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- <title>2. The Russian alphabet</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="html.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The RUSSIAN Fast Course"><link rel="up" href="ch01.html" title="Chapter 1. Lesson 1"><link rel="prev" href="ch01s01.html" title="1. Русский алфавит"><link rel="next" href="ch01s03.html" title="3. Russian phonetics"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">2. The Russian alphabet</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch01s01.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 1. Lesson 1</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d0e333"></a>2. The Russian alphabet</h2></div></div></div><p>The Russian alphabet "Cyrillic" is named in honor of St. Cyril, a Greek missionary who brought the written word to the Slavs in the 9th century. This alphabet, as it exists today, consists of 33 letters/symbols: 10 vowel symbols, 20 consonants, 1 semi-vowel and 2 symbols with no sound value.</p><p>The following is a presentation of the Cyrillic alphabet "<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кириллица</em></span>". It consists of letters/symbols which:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>resemble Latin letters and represent approximately the same sounds.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0010-1-1.png" width="142"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0010-1-2.png" width="142"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0010-2.png" width="142"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МАМА</em></span> <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мама</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">КОМЕТА</em></span> <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">комета</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">КОТ</em></span> <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кот</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Какао</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Мокко</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Том</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Мекка</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>resemble Latin letters, but represent different sounds:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col width="6%" class="c1"><col width="94%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Р р</em></span></td><td>represents a trilled or "flapped" r. (Compare it to the double t sound in "letter" or the double d sound in "ladder".)</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">У у</em></span></td><td>is a vowel which represents the long vowel sound oo.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">С с</em></span></td><td>represents the sound s.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">В в</em></span></td><td>represents the sound v.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0011-1.png" width="142"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0011-2.png" width="142"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0011-3.png" width="142"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">КАССА</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МЕТРО</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ТРАКТОР</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0011-4.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0011-5.png" width="248"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">КАКТУС</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МОСКВА</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">метр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">курс</em></span></td><td align="center">масса</td><td align="center">квота</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мотор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">текст</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">торт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">маска</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">квас</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">арка</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аорта</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">карта</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">акт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">автор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">космос</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">театр</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аромат</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сорт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">самовар</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">автомат</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Н н</em></span></td><td>represents the sound n.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0012-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0012-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">НОТА</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ТАНК</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сенатор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нерв</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нос</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ветеран</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">манера</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">момент</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">норма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">номер</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ванна</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нато</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>look different from Latin letters altogether.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">И и</em></span></td><td>is a vowel which represents the long vowel sound ее.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0013-1-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0013-1-1-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">киоск</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вино</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">рис</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">риск</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">министр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">система</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">три</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">рим</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">минимум</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">квартира</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">виски</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">артист</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">артистка</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">инструмент</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вино</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">минута</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">университет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нина</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">минск</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">интерес</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">математика</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Л л</em></span></td><td>represents the sound I.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0014-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0014-2.png" align="middle" width="213"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">СТУЛ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЛИМОН</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">климат</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">литр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">луна</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мали</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">миллион</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лирика</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">металл</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">план</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">реклама</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лексика</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">литература</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лист</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">минерал</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туалет</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">молекула</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">молоко</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Д д</em></span></td><td>represents the sound d.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0015-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0015-2.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0015-3.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">РАДИО</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ДОКТОР</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ДОМ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мода</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">диван</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">драма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кандидат</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">директор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">диск</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лондон</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">документ</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стадион</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дата</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">канада</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">демократ</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">диктант</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">метод</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дракон</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">код</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Б</em></span></td><td>represents the sound b.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0016-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0016-1-2.png" width="162"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">БАНАН</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">БИЛЕТ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">банк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бостон</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бокс</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">букет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бланк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бар</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бас</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">балет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">блин</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">брат</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">борис</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">барон</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">П п</em></span></td><td>represents the sound p.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0017-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0017-2.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0017-3.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЛАМПА</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ПАСПОРТ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ПОРТРЕТ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пресса</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">план</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">патриот</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">парламент</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">темп</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стоп</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">протест</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пианист</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">проект</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стоп</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">депутат</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">транспорт</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">опера</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пакет</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">плакат</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">практика</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">парк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">импорт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">диплом</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дипломат</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">спорт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">парад</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">публика</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">политика</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ы</em></span></td><td>represents a vowel sound which does not exist in English. This letter will never begin a word and is often used to form the plural of nouns.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="100%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0018-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">РЫБА</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ты</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мыло</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кассы</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вы</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">курсы</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">планы</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мы</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туристы</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лампы</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">атомы</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">рыба</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">блины</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сын</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">студенты</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">плакаты</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Г г</em></span></td><td>represents the sound g.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0019-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0019-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ТИГР</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ГИТАРА</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0019-3.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0019-4.