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FSI-Russian


			
				
					
						
						
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							<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" version="-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"><head xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" profile=""><title>In case you were wondering</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/></head><body><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="d0e20811" shape="rect"/>In case you were wondering</h1></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e20814" shape="rect"/>The Russian Verb</h2></div></div></div><p>Compared to the complexity of the English verbal system, the Russian one is quite
        simple.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col style="text-align: center" class="c1" span="1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c2" span="1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c3" span="1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAST</td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p>I worked</p>
                <p>I did work</p>
                <p>I was working</p>
                <p>I had worked</p>
                <p>I had been working</p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я рабо́тал</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRESENT</td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p>I work</p>
                <p>I do work</p>
                <p>I am working</p>
                <p>I have worked</p>
                <p>I have been working</p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я рабо́таю</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FUTURE</td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p>I will work</p>
                <p>I will be working</p>
                <p>I will have worked</p>
                <p>I will have been working</p>
                <p>I am going to work</p>
                <p>I am going to be working</p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я бу́ду
                рабо́тать</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e20898" shape="rect"/>The Past Tense</h2></div></div></div><p>Past tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in the nominative case) in
        gender or number. To form the past tense, take the infinitive <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">работать</em></span>, drop the ending -ть and add -л, -ла, -ло or
        -ли.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col span="1"/><col span="1"/><col span="1"/><col span="1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он</em></span></strong></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Она́</em></span></strong></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Оно́</em></span></strong></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Они</em></span>́</strong></span></p>
              </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я рабо́тал</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я рабо́тала</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p/>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы рабо́тали</em></span></p>
              </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты рабо́тал</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты рабо́тала</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p/>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы рабо́тали</em></span></p>
              </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он рабо́тал</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она рабо́тала</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно рабо́тало</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они рабо́тали</em></span></p>
              </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e21010" shape="rect"/>The Present Tense</h2></div></div></div><p>Present tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in the nominative case)
        in person and number. There are two conjugation patterns for the present tense. They differ
        only by the vowel which is used in the endings:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col span="1"/><col span="1"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">First conjugation</th><th style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Second conjugation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ю</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я говор<span class="bold"><strong>ю</strong></span>́</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты рабо́тае<span class="bold"><strong>шь</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́шь</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ет</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́т</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ет</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она́ говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́т</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ет</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно́ говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́т</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ем</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́м</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ете</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́те</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ют</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они́ говор<span class="bold"><strong>я́т</strong></span></em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e21114" shape="rect"/>The future tense</h2></div></div></div><p>There are two ways to form verbs in the future tense:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>Using a "helping verb" plus the<span class="bold"><strong> imperfective</strong></span>
            infinitive:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col span="1"/><col span="1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я бу́ду рабо́тать</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы бу́дем рабо́тать</em></span></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты бу́дешь рабо́тать</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы бу́дете рабо́тать</em></span></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он бу́дет рабо́тать</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она бу́дет рабо́тать</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они́ бу́дут рабо́тать</em></span></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно бу́дет рабо́тать </em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>Conjugating a <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> infinitive:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col span="1"/><col span="1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я порабо́таю</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы порабо́таем</em></span></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты порабо́таешь</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вч порабо́таете</em></span></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он порабо́тает</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она пораб́отает</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они порабо́тают</em></span></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно пораб́отает</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><p>The terms <span class="bold"><strong>imperfective</strong></span> and <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> refer to the distinction between 2 verbs whose actual meaning is
        the same, but whose focus shifts from viewing the action as process (ongoing in the past,
        present or future) to viewing a "limit" having been reached (in the past or future; present
        is precluded). Sometimes this limit is an "end" (a result) and other times it is a
        "beginning". For a more complete explanation of this phenomenon, consult a Russian
        grammar.</p></div></div></body></html>