FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText.txt 136 KB

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  1. FSI - Standard Chinese - Resource Module - Student Text
  2. Foreign Service Institute
  3. CM 0102 S
  4. ¹ STANDARD CHINESE
  5. A MODULAR APPROACH
  6. RESOURCE MODULES:
  7. PRONUNCIATION and ROMANIZATION
  8. NUMBERS
  9. CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS fl
  10. TIME and DATES
  11. SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE
  12. UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS
  13. This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing
  14. military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and
  15. nonresident), Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including
  16. requests for copies, should be addressed to:
  17. Defense Language Institute
  18. Foreign Language Center
  19. NonresidentTraining Division
  20. Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006
  21. Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc
  22. which may be considered as controversial from some points of view, are
  23. sometimes included in the language instruction for DLIFLC students since
  24. military personnel may find themselves in positions where a clear
  25. understanding of conversations or written materials of this nature will
  26. be essential to their mission The presence of controversial
  27. statements-whether real or apparent--m DLIFLC materials should not be
  28. construed as representing the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or
  29. the Department of Defense.
  30. Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC
  31. instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and
  32. meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based
  33. solely on their value for instruction in the language. It does not
  34. constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise, nor is
  35. it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses
  36. not mentioned
  37. In DLIFLC publications, the words he, him, and/or his denote both
  38. masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to
  39. translations of foreign language texts.
  40. The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces.
  41. Purchase by the customer does net constitute authorization for
  42. reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products
  43. distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit setting
  44. without prior approval from the DLIFLC.
  45. STANDARD CHINESE
  46. A MODULAR APPROACH
  47. RESOURCE MODULES:
  48. PRONUNCIATION and ROMANIZATION
  49. NUMBERS
  50. CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS
  51. TIME and DATES
  52. AUGUST 1979
  53. PREFACE
  54. Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an Inter-agency
  55. conference held at the Foreign 5ērvice Institute in August 1973 to
  56. address the need’ genera! ly felt in the U.S. Government language
  57. training community for Improving and updating Chinese materials to
  58. reflect current usage in BēljTng and in Taipei.
  59. The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough
  60. Tn form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of
  61. government agencies and academic institutions.
  62. A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the
  63. Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense
  64. Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service institute,
  65. the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S.
  66. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
  67. Language School. The representatives have Included Arthur T. McNeill,
  68. John Hopkins, and John Ēoag CCIA); Colonel John F. Elder Hi, Joseph C.
  69. Hutchinson, Ivy Glbian, and Major Bernard Mulier-Thym (DU); James R.
  70. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shltama (NSA); Richard T.
  71. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozorlz
  72. (CFFLS) .
  73. The Project Board set up the Chinese Cora Curriculum Project in 1974 in
  74. space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S.
  75. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.
  76. Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council
  77. was formed consisting of Mr, Kok, Frances LI of the Defense Language
  78. Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of Texas, Eari M.
  79. RIckerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown
  80. University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy
  81. project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center
  82. and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on
  83. the planning council and contributed material to the project. The
  84. planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials
  85. and met regularly to review their development.
  86. Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey,
  87. Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation
  88. with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign
  89. Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the
  90. comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the
  91. communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides.
  92. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the
  93. student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C, PoI a had Joined the
  94. staff. Led by Ms. Baraìe, they have worked as a team to produce the
  95. materials subsequent to Module 6.
  96. All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao,
  97. Ylng-chlh Chen, Hslao-jung Chi, Eva Dlao, Jan Hu, Tsung-ml LI, and
  98. Yunhul C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chleh-fang Ou Lee,
  99. Ylng-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Me I -1 I Chen,
  100. and Henry Khuo helped In the preparation of a preliminary corpus of
  101. dialogues.
  102. Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent
  103. Basclano, Lisa A, Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T, C. Liang,
  104. Thomas E. Madden, Susan C, Pola, and Kathleen Strype,
  105. The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the
  106. Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio, The Chinese script was
  107. voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr, Chen, Ms. Dlao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr.
  108. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry,
  109. Mr. Basclano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.
  110. The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service
  111. Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A.
  112. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.
  113. Standard Chinese: A Modular .Approach was field-tested with the
  114. cooperation of Brown University? th"e~~Def ense Language Institute,
  115. Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language
  116. Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy the University of
  117. Illinois; and the University of Virginia,
  118. Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of
  119. the Defense Language institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the
  120. DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course
  121. materials. This support Included coordination, graphic arts, editing,
  122. typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry out
  123. these tasks.
  124. []
  125. CONTENTS
  126. _(Sffl) Preface.....................
  127. PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION
  128. Introduction ....
  129. ⁽> Tape : Workbook (Tones).........,
  130. Tape 2 Workbook (Consonants and Vowels I) ...... .
  131. Tape 3 Workbook (Consonants and Vowels II)
  132. Tape 4 Workbook (Consonants and Vowels III)
  133. Tape 5 Workbook (Consonants and Vowels IV)
  134. Tape 6 Workbook (Tones In Combination) ........ 19
  135. El Tone Card
  136. ^(in) Summary
  137. Tones
  138. Consonants and Vowels ..... ..........
  139. I . Finals
  140. i I . initials .....
  141. Sentence Intonation
  142. Is, Appendices
  143. I: List of initials
  144. • II: List of Finals
  145. NUMBERS I ntroduct Ion
  146. h Tape I Workbook (Numbers 1-6)
  147. - Tape 2 Workbook (Numbers 7-10 and 0) ...
  148. Tape 3 Workbook (Numbers 11-99)........... , 57
  149. my Tape 4 Workbook (Numbers 1-99, Review)
  150. Tape 5 Workbook (Numbers 100-999)
  151. Tape 6 Workbook (Numbers 1,000-99,999) ........ 63
  152. Summary .
  153. CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS
  154. TIME AND DATES Introduction ...........
  155. Tape 1 Workbook (Dates) ..... ...........
  156. Tape 2 Workbook (Years and Days of the Weak)
  157. Tape 3 Workbook (Clock Time)
  158. Tape 4 Workbook (Ciock Time and Parts of the Day) ... 64
  159. Summary
  160. []
  161. PRONUNCIATION and ROMANIZATION (P&R)
  162. INTRODUCTION
  163. Your chief concern as you start this course Is learning to pronounce
  164. Chinese, The Orientation Module, which plunges you right Into trying to
  165. say things in Chinese, naturally involves a certain amount of
  166. pronunciation work. This resource module is designed to supplement that
  167. work with a brief, systematic Introduction to the sound system of
  168. Standard Chinese, as well as to Its written representation in PTnyTn
  169. roman 1zation,
  170. The essential part of this module consists of the Pronunciation and
  171. Romanization CP&R) tapes and the accompanying displays and exorcises in
  172. the workbook section of this module. You should work through at least
  173. the first four of these tapes, and preferably the first six, while you
  174. are studying the Orientation ModuIe .
  175. Following the workbook section of this module, you will find a summary
  176. of pronunciation and romanization. You might want to glance at this
  177. before starting the tapes, particularly to locate certain charts and
  178. lists which could be helpful for reference. But it would probably be
  179. better to put off studying the summary until after you have finished the
  180. tapes. The tapes are Intended as an introduction, while the summary is
  181. not. For one thing, text discussions of the sounds of the language
  182. cannot equal the recorded presentations and your teacher’s oral
  183. presentations. For another thing, the summary provides considerably more
  184. Information than you wíi! need or want at first,
  185. Both the tapes and the summary contain discussions of the sounds of the
  186. language and their spellings. You may find that these discussions offer
  187. useful hints, allowing you to put your intellect to work on the problems
  188. of pronunciation and romanization, However, particularly in
  189. pronunciation, most of your learning must come from doing. it Is
  190. important to practice . reading and writing the romanization, but it is
  191. vital to practice recognizing and producing the sounds of the language.
  192. Serious and sustained attempts to mimic, as fa 1thfuiIy-as possible,
  193. either your Instructor or the speakers on the tapes will allow you to
  194. pick up unconsciously far more than you can attend to consc i ous I y.
  195. The most Important thing for you to do Is to abandon the phonetic
  196. '’prejudices" you have built up as a speaker of English and surrender
  197. yourself to the sounds of Chinese, Being less set than adults Tn their
  198. ways, children are quicker to pick up a proper accent. Try to regress to
  199. the phonetic suggestibility of childhood, however hard it is to shed the
  200. safe and comfortable rigidity and certainty of adulthood. Ths most your
  201. intellect can supply is a certain amount of guidance and monitoring.
  202. Be sure to repeat the words and sentences on the tapes In your full
  203. normal speaking voice, or even louder, as If you were speaking to
  204. someone at a reasonable distance. When you speak to yourself under your
  205. breath, you are considerably less precise In your pronunciation than
  206. when you speak aloud. This Is all right In English, since you can
  207. already pronounce the language. But, In Chinese, you would not be
  208. practicing that skill which you are trying to develop, and you would
  209. find yourself at a loss when you tried to switch to full volume in
  210. class.
  211. One of the advantages an adult has over a child In learning a language
  212. Is the ability to make use of e written representation of It. In this
  213. course you learn the PTnyTn system of romanization at the same time that
  214. you are learn i ng the sound system of Standard Chinese. (The nona
  215. Iphabet I c system of written characters Is taught as a separate
  216. component of the course.) You will find that PTnyTn is not the simplest
  217. possible phonetic transcription. Some of the letters and combinations of
  218. letters chosen to represent the sounds of Chinese are not the most
  219. obvious ones. While consonant letters generally stand for fixed
  220. consonant sounds, vowel letters can stand for various vowel sounds,
  221. depending on what letters precede them and follow them. Some of the
  222. abbreviation rules are more trouble than they are worth at first. These
  223. drawbacks--whI ch are actually relatively minor compared with those of
  224. most spelling systems--stem from the fact that PTnyTn was designed for
  225. speakers of Chinese, not for speakers of English. The primary
  226. consideration In devising the system was the most efficient use of the
  227. letters of the Roman alphabet to represent the sounds of Chinese. The
  228. drawbacks to learning PTnyTn are considerably outweighed by the
  229. advantage that PTnyTn is widely taught and used as a supplementary
  230. script In the People's Republic of China. You are learning PTnyTn not
  231. merely as an aid during the first few weeks of the course, but also as
  232. one of the ways Chinese Is actually written, and as what may well
  233. represent the wave of the future.
  234. NOTE: A number of surnames used in this module are rare. Some may even
  235. be unfamiliar to most Chinese, although all are authentic. These rare
  236. surnames are used to Illustrate various contrasts In sound and spelling.
  237. TAPE 1 WORKBOOK (TONES)
  238. DISPLAY I: THE FOUR TONES
  239. HIGH
  240. []
  241. mǎ, "horse"
  242. []
  243. []
  244. FALLING
  245. []
  246. mà, ^(,T)+o scold"
  247. Exercise I: F5ng vs. Fáng
  248. I . Fang 2. Fang 3.
  249. - 6. Fang 7. Fang S.
  250. Fang 4. Fang 5. Fang
  251. Fang 9. Fang IO. Fang
  252. ------------- --------- --------- ------- -------- ----- ------ ---- ----- -----
  253. Exercise 2: WSI vs . Wěi
  254. ■■ -
  255. 1 . Wei 2. We i 3. Wei 4. We I 5. Wei
  256. 6. Wei 7. We I fl. We I 9. Wei 10. Wei
  257. Exercise 3: M f vs. MT
  258. — “
  259. 1 . Mi 2. Ml 3. Ml 4. Mi 5 . MI
  260. 6* Mi 7. MI fl. MI 9. Ml 10. Ml
  261. Exercise 4: Wú vs. Wǔ
  262. 1 . Wu 2. Wu 3. Wu 4. Wu 5 , Wu
  263. 6. Wu 7. Wu ■ fl. Wu 9. Wu 10. Wu
  264. Exercise 5: YTn vs . Yìn
  265. ---—a
  266. I . Yin 2. Yin 3. Yin 4. Yin 5. Yin
  267. 6. Yin 7. Yin fl. Yin 9. Yin IO. Yin
  268. Exercise ō: Lái vs . Làǐ
  269. 1 . Lai 2. Lai 3. Laí 4. Laí 5. Lai
  270. 6. La i 7. Laí 6. Lal 9, Laf 10. Lal
  271. Exercise 7: Hāo vs . Hao
  272. -
  273. 1. Hao 2. Hao 3. Hao 4. Hao
  274. 5. Hao 6. Hao 7. Hao 8. Hao
  275. Exercise B: YT vs. Y í vs, YT vs. Yì
  276. — '—■" ■
  277. 1 . Yi 2, YI 3. YI 4. YI 5. YI
  278. 6. Yl 7. Yi 8. Yi 9. Yl 10. Yi
  279. II. Yi 12. YI 13. YI 14. YI 15. Yl
  280. ifl. YI 17, YI 18. YI 19. YI 20. Yi
  281. ------------- --------- --------- ------- -------- ----- ------ ---- ----- -----
  282. TAPE 2 WORKBOOK (CONSONANTS AND VOWELS I)
  283. DISPLAY I: SINGLE VOWELS
  284. ------------------ ----------------------------- ---------------------------------
  285. Ch Inese Surname S i m11 ar Sound in English Or i entat i on Module Examp 1e
  286. Fffng Oki nawa tSF
  287. Mi Tahiti nī
  288. Hú Mono lulu Hú
  289. Hóng woman tóngzhl
  290. Ēn ch J cken ne
  291. ------------------ ----------------------------- ---------------------------------
  292. Exerclse 1
  293. ----- --------- ----- --------- ------- -------- ----- ---------
  294. 1 . H____ng 2. H____ng 3. H___ng 4. H___ng
  295. 5, H___ng 6. H___ng 7, H___ng 8. H____ng
  296. 9. H____ng 10. H__ng 1 1 . H___ng 12. H___ng
  297. ----- --------- ----- --------- ------- -------- ----- ---------
  298. Exercise 2
  299. ------- ------- ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------
  300. 1. MS 2. Yǐ 3. Fti 4. Lóng 5. Há’’
  301. 6. Wú 7. F3ng 8. Ēn 9. Lú 10. Y6ng
  302. I 1 . MS ng 12. in 13. Yin 14. Ming 15. Hóng
  303. ------- ------- ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------
  304. DISPLAY II: DIPHTHONGS
  305. ------------------ -------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
  306. Ch Inese Surname S 1 m I1 ar Sound In English (with PTnyTn) Or Ien + atI on Modu1e Examp 1e
  307. ^(L)ÌL Shanghai (Shanghai ) tàj_tal
  308. Ta 1 pe 1 (Tái t>S_í_) shé 1
  309. Hao Mao Tse-Tung (Máo Zédōng) h So
  310. Lóu Chou En-lal (ZhCu Enlál) nS izh5u
  311. ------------------ -------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
  312. Exercise 3
  313. 2.
  314. Fě I
  315. 3.
  316. Máo
  317. 4.
  318. Hóu
  319. 5 .
  320. He
  321. I .
  322. Màl
  323. 6.
  324. 7.
  325. 8.
  326. Lè 1
  327. 9.
  328. Lóu
  329. 10.
  330. Měng
  331. 1 1 .
  332. Méi
  333. 12.
  334. LSo
  335. 13.
  336. Lóng
  337. 14.
  338. LT
  339. 15.
  340. Ou
  341. 16.
  342. W5I
  343. 17.
  344. Ēn
  345. 18.
  346. Nàī
  347. 19.
  348. Yóng
  349. 20.
  350. Hào
  351. DISPLAY III: SEMIVOWELS
  352. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  353. | Consonant A 1 | Semivowe1 A 1 | Consonant | Orientation |
  354. | one | one | | |
  355. | | | Plus Semivowel | Modu1e |
  356. | | | | |
  357. | | | | Examp 1e |
  358. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  359. | Háng | Wáng | Hu_áng Li^án | Gi^Sngzhōu |
  360. | | | MJ_áo L^áng | |
  361. | L,án | Wán | | xj_áoj I e |
  362. | | | | |
  363. | Máo | Yáo | | |
  364. | | | | |
  365. | Láng | Yáng | | |
  366. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  367. Exercise 4
  368. ----- -------- ----- ------- ----- --------- ----- ------- ----- -------
  369. 1. Hán 2. Wán 3. Huán 4 . Láng 5. Yáng
  370. 6. L1 áng 7. Luán 8. MIfeo 9. Huáng 10. Lifeo
  371. 11. Huá 12. Huá i 13. L 1 áng 14. Luán 15. Líào
  372. ----- -------- ----- ------- ----- --------- ----- ------- ----- -------
  373. DISPLAY IV: IRREGULAR COMBINATIONS OF SEMIVOWEL AND VOWEL
  374. Vowel Alone
  375. Semivowel Pius Vowel
  376. Or 1entatIon Module Examp 1e
  377. Initial
  378. After Consonant
  379. E
  380. An
  381. Lóng
  382. Yfe
  383. Yán
  384. Life
  385. Líán
  386. Luò
  387. X 1 fe X 1 6
  388. Dfen 1 án
  389. w6
  390. Exercise 5
  391. ----- ----- ----- -------- ----- ------ ----- -------- ----- --------
  392. 1 . Yfe 2. Yán 3. wò 4. Life 5. L 1 án
  393. 6. Luò 7. LI áng 8. Lóng 9. N I fe 10. Hé *
  394. II. Huò 12. Yáng 13. An 14. Yfe 15. N 1 án
  395. 16. Wò 17. È 18. Luò 19. L 1 án 20. Life
  396. ----- ----- ----- -------- ----- ------ ----- -------- ----- --------
  397. Exercise 6
  398. ------- ------- ----- --------- ----- ------- ----- ------ ----- -----
  399. 1 . Fffng 2. Lfiu 3. Huáng 4. Máo 5. YT
  400. 6. Wfel 7. M t ào 8. Luò 9. Lá 1 10. Wú
  401. 1 1 . Hóng 12. L 1 áng 13. Luán 14. Wò 15. Yán
  402. 18. Yáng 17. L I án 10. Life 19. Hé 20. Yfe
  403. ------- ------- ----- --------- ----- ------- ----- ------ ----- -----
  404. Exercise 7
  405. 1 .
  406. 5.
  407. ^(F)____^(n)9
  408. 2.
  409. 6.
  410. M______
  411. 3.
  412. 4.
  413. 7 .
  414. %
  415. 8.
  416. L
  417. 9.
  418. __n
  419. IO.
  420. ng
  421. 1 1 .
  422. L n
  423. 12.
  424. H___ng
  425. 13.
  426. L ng
  427. 14.
  428. Si
  429. 15.
  430. L
  431. 16.
  432. L
  433. 17.
  434. H , _ng
  435. IS.
  436. L________
  437. 19.
  438. _____n
  439. 20.
  440. L_______
  441. TAPE 3 WORKBOOK (CONSONANTS AND VOWELS II)
  442. Exercise I
  443. ----- ------- ----- ------- ----- -------- ----- ------- ----- -----
  444. 1. Ā___ 2 . Fá___ 3. Fá___ 4. Nó___ 5. MS_
  445. 6. W3___ 7. Yl___ 8. Llá___ 9. MT___ 10. Llá
  446. 1 . W5 12. Huá 13. Yì 14. Ná 15. Huá
  447. ----- ------- ----- ------- ----- -------- ----- ------- ----- -----
  448. DISPLAY I: STOPS
  449. --------------- ------------- ---------------- ------------ -----------
  450. Unasp 1 rated Asp I rated Or ì entatI on Mode Ie Examp 1es
  451. BSn P3n BSoIán TàIg_íng Yáng¹
  452. DO ng Tōng Dan 1án t3
  453. 63 K5 MS ?2_u6 KUnni f ng -
  454. --------------- ------------- ---------------- ------------ -----------
  455. Exercise 2
  456. ---- ------- ----- ------- ------- ------- ----- -------
  457. 1. ___Sn 2. ___Sn 3. __Sng 4. __ōng
  458. 5. 6. 5ng 7. 3 8. 3n
  459. 9. _5ng 10. S 1 1 . ___3n 12. ___3
  460. ---- ------- ----- ------- ------- ------- ----- -------
  461. ExercIse 3
  462. ---- ------ ----- ------ ------- ------- ----- ------
  463. 1. Be I 2. Gōu 3. Tú 4. Péng
  464. 5. Kòng 6. DTng 7. Plan 8. Táo
  465. 9, Kāng 10. Dal 1 1 . B I é 12. Guó
  466. ---- ------ ----- ------ ------- ------- ----- ------
  467. DISPLAY it: AFFRICATES
  468. Unasp I rated
  469. Asp 1 rated
  470. Orientation Module Examples
  471. Retrof1 ex
  472. Palatal
  473. Denta1
  474. ZhSng
  475. J I Sng
  476. Zāng
  477. ChSng QJ áng C5ng
  478. tóngzhl ChéngdE²
  479. JJàn gT
  480. záo Cīngzhōu²
  481. DISPLAY III: /r/ AND THE RETROFLEX POSITION
  482. ---- ----- ------ ------------------------------
  483. Orientation Module Example
  484. Rú Zhú Ch ú rén tóngzhl ChéngdCT²
  485. ---- ----- ------ ------------------------------
  486. DISPLAY IV: THE PALATAL POSITION
  487. ---- ---- ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------
  488. YT JT QT Numbers Resource Module Examples yT (one) j I ǔ (nine) qt (seven)
  489. ---- ---- ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------
  490. Exerc i
  491. se 4
  492. Retrof1 ex
  493. Pal ata 1
  494. Retrof1 ex Pa i ata 1
  495. 1.
