn't till I got to Běijīng that I found out he was there too.]{.font12}
[Zhèige ]{.font12}[shǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ háizi, zenme dàde shir yě bu zǎo diǎnr gàosu wo!]{.font12}
[What a stupid kid, why didn't you tell me about this before, since it's such an important thing.]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ ]{.font12}[yuánlái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ gēn nín shuǒguo, I did tell you, but you've forgotten, nín wàng le.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 10]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[shǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be stupid, to be silly, to be naive\"]{.font12}
[Nī zhen shǎ! Qián fàng zai yin- You're really silly. It's such a]{.font12}
[good idea to put your money in a bank, what are you keeping it at home for?]{.font12}
[Shǎ háizi, bié zǒng wèn nèixiě shǎ wèntí, hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
[You silly kid, would you quit asking such silly questions all the time?]{.font12}
[zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Besides \"early,\" ]{.font12}[zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also mean \"before, sooner,\" or \"long ago.\" Here are more examples.]{.font12}
[Tāmen jīge nútongxué zǎo jiu pǎo dao hǎibiānr qu wánr le.]{.font12}
[.i! Wǒ zǎo lái yìtiān jiu hǎo le.]{.font12}
[Those women students took off for the beach a long time ago.]{.font12}
[(Sigh) If only I had come a day earlier.]{.font12}
[Sometimes ]{.font12}[zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ only conveys the speaker's feeling of regret and irritation. \"A long time ago\" might actually be no more than a moment ago. In such cases, ]{.font12}[zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be translated by intonation alone:]{.font12}
[Nī zěnme bù zǎo shuō! Xiànzài hái láidejí ma?]{.font12}
[Wǒ zǎo zhīdào tā shi zhèige yàngzi jiu bú huì zhème shǎ le.]{.font12}
[Why didn't you say so (before)'. How can we make it in time now?]{.font12}
[If I had known that he was this way I wouldn't have been so naive.]{.font12}
[yě bu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"don't even, won't even, wouldn't even\" do something that one should do.]{.font12}
[Bādiǎn bàn le, nī yě bu zǎo diǎnr It's half past eight! Why didn't you jiào wo, wǒ xiànzài láibují le. get me up before? Now I won't make it in time.]{.font12}
[yuānlāi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: (1) \"originally" In this meaning, it is usually interchange]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tā yuánlái bù chī ròu, xiànzài He didn't used to eat meat. No he's bù zhídào zěnme chiqilai le. started eating it for some reason.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Wǒ yuánlái méi jìhua qù Ōuzhōu, I hadn't originally planned to go to hòulái tā yídìng yào qù, wǒ Europe. Then she insisted on going,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yě jiu gēnqu[]{#footnote9}^9^ wánrle yítàng. so I went along for the fun of it.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(2) Used when revealing a fact which was not previously known, especially when that fact provides an explanation or solution to a puzzling situation. .This can sometimes be translated by \"it turns out that...\" or by ''So...'.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Běnlái]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ cannot be used for this meaning.)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Wǒ xiǎng shi ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[tā]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiěde, yuánlái jiù shi ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[ní]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiěde!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[À! Yuánlái nī jiù shi Xu Xian-sheng? Huānyíng, tài huānyíng le!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[À, yuánlái shi zhème hui shi!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(3) ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Yuánláide]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used to modify a]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Women yuánláide jìhua shi xiàge Xīngqíwǔ qù.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tāmen yuánláide fángzi zài chéngwàitou, xiànzài bān dao chéngli qu zhù le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Oh, so ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[you]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ wrote this! I thought ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[he]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ wrote it.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Oh! So you're Mr. Xú? Welcome! Welcome indeed!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Oh! So that's what happened!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[noun, with the meaning \"original\":]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Our original plan was to go next Friday.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Their original house was outside the city, (but) now they've moved into the city.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Unit 8, Review Dialogue]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
::: {style="border-bottom:solid;"} [In Lǐ Ping and Tom's room, Tom (A) is getting his things packed, when]{.font12} :::
[Lǐ Ping (B) comes in.]{.font12}
[B: Tāngmǔ, wo tǐngshuō nǐ yào qù]{.font12}
[dàlù le?]{.font12}
- [A: Shǐ a, shàngwu wǒ dào lǐngshi-]{.font12}
[guǎn qù kàn yige péngyou. Zhèng-hǎor you yige gongsǐ dào dàlù qu tan shēngyì. Tāmen yào yige dǎ zì dǎde kuài, you dong diǎnr Zhōngwěnde rén.]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ yùnqi zhēn hú cuò. Yào]{.font12}
[qù duō jiǔ ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Yào kàn qíngkuàng, dàgài]{.font12}
[hànge yuè dào yíge yuè.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ yě dào Taiwan qù hànge yuè.]{.font12}
[Wáng Chéng qǐng wǒ hé Xiǎo Wén dào tā jiā qu wānr.]{.font12}
- [A: Āhà! Zhè yíxiàr zhēn hú cuò,]{.font12}
[wǒ qù dàlù, nǐ qù Taiwǎn, huílai yǐhòu women lai yige kǎoshì, kàn-kan shéi duì shèhui qíngkuàng yǎnjiūde hǐjiǎo hǎo.]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo']{.font12}
[(Lī Ping's grandmother (C) enters]{.font12}
- [C: Xiǎo Ping, Tāngmǔ, nīmen dou]{.font12}
[zài zhèr ne!]{.font12}
[B: Nǎinai, nín zěnme hú shuì wǔ-]{.font12}
[jiào le?"]{.font12}
[A: Lǐ Nǎinai, duìhuqǐ, women hǎ]{.font12}
[nín chǎoxīng le.]{.font12}
[Tom, I hear you're going to the mainland?]{.font12}
[Yeah! I went to the consulate this morning to visit a friend, and there Just happened to he a company going to the mainland on business. They wanted someone who could type fast and who understood a little Chinese.]{.font12}
[You're so lucky. How long are you going for?]{.font12}
[We'll have to see. Prohahly two weeks to a month.]{.font12}
[And I'm going to Taiwan for two weeks. Wáng Chéng invited Xiǎo Wén (Lǐ Wén) and me to his house.]{.font12}
[That's great! You're going to Taiwan and I'm going to the mainland. When we get hack we'll have to have a little contest and see who's done a better job of studying society.]{.font12}
[Okay.]{.font12}
[Hi, Xiǎo Ping. Hi, Tom.*]{.font12}
[How come you're not taking your nap, grandma?**]{.font12}
[I'm sorry Grandma Lī, we woke you up.]{.font12}
[C: Méiyou, wǒ yě gāi qǐlai le.']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tāngmǔ a, nǐ dào dàlù qu, bú xiàng zài Měiguo, zài Xianggang; yào zhīdao duō zhàogu zìjǐ. Xiǎo Ping mama chūqu gěi ni mǎi diǎnr dōngxi dàishang.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Lǐ Nǎinai, wǒ shénme dōu you,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[bú yòng dài le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(Xiǎo Wén (E) comes in quietly.)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[E: Wǒ nǎinai, wǒ mā dōu téng ni,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nǐ jiu dàishang ba!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Lǐ Nǎinai, wǒ hui Měiguo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yǐqiān, hai xiǎng zài lai yícì, xíng bu xíng?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[C: Zhèi haizi, zěnme bù xíng ne?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèr jiù shi nǐde jiā ya!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Nín yào wǒ gěi nín dài diǎnr]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shénme dōngxi a?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[C: Duì le, zhèr yǒu yìzhāng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[dānzi,"[]{#footnote10}^10^ []{#footnote11}^11 []{#footnote12}12^ shi yìxiē gōngyìpǐn, qian Jiù zài zhèige xìnfēngrli, nǐ kànzhe mǎi ba!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[E: Nǎinai, zánmen jiā you name]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xiě gōngyìpǐn, hái mǎi ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[tā]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ gàn shénme!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[C: Shǎ háizi, děng dao nǐ jiēhūnde]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shihou jiu yǒu yòng le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[E: Name nántīng!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[C: Nà you shénme nántīng, hǎo shir]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[ma!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[No you didn't. It was about time I got up anyway.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tom, when you go to the mainland, it won't be like America or Hong Kong; you'll have to know how to look after yourself. Xiǎo Ping's mother went out to get you some things to take with you.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[I have everything, Grandma Lǐ, I don't need to take anything else.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[My]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"}[ grandmother and mother are fond of you, go ahead and take the things!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Grandma Lǐ, I have to come back here once again before I go to America. Will that be okay?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Oh, this youngster! How could it not be all right? This is your home!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Did you want me to bring you back something?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Yes, here's a list.^10^ ' It's some handicrafts. The money is in this envelope. Buy what you can.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[We have so many handicrafts already, why do you want to buy more of them?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Silly girl! They'll come in handy when you get married.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Ugh! That sounds awful!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[What's so awful about that? That (marriage) is a happy event.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[E: Nimen zài zhèr, wǒ qu kànkan,]{.font12}