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">КОНГРЕСС</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ПЕНТАГОН</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">волга</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">грамм</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">орган</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">винегрет</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гранит</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">магнит</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гамма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гол</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аргумент</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">агроном</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">агрессор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">генерал</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">группа</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сигнал</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">прогресс</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">грот</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">грамматика</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">килограмм</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">З з</em></span></td><td>represents the sound z.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0020-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0020-2.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0020-3.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ГАЗЕТА</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">РОЗА</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЗЕБРА</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">магазин</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">база</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зенит</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зона</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">президент</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ваза</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зоолог</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">виза</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">патриотизм</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">визит</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">муза</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">музыка</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ф ф</em></span></td><td>represents the sound f.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0021-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0021-2-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0021-2-1-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">КАФЕ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МИКРОФОН</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ТЕЛЕФОН</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">миф</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">буфет</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фонд</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фрукты</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">финал</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кофе</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фосфор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фонтан</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фирма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фронт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фен</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">финансы</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">африка</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фото</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">флаг</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">профессор</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ферма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">физика</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">факт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">феномен</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">форма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фраза</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фигура</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">футбол</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ж ж</em></span></td><td>represents the zh sound, similar to the V in measure.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0022-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0022-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЖИРАФ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЖУРНАЛ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жена</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жаргон</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">желе</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жест</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пирожок</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жакет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">журналист</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жанр</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">И и</em></span></td><td>is a semi-vowel which represents the sound of "y" as in York.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0023-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0023-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ПЛАНЕТАРИИ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МУЗЕИ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">йог</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мавзолей</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">йод</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">герой</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">йота</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">перестройка</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">трамвай</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бойкот</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">X х</em></span></td><td>represents the sound of the j in the English pronunciation of junta. The best way to make this sound is to get your tongue in the position for the к sound, and then simply exhale.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="100%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0024-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ХОККЕЙ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хроника</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">химик</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хулиган</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хаки</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">храм</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хаос</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">характер</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сахаров</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хунта</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">техник</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хамелеон</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">механик</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ч ч</em></span></td><td>represents the sound of "ch", as in cheese.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0025-1-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0025-1-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЧЕК</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЧЕМПИОН</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">чай</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сочи</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">чайковский</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">матч</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">чикаго</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ростропович</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дача</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">чехов</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">иванович</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ц ц</em></span></td><td>represents the sound of the "ts" combination as in the word bets.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0026-1-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0026-1-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЦИРК</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ПИЦЦА</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">медицина</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цемент</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цитата</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">солженицын</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">концерт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">процесс</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дисциплина</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">принцип</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цензура</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">специалист</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">центр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цент</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цилиндр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цинк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цикл</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ш ш</em></span></td><td>represents the "six" sound similar to that of the "s" in sugar.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="100%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0027-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ШОКОЛА́Д</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">штат</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">шрифт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">машина</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">шарф</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">шеф</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">штамп</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">каша</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">шуба</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">марш</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">шимпанзе</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">финиш</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">школа</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Щ щ</em></span></td><td>looks like the letter above, except for its little tail. It represents a sound similar to the combination shch, as in fresh cheese or the sti combination in the word question.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">щелкунчик</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">щека</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">борщ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">щенок</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">щи</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">щит</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Э э</em></span></td><td>is a vowel which represents the sound of "e" as in bet. This letter often begins words in Russian and is only rarely found within a word.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0028-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0028-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЭСКАЛАТОР</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЭЛЕКТРОН</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">эра</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экспресс</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">эксперимент</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">поэт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аэрофлот</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">этика</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">элита</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экзамен</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">энтузиазм</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">эгоист</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">эхо</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">электрик</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экватор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экспорт</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экономист</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я я</em></span></td><td>is a vowel which has two pronunciations in Russian.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="a"><li class="listitem"><p>Я at the beginning of a word or as the second vowel in a vowel cluster is pronounced ya.</p><p>At the beginning of a word:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="100%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0029-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center">ЯХТА</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">як</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">яд</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ярд</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">яма</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ялта</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">янки</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">яков</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ярус</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ярмарка</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In a vowel cluster:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="100%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0030-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">БАТАРЕЯ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мария</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">операция</em></span></td><td align="center">лаборатория</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">партия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">комедия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">коллекция</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">линия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">теория</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">территория</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">армия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">религия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">позиция</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">копия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экскурсия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">экспедиция</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">категория</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">комиссия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">полиция</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">профессия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">галерея</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">миссия</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>After a consonant this letter indicates that the consonant is palatalized, i.e. It is pronounced with the middle portion of the tongue raised towards the roof of the mouth. Я then represents the vowel a.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="100%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0031-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ВАНЯ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">няня</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">таня</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">боря</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ляля</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">коля</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">баня</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дядя</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">галя</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ю ю</em></span></td><td>is a vowel which has two pronunciations in Russian.