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FSI-Russian


			
				
					
						
						
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							<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" version="-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"><head xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" profile=""><title>In case you were wondering</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/></head><body><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="d0e19959" shape="rect"/>In case you were wondering</h1></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e19962" shape="rect"/>The Russian Verb</h2></div></div></div><p>Compared to the complexity of the English verbal system, the
      Russian one is quite simple.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col style="text-align: center" class="c1" span="1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c2" span="1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c3" span="1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAST</td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>I worked</p> <p>I did work</p> <p>I was
              working</p> <p>I had worked</p> <p>I had been
              working</p></td><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я
              работал</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRESENT</td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>I work</p> <p>I do work</p> <p>I am
              working</p> <p>I have worked</p> <p>I habe been
              working</p></td><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я
              работаю</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FUTURE</td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>I will work</p> <p>I will be working</p>
              <p>I will have worked</p> <p>I will have been
              working</p> <p>I am going to work</p> <p>I am going
              to be working</p></td><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я буду
              работать</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e20040" shape="rect"/>The Past Tense</h2></div></div></div><p>Past tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in
      the nominative case) in gender or number. To form the past tense, take
      the infinitive работать, drop the ending -ть and add -л, -ла, -ло or
      -ли.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col span="1"/><col span="1"/><col span="1"/><col span="1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Она</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Оно</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span class="bold"><strong>Они</strong></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я
              работал</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я
              работала</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p/></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы
              работали</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты
              работал</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты
              работала</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p/></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы
              работали</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он
              работал</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она
              работала</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно
              работало</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они
              работали</em></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e20115" shape="rect"/>The Present Tense</h2></div></div></div><p>Present tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in
      the nominative case) in person and number. There are two conjugation
      patterns for the present tense. They differ only by the vowel which is
      used in the endings:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col span="1"/><col span="1"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">First conjugation</th><th style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Second conjugation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я
              работаю</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я
              говорю</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты
              работаешь</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты
              говоришь</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он
              работает</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он
              говорит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она
              работает</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она
              говорит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно
              работает</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно
              говорит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы
              работаем</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы
              говорим</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы
              работаете</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы
              говорите</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они
              работают</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они
              говорят</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e20187" shape="rect"/>The future tense</h2></div></div></div><p>There are two ways to form verbs in the future tense:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>Using a "helping verb" plus the<span class="bold"><strong>
          imperfectiv</strong></span>e infinitive:</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Conjugating a <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span>
          infinitive:</p></li></ol></div><p>The terms <span class="bold"><strong>imperfective</strong></span> and
      <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> refer to the distinction
      between 2 verbs whose actual meaning is the same, but whose focus shifts
      from viewing the action as process (ongoing in the past, present or
      future) to viewing a "limit" having been reached (in the past or future;
      present is precluded). Sometimes this limit is an "end" (a result) and
      other times it is a "beginning". For a more complete explanation of this
      phenomenon, consult a Russian grammar.</p></div></div></body></html>