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  3. <title xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng">Chapter&nbsp;1.&nbsp;Introduction</title><meta xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng" name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="RUSSIAN"><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="RUSSIAN"><link rel="prev" href="pr01.html" title="Preface"><link rel="next" href="ch01s02.html" title="Key to sketch (see page )"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter&nbsp;1.&nbsp;Introduction</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pr01.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><th width="60%" align="center">&nbsp;</th><td width="20%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch01s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="d5e42"></a>Chapter&nbsp;1.&nbsp;Introduction</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01.html#d5e245">Reference lists - Table model items</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01.html#d5e247">List 1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01.html#d5e615">List 2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01.html#d5e719">List 3</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01s02.html">Key to sketch (see page )</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01s03.html">How to make a table-top model.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01s04.html"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1053;&#1077;&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1082;&#1086; &#1085;&#1072;&#1095;&#1072;&#1083;&#1100;&#1085;&#1099;&#1093; &#1088;&#1072;&#1079;&#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1086;&#1074;</em></span></a></span></dt></dl></div><p>The Active Introduction is one of the modules in an array of materials used in Russian
  4. training at the Foreign Service Institute. It is essentially a catalog of sentences which can
  5. be combined (with alteration as necessary) to form different communication sequences in dialog
  6. form relating to typical daily activities (comings and goings, appointments, meetings, errands
  7. etc.).</p><p>The book is used in conjunction with a table-top city model on which activities are
  8. demonstrated and imitated. Students learn to speak Russian through engaging in a running
  9. dialog with a teacher as a communication sequence is unfolded. At first the teacher controls
  10. the sequence; later, as his mastery develops, the student assumes more control.</p><p>The central goal in developing the material was to make possible the formation of natural
  11. sequences, free from the constraints imposed by accommodation to a predetermined schedule of
  12. grammar points and a list of words to be covered. The words and grammar features occurring in
  13. the sentences, therefore, derive from the choice of what is to be communicated rather than an
  14. inventory of preselected items to be covered.</p><p>In any given sentence, some of the grammatical patterns partially exemplified in it are
  15. expanded --others are considered for the moment as isolated items to be learned in that
  16. context only.</p><p>( In view of its purpose and design, the book does not lend itself to use for self-study
  17. by beginners.)</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">* * * * *</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The array of which this book is one module has been developed as an alternative to using a
  18. standard "all purpose" textbook throughout the 44-week intensive training course at FSI. It
  19. was felt that with a language as highly inflected as Russian, the one-book approach with its
  20. pre-packaged constituents did not give the student enough intensive contact with natural
  21. spoken language or with real-life situations. Even after 44 weeks, none but the most
  22. outstanding students gained confident control of noun and adjective endings, or of motion
  23. verbs. It was considered possible that they just did not hear enough Russian or use it enough
  24. to gain better mastery. In addition, the range of subject matter within which most could
  25. converse seemed too limited.</p><p>Along with the dissatisfaction felt in these areas, inadequacies were sensed in another
  26. area. The approach formerly used seemed to support the notion (already strong among students)
  27. that an intellectual understanding of grammar together with constant drills were the keys to
  28. mastering the structure of a language. It was implied that this mastery, achieved in a more or
  29. less mechanical manner, together with a store of memorized vocabulary would some&shy;how make an
  30. individual a fluent speaker of cultured Russian.</p><p>What was lacking in this concept was a recognition of the social and cultural roles of
  31. language. Very limited attention had been devoted to these aspects of language, almost as if
  32. they were elements which would get in the way of a direct and complete delineation of language
  33. structure. It seemed possible that this approach(trying to master a language as an abstract
  34. system) had something to do with the labored and unnatural-sounding performance of some
  35. students at the end of training.</p><p>The Active Introduction thus reflects a new approach designed to present language for
