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  1. <!DOCTYPE html>
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    5. 

  5.     <title>3  Russian phonetics</title>
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  18.   <body><nav class="top"><div>
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  19.         <a href="index.html">Home</a>
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  20.         <a href="ch01.html">Up</a>
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    23. 

  23.       </div></nav><main><section id="R_ch1_s3" db-chunk="ch01s03.html" db-id="d134e5067"
    24. 

  24.         class="section">
    25. 

  25.         <header>
    26. 

  26.           <h2><span class="number">3<span class="sep"> </span></span>Russian phonetics</h2>
    27. 

  27.         </header>
    28. 

  28. 

  29.         <p>In order to speak Russian well, you must become fully acquainted with the phonetics of
    30. 

  30.           the language. The task is both a simple and a difficult one as you have already seen, now
    31. 

  31.           that you know the alphabet well. In this lesson we will work on the basics of Russian
    32. 

  32.           pronunciation; specifically on the distinctions between "soft" {palatalized) consonants
    33. 

  33.           and "hard" ones {non- palatalized); how these differences are indicated in the orthography
    34. 

  34.           (writing system) and how they are manifested in the actual pronunciation of words.</p>
    35. 

  35.         <p class="formalpara"><span class="title">"Hard" and "soft" consonants</span><span
    36. 

  36.             class="para">When we say that Russian has 20 consonants, we are referring only to the 20
    37. 

  37.             consonant symbols in the alphabet. In reality, Russian has nearly twice that number of
    38. 

  38.             consonant sounds due to something called "palatalization", or "softening". All this
    39. 

  39.             means is that certain consonants can be slightly modified by arching your tongue and
    40. 

  40.             moving it forward, towards the hard palate area (that ridge on the roof of your mouth
    41. 

  41.             where your upper teeth fit in) while making the consonant sound. The effect is to make
    42. 

  42.             the sound "softer" and, in terms of pitch, slightly higher. The best mechanism for a
    43. 

  43.             good, palatalized consonant sound is to SMILE while pronouncing. Try it ~ it really
    44. 

  44.             works! Now you know how to make the sound. But how will you know when! Consonants which
    45. 

  45.             can be palatalized (all of them EXCEPT <strong class="bold"><span lang="ru"
    46. 

  46.                 class="foreignphrase">ж</span></strong>, <strong class="bold"><span lang="ru"
    47. 

  47.                 class="foreignphrase">ш</span></strong> and <strong class="bold"><span lang="ru"
    48. 

  48.                 class="foreignphrase">ц</span></strong>) will be pronounced palatalized when you see
    49. 

  49.             them followed by:</span></p>
    50. 

  50.         <p>- the "soft sign"<strong class="bold">
    51. 

  51.             <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ь</span></strong> (usually at the end of a
    52. 

  52.           word)</p>
    53. 

  53.         <p>OR:</p>
    54. 

  54.         <p>-one of these vowel symbols:<strong class="bold">
    55. 

  55.             <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я</span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"
    56. 

  56.               >е</span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ё</span>, <span lang="ru"
    57. 

  57.               class="foreignphrase">ю</span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"
    58. 

  58.             >и</span></strong> (called "indicator" vowels)</p>
    59. 

  59.         <p>The function of these vowel symbols is to indicate that the preceding consonant is
    60. 

  60.           pronounced in its "soft" variant. The consonant is then followed by the vowel sound:
    61. 

  61.             <strong class="bold"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">а</span>, <span lang="ru"
    62. 

  62.               class="foreignphrase">э</span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">о</span>, <span
    63. 

  63.               lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">у</span></strong> or<strong class="bold">
    64. 

  64.             <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ы</span></strong>.</p>
    65. 

  65.         <p>When any of the consonants listed above has no "soft sign" following it, or is followed
    66. 

  66.           by one of these vowel symbols:<strong class="bold">
    67. 

  67.             <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">а</span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"
    68. 

  68.               >э</span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">о</span>, <span lang="ru"
    69. 

  69.               class="foreignphrase">у</span>, <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"
    70. 

  70.             >ы</span></strong>, that consonant will be pronounced in its "hard" variant (no smiling
    71. 

  71.           allowed!).</p>
    72. 

  72.         <p><strong class="bold">KEEP IN MIND</strong>: <strong class="bold"><span lang="ru"
    73. 

