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- <title xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng">Chapter 1. Introduction</title><meta xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng" name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="RUSSIAN"><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="RUSSIAN"><link rel="prev" href="pr01.html" title="Preface"><link rel="next" href="ch01s02.html" title="Key to sketch (see page )"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 1. Introduction</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pr01.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="d5e42"></a>Chapter 1. Introduction</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01.html#d5e245">Reference lists - Table model items</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01.html#d5e247">List 1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01.html#d5e615">List 2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01.html#d5e719">List 3</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01s02.html">Key to sketch (see page )</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01s03.html">How to make a table-top model.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01s04.html"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Несколько начальных разговоров</em></span></a></span></dt></dl></div><p>The Active Introduction is one of the modules in an array of materials used in Russian
- training at the Foreign Service Institute. It is essentially a catalog of sentences which can
- be combined (with alteration as necessary) to form different communication sequences in dialog
- form relating to typical daily activities (comings and goings, appointments, meetings, errands
- etc.).</p><p>The book is used in conjunction with a table-top city model on which activities are
- demonstrated and imitated. Students learn to speak Russian through engaging in a running
- dialog with a teacher as a communication sequence is unfolded. At first the teacher controls
- the sequence; later, as his mastery develops, the student assumes more control.</p><p>The central goal in developing the material was to make possible the formation of natural
- sequences, free from the constraints imposed by accommodation to a predetermined schedule of
- grammar points and a list of words to be covered. The words and grammar features occurring in
- the sentences, therefore, derive from the choice of what is to be communicated rather than an
- inventory of preselected items to be covered.</p><p>In any given sentence, some of the grammatical patterns partially exemplified in it are
- expanded --others are considered for the moment as isolated items to be learned in that
- context only.</p><p>( In view of its purpose and design, the book does not lend itself to use for self-study
- by beginners.)</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">* * * * *</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The array of which this book is one module has been developed as an alternative to using a
- standard "all purpose" textbook throughout the 44-week intensive training course at FSI. It
- was felt that with a language as highly inflected as Russian, the one-book approach with its
- pre-packaged constituents did not give the student enough intensive contact with natural
- spoken language or with real-life situations. Even after 44 weeks, none but the most
- outstanding students gained confident control of noun and adjective endings, or of motion
- verbs. It was considered possible that they just did not hear enough Russian or use it enough
- to gain better mastery. In addition, the range of subject matter within which most could
- converse seemed too limited.</p><p>Along with the dissatisfaction felt in these areas, inadequacies were sensed in another
- area. The approach formerly used seemed to support the notion (already strong among students)
- that an intellectual understanding of grammar together with constant drills were the keys to
- mastering the structure of a language. It was implied that this mastery, achieved in a more or
- less mechanical manner, together with a store of memorized vocabulary would some­how make an
- individual a fluent speaker of cultured Russian.</p><p>What was lacking in this concept was a recognition of the social and cultural roles of
- language. Very limited attention had been devoted to these aspects of language, almost as if
- they were elements which would get in the way of a direct and complete delineation of language
- structure. It seemed possible that this approach(trying to master a language as an abstract
- system) had something to do with the labored and unnatural-sounding performance of some
- students at the end of training.</p><p>The Active Introduction thus reflects a new approach designed to present language for
- learning in something like its natural form and in its natural milieu: the conduct of
- inter-person relations in life situations. In this approach, language is viewed as a vehicle
- of communication and not just a patterned system. In place of a "closed" teacher-student
- relationship ("I teach-you learn") in training, the participants are encouraged to consider
- themselves as a group in which real-life social interaction takes place. The conventions
- governing the interaction are expected to become more Russian than American as training
- progresses.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">*****</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>As used at FSI, the Active Introduction is the starting point of the student's oral
- communication in Russian. The book is used in conjunction with a simply-constructed teaching
- aid (which is not new) often referred to as a"model village". This table-top model represents
- an approximation of the topography of central Moscow. The purpose of its use however, is not