  36. learning in something like its natural form and in its natural milieu: the conduct of
  37. inter-person relations in life situations. In this approach, language is viewed as a vehicle
  38. of communication and not just a patterned system. In place of a "closed" teacher-student
  39. relationship ("I teach-you learn") in training, the participants are encouraged to consider
  40. themselves as a group in which real-life social interaction takes place. The conventions
  41. governing the interaction are expected to become more Russian than American as training
  42. progresses.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">*****</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>As used at FSI, the Active Introduction is the starting point of the student's oral
  43. communication in Russian. The book is used in conjunction with a simply-constructed teaching
  44. aid (which is not new) often referred to as a"model village". This table-top model represents
  45. an approximation of the topography of central Moscow. The purpose of its use however, is not
  46. merely to acquaint students with a geographical area. The table model forms the stage-setting
  47. for described and discussed activities associated with daily life in a large city. It is
  48. provided with model cars, buses, planes, figures of people and other movable items which the
  49. participants actually move as they relate or demonstrate sequences. (See <a class="xref" href="ch01s03.html" title="How to make a table-top model.">page </a> for details on the form and construction of the table
  50. model.)</p><p>Students are first taught the locations on the table model (see diagram and key on <a class="xref" href="ch01s02.html#xxiii">page </a> and <a class="xref" href="ch01s02.html" title="Key to sketch (see page )">page </a> ). These are identified by the teacher using a pointer, and
  51. drilled a few at a time with frequent recapitulation. Pronunciation is corrected. (The short
  52. conversational exchanges on <a class="xref" href="ch01s04.html" title="&#1053;&#1077;&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1082;&#1086; &#1085;&#1072;&#1095;&#1072;&#1083;&#1100;&#1085;&#1099;&#1093; &#1088;&#1072;&#1079;&#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1086;&#1074;">page </a>)</p><p>"<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1053;&#1077;&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1082;&#1086; &#1085;&#1072;&#1095;&#1072;&#1083;&#1100;&#1085;&#1099;&#1093; &#1088;&#1072;&#1079;&#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1086;&#1074;</em></span>" are
  53. introduced as needed to vary the activity.</p><p>When the locations have been fairly well mastered, students and teacher begin to talk
  54. about them, using the sentences in the numbered sections beginning on <a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p1">page </a> and continuing on succeeding even-numbered pages. In this way
  55. a running dialog is initiated.</p><p>As new sentences are learned, they can be juxtaposed with previously learned sentences in
  56. a number of different combinations (i.e. forming communication sequences). For example, after
  57. the sentences on <a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p1">page </a> have been introduced and
  58. partially mastered, they can be recombined as dialogs in different ways, such as</p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1057;&#1087;&#1072;&#1089;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1077; &#1042;&#1086;&#1088;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072; &#1086;&#1090;&#1082;&#1088;&#1099;&#1090;&#1072;?</em></span> (pointing)</p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1044;&#1072;, &#1086;&#1085;&#1080; &#1086;&#1090;&#1082;&#1088;&#1099;&#1090;&#1099;. &#1054;&#1085;&#1080;, &#1082;&#1072;&#1078;&#1077;&#1090;&#1089;&#1103;, &#1074;&#1089;&#1077;&#1075;&#1076;&#1072;
  59. &#1086;&#1090;&#1082;&#1088;&#1099;&#1090;&#1099;.</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1043;&#1059;&#1052; &#1086;&#1090;&#1082;&#1088;&#1099;&#1090;?</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1072;&#1078;&#1077;&#1090;&#1089;&#1103; &#1079;&#1072;&#1082;&#1088;&#1099;&#1090;. &#1069;&#1090;&#1086; &#1043;&#1059;&#1052;?</em></span> (pointing)</p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1053;&#1077;&#1090;, &#1101;&#1090;&#1086; &#1074;&#1086;&#1082;&#1079;&#1072;&#1083;. &#1069;&#1090;&#1086; &#1043;&#1059;&#1052;.</em></span> (pointing)
  60. etc.</p><p>This process of sequencing into running dialog, using the table model as the focus of
  61. attention, is at the core of the approach. It is extremely important that the dialog be
  62. treated as an actual exchange of information in Russian ("communicating in Russian") and not
  63. as drill ("preparation for communicating in Russian at a later time").</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Teacher demonstrates and describes a sequence while students watch and listen (e.g. #1
  64. <a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p1">page </a>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Teacher repeats sequence; students repeat each utterance after teacher.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Instructor uses question cue; individual students respond appropriately. Instructor