  73.               class="foreignphrase">Ч</span></strong> and <strong class="bold"><span lang="ru"
    74. 

  74.               class="foreignphrase">Щ</span></strong> are always SOFT, no matter which vowel symbol
    75. 

  75.           follows them.<strong class="bold">
    76. 

  76.             <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ж</span></strong>, <strong class="bold"><span
    77. 

  77.               lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ш</span></strong> and <strong class="bold"><span
    78. 

  78.               lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ц</span></strong> are always HARD, even if they are
    79. 

  79.           followed by a "soft sign" or one of the "indicator" vowel symbols.</p>
    80. 

  80.       </section></main><nav class="bottom"><table width="100%">
    81. 

  81.         <tr>
    82. 

  82.           <td class="previous"><a href="ch01s02.html">Previous</a></td>
    83. 

  83.           <td class="up"><a href="ch01.html">Up</a></td>
    84. 

  84.           <td class="next"><a href="ch01s04.html">Next</a></td>
    85. 

  85.         </tr>
    86. 

  86.         <tr>
    87. 

  87.           <td class="previous"><span class="number">2<span class="sep"> </span></span>The Russian
    88. 

  88.             alphabet</td>
    89. 

  89.           <td class="up"><a href="index.html">Home</a></td>
    90. 

  90.           <td class="next"><span class="number">4<span class="sep"> </span></span>Practice in
    91. 

  91.             Russian phonetics</td>
    92. 

  92.         </tr>
    93. 

  93.       </table><nav class="tocopen"></nav><nav class="toc"></nav><!-- Hide ToC details from user agents that don’t support JS --><script type="text/html" class="tocopen"><span>[toc]</span></script><script type="text/html" class="toc"><header>
    94. 

  94.           <span>Table of Contents</span>
    95. 

  95.           <span class="close"><span>╳</span></span>
    96. 

  96.         </header><div>
    97. 

  97.           <ul class="toc">
    98. 

  98.             <li><a href="pf01.html">Preface</a></li>
    99. 

  99.             <li><a href="pf02.html">Introduction</a></li>
    100. 

  100.             <li><a href="pf03.html">Fast tapes</a></li>
    101. 

  101.             <li><a href="ch01.html"><span class="label">Chapter<span class="sep"
    102. 

  102.                   > </span></span><span class="number">1<span class="sep">. </span></span>Lesson
    103. 

  103.                 1</a><ul class="toc">
    104. 

  104.                 <li><a href="ch01.html#R_ch1_s1"><span class="number">1<span class="sep"
    105. 

  105.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ру́сский
    106. 

  106.                     алфави́т</span></a></li>
    107. 

  107.                 <li><a href="ch01s02.html"><span class="number">2<span class="sep"
    108. 

  108.                     > </span></span>The Russian alphabet</a></li>
    109. 

  109.                 <li><a href="ch01s03.html"><span class="number">3<span class="sep"
    110. 

  110.                     > </span></span>Russian phonetics</a></li>
    111. 

  111.                 <li><a href="ch01s04.html"><span class="number">4<span class="sep"
    112. 

  112.                     > </span></span>Practice in Russian phonetics</a></li>
    113. 

  113.                 <li><a href="ch01s05.html"><span class="number">5<span class="sep"
    114. 

  114.                     > </span></span>Spelling and pronunciation</a></li>
    115. 

  115.                 <li><a href="ch01s06.html"><span class="number">6<span class="sep"
    116. 

  116.                     > </span></span>Rule 1: the vowels o and a</a></li>
    117. 

  117.                 <li><a href="ch01s07.html"><span class="number">7<span class="sep"
    118. 

  118.                     > </span></span>Rule 2: The vowels <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"
    119. 

  119.                       >е</span> and <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я</span></a></li>
    120. 

  120.                 <li><a href="ch01s08.html"><span class="number">8<span class="sep"
    121. 

  121.                     > </span></span>Reading exercises</a></li>
    122. 

  122.                 <li><a href="ch01s09.html"><span class="number">9<span class="sep"
    123. 

  123.                     > </span></span>Learning Russian script</a></li>
    124. 

  124.               </ul></li>
    125. 

  125.             <li><a href="ch02.html"><span class="label">Chapter<span class="sep"
    126. 

  126.                   > </span></span><span class="number">2<span class="sep">. </span></span>Lesson
    127. 