- merely to acquaint students with a geographical area. The table model forms the stage-setting
- for described and discussed activities associated with daily life in a large city. It is
- provided with model cars, buses, planes, figures of people and other movable items which the
- participants actually move as they relate or demonstrate sequences. (See <a class="xref" href="ch01s03.html" title="How to make a table-top model.">page </a> for details on the form and construction of the table
- model.)</p><p>Students are first taught the locations on the table model (see diagram and key on <a class="xref" href="ch01s02.html#xxiii">page </a> and <a class="xref" href="ch01s02.html" title="Key to sketch (see page )">page </a> ). These are identified by the teacher using a pointer, and
- drilled a few at a time with frequent recapitulation. Pronunciation is corrected. (The short
- conversational exchanges on <a class="xref" href="ch01s04.html" title="Несколько начальных разговоров">page </a>)</p><p>"<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Несколько начальных разговоров</em></span>" are
- introduced as needed to vary the activity.</p><p>When the locations have been fairly well mastered, students and teacher begin to talk
- about them, using the sentences in the numbered sections beginning on <a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p1">page </a> and continuing on succeeding even-numbered pages. In this way
- a running dialog is initiated.</p><p>As new sentences are learned, they can be juxtaposed with previously learned sentences in
- a number of different combinations (i.e. forming communication sequences). For example, after
- the sentences on <a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p1">page </a> have been introduced and
- partially mastered, they can be recombined as dialogs in different ways, such as</p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Спасские Ворота открыта?</em></span> (pointing)</p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Да, они открыты. Они, кажется, всегда
- открыты.</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ГУМ открыт?</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кажется закрыт. Это ГУМ?</em></span> (pointing)</p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Нет, это вокзал. Это ГУМ.</em></span> (pointing)
- etc.</p><p>This process of sequencing into running dialog, using the table model as the focus of
- attention, is at the core of the approach. It is extremely important that the dialog be
- treated as an actual exchange of information in Russian ("communicating in Russian") and not
- as drill ("preparation for communicating in Russian at a later time").</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Teacher demonstrates and describes a sequence while students watch and listen (e.g. #1
- <a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p1">page </a>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Teacher repeats sequence; students repeat each utterance after teacher.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Instructor uses question cue; individual students respond appropriately. Instructor
- checks pronunciation (e.g. #2 <a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p1">page </a>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Instructor goes through sequence again; individual students repeat and demonstrate
- action.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Instructor gives cues; individual students respond appropriately and demonstrate
- action. (Cf. #8 <a class="xref" href="ch02s03.html#p6p8">page </a>, where cues are
- pronouns <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я, они, он</em></span> etc.)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Instructor gives cue only and demonstrates action; individual students, using cue
- appropriately, describe instructor's demonstration. (Cf. #8 <a class="xref" href="ch02s03.html#p6p8">page </a> - instructor gives a pronoun as a cue, such as OH and
- demonstrates action of going to <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МИД</em></span>; student
- describes demonstration saying <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он идет в МИД</em></span>,
- etc.)</p></li></ol></div><p>The conversations on odd-numbered pages relate to the numbered sections found on the
- facing (even-numbered) pages. These conversations can be introduced from time to time to vary
- the activity. They also serve as examples of how sequences can be formed through combining
- learned sentences. Note that new words may occur in these conversations (e.g. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">простите</em></span> on <a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p1" title="Урок 1">page </a>). (The conversations are available on tape.)</p><p>As progress is made through the material each day, the sequencing process becomes also a
- <span class="bold"><strong>recycling</strong></span> process. To continually be moving on to new
- sentences each day is not effective. New sentences should always be combined into a running
- dialog with material learned earlier. It is this recycling process which ensures the
- repetition essential to learning. At the same time sequences should have a natural flow and
- must be directly related to the table model.</p><p>If this is not done, the student's recall is adversely affected and his interest
- wanes.</p><p>The student need not be given a copy of the book at the beginning of training although he
- may be provided with a copy later for reference. However, at no time should he refer to the
- book in class. It is more important for him to concentrate on<span class="bold"><strong>
- performing</strong></span> (communicating) in interaction with the teacher and in reference to
- the table model. If he has difficulty, the appropriate remedy is further active combination