  65. checks pronunciation (e.g. #2 <a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p1">page </a>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Instructor goes through sequence again; individual students repeat and demonstrate
  66. action.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Instructor gives cues; individual students respond appropriately and demonstrate
  67. action. (Cf. #8 <a class="xref" href="ch02s03.html#p6p8">page </a>, where cues are
  68. pronouns <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1103;, &#1086;&#1085;&#1080;, &#1086;&#1085;</em></span> etc.)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Instructor gives cue only and demonstrates action; individual students, using cue
  69. appropriately, describe instructor's demonstration. (Cf. #8 <a class="xref" href="ch02s03.html#p6p8">page </a> - instructor gives a pronoun as a cue, such as OH and
  70. demonstrates action of going to <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1052;&#1048;&#1044;</em></span>; student
  71. describes demonstration saying <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1085; &#1080;&#1076;&#1077;&#1090; &#1074; &#1052;&#1048;&#1044;</em></span>,
  72. etc.)</p></li></ol></div><p>The conversations on odd-numbered pages relate to the numbered sections found on the
  73. facing (even-numbered) pages. These conversations can be introduced from time to time to vary
  74. the activity. They also serve as examples of how sequences can be formed through combining
  75. learned sentences. Note that new words may occur in these conversations (e.g. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077;</em></span> on <a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p1" title="&#1059;&#1088;&#1086;&#1082; 1">page </a>). (The conversations are available on tape.)</p><p>As progress is made through the material each day, the sequencing process becomes also a
  76. <span class="bold"><strong>recycling</strong></span> process. To continually be moving on to new
  77. sentences each day is not effective. New sentences should always be combined into a running
  78. dialog with material learned earlier. It is this recycling process which ensures the
  79. repetition essential to learning. At the same time sequences should have a natural flow and
  80. must be directly related to the table model.</p><p>If this is not done, the student's recall is adversely affected and his interest
  81. wanes.</p><p>The student need not be given a copy of the book at the beginning of training although he
  82. may be provided with a copy later for reference. However, at no time should he refer to the
  83. book in class. It is more important for him to concentrate on<span class="bold"><strong>
  84. performing</strong></span> (communicating) in interaction with the teacher and in reference to
  85. the table model. If he has difficulty, the appropriate remedy is further active combination
  86. and recycling with the teacher, not a study of the book. In any event, of course, the student
  87. can make little use of the book until he learns to read.</p><p>At FSI, work on the sound system is begun on the first day of training, as an introduction
  88. to the writing system and reading. After about 50 hours, material from the Active Introduction
  89. is used for reading practice.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">* * * * *</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>As each sequence is presented, the teacher provides the student with its meaning. It is
  90. rarely necessary (or even desirable) to give the meaning of each word separately. If
  91. subsequently it appears that a student does not know the right meaning of a word, it should be
  92. supplied at that point. Explanation is thus given <span class="bold"><strong>only when there is a
  93. communication breakdown</strong></span> of some kind, i.e. a "message" is flawed or
  94. blocked.</p><p>This principle is also followed in regard to features of grammar. For example, the
  95. sequences in #2 <a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p3">page </a> demonstrate the agreement
  96. relating the forms <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1082;&#1080;&#1085;&#1086;</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;&#1086;</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1090;&#1082;&#1088;&#1099;&#1090;&#1086;</em></span>. It
  97. is not necessary to identify and expatiate on this feature, introducing the terms neuter
  98. gender, pronoun, short-form adjective, etc. The student should simply learn the forms and use
  99. them. If he makes an error, e.g. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1080;&#1085;&#1086; &#1086;&#1090;&#1082;&#1088;&#1099;&#1090;</em></span>, he
  100. is corrected with <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1080;&#1085;&#1086; &#1086;&#1090;&#1082;&#1088;&#1099;&#1090;&#1086;</em></span> to show this is
  101. the correct form of the "message". In this way attention is concentrated on the process of
  102. communication and not on the structure of Russian as an abstract system. The material should
  103. not be viewed as the starting point for a description of grammatical patterns.</p><p>Likewise when a new case ending is introduced (e.g. prepositional, beginning on <a class="xref" href="ch02s30.html#p74">page </a>), its meaning will be reflected in the meaning