  127.                 2</a><ul class="toc">
    128. 

  128.                 <li><a href="ch02.html#R_ch2_s1"><span class="number">1<span class="sep"
    129. 

  129.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Добро́ пожа́ловать в
    130. 

  130.                       Росси́ю</span>! Welcome to Russia!</a></li>
    131. 

  131.                 <li><a href="ch02s02.html"><span class="number">2<span class="sep"
    132. 

  132.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Росси́я и ка́рта
    133. 

  133.                       ми́ра</span>.</a></li>
    134. 

  134.               </ul></li>
    135. 

  135.             <li><a href="ch03.html"><span class="label">Chapter<span class="sep"
    136. 

  136.                   > </span></span><span class="number">3<span class="sep">. </span></span>Lesson
    137. 

  137.                 3</a><ul class="toc">
    138. 

  138.                 <li><a href="ch03.html#R_ch3_s1"><span class="number">1<span class="sep"
    139. 

  139.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Дава́йте
    140. 

  140.                       познако́мимся!</span></a></li>
    141. 

  141.                 <li><a href="ch03s02.html"><span class="number">2<span class="sep"
    142. 

  142.                     > </span></span>Russian names</a></li>
    143. 

  143.                 <li><a href="ch03s03.html"><span class="number">3<span class="sep"
    144. 

  144.                     > </span></span>When to use <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Вы</span> and
    145. 

  145.                       <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ты</span></a></li>
    146. 

  146.                 <li><a href="ch03s04.html"><span class="number">4<span class="sep"
    147. 

  147.                     > </span></span>Addressing friends and acquaintances in Russian</a></li>
    148. 

  148.                 <li><a href="ch03s05.html"><span class="number">5<span class="sep"
    149. 

  149.                     > </span></span>Examples of names and patronymics</a></li>
    150. 

  150.                 <li><a href="ch03s06.html"><span class="number">6<span class="sep"
    151. 

  151.                     > </span></span>Getting someone's attention/Addressing strangers</a></li>
    152. 

  152.                 <li><a href="ch03s07.html"><span class="number">7<span class="sep"
    153. 

  153.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    154. 

  154.                 <li><a href="ch03s08.html"><span class="number">8<span class="sep"
    155. 

  155.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"
    156. 

  156.                   >Упражне́ния</span></a></li>
    157. 

  157.                 <li><a href="ch03s09.html"><span class="number">9<span class="sep"
    158. 

  158.                     > </span></span>Beyond "how do you do?"</a></li>
    159. 

  159.                 <li><a href="ch03s10.html"><span class="number">10<span class="sep"
    160. 

  160.                     > </span></span>In case you were wondering</a></li>
    161. 

  161.                 <li><a href="ch03s11.html"><span class="number">11<span class="sep"
    162. 

  162.                     > </span></span>The Russian intonation system</a></li>
    163. 

  163.                 <li><a href="ch03s12.html"><span class="number">12<span class="sep"
    164. 

  164.                     > </span></span>Useful words and expressions</a></li>
    165. 

  165.               </ul></li>
    166. 

  166.             <li><a href="ch04.html"><span class="label">Chapter<span class="sep"
    167. 

  167.                   > </span></span><span class="number">4<span class="sep">. </span></span>Lesson
    168. 

  168.                 4</a><ul class="toc">
    169. 

  169.                 <li><a href="ch04.html#R_ch4_s1"><span class="number">1<span class="sep"
    170. 

  170.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Семья</span></a></li>
    171. 

  171.                 <li><a href="ch04s02.html"><span class="number">2<span class="sep"
    172. 

  172.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    173. 

  173.                 <li><a href="ch04s03.html"><span class="number">3<span class="sep"
    174. 

  174.                     > </span></span>Numbers from 1-10</a></li>
    175. 

  175.                 <li><a href="ch04s04.html"><span class="number">4<span class="sep"
    176. 

  176.                     > </span></span>Listening comprehension exercise</a></li>
    177. 

  177.                 <li><a href="ch04s05.html"><span class="number">5<span class="sep"> </span></span>In
    178. 

  178.                     case you were wondering</a></li>
    179. 

  179.                 <li><a href="ch04s06.html"><span class="number">6<span class="sep"
    180. 

  180.                     > </span></span>Useful words and expressions</a></li>
    181. 