  496. ZhSng
  497. J ī ang
  498. 7, Zhang
  499. J i Bng
  500. 2.
  501. Z lying
  502. J i 3ng
  503. 3. Zhíng
  504. J I Sng
  505. 3.
  506. ZhSng
  507. .J i a n g
  508. 9. Z'hāng
  509. J i 3ng
  510. 4,
  511. Zhang
  512. Jiang
  513. 10. Zhang
  514. Ji3ng
  515. 5.
  516. Zh3ng
  517. J í 3ng
  518. 11« Zhang
  519. J i ang
  520. 6.
  521. ZhSng
  522. J ì ang
  523. fZ. Zhang
  524. J 1 3ng
  525. Exercise 5
  526. í .
  527. Zh3ng
  528. 2, Jiang
  529. 3.
  530. Q
  531. iáng 4. ChBng 5. JT
  532. 6.
  533. QT
  534. 7. Rú
  535. 8.
  536. Zh£í 9. Chu
  537. 10. Zhào
  538. i ! .
  539. Qíán
  540. 12. Ren
  541. 13,
  542. Chén 14, Jía
  543. 15* R6ng
  544. Exercise □
  545. Retraf1 ex
  546. Pa 1 ata 1
  547. De n t a j_
  548. Retref 1 ex
  549. Pa I ata i Penta 1
  550. 1 .
  551. Zh3ng
  552. J 1 Sng
  553. Zang
  554. 7, Zhang
  555. JÌSng Zāng
  556. 2,
  557. Zhang
  558. J J Sng
  559. Zing
  560. 8. Zhang
  561. Jiang zang
  562. 3,
  563. ZhSng
  564. J 1 3ng
  565. Zang
  566. 9, ZhSng
  567. Jiang Zāng
  568. 4.
  569. Zhang
  570. J i3ng
  571. Zang
  572. 10. ZhSng
  573. J ISng ZSng
  574. j.
  575. ZhSng
  576. J īang
  577. Zang
  578. I 1 . ZhSng
  579. J 13ng ZBng
  580. 6.
  581. Zhang
  582. J I Sng
  583. ZSng
  584. 12. ZhSng ,
  585. J 1Sng Z3ng
  586. Exercise 7
  587. ------- ------- ------ --------- ----- ------ ----- ------- ----- ---------
  588. 1 , ZhSng 2. J ì 3ng 3. ZSng 4, Chāng 5. Q 1 éng
  589. 6. Gang 7. ZCu 8. Cáo 9, Chén 10, Zhào
  590. 1 1 * Qian 12. JTn 13, Rén 14. QT 15. Ch ū
  591. 16. Zhú i 7. Rú 18. JT 19, CM 20. Ze 1
  592. ------- ------- ------ --------- ----- ------ ----- ------- ----- ---------
  593. Exercise 8
  594. ----- -------- ----- ----------- ------- ------------- ----- -----------
  595. 1. ___5ng 2. ___Sng 3. __1 Sng 4 . __’áng
  596. 5 . ___5ng 6. ___5rg 7 . __________ú a. _(_)___áo
  597. 9. TSn 10. _én 1 1 . ú 12. ǎi
  598. 13. _T !4. _én 15, àl 16, _ào
  599. 17, Tn 18, ________□ 19, _____5u 20. _______T
  600. ----- -------- ----- ----------- ------- ------------- ----- -----------
  601. TAPE 4 WORKBOOK (CONSONANTS AND VOWELS lit)
  602. DISPLAY I: AFFRICATES AND FRICATIVES
  603. AtfrI cates
  604. Fricatives
  605. Retrof1 ex
  606. Zji3ng
  607. ChSng
  608. ShSng
  609. Pa 1 ata 1
  610. J I Sng
  611. 2J Sng
  612. XI Sng
  613. Denta1
  614. £Sng
  615. Cāng
  616. S3 ng
  617. Exercise í: ShSng vē. X ISng
  618. Retrof1 ex
  619. Pa 1 ata 1
  620. RetrofI ex
  621. Fa 1 ata 1
  622. í.
  623. Shing
  624. XI Ing
  625. e.
  626. Shíng
  627. Xiang
  628. 2.
  629. ShSng
  630. Xling
  631. 7.
  632. Shing
  633. Xllng
  634. 3.
  635. ShSng
  636. Xling
  637. a.
  638. Shing
  639. XI Sng
  640. 4.
  641. S filing
  642. XI Sng
  643. 9.
  644. Shing
  645. XÍBng
  646. 5.
  647. Shing
  648. XI Sng
  649. 10.
  650. Shing
  651. Xling
  652. ExercI
  653. se 2;
  654. ìhSng vs, XISng vs.
  655. Sing
  656. *
  657. Ratrof J bx
  658. Pa I ata I
  659. Penta L
  660. RetrofI ex
  661. Pa 1 ata 1 Penta 1
  662. i .
  663. Sh3ng
  664. Xling
  665. Sing
  666. e.
  667. Shing
  668. Xiang
  669. S3ng
  670. 2.
  671. Ēhíng
  672. Xling
  673. S3ng
  674. 7.
  675. ShSng
  676. XI Sng
  677. Sing
  678. 3,
  679. S h in g
  680. XI ing
  681. Sing
  682. 8,
  683. ShSng
  684. XI Sng
  685. Sing
  686. 4.
  687. Shing
  688. XI Sng
  689. Sing
  690. 9.
  691. ShSng
  692. XlSng
  693. Sing
  694. 5.
  695. Shing
  696. XI Sng
  697. Sāng
  698. ^(í0)-
  699. ShSng
  700. Xīing
  701. Sāng
  702. Exercise 3
  703. 1 *
  704. Shing
  705. 2.
  706. Xlāng 3.
  707. S3ng
  708. 4.
  709. SO 5.
  710. Shd 6.
  711. XTn
  712. 7.
  713. Shào
  714. 8.
  715. Xlāo 9,
  716. Sòng
  717. ÍO.
  718. Xi à IL
  719. Su3 12.
  720. Shen
  721. Pi
  722. Exerclse 4
  723. I. Zhao 2. XI3o 3. Cáo 4. Shào 5. Qiáo 6. JiSo
  724. - 7. Cháo 3. Suǒ 9. Zuò 10. Càl II. ShQ 12, XTn
  725. - 13. ZSng 14. Chú 15. JTn 16. Song 17, Zh3u IB. Qfn
  726. DISPLAY II: FRICATIVES
  727. ShT XT ST
  728. Exerclse 5:
  729. XT vs. ST vs. ShT
  730. ——— - —
  731. —.—--
  732. 1 . ShT
  733. 2. XT
  734. 3. ST 4. XT 5. ST 6. ShT
  735. 7. ST
  736. 3. ShT
  737. 9. XT 10. ST 11. XT 12. ShT
  738. DISPLAY III
  739. Rì běn
  740. Exercise 6
  741. ----- ----- -------- ----- ----- ------- ----- ----- ----- ------ ---- ---------
  742. 1 . ShT 2. ChT 3. ZhT 4. Rì³ 5. XT 6. or 7. JT
  743. 8. YT 9. LT 10. ST I 1 . zT 12. Cf³ 1 3, QT 14. ChT
  744. 15. ST 16. Mi 17. ZhT 18. ZT 19. JT 20. Df 21. Rì³
  745. 22. Cf³ 23. XT 24. ShT 25. M í
  746. ----- ----- -------- ----- ----- ------- ----- ----- ----- ------ ---- ---------
  747. Exercise 7
  748. ----- ------------- ----- ----------- ------- --------- ----- --------
  749. 1 . _______T 2. ________T 3. ______T 4. ___3ng
  750. 5. ____i 5 rig 6. ___Sng 7. ___3ng 8, ___Sng
  751. 9. _l Sng 10. __1 áng 1 1 . ___3ng 12. ___3ng
  752. ----- ------------- ----- ----------- ------- --------- ----- --------
  753. Exercise 8
  754. 1 30
  755. Pn
  756. n
  757. I. ________________
  758. 4, c h ~
  759. 7. i j;_______
  760. 10. z _______
  761. 15. z J
  762. 2, zh_2____
  763. 5. ch ______
  764. 8, ch 2
  765. 11. ch 2__
  766. I 4 , y 2
  767. 5- q_________
  768. 6, th_2____
  769. 9, ______
  770. 12. zh_2____
  771. 15. z_________
  772. J T
  773. ChT
  774. Rì*
  775. TAPE 5 WORKBOOK (CONSONANTS AND VOWELS IV)
  776. DISPLAY I
  777. ------ ----- ----- ------
  778. Ēn Wōn Hūn HuSn
  779. Fè í Wèf Gul Guèl
  780. Hòu You Llū LIŌu
  781. ------ ----- ----- ------
  782. DISPLAY H
  783. Yōu
  784. L T ú
  785. Yòu l r ìj
  786. DISPLAY III
  787. Luò
  788. Exercise 1
  789. 1 . W3n
  790. 2.
  791. Hūn
  792. 3. Wèl
  793. 4.
  794. Gul
  795. 5.
  796. YÒu
  797. 6. L1Ǔ
  798. 7.
  799. Luò
  800. 3. Mò
  801. 9.
  802. Lún
  803. 10.
  804. Nlú
  805. II. Rul
  806. 12.
  807. 13. CuT
  808. 14.
  809. Chūn
  810. 15.
  811. QI ú
  812. Exercise 2
  813. %.
  814. ■%
  815. 1 ,
  816. n
  817. 2.
  818. n 3.
  819. 4.
  820. 5.
  821. 6.
  822. *
  823. 1 7.
  824. 1
  825. 8.
  826. 9. 9____
  827. 13. ।
  828. 10.
  829. _________' I 1 .
  830. n
  831. 12.
  832. 14.
  833. ___2_n 15.
  834. 16.
  835. 1_________________________
  836. DISPLAY IV
  837. Li
  838. LU
  839. Exerc i se
  840. 3
  841. a
  842. I .
  843. LI
  844. Lu
  845. 6.
  846. LT
  847. -
  848. LU
  849. 2.
  850. LT
  851. LU
  852. 7.
  853. LT
  854. LU
  855. 3.
  856. LT
  857. V
  858. LU
  859. 0.
  860. LT
  861. LU
  862. 4.
  863. LT
  864. LG
  865. LU
  866. 9.
  867. LT
  868. LU
  869. 5.
  870. LI
  871. LU
  872. IO.
  873. LT
  874. LU
  875. Exercl se
  876. 4
  877. 1 .
  878. LT
  879. 2.
  880. 3.
  881. LU
  882. 4.
  883. 5.
  884. LU
  885. 6.
  886. LT
  887. 7.
  888. LÌJ
  889. 0.
  890. LU
  891. 9.
  892. LT
  893. 0.
  894. DISPLAY V
  895. -----------------------------------------------------
  896. YÚ Yuè YUán YUn
  897. -----------------------------------------------------
  898. DISPLAY VI
  899. Yfe
  900. Wán
  901. Wén
  902. m
  903. YUán
  904. YÚn
  905. Yán
  906. YUán
  907. Exercise 5
  908. 1. Shǔ
  909. 2.
  910. 3.
  911. 4.
  912. 5.
  913. 6. Zǔ
  914. 7.
  915. Zhú
  916. 3.
  917. 9.
  918. Chú
  919. 10.
  920. 1
  921. . Mìi
  922. 12.
  923. 13.
  924. Ju
  925. 14.
  926. 15.
  927. Exercise 6
  928. ----- -------- ----- ------- ------- ------ ----- -------
  929. 1. Shu 2. Sù 3. xù 4 . Xú'ān
  930. 5 . Shuàng 6. ChUn 7. jUn 8 . Yliè
  931. 9, què IO. LU 1 1 . Lú 12. YU
  932. 13. JU 14. Yìlán 15. QUán 16. Yun
  933. ----- -------- ----- ------- ------- ------ ----- -------
  934. DISPLAY VII
  935. òr
  936. TAPE 6 WORKBOOK (TONES IN COMBINATION)
  937. []
  938. f 51 le
  939. DISPLAY I: THE NEUTRAL TONE
  940. []
  941. []
  942. ExercIse I
  943. ---- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ------- ------ ----- ----- ------ -----
  944. 1. FSi 1 e 2. Fél 1 e 3. Fěl 1 e 4. Ffel 1 e
  945. 5. Fě 1 I e 6, Fél 1 e 7. Ffel 1 e 8, F51 le
  946. 9. Fél 1 e 10, Fèl 1 a 1 1 . FSÍ I e 12. Fél 1 e
  947. ---- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ------- ------ ----- ----- ------ -----
  948. DISPLAY II: THE HALF THIRD TONE
  949. []
  950. Té ì běI
  951. []
  952. BělJTng YSngp I ng BSodlng
  953. DISPLAY III: THE RAISED THIRD TONE
  954. []
  955. []
  956. NánhSl BělhSl
  957. Exercise 2
  958. ---- --------- ----- ----------- ------- ----------- ----- ----------
  959. 1. Thibet 2. Be i JTng 3. Yóngp íng 4. BelhSl
  960. 5. Bāodlng 6. Be 1hǎ1 7. Be IJTng 8. Tálbèi
  961. 9. Be Ihǎ1 10. BSodlng 1 1 . YÓngping i2. Be i hǎI
  962. ---- --------- ----- ----------- ------- ----------- ----- ----------
  963. DISPLAY IV: TWO-TONE SEQUENCES (1)
  964. --- ---------- ------------- ----------- ----------- --------
  965. 1 2 3 4 0
  966. 1 ShínxT Ktfnmí ng XIBnggSng KSIhuà FBI le
  967. 2 YSn'ín Y 0 n n á n TálbSl Luódlng Féi le
  968. 3 BSlJTng Yóngp f ng BSīhSl Guíngxl n Fèl le
  969. 4 Si chuSn Rèhér* ShànghS1 Fèngyì Fàl le
  970. --- ---------- ------------- ----------- ----------- --------
  971. Exercise 3
  972. ---------- ----------- ----- -------------- ------- ------------ ----- ------------
  973. 1 . Shanx1 2. Feī le 3. Luod1 ng 4. Be 1 ha I
  974. 5. Reher 6. Sichuan 7. YongpI ng 9. Tai be!
  975. 9. Ka I hua to. X1anggang 1 1 . YUnnen 12. Bel J 1 ng
  976. 13. Eel le 14. Shanghai 15. Guangx1n 16. Fel le
  977. 17. ríunml ng 18. Yan’an 19. Fel le 20. Fengy1
  978. Exercise i 4
  979. 1. ShBnxT 2, X 1 JJnggSng 3. YAn’Sn 4. Fél ie
  980. 5. SichuSn 6. Ktfnmf ng 7. GuSngxln 8. Fòngyl
  981. 9. BólhSl 10. Fěl le 1 1 . YSngp f ng 12. ShànghS1
  982. 13. FII le 14. YÚnnán 15. Télběl 16. Luódln
  983. 17. K31hua 18. Fèi le 19. Be IJTng 20. Rèhér
  984. ---------- ----------- ----- -------------- ------- ------------ ----- ------------
  985. *ihis is the name of a former province.
  986. []
  987. DISPLAY V: TWO-TONE SEQUENCES (2)
  988. --- -------------- ---------- ------------ --------- ----------
  989. 1 2 3 4 0
  990. 1 CSngzhōu ZhTf ú QTngdǎo 85yl ESI le
  991. 2 Zézhffu J iésh f Su I yUSn⁴ Méngzì Fél 1 e
  992. 3 WìíchSng J 1ǔ16ng Pǔěr L&shùn Fě 1 le
  993. 4 Z h feJ 1Sng YUè nán R1 běn Wànx1àn Fě 1 1 a
  994. --- -------------- ---------- ------------ --------- ----------
  995. Exercise 5
  996. ---------- ------------- ----- ----------- ------- ----------- ----- -----------
  997. 1 . Feí le 2. YUenan 3. Lilshun 4. Wuchang
  998. 5, Su i yllan 6. Fel le 7. Zhl fu 8. Wanxlan
  999. 9. ZhejIang IO. Fuer 1 1 . Fel le 12. J 1esh1
  1000. 13. Bey 1 14. Cangzhou 15, Rl ben 16. Fel le
  1001. 17. J 1 u 1 ong 18. Mengz1 19. Zezhou 20. QIngdao
  1002. Exerc1se > 6
  1003. I . Cffngzhōu 2. ZhèJ ISng 3. J 1 ǔ16ng 4. Su Iytlín
  1004. 5. B5yl 6. Wànxlàn 7. Fě I le a. ZézhCu
  1005. 9. ZhTfú IO. Yilènán 1 1 . Pǔǎr 12. Méngzì
  1006. 13. Fēl le 14, Fèl le 15. WìíchSng 16, J 1ésh í
  1007. 17. QTngdǎo 18. R1 hěn 19. LEfshùn 20. Fél le
  1008. ---------- ------------- ----- ----------- ------- ----------- ----- -----------
  1009. TONE CARD
  1010. []
  1011. SUMMARY
  1012. TONES
  1013. Every syllable In Standard Chinese has one of four distinctive "tones"
  1014. or patterns of pitch. The only exception to this rule is that a syllable
  1015. loses Its inherent tone when It Is unstressed. The tone is just as much
  1016. a part of a syllable as the consonants and vowels and performs the same
  1017. function--sīgnaling the meaning of the syllable* In other words,
  1018. difference In tone between two syllables can signal a difference In
  1019. meaning, Just as a difference In consonants or vowels does.
  1020. It will be difficult at first to appreciate fully that a tone Is
  1021. something that belongs to a syllable rather than something that merely
  1022. happens to It. This Is because the only use of pitch patterns In English
  1023. Is for Intonation of entire sentences, affecting only the meanings of
  1024. whole sentences. For example, the rising pitch at the end of "Spinach Is
  1025. delicious?" has nothing to do with the meaning of the word "delicious"
  1026. but tells us that the whole sentence should be Interpreted as "Are you
  1027. saying that spinach is delicious?" It may be difficult at first to
  1028. remember the tone of a syllable as well as you remember the consonants
  1029. and vowels. This Is because you have to develop the completely new habit
  1030. of marking tones In your mental dictionary.
  1031. []
  1032. The Four Tones
  1033. Display I diagrams the pitch patterns of the four tones and gives their
  1034. descriptive names and traditional numbers. As examples, four
  1035. single-syllable words with completely different meanings but different
  1036. to the ear only in their tones are pronounced at the beginning of the
  1037. first P&R tape.
  1038. The tone diagrams may bo read as musical notations. The vertical
  1039. dimension stands for pitch, with the top of the diagram slightly above
  1040. your normal pitch range In English and the bottom slightly below. The
  1041. horizontal dimension stands for duration. The thickness of the curve
  1042. stands for loudness. These diagrams show the tones as they are heard In
  1043. isolated syllables.
  1044. The High tone (or First tone) has a steady high pitch and average
  1045. length. You may find It somewhat uncomfortable to pronounce at first,
  1046. since a steady high pitch is seldom used In English—your only relevant
  1047. experience comes from music. Notice that the accent mark which
  1048. represents this tone In the romanization captures the level contour
  1049. rather than the high pitch.