  104. of the whole utterance in which it occurs: <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1071; &#1089;&#1077;&#1081;&#1095;&#1072;&#1089; &#1074;
  105. &#1043;&#1059;&#1052;&#1077;</em></span> - I'm in GUM now. The student thus connects the meaning "in" with the
  106. new ending and no broader explanation is necessary.</p><p>For the student, one rule is of paramount importance: <span class="bold"><strong>Learn what is
  107. in front of you</strong></span>, i.e. the sentence or sequence at hand. If he tries to learn
  108. other things related to the utterance (the whole range of meaning of words or noun endings,
  109. "another way of saying the same thing," etc.) he will immediately be faced with more
  110. information than he can possibly absorb. He may not even remember the utterance that prompted
  111. this detour.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">*****</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Here are some specific comments on the text.</p><p>In many items there is the possibility of substitution. Sometimes this is
  112. indicated:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>1. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1069;&#1090;&#1086; </em></span></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1086;&#1082;&#1079;&#1072;&#1083;.</em></span> (<a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p1">page </a>)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1082;&#1080;&#1085;&#1086;.</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1072;&#1087;&#1090;&#1077;&#1082;&#1072;.</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1057;&#1087;&#1072;&#1089;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1077; &#1042;&#1086;&#1088;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;.</em></span></p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><p>Here the partial list indicates the classes of things on the table model which could be
  113. substituted for <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1086;&#1082;&#1079;&#1072;&#1083;</em></span></strong></span>.</p><p>In other items, the possibility of substitution may not be overtly indicated but is
  114. obvious:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>3. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1069;&#1090;&#1086; <span class="bold"><strong>&#1043;&#1059;&#1052;</strong></span>? &#1044;&#1072;. &#1054;&#1085;
  115. &#1086;&#1090;&#1082;&#1088;&#1099;&#1090;.</em></span> (<a class="xref" href="ch02.html#p2p1">page </a>)</p></li></ul></div><p>Here a large number of table-model items ("masculine nouns") can be substituted for
  116. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1043;&#1059;&#1052;</em></span>.</p><p>Multiple possibilities for substitution may occur, e.g.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>22.<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"> &#1042; &#1101;&#1090;&#1091; &#1089;&#1091;&#1073;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1091; &#1084;&#1085;&#1077; &#1085;&#1072;&#1076;&#1086; &#1087;&#1086;&#1079;&#1074;&#1086;&#1085;&#1080;&#1090;&#1100; &#1074; &#1043;&#1088;&#1072;&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1080;&#1090;&#1091;&#1102;
  117. &#1087;&#1072;&#1083;&#1072;&#1090;&#1091;.</em></span> (<a class="xref" href="ch02s10.html#p20p21">page </a>)</p></li></ul></div><p>Within the context of the sequence beginning with #21 <a class="xref" href="ch02s10.html#p20p21">page </a>, the first priority substitution is of the segment <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074; &#1101;&#1090;&#1091; &#1089;&#1091;&#1073;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1091;</em></span></strong></span>.
  118. Subsequently of course, location substitutions for <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1043;&#1088;&#1072;&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1080;&#1090;&#1091;&#1102; &#1087;&#1072;&#1083;&#1072;&#1090;&#1091;</em></span></strong></span> can be added, since these have
  119. already been introduced in #21 (<a class="xref" href="ch02s10.html#p20p21">page </a>).</p><p>In some cases the teacher may wish to include other substitutions, e.g.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>42. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1091;&#1076;&#1072; &#1086;&#1085; &#1089;&#1086;&#1073;&#1080;&#1088;&#1072;&#1077;&#1090;&#1089;&#1103; &#1077;&#1093;&#1072;&#1090;&#1100;?</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1042; &#1057;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1057;&#1086;&#1102;&#1079;. &#1052;&#1077;&#1085;&#1103; &#1082;&#1086;&#1084;&#1072;&#1085;&#1076;&#1080;&#1088;&#1091;&#1102;&#1090; &#1074;
  120. &#1051;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1085;&#1075;&#1088;&#1072;&#1076;.</em></span> (<a class="xref" href="ch02s17.html#p34">page </a>)</p></li></ul></div><p>Here the name of different countries or cities may be substituted, as long as this is done
  121. one at a time and preferably on different occasions.</p><p>Some items are sentence paradigms, e.g. the forms of <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1093;&#1086;&#1090;&#1077;&#1090;&#1100;</em></span> in #11 (<a class="xref" href="ch02s05.html#p10p11">page </a>).