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="a"><li class="listitem"><p>Ю at the beginning of a word or as the second vowel in a vowel cluster is pronounced yoo.</p><p>At the beginning of a word:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юг</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юрта</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юрий</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юмор</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юрист</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ювелир</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юноша</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юбилей</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юстиция</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In a vowel cluster:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="100%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">каюта</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">союз</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>After a consonant this letter indicates that the consonant is palatalized, i.e. It is pronounced with the middle portion of the tongue raised towards the roof of the mouth. Ю then represents the vowel y.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="100%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0033-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">РЮКЗАК</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нюанс</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бюджет</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пюре</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бюро</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бюрократ</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дюна</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">меню</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">утюг</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">люкс</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бюст</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сюжет</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">костюм</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Е е</em></span></td><td>a vowel, like Я and Ю also has two pronunciations. In printed texts other than textbooks the two dots are not indicated. You must be told when to pronounce ё (which is always stressed) and when to pronounce e.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="a"><li class="listitem"><p>E at the beginning of a word or as the second vowel in a vowel cluster is pronounced yo.</p><p>At the beginning of a word:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="100%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0034-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ЁЛКА</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ёж</em></span></p><p>in a vowel cluster:</p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">моё</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">твоё</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">её</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>After a consonant it indicates that the consonant is palatalized, i.e. It is pronounced with the middle portion of the tongue raised towards the roof of the mouth. Ё then represents the vowel o.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="100%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0035-1.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ШОФЕР</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">тётя</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">манёвр</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">берёза</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зелёный</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сестры</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лёд</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">свёкла</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мёд</em></span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сёмга</em></span></td><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">счёт</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ь</em></span></td><td>The symbol <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ь</em></span> has no sound value. It indicates that the preceding consonant is palatalized. It is most often found at the end of Russian words and signals that these words are pronounced with the final consonant palatalized ("softened"). For this reason it is referred to as the "soft sign".</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0036-1.png"></span></td><td align="center"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="resources/FSI-0036-2.png"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МЕДАЛЬ</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">АВТОМОБИЛЬ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мать</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">декабрь</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">апрель</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">соль</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">конь</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">князь</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">портфель</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ночь</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">отель</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">календарь</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дробь</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">царь</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ноль</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">секретарь</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">модель</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фильм</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сеть</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пять</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бульвар</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кремль</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="19%" class="c1"><col width="81%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ъ</em></span></td><td>The symbol ъ also has no sound value. It is found within words and is used to separate the prefix from the root of the word when the prefix ends in a consonant and the root of the word begins with one of the following vowels: <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я, Ю, E, E</em></span>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Practice reading the following words:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="34%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">объезд</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">подъём</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">подъезд</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">объект</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">съезд</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">въезд</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">субъект</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">объём</em></span></td><td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e2591"></a>2.1. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Упражнение</em></span> №1.</h3></div></div></div><p>Read through the following list of places you might want to visit.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">касса</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">театр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стадион</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">школа</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">цирк</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Москва</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">магазин</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кремль</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">парк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мавзолей</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">университет</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ферма</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зоопарк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">банк</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">музей</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">галерея</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">планетарий</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">буфет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бар</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">храм</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">выставка</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ялта</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Россия</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">консерватория</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e2693"></a>2.2. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Упражнение</em></span> №2.</h3></div></div></div><p>Draw a line between the words which are logically related to each other.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">футбол</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">толстой</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">меню</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стадион</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зоопарк</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">фильм</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center">"<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Анна Каренина</em></span>"</td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">медицина</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">литр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бензин</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кафе</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жираф</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">газета</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">университет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оркестр</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ферма</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">касса</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">концерт</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гастроном</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стюардесса</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аэрофлот</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">билет</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">доктор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кофе</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">студент</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">правда</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">трактор</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">магазин</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e2810"></a>2.3. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Упражнение</em></span> №3.</h3></div></div></div><p>Unscramble the following words. Use the answers below for help.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="32%" class="c1"><col width="68%" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">юмне</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нмдиоа</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">aсack</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">еофк</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">толфэаро</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">тбуеф</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">иреениусвтт</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">amoвck</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ягаелре</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">рсотппа</em></span></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ральбву</em></span></td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Answers:</p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">касса</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Москва</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">паспорт</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кофе</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">университет</em></span>,<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"> галерея</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">меню</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">буфет</em></span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Динамо</em></span>,<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"> аэрофлот</em></span>,<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"> бульвар</em></span>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e2914"></a>2.4. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Упражнение</em></span> №4.</h3></div></div></div><p>Make as many Russian words as you can using each letter only once. Start each word with one of the capitalized letters.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>К</strong></span>ефютро<span class="bold"><strong>Ф</strong></span>обфо<span class="bold"><strong>Б</strong></span>о<span class="bold"><strong>С</strong></span>зло<span class="bold"><strong>Ф</strong></span>оуют</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Ф<em class="replaceable"><code>---</code></em></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>К<em class="replaceable"><code>---</code></em></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Ф<em class="replaceable"><code>---</code></em></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Б<em class="replaceable"><code>---</code></em></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>С<em class="replaceable"><code>---</code></em></p></li></ol></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e2963"></a>2.5. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Упражнение</em></span> №5.</h3></div></div></div><p>This is a listening comprehension exercise. Number the words according to the sequence in which your teacher will read them aloud.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"><col width="25%"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">музей</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гастроном</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">армия</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">газета</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гитара</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кафе</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">журнал</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дядя</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">штат</em></span></td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>_____</code></em></td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch01s01.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch01.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">1. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Русский алфавит</em></span> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 3. 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