[hǎoxiàng mama huílai le.]{.font12}
[(Xiǎo Wen leaves.)]{.font12}
- [A: Nǎinai, Xiǎo Wen zhēnde yào.]{.font12}
[jiēhūn le?]{.font12}
- [B: Shi zhème hui shi, Xiǎo Wen]{.font12}
[zài Yingguo niàn shūde shihou rènshile yíge Rìběn ren, xiànzài tǎ he Xiǎo Wen zài yíge yínhǎngli zuò shi, duì Xiǎo Wen hú cuò. Kěshi . . .]{.font12}
- [C: Yuǎnlǎi, wǒ he Xiǎo Wen tǎ]{.font12}
[hàba dōu hù tóngyì. Nǐ xiǎng ma, Zhōngguo rén he Rìběn rén zěnme yě méi hànfar hiàncheng yìjiǎzi' ya! Kěshi Xiǎo Wen hé tǎ mǎma yuànyì, wǒmen yě jiu hù néng shūo shénme le.]{.font12}
[A: Xiǎo Wen mǎma zěnme shuō ne?]{.font12}
[C: Tǎ quànle wo hǎojǐcì. Tǎde]{.font12}
[huà you dàoli. Tǎ shuō, Zhōngguo rén hé Rìběn rén shi dǎguo zhàng. Kěshi xiànzài, shìqing yǐjǐng guòqu jǐshíniǎn le, wèishenme hai yào ràng hǎizimen chǐ kǔ ne?]{.font12}
[A: Bómǔ shuōde duì. Ei, wǒ lai]{.font12}
[Xiǎnggǎng zènme duō tiǎn le, zěnme hai méi kànjian ta ne?]{.font12}
[C: Tǎ hui Rìhěn kàn tā mǎma qu le,]{.font12}
[nèi shi ge xiàoshunde haizi. Děng nǐ cong dàlù huílaide shihou, tǎ yě gǎi huílai le.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhēn you yìsi!]{.font12}
[Don't get up.[]{#footnote13}^13^ []{#footnote14}^14^ I think mom is hack, I'm going to go see.]{.font12}
[Is Xiǎo Wén really getting married, grandma?]{.font12}
[It's like this: When Xiǎo Wén was studying in England she met a Japanese guy. Now he works at the same hank as she does. He's very nice to her, hut . . .]{.font12}
[Originally, Xiǎo Wén's father and I were both against it. After all, there's Just no way that Chinese and Japanese can \"become part of the same family. But Xiǎo Wén and her mother wanted it, so there wasn't anything we could say about it.]{.font12}
[What did Xiǎo Wén's mother say about it?]{.font12}
[She tried to persuade me many times. What she said makes sense. She said that the Chinese and the Japanese did go to war, but now that it's all been over for a few decades, why should the children still be made to suffer for it?]{.font12}
[She's right about that. By the way, I've been here in Hong Kong for so many days now, how is it that I haven't seen him?]{.font12}
[He went back to Japan to visit his mother. He's a very filial boy. He should be back by the time you come back from the mainland.]{.font12}
[That's so interesting!]{.font12}
[C: You yìsi \"ba,! Tāngmǔ, nǐ \"bù zhǐ- Oh, it's interesting all right,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[dào, rén lǎo le, guānniàn yě lǎo You don't know, Tom, when a person]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[le, youde shíhour zhēnde yào gǎi- gets old, their ideas get old too.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[gai le. Sometimes one really has to change]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[a hit.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(Xiǎo Ping's mother CF1 comes in carrying some things.)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [B: Mā, nī huilai le?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[F: Huilai le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Bómǔ, wǒ shuō shénme hǎo ne?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Nín shizài tài kèqi le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[F: Zhèidiǎn chide, yòngde, dōu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[dàiqu, zhèliǎngjiàn yīfu děngyixià chuānchuan kàn, héshì hu héshì.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Bomǔ, nà jiu xièxie le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[F: Nàme yidiǎndiǎn dōngxi xiè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shenme. LÙshang hǎohǎo zhàogu zìjī, shìqing wǎnle jiu huílai, xiūxi jītiān zài hui Měiguo.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Ng, wǒ yídìng huílai.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [C: Guò liǎngtiǎn, Xiǎo Ping, Xiǎo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Wén yě yào zǒu le. Xiǎo Ping mā,2 jīnr\^ wǎnshang zǎm^1^* hú zuò fàn le. Děng huǐr Xiǎo Ping bàba huílai, yíkuàir chūqu chi wǎnfàn, gěi hǎizimen songsong xíng, hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[F: Hǎode, hǎode.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Hi mom, you're back?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Hi, yeah, I'm back.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Auntie, what can I say? This is really too polite of you.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[This food and these things are for you to take with you. And these two things to wear you can try on later and see if they fit you.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Well then, thanks a lot, auntie.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Why should you thank me for these odds and ends! You just look after yourself very carefully while you're traveling, and when the job is finished come back here and rest up for a few days before you go back to America.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Okay, I'll be sure and come back.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[In another day or two Xiǎo Ping and Xiǎo Wén will be leaving too. Mom, let's not make dinner tonight. When Xiǎo Ping's father gets back, we'll all go out to dinner and have a going-away party for the kids, okay?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[All right.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise a mother and son talk in their apartment in Hangzhou.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:]{.font12}
[xiǎo diǎnr shēngr a little more quietly]{.font12}
[hǎo to wrap]{.font12}
[tan liǎn\'ài to be in love, to be going together]{.font12}
[(having a courtship)]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation a mother talks to her daughter in Běijīng about her grandparents.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words for this conversation:]{.font12}
[qiánxiē nian a few years back]{.font12}
[zài shuō besides, moreover]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. What is Xiǎo Yun doing? Why?]{.font12}
[2. What is the latest news about Xiǎo Yun's grandfather?]{.font12}
[3. Why does the mother seem to have little regard for the company she talks about?]{.font12}
<!-- -->
- [U. According to the mother, what is the grandfather's attitude toward work?]{.font12}
[5. What does the mother ask her daughter to write into the letter to grandfather?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.]{.font12}
[Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Zhū Lǎozǒng (an affectionate name for Zhū De,]{.font12}
[a military leader of China and commander of the Eighth Route Army during the -war of resistance against Japan.)]{.font12}
[jūnduì army]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. What did Wáng Lǎo Shífu do before the war of resistance against Japan? Was it a secure job?]{.font12}
[2. What happened to his business during the war of resistance against Japan?]{.font12}
[3. What did \"Zhū Laozǒng\" (Zhū De) do at that time? What did Wáng Lǎo ShTfu do for Zhū Laozǒng?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[A mother (B) and her son (A) talk in their apartment in Hangzhou.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Běijīng a mother (B) talks with her daughter (A).]{.font12}
["This means \"No comment. If I said anything about this, it wouldn't be complimentary.\"]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [A: Wáng Lǎo Shīfu, wǒ tīngshuō, Old Master Wáng, I've heard that]{.font12}
[nín jiěfàng qian jiù cānjiǎ ]{.font12}[gé]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ you joined the revolutionary ranks]{.font12}
[mi ng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le, nínde gùshi yídìng hù before liberation. You must have]{.font12}
[shǎo, gěi wo jiǎngjiang ba! a lot of stories; tell me one!]{.font12}
[°]{.font12}[liǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: A colloquial word meaning ]{.font12}[liǎngge]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ zhǐdao, jiěfàng qian wǒ shi]{.font12}
[zuò xiǎo mǎimaide, nèi shihou zuò xiǎo mǎimai duo nán! Neng bu néng zhuàn yidiǎnr qián dōu yào kàn yùnqi hǎo huài.]{.font12}
[A: Hòulái ne?]{.font12}
[B: Hòulái Rìběn rén lái le, Rìběn]{.font12}
[rén gēn zánmen dǎ zhàng. zhèi yí-xiàzi wǒde mǎimai . . .]{.font12}
[A: Zuòbuxiàqu le.]{.font12}
[B: Bu shi, wǒde mǎimai yuè zuò]{.font12}
[yuè dà le.]{.font12}
[A: Zěnme ne?]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ xuéguo lìshǐ. Nǐ zhīdao nèi]{.font12}
[shihou ]{.font12}[Zhu Lǎozǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ gēn Rìběn rén dǎle yízhàng . . .]{.font12}
- [A: Zhǐdao, nèi yízhàng dǎle hǎo]{.font12}
[jǐge yuè. Nèi shihou nín gàn shénme ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ? Wǒ yìtiān dào wǎn názhe]{.font12}
[dānzi gěi Zhū Lǎozǒngde ]{.font12}[jūnduì ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[mǎi dōngxi ya! Shénme chide, chuānde, yào a, wǒ dōu néng mǎidào.]{.font12}
- [A: Ēi, zhēn you yìsi, nín zài gěi]{.font12}
[wo jiǎngjiang.]{.font12}
- [B: Ou, xiànzài bù néng jiǎng le.]{.font12}
[Zánmen gāi chūqu kànkan le. Yàoshi méiyou shénme wèntí, huílai wǒ zài gěi nǐ jiǎng.]{.font12}
[A: Nà zánmen zǒu ba!]{.font12}
[You know, before liberation I was in small business. At that time, it was so hard to do small business. Whether or not you could make a little money depended on whether your luck was good or bad.]{.font12}
[And later?]{.font12}
[Later the Japanese came. After the Japanese went to war with us, my business . . .]{.font12}
[You couldn't carry it on.]{.font12}
[No, it got bigger and bigger.]{.font12}
[How was that?]{.font12}
[You've studied history. You know that at that time Zhū Lǎozǒng (Zhū Dé) fought with the Japanese . . .]{.font12}
[Yes, they fought for many months. What were you doing at that time?]{.font12}
[Me? From morning to night T was carrying a list buying things for Zhū Cé's army. Food, clothes, medicine, T could buy them all.]{.font12}
[Gee, that's fascinating, tell me more.]{.font12}
[I can't now. It's time we went out and took a look. If there aren't any problems, I'll tell you more after we get back.]{.font12}
[Then let's go!]{.font12}
[VOCABULARY]{.font12}