  1050. IG
  1051. The Rising tone (or Second tone) rises from the middle of the pitch
  1052. range to the top. it too has average length. Unlike the rising
  1053. Intonation used In English for questions, the Rising tone gets louder as
  1054. It rises. Notice that the tone mark In the romanization rises from left
  1055. to right.
  1056. I
  1057. d"
  1058. The Low tone (or Third tone) starts low, dips to the bottom of the pitch
  1059. range, and then rises. The lowest part of this tone is the most
  1060. distinctive, the part to focus on both when you are trying to pronounce
  1061. the tone and when you are trying to recognize it. The lowest part takes
  1062. the greatest effort and is the most, prominent, despite the fact that it
  1063. Is actually not quite as loud as the rest of the tone. This part Is
  1064. exaggerated, both in length and In pitch, when the syllable 1$ stressed
  1065. for emphasis. Particularly with male speakers, it may have a harsh,
  1066. scraping quality. The Low tone has greater than average length. In
  1067. English a similar Intonation is sometimes used for "Well?” when you have
  1068. been waiting to hear something. Notice that the tone mark captures the
  1069. dipping pitch pattern.
  1070. The Falling tone (or Fourth tone) starts at the top of the pitch range
  1071. end drops sharply to the bottom, diminishing in loudness as it drops. It
  1072. has shorter than average length. In English the falling Intonation used
  1073. for exclamations, as in "Well!” is similar, but the Falling tone starts
  1074. higher and ends lower than all but our most emphatic exclamations.
  1075. Notice that the tone mark falls from left to right.
  1076. The Neutral Tone
  1077. A syllable loses Its inherent tone when It Is unstressed. An unstressed
  1078. syllable, besides being weak and hurried, will have a pitch that Is not
  1079. something of Its own but rather something that Is imposed on It by the
  1080. tones of the surrounding syllables, particularly by the tone of the
  1081. preceding syllable. In such cases we say that the syllable has tost its
  1082. full tone, that Its tone has been neutralized, or that it is in the
  1083. Neutral tone, ⁵(Th© Neutral tone Is taken up at the beginning of P&R
  1084. Tape 6.)
  1085. DISPLAY II: THE NEUTRAL TONE
  1086. []
  1087. fBi le fél le fěi I e
  1088. []
  1089. fèl le
  1090. Display II shows the pitch of the Neutral tone after each of the four
  1091. tones. The examples are four verbs which differ only In their tones,
  1092. each followed by a grammatical element In the Neutral tone, (Notice that
  1093. ths Neutral tone Is indicated In the romanization by the absence of a
  1094. tone mark.}
  1095. After the Falling tone (4), the pitch of the Neutral tone amounts to the
  1096. end of the fall. After the other three tones, It amounts to a Jump back
  1097. to, or slightly beyond, the middle of the pitch range. In the case of
  1098. the Low tone (3), the Jump Is from the low point, since the Low tone has
  1099. lost Its rising tail. The pitch of the Neutral tone may also be affected
  1100. by the tone of a syllable which follows, moving the Neutral tone in the
  1101. direction of the start of the following tone. However, a sequence of
  1102. Neutral tones will stay at the same pitch or will drop gradually.
  1103. lāVfi
  1104. BS ,
  1105. There are a few syllables, most of them grammatical elements, which are
  1106. always unstressed in normal speech and, therefore, are always In the
  1107. Neutral tone. These syllables are exceptions to ths rule that every
  1108. syllable has a basic full tone, a tone that may be neutralized but will
  1109. reappear under stress. To make a comparison with English, it Is hard to
  1110. say what the ’’neutral vowel¹’ In the word ’’given” has been reduced
  1111. from, since the ending -en is never stressed.
  1112. Tone Changes
  1113. 3
  1114. It rhe >m The a 1 on
  1115. it y.
  1116. The Low tone pronounced in isolation has a dipping-rising pitch pattern.
  1117. This is the shape It always has before a pause. But the Low tone loses
  1118. Its rising tall before a Neutral tone, and Display III shows that the
  1119. Low tone also loses its tail before any non-Low tone. This display
  1120. further shows that something even more unexpected happens to a Low tone
  1121. before another Low tone* It changes to a Rising tone, or at least to
  1122. something so close to a Rising tone that even native speakers cannot
  1123. tell the difference. A Low tone which has lost Its rising tail before a
  1124. different tone Is still recognizable, or Is even more recognizable, as a
  1125. Low tone. But a Low tone which has changed to a Rising tone before
  1126. another Low tone is no longer recognizable. What you will hear for ”i’m
  1127. fine¹¹ Is Wó hSo. The only way you can tell that the first word Is reaI
  1128. Iy w& Ts by hearing It when It is not followed by a Low tone. Another
  1129. quirk of the Low tone Is that ft sometimes changes to a Rising tone
  1130. before a neutralized Low tone. Whether this happens or not depends on
  1131. considerations of grammar and word formation. It always happens, for
  1132. example, when the syllables are separate words, as with the words qTmg j
  1133. "+ o ask,” and nl, ’’you,” In the expression Qí ng n I . . ., which
  1134. means ”(1) ask you (to do such-and-such)¹’ or ”Rlease (do
  1135. such-and-such).” ft does not happen in J 1SJ ie (from J i ěj i S),
  1136. "older sister.” (The exceptional behavior of the Low tone is taken up In
  1137. the sixth tape of this module, right after the section on the Neutral
  1138. tone.) .
  1139. DISPLAY HI: THIRD TONE BEFORE FULL TONES
  1140. []
  1141. Bè!JTng
  1142. YSngp íng
  1143. BāThĚI
  1144. Bāodlng
  1145. There are certain other tone changes that take place in longer sequences
  1146. of syllables. The main example of this is that a Rising tone changes to
  1147. a High tone when 1+ follows a High tone or Rising tone and is fol lowed
  1148. by any fuI I tone. For Instance, J I5ná dà, ’’Canada,” Is pronounced J
  1149. ISnSdà. Using tone marks, the rule may be expressed tike this:
  1150. ” ' ” becomes - - - * becomes
  1151. ~ ‘ becomes ~ ~ ■ becomes
  1152. ” ' * becomes * * ^(v) ' * becomes
  1153. " ' ' becomes - - * * becomes
  1154. However, these tone changes will be studied only after you have gained
  1155. control of two-syilable sequences.
  1156. There are also cases where particular words change their tones under the
  1157. Influence of following tones. The number I Is y T when It Is pronounced
  1158. alone or as one of a series of digits. It Is yt before a Falling tone or
  1159. neutralized Falling tone, and yì before any other tone. The numbers 7,
  1160. qT, and 8, bS, are q f and bá before a Falling tone for most speakers.
  1161. The negative marker bǔ Is bú before a Falling tone or neutralized
  1162. Falling tone. in this course you will find bú quite a few times before
  1163. you find bù, but keep in mind that bù is the more basic form. "No," for
  1164. example, Is bù.
  1165. Tone Weakening and Strengthening
  1166. in addition to the dramatic tone changes discussed previously, there are
  1167. certain minor automatic changes which affect all full tones In words of
  1168. two or more syllables. These Involve all three factors shown in the tone
  1169. dIagram--Ioudness, pitch, and length.
  1170. Let's start with a similar phenomenon In English, In an English word of
  1171. two or more syllables, the syllables vary In how forceful they are and
  1172. how much emphasis they receive. We normally think of these levels of
  1173. "stress" In terms of the loudness of the syllable, but other factors,
  1174. Including syllable length and pitch, are even more Important. The one
  1175. thing you need to know about the stress pattern of an English word Is
  1176. which syllable has the main stress. This syllable will have the same
  1177. weight as a single-syllable word pronounced alone. The stress levels of
  1178. the other syllables, down to the level we call "unstressed," will then
  1179. fall Into place almost automatically.
  1180. For tons
  1181. iave
  1182. IF
  1183. ng e, The id '1 mes ilc
  1184. Flit o I va
  1185. i*
  1186. in
  1187. »
  1188. fe oud-
  1189. >u
  1190. । the
  1191. i
  1192. a I I
  1193. Examples such as "PHO-to-graph," "pho-TOG-ra-phy," and "pho-to-GRAPH-ic"
  1194. tel 1 you al I you need to know about the stress patterns of these
  1195. words.
  1196. The best way to approach the stress patterns of Chinese words Is the
  1197. other way around. The first thing to find out Is whether any of the
  1198. syllables are unstressed, that is, whether any are In the Neutral tone.
  1199. (By far the most likely candidate is the last syllable.) Then the stress
  1200. levels of the remaining, full-tons syllables will fall Into place
  1201. according to the following rules:
  1202. - I. The first full-tone syllable will have normal stress, the same as
  1203. when It Is pronounced.
  1204. - 2. The last full-tone syllable (if there is more than one) will have
  1205. heavIer-than-normaI stress. Its loudness, pitch range, and length
  1206. will be exaggerated.
  1207. - 3, Any middle syllables will have I Ighter-than-normaI stress. Their
  1208. loudness, pitch range, and length will be reduced.
  1209. Let’s take, as an example, the Chinese phonetic equivalent of '’Italy,"
  1210. Y ì d à 11 . All three syllables have full Falling tones, but notice 1n
  1211. the dIagram below that the three pitch patterns are slightly different:
  1212. the first one is normal; the middle one Is reduced; and the last one Is
  1213. exaggerated.
  1214. []
  1215. -dà- -11
  1216. []
  1217. The few exceptions to these rules for relative levels of stress are due
  1218. to meaning. One such exception Is that the first of two full-tone
  1219. syllables may be given the heavIer-than-normaI stress If the first
  1220. syllable Is more significant. For example, the word for ’'Germany" is
  1221. pronounced by most speakers as Déguó. The syllable De- Identifies the
  1222. country (It Is derived phonetically from Deutsch land), while -guó,
  1223. "country,” is used In the names of many countries. Thus the first
  1224. Rising-tone syllable Is stronger, in violation of the general rules for
  1225. stress patterns.
  1226. Dé-
  1227. -guó
  1228. The subordinate status of -guó In the names of countries Is most clearly
  1229. seen by the fact that some speakers treat It almost as a suffix,
  1230. pronouncing It Tn the Neutral tone, so that "Germany" becomes Oéguo.
  1231. As with English levels of stress, these differences are fairly subtle.
  1232. You may not be able to hear them too clearly, and you can make yourself
  1233. understood well enough even without getting them quite right, although
  1234. you are likely to sound like a computer. You should be able to learn
  1235. stress patterns without even thinking about them If you will try to
  1236. mimic Chinese speakers as closely as possible.
  1237. After learning more about consonants and vowels In the next section of
  1238. this summary, you will be Introduced to sentence intonation in the last
  1239. section, where you will find that there are further modifications In the
  1240. pitch patterns of the tones. If you are reading this summary as you
  1241. begin the course, new Information Is piling up too fast. Don’t try to
  1242. keep everything In mind at once. As a first approximation of the tones,
  1243. for example, try giving your syllables Identifiable and correct tones.
  1244. When you have mastered that, work on one or two more points. Meanwhile,
  1245. your ear will have begun to lock Tn on what Chinese sounds like, and you
  1246. will begin to reach the point of automatic control.
  1247. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS
  1248. Much of the structural simplicity of the Chinese language is made
  1249. evident by traditional analysis of syllable structure. Start with the
  1250. syllables which are different to the ear. There are only about 1,300
  1251. such distinguishable syllables, not nearly as many as In English. (Many
  1252. syllables which sound alike carry more than one meaning and are written
  1253. with different characters for each meaning, much as the same English
  1254. spoken syllable carries the three meanings represented by the spellings
  1255. "two," "too," and "to.")
  1256. most as iny”
  1257. i
  1258. '>
  1259. it
  1260. I ke
  1261. •hout
  1262. >eakers
  1263. next
  1264. I n-
  1265. i are f
  1266. if or
  1267. In
  1268. :amp I e, lhen
  1269. m-■ ounds
  1270. itroI .
  1271. ige e.
  1272. iere ir I y irry ers
  1273. P&R MODULE
  1274. DISPLAY IV: INITIAL-FINAL COMBINATIONS *
  1275. -
  1276. c :3
  1277. .3
  1278. 9
  1279. c
  1280. X
  1281. 3
  1282. >.
  1283. e
  1284. :□
  1285. 3
  1286. G
  1287. X
  1288. it :□
  1289. 3 C
  1290. 13
  1291. b
  1292. 2.
  1293. 9
  1294. M
  1295. «s
  1296. >.
  1297. :3
  1298. C
  1299. -.3
  1300. ,2.
  1301. 9
  1302. 3 It
  1303. X
  1304. -
  1305. x
  1306. *
  1307. s ǎr
  1308. M
  1309. 1
  1310. >.
  1311. C
  1312. u
  1313. c
  1314. c
  1315. c
  1316. c
  1317. X G
  1318. X C
  1319. X
  1320. X
  1321. 'y
  1322. 5 X
  1323. E
  1324. c
  1325. X c
  1326. X
  1327. -
  1328. .5
  1329. X
  1330. 'r
  1331. r .2
  1332. X
  1333. s
  1334. >.
  1335. c
  1336. c
  1337. £
  1338. C
  1339. c
  1340. G
  1341. .s
  1342. '9
  1343. E X
  1344. X
  1345. X
  1346. c g
  1347. c
  1348. £
  1349. 3 a.
  1350. 2 c
  1351. s
  1352. ■5
  1353. C X
  1354. .2 9
  1355. M
  1356. o
  1357. 1
  1358. c
  1359. ■G
  1360. .2
  1361. .3
  1362. ‘9
  1363. ’x
  1364. 8 X
  1365. .ft
  1366. E
  1367. o 'c
  1368. .1 ■©
  1369. .3
  1370. J
  1371. .1
  1372. 0* '&
  1373. 0 •: Ě
  1374. 3 £
  1375. i
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  1378. T>
  1379. ■3
  1380. 2
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  1382. 0 .2
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  1384. s
  1385. .3
  1386. -3
  1387. J!
  1388. .2 9
  1389. 'x
  1390. X
  1391. i
  1392. £
  1393. Q.
  1394. c.
  1395. -
  1396. •-
  1397. '&■
  1398. s
  1399. X
  1400. 3
  1401. 3
  1402. I
  1403. S 3
  1404. X í
  1405. X
  1406. 3 X
  1407. G
  1408. 3 J2
  1409. X G =.
  1410. N
  1411. C
  1412. 1
  1413. X
  1414. ■5
  1415. X í
  1416. 3
  1417. ■o
  1418. 3
  1419. C
  1420. a
  1421. 3
  1422. -X
  1423. G 3 JZ
  1424. M
  1425. 3 U
  1426. I
  1427. M
  1428. G
  1429. X U
  1430. c 3 ■s
  1431. §
  1432. í
  1433. G
  1434. 3
  1435. | c
  1436. ■o
  1437. 3
  1438. G
  1439. 3
  1440. X
  1441. -X
  1442. c
  1443. N
  1444. i
  1445. s 3
  1446. G
  1447. N
  1448. G
  1449. V
  1450. C 3 ■5
  1451. G
  1452. 3
  1453. c
  1454. s □
  1455. •o
  1456. 3
  1457. ā
  1458. -X
  1459. 3
  1460. u
  1461. 3
  1462. ‘5 N
  1463. X V
  1464. -a
  1465. Ē
  1466. S M
  1467. 3
  1468. a
  1469. X
  1470. -X
  1471. 1
  1472. JZ
  1473. 8
  1474. ■5
  1475. o
  1476. ■6
  1477. g
  1478. 3
  1479. c
  1480. £
  1481. ì
  1482. 3
  1483. 3 C
  1484. 3 3
  1485. ■o
  1486. 3
  1487. 5
  1488. X
  1489. -X
  1490. 0 3 JC
  1491. Ō
  1492. N
  1493. 0 3
  1494. e 3
  1495. e
  1496. N
  1497. O 3
  1498. u
  1499. 0
  1500. •5
  1501. §
  1502. 9 >
  1503. X
  1504. X
  1505. ā
  1506. «
  1507. -X
  1508. "N
  1509. V
  1510. ?
  1511. s
  1512. 3
  1513. c
  1514. £
  1515. 3
  1516. 3
  1517. 3
  1518. 3
  1519. 3
  1520. 3
  1521. X
  1522. 3 JX
  1523. X
  1524. N
  1525. c
  1526. 3
  1527. 3 M
  1528. 3 X
  1529. 3
  1530. •5
  1531. 3
  1532. ?
  1533. T c
  1534. c
  1535. X
  1536. £
  1537. 6
  1538. X
  1539. "6
  1540. X G
  1541. X c
  1542. ? o X
  1543. 8 c JC
  1544. 0 X
  1545. X
  1546. 0 N
  1547. 8 ī
  1548. f
  1549. 5 c
  1550. N
  1551. X
  1552. I 0
  1553. u
  1554. C
  1555. X c
  1556. 1
  1557. I
  1558. X
  1559. i
  1560. X 1 c
  1561. u G ■8
  1562. X c 01 w
  1563. X
  1564. J
  1565. X Si
  1566. X £ -X
  1567. X G
  1568. X
  1569. c
  1570. 8
  1571. 8 8
  1572. X
  1573. I
  1574. J N
  1575. X = J
  1576. X c % -s
  1577. c e
  1578. X £
  1579. 8
  1580. c
  1581. X
  1582. 1
  1583. 1
  1584. X
  1585. ■t
  1586. u c
  1587. X e
  1588. X
  1589. X
  1590. X G X
  1591. X G
  1592. X c
  1593. -X
  1594. X
  1595. X
  1596. X =
  1597. X
  1598. •s
  1599. 2
  1600. G
  1601. N
  1602. X
  1603. X
  1604. s
  1605. ■5
  1606. X
  1607. £
  1608. v
  1609. c
  1610. ī
  1611. I
  1612. c
  1613. i
  1614. G
  1615. Si
  1616. s
  1617. -X
  1618. s a> X
  1619. !
  1620. s u
  1621. c
  1622. N
  1623. £
  1624. c
  1625. ■s
  1626. 8
  1627. c >
  1628. *
  1629. E
  1630. c
  1631. 1
  1632. c
  1633. c
  1634. X
  1635. X
  1636. —-
  1637. C X
  1638. c
  1639. X
  1640. J
  1641. I
  1642. =
  1643. X
  1644. I
  1645. 1
  1646. N
  1647. G
  1648. X
  1649. G
  1650. ■s
  1651. C
  1652. s
  1653. 2
  1654. 3 i
  1655. 3
  1656. i
  1657. 2
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  1659. 2
  1660. X
  1661. 3
  1662. 2
  1663. &
  1664. 8
  1665. 2
  1666. X
  1667. 3
  1668. N
  1669. 2 2
  1670. 2
  1671. X
  1672. K
  1673. 2 •C
  1674. X
  1675. 2
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  1678. c
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  1693. 5
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  1695. ■5
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  1701. 8.
  1702. cf i
  1703. G
  1704. 'í X
  1705. £
  1706. ā
  1707. £
  1708. -X
  1709. I
  1710. *s
  1711. N
  1712. 1
  1713. M
  1714. £
  1715. -5
  1716. 5
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  1719. J
  1720. C
  1721. X
  1722. 2
  1723. X
  1724. ā
  1725. JC
  1726. X
  1727. 5
  1728. X
  1729. ī
  1730. X
  1731. K
  1732. £
  1733. 1
  1734. '5
  1735. t
  1736. -
  1737. N
  1738. r
  1739. ‘2
  1740. *N
  1741. £
  1742. í
  1743. s
  1744. *
  1745. *
  1746. £
  1747. V
  1748. a
  1749. M
  1750. a>
  1751. 7
  1752. N .
  1753. X
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  1756. X
  1757. =
  1758. -
  1759. -
  1760. •»
  1761. =
  1762. T
  1763. X
  1764. - -
  1765. 3
  1766. £
  1767. X
  1768. S
  1769. X
  1770. 3
  1771. N
  1772. ■5
  1773. E
  1774. -
  1775. e.
  1776. c
  1777. X
  1778. -
  1779. X
  1780. jt
  1781. -
  1782. K
  1783. V
  1784. A
  1785. *S
  1786. X
  1787. 5
  1788. *.
