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- <title xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng">The Russian alphabet</title><meta xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng" name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The RUSSIAN Fast Course"><link rel="up" href="ch01.html" title="Chapter 1. Lesson 1"><link rel="prev" href="ch01.html" title="Chapter 1. Lesson 1"><link rel="next" href="ch01s03.html" title="Russian phonetics"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">The Russian alphabet</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch01.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 1. Lesson 1</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d5e223"></a>The Russian alphabet</h2></div></div></div><p>The Russian alphabet "Cyrillic" is named in honor of St. Cyril, a Greek missionary who
- brought the written word to the Slavs in the 9th century. This alphabet, as it exists today,
- consists of 33 letters/symbols: 10 vowel symbols, 20 consonants, 1 semi-vowel and 2 symbols
- with no sound value.</p><p>The following is a presentation of the Cyrillic alphabet "<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кириллица</em></span>". It consists of letters/symbols which:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>resemble Latin letters and represent approximately the same sounds.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0010-1-1.png" width="142"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0010-1-2.png" width="142"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0010-2.png" width="142"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МАМА</em></span>
- <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мама</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">КОМЕТА</em></span>
- <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">комета</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">КОТ</em></span>
- <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кот</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Какао</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Мокко</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Том</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Мекка</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>resemble Latin letters, but represent different sounds:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Р р</em></span></td><td>represents a trilled or "flapped" r. (Compare it to the double t sound in
- "letter" or the double d sound in "ladder".)</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">У у</em></span></td><td>is a vowel which represents the long vowel sound oo.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">С с</em></span></td><td>represents the sound s.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">В в</em></span></td><td>represents the sound v.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0011-1.png" width="142"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0011-2.png" width="142"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0011-3.png" width="142"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">КАССА</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МЕТРО</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ТРАКТОР</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0011-4.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0011-5.png" width="248"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">КАКТУС</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МОСКВА</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">метр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">курс</em></span></td><td align="center">масса</td><td align="center">квота</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мотор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">текст</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">торт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">маска</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">квас</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">арка</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аорта</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">карта</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">акт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">автор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">космос</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">театр</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аромат</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сорт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">самовар</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">автомат</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Н н</em></span></td><td>represents the sound n.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0012-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0012-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">НОТА</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ТАНК</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сенатор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нерв</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нос</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ветеран</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">манера</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">момент</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">норма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">номер</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ванна</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нато</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>look different from Latin letters altogether.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">И и</em></span></td><td>is a vowel which represents the long vowel sound ее.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0013-1-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0013-1-1-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">киоск</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вино</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">рис</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">риск</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">министр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">система</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">три</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">рим</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">минимум</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">квартира</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">виски</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">артист</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">артистка</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">инструмент</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вино</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">минута</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">университет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нина</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">минск</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">интерес</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">математика</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Л л</em></span></td><td>represents the sound I.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0014-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0014-2.png" align="middle" width="213"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">СТУЛ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЛИМОН</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">климат</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">литр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">луна</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мали</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">миллион</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лирика</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">металл</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">план</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">реклама</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лексика</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">литература</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лист</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">минерал</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туалет</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">молекула</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">молоко</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Д д</em></span></td><td>represents the sound d.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0015-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0015-2.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0015-3.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">РАДИО</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ДОКТОР</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ДОМ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мода</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">диван</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">драма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кандидат</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">директор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">диск</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лондон</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">документ</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стадион</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дата</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">канада</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">демократ</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">диктант</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">метод</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дракон</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">код</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Б</em></span></td><td>represents the sound b.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0016-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0016-1-2.png" width="162"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">БАНАН</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">БИЛЕТ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">банк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бостон</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бокс</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">букет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бланк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бар</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бас</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">балет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">блин</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">брат</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">борис</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">барон</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">П п</em></span></td><td>represents the sound p.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0017-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0017-2.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0017-3.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЛАМПА</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ПАСПОРТ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ПОРТРЕТ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пресса</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">план</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">патриот</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">парламент</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">темп</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стоп</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">протест</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пианист</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">проект</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стоп</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">депутат</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">транспорт</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">опера</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пакет</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">плакат</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">практика</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">парк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">импорт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">диплом</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дипломат</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">спорт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">парад</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">публика</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">политика</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ы</em></span></td><td>represents a vowel sound which does not exist in English. This letter will
- never begin a word and is often used to form the plural of nouns.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0018-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">РЫБА</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мыло</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кассы</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">курсы</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">планы</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туристы</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лампы</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">атомы</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">рыба</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">блины</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сын</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">студенты</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">плакаты</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Г г</em></span></td><td>represents the sound g.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0019-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0019-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ТИГР</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ГИТАРА</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0019-3.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0019-4.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">КОНГРЕСС</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ПЕНТАГОН</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">волга</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">грамм</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">орган</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">винегрет</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гранит</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">магнит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гамма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гол</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аргумент</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">агроном</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">агрессор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">генерал</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">группа</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сигнал</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">прогресс</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">грот</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">грамматика</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">килограмм</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">З з</em></span></td><td>represents the sound z.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0020-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0020-2.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0020-3.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ГАЗЕТА</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">РОЗА</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЗЕБРА</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">магазин</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">база</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зенит</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зона</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">президент</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ваза</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зоолог</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">виза</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">патриотизм</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">визит</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">муза</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">музыка</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ф ф</em></span></td><td>represents the sound f.