  122. These are intended to give the students an overview of the forms; it is not intended that they
  123. master the forms through drill before proceeding. The forms will occur in various contexts
  124. subsequently and will also be recycled. Remember that the mastery of forms through this
  125. recycling process is a key element in the approach.</p><p>It is suggested that the teacher become thoroughly familiar with the contents of the book
  126. before using it. Since the content is organized in terms of natural communication sequences,
  127. it is impractical to list where specific grammar points are introduced in the book. A detailed
  128. list should in fact be unnecessary.</p><p>It can be noted however, that nominative and accusative noun and adjective endings and the
  129. verbs of motion are given special emphasis in pages 21-79. Other noun and adjective endings
  130. receive special attention as follows:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"><col align="center" class="c2"><col align="center" class="c3"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">&nbsp;</th><th align="center">Singular</th><th align="center">Plural</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">prepositional</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s30.html#p74">page </a></td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s52.html#p132">page </a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">genitive</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s37.html#p92">page </a></td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s53.html#p134">page </a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">dative</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s45.html#p112">page </a></td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s54.html#p136">page </a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">instrumental</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s49.html#p122">page </a></td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s55.html#p138">page </a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">nominative and accusative</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s51.html#p130">page </a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>A word of explanation about the treatment of these forms is in order here. One of the
  131. greatest problems in teaching English-speaking students is getting them to observe, imitate
  132. and take seriously inflectional endings. One of the purposes of pages 21-81 is to attack this
  133. problem, with the case endings largely limited to nominative and accusative singular. When the
  134. other forms are introduced, less space is required, since the student can pick up and use the
  135. forms with much greater ease than in the beginning. By this time the student is quite
  136. accustomed to handling inflectional forms.</p><p>At FSI, the Active Introduction forms the main (but not the only) focus of attention in
  137. the first 16 to 20 weeks of training. Thereafter it is used at intervals as seems
  138. appropriate.</p><p>The authors welcome comments on the Active Introduction and on experience with its
  139. use.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d5e245"></a>Reference lists - Table model items</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e247"></a>List 1</h3></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" class="c1"><col align="left" class="c2"><col align="left" class="c3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  140. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1075;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090;&#1088;&#1086;&#1085;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span></p>
  141. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  142. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1086;&#1077;&#1079;&#1076;</em></span></p>
  143. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  144. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1084;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  145. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  146. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086;&#1092;&#1086;&#1088;</em></span></p>
  147. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  148. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1052;&#1086;&#1089;&#1089;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  149. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  150. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1048;&#1085;&#1090;&#1091;&#1088;&#1080;&#1089;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  151. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  152. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1072;&#1074;&#1080;&#1083;&#1100;&#1086;&#1085;</em></span></p>
  153. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  154. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1040;&#1088;&#1089;&#1077;&#1085;&#1072;&#1083;</em></span></p>
  155. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  156. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1040;&#1088;&#1073;&#1072;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  157. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  158. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1093;&#1086;&#1076;</em></span></p>
  159. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  160. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1072;&#1084;&#1086;&#1083;&#1077;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  161. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  162. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1072;&#1074;&#1090;&#1086;&#1073;&#1091;&#1089;</em></span></p>
  163. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  164. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1072;&#1101;&#1088;&#1086;&#1087;&#1086;&#1088;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  165. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  166. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1076;&#1080;&#1086;&#1085;</em></span></p>
  167. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  168. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1088;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1086;&#1088;&#1072;&#1085;</em></span></p>
  169. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  170. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1076;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span></p>
  171. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  172. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1089;&#1087;&#1077;&#1082;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  173. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  174. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1086;&#1073;&#1086;&#1088;</em></span></p>
  175. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  176. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1072;&#1088;&#1082;</em></span></p>
  177. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  178. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1076;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1077;&#1094;</em></span></p>
  179. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  180. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1084;&#1072;&#1075;&#1072;&#1079;&#1080;&#1085;</em></span></p>
  181. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  182. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1086;&#1082;&#1079;&#1072;&#1083;</em></span></p>
  183. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  184. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1091;&#1085;&#1080;&#1074;&#1077;&#1088;&#1089;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  185. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  186. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1090;&#1077;&#1072;&#1090;&#1088;</em></span></p>