  1789. 9
  1790. X
  1791. *
  1792. Adapted front Elementary ChintK- Pelting. China
  1793. DISPLAY V; INITIALS
  1794. Stops
  1795. Affricates
  1796. Fricatives
  1797. Liquids
  1798. Nasals
  1799. Unaspirated
  1800. Aspirated
  1801. Unaspirated
  1802. Aspirated
  1803. Labials
  1804. b
  1805. P
  1806. f
  1807. m
  1808. Alveoìars
  1809. d
  1810. t
  1811. 1
  1812. n
  1813. Velars
  1814. g
  1815. k
  1816. h
  1817. Dentals
  1818. Ī
  1819. c
  1820. s
  1821. Re tr of Lexes
  1822. zh
  1823. ch
  1824. sh
  1825. r
  1826. Palatals
  1827. i
  1828. q
  1829. X
  1830. ________.________________________________________,
  1831. P&R MODULE
  1832. DISPLAY V3: FINALS
  1833. Vowels Alone
  1834. Vowels Plus Consonants
  1835. Diphthongs
  1836. 0-Row
  1837. (s)-i
  1838. (r)-j
  1839. ■a
  1840. a
  1841. e
  1842. -an
  1843. an
  1844. -ang
  1845. ang
  1846. -en
  1847. en
  1848. -eng
  1849. eng
  1850. er
  1851. -ong
  1852. -ai
  1853. ai
  1854. -ao
  1855. ao
  1856. -ei
  1857. ei
  1858. -ou
  1859. pu
  1860. U-Row
  1861. -u
  1862. wu
  1863. -ua
  1864. wa
  1865. -UQAQ
  1866. wo
  1867. -uan
  1868. wan
  1869. -uang
  1870. wang
  1871. -u_n wen
  1872. (weng)
  1873. -uai
  1874. wa:
  1875. -u i
  1876. wei
  1877. J-Row
  1878. ■i
  1879. yi
  1880. -ia
  1881. ya
  1882. -ie
  1883. ye
  1884. ■ian
  1885. yan
  1886. -iang
  1887. yang
  1888. -in
  1889. yin
  1890. -ing
  1891. ying
  1892. -iong yong
  1893. (yai)
  1894. -iao
  1895. yao
  1896. -i_u
  1897. you
  1898. 0-R.ow
  1899. -ii
  1900. -iie
  1901. yíie
  1902. ■iian
  1903. yuan
  1904. ■tin
  1905. yǔn
  1906. PSR MODULE
  1907. tn this chart, vowel letters which do not have their “standard” sound
  1908. values are underlined. The standard sound values are taken to be the
  1909. ones they have standing alone as finals after n : na (as in “Okinawa”),
  1910. ne (as in “cinema⁷*), ni (as in “Bikini”), nu (as in “Ainu,” “canog”),
  1911. and nu (as in no English word). The letter a is not taken to have a
  1912. standard sound value. Vowel letters which have been dropped in
  1913. abbreviations are indicated by underlined spaces.
  1914. Before .-i, (s >stands for all denial consonants and (r) for all
  1915. retroflex consonants.
  1916. Hyphens mark spellings after initials.
  1917. Finals with r suffixes are not shown.
  1918. Then, strip off the four tones. This leaves you with about 400 different
  1919. strings of consonant and vowel sounds. (See Display IV.)
  1920. Next, strip off any Initial consonants, or Initials, of which there are
  1921. 21. (See Display V and Appendix I, the latter providing an alphabetical
  1922. list of the Initials.) What is left are the finals. There are less than
  1923. 40 different finals--a manageable number.
  1924. Last, classify the finals by their medials, that Is, In PTnyTn
  1925. romanization, by whether the final starts with u_ (or w), with I (or
  1926. y_), with u (or yíí 1, or with none of the above.⁶ This gives you four
  1927. classes which are useful when you talk about how the finals combine with
  1928. the Initials. You also cross-cI assify the finals by what follows the
  1929. medials. (See Display VI and Appendix II, the latter providing an
  1930. alphabetical list of the finals.)
  1931. - I. FINALS
  1932. - A. Plain Finals
  1933. Let’s take a closer look at the structure of the final. Every final, and
  1934. hence every syllable, has at least a vowel. Here are five vowels which
  1935. can stand alone as finals, either with or without initials:
  1936. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
  1937. (’■horse")
  1938. as
  1939. i n
  1940. "Ma"
  1941. ("virtue")
  1942. as
  1943. 1 n
  1944. "Adel 1ne"
  1945. ("you")
  1946. as
  1947. 1 n
  1948. "blkin£"
  1949. ^(b)ì
  1950. ("no")
  1951. as
  1952. 1 n
  1953. "Budapest"
  1954. nU⁷
  1955. ("woman" )
  1956. no
  1957. English equivalent
  1958. about
  1959. of tter left
  1960. AM of the English equivalents in the examples are, of course,
  1961. approximate at best and will be further off If your pronunciation does
  1962. not happen to be the most standard American pronunciation. The vowel
  1963. /u/, for example, is rather different from Its equivalent in "Budapest,”
  1964. even for people who start the name the way they start ’’boot^.* For
  1965. someone who starts ’’Budapest¹¹ the way he starts "beāīTtythe comparison
  1966. is way, off. The Chinese vowel Is pronounced with the tongue farther
  1967. back In the mouth and with the lips more rounded.
  1968. ' n
  1969. * w), Th I s
  1970. ■ how
  1971. í i f y id
  1972. ■he
  1973. There is no English equivalent for /u/, which Is pronounced with the
  1974. tongue in position for 71/ and the lips In position for /u/,
  1975. simultaneously. it Is not the same as the first vowel in "Utah," which
  1976. Is pronounced with the tips In position for /u/_(D) but with the tongue
  1977. gliding from the position for /I/ to the position for / «j /.
  1978. The vowels /!/, /u/, and /íi/ are written y I , wu, and yU whan they do
  1979. not follow an initial, In most cases, you wl iT not be able to hear
  1980. separate sounds co r respond I ng to and w, as you can hear in the
  1981. English words ”ye'^(T) and "woo.” The three vowels are discussed again
  1982. in the summary sections on u_ finals, j_ finals, and tl finals.
  1983. There are two more vowel sounds which can stand alone as finals, one of
  1984. them only after initials. Confusingly, both sounds are represented by
  1985. the letter 1 (already seen as standing for the vowel 71/ In "Tahiti”],
  1986. The letter preceding the j_ determines which vowel sound Is to be used.
  1987. After a consonant pronounced with the tongue In the /s/ position (see
  1988. page 42), i stands for a vowel pronounced with the tongue as close as
  1989. possible to the /s/ position. Many Americans have a similar vowel in
  1990. "Just a moment,” often indicated by the spelling ”jíst.^(IT) For
  1991. example:
  1992. sl_ ("tour”) approximately as 1 n "jj_st"
  1993. After a consonant pronounced with the tongue In the /r/ position, that
  1994. Is, with the tongue strongly curled back (see page 42), i stands for □
  1995. vowel which Is simply a prolonged /r/ sound. FoF example:
  1996. he nd
  1997. d
  1998. shí ("ten") approximately as In "washer"
  1999. When there Is no initial consonant sound before this vowel, the letter
  2000. r_ Is written; r I, The r_tells you how to pronounce the I; It doss not
  2001. stand for a separate sound. The whole syiiFble is one prolonged /r/
  2002. sound.
  2003. Everywhere else, _I_ stands for the "standard” /I/, as In "Tahiti
  2004. A final may also consist of a vowel followed by a consonant, either ZnZ*
  2005. or /ng/ (or Zr/, but this has a rather different status). Here are
  2006. examples of all the ways the vowels presented thus far can combine with
  2007. /n/ and /ng/:
  2008. ------- --------------- ----- ----- --------------------
  2009. 5n ("peace") as 1 n "Onta r i o"
  2010. máng ("busy") ZaZ as In "Me" + ZngZ
  2011. fSn ("cent") 35 1 n "fun.," "chicken.”
  2012. 1 áng ("co 1 d") as 1 n "1u n g”
  2013. mtn ("peop1e") as 1 n "mean"
  2014. mf ng ("bright") ZtZ as In "am£no" t ZngZ
  2015. j (Tn ("ml 1Itary") ZUZ + ZnZ
  2016. ------- --------------- ----- ----- --------------------
  2017. The analysis of /Un/ as simply ZU/ plus ZnZ will not always hold up.
  2018. Especially when there is no Initial , you may hear a weak vowel Ze/
  2019. sneak In before the ZnZ, so that ZilnZ almost rhymes with Zen/.
  2020. There is also a final written ong in which the o_ stands for a vowel
  2021. very much like ZuZ. Actually, it Is closer to the vowel sound in "good"
  2022. than to the vowel In "food."
  2023. There is built-in ZrZ, tongue, as In
  2024. 6r
  2025. I óng (’’dragon") ZoZ as In "woman" + /ng/ one final In
  2026. which the vowel ZeZ is followed by a pronounced with a strong curling
  2027. back of the the Eng I Ish "her."
  2028. ("ear") as In "ermine"
  2029. Other syllables which end the suffix £. For example:
  2030. nǎr ("where")
  2031. In ZrZ have been formed by adding
  2032. as in "Na re I ssus"
  2033. *The consonant ZnZ at the end of a syllable may sound a little like /ngZ
  2034. when the next syllable starts with an Zh/ or a vowel sound, as In hen
  2035. háo, "very good," and Yán¹Sn, "Yenan." Actually, however, this variant
  2036. of ZnZ, pronounced with the tongue not touching the roof of the mouth,
  2037. Is quite distinguishable from ZngZ, pronounced with the back of the
  2038. tongue touching. Notice in the romanization Yán’5n that an apostrophe
  2039. shows which syllable the n_ belongs to.
  2040. sonant, it
  2041. ie nted
  2042. In many cases, adding an /r/ suffix has a considerable effect on the
  2043. final, knocking out an /n/ or /ng/ and changing the vowel, for example.
  2044. (You will deal with these Instances on a case*by-case basis In the
  2045. course.! The /r/ suffix Is most popular In the Peking dialect but is one
  2046. feature of that dialect that has not been widely accepted as a national
  2047. norm.
  2048. I ways a
  2049. s for vowe I
  2050. A final may also consist of a diphthong, that Is, a vowel followed by a
  2051. weaker glide to the position of /!/ or /□/.
  2052. (Similar diphthongs exist
  2053. In Eng 1 Ish.)
  2054. There are four such
  2055. finals:
  2056. hǎj_ ("sea")
  2057. as 1 n
  2058. "Shanghai" "high"
  2059. máo ("hair")
  2060. as 1 n
  2061. "Mao Tse-tung," "mouth
  2062. lèl_ ("tired")
  2063. dōu ("all”)
  2064. These diphthongs are best
  2065. as In "1 e I , ""si sigh"
  2066. as In "sou 1 ," "dough" learned as units. If we look at the
  2067. Individual letters, however, we notice that the letter o has a different
  2068. sound value in ou than in ao and ong, and thaF the letter £ has a
  2069. different sound value In eI than In e, en, and eng.
  2070. by a
  2071. A final may also consist of any of the above types (vowel alone, vowel
  2072. plus consonant, or diphthong) preceded by a medial, that is, by a weak
  2073. version of one of the vowels /u/, /I/, and /U/. The medlals /u/ and /!/
  2074. are like the English semivowels written w and in "wet” and ^(T,)yet" and
  2075. written £ and J_ In "Jaguar"“and "onion." Finals starting with theTe
  2076. three medíals are discussed In the next three summary sections.
  2077. dd I ng
  2078. - B. u Finals
  2079. You have heard and seen the full vowel /u/ following an Initial In the
  2080. word bù, "no." When the vowel does not follow ■ an initial, it is
  2081. written wu_.
  2082. wú ("five") as In ¹¹ o o ze” or "woo¹¹
  2083. As suggested by the English equivalents, you may or may not hear a /w/
  2084. sound before the /u/.
  2085. tie we I
  2086. tua 1 Iy, t
  2087. om
  2088. I ce
  2089. A /w/ sound may also occur before other vowels at the beginning of a
  2090. final. The sound Is written u_ when It follows an Initial and w when It
  2091. does not. (Since the sound Is a weak version of the vowei /u/, the sound
  2092. will be called medial /u/.) In the following examples of finals which
  2093. start with the media! /u/, some have Initials and therefore use the u
  2094. spelling. Some have no initials and therefore use the w_ spelling.
  2095. huà ("speech") as In "qua I 1 ty"
  2096. wò ( "I ") as In "wa I ।⁸
  2097. Notice that the letter o In wo and uo Is used for yet another vowel
  2098. sound, roughly the" voweT In the English word "saw," The spelling uo Is
  2099. abbreviated to o after the initials written rn, b, £, and f (the labial
  2100. consonants, involving the lips). The medTal sound Is still there,
  2101. however, so that mo, "Ink," Is* pronounced as If It were spelled muò■
  2102. huàn ("exchange") as In "quant Ity," "wan," "Juan"
  2103. wáng ("king") as in "Wong," Zua/ as In
  2104. "quajTty* + /ng/
  2105. wèn ("ask") as In "Owen," "won"
  2106. (There Is a very rare final weng ■ )
  2107. You would expect wen to be spelled uen after Initials, but it Is
  2108. abbreviated to un: han, "mix up." You can still hear the vowel /e/,
  2109. however. TFTe s y I tables written hun and wfen rhyme. Notice that the
  2110. tone mark In hùn has been shifted to the only remaining vowel letter.
  2111. Huá1 (name of a river) as In "Waikiki ," "why"
  2112. wòI ("stomach") as In "we I gh"
  2113. Again, you would expect we 1 to be written ue1 after initials, but it Is
  2114. abbreviated to u 1 ; dul , "correct/" You can still hear the diphthong
  2115. /el/, however. The syllables written duì and wè1 rhyme. (There is some
  2116. Justification for this spelling. In the High and Rising tones, this
  2117. final does sound quite like the English pronoun "we," as the spelling uì
  2118. would suggest.) Notice that the tone mark in duì has been shlTTed to the
  2119. last available vowel letter.
  2120. * i sc
  2121. a<
  2122. A
  2123. It
  2124. f
  2125. I
  2126. 5
  2127. T
  2128. ft II E I v
  2129. er
  2130. Fhe
  2131. The
  2132. As suggested by the English equivalents, you may or may not hear a /y/
  2133. sound before the /I/ In y I . You will usually hear a /y/ sound before
  2134. the /!/ in yTn and y í ng, and the vowel Itself is more like the
  2135. "short¹' English vowel In "s£n" and "sj_ng."
  2136. "Juan"
  2137. A /y/ sound may also occur before other vowels at the beginning of a
  2138. final. The sound is written i when It follows an Initial and when It
  2139. does not. (Since tKe sound Is a weak version of the vowel /I/, the sound
  2140. will be called medial Zi/,) In the following examples of finals which
  2141. start with the medial /I/, some have initials and therefore use the I
  2142. spelling. Some have no Initials and therefore use the spellTng.
  2143. yá ("tooth”J as In "Yamaha,^(w) "yahoo”
  2144. yfe ("also") as In "ye I I ow¹¹
  2145. t Is we I
  2146. I ce n ī ng
  2147. As you have seen, In the finals written e, an, and eng, the letter e_
  2148. stands for a vowel like the e In "ch 1 cken .^(ir)"^(J) Not Ice that In
  2149. the final written ye or Te the letter e stands⁹ for a vowel like the e_
  2150. In "hen.” iThis”Ts the same vowel sound e stands for in the diphthong
  2151. written e I . In other words, an i or In the final means that e_ stands
  2152. for the vowel of "han. "T
  2153. nIán⁹ ("year") as In "yen"
  2154. In this final written Ian or yan, the letter a has an exceptional sound
  2155. value, essentially the vowel In the EngĒlsh word "hen.”
  2156. hear *6 í rhe
  2157. FI co able
  2158. yéng (["Yin 6] Yang") ZyZ + /a/ as in "Ma” + ZngZī
  2159. as In "Yonkers"
  2160. Yòng ("use") , ZyZ + /o/ as In "woman" + /ng/
  2161. yào ("want") as In "yow I"
  2162. yòu ("again") as In "yeoman"
  2163. ‘ight."
  2164. Yet again, you would expect the final you to be written Iou after
  2165. Initials, but It Is abbreviated to I u : IIù, "six." You can still hear
  2166. the diphthong /ou/, however. TTù and yòu rhyme. In the High and Rising
  2167. tones this final does sound quite like the English pronoun "you," as
  2168. suggested by the spelling iu. Notice that the tone mark In ìIù has been
  2169. shifted to the last available vowel letter.
  2170. There is a very rare final ya I , not shown In Display IV.
  2171. 0. u Finals
  2172. The full vowel ZuZ following an initial occurs In the syllable nú,
  2173. "woman.” When it does not follow an initial, it Is written yti.
  2174. yū ("rain”) no English equivalent
  2175. yUn ("rhyme”) /uZ + ZnZ
  2176. You may or may not hear something like a ZyZ sound before the /(I/,
  2177. which Is pronounced with the tongue position of Z i / and the lip
  2178. position of ZuZ.
  2179. A weak version of the vowel ZuZ, which will be called medial ZU/, may
  2180. occur before other vowels at the beginning of a final. The sound Is
  2181. written u_ when it follows an initial and ytī when It does not. One of
  2182. the following examples of finals which start with the medial ZuZ has an
  2183. Initial; therefore the U spelling is used. The other example has no
  2184. initial, however; therefore the yU spelling Is used.
  2185. jué ("definitely") ZU/ + Ze/ as in "hen”
  2186. Notice that the letter e_ in this final stands for a vowel sound like
  2187. the one In the English word "hen," as does In the final spel led ye or
  2188. Ie and tn the final spe! led e_i_. ZU/ has the same effect as /!/
  2189. because the same tongue position is used to produce both.
  2190. yUán ("garden”) /ií/ + /an/ as in the British
  2191. "answer"
  2192. Instead of rhyming this final with the final written an, some speakers
  2193. rhyme y U á n with the final written yen or i an, using the vowel sound
  2194. of the English "hen."
  2195. II. INITIALS
  2196. Each group of initial consonants In the following summary sections (A
  2197. through F) contains one consonant which Is distinctively "aspirated" and
  2198. one which Is distinctively "unasp 1 rated.”
  2199. The aspirated consonants explode with .a strong puff of air. In English,
  2200. the consonants written t, _k (or c, as in "cow," or cp, and ch are
  2201. lightly aspirated at the beginning of a word, as you can tell if you
  2202. hold the back of your hand to your mouth while saying "pa," These same
  2203. letters, including the combination ch, are used to romanize the
  2204. distinctively, more strongly aspirated Chinese consonants.
  2205. Unaspirated consonants explode without a puff of air, The English
  2206. lightly aspirated consonants become unaspirated after /s/, as you can
  2207. tell If you say "pa¹¹ and "spa¹¹ against the back of your hand. This Is
  2208. an automatic adjustment for English speakers, and It will take practice
  2209. to learn to pronounce English aspirated consonants as unaspirated when
  2210. there Is no /s/ to trigger the adjustment.
  2211. English has a series of "voiced” consonants which are pronounced with
  2212. vibration of the vocal cords. These Include consonants written b_, d_, g
  2213. (as In both ''Gary” and "Gerry"), I (as In "Jerry"), and z. These same
  2214. letters plus the combination zh are used to romaníze the unvoiced,
  2215. distinctively unaspirated Chinese consonants.
  2216. The consonants which are neither distinctively aspirated nor
  2217. distinctively unaspirated are the ones which can be prolonged, such as
  2218. /s/, /I/, and /n/.
  2219. So far consonants have been grouped In terms of the general manner In
  2220. which they are produced. Now they will be grouped In terms of the tongue
  2221. and lip positions used In producing them.
  2222. A . Initials m, b, p, f ( L a b i a I )
  2223. These are pronounced In the positions suggested by the Ietters.
  2224. màn
  2225. ("
  2226. 10,000")
  2227. as
  2228. 1 n
  2229. "ml 11"
  2230. ban
  2231. C”
  2232. half")
  2233. as
  2234. 1 n
  2235. "bl II,"
  2236. but
  2237. not
  2238. vo1ced
  2239. <"
  2240. divide")
  2241. as
  2242. I n
  2243. "£j II,"
  2244. but
  2245. more
  2246. asp 1 rated
  2247. fan
  2248. ("
  2249. cooked rice")
  2250. as
  2251. In
  2252. "fj 1 1”
  2253. These Initials
  2254. are
  2255. never fo11 owed
  2256. by
  2257. the
  2258. med I a 1
  2259. /u/
  2260. or by
  2261. the
  2262. vowel or medial
  2263. /ÍI/
  2264. . Additionally
  2265. _(t) /f/
  2266. is never
  2267. fo11 owed
  2268. by the.
