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            <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="d5e2577"></a>Rule 1: the vowels o and
              a</h2>
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      <div class="orderedlist">
        <ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
          <li class="listitem"><p>In Russian, the vowels о and a are pronounced as о and a only when
              they are stressed. Look at the following words and note the syllable which is
              stressed. Listen as your instructor reads these words aloud and repeat after him/her.
              You'll also find this exercise on the tape for this lesson.</p><div
              class="informaltable">
              <table class="informaltable" border="1">
                <colgroup>
                  <col />
                  <col />
                  <col />
                  <col />
                  <col />
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">торт</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">вино́</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">лимо́н</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">патрио́т</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">бюро́</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">сорт</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">но́рма</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">жарго́н</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">Во́лга</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">кино́</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">зо́на</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">метро́</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">кио́ск</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">ко́фе</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">но́мер</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </div></li>
          <li class="listitem"><p>In Russian, the vowels о and a are pronounced as о and a only when
              they are stressed. Look at the following words and note the syllable which is
              stressed. Listen as your instructor reads these words aloud and repeat after him/her.
              You'll also find this exercise on the tape for this lesson. Now listen and
              repeat:</p><div class="informaltable">
              <table class="informaltable" border="1">
                <colgroup>
                  <col />
                  <col />
                  <col />
                  <col />
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">Москва́</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">конце́рт</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">кана́л</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">ава́нс</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">поэ́т</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">коме́та</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">Кана́да</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">абсу́рд</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">рома́н</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">газе́та</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">Пентаго́н</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">ао́рта</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">хокке́й</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">бале́т</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">диплома́т</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">орке́стр</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">проте́ст</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">туале́т</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">аэропо́рт</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">океа́н</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">Толсто́й</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">бана́н</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">агроно́м</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">оме́га</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </div></li>
          <li class="listitem"><p>In all other unstressed syllables both vowels <span xml:lang="ru"
                class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">о</em></span> and
                <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"
                  >а</em></span> are pronounced like the short, indistinct "a" in tuna. Look at the
              following words and note the syllable which is stressed. Now listen and
              repeat:</p><div class="informaltable">
              <table class="informaltable" border="1">
                <colgroup>
                  <col />
                  <col />
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">па́спорт</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">ма́ска</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">тра́ктор</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">га́мма</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">а́том</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">да́ча</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">до́ктор</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">самова́р</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">фо́то</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">стадио́н</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">э́кспорт</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">Дина́мо</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">Ло́ндон</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">молоко́</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">хро́ника</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">ка́ша</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">кли́мат</em></span></td>
                    <td align="center"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru"
                          class="foreignphrase">маши́на</em></span></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </div></li>
        </ol>
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          <td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Spelling and pronunciation </td>
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          <td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Rule 2: The vowels <span xml:lang="ru"
              class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">е</em></span> and <span
              xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"
              >я</em></span></td>
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