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- <title>4. In case you were wondering</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="html.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The RUSSIAN Fast Course"><link rel="up" href="ch06.html" title="Chapter 6. Lesson 6"><link rel="prev" href="ch06s03.html" title="3. Listening Comprehension Exercise"><link rel="next" href="ch06s05.html" title="5. Useful words and expressions"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">4. In case you were wondering</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch06s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 6. Lesson 6</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch06s05.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d0e17511"></a>4. In case you were wondering</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e17514"></a>4.1. The Russian Verb</h3></div></div></div><p>Compared to the complexity of the English verbal system, the Russian one is quite simple.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="26%" align="center" class="c1"><col width="37%" align="center" class="c2"><col width="37%" align="center" class="c3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle">PAST</td><td align="center"><p>I worked</p><p>I did work</p><p>I was working</p><p>I had worked</p><p>I had been working</p></td><td align="center" valign="middle"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я рабо́тал</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle">PRESENT</td><td align="center"><p>I work</p><p>I do work</p><p>I am working</p><p>I have worked</p><p>I have been working</p></td><td align="center" valign="middle"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я рабо́таю</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle">FUTURE</td><td align="center"><p>I will work</p><p>I will be working</p><p>I will have worked</p><p>I will have been working</p><p>I am going to work</p><p>I am going to be working</p></td><td align="center" valign="middle"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я бу́ду рабо́тать</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e17579"></a>4.2. The Past Tense</h3></div></div></div><p>Past tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in the nominative case) in gender or number. To form the past tense, take the infinitive <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">работать</em></span>, drop the ending -ть and add -л, -ла, -ло or -ли.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Она́</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Оно́</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Они</em></span>́</strong></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я рабо́тал</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я рабо́тала</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы рабо́тали</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты рабо́тал</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты рабо́тала</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы рабо́тали</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он рабо́тал</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она рабо́тала</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно рабо́тало</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они рабо́тали</em></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e17659"></a>4.3. The Present Tense</h3></div></div></div><p>Present tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in the nominative case) in person and number. There are two conjugation patterns for the present tense. They differ only by the vowel which is used in the endings:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">First conjugation</th><th align="center">Second conjugation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ю</strong></span></em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я говор<span class="bold"><strong>ю</strong></span>́</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты рабо́тае<span class="bold"><strong>шь</strong></span></em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́шь</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ет</strong></span></em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́т</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ет</strong></span></em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она́ говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́т</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ет</strong></span></em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно́ говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́т</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ем</strong></span></em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́м</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ете</strong></span></em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́те</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ют</strong></span></em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они́ говор<span class="bold"><strong>я́т</strong></span></em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e17763"></a>4.4. The future tense</h3></div></div></div><p>There are two ways to form verbs in the future tense:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Using a "helping verb" plus the<span class="bold"><strong> imperfective</strong></span> infinitive:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я бу́ду рабо́тать</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы бу́дем рабо́тать</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты бу́дешь рабо́тать</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы бу́дете рабо́тать</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он бу́дет рабо́тать</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она бу́дет рабо́тать</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они́ бу́дут рабо́тать</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно бу́дет рабо́тать</em></span></td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>Conjugating a <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> infinitive:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я порабо́таю</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы порабо́таем</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты порабо́таешь</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вч порабо́таете</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он порабо́тает</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она пораб́отает</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они порабо́тают</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно пораб́отает</em></span></td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><p>The terms <span class="bold"><strong>imperfective</strong></span> and <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> refer to the distinction between 2 verbs whose actual meaning is the same, but whose focus shifts from viewing the action as process (ongoing in the past, present or future) to viewing a "limit" having been reached (in the past or future; present is precluded). Sometimes this limit is an "end" (a result) and other times it is a "beginning". For a more complete explanation of this phenomenon, consult a Russian grammar.</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch06s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch06.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch06s05.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">3. Listening Comprehension Exercise </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 5. Useful words and expressions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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