  2269. vowel or medial /!/. (See Display IV.)
  2270. B. Initials n, d, t, I (Alveolar)
  2271. These are pronounced in the positions suggested
  2272. by the
  2273. 1etters. n_à
  2274. ("that")
  2275. as
  2276. I n
  2277. "n 1 1"
  2278. ("big")
  2279. as
  2280. 1 n
  2281. "dj II," but
  2282. unvoiced
  2283. tff
  2284. ("he")
  2285. as
  2286. 1 n
  2287. "til 1 but
  2288. more
  2289. ("pul 1")
  2290. asp 1 rated as In "JJ 1"
  2291. /D/ and / + / are never followed by the vowel or medial / tī /. /N/ and
  2292. /I/ are the only Initials which may be followed either by the vowel or
  2293. medial /il/ or by the vowel or medial /□/. (See Display IV.)
  2294. C, Initials g, k, h (Velar)
  2295. positions suggested by the
  2296. These are Ietters.
  2297. s> kà
  2298. These Initials
  2299. pronounced In the
  2300. ("piece¹')
  2301. ("1esson")
  2302. ("with")
  2303. are never followed
  2304. Display IV.)
  2305. as as as by
  2306. 1 n "£Ì II,” but unvo1ced in "Iklll," but more aspirated
  2307. 1 n "hj II," but harsher
  2308. the
  2309. vowels and
  2310. med lais /1 /
  2311. and
  2312. /u/,
  2313. (See
  2314. D. Initials z, c, s (Dental
  2315. /5/
  2316. Position)
  2317. To
  2318. These are
  2319. Z3ng CSng
  2320. SSng an English
  2321. pronounced as Indicated by (surname) as In "
  2322. (surname) as in"
  2323. (surname) as in"
  2324. speaker, the spelling z Is
  2325. the English equivalents, beds," but unvoiced bets," but more aspirated
  2326. Bess," but stronger only suggestive, and
  2327. the spelling c Is quite arbitrary. LJke the velars (/g/, /k/, /h/ì_(t)
  2328. these Initials are never followed by the vowels and medials /I/ and
  2329. /(I/, (Display IV)
  2330. As mentioned previously, the letter J_ after these /s/-posltlon sounds
  2331. stands for a vowel with the tongue as close as possible to the /s/
  2332. position.
  2333. E. !n111 a Is zh, ch, sh, r (Retroflex, or /r/ Position)
  2334. IBLJTZZJ SBH '
  2335. These are pronounced as Indicated by the English equivalents, but with
  2336. the tongue strongly curled back towards the position for /r/.
  2337. ------- ------------ -----------------------------------
  2338. ZhSng (surname) as in but unvoiced
  2339. ChSng (su rname) as Tn "chaw," but more a sp1rāTed
  2340. Shīng (su rname) as In "Shaw"
  2341. rang ("al low") as in "raw”
  2342. ------- ------------ -----------------------------------
  2343. Like the velars (ZgZ, I'fJ, ZhZ) and dentals (hi, /cf, Zs/), these
  2344. Initials are never followed by the vowels and medlals ZIZ and ZUZ.
  2345. (Display IV)
  2346. Some speakers pronounce ZrZ with a certain amount of friction so that it
  2347. Is somewhat like the ZsZ sound In "measure." Notice that the unfamiliar
  2348. zh spelling Is only suggestTve. The letter h_ after a consonant
  2349. Tn’dlcates a pronunciation In the ZrZ pos111 on,
  2350. As mentioned previously, the letter I after these ZrZ-position sounds
  2351. stands for a vowel which Ts a prolonged ZrZ.
  2352. sted
  2353. f
  2354. F. Initials j, q, * (Palatal, or ZIZ Position)
  2355. These are pronounced as indicated by the English equivalents, but with
  2356. the tongue pushed forward towards the position for ZI Z.
  2357. its .
  2358. >ted
  2359. I S
  2360. -------- ----------- ---------------------------------------------------------
  2361. JJ 5ng (surname) as tn ''Jeep,’¹ but unvoiced
  2362. SJáng (surname) as In ’’cheap,¹’ but more asp 1raTed
  2363. XISng (surname) between the ZshZ of ’’sheep” and the ZsZ of "£ee'p^(Tr)
  2364. -------- ----------- ---------------------------------------------------------
  2365. The palatals are followed only by the vowels and medlals ZIZ and ZUZ.
  2366. (See Display IV,} Pay particular attention to the spellings £ and x,
  2367. since they are quite arbitrary to speakers of English.
  2368. With the palatals, this survey of the consonants Is completed. Let’s
  2369. summarize the relationship between groups of consonants and the
  2370. different sound values of the letter I:
  2371. ts.
  2372. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  2373. | AFTER | WHICH ARE | ZIZ IS | AS IN THE |
  2374. | | PRO-NOUNCED | PRONOUNCED | SURNAME |
  2375. | | WITH THE TONGUE | | |
  2376. | | | W"íTH_ | |
  2377. | | | TP’R-CTE'' | |
  2378. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  2379. | ZzZ. ZcZ, / sZ | In the ZsZ | close to the | ST |
  2380. | | pos111 on | ZsZ pos it Ion | |
  2381. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  2382. | ZzhZ, ZchZ, | close to the | In the ZrZ | ShT |
  2383. | ZshZ, £ | ZrZ position | pos111 on | |
  2384. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  2385. | any other | In any other | In the | XT |
  2386. | Initial , 1 | pos111 on | ”standard" ZIZ | |
  2387. | | | pos111 on | |
  2388. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  2389. SENTENCE INTONATION
  2390. In the previous discussion of different levels of syllable stress and
  2391. their effect on the pitch patterns of the tones, you were concerned only
  2392. with words pronounced In isolation, as If read from a 1 1st, Usual Iy»
  2393. of course, words are strung together in utterances. Then, the rules of
  2394. relative stress apply over longer unInterrupted stretches which have a
  2395. generally speeded-up tempo end narrowed, lowered pitch range.
  2396. In the following example, notice the shrinkage of the pitch patterns and
  2397. the overall lowering. The surname and given name together have the
  2398. stress pattern of a single word--wlth normal stress on the first
  2399. syllable, lighter stress on the middle syllable, and heavier stress on
  2400. the last syllable.
  2401. []
  2402. In addition to these automatic effects of stringing words together,
  2403. deliberate effects of sentence intonation single out for attention
  2404. particular parts of a sentence or Indicate how a whole sentence is to be
  2405. understood.
  2406. Normally, a surname will carry more information than a following title
  2407. and, thus, will be given greater emphasis by heavier stress.
  2408. []
  2409. ’he subordinate status of the title Is shown by the fact that It is
  2410. often pronounced with no full tone.
  2411. B
  2412. J
  2413. er
  2414. JP
  2415. :h
  2416. []
  2417. T5 shI Hú Xiáo- -Jle.
  2418. More generally, the key word or phrase In any sentence may be emphasized
  2419. by heavy stress.
  2420. []
  2421. Here, the stress on the negative marker bjj emphaslzes to someone that
  2422. he is wrong to think that he has Identified Miss Hú.
  2423. With the exception of words that are emphasized, words in rapid normal
  2424. speech may seem to have lost the tones you are working so hard to learn.
  2425. But don’t feel cheated. In the first place, the words are seldom really
  2426. monotone; there Is probably something there to hear. (When you are doing
  2427. the talking, it Is better to risk being overly precise, since only the
  2428. fluent speaker has the right to mumble.) In the second place, these
  2429. words are going to be emphasized sometimes, and then you can't fudge.
  2430. The use of stress to single out for attention particular parts of
  2431. sentences Is basically the same In Chinese and English. The only major
  2432. difference to keep In mind Is that in Chinese stress exaggerates the
  2433. pitch pattern of a tone. Stress does not give the syllable a falling
  2434. pitch pattern, as Tn English. Be careful not to turn your stressed
  2435. Chinese syI IabIes~Into Fallingtone syllables.
  2436. There is considerably more difference between Chinese and English In the
  2437. use of Intonation patterns to indicate how whole sentences are to be
  2438. understood. In English, intonation patterns are most noticeable at the
  2439. ends of sentences. The typical pattern Is a drop at the end of the
  2440. sentence, used for most statements and for most questions with question
  2441. words like "who" or ” w h a t. ”
  2442. I'm Denial KI ng.
  2443. Who are you? %
  2444. The most common exception to this typical pattern In English is a rise
  2445. at the end of the sentence, used for most questions that can be answered
  2446. "yes’* or "no.”
  2447. Are you Mr. KlngT^Z
  2448. You're Mr. King? f
  2449. Who am. I?/ (meaning "You're asking
  2450. who I am?")
  2451. in the lest two examples, only the rising intonation shows thet these
  2452. are "echo questions¹¹ calling for yes/no answers.
  2453. In Chinese, the typical Intonation pattern—the pattern for most
  2454. statements--1s the one we have already presented; the sequence of tones,
  2455. modified by stress, with a faster tempo and a narrower, lower pitch
  2456. range than for words in Isolation.
  2457. You will have to fight your natural tendency as a speaker of English to
  2458. end statements with a drop In pitch. A High tone remains a High tone; a
  2459. Rising tone remains a Rising tone; and a Low tone, with Its rising tall,
  2460. remains a Low tone, even at the end of a statement. Do not change them
  2461. Into Falling tones.
  2462. The most common exception to this typical Chinese Intonation pattern Is
  2463. a slightly raised sequence of tones, used for most questions. Unlike the
  2464. English rising Intonation, the Chinese raised Intonation produces
  2465. hIgher-than-normeI pitch throughout the sentence and is used for
  2466. questions with question words, as well as for yes/no questions.
  2467. In the following two sentences, only the difference between raised
  2468. Intonation and normal Intonation signals that the first Is a yes/no
  2469. question and the second a statement.
  2470. and who I ō t terns
  2471. pat-ta+e~
  2472. []
  2473. []
  2474. NT hSo? (You’re fine?}
  2475. W& h S o -(Pm fine.)
  2476. EngiIsh :rs
  2477. Now Jet’s compare the Intonation of a question-word question with Its
  2478. answer:
  2479. asking that
  2480. []
  2481. []
  2482. NT shī nělguo rén?
  2483. (What’s your nationality?)
  2484. Wò shl Máíguo rén. (I^(T)m an Amar!can.)
  2485. ■n for
  2486. and
  2487. ikar tone
  2488. ind a the
  2489. Another Chinese intonation pattern lowers the pitch throughout the
  2490. sentence# often giving the voice s breathy quality rather like a sigh.
  2491. This pattern Is used for '’echo questions#¹’ which are used to verify
  2492. what has been said. Let’s compare a normal question (raised Intonation)
  2493. and an ’'echo question’¹ (lowered IntonatIon):
  2494. ma-or
  2495. :tǐon
  2496. []
  2497. ftwasn rst
  2498. NT xīng Wáng ma?
  2499. (Is your surname Wang?)
  2500. NT xl ng Wing a?
  2501. ([You say) your surname Is
  2502. King?)
  2503. In discussing these three Chinese Intonation patterns, the point has
  2504. repeatedly been made that they affect the general pitch level of the
  2505. whole sentence. However, there are noticeable intonations! features at
  2506. the ends of sentences. These are particularly noticeable when the last
  2507. syllable Is In the Neutral tone. In fact, the marker a has no real
  2508. meaning or grammatical function of Its own, merely serving as a carrier
  2509. of various final pitch contours which affect meaning. There are also
  2510. cases where a final syllable with full tone Is extended to carry one of
  2511. these final pitch contours,
  2512. Together with Interjections and the various pause markers which
  2513. punctuate sentences, these Intonatlonal devices provide much of ths
  2514. expressiveness of Chinese speech. Keep listening for them.
  2515. APPENDIX I: LIST OF INITIALS
  2516. the p í tch i n-tl -tone . ct I on ch
  2517. sse
  2518. 'S
  2519. 3
  2520. J
  2521. PTnyTn
  2522. --------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  2523. Roma n 1 z a 11 o n Nearest English Equivalent
  2524. b "b_i |l,^(lf) but unvoiced
  2525. c "bets," but more aspirated
  2526. ch ^(M)chaw," but more aspirated and In ZrZ position
  2527. d "dj i 1 , "but unvo 1 ced
  2528. f "fl 1 1 "
  2529. g ^(T,)£l II," but unvo 1 ced
  2530. h "M II," but harsher
  2531. J "J_eep," but unvoiced and in /I / position
  2532. k "Mil," but more aspirated
  2533. 1 "LI 1”
  2534. m "ml 1 1"
  2535. n "nJ 1"
  2536. P "2J 11," but more aspirated
  2537. q "cheap," but more aspirated and In ZIZ position
  2538. r "raw," but with tongue curled back more
  2539. s , "Bess," but stronger
  2540. sh "Shaw," but In ZrZ position
  2541. t "till," but more aspirated
  2542. w (See Appendix 11, List of Finals.)
  2543. X between the ZshZ of "sheep" and the ZsZ of "seep," but in ZIZ posT+lon
  2544. y (See Appendix II, List of Finals.)
  2545. z "beds," but unvoiced
  2546. zh "j_aw," but unvoiced and In ZrZ position
  2547. --------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  2548. APPENDIX 11: LIST OF FINALS
  2549. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2550. | PTnyTn | Nearest English | Spelling w 1 thout 1 |
  2551. | | Equivalent | n : t_i_a i |
  2552. | Roman 1zat1 on | | |
  2553. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2554. | a | "Ma" | |
  2555. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2556. | a 1 | "Shangha1," "h 1 gh" | |
  2557. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2558. | an | "Qatar 1 o" | |
  2559. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2560. | ang | "Ma_" + /ng/ | |
  2561. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2562. | ao | "Mao Tse-tung," | |
  2563. | | "mouth" | |
  2564. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2565. | ar | "Narc1 ssus" | |
  2566. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2567. | 6 | ’’Adeline" | |
  2568. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2569. | el | "lei," "s 1 e 1 gh" | |
  2570. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2571. | en | "fun," "ch 1 ckan" | |
  2572. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2573. | eng | "lung" | |
  2574. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2575. | er | "ermlne" | |
  2576. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2577. | 1 (after £, £, c) | "JJ_st" (/s/ | |
  2578. | | position) | |
  2579. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2580. | (after r, zh, ch, sh) | "washer" (/r/ | r 1 |
  2581. | | position) | |
  2582. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2583. | (elsewhere) | "Bl kin P' | yi |
  2584. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2585. | la | "Yamaha," "yahoo," | ya |
  2586. | | "yacht" | |
  2587. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2588. | 1 an | "yen" | yen |
  2589. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2590. | I ang | /y/ + "Mia" + /ng/, | yang |
  2591. | | "Yonkers" | |
  2592. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2593. | 1 ao | "yow 1'" | y ao |
  2594. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2595. | 1 e | "ye 11ow” | ye |
  2596. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2597. | 1 n | "mean" | y 1 n |
  2598. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2599. | 1 ng | "arnhio" + /ng/ | y Ing |
  2600. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  2601. *
  2602. ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------
  2603. PTnyTn Roman Izat i on Nearest English Equivalent Spe Hing w 1 thout Initial
  2604. I ong /y/ + "woman" + /ng/ yong
  2605. lu "yeoman" you
  2606. 0¹⁰ "wa 1 1"
  2607. ong "woman" + /ng/
  2608. ou "soul"
  2609. 4¹¹ "Budapest" wu
  2610. ua "quaj fty" wa
  2611. ua 1 "Waikiki"why" wa 1
  2612. uan¹¹ "quant 11y," "J uan" wan
  2613. uang "Wong"quality" + /ng/ wang
  2614. u 1 "we 1 g_h" wel
  2615. un¹¹ "Owen," "won" wen
  2616. uo "wall’¹ wo
  2617. d¹¹ íno English equivalent; pronounced with the tongue in the /I/ position and the lips In the /u/ position, simultaneous 1 y. ) yti
  2618. Uan¹¹ /U/ + "Ontario" yUan
  2619. Ue¹¹ / ùl / + "h^n" y Ue
  2620. Un¹¹ /U/ + /n/ y[fn
  2621. ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------
  2622. NUMBERS (NUM)
  2623. INTRODUCTION
  2624. The ability to use the Chinese number system may be one of ths most
  2625. useful skills you will acquire during this course. The Numbers resource
  2626. module Introduces the Chinese numbers from zero through 99,999 and
  2627. ordinal numbers.
  2628. The essential part of this module consists of the Numbers (NUM) tapes
  2629. and the accompanying displays and exercises In the workbook section of
  2630. this module. The workbook text Is followed by a summary section.
  2631. You should work through at least the first four tapes, which Introduce
  2632. the numbers up to 100, while you are studying the Orientation Module.
  2633. These tapes Include some work on pronunciation. Working with numbers
  2634. offers an excellent opportunity to build up fluency and accuracy of
  2635. pronunciation without having to learn a lot of new vocabulary.
  2636. NUM tapes 5 and 6 are Intended to be used with the second half of the
  2637. Money Module, where higher numbers are used in banking situations.
  2638. However, because tapes for the resource modules are as self-contained as
  2639. possible, you may use them at any time with a minimum of reference to
  2640. other components of the course.
  2641. TAPE 1 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 1-6)
  2642. DISPLAY I
  2643. - I yT 4
  2644. - 2 èr 5
  2645. - 3 s3n 6
  2646. ExercI so I
  2647. A.____ e.____
  2648. 1324 4132
  2649. D.
  2650. 4 3 12 3 2 14
  2651. Exercise 2
  2652. A. 1243 B. 3421 C. 1324 0. 4132 E. 2431
  2653. Exercise 3
  2654. A.____ 3.
  2655. 12 5 6 3 5 4 6
  2656. D.
  2657. 5246
  2658. Exercise 4
  2659. C. 1645 D. 2564
  2660. E. 6135
  2661. A. 5315 B. 5362
  2662. TAPE 2 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 7-10 and 0)
  2663. । yr
  2664. - 2 èr
  2665. - 3 s3n
  2666. - 4 si
  2667. - 5 wū
  2668. Exercise I
  2669. A.____ 8.
  2670. 5 7 6 8
  2671. 0. ___ E-
  2672. 4 7 3 8
  2673. Exercise
  2674. ft. S765 B. 7843
  2675. DISPLAY 1
  2676. - 6 I líi
  2677. - 7 qT
  2678. - 8 bS
  2679. - 9 J I Ǔ
  2680. - IO shí
  2681. 0 I í ng
  2682. C. ___
  2683. 8 7 13 2 7
  2684. 6 6 7 5
  2685. C. 7157 D. 2867 É.
  2686. 5868
  2687. Exercise 3
  2688. A.
  2689. 7 6 5 6
  2690. D.
  2691. 8 6 4 2
  2692. B.
  2693. C.
  2694. --B —
  2695. E.
  2696. 1 3 5
  2697. 7
  2698. 7
  2699. 4
  2700. 3
  2701. 8
  2702. 7
  2703. 7
  2704. 8 8
  2705. Exercise 4
  2706. A.____
  2707. 9 0 0 9
  2708. D.
  2709. 5 9 0 6
  2710. Exercise 5
  2711. B.
  2712. E.
  2713. 7
  2714. 4
  2715. %
  2716. 9 S
  2717. 0 3
  2718. 0
  2719. 9
  2720. C.
  2721. 9
  2722. 0
  2723. 8
  2724. 7
  2725. A. 8790
  2726. Exercise 6
  2727. A.____
  2728. 17 7 6
  2729. D.____
  2730. 16 2 0
  2731. B.
  2732. 1939
  2733. 0.
  2734. E.
  2735. C.
  2736. 1
  2737. 1
  2738. 4096
  2739. 4 9 2
  2740. 9 2 9
  2741. 0.