  181.                 <li><a href="ch04s07.html"><span class="number">7<span class="sep"
    182. 

  182.                     > </span></span>Numbers</a></li>
    183. 

  183.               </ul></li>
    184. 

  184.             <li><a href="ch05.html"><span class="label">Chapter<span class="sep"
    185. 

  185.                   > </span></span><span class="number">5<span class="sep">. </span></span>Lesson
    186. 

  186.                 5</a><ul class="toc">
    187. 

  187.                 <li><a href="ch05.html#R_ch5_s1"><span class="number">1<span class="sep"
    188. 

  188.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Где вы
    189. 

  189.                       рабо́таете?</span></a></li>
    190. 

  190.                 <li><a href="ch05s02.html"><span class="number">2<span class="sep"
    191. 

  191.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    192. 

  192.                 <li><a href="ch05s03.html"><span class="number">3<span class="sep"
    193. 

  193.                     > </span></span>Numbers from 11-20</a></li>
    194. 

  194.                 <li><a href="ch05s04.html"><span class="number">4<span class="sep"
    195. 

  195.                     > </span></span>Days of the week</a></li>
    196. 

  196.                 <li><a href="ch05s05.html"><span class="number">5<span class="sep"
    197. 

  197.                     > </span></span>Months of the year</a></li>
    198. 

  198.                 <li><a href="ch05s06.html"><span class="number">6<span class="sep"
    199. 

  199.                     > </span></span>Listening comprehension exercise</a></li>
    200. 

  200.                 <li><a href="ch05s07.html"><span class="number">7<span class="sep"> </span></span>In
    201. 

  201.                     case you were wondering</a></li>
    202. 

  202.                 <li><a href="ch05s08.html"><span class="number">8<span class="sep"
    203. 

  203.                     > </span></span>Useful words and expressions</a></li>
    204. 

  204.                 <li><a href="ch05s09.html"><span class="number">9<span class="sep"
    205. 

  205.                     > </span></span>Numbers</a></li>
    206. 

  206.                 <li><a href="ch05s10.html"><span class="number">10<span class="sep"
    207. 

  207.                     > </span></span>Days of the week</a></li>
    208. 

  208.                 <li><a href="ch05s11.html"><span class="number">11<span class="sep"
    209. 

  209.                     > </span></span>Months of the year</a></li>
    210. 

  210.               </ul></li>
    211. 

  211.             <li><a href="ch06.html"><span class="label">Chapter<span class="sep"
    212. 

  212.                   > </span></span><span class="number">6<span class="sep">. </span></span>Lesson
    213. 

  213.                 6</a><ul class="toc">
    214. 

  214.                 <li><a href="ch06.html#R_ch6_s1"><span class="number">1<span class="sep"
    215. 

  215.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Где вы
    216. 

  216.                     живёте?</span></a></li>
    217. 

  217.                 <li><a href="ch06s02.html"><span class="number">2<span class="sep"
    218. 

  218.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    219. 

  219.                 <li><a href="ch06s03.html"><span class="number">3<span class="sep"
    220. 

  220.                     > </span></span>Listening Comprehension Exercise</a></li>
    221. 

  221.                 <li><a href="ch06s04.html"><span class="number">4<span class="sep"> </span></span>In
    222. 

  222.                     case you were wondering</a></li>
    223. 

  223.                 <li><a href="ch06s05.html"><span class="number">5<span class="sep"
    224. 

  224.                     > </span></span>Useful words and expressions</a></li>
    225. 

  225.                 <li><a href="ch06s06.html"><span class="number">6<span class="sep"
    226. 

  226.                     > </span></span>Numbers</a></li>
    227. 

  227.               </ul></li>
    228. 

  228.             <li><a href="ch07.html"><span class="label">Chapter<span class="sep"
    229. 

  229.                   > </span></span><span class="number">7<span class="sep">. </span></span>Lesson
    230. 

  230.                 7</a><ul class="toc">
    231. 

  231.                 <li><a href="ch07.html#R_ch7_s1"><span class="number">1<span class="sep"
    232. 

  232.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Мы идём в
    233. 

  233.                       магази́н!</span></a></li>
    234. 

  234.                 <li><a href="ch07s02.html"><span class="number">2<span class="sep"
    235. 

  235.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">В
    236. 

  236.                   магази́не</span></a></li>
    237. 