[ài]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to love]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [ài shang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to fall in love with]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [āndìng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to \"be peaceful and stable, to be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[quiet and settled]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bàba]{.font12 | [father, dad, | [7-U]{.font12 | | style | papa]{.font12 | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [báitiān]{.font12 | [daytime]{.font12 | [7.3]{.font12 | | style | style | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [-ban]{.font12 | [(counter for class | [7.3']{.font12 | | style | of students)]{.font12 | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bàng]{.font12 | [to be great, to be | [T.U', 7.7]{.font12 | | style | fantastic, to be | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | terrific]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bang máng]{.font12 | [to help; | [7.U]{.font12 | | style | help]{.font12 | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bangzhu]{.font12 | [to help; help; as a | [7.2]{.font12 | | style | help to, for]{.font12 | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bāo]{.font12 | [to wrap]{.font12 | [7.8']{.font12 | | style | style | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bǎochí]{.font12 | [to keep, to | [7.5]{.font12 | | style | preserve, to | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | maintain]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bǎohù]{.font12 | [to protect]{.font12 | [7.6]{.font12 | | style | style | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bèihòu]{.font12 | [behind someone's | [7.2']{.font12 | | style | back]{.font12 | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [-bèizi]{.font12 | [all one's life, | [7.2]{.font12 | | style | lifetime]{.font12 | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [běnlái]{.font12 | [originally, in the | [7.7]{.font12 | | style | beginning, at first; | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | to begin with, in the | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | first place]{.font12 | | | | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [běnrén]{.font12 | [herself, himself, | [7.6']{.font12 | | style | oneself, nyself, | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | etc.]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bí]{.font12 | [to compare]{.font12 | [7.1']{.font12 | | style | style | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [biàn]{.font12 | [to change, to become | [7.3]{.font12 | | style | different]{.font12 | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [biànchéng]{.font12 | [to change | [7.2', 7-3]{.font12 | | style | into]{.font12 | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bìcǐ]{.font12 | [each other, one | [7-5']{.font12 | | style | another, both; the | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | same to you]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bìngrén]{.font12 | [sick person, | [7.3']{.font12 | | style | patient]{.font12 | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bómǔ]{.font12 | [aunt (wife of | [7.8]{.font12 | | style | father's elder | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | brother);]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | | | | | | [(term for the mother | | | | of one's | | | | friend)]{.font12 | | | | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [boshì]{.font12 | [Ph.D.]{.font12 | [7-2']{.font12 | | style | style | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bú fàngxīn]{.font12 | [to worry]{.font12 | [7.3']{.font12 | | style | style | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bù guǎn]{.font12 | [no matter (what, | [7.5', 7.6]{.font12 | | style | whether, | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | etc.)]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bù huāng bù | [calm, not the least | [7.8']{.font12 | | máng]{.font12 | bit | style | | style | flustered]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bú Jiàn bú | [don't leave until | [7.7']{.font12 | | sàn]{.font12 | we've met up]{.font12 | style | | style | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bù Jiǎndān]{.font12 | [not ordinary, not | [7.7']{.font12 | | style | commonplace; | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | remarkable]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bù néng bu]{.font12 | [to have to, | [7.7]{.font12 | | style | must]{.font12 | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bù shǎo]{.font12 | [to be quite a lot, | [7.U]{.font12 | | style | to be much, to be | style | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | many]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bú shi...Jiù | [if it isn't...then | [7.7]{.font12 | | shi...]{.font12 | it's...; either... | style | | style | or...]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [bú xiàng | [to be ridiculous, to | [7.6]{.font12 | | huà]{.font12 | be outrageous, to be | style | | style | absurd (talk, acts, | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | etc.)]{.font12 | | | | style | | | | ="font-weight:bold;"} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
[cai]{.font12} [only (before an amount)]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [cái]{.font12} [only in that case, only under this]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[condition]{.font12}
[caichan]{.font12} [property]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12} [cānjiā]{.font12} [to participate in, to take part in;]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[to Join; to attend]{.font12}
[cháng]{.font12} [to be long]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12} [chang gē]{.font12} [to sing (songs)]{.font12} [7.6°]{.font12} [chāo]{.font12} [to be noisy; to disturb by making]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[noise]{.font12}
[chǎoxǐng]{.font12} [to wake (someone) up by being noisy]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12} [-chéng]{.font12} [(verb ending) into]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [chéngshì]{.font12} [city; urban]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12} [chéngyuánguó]{.font12} [member country]{.font12} [7.6°]{.font12} [chǐbuxiàqù]{.font12} [to be unable to eat]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [chi kǔ]{.font12} [to suffer, to undergo hardship]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12} [chōu yān]{.font12} [to smoke (tobacco)]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12} [chuáng]{.font12} [bed]{.font12} [7.2°, 7.5]{.font12} [chuántong]{.font12} [tradition, traditional]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12} [conglái]{.font12} [ever (up till now), always (up till]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[now)]{.font12}
[conglái bù/méi]{.font12} [never (up till now)]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [cóng...(Verb)-qī]{.font12} [to begin (Verb)-ing from...]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12} [cūnr]{.font12} [village]{.font12} [7.6°]{.font12}
[dàduōshù(r)]{.font12} [the great majority]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12} [-dài]{.font12} [generation; era, (historical) period]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12} [dàishang]{.font12} [to take along (Běijīng)]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12} [dàjiě]{.font12} [\"older sister\" (a respectful term]{.font12} [7.1\']{.font12}
[of address for a woman about one's own age or older)]{.font12}
[dàlù]{.font12} [mainland, continent]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12} [dang]{.font12} [(political) party]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12} [dǎnxǐn]{.font12} [to be worried, to be uneasy]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12} [dānzi]{.font12} [list; form]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"} [dào]{.font12} [to pour, to dump]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"} [-dào]{.font12} [(resultative ending used for percep-]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[tion by one of the senses: ]{.font12}[Jiàndao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[kàndao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[tīngdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.)]{.font12}
[-dào]{.font12} [(resultative ending used to indicate]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[reaching; in ]{.font12}[xiǎngdào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[tándào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc., translated as \"about\" or \"of\")]{.font12}
[dàochù]{.font12} [everywhere]{.font12} [7.7\']{.font12} [dàodé]{.font12} [morality, morals, ethics]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12} [dào lājī]{.font12} [to take out (dump) the garbage]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [dàolī]{.font12} [principle, truth, hows and whys;]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12}
[reason, argument, sense]{.font12}
[dàxuéshēng]{.font12} [college student]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12} [dǎ zhàng]{.font12} [to fight a war, to go to war]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[dǎ zhen]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to get an injection]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [dǎ zì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to type (on a typewriter)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [de]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to get]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [dédao]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to receive, to get]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [-de huà]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [if; in case; supposing that]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [děi kàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to depend on]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [děng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [when; by the time; till]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [děng dào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [wait until; when, by the time]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [děng yíxià]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [wait a minute; in a little while]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [-diǎn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [point]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [diào yǎnlèi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to cry]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [dìwei]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [position, status]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [dǒngde]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to understand, to grasp, to know]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [duǎnpiān]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [short (stories, articles)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [dúlì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be independent; independence]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [duo (duō)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [how (to what extent)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.It]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [duo hǎo!