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- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon" xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><head><title>In case you were wondering</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="prev" href="ch06s03.xhtml" title="Listening Comprehension Exercise"/><link rel="next" href="ch06s05.xhtml" title="Useful words and expressions"/></head><body><header/><section class="section" title="In case you were wondering" epub:type="subchapter" id="d0e19959"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">In case you were wondering</h2></div></div></div><section class="section" title="The Russian Verb" epub:type="division" id="d0e19962"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">The Russian Verb</h3></div></div></div><p>Compared to the complexity of the English verbal system, the
- Russian one is quite simple.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">PAST</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p>I worked</p> <p>I did work</p> <p>I was
- working</p> <p>I had worked</p> <p>I had been
- working</p></td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я
- работал</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">PRESENT</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p>I work</p> <p>I do work</p> <p>I am
- working</p> <p>I have worked</p> <p>I habe been
- working</p></td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я
- работаю</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; ">FUTURE</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><p>I will work</p> <p>I will be working</p>
- <p>I will have worked</p> <p>I will have been
- working</p> <p>I am going to work</p> <p>I am going
- to be working</p></td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я буду
- работать</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="The Past Tense" epub:type="division" id="d0e20040"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">The Past Tense</h3></div></div></div><p>Past tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in
- the nominative case) in gender or number. To form the past tense, take
- the infinitive работать, drop the ending -ть and add -л, -ла, -ло or
- -ли.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col/><col/><col/><col/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Она</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Оно</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span class="bold"><strong>Они</strong></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я
- работал</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я
- работала</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p/></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы
- работали</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты
- работал</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты
- работала</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p/></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы
- работали</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он
- работал</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она
- работала</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно
- работало</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они
- работали</em></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="The Present Tense" epub:type="division" id="d0e20115"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">The Present Tense</h3></div></div></div><p>Present tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in
- the nominative case) in person and number. There are two conjugation
- patterns for the present tense. They differ only by the vowel which is
- used in the endings:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col/><col/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">First conjugation</th><th style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Second conjugation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я
- работаю</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я
- говорю</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты
- работаешь</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты
- говоришь</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он
- работает</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он
- говорит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она
- работает</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она
- говорит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно
- работает</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно
- говорит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы
- работаем</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы
- говорим</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы
- работаете</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы
- говорите</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они
- работают</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они
- говорят</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="The future tense" epub:type="division" id="d0e20187"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">The future tense</h3></div></div></div><p>There are two ways to form verbs in the future tense:</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Using a "helping verb" plus the<span class="bold"><strong>
- imperfectiv</strong></span>e infinitive:</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Conjugating a <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span>
- infinitive:</p></li></ol></div><p>The terms <span class="bold"><strong>imperfective</strong></span> and
- <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> refer to the distinction
- between 2 verbs whose actual meaning is the same, but whose focus shifts
- from viewing the action as process (ongoing in the past, present or
- future) to viewing a "limit" having been reached (in the past or future;
- present is precluded). Sometimes this limit is an "end" (a result) and
- other times it is a "beginning". For a more complete explanation of this
- phenomenon, consult a Russian grammar.</p></section></section><footer/></body></html>
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