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FSI-Russian


			
				
					
						
						
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							<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" version="-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"><head xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" profile=""><title>In case you were wondering</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/></head><body><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="d0e20046" shape="rect"/>In case you were wondering</h1></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e20049" shape="rect"/>The Russian Verb</h2></div></div></div><p>Compared to the complexity of the English verbal system, the Russian one is quite
        simple.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col style="text-align: center" class="c1" span="1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c2" span="1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c3" span="1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAST</td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>I worked</p>
                <p>I did work</p>
                <p>I was working</p>
                <p>I had worked</p>
                <p>I had been working</p></td><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я работал</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRESENT</td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>I work</p>
                <p>I do work</p>
                <p>I am working</p>
                <p>I have worked</p>
                <p>I have been working</p></td><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я работаю</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FUTURE</td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>I will work</p>
                <p>I will be working</p>
                <p>I will have worked</p>
                <p>I will have been working</p>
                <p>I am going to work</p>
                <p>I am going to be working</p></td><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я буду
                работать</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e20127" shape="rect"/>The Past Tense</h2></div></div></div><p>Past tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in the nominative case) in
        gender or number. To form the past tense, take the infinitive
          <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">работать</em></span>, drop the ending
          <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">-ть</em></span> and add <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">-л</em></span>,
          <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">-ла</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">-ло</em></span> or
          <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">-ли</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col span="1"/><col span="1"/><col span="1"/><col span="1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Она</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Оно</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Они</em></span></strong></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я работал</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я работала</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p/></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы работали</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты работал</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты работала</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p/></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы работали</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он работал</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она работала</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно работало</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они работали</em></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e20221" shape="rect"/>The Present Tense</h2></div></div></div><p>Present tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in the nominative case)
        in person and number. There are two conjugation patterns for the present tense. They differ
        only by the vowel which is used in the endings:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col span="1"/><col span="1"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">First conjugation</th><th style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Second conjugation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я работаю</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я говорю</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты работаешь</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты говоришь</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он работает</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он говорит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она работает</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она говорит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно работает</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно говорит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы работаем</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы говорим</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы работаете</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы говорите</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они работают</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они говорят</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e20293" shape="rect"/>The future tense</h2></div></div></div><p>There are two ways to form verbs in the future tense:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>Using a "helping verb" plus the<span class="bold"><strong> imperfective</strong></span>
            infinitive:</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Conjugating a <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> infinitive:</p></li></ol></div><p>The terms <span class="bold"><strong>imperfective</strong></span> and <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> refer to the distinction between 2 verbs whose actual meaning is
        the same, but whose focus shifts from viewing the action as process (ongoing in the past,
        present or future) to viewing a "limit" having been reached (in the past or future; present
        is precluded). Sometimes this limit is an "end" (a result) and other times it is a
        "beginning". For a more complete explanation of this phenomenon, consult a Russian
        grammar.</p></div></div></body></html>