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [how great that is!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [duōshù(r)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [the majority (of), most (of)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[éi say! (interjection telling that the*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[speaker just thought of something)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[értong child (formal word)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[érxífu(r) (-fer) daughter-in-law*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fādá]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be (highly) developed, to be flourishing, to be prosperous]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2*, 7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fǎlū]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [law]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fān]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to translate]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to violate, to offend, to commit; to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[have an attack (of an old disease)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fǎnduì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to oppose, to be against]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [-fāngmiàn (-mi an)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [aspect, side, area, respect]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fǎngwèn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to visit]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fǎnzhèng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [anyway, in any case]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fàn zuì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to commit a crime]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fāzhǎn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to develop, to expand, to grow]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fēn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [points]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fēn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to divide, to separate, to split]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fēngsú]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [custom(s)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fēnkāi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to separate, to split up]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fùnū]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [woman; women, womankind]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fúqi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [blessings, good fortune]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[gāi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [will probably]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.it']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [gāi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [should, ought to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.It', 7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[gài]{.font12} [to build, to construct]{.font12} [7.1+']{.font12} [gāibiàn]{.font12} [to change; change(s)]{.font12} [7.1', 7-5]{.font12} [gànbu]{.font12} [cadre]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12} [gǎnjué]{.font12} [feeling, sensation; to feel, to]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[perceive]{.font12}
[gànmǎ]{.font12} [to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[what for]{.font12}
[gàn shenme]{.font12} [to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[what for]{.font12}
[gǎnxiè]{.font12} [to be thankful, to be grateful]{.font12} [7.3']{.font12} [gāogàn]{.font12} [senior cadres]{.font12} [7.6']{.font12} [gāozhōng]{.font12} [senior high school]{.font12} [7.1', 7.2', 7.5]{.font12} [gèguó]{.font12} [various countries]{.font12} [7.1']{.font12} [gémìng]{.font12} [revolution]{.font12} [7.8']{.font12} [gēn]{.font12} [to follow]{.font12} [7.8']{.font12} [gōng]{.font12} [male (for animals)]{.font12} [7.2']{.font12} [Gòngchǎndǎng]{.font12} [Communist Party]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12} [gōngchǎng]{.font12} [factory, mill, plant, works]{.font12} [7.6']{.font12} [gōnggong]{.font12} [grandfather, grandpa (paternal)]{.font12} [7.1+']{.font12} [gōngkè]{.font12} [homework]{.font12} [7.7']{.font12} [Gòngqǐngtuǎn]{.font12} [Communist Youth League]{.font12} [7.6']{.font12} [gōngshāngyè]{.font12} [industry and commerce]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12} [gōngyè]{.font12} [industry]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12} [gōngyìpǐn]{.font12} [handicrafts]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12} [guǎn]{.font12} [to take care of; to mind, to bother]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12}
[about]{.font12}
[guǎnggào]{.font12} [advertisement]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12} [guānniàn]{.font12} [concept, idea, notion]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12} [guānxin]{.font12} [to be concerned/care about]{.font12} [7.1']{.font12} [guānyú]{.font12} [as to, with regard to, concerning,]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[about]{.font12}
[gǔhuǐ]{.font12} [bone ashes, ashes (of a person)]{.font12} [7.5']{.font12} [guǐju]{.font12} [rules of proper behavior, social]{.font12} [7.3°, 7.1+]{.font12}
[etiquette, manners; special customs, established practice, rule (of a community or organization)]{.font12}
[guoJiā]{.font12} [country, state, nation; national]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12} [guòqù]{.font12} [the past]{.font12} [7.1+]{.font12} [guòqu]{.font12} [to pass; to pass away, to die]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12} [guò rìzi]{.font12} [to live; to get along]{.font12} [7.1+']{.font12} [gùshi]{.font12} [story]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12} [gǔshū]{.font12} [ancient book]{.font12} [7.1']{.font12}
[hai fairly, passably]{.font12}
[hǎiluòyín heroin]{.font12}
[hǎochù benefit, advantage]{.font12}
[hǎohǎor properly, carefully, thoroughly]{.font12}
[hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi... well, okay, but...]{.font12}
[hǎoxiàng to seem as if, to seem like]{.font12}
[(darkness of) night, nighttime]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to hate, to loathe, to detest]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(a) Red Guard; the Red Guards]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[later, afterwards 7-2*,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[might; to he likely to; will]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to live; to become alive; to survive;]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to be live/alive/living; mobile, moving]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to talk nonsense; nonsense, drivel*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[mutually]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to remember; to commit to memory]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [-Jiā]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [(counter for families)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.U]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [j iàndān]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be simple]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [jiǎng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to stress, to pay attention to, to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[be particular about]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jiǎng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [prize]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [jiǎngjiu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be particular about; to be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[elegant, to be tasteful]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[jiàotáng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [church, cathedral]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Jiàoyu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to educate; education]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [jiārù]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to join]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Jiātíng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [family]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Jīdòng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be agitated, to be worked up]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Jiè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to borrow; to lend]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [jièdao]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to successfully borrow]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [J iěfàng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to liberate, to emancipate; liberation]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Jiēhūn (jiēhūn)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to get married]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Jièyì\^]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to mind, to take offense]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [jíjímángmáng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [in a hurry, extremely rushed]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Jímang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be hasty, to be hurried]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Jìnbù]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to progress; progress]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Jìndàishǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [modern history]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [J īngshén]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [energy, spirits]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [jīnr]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [today (Běijīng)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [jīnzhāng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be nervous, to be upset]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [jìzhu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to remember]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [-Jù]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [sentence; (counter for sentences or]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[utterances, often followed by ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[huà]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"speech\")]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jūnduì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [army]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [júzi shuǐ(r)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [orange juice (Běijīng)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(V V) kàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [try and (v), (v) and see how it is]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [kàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to depend on]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[kànbuqǐ]{.font12} [to look down on, to scorn, to despise]{.font12} [7.