  187. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  188. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1052;&#1042;&#1044;</em></span></p>
  189. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  190. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1043;&#1059;&#1052;</em></span></p>
  191. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  192. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1083;&#1072;&#1085;&#1077;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1080;&#1081;</em></span></p>
  193. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  194. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1084;&#1091;&#1079;&#1077;&#1081;</em></span></p>
  195. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  196. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1084;&#1072;&#1074;&#1079;&#1086;&#1083;&#1077;&#1081;</em></span></p>
  197. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  198. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1088;&#1077;&#1084;&#1083;&#1100;</em></span></p>
  199. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  200. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1072;&#1074;&#1090;&#1086;&#1084;&#1086;&#1073;&#1080;&#1083;&#1100;</em></span></p>
  201. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  202. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1084;&#1086;&#1085;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090;&#1099;&#1088;&#1100;</em></span></p>
  203. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  204. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1059;&#1055;&#1044;&#1050;</em></span></p>
  205. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  206. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1072;&#1101;&#1088;&#1086;&#1087;&#1086;&#1088;&#1090; &#1064;&#1077;&#1088;&#1077;&#1084;&#1077;&#1090;&#1100;&#1077;&#1074;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  207. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  208. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1076;&#1080;&#1086;&#1085; &#1044;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072;&#1084;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  209. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  210. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1088;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1086;&#1088;&#1072;&#1085; "&#1055;&#1088;&#1072;&#1075;&#1072;"</em></span></p>
  211. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  212. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1088;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1086;&#1088;&#1072;&#1085; "&#1040;&#1088;&#1072;&#1075;&#1074;&#1080;"</em></span></p>
  213. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  214. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1044;&#1086;&#1084; &#1057;&#1087;&#1072;&#1089;&#1089;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  215. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  216. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1052;&#1091;&#1079;&#1077;&#1081; &#1051;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  217. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  218. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1052;&#1072;&#1074;&#1079;&#1086;&#1083;&#1077;&#1081; &#1051;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  219. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  220. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1055;&#1088;&#1086;&#1089;&#1087;&#1077;&#1082;&#1090; &#1050;&#1072;&#1083;&#1080;&#1085;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  221. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  222. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1057;&#1086;&#1073;&#1086;&#1088; &#1042;&#1072;&#1089;&#1080;&#1083;&#1080;&#1103; &#1041;&#1083;&#1072;&#1078;&#1077;&#1085;&#1085;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  223. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  224. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1055;&#1072;&#1088;&#1082; &#1082;&#1091;&#1083;&#1100;&#1090;&#1091;&#1088;&#1099; &#1080; &#1086;&#1090;&#1076;&#1099;&#1093;&#1072;
  225. "&#1057;&#1086;&#1082;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1085;&#1080;&#1082;&#1080;"</em></span></p>
  226. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  227. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1044;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1077;&#1094; &#1057;&#1098;&#1077;&#1079;&#1076;&#1086;&#1074;</em></span></p>
  228. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  229. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1042;&#1077;&#1088;&#1093;&#1086;&#1074;&#1085;&#1099;&#1081; &#1057;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  230. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  231. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1076;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1077;&#1085;&#1085;&#1099;&#1081;
  232. &#1084;&#1072;&#1075;&#1072;&#1079;&#1080;&#1085;</em></span></p>
  233. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  234. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1080;&#1077;&#1074;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1074;&#1086;&#1082;&#1079;&#1072;&#1083;</em></span></p>
  235. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  236. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1052;&#1086;&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1074;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1091;&#1085;&#1080;&#1074;&#1077;&#1088;&#1089;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  237. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  238. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1053;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1076;&#1077;&#1074;&#1080;&#1095;&#1080;&#1081; &#1084;&#1086;&#1085;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090;&#1099;&#1088;&#1100;</em></span></p>
  239. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  240. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1048;&#1089;&#1090;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1095;&#1077;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1084;&#1091;&#1079;&#1077;&#1081;</em></span></p>
  241. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  242. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1088;&#1077;&#1084;&#1083;&#1077;&#1074;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1090;&#1077;&#1072;&#1090;&#1088;</em></span></p>
  243. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  244. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1059;&#1089;&#1087;&#1077;&#1085;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1089;&#1086;&#1073;&#1086;&#1088;</em></span></p>
  245. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  246. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1040;&#1088;&#1093;&#1072;&#1085;&#1075;&#1077;&#1083;&#1100;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1089;&#1086;&#1073;&#1086;&#1088;</em></span></p>
  247. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  248. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1091;&#1090;&#1091;&#1079;&#1086;&#1074;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1089;&#1087;&#1077;&#1082;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  249. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  250. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1051;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1085;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1089;&#1087;&#1077;&#1082;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  251. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  252. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1051;&#1086;&#1084;&#1086;&#1085;&#1086;&#1089;&#1086;&#1074;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1089;&#1087;&#1077;&#1082;&#1090;</em></span></p>
