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  3.    <title xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng">In case you were wondering</title><meta xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng" name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The RUSSIAN Fast Course"><link rel="up" href="ch06.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Lesson 6"><link rel="prev" href="ch06s03.html" title="Listening Comprehension Exercise"><link rel="next" href="ch06s05.html" title="Useful words and expressions"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">In case you were wondering</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch06s03.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Lesson 6</th><td width="20%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch06s05.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d5e11626"></a>In case you were wondering</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e11628"></a>The Russian Verb</h3></div></div></div><p>Compared to the complexity of the English verbal system, the
    4. 

  4.       Russian one is quite simple.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"><col align="center" class="c2"><col align="center" class="c3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle">PAST</td><td align="center"><p>I worked</p> <p>I did work</p> <p>I was
    5. 

  5.               working</p> <p>I had worked</p> <p>I had been
    6. 

  6.               working</p></td><td align="center" valign="middle"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1071;
    7. 

  7.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle">PRESENT</td><td align="center"><p>I work</p> <p>I do work</p> <p>I am
    8. 

  8.               working</p> <p>I have worked</p> <p>I habe been
    9. 

  9.               working</p></td><td align="center" valign="middle"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1071;
    10. 

  10.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1102;</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle">FUTURE</td><td align="center"><p>I will work</p> <p>I will be working</p>
    11. 

  11.               <p>I will have worked</p> <p>I will have been
    12. 

  12.               working</p> <p>I am going to work</p> <p>I am going
    13. 

  13.               to be working</p></td><td align="center" valign="middle"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1071; &#1073;&#1091;&#1076;&#1091;
    14. 

  14.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1090;&#1100;</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e11668"></a>The Past Tense</h3></div></div></div><p>Past tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in
    15. 

  15.       the nominative case) in gender or number. To form the past tense, take
    16. 

  16.       the infinitive &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1090;&#1100;, drop the ending -&#1090;&#1100; and add -&#1083;, -&#1083;&#1072;, -&#1083;&#1086; or
    17. 

  17.       -&#1083;&#1080;.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1085;</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1085;&#1072;</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1085;&#1086;</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span class="bold"><strong>&#1054;&#1085;&#1080;</strong></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1103;
    18. 

  18.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1103;
    19. 

  19.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;&#1072;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1084;&#1099;
    20. 

  20.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;&#1080;</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1090;&#1099;
    21. 

  21.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1090;&#1099;
    22. 

  22.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;&#1072;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1099;
    23. 

  23.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;&#1080;</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;
    24. 

  24.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;&#1072;
    25. 

  25.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;&#1072;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;&#1086;
    26. 

  26.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;&#1086;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;&#1080;
    27. 

  27.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;&#1080;</em></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e11727"></a>The Present Tense</h3></div></div></div><p>Present tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in
    28. 

  28.       the nominative case) in person and number. There are two conjugation
    29. 

  29.       patterns for the present tense. They differ only by the vowel which is
    30. 

  30.       used in the endings:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">First conjugation</th><th align="center">Second conjugation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1103;
    31. 

  31.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1102;</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1103;
    32. 

  32.               &#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1102;</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1090;&#1099;
    33. 

  33.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1077;&#1096;&#1100;</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1090;&#1099;
    34. 

  34.               &#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1096;&#1100;</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;
    35. 

  35.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1077;&#1090;</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;
    36. 

  36.               &#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1090;</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;&#1072;
    37. 

  37.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1077;&#1090;</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;&#1072;
    38. 

  38.               &#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1090;</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;&#1086;
    39. 

  39.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1077;&#1090;</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;&#1086;
    40. 

  40.               &#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1090;</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1084;&#1099;
    41. 

  41.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1077;&#1084;</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1084;&#1099;
    42. 

  42.               &#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1084;</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1099;
    43. 

  43.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1077;&#1090;&#1077;</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1099;
    44. 

  44.               &#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077;</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;&#1080;
    45. 

  45.               &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1102;&#1090;</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;&#1080;
    46. 

  46.               &#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1103;&#1090;</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e11778"></a>The future tense</h3></div></div></div><p>There are two ways to form verbs in the future tense:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Using a "helping verb" plus the<span class="bold"><strong>
    47. 

  47.           imperfectiv</strong></span>e infinitive:</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Conjugating a <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span>
    48. 

  48.           infinitive:</p></li></ol></div><p>The terms <span class="bold"><strong>imperfective</strong></span> and
    49. 

  49.       <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> refer to the distinction
    50. 

  50.       between 2 verbs whose actual meaning is the same, but whose focus shifts
    51. 

  51.       from viewing the action as process (ongoing in the past, present or
    52. 

  52.       future) to viewing a "limit" having been reached (in the past or future;
    53. 

  53.       present is precluded). Sometimes this limit is an "end" (a result) and
    54. 

  54.       other times it is a "beginning". For a more complete explanation of this
    55. 

  55.       phenomenon, consult a Russian grammar.</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch06s03.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch06.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch06s05.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Listening Comprehension Exercise&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">&nbsp;Useful words and expressions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
    56.