\^]{.font12} [kàndao]{.font12} [to see]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [kànzhe]{.font12} [(followed by a verb) as one sees fit, as one deems reasonable]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12} [kao]{.font12} [to take/give an exam, test, or quiz]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12} [kào]{.font12} [to depend on, to rely on; to lean against; to be near, to be next to]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12} [kǎolu]{.font12} [to consider, to think about; consideration]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12} [kǎoshì]{.font12} [to take/give an exam, test, or quiz; exam, test]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12} [keài]{.font12} [to be loveable, to be adorable]{.font12} [7.8°]{.font12} [kekǎyǐn]{.font12} [cocaine]{.font12} [7.7']{.font12} [Kekǒukělè]{.font12} [Coca Cola]{.font12} [7.1', 7.3]{.font12} [kelián]{.font12} [to be pitiful]{.font12} [7.3°]{.font12} [ken]{.font12} [to be willing to]{.font12} [7.7']{.font12} [kū]{.font12} [to cry]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[...lái]{.font12} [for the past... (amount of time)]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12} [lái]{.font12} [(used before a verb to express that]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12}
[something will be done)]{.font12}
[lái]{.font12} [to do (something), to perform]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[(something), to have (an event),]{.font12}
[to help oneself to (food, etc.),]{.font12}
[to join in (a game, etc.)]{.font12}
[lǎjī]{.font12} [garbage]{.font12} [7.3']{.font12} [lánwěiyán]{.font12} [appendicitis]{.font12} [7.5°]{.font12} [lǎo]{.font12} [all the time, always]{.font12} [7.8*]{.font12} [láodòng]{.font12} [to labor]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12} [láodònglì]{.font12} [labor force, labor; able-bodied]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[person]{.font12}
[lǎolao]{.font12} [grandmother, grandma (maternal)]{.font12} [7.b']{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"} [láolì]{.font12} [labor force; labor]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12} [lǎo shīfu]{.font12} [old master]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12} [lǎoshǔ (láoshu)]{.font12} [mouse or rat]{.font12} [7.2*]{.font12} [lǎoxiānsheng]{.font12} [old gentlemen]{.font12} [7.5']{.font12} [lǎoyé]{.font12} [grandfather, grandpa (maternal)]{.font12} [7.U*]{.font12} [lǎozǒng]{.font12} [(used with surname as an affectionate]{.font12} [7.8']{.font12}
[term for a high-ranking PLA commander)]{.font12}
[liǎ]{.font12} [(Beijing colloquial word meaning]{.font12} [7.8*]{.font12}
[liǎngge]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "two")]{.font12}
[lián...dōu/yě...]{.font12} [even...]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12} [liáo]{.font12} [to chat]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [liáo tiān(r)]{.font12} [to chat]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [lǐmào]{.font12} [manners, politeness]{.font12} [7.U]{.font12} [lǐngdǎo]{.font12} [to lead, to direct, to exercise lead-]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[ership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre]{.font12}
[liùshi niándài]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [the decade of the sixties]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [liúxia]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to leave]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [liúxíng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be common, to be popular, to be prevalent]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [luàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be in disorder, to be in a mess, to be chaotic; arbitrarily, recklessly, any old way]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7-7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [luànqǐbāzāo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [in a mess, in confusion, in disorder; miscellaneous, motley, all thrown in together]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[ma]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(marker for obviousness of reasoning)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[mànmānr (manman) slowly; gradually, by and by; taking]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[one's time (doing something); (tell) all about, in all details]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[méi yìsi to be uninteresting/boring; to be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[pointless/meaningless; to be a drag; to be without value, not worthy of respect, cheap]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[míngbai to understand, to be clear on, to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[comprehend; to be clear, to be intelligible]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Ming Bào Ming Pao]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ (a Hong Kong newspaper)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[mǔ female (for animals)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7-5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7.2*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nàinai]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [grandmother (paternal)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.k]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"} [nà hai yòng shuō]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [that goes without saying]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Nan Mei]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [South America]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [nánnū]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [men and women, male-female]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [nánshòu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be uncomfortable; to feel bad,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to feel unhappy]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nántīng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be unpleasant to hear; to sound]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[bad, to offend the ears; to be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[scandalous]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[ne]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [(used in questions asking the where]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.^1^**]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[abouts of someone/something)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nénglì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [ability]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [niánji (niánjì)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [age]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.U]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [niánqīng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be young]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [nòng (neng)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to do; to fool with; to get]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [nóngcūn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [country, rural area; rural]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5*, 7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [nònglai]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to get and bring]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [nóngmín]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [peasant]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7-5*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [nongyè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [agriculture]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [nylì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to make efforts]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [nushěng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [coed, woman student]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [. 7.3*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[pà]{.font12}
[to be afraid]{.font12}
[7-^1^*]{.font12}
[pǎolai pǎoqù]{.font12}
[to run around]{.font12}
[7-6]{.font12}
[pèngdao]{.font12}
[to run into, to come across]{.font12}
[7.8]{.font12}
[-piān]{.font12}
[(counter for sheets, articles or]{.font12}
[7.2]{.font12}
[pieces of writing)]{.font12}
[piān]{.font12}
[to fool, to deceive]{.font12}
[7.2]{.font12}
[pǐchá bǐng]{.font12}
[pizza]{.font12}
[7.1]{.font12}
[píngděng]{.font12}
[equality, to be equal (of people)]{.font12}
[7.2]{.font12}
[pǐnmìng]{.font12}
[with all one's might, for all one]{.font12}
[7.2]{.font12}
[is worth, desperately, like mad; to risk one's life, to defy death]{.font12}
[pīzhǔn]{.font12}
[to give permission, to approve;]{.font12}
[7-5]{.font12}
[approval, permission, sanction]{.font12}
[pópo]{.font12}
[grandmother, grandma]{.font12}
[7.U]{.font12}
[qiāng]{.font12} [gun]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12} [qiáng]{.font12} [to be strong]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12} [qiánxiě nián]{.font12} [a few years back, in recent years]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12} [qiāo men]{.font12} [to knock at the door]{.font12} [7.U]{.font12} [qíguài]{.font12} [to be strange, to be odd, to be surprising]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [qǐlai]{.font12} [to get up (in several senses)]{.font12} [7.]{.font12} [-qilai]{.font12} [(resultative ending which indicates starting)]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [Qīnghǎi]{.font12} [(a province in western China)]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [qíngkuàng]{.font12} [situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12} [qíngxing]{.font12} [situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12} [quàn]{.font12} [to advise, to urge, to try to persuade]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12} [quánjiā rén]{.font12} [the whole family]{.font12} [7.U]{.font12}