- and recycling with the teacher, not a study of the book. In any event, of course, the student
- can make little use of the book until he learns to read.</p><p>At FSI, work on the sound system is begun on the first day of training, as an introduction
- to the writing system and reading. After about 50 hours, material from the Active Introduction
- is used for reading practice.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">* * * * *</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>As each sequence is presented, the teacher provides the student with its meaning. It is
- rarely necessary (or even desirable) to give the meaning of each word separately. If
- subsequently it appears that a student does not know the right meaning of a word, it should be
- supplied at that point. Explanation is thus given <span class="bold"><strong>only when there is a
- communication breakdown</strong></span> of some kind, i.e. a "message" is flawed or
- blocked.</p><p>This principle is also followed in regard to features of grammar. For example, the
- sequences in #2 <a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p3">page </a> demonstrate the agreement
- relating the forms <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">открыто</em></span>. It
- is not necessary to identify and expatiate on this feature, introducing the terms neuter
- gender, pronoun, short-form adjective, etc. The student should simply learn the forms and use
- them. If he makes an error, e.g. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кино открыт</em></span>, he
- is corrected with <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кино открыто</em></span> to show this is
- the correct form of the "message". In this way attention is concentrated on the process of
- communication and not on the structure of Russian as an abstract system. The material should
- not be viewed as the starting point for a description of grammatical patterns.</p><p>Likewise when a new case ending is introduced (e.g. prepositional, beginning on <a class="xref" href="ch02s30.html#p74">page </a>), its meaning will be reflected in the meaning
- of the whole utterance in which it occurs: <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я сейчас в
- ГУМе</em></span> - I'm in GUM now. The student thus connects the meaning "in" with the
- new ending and no broader explanation is necessary.</p><p>For the student, one rule is of paramount importance: <span class="bold"><strong>Learn what is
- in front of you</strong></span>, i.e. the sentence or sequence at hand. If he tries to learn
- other things related to the utterance (the whole range of meaning of words or noun endings,
- "another way of saying the same thing," etc.) he will immediately be faced with more
- information than he can possibly absorb. He may not even remember the utterance that prompted
- this detour.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">*****</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Here are some specific comments on the text.</p><p>In many items there is the possibility of substitution. Sometimes this is
- indicated:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>1. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Это </em></span></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вокзал.</em></span> (<a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p1">page </a>)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино.</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аптека.</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Спасские Ворота.</em></span></p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><p>Here the partial list indicates the classes of things on the table model which could be
- substituted for <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вокзал</em></span></strong></span>.</p><p>In other items, the possibility of substitution may not be overtly indicated but is
- obvious:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>3. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Это <span class="bold"><strong>ГУМ</strong></span>? Да. Он
- открыт.</em></span> (<a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p1">page </a>)</p></li></ul></div><p>Here a large number of table-model items ("masculine nouns") can be substituted for
- <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ГУМ</em></span>.</p><p>Multiple possibilities for substitution may occur, e.g.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>22.<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"> В эту субботу мне надо позвонить в Грановитую
- палату.</em></span> (<a class="xref" href="ch02s10.html#p20p21">page </a>)</p></li></ul></div><p>Within the context of the sequence beginning with #21 <a class="xref" href="ch02s10.html#p20p21">page </a>, the first priority substitution is of the segment <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">в эту субботу</em></span></strong></span>.
- Subsequently of course, location substitutions for <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Грановитую палату</em></span></strong></span> can be added, since these have
- already been introduced in #21 (<a class="xref" href="ch02s10.html#p20p21">page </a>).</p><p>In some cases the teacher may wish to include other substitutions, e.g.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>42. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Куда он собирается ехать?</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">В Советский Союз. Меня командируют в
- Ленинград.</em></span> (<a class="xref" href="ch02s17.html#p34">page </a>)</p></li></ul></div><p>Here the name of different countries or cities may be substituted, as long as this is done
- one at a time and preferably on different occasions.</p><p>Some items are sentence paradigms, e.g. the forms of <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хотеть</em></span> in #11 (<a class="xref" href="ch02s05.html#p10p11">page </a>).