  237.                 <li><a href="ch07s03.html"><span class="number">3<span class="sep"
    238. 

  238.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    239. 

  239.                 <li><a href="ch07s04.html"><span class="number">4<span class="sep"
    240. 

  240.                     > </span></span>Beyond matryoshka</a></li>
    241. 

  241.                 <li><a href="ch07s05.html"><span class="number">5<span class="sep"
    242. 

  242.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ско́лько?</span>
    243. 

  243.                     <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ско́лько сто́ит?</span></a></li>
    244. 

  244.                 <li><a href="ch07s06.html"><span class="number">6<span class="sep"
    245. 

  245.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Мы идём на
    246. 

  246.                       ры́нок!</span></a></li>
    247. 

  247.                 <li><a href="ch07s07.html"><span class="number">7<span class="sep"
    248. 

  248.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">На
    249. 

  249.                   ры́нке</span></a></li>
    250. 

  250.                 <li><a href="ch07s08.html"><span class="number">8<span class="sep"
    251. 

  251.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    252. 

  252.                 <li><a href="ch07s09.html"><span class="number">9<span class="sep"
    253. 

  253.                     > </span></span>Beyond apples and oranges</a></li>
    254. 

  254.                 <li><a href="ch07s10.html"><span class="number">10<span class="sep"
    255. 

  255.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    256. 

  256.                 <li><a href="ch07s11.html"><span class="number">11<span class="sep"
    257. 

  257.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    258. 

  258.                 <li><a href="ch07s12.html"><span class="number">12<span class="sep"
    259. 

  259.                     > </span></span>What's going on?</a></li>
    260. 

  260.                 <li><a href="ch07s13.html"><span class="number">13<span class="sep"
    261. 

  261.                     > </span></span>Numbers from 100-1000</a></li>
    262. 

  262.                 <li><a href="ch07s14.html"><span class="number">14<span class="sep"
    263. 

  263.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    264. 

  264.                 <li><a href="ch07s15.html"><span class="number">15<span class="sep"
    265. 

  265.                     > </span></span>Whats going on?</a></li>
    266. 

  266.                 <li><a href="ch07s16.html"><span class="number">16<span class="sep"
    267. 

  267.                     > </span></span>Beyond samovars</a></li>
    268. 

  268.                 <li><a href="ch07s17.html"><span class="number">17<span class="sep"
    269. 

  269.                     > </span></span>Listening Comprehension Exercise</a></li>
    270. 

  270.                 <li><a href="ch07s18.html"><span class="number">18<span class="sep"
    271. 

  271.                     > </span></span>In case you were wondering</a></li>
    272. 

  272.                 <li><a href="ch07s19.html"><span class="number">19<span class="sep"
    273. 

  273.                     > </span></span>Personal Pronouns</a></li>
    274. 

  274.                 <li><a href="ch07s20.html"><span class="number">20<span class="sep"
    275. 

  275.                     > </span></span>Useful words and expressions</a></li>
    276. 

  276.                 <li><a href="ch07s21.html"><span class="number">21<span class="sep"
    277. 

  277.                     > </span></span>Numbers</a></li>
    278. 

  278.                 <li><a href="ch07s22.html"><span class="number">22<span class="sep"
    279. 

  279.                     > </span></span>Colors</a></li>
    280. 

  280.               </ul></li>
    281. 

  281.             <li><a href="ch08.html"><span class="label">Chapter<span class="sep"
    282. 

  282.                   > </span></span><span class="number">8<span class="sep">. </span></span>Lesson
    283. 

  283.                 8</a><ul class="toc">
    284. 

  284.                 <li><a href="ch08.html#R_ch8_s1"><span class="number">1<span class="sep"
    285. 

  285.                       > </span></span>«<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Щи да ка́ша, пи́ща
    286. 

  286.                       на́ша</span>»</a></li>
    287. 

  287.                 <li><a href="ch08s02.html"><span class="number">2<span class="sep"
    288. 

  288.                     > </span></span>Restaurants:</a></li>
    289. 

  289.                 <li><a href="ch08s03.html"><span class="number">3<span class="sep"
    290. 

  290.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    291. 

  291.                 <li><a href="ch08s04.html"><span class="number">4<span class="sep"> </span></span>A
    292. 