[ràng]{.font12} [to make (someone a certain way)]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12} [rén]{.font12} [person; self; body]{.font12} [7.]{.font12} [rénj ia]{.font12} [people; other people; someone else;]{.font12} [7.U]{.font12}
[they; he, she; I]{.font12}
[rèxǐn]{.font12} [to be enthusiastic and interested,]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[to be warmhearted, to be earnest]{.font12}
[rèxīnqilai]{.font12} [to become enthusiastic and interested]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [rìzi]{.font12} [day; date; time]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [rù]{.font12} [to enter; to join (an organization)]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12} [rù Tuán]{.font12} [to join the Communist Youth League]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[(]{.font12}[Gongqǐngtuán]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[Gongchǎnzhǔyì Qǐngniántuán]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12}
[shā]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to kill (means unspecified); to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[kill (specifically, with a knife]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[or knifelike instrument); to try]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to kill]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shā]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be stupid, to be dumb, to be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[silly, to be naive]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shāfā]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [sofa]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [-shang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [(verb ending indicating starting]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[and continuing)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shàng xué]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to go to school; to attend school]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shāngyè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [commerce, business]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Shàoxiānduì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Young Pioneers]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shèhuì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [society; social]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shēngchǎn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to produce; production]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shēnghuó]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to live; life; daily life; livelihood]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shēngyì (shēngyi)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [business, trade]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shēnqīng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to apply (for)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shēntǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [body; health]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.it]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to cause (followed by a verb), to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[make, to enable]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shìchāng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [market]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shìjiè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [world]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shijièshang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [in the world, in the whole world]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shìjièxìng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [worldwide]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shíxíng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to practice, to carry out, to put]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[into effect, to implement (a]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[method, policy, plan, reform, etc.)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shizài]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [really; to be real]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shòu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to receive]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shòu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be thin]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shōuchāode]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [handwritten]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.it']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shòu Jiàoyu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to receive an education]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shōurù]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [income, earnings]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shōushi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to straighten up; to get one's]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.it]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[things ready]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shujià]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [summer vacation]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shuōbuqǐngchu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [can't explain clearly]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shuōdao]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to speak of; as for]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [shuōfǎ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [way of saying a thing; statement,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[version, argument]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shuòshì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Master's degree]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2', 7-5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [sǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to die]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3', 7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Si Shū]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [the Four Books (Dàxué, Zhōngyōng,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.it]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Lunyǔ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Mengzǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[sǐxiǎng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [thought, way of thinking]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [sònghuiqu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to take/escort back]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [sòngxíng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to see (someone off), to wish]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(someone) a good trip; to give]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[a going-away party]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[suàn le forget it, let's drop the matter,]{.font12}
[let it go at that; come off it, come on]{.font12}
[sūnnu granddaughter (through one's son)]{.font12}
[sūnzi grandson (through one's son)]{.font12}
[tán liàn'ài]{.font12} [to be in love, to be going together (courtship)]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12} [tǎoyàn]{.font12} [to dislike, to be disgusted with]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12} [téng]{.font12} [to be very fond of, to be attached to, to dote on]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12} [tí]{.font12} [to carry (from the hand at the side of the body)]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12} [tiào]{.font12} [to jump, to leap]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12} [tímu (-mù)]{.font12} [topic, subject; title; examination question, test problem]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12} [tīng]{.font12} [to heed (advice), to obey (orders)]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12} [tongjū]{.font12} [to cohabit; cohabitation]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12} [tongyì]{.font12} [to consent, to agree]{.font12} [7-5]{.font12} [tour]{.font12} [head, chief, boss]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12} [-tuán]{.font12} [group, society]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12} [Tuan]{.font12} [(Communist Youth) League]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12} [tǔdì]{.font12} [land]{.font12} [7.1+]{.font12}
[wàigōng]{.font12} [grandfather, grandpa (maternal)]{.font12} [7.1+°]{.font12} [wàipo]{.font12} [grandmother, grandma (maternal)]{.font12} [7.1+°]{.font12} [wàiwén]{.font12} [foreign language]{.font12} [7.5°]{.font12} [wǎnhuì]{.font12} [evening party]{.font12} [7.6°]{.font12} [wǎnliàn wǎnhūn]{.font12} [late involvement and late marriage]{.font12} [7.2']{.font12} [wèile]{.font12} [in order to; for the purpose of; for]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[the sake of]{.font12}
[wénhuà]{.font12} [culture; schooling, education,]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[literacy]{.font12}
[wénxuéJiā]{.font12} [writer, literary man]{.font12} [7.6°]{.font12} [wénzhāng]{.font12} [article, essay; prose (writing) style]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12} [wǒde tiān na!]{.font12} [my God!]{.font12} [7.1°]{.font12} [wǔjiào]{.font12} [noontime nap]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[xiàndài to be modern; contemporary; modern]{.font12}
[times]{.font12}
[xiǎng to sound, to make a sound]{.font12}
[xiàng to be like, to resemble; like;]{.font12}
[such as]{.font12}