  2742. 2005
  2743. C.
  2744. 1
  2745. E
  2746. 0
  2747. 6
  2748. 7980
  2749. 6
  2750. TAPE 3 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 11-99)
  2751. DISPLAY I
  2752. ----- ------------ ---- ----------- ---- ---------------
  2753. 11 shíyT 20 èrsh f 22 èrshIèr
  2754. I2 sh f èr 30 sBnsh f 33 sBnsh1sSn
  2755. I 3 sh í sBn 40 si sh ( 44 sish1 si
  2756. I 4 sh í si 50 wǔsh f 55 wúsh1wǔ
  2757. I5 sh í wǚ 60 Hùshf 66 11ush 1 II ù
  2758. I6 sh f Ií ù 70 qTshí 77 qTsh1qT
  2759. I 7 sh f qT 80 bSshf 88 bSshlbā
  2760. I 8 shfbS 90 J I ūsh í 99 J I ūsh 1J 1ǚ
  2761. 19 sh f j I ǔ
  2762. ----- ------------ ---- ----------- ---- ---------------
  2763. Exercise I
  2764. ---- ----- ---- ----------------------- -------------
  2765. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 , _
  2766. 12 40 30 16 20
  2767. 6, 7. 8. 9. 10. _____
  2768. 1 1 70 17 90 !4
  2769. ---- ----- ---- ----------------------- -------------
  2770. ExercIse 2
  2771. 1 . 85
  2772. 2.
  2773. 17
  2774. 3.
  2775. 44
  2776. 4 ,
  2777. 93
  2778. 5.
  2779. 38
  2780. 6. 29
  2781. 7.
  2782. 70
  2783. 8.
  2784. 26
  2785. 9.
  2786. 52
  2787. 10.
  2788. 61
  2789. TAPE 4 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 1-99, REVIEW)
  2790. --------------------------------------
  2791. Exercise I
  2792. 1 . 3 2.16' 3,
  2793. 6. 91 7. 34 8.
  2794. Exe rcI so 2
  2795. 1. 67 2. 12 3.
  2796. 6. 35 7. 26 8.
  2797. Exercise 3
  2798. 1 . 4+5 2. 3 + 8
  2799. 5.7+2 6.9+7
  2800. 9. 3 + 9 10. 4 + 4
  2801. Exercise 4
  2802. 1. 36 2, 41 3.
  2803. 6, 94 7. 25 8.
  2804. Exercise 5
  2805. 1. 21+10 2. 65+10
  2806. 5. 59 + 10 6. 74 + 10
  2807. 9. 25 + 10 10. 76 + 10
  2808. --------------------------------------
  2809. ----- ------------ ---- ----- -------
  2810. 48 4. 70 5. 22
  2811. 59 9. 6 10. 30
  2812. 90 4. 54 5. 83
  2813. 79 9. 48 10. 4
  2814. 3. 1+2 4. 6 + 9
  2815. 7. 0 + I 8* 5 + 6
  2816. 72 4. 18 5. 63
  2817. 66 9. 52 10. 27
  2818. 3. 33 + 10 4, 18 + 10
  2819. 7 . 42 + 10 8. 86 + 10
  2820. ----- ------------ ---- ----- -------
  2821. NUM MODULE
  2822. TAPE 5 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS
  2823. DISPLAY i
  2824. 100-999)
  2825. 100
  2826. y 1 bá 1
  2827. 600
  2828. I I ùbā I
  2829. 200
  2830. i1ǎngběI
  2831. (11ángbā 1)¹²
  2832. 700
  2833. qTbì i
  2834. 300
  2835. sSnbǎ1
  2836. 800
  2837. bībāT
  2838. 400
  2839. 500
  2840. si bS 1
  2841. wí bā I
  2842. (wúbā1)
  2843. DISPLAY II
  2844. 900
  2845. j I ǔbSI
  2846. (j lúbǎI)
  2847. 140
  2848. y1bí1 sish í
  2849. 655
  2850. I IùbǎI wish!wǔ
  2851. 222
  2852. 11SngbíIèrsh1èr
  2853. (11ángbS i èrsh1èr)
  2854. 747
  2855. qTbèlslshlqT
  2856. 56 1
  2857. wūbǎ í11ùsh f yT (wúbS11īùshfyT)
  2858. 999
  2859. J I ǔ b í1J 1 ǔ 5 h 1J 1 ū (J lúbSījlūshījlǚ)
  2860. ------------- ------------------------ --------------------------------------
  2861. Exe rc i se 1 (Answers are on tape.)
  2862. 1 . 6.
  2863. 2. 7.
  2864. 3. • 8.
  2865. 4. 9.
  2866. 5. 10.
  2867. Exerc í se 2
  2868. 1 . 630 2. 543 3. 224 4. 468 5. 770
  2869. 6, 185 7. 852 8. 292 9. 369 10. 987
  2870. DISPLAY til
  2871. COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2
  2872. 104 yl bǎ 11 í ngsl 140 ylbilsìshf
  2873. 202 1 i ǎngbǎ11 f ngèr 220 11Sngbá1 èrshí
  2874. (1 i ángbǎ 1 1 í ngèr) (11ángbè1èrsh f)
  2875. 405 s 1 bS í1 í ngwǔ 450 slbílwǔshf
  2876. 603 1 Iùbǎ11 í ngsSn 630 1 1 íibè ī sSnsh í
  2877. 709 qTbā i 1fngJ i □ 790 qTbǎ1 J i ǔshí
  2878. ------------- ------------------------ --------------------------------------
  2879. DISPLAY IV
  2880. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  2881. | 1 10 | y ì b a 1 y | 4 14 | s 1 b ǎ i y T s |
  2882. | | Tsti í | | h 1 s ì |
  2883. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  2884. | 21 1 | 1 1 | 7 16 | qTbǎ1yfsh 111 ù |
  2885. | | āngbě1yTshlyT | | |
  2886. | | | | |
  2887. | | (1 | | |
  2888. | | lángbSlyTshlyT) | | |
  2889. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  2890. | 3 12 | sSnbǎ1yTsh1èr | 916 | J JubalyTshl |
  2891. | | | | |
  2892. | | | | (j [úbā 1 yTshl |
  2893. | | | | bif) |
  2894. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  2895. DISPLAY V
  2896. IM
  2897. 121
  2898. 131
  2899. Exercise 3
  2900. ----- ----- ----- ------ ------- ------- ----- -----
  2901. I . 101 2. 1 10 3. 1 1 1 4 , 270
  2902. 5. 308 6. 410 7 . 555 8. 90!
  2903. 9. 613 10. 220 1 1 . 812 12. 721
  2904. ----- ----- ----- ------ ------- ------- ----- -----
  2905. Exercise 4
  2906. 1 -
  2907. 909
  2908. 919
  2909. 99 1
  2910. 6.
  2911. 4 14
  2912. 441
  2913. 444
  2914. 2.
  2915. 74 1
  2916. 747
  2917. 774
  2918. 7.
  2919. 200
  2920. 208
  2921. 280
  2922. 3.
  2923. 203
  2924. 2 13
  2925. 230
  2926. 8.
  2927. 5 1 5
  2928. 525
  2929. 55 1
  2930. 4.
  2931. 3.1 í
  2932. 313
  2933. 33!
  2934. 9.
  2935. 808
  2936. 868
  2937. 881
  2938. 5.
  2939. 602
  2940. 612
  2941. 62 1
  2942. 10.
  2943. 101
  2944. 1 10
  2945. 1 i 1
  2946. Answers to
  2947. Exerc1se
  2948. 4; 1.919
  2949. 2. 741
  2950. 3. 230
  2951. 4. 31 1
  2952. 5 .
  2953. 602
  2954. 6 . 444
  2955. 7. 208
  2956. 8.
  2957. 525
  2958. 9. 808
  2959. 10. 110
  2960. TAPE 6 WORKBOOK {NUMBERS 1,000-99,999)
  2961. DISPLAY I
  2962. -------- ------------ ------- --------------
  2963. 1 ,000 yì q ǐ In 6,000 1 i ìiq 1 In
  2964. 2,000 1 iǎngq1In 7,000 qTq iIn
  2965. 3,000 sSnq í In 6,000 bīq íIn
  2966. 4,000 si q i In 9,000 j1ǔq1 In
  2967. 5,000 wǔqIIn
  2968. -------- ------------ ------- --------------
  2969. DISPLAY II
  2970. 1,246 yìqI InfīangbSI sishI I Iù
  2971. 3,575 slnq1InwǔbSiqTshiwǔ
  2972. 6,750 í iùqiInqTbǎiwǔshf
  2973. Exercise I
  2974. ----- -------- ----- ------- ----- -------- ----- -------
  2975. 1 . 5,555 2. 3,690 5. 1 ,200 4 , 6,455
  2976. 5. 2, B99 6. 7,131 7 . 4,256 8. 9,742
  2977. 9. 8,329 10. 2,974
  2978. ----- -------- ----- ------- ----- -------- ----- -------
  2979. Exercise 2
  2980. ---- -------- ----- ----------
  2981. 1. 1,111 2 . 7, t 1 7
  2982. 5. 4,9 12 6. 9,115
  2983. ---- -------- ----- ----------
  2984. 3. 2,210
  2985. 7. 3,813
  2986. 4 , 6,616
  2987. 8, 5,419
  2988. DISPLAY III
  2989. COLUMN I
  2990. COLUMN 2
  2991. ------- ---------------------- ------- ----------------------------
  2992. 1,001 y ì qISn1 f ngyT 1,101 yl q 1 3nyl bS 1 I í riavT
  2993. 2,002 1 Iǎngq15n1f ngèr 2,202 1 lǎngqlínliāngbSi1í ngèr
  2994. 6,005 1 I ùq i ān I tn gwǔ 6,605 I iìiqISínl iùbāi 1 fngwǔ
  2995. 7,007 q T q13 n1 1ngqT 7,707 qTqīSnqTbǎl 1f ngqT
  2996. 9,009 J!ǔ q1Sn1 tnqJi ù 9,909 J 1 ǔq iīnj1ǔbā1If ngJ 1ǔ
  2997. ------- ---------------------- ------- ----------------------------
  2998. Exercise 3
  2999. 1 . ________________________________________
  3000. - 2. ________________
  3001. - 3. _______________
  3002. - 4. _______________
  3003. - 5. _______________
  3004. - 6. _________________
  3005. - 7, _________________
  3006. - 8. _______________
  3007. - 9. _______________
  3008. - 10. _______________
  3009. (Answers are on page 68.)
  3010. Exercise 4
  3011. ---- ----------- ----- -------- ---- ------- ---- -------
  3012. 1. 8, t' 4 ? 2. 1,202 3. 4,007 4. 6,500
  3013. 5. 7 , 2 1 2 6. 3,4 10 7. 9,704 6. 2,002
  3014. 9. 5,330 10. 2,222
  3015. ---- ----------- ----- -------- ---- ------- ---- -------
  3016. DISPLAY IV
  3017. Exercise 5
  3018. I . ____________________________________________
  3019. - 2. ________________
  3020. - 3. _______________
  3021. - 4. _______________
  3022. - 5. ________________
  3023. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3024. | 1! 0,000 il | y í wàn | 6í 0,000 | 91ùwàn |
  3025. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3026. | 2, 0,000 | 1 1 ǎngwàn | 1\ 0,000 | q fwàn |
  3027. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3028. | 1 | sSnwàn | 8’0,000 I | báwàn |
  3029. | | | | |
  3030. | 3^(l) 0,000 | | | |
  3031. | | | | |
  3032. | 1 | | | |
  3033. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3034. | 4* 0,000 | si wàn | 9,0,000 | j I □ w à n |
  3035. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3036. | 5‘ 0,000 | wǔwà n | | |
  3037. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3038. - 6. _______________
  3039. - 7. _______________
  3040. - 8. _______________
  3041. - 9. ________________
  3042. - IO. ________________
  3043. (Answers are on page 68.)
  3044. Exerc i se 6
  3045. ---- --------- ----- -------- ---- -------- ---- --------
  3046. 1. 62,! 39 2. 45,365 3, 21,540 4. 69,211
  3047. 5, 93,537 6. 14,610 7. 57,442 8. 38,793
  3048. 9. 76,818 !O. 28,954
  3049. ---- --------- ----- -------- ---- -------- ---- --------
  3050. DISPLAY V
  3051. COLUMN 1
  3052. COLUMN 2
  3053. 1 ,000 I
  3054. y íwan lingyT
  3055. I ,OOP! yfwànífngyT
  3056. 1,00 t1
  3057. y f w□nIf ngyT s h I y T
  3058. 1 , 100 1 yíwànyìqiSnl īrìgyT
  3059. i ,01 H
  3060. y í wà nI íngyìbǎi-
  3061. ],1101 yT wà n y1q1Sny1bǐ t-
  3062. yTshiyT
  3063. 1 f n g y T
  3064. Exerc i se
  3065. _7
  3066. 1 .
  3067. 6.
  3068. 2;
  3069. 7,
  3070. 3.
  3071. 8.
  3072. 4 .
  3073. 9,
  3074. 5,
  3075. 10.
  3076. . (Answers are on page 68.)
  3077. Exerc1se 8
  3078. ---- -------- ----- -------- ----- -------- ----- --------
  3079. 1. 80,015 2. 46,002 3. 70,005 4 . 22,20!
  3080. 5. 54,003 6. 30,009 7 . 27,006 8. 10,055
  3081. 9. 62,008 10. 90,509
  3082. ---- -------- ----- -------- ----- -------- ----- --------
  3083. ----- --------------------------
  3084. DISPLAY VI
  3085. No. 42 DàlT J 13 Sìshlèrhào
  3086. No. 36 DàlT Jlē SSnshlllùhào
  3087. ----- --------------------------
  3088. Exercise 9
  3089. ----- ----- --------- --------
  3090. 1 . No. 42 DàlT Street
  3091. 2, No. 36 DàlT Street
  3092. 3. No. 29 DalT Street
  3093. 4. No. 63 DàlT Street
  3094. 5. No. 84 DàlT Street
  3095. ----- ----- --------- --------
  3096. ANSWERS TO TAPE
  3097. 6 EXERCISES
  3098. ExercIse
  3099. 3
  3100. 1 ,
  3101. 1,001
  3102. 6.
  3103. 4,00B
  3104. 2.
  3105. 1,101
  3106. 7,
  3107. 9,616
  3108. 3.
  3109. 6,505
  3110. 8.
  3111. 3,403
  3112. 4*
  3113. 7,001
  3114. 9,
  3115. 5,501
  3116. 5.
  3117. B,0IO
  3118. i 0.
  3119. 6,006
  3120. Exsrc150
  3121. 5
  3122. t .
  3123. 1 i , 1 ! 1
  3124. 6.
  3125. 05,215
  3126. 2.
  3127. 52,520
  3128. 7,
  3129. 23,310
  3130. j.
  3131. 78,234
  3132. a.
  3133. 67,490
  3134. 4.
  3135. 92,46?
  3136. 9.
  3137. 34,043
  3138. 5.
  3139. 45,730
  3140. 10.
  3141. 29,672
  3142. Exercise 7
  3143. ----- -------- ----- ------------------------
  3144. 1 , 20,001 6. Ē4,206 '
  3145. 2. 40,010 7. 60,009
  3146. 3. 33,001 8. 59,003
  3147. 4. 70,601 9. 10,050
  3148. 5, 98,015 10. 20,505
  3149. ----- -------- ----- ------------------------
  3150. SUMMARY
  3151. The Chinese system of numbers is simple and predictable. You may find it
  3152. more regular than the number system Tn English.
  3153. +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
  3154. | Here are | the numbers | 1 to 10 | zero: | |
  3155. | | | plus | | |
  3156. +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
  3157. | yr | ( 1 ) | wǔ (5) | J’ǔ | (9) |
  3158. +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
  3159. | èr | (2) | 1 I Ù (61 | sh t | ( 10) |
  3160. +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
  3161. | s5n | (3) | qT (7) | I I ng | < 0) |
  3162. +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
  3163. | si | (4) | b5 (8) | | |
  3164. +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
  3165. | The | numbers 11 | through 19 | formed with | word for |
  3166. | | followed by | are the | the 1 | |
  3167. | 10, shí, | | words for | through 9: | |
  3168. +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
  3169. +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
  3170. | sh f yT | (II) | sh f si | f 14) | sh : qT | (17) |
  3171. +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
  3172. | Shíèr | ( 12) | sh í wǔ | (15) | sh í b£T | (18) |
  3173. +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
  3174. | sh1sSn | (13) | sh í 1 1ù | (16) | Sh í j i | (19) |
  3175. | | | | | ū | |
  3176. +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
  3177. | You can | that | the | forming | 11 | resemb1es |
  3178. | see | | system | | through i | |
  3179. | addition: | + ¹ > | for etc. | | 9 | |
  3180. | 10 | | | | | |
  3181. +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
  3182. The number 20 is
  3183. 1 i tera11y
  3184. "two tens." All the
  3185. multiples
  3186. of 10 are formed with
  3187. the words
  3188. for 2 through 9 followed by
  3189. the word for
  3190. 10, sh í:
  3191. èrsh f
  3192. (20)
  3193. wǔsh í
  3194. (50) bSshf
  3195. (80)
  3196. sīnsh í
  3197. (30)
  3198. 1 i ùsh í
  3199. (60) Jiǔshf
  3200. (90)
  3201. sìsh f
  3202. (40)
  3203. qTsh í
  3204. (70)
  3205. You can see
  3206. that this
  3207. system resembles multiplication
  3208. : 2 x 10,
  3209. etc.
  3210. The remaining numbers up to 100 are
  3211. formed by combining
  3212. these two systems. For example, to form the word for 21,
  3213. fIrst multiply,
  3214. "two tens,” and then
  3215. add
  3216. the word for 1.
  3217. èrshIyT
  3218. (2 1 )
  3219. si shIj i ǔ
  3220. (49)
  3221. I 1 ùsh1qT
  3222. (67)
  3223. èrsh1b5
  3224. (28)
  3225. si sh1yT
  3226. (41 )
  3227. qTsh1 si
  3228. (74)
  3229. sīn s hIèr
  3230. (32)
  3231. wǔsh i s5n
  3232. (53)
  3233. bSsh1 1 1 ù
  3234. (86)
  3235. sānsh1 1 I ù
  3236. (36)
  3237. wǔshIb5
  3238. (59)
  3239. J I ǔsh1èr
  3240. (92)
  3241. si sh1wǔ
  3242. (45 )
  3243. 1 1ù s hIwǔ
  3244. (65)
  3245. J I ǔ s h i j I ǔ
  3246. (99)
  3247. Notice that shi,
  3248. 10,
  3249. loses its tone
  3250. in the examples above
  3251. 1
  3252. HUNDREDS
  3253. Multiples of 100 are formed in the same way as multiples
  3254. of 10: the words for
  3255. 1 through 9 followed by the word for
  3256. "hundred," - b ǎ i y 1 bǎ I
  3257. (100)
  3258. si bǎ I
  3259. (400)
  3260. qtbǎ I
  3261. (700)
  3262. 1 1 ǎngbǎ i
  3263. (200)
  3264. wǔbǎ i
  3265. (500)
  3266. bābǎl
  3267. (800)
  3268. (11ángbǎ 1 ) sffnbǎ1
  3269. (300)
  3270. (wúbǎ i )
  3271. 1 1ù bǎ 1
  3272. (600)
  3273. J 1ǔbǎI (Jlubǎi)
  3274. (900)
  3275. Notice that the word for I, y T, occurs before -bǎ I, although It was
  3276. not used before 10, shT. Note also the dTf'f ere nt word for 2 used when
  3277. forming the hundreds. In the numbers 2_(t) 12, and all numbers
  3278. containing 2 up to 100, èr Is used. Llang— Is used with hundreds.
  3279. When forming numbers with "hundred," remember that some of the numbers
  3280. from I through 9 change tone before the Low tone of -bǎ i . Y± (I)
  3281. changes from a High tone to a Falling tone. L1 ǎng (2), wǔ (5), and J Iu
  3282. (9) change from Low tones to Rising tones.
  3283. yt yl bǎ I
  3284. I ling- I iSngbǎl (llángbSl)
  3285. wǔ wǔbǎI (wǔbǎ i)
  3286. Jlǔ Jlǔbǎi (Jlúbǎí)
  3287. The numbers I through 9 after the hundreds bring up a special point when
  3288. there Is no number in the tens place: a zero, Iíng, Is used to mark that
  3289. place.