- These are intended to give the students an overview of the forms; it is not intended that they
- master the forms through drill before proceeding. The forms will occur in various contexts
- subsequently and will also be recycled. Remember that the mastery of forms through this
- recycling process is a key element in the approach.</p><p>It is suggested that the teacher become thoroughly familiar with the contents of the book
- before using it. Since the content is organized in terms of natural communication sequences,
- it is impractical to list where specific grammar points are introduced in the book. A detailed
- list should in fact be unnecessary.</p><p>It can be noted however, that nominative and accusative noun and adjective endings and the
- verbs of motion are given special emphasis in pages 21-79. Other noun and adjective endings
- receive special attention as follows:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"><col align="center" class="c2"><col align="center" class="c3"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center"> </th><th align="center">Singular</th><th align="center">Plural</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">prepositional</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s30.html#p74">page </a></td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s52.html#p132">page </a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">genitive</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s37.html#p92">page </a></td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s53.html#p134">page </a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">dative</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s45.html#p112">page </a></td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s54.html#p136">page </a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">instrumental</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s49.html#p122">page </a></td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s55.html#p138">page </a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">nominative and accusative</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s51.html#p130">page </a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>A word of explanation about the treatment of these forms is in order here. One of the
- greatest problems in teaching English-speaking students is getting them to observe, imitate
- and take seriously inflectional endings. One of the purposes of pages 21-81 is to attack this
- problem, with the case endings largely limited to nominative and accusative singular. When the
- other forms are introduced, less space is required, since the student can pick up and use the
- forms with much greater ease than in the beginning. By this time the student is quite
- accustomed to handling inflectional forms.</p><p>At FSI, the Active Introduction forms the main (but not the only) focus of attention in
- the first 16 to 20 weeks of training. Thereafter it is used at intervals as seems
- appropriate.</p><p>The authors welcome comments on the Active Introduction and on experience with its
- use.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d5e245"></a>Reference lists - Table model items</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e247"></a>List 1</h3></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" class="c1"><col align="left" class="c2"><col align="left" class="c3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гастроном</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">поезд</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мост</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">светофор</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Моссовет</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Интурист</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">павильон</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Арсенал</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Арбат</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пароход</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">самолет</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">автобус</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аэропорт</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стадион</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дом</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">проспект</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">собор</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">парк</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дворец</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">магазин</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вокзал</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">университет</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">театр</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МВД</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ГУМ</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">планетарий</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">музей</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мавзолей</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кремль</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">автомобиль</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">монастырь</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">УПДК</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аэропорт Шереметьево</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стадион Динамо</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан "Прага"</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан "Арагви"</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Дом Спассо</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Музей Ленина</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Мавзолей Ленина</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Проспект Калинина</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Собор Василия Блаженного</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Парк культуры и отдыха
- "Сокольники"</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Дворец Съездов</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Верховный Совет</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">продовольственный
- магазин</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Киевский вокзал</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Московский университет</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Новодевичий монастырь</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Исторический музей</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кремлевский театр</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Успенский собор</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Архангельский собор</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кутузовский проспект</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ленинский проспект</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ломоносовский проспект</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Московский планетарий</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Большой театр</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Большой Кремлевский
- Дворец</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жилой дом</em></span></p>
- </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e615"></a>List 2</h3></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дерево</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">посольство</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">консульство</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здание</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">отделение</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">депо</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">такси</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">отделение милиции</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здание Совета Министров</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино "Центральный"</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">американское посольство</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">американское консульство</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">высотное здание</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пожарное депо</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жилое здание</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e719"></a>List 3</h3></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аптека</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">почта</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">больница</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лодка</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">машина</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">скамейка</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бензоколонка</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Петровка</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">река</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гостиница</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стоянка</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">библиотека</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">могила</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">улица</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">будка</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">колокольня</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">станция</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">линия</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">галерея</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">церковь</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">площадь</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">уборная</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">булочная</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">парикмахерская</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">река Москва</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гостиница "Украина"</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гостиница "Москва"</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гостиница "Россия"</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стоянка такси</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Библиотека Ленина</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">могила Сталина</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">могила Джона Рида</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Колокольня Ивана
- Великого</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">улица Чайковского</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">улица Горького</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">улица Герцена</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">заправочная станция</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Донская улица</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">телефонная будка</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Грановитая палата</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кремлевская набережная</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Третьяковская галерея</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">железнодорожная линия</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Красная площадь</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
- <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">скорая помощь</em></span></p>
- </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pr01.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Preface </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Key to sketch (see page )</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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