[xiǎngbuchū]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [can't think up, can't come up with]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xiangdāng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [quite, pretty, considerably]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xiǎngdào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to think of]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xiāngxìn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to believe (in); to trust, to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[be convinced (that)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xiǎo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [young]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xiǎo diǎnr shēng(r)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [a little more quietly]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xiǎo péngyou]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [little friend; kids]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7-\^]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xiàoshun]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be filial; filial obedience]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xiǎoshuō(r)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fiction, novel]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xià qí]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to play chess]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [-xiaqu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [(resultative ending which indicates]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[continuing an action)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[-xiaqu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [down (directional ending used for]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[eating or drinking down)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xǐ dú]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to take drugs; drug taking]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xíguàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [habit, custom, usual practice; to be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[accustomed to, to be used to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xǐn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [heart]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [-xing]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [nature, -ness, -ity]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xìngkuǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fortunately, luckily]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.U']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xìngqu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [interest]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xīnli]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [in one's heart, in one's mind]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xīnshì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [something weighing on one's mind,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[worry]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xīnwén]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [news]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Xīnwén Zhōukān]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Newsweek]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xué hǎo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to learn from good examples, to learn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to be a good person]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xuéhuì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to learn, to master]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xuéqǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [semester, term (of school)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xuéshēnghuì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [student association]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xué yī]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to study medicine]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [xùnliànbān]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [training class]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yánjiū (-jiu, -jiù)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to study (in detail), to do research on; research]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [yào kàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to depend on]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Yàzhōu (Yǎ-)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Asia]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [yèdà]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [evening university]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [yě gāi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [really should]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.U']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [.•.yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [whether...or...; both...and..•]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [yě jiù]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [accordingly, correspondingly, so]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [yéye]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [grandfather (paternal)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1', 7.U]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [yǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [medical science, medicine (used in]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[phrases like ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[xué yǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [as soon as]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1', 7.U]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [-yì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [hundred million]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yì | [doing...while | [7.1]{.font12} | | biān(r)...]{.font12} | doing...]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yì | | | | biān(r)...]{.font12} | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yìfāngmiàn..., | [on the one | [7.2]{.font12} | | yì-]{.font12} | hand...on the other | | | | hand;]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [f | [for one thing..., | | | āngmiàn...]{.font12} | for another | | | | thing...]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yìjiāzi]{.font12} | [one family; the | [7.8\']{.font12} | | | whole family; the | | | | same family]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yí | [doing...while | [7.1]{.font12} | | miàn(r)...]{.font12} | doing...]{.font12} | | | | | | | [y | | | | ímiàn(r)---]{.font12} | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yìtiān dào | [all day | [7-3]{.font12} | | wan]{.font12} | long]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yīxué]{.font12} | [medical science, | [7.2]{.font12} | | | medicine]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yīyuàn]{.font12} | [hospital]{.font12} | [7.3\']{.font12} | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yìzhí]{.font12} | [all along, | [7.2]{.font12} | | | continuously, all the | | | | time (up until a | | | | certain | | | | point)]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yònggōng]{.font12} | [to be hardworking, | [7.3]{.font12} | | | to be industrious (in | | | | one's | | | | studies)]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [you]{.font12} | [excellent]{.font12} | [7.5\']{.font12} | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yǒu]{.font12} | [to come up to (a | [7.2\']{.font12} | | | certain | | | | level)]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [you]{.font12} | [also]{.font12} | [7.U]{.font12} | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [you]{.font12} | [anyway; after | [7.8]{.font12} | | | all]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [you bànfǎ, | [to be able to deal | [7-7]{.font12} | | (duì...)]{.font12} | with | | | | (something)]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [you | [to be | [7.2]{.font12} | | bāngzhu]{.font12} | helpful]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [you dàolǐ]{.font12} | [to make | [7.2]{.font12} | | | sense]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yòuéryuán]{.font12} | [k | [7.5\']{.font12} | | | indergarten]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [you guǐju]{.font12} | [to have manners, to | [7.U]{.font12} | | | be proper]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [you hǎochù]{.font12} | [to be beneficial, to | [7.5]{.font12} | | | be good | | | | (for)]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yǒu lǐmào]{.font12} | [to be well mannered, | [7.U]{.font12} | | | to be | | | | polite]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [you qián]{.font12} | [to be rich]{.font12} | [7.U]{.font12} | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [you xiào]{.font12} | [to be effective; to | [7.7]{.font12} | | | be valid]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yǒu xìngqu]{.font12} | [to be | [7.2]{.font12} | | | interested]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yǒu yánjiū]{.font12} | [to have done | [7.2]{.font12} | | | research on; to know | | | | a lot about]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yǒu yòng]{.font12} | [to be | [7.3]{.font12} | | | useful]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yuánlái]{.font12} | [original, former; | [7.8]{.font12} | | | originally, formerly; | | | | it turns out | | | | that...» so...! | | | | (expresses finding | | | | out the true | | | | situation)]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yuànyi]{.font12} | [to wish, would like, | [7.8]{.font12} | | | to want to; to be | | | | willing to]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yuányǐn]{.font12} | [reason, | [7.6]{.font12} | | | cause]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yuè lái | [more and more..., | [7.2]{.font12} | | yuè...]{.font12} | i | | | | ncreasingly]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yuè | [the more...the | [7.2]{.font12} | | ...yuè...]{.font12} | more...]{.font12} | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | [yùnqi]{.font12} | [luck]{.font12} | [7.8]{.font12} | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
[zài shuō]{.font12} [furthermore, besides, moreover]{.font12} [7.5°, 7.8°]{.font12} [zài yě bù/méi]{.font12} [never again]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12} [zǎo]{.font12} [a long time ago]{.font12} [7.3°]{.font12} [zāohūn]{.font12} [early marriage; child marriage; to]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[marry as a child; to marry early]{.font12}
