FSI-Russian/FSI-chap1-stressed.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<chapter version="5.0" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
  xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
  xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xml:lang="en">
  <title>Lesson 1</title>
  <section>
    <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ру́сский алфави́т</foreignphrase></title>
    <table colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ру́сский алфави́т</foreignphrase></title>
      <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">А а</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Р р</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Б б</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">С с</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В в</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Т т</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Г г</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">У у</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Д д</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ф ф</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Е е</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Х х</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ё ё</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ц ц</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ж ж</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ч ч</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">З з</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ш ш</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">И и</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Щ щ</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Й й</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ъ</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">К к</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ы</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Л л</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ь</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">М м</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Э э</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Н н</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ю ю</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">О о</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я я</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">П п</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry/>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>
  </section>
  <?custom-pagebreak?>
  <section>
    <title>The Russian alphabet</title>
    <para>The Russian alphabet "Cyrillic" is named in honor of St. Cyril, a Greek missionary who
      brought the written word to the Slavs in the 9th century. This alphabet, as it exists today,
      consists of 33 letters/symbols: 10 vowel symbols, 20 consonants, 1 semi-vowel and 2 symbols
      with no sound value.</para>
    <para>The following is a presentation of the Cyrillic alphabet "<emphasis role="bold"
          ><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кири́ллица</foreignphrase></emphasis>". It consists of
      letters/symbols which:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>resemble Latin letters and represent approximately the same sounds.</para>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0010-1-1.png" width="4cm"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0010-1-2.png" width="4cm"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0010-2.png" width="4cm"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">МА́МА</foreignphrase>
                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ма́ма</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">КОМЕ́ТА</foreignphrase>
                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">коме́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">КОТ</foreignphrase>
                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кот</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><db:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">А́том</db:foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кака́о</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мо́кко</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><db:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Те́ма</db:foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Том</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ме́кка</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>resemble Latin letters, but represent different sounds:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="6.0*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Р р</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents a trilled or "flapped" r. (Compare it to the double t sound in
                  "letter" or the double d sound in "ladder".)</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">У у</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>is a vowel which represents the long vowel sound oo.</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">С с</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound s.</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В в</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound v.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3" colsep="0">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0011-1.png" width="4cm"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0011-2.png" width="4cm"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0011-3.png" width="4cm"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">КА́ССА</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">МЕТРО́</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ТРА́КТОР</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0011-4.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0011-5.png" width="7cm"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">КА́КТУС</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">МОСКВА́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">метр</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">курс</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><db:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ма́сса</db:foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><db:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кво́та</db:foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мото́р</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">текст</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">торт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ма́ска</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">квас</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">а́рка</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ао́рта</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ка́рта</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">акт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">а́втор</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ко́смос</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">теа́тр</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">арома́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сорт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">самова́р</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">автома́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Н н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound n.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0012-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0012-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">НО́ТА</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ТАНК</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сена́тор</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нерв</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нос</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ветера́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">океа́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мане́ра</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">моме́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́рма</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́мер</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">рестора́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ва́нна</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">НА́ТО</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>look different from Latin letters altogether.</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">И и</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>is a vowel which represents the long vowel sound ее.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0013-1-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0013-1-1-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кио́ск</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вино́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">рис</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">риск</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мини́стр</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">систе́ма</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">три</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">рим</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ми́нимум</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кварти́ра</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ви́ски</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">арти́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">арти́стка</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">инструме́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вино́</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кино́</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мину́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">университе́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ни́на</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">минск</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">интере́с</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">матема́тика</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Л л</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound I.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0014-1.png" valign="middle"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata align="center" fileref="Images/FSI-0014-2.png" width="6cm"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">СТУЛ</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ЛИМО́Н</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кли́мат</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">литр</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">луна́</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мали́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">миллио́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ли́рика</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мета́лл</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">план</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">рекла́ма</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ле́ксика</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">литерату́ра</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лист</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">минера́л</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туале́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">моле́кула</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">молоко́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Д д</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound d.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0015-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0015-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0015-3.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">РА́ДИО</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ДО́КТОР</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ДОМ</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мо́да</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дива́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дра́ма</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кандида́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дире́ктор</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">диск</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ло́ндон</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">докуме́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">стадио́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">да́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кана́да</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">демокра́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дикта́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ме́тод</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">драко́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">код</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Б</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound b.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0016-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0016-1-2.png" scale="30" valign="middle"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">БАНА́Н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">БИЛЕ́Т</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">банк</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Бо́стон</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бокс</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">буке́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бланк</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бар</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бас</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бале́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">блин</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">брат</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Бори́с</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">баро́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0017-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0017-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0017-3.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ЛА́МПА</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ПА́СПОРТ</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ПОРТРЕ́Т</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">П п</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound p.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пре́сса</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">план</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">патрио́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">парла́мент</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">темп</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">стоп</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">проте́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пиани́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">прое́кт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">стоп</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">депута́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">тра́нспорт</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">о́пера</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">паке́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">плака́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пра́ктика</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">парк</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">и́мпорт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дипло́м</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дипломат</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">спорт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пара́д</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пу́блика</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">поли́тика</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ы</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents a vowel sound which does not exist in English. This letter will