  253. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  254. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1052;&#1086;&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1074;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1087;&#1083;&#1072;&#1085;&#1077;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1080;&#1081;</em></span></p>
  255. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  256. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1041;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1096;&#1086;&#1081; &#1090;&#1077;&#1072;&#1090;&#1088;</em></span></p>
  257. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  258. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1041;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1096;&#1086;&#1081; &#1050;&#1088;&#1077;&#1084;&#1083;&#1077;&#1074;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081;
  259. &#1044;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1077;&#1094;</em></span></p>
  260. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">
  261. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1078;&#1080;&#1083;&#1086;&#1081; &#1076;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span></p>
  262. </td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e615"></a>List 2</h3></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  263. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1076;&#1077;&#1088;&#1077;&#1074;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  264. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  265. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1086;&#1089;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  266. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  267. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1082;&#1086;&#1085;&#1089;&#1091;&#1083;&#1100;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  268. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  269. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1079;&#1076;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077;</em></span></p>
  270. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  271. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1090;&#1076;&#1077;&#1083;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077;</em></span></p>
  272. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  273. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1082;&#1080;&#1085;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  274. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  275. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1076;&#1077;&#1087;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  276. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  277. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1090;&#1072;&#1082;&#1089;&#1080;</em></span></p>
  278. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  279. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1090;&#1076;&#1077;&#1083;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077; &#1084;&#1080;&#1083;&#1080;&#1094;&#1080;&#1080;</em></span></p>
  280. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  281. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1079;&#1076;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077; &#1057;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090;&#1072; &#1052;&#1080;&#1085;&#1080;&#1089;&#1090;&#1088;&#1086;&#1074;</em></span></p>
  282. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  283. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1082;&#1080;&#1085;&#1086; "&#1062;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1088;&#1072;&#1083;&#1100;&#1085;&#1099;&#1081;"</em></span></p>
  284. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  285. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1072;&#1084;&#1077;&#1088;&#1080;&#1082;&#1072;&#1085;&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1077; &#1087;&#1086;&#1089;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  286. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  287. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1072;&#1084;&#1077;&#1088;&#1080;&#1082;&#1072;&#1085;&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1077; &#1082;&#1086;&#1085;&#1089;&#1091;&#1083;&#1100;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  288. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  289. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1099;&#1089;&#1086;&#1090;&#1085;&#1086;&#1077; &#1079;&#1076;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077;</em></span></p>
  290. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  291. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1086;&#1078;&#1072;&#1088;&#1085;&#1086;&#1077; &#1076;&#1077;&#1087;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  292. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  293. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1078;&#1080;&#1083;&#1086;&#1077; &#1079;&#1076;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077;</em></span></p>
  294. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e719"></a>List 3</h3></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  295. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1072;&#1087;&#1090;&#1077;&#1082;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  296. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  297. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1086;&#1095;&#1090;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  298. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  299. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1073;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1085;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  300. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  301. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1083;&#1086;&#1076;&#1082;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  302. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  303. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1084;&#1072;&#1096;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  304. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  305. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1082;&#1072;&#1084;&#1077;&#1081;&#1082;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  306. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  307. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1073;&#1077;&#1085;&#1079;&#1086;&#1082;&#1086;&#1083;&#1086;&#1085;&#1082;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  308. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  309. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1055;&#1077;&#1090;&#1088;&#1086;&#1074;&#1082;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  310. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  311. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1088;&#1077;&#1082;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  312. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  313. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1075;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1085;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  314. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  315. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1086;&#1103;&#1085;&#1082;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  316. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  317. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1073;&#1080;&#1073;&#1083;&#1080;&#1086;&#1090;&#1077;&#1082;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  318. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  319. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1084;&#1086;&#1075;&#1080;&#1083;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  320. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  321. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1091;&#1083;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  322. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  323. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1073;&#1091;&#1076;&#1082;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  324. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  325. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1082;&#1086;&#1083;&#1086;&#1082;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1085;&#1103;</em></span></p>