  292.                     Russian menu</a></li>
    293. 

  293.                 <li><a href="ch08s05.html"><span class="number">5<span class="sep"
    294. 

  294.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    295. 

  295.                 <li><a href="ch08s06.html"><span class="number">6<span class="sep"
    296. 

  296.                     > </span></span>Beyond chicken Kiev</a></li>
    297. 

  297.                 <li><a href="ch08s07.html"><span class="number">7<span class="sep"
    298. 

  298.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    299. 

  299.                 <li><a href="ch08s08.html"><span class="number">8<span class="sep"
    300. 

  300.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">На столе</span>́ / on
    301. 

  301.                     the dinner table</a></li>
    302. 

  302.                 <li><a href="ch08s09.html"><span class="number">9<span class="sep"
    303. 

  303.                     > </span></span>Listening Comprehension Exercise</a></li>
    304. 

  304.                 <li><a href="ch08s10.html"><span class="number">10<span class="sep"
    305. 

  305.                     > </span></span>In case you were wondering</a></li>
    306. 

  306.                 <li><a href="ch08s11.html"><span class="number">11<span class="sep"
    307. 

  307.                     > </span></span>Ordinal Numbers</a></li>
    308. 

  308.                 <li><a href="ch08s12.html"><span class="number">12<span class="sep"
    309. 

  309.                     > </span></span>The Instrumental Case</a></li>
    310. 

  310.                 <li><a href="ch08s13.html"><span class="number">13<span class="sep"
    311. 

  311.                     > </span></span>Personal Pronouns</a></li>
    312. 

  312.                 <li><a href="ch08s14.html"><span class="number">14<span class="sep"
    313. 

  313.                     > </span></span>Useful words and expressions</a></li>
    314. 

  314.               </ul></li>
    315. 

  315.             <li><a href="ch09.html"><span class="label">Chapter<span class="sep"
    316. 

  316.                   > </span></span><span class="number">9<span class="sep">. </span></span>Lesson
    317. 

  317.                 9</a><ul class="toc">
    318. 

  318.                 <li><a href="ch09.html#R_ch9_s1"><span class="number">1<span class="sep"
    319. 

  319.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">На маши́не по
    320. 

  320.                       го́роду</span></a></li>
    321. 

  321.                 <li><a href="ch09s02.html"><span class="number">2<span class="sep"
    322. 

  322.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Доро́жные зна́ки</span>
    323. 

  323.                     / Road signs</a></li>
    324. 

  324.                 <li><a href="ch09s03.html"><span class="number">3<span class="sep"
    325. 

  325.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    326. 

  326.                 <li><a href="ch09s04.html"><span class="number">4<span class="sep"
    327. 

  327.                     > </span></span>Beyond the metro</a></li>
    328. 

  328.                 <li><a href="ch09s05.html"><span class="number">5<span class="sep"
    329. 

  329.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    330. 

  330.                 <li><a href="ch09s06.html"><span class="number">6<span class="sep"
    331. 

  331.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    332. 

  332.                 <li><a href="ch09s07.html"><span class="number">7<span class="sep"
    333. 

  333.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">По у́лицам
    334. 

  334.                       Москвы́</span></a></li>
    335. 

  335.                 <li><a href="ch09s08.html"><span class="number">8<span class="sep"
    336. 

  336.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    337. 

  337.                 <li><a href="ch09s09.html"><span class="number">9<span class="sep"
    338. 

  338.                     > </span></span>Listening Comprehension Exercise</a></li>
    339. 

  339.                 <li><a href="ch09s10.html"><span class="number">10<span class="sep"
    340. 

  340.                     > </span></span>In case you were wondering</a></li>
    341. 

  341.                 <li><a href="ch09s11.html"><span class="number">11<span class="sep"
    342. 

  342.                     > </span></span>In case you were wondering</a></li>
    343. 

  343.                 <li><a href="ch09s12.html"><span class="number">12<span class="sep"
    344. 

  344.                     > </span></span>Useful words and expressions</a></li>
    345. 

  345.               </ul></li>
    346. 

  346.             <li><a href="ch10.html"><span class="label">Chapter<span class="sep"
    347. 

  347.                   > </span></span><span class="number">10<span class="sep">. </span></span>Lesson
    348. 

  348.                 10</a><ul class="toc">
    349. 

