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- <title>12. The Instrumental Case</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="html.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The RUSSIAN Fast Course"><link rel="up" href="ch08.html" title="Chapter 8. Lesson 8"><link rel="prev" href="ch08s11.html" title="11. Ordinal Numbers"><link rel="next" href="ch08s13.html" title="13. Personal Pronouns"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">12. The Instrumental Case</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch08s11.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 8. Lesson 8</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch08s13.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d0e26475"></a>12. The Instrumental Case</h2></div></div></div><p>Now you have seen all six of the cases in Russian. Like the Genitive, Dative and Accusative cases, the Instrumental may be used both with and without a preposition. Recall that the Nominative is NEVER used with a preposition and the Locative/Prepositional is ALWAYS used with one.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Most often, the Instrumental is used with the preposition "<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">с</em></span>" to indicate companiment; "with" in English:</p><div class="informalexample"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я хочу хлеб с маслом.</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">На закуску принесите грибы со сметаной.</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Мы обедаем с друзьями.</em></span></p></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>The Instrumental is also used without a preposition to indicate the meansby which something is done (English "with" again), or the manner in which theaction is accomplished:</p><div class="informalexample"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он ест суп ложкой.</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он говорит громким голосом.</em></span></p></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>The Instrumental is used to answer the question <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Когда?</em></span> When? with parts of the day and seasons of the year:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col width="50%" align="center" class="c1"><col width="50%" align="center" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Что?</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Когда?</em></span></strong></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">утро</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">утром</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">день</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">днём</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вечер</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вечером</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ночь весна</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ночью весной</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лето</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">летом</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">осень</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">осенью</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зима</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">зимой</em></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><p>The table below shows the Instrumental Case forms for the singular and plural forms of nouns and adjectives and compares them to the Nominative (N), Genitive (G), Dative (D), Accusative (A) and Locative (L).</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col width="3%" class="c1"><col width="24%" class="c2"><col width="24%" class="c3"><col width="24%" class="c4"><col width="25%" class="c5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">0H</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ОНА</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ОНО</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ОНИ</em></span></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новый студент</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старый дом</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новая студентка</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старая квартира</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новое слово</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старое кресло</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новые студенты</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старые костюмы</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td>A</td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нового студента</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старый дом</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новую студентку</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старую квартиру</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новое слово</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старое кресло</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новых студентов</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старые костюмы</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td>G</td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нового студента</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старого дома</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новой студентки</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старой квартиры</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">нового слова</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старого кресла</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новых студентов</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старых костюмов</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td>L</td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">о новом студенте</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">о/в старом доме</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">о новой студентке</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">о/в старой квартире</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">о/в новом слове</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">о/в старом кресле</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">о новых студентах</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">о/в старых костюмах</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новому студенту</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старому дому</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новой студентке</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старой квартире</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новому слову</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старому креслу</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новым студентам</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старым костюмам</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новым студентом</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старым домом</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новой студенткой</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старой квартирой</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новым словом</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старым кеслом</em></span></p></td><td><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">новым студентами</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">старыми костюмами</em></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch08s11.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch08.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch08s13.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">11. 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