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FSI-Russian


			
				
					
						
						
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							<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon" xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><head><title>In case you were wondering</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="prev" href="ch06s03.xhtml" title="Listening Comprehension Exercise"/><link rel="next" href="ch06s05.xhtml" title="Useful words and expressions"/></head><body><header/><section class="section" title="In case you were wondering" epub:type="subchapter" id="d0e20046"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">In case you were wondering</h2></div></div></div><section class="section" title="The Russian Verb" epub:type="division" id="d0e20049"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">The Russian Verb</h3></div></div></div><p>Compared to the complexity of the English verbal system, the Russian one is quite
        simple.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">PAST</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p>I worked</p>
                <p>I did work</p>
                <p>I was working</p>
                <p>I had worked</p>
                <p>I had been working</p></td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я работал</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">PRESENT</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p>I work</p>
                <p>I do work</p>
                <p>I am working</p>
                <p>I have worked</p>
                <p>I have been working</p></td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я работаю</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; ">FUTURE</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><p>I will work</p>
                <p>I will be working</p>
                <p>I will have worked</p>
                <p>I will have been working</p>
                <p>I am going to work</p>
                <p>I am going to be working</p></td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я буду
                работать</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="The Past Tense" epub:type="division" id="d0e20127"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">The Past Tense</h3></div></div></div><p>Past tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in the nominative case) in
        gender or number. To form the past tense, take the infinitive
          <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">работать</em></span>, drop the ending
          <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">-ть</em></span> and add <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">-л</em></span>,
          <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">-ла</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">-ло</em></span> or
          <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">-ли</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col/><col/><col/><col/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Она</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Оно</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Они</em></span></strong></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я работал</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я работала</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p/></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы работали</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты работал</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты работала</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p/></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы работали</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он работал</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она работала</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно работало</em></span></p></td><td style="text-align: center; "><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они работали</em></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="The Present Tense" epub:type="division" id="d0e20221"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">The Present Tense</h3></div></div></div><p>Present tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in the nominative case)
        in person and number. There are two conjugation patterns for the present tense. They differ
        only by the vowel which is used in the endings:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col/><col/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">First conjugation</th><th style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Second conjugation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я работаю</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я говорю</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты работаешь</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты говоришь</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он работает</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он говорит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она работает</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она говорит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно работает</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно говорит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы работаем</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы говорим</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы работаете</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы говорите</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они работают</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они говорят</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="The future tense" epub:type="division" id="d0e20293"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">The future tense</h3></div></div></div><p>There are two ways to form verbs in the future tense:</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Using a "helping verb" plus the<span class="bold"><strong> imperfective</strong></span>
            infinitive:</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Conjugating a <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> infinitive:</p></li></ol></div><p>The terms <span class="bold"><strong>imperfective</strong></span> and <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> refer to the distinction between 2 verbs whose actual meaning is
        the same, but whose focus shifts from viewing the action as process (ongoing in the past,
        present or future) to viewing a "limit" having been reached (in the past or future; present
        is precluded). Sometimes this limit is an "end" (a result) and other times it is a
        "beginning". For a more complete explanation of this phenomenon, consult a Russian
        grammar.</p></section></section><footer/></body></html>