eric
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FSI-Russian


			
				
					
						
						
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							<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon" xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><head><title>In case you were wondering</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="prev" href="ch06s03.xhtml" title="Listening Comprehension Exercise"/><link rel="next" href="ch06s05.xhtml" title="Useful words and expressions"/></head><body><header/><section class="section" title="In case you were wondering" epub:type="subchapter" id="d0e20811"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">In case you were wondering</h2></div></div></div><section class="section" title="The Russian Verb" epub:type="division" id="d0e20814"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">The Russian Verb</h3></div></div></div><p>Compared to the complexity of the English verbal system, the Russian one is quite
        simple.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">PAST</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p>I worked</p>
                <p>I did work</p>
                <p>I was working</p>
                <p>I had worked</p>
                <p>I had been working</p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я рабо́тал</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">PRESENT</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p>I work</p>
                <p>I do work</p>
                <p>I am working</p>
                <p>I have worked</p>
                <p>I have been working</p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я рабо́таю</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; ">FUTURE</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
                <p>I will work</p>
                <p>I will be working</p>
                <p>I will have worked</p>
                <p>I will have been working</p>
                <p>I am going to work</p>
                <p>I am going to be working</p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я бу́ду
                рабо́тать</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="The Past Tense" epub:type="division" id="d0e20898"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">The Past Tense</h3></div></div></div><p>Past tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in the nominative case) in
        gender or number. To form the past tense, take the infinitive <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">работать</em></span>, drop the ending -ть and add -л, -ла, -ло or
        -ли.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col/><col/><col/><col/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он</em></span></strong></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Она́</em></span></strong></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Оно́</em></span></strong></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Они</em></span>́</strong></span></p>
              </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я рабо́тал</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я рабо́тала</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p/>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы рабо́тали</em></span></p>
              </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты рабо́тал</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты рабо́тала</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p/>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы рабо́тали</em></span></p>
              </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он рабо́тал</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она рабо́тала</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно рабо́тало</em></span></p>
              </td><td style="text-align: center; ">
                <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они рабо́тали</em></span></p>
              </td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="The Present Tense" epub:type="division" id="d0e21010"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">The Present Tense</h3></div></div></div><p>Present tense verbs agree with their subjects (which are always in the nominative case)
        in person and number. There are two conjugation patterns for the present tense. They differ
        only by the vowel which is used in the endings:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col/><col/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">First conjugation</th><th style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Second conjugation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ю</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я говор<span class="bold"><strong>ю</strong></span>́</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты рабо́тае<span class="bold"><strong>шь</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́шь</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ет</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́т</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ет</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она́ говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́т</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ет</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно́ говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́т</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ем</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́м</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ете</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы говор<span class="bold"><strong>и́те</strong></span></em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они рабо́та<span class="bold"><strong>ют</strong></span></em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они́ говор<span class="bold"><strong>я́т</strong></span></em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="The future tense" epub:type="division" id="d0e21114"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">The future tense</h3></div></div></div><p>There are two ways to form verbs in the future tense:</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Using a "helping verb" plus the<span class="bold"><strong> imperfective</strong></span>
            infinitive:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col/><col/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я бу́ду рабо́тать</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы бу́дем рабо́тать</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты бу́дешь рабо́тать</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы бу́дете рабо́тать</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он бу́дет рабо́тать</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она бу́дет рабо́тать</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они́ бу́дут рабо́тать</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно бу́дет рабо́тать </em></span></td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Conjugating a <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> infinitive:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col/><col/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я порабо́таю</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы порабо́таем</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты порабо́таешь</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вч порабо́таете</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">он порабо́тает</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">она пораб́отает</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">они порабо́тают</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно пораб́отает</em></span></td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><p>The terms <span class="bold"><strong>imperfective</strong></span> and <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span> refer to the distinction between 2 verbs whose actual meaning is
        the same, but whose focus shifts from viewing the action as process (ongoing in the past,
        present or future) to viewing a "limit" having been reached (in the past or future; present
        is precluded). Sometimes this limit is an "end" (a result) and other times it is a
        "beginning". For a more complete explanation of this phenomenon, consult a Russian
        grammar.</p></section></section><footer/></body></html>