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0021-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0021-2-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0021-2-1-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">КАФЕ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МИКРОФОН</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ТЕЛЕФОН</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">миф</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">буфет</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фонд</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фрукты</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">финал</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кофе</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фосфор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фонтан</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фирма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фронт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фен</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">финансы</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">африка</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фото</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">флаг</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">профессор</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ферма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">физика</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">факт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">феномен</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">форма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фраза</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фигура</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">футбол</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ж ж</em></span></td><td>represents the zh sound, similar to the V in measure.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0022-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0022-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЖИРАФ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЖУРНАЛ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жена</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жаргон</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">желе</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жест</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пирожок</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жакет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">журналист</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жанр</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">И и</em></span></td><td>is a semi-vowel which represents the sound of "y" as in York.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0023-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0023-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ПЛАНЕТАРИИ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МУЗЕИ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">йог</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мавзолей</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">йод</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">герой</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">йота</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">перестройка</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">трамвай</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бойкот</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">X х</em></span></td><td>represents the sound of the j in the English pronunciation of junta. The best
- way to make this sound is to get your tongue in the position for the к sound, and
- then simply exhale.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0024-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ХОККЕЙ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хроника</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">химик</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хулиган</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хаки</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">храм</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хаос</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">характер</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сахаров</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хунта</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">техник</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хамелеон</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">механик</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ч ч</em></span></td><td>represents the sound of "ch", as in cheese.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0025-1-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0025-1-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЧЕК</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЧЕМПИОН</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">чай</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сочи</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">чайковский</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">матч</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">чикаго</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ростропович</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дача</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">чехов</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">иванович</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ц ц</em></span></td><td>represents the sound of the "ts" combination as in the word bets.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0026-1-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0026-1-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЦИРК</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ПИЦЦА</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">медицина</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цемент</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цитата</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">солженицын</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">концерт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">процесс</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дисциплина</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">принцип</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цензура</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">специалист</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">центр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цент</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цилиндр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цинк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цикл</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ш ш</em></span></td><td>represents the "six" sound similar to that of the "s" in sugar.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0027-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ШОКОЛА́Д</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">штат</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">шрифт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">машина</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">шарф</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">шеф</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">штамп</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">каша</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">шуба</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">марш</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">шимпанзе</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">финиш</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">школа</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Щ щ</em></span></td><td>looks like the letter above, except for its little tail. It represents a
- sound similar to the combination shch, as in fresh cheese or the sti combination
- in the word question.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">щелкунчик</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">щека</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">борщ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">щенок</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">щи</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">щит</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Э э</em></span></td><td>is a vowel which represents the sound of "e" as in bet. This letter often
- begins words in Russian and is only rarely found within a word.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0028-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0028-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЭСКАЛАТОР</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЭЛЕКТРОН</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">эра</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экспресс</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">эксперимент</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">поэт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аэрофлот</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">этика</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">элита</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экзамен</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">энтузиазм</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">эгоист</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">эхо</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">электрик</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экватор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экспорт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экономист</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я я</em></span></td><td>is a vowel which has two pronunciations in Russian.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="a"><li class="listitem"><p>Я at the beginning of a word or as the second vowel in a vowel cluster is
- pronounced ya.</p><p>At the beginning of a word:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0029-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center">ЯХТА</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">як</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">яд</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ярд</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">яма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ялта</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">янки</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">яков</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ярус</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ярмарка</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In a vowel cluster:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0030-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">БАТАРЕЯ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мария</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">операция</em></span></td><td align="center">лаборатория</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">партия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">комедия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">коллекция</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">линия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">теория</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">территория</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">армия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">религия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">позиция</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">копия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экскурсия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экспедиция</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">категория</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">комиссия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">полиция</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">профессия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">галерея</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">миссия</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>After a consonant this letter indicates that the consonant is palatalized, i.e. It
- is pronounced with the middle portion of the tongue raised towards the roof of the
- mouth. Я then represents the vowel a.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0031-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ВАНЯ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">няня</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">таня</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">боря</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ляля</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">коля</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">баня</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дядя</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">галя</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ю ю</em></span></td><td>is a vowel which has two pronunciations in Russian.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="a"><li class="listitem"><p>Ю at the beginning of a word or as the second vowel in a vowel cluster is
- pronounced yoo.</p><p>At the beginning of a word:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юг</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юрта</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юрий</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юмор</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юрист</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ювелир</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юноша</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юбилей</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юстиция</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In a vowel cluster:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">каюта</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">союз</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>After a consonant this letter indicates that the consonant is palatalized, i.e. It
- is pronounced with the middle portion of the tongue raised towards the roof of the
- mouth. Ю then represents the vowel y.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0033-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">РЮКЗАК</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нюанс</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бюджет</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пюре</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бюро</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бюрократ</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дюна</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">меню</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">утюг</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">люкс</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бюст</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сюжет</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">костюм</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Е е</em></span></td><td>a vowel, like Я and Ю also has two pronunciations. In printed texts other
- than textbooks the two dots are not indicated. You must be told when to pronounce
- ё (which is always stressed) and when to pronounce e.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="a"><li class="listitem"><p>E at the beginning of a word or as the second vowel in a vowel cluster is
- pronounced yo.</p><p>At the beginning of a word:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0034-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЁЛКА</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ёж</em></span></p><p>in a vowel cluster:</p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">моё</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">твоё</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">её</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>After a consonant it indicates that the consonant is palatalized, i.e. It is
- pronounced with the middle portion of the tongue raised towards the roof of the mouth.