  349.                 <li><a href="ch10.html#R_ch10_s1"><span class="number">1<span class="sep"
    350. 

  350.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">В
    351. 

  351.                   гости́нице</span>.</a></li>
    352. 

  352.                 <li><a href="ch10s02.html"><span class="number">2<span class="sep"
    353. 

  353.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    354. 

  354.                 <li><a href="ch10s03.html"><span class="number">3<span class="sep"
    355. 

  355.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Како́й но́мер вам
    356. 

  356.                       ну́жен?</span></a></li>
    357. 

  357.                 <li><a href="ch10s04.html"><span class="number">4<span class="sep"
    358. 

  358.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    359. 

  359.                 <li><a href="ch10s05.html"><span class="number">5<span class="sep"
    360. 

  360.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Когда́?</span>
    361. 

  361.                     <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">В кото́ром часу́?</span></a></li>
    362. 

  362.                 <li><a href="ch10s06.html"><span class="number">6<span class="sep"
    363. 

  363.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    364. 

  364.                 <li><a href="ch10s07.html"><span class="number">7<span class="sep"
    365. 

  365.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    366. 

  366.                 <li><a href="ch10s08.html"><span class="number">8<span class="sep"
    367. 

  367.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">У меня́ в но́мере
    368. 

  368.                       нет</span></a></li>
    369. 

  369.                 <li><a href="ch10s09.html"><span class="number">9<span class="sep"
    370. 

  370.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    371. 

  371.                 <li><a href="ch10s10.html"><span class="number">10<span class="sep"
    372. 

  372.                     > </span></span>Using what you've learned in this lesson</a></li>
    373. 

  373.                 <li><a href="ch10s11.html"><span class="number">11<span class="sep"
    374. 

  374.                     > </span></span>Listening Comprehension Exercise</a></li>
    375. 

  375.                 <li><a href="ch10s12.html"><span class="number">12<span class="sep"
    376. 

  376.                     > </span></span>In case you were wondering</a></li>
    377. 

  377.                 <li><a href="ch10s13.html"><span class="number">13<span class="sep"
    378. 

  378.                     > </span></span>Useful words and expressions</a></li>
    379. 

  379.               </ul></li>
    380. 

  380.             <li><a href="ch11.html"><span class="label">Chapter<span class="sep"
    381. 

  381.                   > </span></span><span class="number">11<span class="sep">. </span></span>Lesson
    382. 

  382.                 11</a><ul class="toc">
    383. 

  383.                 <li><a href="ch11.html#R_ch11_s1"><span class="number">1<span class="sep"
    384. 

  384.                       > </span></span><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Телефо́н</span></a></li>
    385. 

  385.                 <li><a href="ch11s02.html"><span class="number">2<span class="sep"
    386. 

  386.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    387. 

  387.                 <li><a href="ch11s03.html"><span class="number">3<span class="sep"
    388. 

  388.                     > </span></span>Review the months of the year in Russian. (The forms in
    389. 

  389.                     parentheses are the GENITIVE CASE.)</a></li>
    390. 

  390.                 <li><a href="ch11s04.html"><span class="number">4<span class="sep"
    391. 

  391.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    392. 

  392.                 <li><a href="ch11s05.html"><span class="number">5<span class="sep"
    393. 

  393.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    394. 

  394.                 <li><a href="ch11s06.html"><span class="number">6<span class="sep"
    395. 

  395.                     > </span></span>Setting the scene</a></li>
    396. 

  396.                 <li><a href="ch11s07.html"><span class="number">7<span class="sep"
    397. 

  397.                     > </span></span>Review dialogs</a></li>
    398. 

  398.                 <li><a href="ch11s08.html"><span class="number">8<span class="sep"
    399. 

  399.                     > </span></span>Listening Comprehension Exercise</a></li>
    400. 

  400.                 <li><a href="ch11s09.html"><span class="number">9<span class="sep"
    401. 

  401.                     > </span></span>Useful words and expressions</a></li>
    402. 

  402.                 <li><a href="ch11s10.html"><span class="number">10<span class="sep"
    403. 

  403.                     > </span></span>End!</a></li>
    404. 

  404.               </ul></li>
    405. 

  405.           </ul>
    406. 

  406.         </div></script></nav><script src="./js/persistent-toc.js"></script><script src="./js/chunk-nav.js"></script></body>
    407. 

  407. </html>
    408.