                  never begin a word and is often used to form the plural of nouns.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="1">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0018-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">РЫ́БА</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ты</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мы́ло</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ка́ссы</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вы</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ку́рсы</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пла́ны</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мы</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">тури́сты</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ла́мпы</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">а́томы</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ры́ба</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">блины́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сын</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">студе́нты</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">плака́ты</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Г г</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound g.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0019-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0019-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ТИГР</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ГИТА́РА</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0019-3.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0019-4.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">КОНГРЕ́СС</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ПЕНТАГО́Н</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Во́лга</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">грамм</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">о́рган</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">винегре́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">грани́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">магни́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">га́мма</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">гол</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">аргуме́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">агроно́м</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">агре́ссор</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">генера́л</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">гру́ппа</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сигна́л</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">прогре́сс</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">грот</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">грамма́тика</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">килогра́мм</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">З з</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound z.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0020-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0020-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0020-3.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ГАЗЕ́ТА</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">РО́ЗА</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ЗЕ́БРА</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">магази́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ба́за</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">зени́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">зо́на</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">президе́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ва́за</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">зоо́лог</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ви́за</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">патриоти́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">визи́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">му́за</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">му́зыка</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ф ф</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound f.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0021-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0021-2-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0021-2-1-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">КАФЕ́</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">МИКРОФО́Н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ТЕЛЕФО́Н</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">миф</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">буфе́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фонд</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фру́кты</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фина́л</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ко́фе</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фо́сфор</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фонта́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фи́рма</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фронт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фен</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фина́нсы</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">а́фрика</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фо́то</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">флаг</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">профе́ссор</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фе́рма</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фи́зика</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">факт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фено́мен</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фо́рма</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фра́за</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фигу́ра</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">футбо́л</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ж ж</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the zh sound, similar to the V in measure.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0022-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0022-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ЖИРА́Ф</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ЖУРНА́Л</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">жена́</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">жарго́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">желе́</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">же́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пирожо́к</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">жаке́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">журнали́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">жа́нр</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">И и</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>is a semi-vowel which represents the sound of "y" as in York.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0023-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0023-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ПЛАНЕТА́РИИ</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">МУЗЕ́Й</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">йог</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мавзоле́й</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">йод</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">геро́й</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">йо́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">перестро́йка</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">трамва́й</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бойко́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">X х</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound of the j in the English pronunciation of junta. The best
                  way to make this sound is to get your tongue in the position for the к sound, and
                  then simply exhale.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="1">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry align="center"><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0024-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ХОККЕ́Й</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хро́ника</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хи́мик</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хулига́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ха́ки</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">храм</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ха́ос</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хара́ктер</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Са́харов</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ху́нта</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">те́хник</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хамелео́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">меха́ник</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ч ч</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound of "ch", as in cheese.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0025-1-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0025-1-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ЧЕК</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ЧЕМПИО́Н</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">чай</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">со́чи</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Чайко́вский</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">матч</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">чика́го</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ростропо́вич</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">да́ча</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Че́хов</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ива́нович</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ц ц</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the sound of the "ts" combination as in the word bets.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0026-1-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0026-1-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ЦИРК</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ПИ́ЦЦА</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">медици́на</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">цеме́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">цита́та</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Солжени́цын</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">конце́рт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">проце́сс</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дисципли́на</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">при́нцип</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">цензу́ра</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">специали́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">центр</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">цент</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">цили́ндр</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">цинк</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">цикл</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ш ш</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>represents the "six" sound similar to that of the "s" in sugar.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="1">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0027-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ШОКОЛА́́Д</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">штат</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шрифт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">маши́на</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шарф</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шеф</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">штамп</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ка́ша</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шу́ба</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">марш</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шимпанзе́</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фи́ниш</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шко́ла</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Щ щ</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>looks like the letter above, except for its little tail. It represents a
