Trang chủ Khám phá Trợ giúp
Đăng nhập
eric
/
FSI-Russian
1
0
Fork 0
Các tập tin Các vấn đề 0 Yêu cầu khéo về 0 Wiki
Tree: b1bc7ee42b
Branches Tags
FSI-Russian
/
out
/
html-chunks
/
ch08s10.html

ch08s10.html 12 KB
Lịch sử Raw

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051 
  1. <html><head>
    2. 

  2.       <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
    3. 

  3.    <title xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng">In case you were wondering</title><meta xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng" name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The RUSSIAN Fast Course"><link rel="up" href="ch08.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;8.&nbsp;Lesson 8"><link rel="prev" href="ch08s09.html" title="Listening Comprehension Exercise"><link rel="next" href="ch08s11.html" title="Ordinal Numbers"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">In case you were wondering</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch08s09.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter&nbsp;8.&nbsp;Lesson 8</th><td width="20%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch08s11.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d5e18214"></a>In case you were wondering</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e18216"></a>The Imperative</h3></div></div></div><p>The imperative is the form of the verb used when you are asking/telling someone to do
    4. 

  4.         something. As such, it is often referred to as the command form. In English, we often add a
    5. 

  5.         "please" to the command form to turn it into a request. In Russian, the presence or absence
    6. 

  6.         of <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1086;&#1078;&#1072;&#769;&#1083;&#1091;&#1081;&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;</em></span></strong></span>
    7. 

  7.         does not determine the difference between a command and a request. That function is
    8. 

  8.         performed by something called aspect (imperfective and perfective verbs). More about this
    9. 

  9.         later.</p><p>Here are the most basic rules for forming the imperative:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Start with the <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1085;&#1080;</em></span></strong></span>&#769; form of the verb. Completely remove that
    10. 

  10.             ending:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="4cm" class="c1"><col width="4cm" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>
    11. 

  11.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1085;&#1077;&#1089;&#1091;&#769;&#1090;</em></span></p>
    12. 

  12.                   </td><td>
    13. 

  13.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1085;&#1077;&#1089;-</em></span></p>
    14. 

  14.                   </td></tr><tr><td>
    15. 

  15.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1086;&#1082;&#1072;&#769;&#1078;&#1091;&#1090;</em></span></p>
    16. 

  16.                   </td><td>
    17. 

  17.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1086;&#1082;&#1072;&#1078;-</em></span></p>
    18. 

  18.                   </td></tr><tr><td>
    19. 

  19.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1082;&#1072;&#769;&#1078;&#1091;&#1090;</em></span></p>
    20. 

  20.                   </td><td>
    21. 

  21.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1082;&#1072;&#1078;-</em></span></p>
    22. 

  22.                   </td></tr><tr><td>
    23. 

  23.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1083;&#1072;&#769;&#1090;&#1103;&#1090;</em></span></p>
    24. 

  24.                   </td><td>
    25. 

  25.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1083;&#1072;&#1090;-</em></span></p>
    26. 

  26.                   </td></tr><tr><td>
    27. 

  27.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1080;&#1076;&#1091;&#769;&#1090;</em></span></p>
    28. 

  28.                   </td><td>
    29. 

  29.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1080;&#1076;-</em></span></p>
    30. 

  30.                   </td></tr><tr><td>
    31. 

  31.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1086;&#1079;&#1076;&#1088;&#1072;&#769;&#1074;&#1103;&#1090;</em></span></p>
    32. 

  32.                   </td><td>
    33. 

  33.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1086;&#1079;&#1076;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074;-</em></span></p>
    34. 

  34.                   </td></tr><tr><td>
    35. 

  35.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#769;&#1090;&#1072;&#1102;&#1090;</em></span></p>
    36. 

  36.                   </td><td>
    37. 

  37.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;-</em></span></p>
    38. 

  38.                   </td></tr><tr><td>
    39. 

  39.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1095;&#1080;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1102;&#1090;</em></span></p>
    40. 

  40.                   </td><td>
    41. 

  41.                     <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1095;&#1080;&#1090;&#1072;-</em></span></p>
    42. 

  42.                   </td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>and add <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">-&#1080;</em></span> or <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">-&#1100;</em></span> (if what is left ends in a consonant):</p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1085;&#1077;&#1089;&#1080;&#769;&#1090;&#1077;</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1086;&#1082;&#1072;&#1078;&#1080;&#769;&#1090;&#1077;</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1082;&#1072;&#1078;&#1080;&#769;&#1090;&#1077;</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1083;&#1072;&#1090;&#1080;&#769;&#1090;&#1077;</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1080;&#1076;&#1080;&#769;&#1090;&#1077;</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1073;&#1091;&#769;&#1076;&#1100;&#1090;&#1077;</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1086;&#1079;&#1076;&#1088;&#1072;&#769;&#1074;&#1100;&#1090;&#1077;</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>or add -&#1081; (if what is left ends in a vowel):</p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1081;&#769;&#1090;&#1077;</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1095;&#1080;&#1090;&#1072;&#1081;&#769;&#1090;&#1077;</em></span></p></li></ul></div><p>Of course, you will find exceptions to this rule, so your best bet will be to simply
    43. 

  43.         memorize those imperative forms which you will hear or use most often.</p><p>As Russian makes a distinction between the informal <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1090;&#1099;</em></span></strong></span> and the formal/plural <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1099;</em></span></strong></span>, you will need to make that
    44. 

  44.         distinction with the imperative forms. The forms shown above are for <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1099;</em></span></strong></span>. &#1058;&#1086; make the <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1090;&#1099;</em></span></strong></span> forms, simply drop
    45. 

  45.         the ending -&#1090;&#1077;:</p><div class="informalexample"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1085;&#1077;&#1089;&#1080;&#769;</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1087;&#1086;&#1082;&#1072;&#1078;&#1080;&#769;</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1082;&#1072;&#1078;&#1080;&#769;</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1073;&#1091;&#1076;&#1100;</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#769;&#1090;&#1072;&#1081;</em></span>, etc.</p></div><p>A command/request NOT to do something is made by simply adding <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1077;</em></span></strong></span> in front of the
    46. 

  46.         imperative. Negative commands are usually formed using imperfective verbs. The imperatives
    47. 

  47.           <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#769;&#1090;&#1072;&#1081;</em></span></strong></span> and
    48. 

  48.           <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1095;&#1080;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1081;</em></span></strong></span> are
    49. 

  49.         examples of these.</p><div class="informalexample"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">He &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#769;&#1090;&#1072;&#1081; (-&#1090;&#1077;)</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">He &#1095;&#1080;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1081; (-&#1090;&#1077;)</em></span></p></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e18345"></a><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1059;&#1087;&#1088;&#1072;&#1078;&#1085;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077;</em></span> &#8470;24.</h3></div></div></div><p>Go back through Lessons 1-6 and find imperative forms. Take note of when and how they
    50. 

  50.         are used; explain what they mean. With your instructor's help try to use them
    51. 

  51.         yourself.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e18349"></a><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1059;&#1087;&#1088;&#1072;&#1078;&#1085;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077;</em></span> &#8470;25.</h3></div></div></div><div class="informalexample"><p>Translate the following:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Show me, please...</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Tell me, please...</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Please bring (me)...</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Be so kind.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Don't work!</p></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch08s09.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch08.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch08s11.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Listening Comprehension Exercise&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">&nbsp;Ordinal Numbers</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
    52.