[zěnme (yì)huí shi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [what's it all about]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zènme (yì)huí shi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [like this]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zéren (-rèn)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [responsibility]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhěng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to grow]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhāngdà]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to grow up]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhàngfu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [husband]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhànzhēng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [war]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.U*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhāobudào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [can't find, to be unable to find]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhàogu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to take care of; care]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2*. 7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhèi yíxiàzi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [after this, as a result of this]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhème (yì)huí shi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [like this]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhèng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Just, precisely, right]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhèngcè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [policy]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7-5*. 7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhèngfǔ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [government]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1**, 7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhènghāo(r)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [it Just so happens that, to happen]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to, as it happens; Just in time,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Just right, Just enough]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhèngzhi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [politics; political]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhi hāo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [can only, to have to, to be forced to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhishi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [knowledge]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhi yào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [provided that, as long as]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6*, 7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [-zhong]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [in]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Zhon]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[ggu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[o QIngnián]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [China Youth]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ (a periodical)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhòng nán qing nd]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to regard males as superior]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to females]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhōngxuéshēng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"} [High School Student]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ (a periodical)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhōukān]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [weekly publication, weekly magazine]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhuàn qián]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to earn money, to make money]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhǔrén]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [host, master]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zhùxialai]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to move and stay (in a place), to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[settle down]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhǔyào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [mainly]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zìyóu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [freedom; to be free]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zìyóu shìchāng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [free market]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zōng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [always; inevitably, without]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[exception; after all, in any case]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zōngjiào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [(organized) religion]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zōngtōng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [president]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zuì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [mouth]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zuì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [crime, guilt]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zuìJin]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [lately, recently; the near future,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[soon]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zuò]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be, to act as]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zuòbuliāo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be unable to do]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1*']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zuò llbài]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to worship, to go to church]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [zuòxia]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to sit down]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[283]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
^1^[]{#bookmark70}
[ Others: sentences with certain adverbs like ]{.font12}[yídìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, with potential resultative verbs, with the aspect marker -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.]{.font12}
^2^[]{#bookmark71}
['According to those pandas who answered our surveys.]{.font12}
^3^[]{#bookmark72}
[~]{.font12}[bèihòu~]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"behind the back\"]{.font12}
[You]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, as used in the second example above, can be thought of as meaning \"comes up to (a certain level).\" ]{.font12}[Gēn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which is usually used with ]{.font12}[yíyàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as in the example just cited, connotes exact comparison, so when your sentence compares concrete, measurable qualities like height or weight, it is usually better to use ]{.font12}[...gēn...yíyàng---]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. For example, ]{.font12}[Nǐ gēn tā yíyàng gāo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ states explicitly that you are the same height as he, so it would be inappropriate to use ]{.font12}[xiàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ there.]{.font12}
^4^[]{#bookmark73}
[ ]{.font12}[chuáng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"bed\"]{.font12}
^5^[]{#bookmark74}
[The term \"liberation\" is used with such frequency that we introduce it here despite the controversy over whether anything in fact was liberated or freed. For most people in China it is simply Jargon for referring to 19\^9» and the semantic content is of little importance.]{.font12}
^6^[]{#bookmark75}
[*In English \"He is dying\" may look like an ongoing action, but it actually means \"He is very near to passing from a living state to a dead state.\" The passing itself is instantaneous. So to translate \"He is dying\" into Chinese, you have to rephrase the thought, e.g., ]{.font12}[Tā kuài yào sǐ le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He is going to die soon,\" or ]{.font12}[Tā huobucháng le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He won't live long.\"]{.font12}
^7^[]{#bookmark76}
[The word ]{.font12}[gànbu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is also used in Taiwan, although not as frequently as on the mainland, to refer to people in positions of leadership in many kinds of organizations, especially government, the army, and large corporations.]{.font12}
^8^[]{#bookmark77}
[]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[kěài]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be loveable/adorable\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
^9^[]{#bookmark78}
['Notice that grandma says literally \"You are both here.\" This, however, is not a statement made after looking for the two and finally finding them.]{.font12}
[It's simply a common way of greeting or starting a conversation: you state the obvious.]{.font12}
[''More literally, \"How is it you are no longer taking your nap?\" (New-situation le)]{.font12}
^10^[]{#bookmark79}
[In other words, they did wake her up with their talking.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
^11^[]{#bookmark80}
[Grandma is referring to living conditions---it's not as comfortable on the mainland as in the U.S. or Hong Kong.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
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[This is a natural example of how one who has freely extended favors is not shy to ask a favor in return.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
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[More literally, \"You people are here.\" Notice this simple way of leaving a group. \"You're here\" is the functional equivalent of \"You stay here,\" i.e. \"I'm going to leave. Please go on talking without me.\" Another sentence you can use when leaving a group is ]{.font12}[Nǐmen tǎntan, wǒ xiǎn zǒu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"You go on talking I'm going to leave.\"]{.font12}
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[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. Why is his sister going to America? Why is she taking handicrafts?]{.font12}
[2. What will happen in the evening?]{.font12}
[3. What news does he learn about his sister?]{.font12}
[■ i. hoes his mother seem nervous? How can vou tell?]{.font11}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[This conversation takes place in the office of a factory in Beijing where an older man and a younger man are on the night shift.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following words and phrases:]{.font12}
[Lǎo Shīfu old master]{.font12}
[gémìng revolution]{.font12}