  3290. ylbǎillngyT (101) I IùbǎI Ifng I Iù
  3291. I ISngbSIttngèr (202) qTbǎiIfngqT
  3292. tIiángbātIfnger) bSbSilfngbff
  3293. slnbilllngstn <303) J IùbǎI I IngjIí (909)
  3294. slbǎi I fngsl (404 ) (J Iúba I I I ngj I ǔ )
  3295. wǔbSI I Ingwǔ (505)
  3296. (wúbǎ iIIngwǔ )
  3297. When numbers Tn the teens follow the hundreds, yT (I) is Inserted before
  3298. the word for 10, shI. To understand why this Is necessary, you need to
  3299. distinguish between the numbers 1 through 9 and the numbers which label
  3300. a group of numbers--more specifically, which label a power of 10, such
  3301. as "ten," sh I, "hundred," -bǎ I , and so on. The rule is that two
  3302. numbers which are labels for other numbers (such as -bǎ I and sh I)
  3303. cannot occur one after the other-. Therefore, yT Is added before sh f In
  3304. the numbers I 10 through !!9,
  3305. ------------------------- ---------- --------------------- --------
  3306. yì bǎ i yTsh í f 1 10 ) wūbǎ i yTsh1wǔ (5 15)
  3307. 1 1 angbS1 yTsh1yT (211) b3bS1yTsh i1 ī ù (816)
  3308. s 1 b ǎ I y T s h f è r (412) sffnbǎ iyTsh IqT (317)
  3309. j 1 ǔbǎ i yTsh i s5n (913) 1 1 ùbā i yTsh i b3 (6 18)
  3310. qTbā i yTsh i si (7 14) ylbǎIyTsh1j1ǔ (119)
  3311. ------------------------- ---------- --------------------- --------
  3312. The High tone of yT changes to a Falling tone before the Low tone of -
  3313. bǎ i but does not change before s h í, as you would expect. The tone of
  3314. yT is usually affected by any tone which follows, but this case is an
  3315. exception.
  3316. The remaining numbers In reguI a rIy.
  3317. ylbǎlbSshiJiǔ
  3318. I I ǎngbǎlèrshièr
  3319. $3nbǎ i si shI I 1li ( 346)
  3320. slbālbSshf
  3321. wǔbǎIsSnsh 1 yT
  3322. the hundreds are formed
  3323. IīùbSI sishIqT (647) qTbǎlsānshlI IÙ (736) bSbStqTshlJiǔ (979) J ī GbS
  3324. TI lùshièr (962)
  3325. THOUSANDS
  3326. The word for "thousand” Is -qISn. The thousands are
  3327. formed In the
  3328. same way as
  3329. the
  3330. hundreds.
  3331. y1q T 5n
  3332. (1,000)
  3333. 1 1 ùq ī 5n
  3334. (6,000)
  3335. 11ǎngqISn
  3336. (2,000)
  3337. qTq Iffn
  3338. (7,000)
  3339. sSnq i 5n
  3340. (3,000)
  3341. blq15n
  3342. (8,000)
  3343. si q i 5n
  3344. (4,000)
  3345. j 1 u q 1 5 n
  3346. (9,000)
  3347. wǔq13n
  3348. (5,000)
  3349. Notice that 2 Is 1 iǎng- and that to a Falling tone before the High
  3350. the High tone of
  3351. tone of yT changes -q15n.
  3352. Rules concerning tone changes and use of yT and H ng for numbers In the
  3353. hundreds also apply to numbers in the thousands.
  3354. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  3355. | yì q ī S'n 1 f ngbísh ī 1 í ìj | £ 1,086) (2,220) (5,610) £8,105) |
  3356. | | (9,017) |
  3357. | 1 iǎngqiSnl íǎngbǎlèrshí wǔqI3n1 | |
  3358. | i ùbǎ1yTsh1 bāq I Sny 1 bǎ H t | |
  3359. | ngwìí | |
  3360. | | |
  3361. | j1ǔq1Sn1f ngyTsh1qT | |
  3362. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  3363. The use of Ifng is expanded in numbers as large as thousands. The word
  3364. Iíng can stand for two or more adjacent zeros. This use Is similar to
  3365. the English "and" In "one thousand and one" (1,001),
  3366. yl q i ?n I f ngyT (1,001) I I ù q ī 8 n I f n g I ī ù
  3367. (6,006)
  3368. (7,007)
  3369. (8,00S)
  3370. (9,009)
  3371. couId lead
  3372. IlǎngqiSnl íngèr (2,002) qTqISnI í ngqT
  3373. sing T SnIī ngsSn (3,003) b3qIffnIí ngbB
  3374. si q i Sn11 ngsl (4,004) jIǔq1?n1I ng J 1ǔ
  3375. wùqISnIf ngwù (5,005)
  3376. Seemingly, this expansion of the meaning of l_ f ng to confusion, but
  3377. compare the following:
  3378. yìqIffnslbSI if ng I Iù (1,406) yìq1SnIfngsìshI I Iù (1,046) ylqI In If
  3379. ng I I ù (I,006)
  3380. ylqlínlfngllùshf (1,060)
  3381. The remaining numbers In the thousands are formed reguI ar Iy.
  3382. JlǔqlínllàngbàlqTshlbó qTqlSnsSnbǎlyTshlyT siqISnwǚbàIèrshIèr
  3383. IlǎngqīSnylbǎíIIùshIsffn
  3384. (9,278) (7,311) (4,522) (2,163)
  3385. TEN THOUSANDS
  3386. The word for "ten thousand" Is -wan.
  3387. yfwàn (10,000) Ilùwàn (60,000)
  3388. llàngwàn (20,000) qfwàn (70,000)
  3389. sSnwàn (30,000) báwàn (80,000)
  3390. sìwàn (40,000) jlùwàn (90,000)
  3391. wǔwàn (50,000)
  3392. Notice that the numbers yT, qT, and bff change from High tones to Rising
  3393. tones before the FaTlIng tone of -wàn.
  3394. The rules for hundreds and thousands also apply to ten thousands: I) The
  3395. word I ISng- (2) Is used with -wàn, 2) Numbers which label a position
  3396. cannot occur one right after another. 3) The word ling can stand for two
  3397. or more adjacent zeros in a number.
  3398. JiùwànèrqlSnsānbǎlslshi I iù I I Sngwànèrq1ffnèrbāIèrsh I èr
  3399. (92,346 )
  3400. (22,222)
  3401. b á w à nIí ngb5 (80,008)
  3402. bá wà nI í ngbffsh ī bS (80,088 3
  3403. báwàn I í ngbgbǎ I bīsh I bā (80,888) [n the first two examples èr ts
  3404. used for 2 when it Is not the first digit In a number.- The second
  3405. example clearly shows that native speakers may start off with I ISng-
  3406. and then switch to èr.
  3407. Numbers in the ten thousands bring out a characteristic of the Chinese
  3408. number system which Is truly different from the English system of
  3409. numbers. Traditionally, Chinese numbers were written with the comma to
  3410. the left of the fourth digit.
  3411. I iSngwànwǔqiSnwǔbàlsSInshl I 1 ù 2,5536
  3412. báwàn I Iùq1SnqtbǎIsìshIqT 8,6747
  3413. ORDINAL NUMBERS
  3414. Like the cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers in Chinese are also easily
  3415. and regularly formed. The word for '’number," dì-( in the sense of
  3416. "number I¹’} may be placed before any cardinal number to make It an
  3417. ordinal number.
  3418. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  3419. | dlyT | ("number 1"flrst") |
  3420. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  3421. | dl èr | ("number 2," "second") ("number |
  3422. | | 3," "third") ("number 4," |
  3423. | dl sffn | "fourth") |
  3424. | | |
  3425. | dl si | ("number 5," "fifth") ("number |
  3426. | | 6," "sixth") ("twentIath") |
  3427. | dì wǔ | |
  3428. | | be followed by a unit number, not |
  3429. | dì 1 lù d ì è r s h f | by |
  3430. | | |
  3431. | The prefix dl - must | |
  3432. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  3433. | a number which 1$ a label | for a group of numbers. For |
  3434. | | Instance: |
  3435. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  3436. | dl ylb§ 1 | ("LoneJ hundredth") |
  3437. | | |
  3438. | (NOT dìbS 1 ) | ("Cone3 thousandth") |
  3439. | | |
  3440. | dì yl q I līn | ("Conel ten thousandth") |
  3441. | | |
  3442. | (NOT dlqlín) dlyI wan (NOT diwan) | hold true for the numbers 10 tc |
  3443. | | 19: |
  3444. | Notice that this does NOT | |
  3445. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  3446. | d 1 sh í dlsh I yT dlsh f J 1 ǔ | ("number 10," "tenth") |
  3447. | | |
  3448. | | ("number 11," "eleventh") |
  3449. | | |
  3450. | | ("number 19," "nineteenth") |
  3451. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  3452. There is also another word, - hào, which when used with a number refers
  3453. to things in an order. Unlike the numbers used with dl -, the numbers
  3454. with -hāo come to be used as names for the ttīTngs they refer to, as Tn
  3455. addresses or dates.
  3456. Dèíl JIS Slshièrhào ("No. 42 Dà 11 Street")
  3457. SUnyuè SānshlyThào ("March 31st¹¹)
  3458. SAYING NUMBERS ALOUD
  3459. There are two ways to say numbers aloud, One way Is to give the full
  3460. form of the number, Including the labels for the powers of 10.
  3461. 80,011 báwàniíngyTshIyT
  3462. 12,705 y(wànI IāngqISnqTbSI 1fngwǔ
  3463. 70,009 qíwàniíngjlu
  3464. 48,347 siwànbSqISnsSnbāI sish1qT
  3465. The other way Is to use "telephone style," leaving out the labels for
  3466. the powers of 10.
  3467. 80,011 b3-Hng-I fng-yT-yT
  3468. 12,705 yT-èr-qT-Ifng-wu
  3469. 70,009 qT—Ifng-I íng-lÍng-Jiu
  3470. 48,347 s1-bS-sSn-sl-qT
  3471. There are two things to notice when reeding numbers "telephone style,"
  3472. First of all, since there Is a slight pause between each number, the
  3473. tone of a syllable Is not changed by the next syllable. Therefore, ail
  3474. numbers are pronounced with their basic tones. Secondly, Ifng cannot
  3475. stand for more than one zero (and Is repeated If need be),
  3476. "Telephone style" Is often used to Identify a year. The word for "year,"
  3477. -n I án, follows the numbers.
  3478. yT-JIǔ-wú-Iíng-nI an (1950)
  3479. CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE)
  3480. ------- ---------------------------- ------------------------
  3481. CE 1
  3482. I. Zao! Good morning.
  3483. 2. Women shàng kè ba. let’s begin class.
  3484. 3. N1 tTng wo shuō. Listen to me say It.
  3485. 4 . NT dong le ma? Do you understand now?
  3486. 5. Wǒ bù dong. 1 don't understand.
  3487. 6. Dǒng le. 1 understand.
  3488. 7. QÌng gSnzhe wo shuO. Please repeat after me
  3489. 8. QT ng nI zà I shuǒ y f cl. Please say 11 aga i n.
  3490. 9. Duì Ie. That's correct.
  3491. 10. Bù duì . That's not right.
  3492. I 1 . Wǒ bíi zhTdào. 1 don't know.
  3493. 12. Shi shénme ylsl? What does It mean?
  3494. 13. Hāo, wǒmen xià ke ba. Okay, class Is over.
  3495. ------- ---------------------------- ------------------------
  3496. CE 2
  3497. - I. Wǒ mél tTngqTngchu.
  3498. - 2. Wǒ you yIge wèntf,
  3499. - 3. NT shuǒcuò le.
  3500. - 4. Hide fāyTn bú +àI hSo.
  3501. - 5. NT gēn tff shuǒ.
  3502. - 6. Wáng Dànlán, nT wèn went!.
  3503. - 7. Hú M ě I 1 T n g , n 1 h u í d á .
  3504. I didn’t hear clearly.
  3505. I have a question.
  3506. You said It wrong.
  3507. Your pronunciation isn’t too good.
  3508. You talk with him OR You tell It to him.
  3509. Wáng Dànián, you ask the questions.
  3510. Hú Mailing, you answer them.
  3511. 0, Q'íng riT fīnchéng Zhōngwén.
  3512. - 9, Qìng n't fSnchéng YTngwén.
  3513. - 10, Qlng dà yìdǐǎnr shSngyTn
  3514. shuē.
  3515. - II. Qlng man yldlanr shuC.
  3516. - 12, ZhSng LāoshT, nín hàol
  3517. - 13, MíngtI5n jlàn.
  3518. - 14, Car Zhíīngwén zěnme shu5?
  3519. Pieass translate it Into Ch Inese.
  3520. Please translate it Into Engl Is h.
  3521. Please talk a little louder.
  3522. Please talk a little slower,
  3523. Mr. (Teacher} ZhSng, how are you?
  3524. See you tomorrow.
  3525. How do you say "car" In Ch Inese?
  3526. TIME and DATES (T&D)
  3527. INTRODUCTION
  3528. This resource module summarizes and supplements core module
  3529. presentations involving dates and time. Time and Dates (T&D) tapes I and
  3530. 2 cover dates (year, month, day of the month, day of the week, and such
  3531. expressions as "next week¹' and "yesterday¹'). TiD tapes 3 and 4 cover
  3532. time (clock time and such expressions as "In the morning¹').
  3533. The prerequisites for this module are P&R tapes 1-6 and NUM tapes 1-4.
  3534. Otherwise, the Time and Dates Module Is self-contained. Note, however,
  3535. that dates are Introduced with tapes 5 and 6 of the Biographic
  3536. Information Module and that time is Introduced with tapes 5 and 6 of the
  3537. Money Module.
  3538. TAPE 1 WORKBOOK (DATES) ¹³
  3539. of this module restates the rules
  3540. Exerc i se
  3541. _l_ (Answers are on tape.)
  3542. I ,
  3543. (1 )
  3544. August 5th
  3545. (2)
  3546. September 5th
  3547. Í3)
  3548. August 15th
  3549. 2.
  3550. ( I )
  3551. August 2nd
  3552. (2)
  3553. August 20th
  3554. (3)
  3555. July 1 Oth
  3556. 3.
  3557. ( I )
  3558. January 20th
  3559. (2)
  3560. July 12th
  3561. (3)
  3562. October 20th
  3563. 4.
  3564. (I )
  3565. October 4th
  3566. (2)
  3567. February 8th
  3568. (3)
  3569. November 10th
  3570. 5.
  3571. ( I )
  3572. February 9th
  3573. (2)
  3574. December 4th
  3575. (3)
  3576. June 14th
  3577. 6.
  3578. ( I )
  3579. February 7th
  3580. (2)
  3581. December 7th
  3582. (3)
  3583. December 1st
  3584. 7 .
  3585. (I )
  3586. April 1st
  3587. (2)
  3588. October 13th
  3589. (3)
  3590. May 7th
  3591. 8.
  3592. { I )
  3593. October 10th
  3594. (2)
  3595. April 11 th
  3596. (3)
  3597. April 1st
  3598. 9.
  3599. < I )
  3600. July 17th
  3601. (2)
  3602. March 19th
  3603. (3)
  3604. January 11 th
  3605. IO.
  3606. (I )
  3607. December 25th
  3608. (2)
  3609. July 31st
  3610. DISPLAY 1
  3611. (3)
  3612. January 31st
  3613. I .
  3614. AprII 20th
  3615. 4.
  3616. March 14th
  3617. 7.
  3618. September 3rd
  3619. 2.
  3620. May
  3621. 20th
  3622. 5 .
  3623. March 25th
  3624. 8.
  3625. July 3rd
  3626. 3.
  3627. Ma y
  3628. 14th
  3629. 6.
  3630. September 25th
  3631. DISPLAY II
  3632. 9.
  3633. July 11 th
  3634. I .
  3635. February IB
  3636. 3 .
  3637. July 20
  3638. 5.
  3639. October 4
  3640. 2.
  3641. November I
  3642. 4 ,
  3643. May 4
  3644. 6.
  3645. July 1
  3646. TfcD MODULE
  3647. TAPE 2 WORKBOOK (YEARS AND DAYS OF THE WEEK)
  3648. DISPLAY I
  3649. ---- ----------- ---------- ----- ---------------
  3650. 1. February 22, 1732 4 . June 15, 1215
  3651. 2. July 4+h, 1776 5. May 8, 1945
  3652. 3. January 1 , 1863 6. April 7, 1939
  3653. ---- ----------- ---------- ----- ---------------
  3654. DISPLAY II
  3655. «»
  3656. ------ ------- -------
  3657. LAST THIS NEXT
  3658. 1925 1 926 1 927
  3659. ------ ------- -------
  3660. ------ ------ ------
  3661. I960 1961 1962
  3662. ------ ------ ------
  3663. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  3664. | | Rea 1 | ? |
  3665. | | | |
  3666. | | T 1 me | |
  3667. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
  3668. Exercise I
  3669. _______________S u n d a y
  3670. __________Monday
  3671. ______________T u e s d a y
  3672. __________W ednesday
  3673. ______________T h u r s d a y
  3674. _______________f r I d a y
  3675. ____________S a T u r d a y
  3676. TSD MODULE
  3677. ^(,k)
  3678. Exercise 2
  3679. ----- ----------- ---------- -----------
  3680. 1. Monday Tuesday Wednesday
  3681. 2. Thursday Friday Saturday
  3682. 3. Friday Saturday Sunday
  3683. 4 , Thursday Fr1 day Saturday
  3684. 5. Wednesday Thursday Fri day
  3685. 6. Thu rsday Friday Saturday
  3686. 7. Monday Tuesday Wednesday
  3687. 8. Wednesday Thursday Friday
  3688. ----- ----------- ---------- -----------
  3689. DISPLAY III
  3690. March
  3691. +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
  3692. | Sunday | Monday | Tuesday | We | T | Fr1 day | S |
  3693. | 3 | 4 | 5 | dnesday | hursday | | aturday |
  3694. | | | | | | 8 | |
  3695. | | | | 6 | | | 9 |
  3696. +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
  3697. August
  3698. Sunday
  3699. 12
  3700. Monday 1 3
  3701. Tuesday
  3702. 14
  3703. Wednesday
  3704. 15
  3705. Thursday
  3706. 16
  3707. Friday 1 7
  3708. Satu rday 1 8
  3709. December
  3710. Sunday
  3711. Monday
  3712. Tuesday
  3713. Wednesday
  3714. Thursday
  3715. FrI day
  3716. Saturday
  3717. 20
  3718. 21
  3719. 22
  3720. 23
  3721. 24
  3722. 25
  3723. 26
  3724. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  3725. | TAPE | 3 WORKBOOK (CLOCK TIME) |
  3726. | | |
  3727. | 1. 5:00 3. | DISPLAY 1 |
  3728. | | |
  3729. | 2. 7:00 4. | 2:00 5. 12:00 7. |
  3730. | | 11:00 |
  3731. | 1 '■ /^T | |
  3732. | | 10:00 6. 3:00 8, |
  3733. | /io | 8:00 |
  3734. | | |
  3735. | 9 n | DISPLAY II |
  3736. | | |
  3737. | A ) v ^(X) | s. ² • / 12 X |
  3738. | | |
  3739. | 3. | i\ /\x । iX |
  3740. | | |
  3741. | fl \8 | A /io / A |
  3742. | | |
  3743. | 1 Vu | al 19 |
  3744. | | o 31 |
  3745. | 1 ⁵* AT | |
  3746. | | V \ V |
  3747. | 710 y" 9 \ | |
  3748. | | X X. .6 jx |
  3749. | \8 | |
  3750. | | iX /II । iX |
  3751. | | |
  3752. | | ì\ /ia |
  3753. | | 2\ |
  3754. | | |
  3755. | | a] [9 <L 3 |
  3756. | | |
  3757. | | 7 \ 7 |
  3758. | | |
  3759. | | xL s Jx |
  3760. | | |
  3761. | | I'X ⁶¹ /\\ |
  3762. | | |
  3763. | | \ / ⁰ 1 |
  3764. | | 2\ |
  3765. | | |
  3766. | | 7 (⁹ T |
  3767. | | J |
  3768. | | |
  3769. | | 4/ \8 1 4/ |
  3770. | | |
  3771. | | X JX |
  3772. | | |
  3773. | | 81 |
  3774. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  3775. []
  3776. []
  3777. []
  3778. []
  3779. []
  3780. []
  3781. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3782. | Exerc īse 1 |
  3783. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3784. | 1. 4:00 4:15 4:50 4:45 |
  3785. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3786. | 2. 6:00 6:15 6:30 6:45 |
  3787. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3788. | 3. 2:00 2:15 2:30 2:45 |
  3789. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3790. | 4. 12:00 12:15 12:30 12:45 |
  3791. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3792. | 5 . i1:00 11:15 11:30 11:45 |
  3793. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3794. | (Answers are on page 83.) |
  3795. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3796. | Exercise 2 |
  3797. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3798. | 1. 10: 6. |
  3799. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3800. | 2. 1: 7. . |
  3801. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3802. | co uì |
  3803. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3804. | 4,9: 9 . |
  3805. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3806. | 5. 4: 10. |
  3807. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3808. | (Answers are on page 83.) |
  3809. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3810. | Exercise 3 |
  3811. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3812. | 1 . 6. |
  3813. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3814. | 2. 7. |
  3815. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3816. | Of a> |
  3817. | |
  3818. | « |
  3819. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3820. | 4. 9. |
  3821. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3822. | 5. 10. |
  3823. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3824. | (Answers are on page 83.) |
  3825. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3826. | DISPLAY III |
  3827. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3828. | 1. 4:10 3. 7:35 5. 1:04 |
  3829. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3830. | 2. 12:25 4. 6:43 6. 9:45 |
  3831. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3832. 4» ANSWERS TO TAPE 3 EXERCISES
  3833. ExercIse I
  3834. I . 4:30 2. 6:00 ‘ 3, 2:45 4.
  3835. 5. 11:45
  3836. Exercise 2
  3837. - I. 10:15
  3838. - 2.