- Ё then represents the vowel o.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0035-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ШОФЕР</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">тётя</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">манёвр</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">берёза</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зелёный</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сестры</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лёд</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">свёкла</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мёд</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сёмга</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">счёт</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ь</em></span></td><td>The symbol <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ь</em></span> has no sound value.
- It indicates that the preceding consonant is palatalized. It is most often found
- at the end of Russian words and signals that these words are pronounced with the
- final consonant palatalized ("softened"). For this reason it is referred to as the
- "soft sign".</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0036-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../Images/FSI-0036-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МЕДАЛЬ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">АВТОМОБИЛЬ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мать</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">декабрь</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">апрель</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">соль</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">конь</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">князь</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">портфель</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ночь</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">отель</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">календарь</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дробь</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">царь</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ноль</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">секретарь</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">модель</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фильм</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сеть</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пять</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бульвар</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кремль</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ъ</em></span></td><td>The symbol ъ also has no sound value. It is found within words and is used to
- separate the prefix from the root of the word when the prefix ends in a consonant
- and the root of the word begins with one of the following vowels: <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я, Ю, E, E</em></span>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">объезд</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">подъём</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">подъезд</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">объект</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">съезд</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">въезд</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">субъект</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">объём</em></span></td><td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e1935"></a><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Упражнение</em></span> №1.</h3></div></div></div><p>Read through the following list of places you might want to visit.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">касса</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">театр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стадион</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">школа</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цирк</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Москва</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">магазин</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кремль</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">парк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мавзолей</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">университет</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ферма</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зоопарк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">банк</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">музей</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">галерея</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">планетарий</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">буфет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бар</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">храм</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">выставка</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ялта</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Россия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">консерватория</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e2007"></a><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Упражнение</em></span> №2.</h3></div></div></div><p>Draw a line between the words which are logically related to each other.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">футбол</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">толстой</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">меню</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стадион</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зоопарк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фильм</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center">"<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Анна Каренина</em></span>"</td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">медицина</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">литр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бензин</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кафе</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жираф</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">газета</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">университет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оркестр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ферма</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">касса</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">концерт</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гастроном</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стюардесса</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аэрофлот</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">билет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">доктор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кофе</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">студент</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">правда</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">трактор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">магазин</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e2089"></a><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Упражнение</em></span> №3.</h3></div></div></div><p>Unscramble the following words. Use the answers below for help.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юмне</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нмдиоа</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">aсack</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">еофк</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">толфэаро</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">тбуеф</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">иреениусвтт</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">amoвck</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ягаелре</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">рсотппа</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ральбву</em></span></td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Answers:</p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">касса</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Москва</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">паспорт</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кофе</em></span>,
- <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">университет</em></span>,<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"> галерея</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">меню</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">буфет</em></span>,
- <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Динамо</em></span>,<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">
- аэрофлот</em></span>,<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">
- бульвар</em></span>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e2155"></a><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Упражнение</em></span> №4.</h3></div></div></div><p>Make as many Russian words as you can using each letter only once. Start each word with
- one of the capitalized letters.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>К</strong></span>ефютро<span class="bold"><strong>Ф</strong></span>обфо<span class="bold"><strong>Б</strong></span>о<span class="bold"><strong>С</strong></span>зло<span class="bold"><strong>Ф</strong></span>оуют</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Ф<em class="replaceable"><code>---</code></em></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>К<em class="replaceable"><code>---</code></em></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Ф<em class="replaceable"><code>---</code></em></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Б<em class="replaceable"><code>---</code></em></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>С<em class="replaceable"><code>---</code></em></p></li></ol></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e2181"></a><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Упражнение</em></span> №5.</h3></div></div></div><p>This is a listening comprehension exercise. Number the words according to the sequence
- in which your teacher will read them aloud.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">музей</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гастроном</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">армия</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">газета</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гитара</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кафе</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">журнал</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дядя</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">штат</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch01.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch01.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 1. Lesson 1 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Russian phonetics</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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