  326. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  327. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1085;&#1094;&#1080;&#1103;</em></span></p>
  328. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  329. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1083;&#1080;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;</em></span></p>
  330. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  331. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1075;&#1072;&#1083;&#1077;&#1088;&#1077;&#1103;</em></span></p>
  332. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  333. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1094;&#1077;&#1088;&#1082;&#1086;&#1074;&#1100;</em></span></p>
  334. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  335. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1083;&#1086;&#1097;&#1072;&#1076;&#1100;</em></span></p>
  336. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  337. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1091;&#1073;&#1086;&#1088;&#1085;&#1072;&#1103;</em></span></p>
  338. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  339. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1073;&#1091;&#1083;&#1086;&#1095;&#1085;&#1072;&#1103;</em></span></p>
  340. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  341. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1072;&#1088;&#1080;&#1082;&#1084;&#1072;&#1093;&#1077;&#1088;&#1089;&#1082;&#1072;&#1103;</em></span></p>
  342. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  343. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1088;&#1077;&#1082;&#1072; &#1052;&#1086;&#1089;&#1082;&#1074;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  344. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  345. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1075;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1085;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072; "&#1059;&#1082;&#1088;&#1072;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072;"</em></span></p>
  346. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  347. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1075;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1085;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072; "&#1052;&#1086;&#1089;&#1082;&#1074;&#1072;"</em></span></p>
  348. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  349. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1075;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1085;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072; "&#1056;&#1086;&#1089;&#1089;&#1080;&#1103;"</em></span></p>
  350. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  351. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1086;&#1103;&#1085;&#1082;&#1072; &#1090;&#1072;&#1082;&#1089;&#1080;</em></span></p>
  352. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  353. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1041;&#1080;&#1073;&#1083;&#1080;&#1086;&#1090;&#1077;&#1082;&#1072; &#1051;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  354. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  355. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1084;&#1086;&#1075;&#1080;&#1083;&#1072; &#1057;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  356. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  357. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1084;&#1086;&#1075;&#1080;&#1083;&#1072; &#1044;&#1078;&#1086;&#1085;&#1072; &#1056;&#1080;&#1076;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  358. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  359. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1086;&#1083;&#1086;&#1082;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1085;&#1103; &#1048;&#1074;&#1072;&#1085;&#1072;
  360. &#1042;&#1077;&#1083;&#1080;&#1082;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  361. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  362. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1091;&#1083;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072; &#1063;&#1072;&#1081;&#1082;&#1086;&#1074;&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  363. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  364. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1091;&#1083;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072; &#1043;&#1086;&#1088;&#1100;&#1082;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086;</em></span></p>
  365. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  366. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1091;&#1083;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072; &#1043;&#1077;&#1088;&#1094;&#1077;&#1085;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  367. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  368. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1079;&#1072;&#1087;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074;&#1086;&#1095;&#1085;&#1072;&#1103; &#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1085;&#1094;&#1080;&#1103;</em></span></p>
  369. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  370. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1044;&#1086;&#1085;&#1089;&#1082;&#1072;&#1103; &#1091;&#1083;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  371. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  372. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1090;&#1077;&#1083;&#1077;&#1092;&#1086;&#1085;&#1085;&#1072;&#1103; &#1073;&#1091;&#1076;&#1082;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  373. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  374. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1043;&#1088;&#1072;&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1080;&#1090;&#1072;&#1103; &#1087;&#1072;&#1083;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072;</em></span></p>
  375. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  376. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1088;&#1077;&#1084;&#1083;&#1077;&#1074;&#1089;&#1082;&#1072;&#1103; &#1085;&#1072;&#1073;&#1077;&#1088;&#1077;&#1078;&#1085;&#1072;&#1103;</em></span></p>
  377. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  378. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1058;&#1088;&#1077;&#1090;&#1100;&#1103;&#1082;&#1086;&#1074;&#1089;&#1082;&#1072;&#1103; &#1075;&#1072;&#1083;&#1077;&#1088;&#1077;&#1103;</em></span></p>
  379. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  380. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1078;&#1077;&#1083;&#1077;&#1079;&#1085;&#1086;&#1076;&#1086;&#1088;&#1086;&#1078;&#1085;&#1072;&#1103; &#1083;&#1080;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;</em></span></p>
  381. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  382. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1088;&#1072;&#1089;&#1085;&#1072;&#1103; &#1087;&#1083;&#1086;&#1097;&#1072;&#1076;&#1100;</em></span></p>
  383. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>
  384. <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1088;&#1072;&#1103; &#1087;&#1086;&#1084;&#1086;&#1097;&#1100;</em></span></p>
  385. </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pr01.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center">&nbsp;</td><td width="40%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch01s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Preface&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">&nbsp;Key to sketch (see page )</td></tr></table></div></body></html>