  3839. - 3.
  3840. - 4.
  3841. - 5.
  3842. Exercise 3
  3843. - I. 3:05
  3844. - 2.
  3845. - 3.
  3846. - 4.
  3847. - 5.
  3848. 6.
  3849. 7,
  3850. - 8.
  3851. - 9.
  3852. - 10.
  3853. - 6.
  3854. - 7.
  3855. - 8.
  3856. - 9.
  3857. - 10.
  3858. TAPE 4 WORKBOOK
  3859. (CLOCK TIME AND PARTS OF THE DAY)
  3860. Exercise I
  3861. Indicator
  3862. of past time
  3863. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3864. | 1. ____________ 4. ____________ 7. __________„ |
  3865. | |
  3866. | 2¹⁴ ________________ 5. ________________ 8. ________________ |
  3867. | |
  3868. | 3. __ 6. ________________ 9. ________________ |
  3869. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  3870. (Answers are on page 88.)
  3871. DISPLAY 1
  3872. 1 .
  3873. 6: 15
  3874. 3. 9:20
  3875. 5.
  3876. 1:17
  3877. 2,
  3878. 3í 10
  3879. 4. 11:30
  3880. 6.
  3881. 5:05
  3882. DISPLAY II
  3883. 1 .
  3884. 3:45
  3885. 3. 11:40
  3886. 5.
  3887. 7:55
  3888. 2.
  3889. 1 : 50
  3890. 4. 9:46
  3891. 6.
  3892. 12:59
  3893. DISPLAY til <
  3894. []
  3895. T HE P.M. CLOCK
  3896. []
  3897. Exerc i se 2
  3898. []
  3899. I .
  3900. 2_(t)
  3901. 3.
  3902. 6.
  3903. 7 . _____________________
  3904. 6, _______________
  3905. (Answers are on page 89.)
  3906. Exercise 3
  3907. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3908. | I. | last year | last year March | last year April |
  3909. | | February | | |
  3910. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3911. | 2. | last year | this year Aprl | next year April |
  3912. | | | I | |
  3913. | | J anuary | | |
  3914. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3915. | 3. | this year | this year | next year |
  3916. | | | January | November |
  3917. | | July | | |
  3918. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3919. | 4. | last month 3rd | this month 18th | next month 9th |
  3920. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3921. | 5. | last month 20th | next month 5th | next month 2nd |
  3922. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3923. | 6. | last week | this week | next week |
  3924. | | Monday | Tuesday | |
  3925. | | | | Friday |
  3926. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3927. | 7. | this week | this week | next week |
  3928. | | Thursday | Saturday | Wednesday |
  3929. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3930. | 8. | August 6th | May 3rd | December 1 I th |
  3931. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3932. | 9. | July 2nd | January 21st | October 13th |
  3933. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3934. | IO. | February 17th | March 30th | June 8th |
  3935. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3936. | | | (Answers are on | page 88.) |
  3937. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  3938. DISPLAY IV
  3939. []
  3940. []
  3941. []
  3942. []
  3943. []
  3944. []
  3945. E C p.m.)
  3946. []
  3947. G (p.m. 1
  3948. H Cnoonl
  3949. ANSWERS TO TAPE 4 EXERCISES
  3950. Exercise 1
  3951. 1 . 1:50
  3952. 4 .
  3953. 5:15
  3954. 7.
  3955. 4:20
  3956. 2. 8:35
  3957. 5.
  3958. 8:05
  3959. 8.
  3960. 3:30
  3961. 3. 6:00
  3962. 6.
  3963. 7:45
  3964. 9,
  3965. 11:10
  3966. ExercIse
  3967. 2
  3968. 1 .
  3969. 2:00
  3970. p. m.
  3971. 4.
  3972. 9:45
  3973. p .m.
  3974. 7.
  3975. 8:50
  3976. p .r
  3977. 2.
  3978. 10: 15
  3979. a .m.
  3980. 5.
  3981. 5:00
  3982. a.m,
  3983. 8.
  3984. 11:50
  3985. p . m
  3986. 3.
  3987. 12:30
  3988. p.m.
  3989. 6.
  3990. 6:25
  3991. a ,m.
  3992. 9,
  3993. 1 1 :O5
  3994. a. nt
  3995. Exercise 3
  3996. 1 .
  3997. last year February
  3998. 6.
  3999. this week
  4000. Tuesday
  4001. 2.
  4002. th 1 s
  4003. Aprl 1
  4004. year
  4005. 7.
  4006. next week Wednesday
  4007. 3.
  4008. th I s July
  4009. year
  4010. 8.
  4011. August 6th
  4012. 4.
  4013. next 9th
  4014. month
  4015. 9.
  4016. January 21st
  4017. 5.
  4018. 1 ast
  4019. 20th
  4020. month
  4021. 10.
  4022. June 8th
  4023. SUMMARY
  4024. MONTH, DAY, AND YEAR
  4025. in Chinese, the name's for the months of the year are the numbers I
  4026. through 12 fol lowed by the word for "month/¹ yuè. *
  4027. ---------- --------------- ----------- ---------------
  4028. Y I yuè ("January") Qíyuè ("July" )
  4029. Eryuè ("Februa ry") Báyuè ("August")
  4030. SJnyuè ("March") J I ǚy uè ("September")
  4031. Si yuè ("Apri1") Sh íyuè ("October")
  4032. wǔy uè ("May") Sh fyTyuè ("November")
  4033. L í ùyuè ("June") Sh íèryuè ("December")
  4034. ---------- --------------- ----------- ---------------
  4035. The tones on the numbers y T, qt, and b_5 change to Rising tones before
  4036. the Failing tone of yue.
  4037. The day of the month Is expressed by the number of the day
  4038. fo11 owed
  4039. by the
  4040. bound word -hào.
  4041. Literally, -hào means "number
  4042. slhào
  4043. (
  4044. "the
  4045. 4th")
  4046. q í hào
  4047. (
  4048. "the
  4049. 7th")
  4050. sh íqThào (sh í q í hào)
  4051. (
  4052. "the
  4053. 17th")
  4054. èrsh i bShèo
  4055. (èrshIbáhāo)
  4056. (
  4057. "the
  4058. 2Sth")
  4059. Notice that the tone when part speaker„
  4060. numbers yT, qt, and of a larger number.
  4061. bS TKl
  4062. do not always s varies from
  4063. change speaker to
  4064. The
  4065. order
  4066. of the month and
  4067. the
  4068. day
  4069. of the month
  4070. 1 s the
  4071. same in Chinese as It Is In English:
  4072. Qíyuè slhào ("July 4")
  4073. Báyuè Jlǔhào ("August 9")
  4074. Shíèryue èrshièrhào ("December 22”)
  4075. *Yuè was introduced in the Biographic Information Module with the
  4076. spelling yuè. Starting with the Money Module, the umlaut is written only
  4077. where It Is necessary In PTny Tn: after n_ and 1 to distinguish nu from
  4078. nŪ and Iu from Iu.
  4079. To ask what month or what day of the month it is, use the question word
  4080. JT — >"how many":
  4081. Zhèīge yuè shl Jlyuè? ("What month Is this?")
  4082. JTntian j”íhào? ("What Is today's date?")
  4083. J1 - ís usually used when the number In the answer Is expected to be no
  4084. more than 10 or so (duōs.hao being used otherwise). But notice that JT -
  4085. Is used for the day of the month, when the answer may contaTF a number
  4086. up to 31.
  4087. in Identifying years, four single-digit numbers are followed by the word
  4088. »nI in, "year":
  4089. YTJI ǔèr I 1ùnIán (I 926)
  4090. YTJIusānsSnnIán (1933)
  4091. YTJ i ǔslern fan (1942)
  4092. YTJĪūwǔtfngnián (1950)
  4093. These numbers are given in "telephone style" (one by one), not combined
  4094. into a larger number. YT, qT, and bS do not change tone In "telephone
  4095. style."
  4096. When asking "what year?" the question word nēInIán Is used: NT shl
  4097. neínián shSngde? ("What year were you born?")
  4098. When giving the month, day, and year In Chinese, proceed from the larger
  4099. to the smaller:
  4100. YTqTqTI IùnIán Qíyue sìhào ("July 4, 1776")
  4101. YTJIǔwǔI!ngn1án SSnyue sSnshīyThào ("March 31, 1950")
  4102. YTJIuIíng Ifngnián Llùyue shíwuhào ("June 15, 1900")
  4103. Notice that the word I íng, "zero," is Inserted each.time a zero Is
  4104. used.
  4105. DAYS OF THE WEEK
  4106. The names for days of the week from Monday through Saturday are formed
  4107. by using the word for "week," xTng, followed by a number. Notice that
  4108. the Chinese week begins on Monday.
  4109. ----------- ---------------
  4110. xTngqT ("week")
  4111. XTngqTyT ("Monday")
  4112. XTngqTèr ("Tuesday")
  4113. XTngqTsSn ("Wednesday")
  4114. XTngqTsl ("Thu rsday")
  4115. XTngqTwú ("Friday")
  4116. XìngqTI1ù ("Saturday")
  4117. ----------- ---------------
  4118. There are two different words for "Sunday, neither con taintng a number:
  4119. XTngqTtijn ("Sunday”)
  4120. XTngqTrl
  4121. Literally, XTngqTt]īn Is "heaven day," and XT ngqTrl is "sun day,"
  4122. In addition to these commonly used names, which are
  4123. standard in the Peopíe’s Republic formed with 1T b a |:
  4124. LlbàlyT LT bà1èr LTbà ǐsīn LT ba ī si LTbàIwǔ LÌbàI I [ù LT bà IT i Sri
  4125. Lībàirl
  4126. To ask what day of the week is used:
  4127. JTntǐBn xTngqTJŪ JTntǐīn iībàlJJJ
  4128. of China, there are names
  4129. ("Monday") ('’Tuesday") ("Wednesday¹’) ("Thursday’') ("Friday")
  4130. {"Saturday’') {"Sunday")
  4131. It is, the question word JT-
  4132. ("What day is today?") ("Wha+ day Is today?")
  4133. TIME WORDS WITH DAY, WEEK, MONTH, AND YEAR
  4134. "next year," and
  4135. The words for "this year, words for "today,” "tomorrow," one except ion
  4136. (*):
  4137. JTnn1án ("this year") mf ngn i án ("next year")
  4138. *qu n i s n
  4139. ("last year") hourián
  4140. ("year after next") q i án n1á n
  4141. ("year before last")
  4142. and so on and the
  4143. so forth are parallel, with
  4144. JTntlJn
  4145. ("today")
  4146. mi ngtIīn
  4147. {"tomorrow")
  4148. zuót íSn
  4149. ("yesterday")
  4150. hòutI3n
  4151. ("day after tomorrow")
  4152. q i á nt i ffn
  4153. ("day before yesterday")
  4154. The words for "this month,” ’'next month," and so on and the words for
  4155. "this week," "next week," and so forth are parallel:
  4156. zhèlge yuè
  4157. ("this month")
  4158. xiàge yuè
  4159. ("next month")
  4160. shàngge yuè
  4161. ("last month")
  4162. zhèlge xTngqT OR
  4163. zhèlge I ì bà 1 ("this week")
  4164. xiàge xTngqT OR xiàge 11 b à i ("next week")
  4165. shàngge xTngqT OR shàngge iībàl ("last week")
  4166. TELLING TIME
  4167. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  4168. | | Dlān, literally meaning "dot," Is |
  4169. | | the counter for hours |
  4170. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  4171. | on | the clock. The word zhōng, |
  4172. | | "o'clock" (literally "clock"), |
  4173. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  4174. | í s | added optionally. |
  4175. | | |
  4176. | is | Yldiān (zhōng) (1:00) |
  4177. | | QTdlàn (zhōng) (7:00) |
  4178. | | |
  4179. | | Liàngdlǎn (zhōng) (2:00) |
  4180. | | BSdiǎn (zhōng) (8:00) |
  4181. | | |
  4182. | | SōndlSn (zhōng) (3:00) |
  4183. | | Jlǔdiàn (zhōng) (9:00) |
  4184. | | |
  4185. | | Sldiàn (zhōng) (4:00) |
  4186. | | Shídiǎn (zhōng) (10:00) |
  4187. | | |
  4188. | | WúdlSn (zhōng) (5:00) |
  4189. | | ShfyTdian (zhōng) (11:00) |
  4190. | | |
  4191. | | LlùdlSn (zhōng) (6:00) |
  4192. | | Shièrdiǎn (zhōng) (12:00) |
  4193. | | |
  4194. | | To express time on the half hour, |
  4195. | | the word ban, "half," used : |
  4196. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  4197. •J
  4198. Llàngdlǎn bin (zhōng) (2:30)
  4199. Wǔdlín bàn (zhōng) (5:30)
  4200. J lūdTSn ban (zhōng) (9:30)
  4201. ShíyTdlàn bin (zhōng) (11:30)
  4202. Notice that these expressions can also end In zhōng, "o’clock."
  4203. To express time on the quarter hour, the word kè, "quarter," I $ used:
  4204. Yldlan y f kè (1:15, "a quarter after I")
  4205. Llāngdlàn sōnkè (2:45, "three quarters past 2")
  4206. WudiSn yíkè (5:15, "a quarter past 5")
  4207. Shfèrdlān sōnkè (12:45, "three quarters past 12")
  4208. A more specific way to express the idea of "quarter p a st the hour" is
  4209. with the word guò, "to pass":
  4210. sldiān guò yíkè ("a quarter past 4*')
  4211. shíèrdtān guò yíkè ("a quarter past 12")
  4212. To express the Idea of "quarter to the hour," the word chà, "to lack,"
  4213. may be used:
  4214. j I ǔd I ān chà yíkè OR
  4215. chà yíkè JlǔdlSn ("a quarter to 9")
  4216. shíyTdiān chà yíkè OR
  4217. chà yíkè shíyTdiān ("a quarter to II¹’)
  4218. With expressions of quarter hours before the hour, two word orders are
  4219. possible. (Only one Is possible with expressions of time after the
  4220. hour.)
  4221. Expressions of quarter hours before the hour or past the hour do not end
  4222. in zhCng, ¹¹ o^(T) clock."
  4223. The word f 5n, "minute," Is used to give the exact time:
  4224. I lǎngdlān shíwtifān (2:15)
  4225. bīdíān èrshlèrfSn (8:22)
  4226. Shídlān shffffn (10:10)
  4227. shfèrdlān sínshiqTfān (12:37)
  4228. F5n may be omitted ín longer time expressions:
  4229. yìdlān sSnshiwǔ (1:35)
  4230. yld1àn sSnshIwǔf ēn
  4231. The word ling, "zero," may be added to clarify a time exp ressI on :
  4232. sSndiān wǔfffn (3:05)
  4233. s5nd1 an ling wǔf3n
  4234. Guò and chà may be used with time expressions Including minutes:
  4235. sffndlān guò èrshlfSn ("20 minutes after 3")
  4236. qTdlān chà shtfSn ("10 minutes before 7") chà sh í fffn qTdlān
  4237. To ask what time of day It Is, use the question word JT : JTdlǎn zhòng?
  4238. ("What time Is It?")
  4239. PARTS OF THE DAY
  4240. In Chinese,
  4241. the different parts of a day are referred to
  4242. as follows:
  4243. HOURS (approx.)
  4244. zǎoshan g
  4245. ("morn Ing"--fu11 daylight
  4246. 6-11 a.m.
  4247. (zǎochén)
  4248. unt11 near noon)
  4249. shàngwǚ
  4250. ( "f orenoon"--norma 1 working
  4251. 8 or 9 a,m.
  4252. (shàngwu)
  4253. hours until noon)
  4254. until II a. m.
  4255. or 1 p.m.
  4256. zhōngwù
  4257. ("noon")
  4258. II a.m. until
  4259. (zhōngwu)
  4260. I p. m.
  4261. xí àwǔ
  4262. ("afternoon^(TI)--noon until the
  4263. 1-5 p.a.
  4264. (x1àwu J
  4265. end of the business day)
  4266. wSnshang
  4267. ("evenlng"--after the evening
  4268. 6-1 I p.m.
  4269. mea 1 )
  4270. bànyò
  4271. ("midnight")
  4272. yè 1 1
  4273. ("n 1 ght"--genera11y from
  4274. II p.m. until
  4275. around II p.m. until sunrise)
  4276. 4 a.m.
  4277. In Chinese, clock time Is often preceded by a word designating the part
  4278. of the day Involved:
  4279. zācshang qTdlín zhffng (”7 o’clock In the morning,*¹
  4280. 7 a.m.)
  4281. wǎnshang bSdlín bàn zhōng (”0:30 In the evening,"
  4282. 8:30 p .m.)
  4283. Notice that the Chinese word order once again begins with the larger
  4284. unit and proceeds to the smaller.
  4285. 94
  4286. ¹
  4287. There are no appropriate examples In the Orientation Module. You will
  4288. find these words In later modules.
  4289. ²
  4290. There are no appropriate examples In the Orientation Module. You will
  4291. find these words In later modules.
  4292. ³
  4293. ThIs Is not a name.
  4294. Thls Is the name of a former province.
  4295. A somewhat similar neutralization happens to vowels In English. Vowels
  4296. which are perfectly distinguishable when stressed become
  4297. indistinguishable when unstressed. "I confined the dog" may sound the
  4298. same as "I can find the dog," although, with stress, "con-" does not
  4299. sound the same as "can."
  4300. ln this summary, underlining calls attention to letters (the letter u)
  4301. and slant lines call attention to sounds (the sound /□/). “
  4302. Standard PTnyTn romanization u_ is written only after n and J_.
  4303. Everywhere else (after j_, x_, and y_, it is written
  4304. simply u.
  4305. C, I Finals
  4306. You have heard and seen the full vowel /I/ following Initials in the
  4307. words nl, "you"? mln, "people"; and mfng, "bright." When the vowel does
  4308. not follow an Initial, it Is written y I .
  4309. yT ("one") as Tn "east" or "yeast"
  4310. yTn ("cloudy") as In "YIn (Yang")
  4311. y Ing ("win") /y/ + /Ing/ as in "sing"
  4312. BesIdes the historical reason for this spelling, there Is the reason
  4313. that adding the suffix Zr/ "brings back" a normal, "broad" /a/ voweI.
  4314. ¹⁰
  4315. Abbreviation of /uo/ after labials rn, b_, and f\
  4316. ¹¹
  4317. **/U/, /Uan/, /Ue/, and /tin/ are spelled £, uan, ue, and u n
  4318. respectively after j_, g_, x, and y_.
  4319. ¹²
  4320. RomanTzat!on in parentheses indicates tone changes.
  4321. ¹³
  4322. The Summary at the- end presented on T&D Tape I .
  4323. ¹⁴
  4324. For further Information on de, as an see notes on Nos. 6-7> Unit 4, BIO.