                  sound similar to the combination shch, as in fresh cheese or the sti combination
                  in the word question.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">щелку́нчик</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">щека́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">борщ</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">щено́к</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">щи</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">щит</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Э э</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>is a vowel which represents the sound of "e" as in bet. This letter often
                  begins words in Russian and is only rarely found within a word.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0028-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0028-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ЭСКАЛА́ТОР</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ЭЛЕКТРО́Н</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">э́ра</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">экспре́сс</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">экспериме́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">поэ́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Аэрофло́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">э́тика</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">эли́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">экза́мен</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">энтузиа́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">эгои́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">э́хо</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">эле́ктрик</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">эква́тор</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">э́кспорт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">экономи́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я я</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>is a vowel which has two pronunciations in Russian.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Я at the beginning of a word or as the second vowel in a vowel cluster is
              pronounced ya.</para>
            <para>At the beginning of a word:</para>
            <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
              <tgroup align="center" cols="1">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                        <imageobject>
                          <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0029-1.png"/>
                        </imageobject>
                      </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>Я́ХТА</entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
            <informaltable pgwide="0">
              <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">як</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">яд</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ярд</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я́ма</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я́лта</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я́нки</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я́ков</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я́рус</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я́рмарка</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>In a vowel cluster:</para>
            <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
              <tgroup align="center" cols="1">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                        <imageobject>
                          <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0030-1.png"/>
                        </imageobject>
                      </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">БАТАРЕ́Я</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
            <informaltable pgwide="0">
              <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мари́я</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">опера́ция</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><db:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лаборато́рия</db:foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">па́ртия</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">коме́дия</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">колле́кция</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ли́ния</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">тео́рия</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">террито́рия</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">а́рмия</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">рели́гия</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пози́ция</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ко́пия</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">экску́рсия</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">экспеди́ция</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">катего́рия</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">коми́ссия</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">поли́ция</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">профе́ссия</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">галере́я</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ми́ссия</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>After a consonant this letter indicates that the consonant is palatalized, i.e. It
              is pronounced with the middle portion of the tongue raised towards the roof of the
              mouth. Я then represents the vowel a.</para>
            <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
              <tgroup align="center" cols="1">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                        <imageobject>
                          <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0031-1.png"/>
                        </imageobject>
                      </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ВА́НЯ</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
            <informaltable pgwide="0">
              <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ня́ня</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Та́ня</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Бо́ря</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ля́ля</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ко́ля</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ба́ня</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дя́дя</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Га́ля</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ю ю</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>is a vowel which has two pronunciations in Russian.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Ю at the beginning of a word or as the second vowel in a vowel cluster is
              pronounced yoo.</para>
            <para>At the beginning of a word:</para>
            <informaltable pgwide="0">
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">юг</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ю́рта</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ю́рий</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ю́мор</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >юри́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >ювели́р</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >ю́ноша</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >юбиле́й</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >юсти́ция</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>In a vowel cluster:</para>
            <informaltable pgwide="0">
              <tgroup cols="1">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >каю́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сою́з</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>After a consonant this letter indicates that the consonant is palatalized, i.e. It
              is pronounced with the middle portion of the tongue raised towards the roof of the
              mouth. Ю then represents the vowel y.</para>
            <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
              <tgroup align="center" cols="1">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                        <imageobject>
                          <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0033-1.png"/>
                        </imageobject>
                      </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">РЮКЗА́К</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
            <informaltable pgwide="0">
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >нюа́нс</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >бюдже́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пюре́</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бюро́</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >бюрокра́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дю́на</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">меню́</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">утю́г</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">люкс</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бюст</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >сюже́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >костю́м</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Е е</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>a vowel, like Я and Ю also has two pronunciations. In printed texts other
                  than textbooks the two dots are not indicated. You must be told when to pronounce
                  ё (which is always stressed) and when to pronounce e.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>E at the beginning of a word or as the second vowel in a vowel cluster is
              pronounced yo.</para>
            <para>At the beginning of a word:</para>
            <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
              <tgroup align="center" cols="1">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                        <imageobject>
                          <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0034-1.png"/>
                        </imageobject>
                      </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ЁЛКА</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ёж</foreignphrase></para>
            <para>in a vowel cluster:</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">моё</foreignphrase></para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">твоё</foreignphrase></para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">её</foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>After a consonant it indicates that the consonant is palatalized, i.e. It is
              pronounced with the middle portion of the tongue raised towards the roof of the mouth.
              Ё then represents the vowel o.</para>
            <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
              <tgroup align="center" cols="1">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                        <imageobject>
                          <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0035-1.png"/>
                        </imageobject>
                      </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ШОФЁР</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <informaltable pgwide="0">
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">тётя</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >манёвр</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >берёза</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >зелёный</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >сестры</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лёд</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                      >свёкла</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мёд</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сёмга</foreignphrase></entry>
                    <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">счёт</foreignphrase></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>The symbol <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ь</foreignphrase> has no sound value.
                  It indicates that the preceding consonant is palatalized. It is most often found
                  at the end of Russian words and signals that these words are pronounced with the
                  final consonant palatalized ("softened"). For this reason it is referred to as the
                  "soft sign".</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0036-1.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
                <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0036-2.png"/>
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">МЕДА́ЛЬ</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">АВТОМОБИ́ЛЬ</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мать</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дека́брь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">апре́ль</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">соль</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">конь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">князь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">портфе́ль</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ночь</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">оте́ль</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">календа́рь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дробь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">царь</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ноль</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">секрета́рь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">моде́ль</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фильм</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сеть</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пять</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бульва́р</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кремль</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm" align="center"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ъ</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry>The symbol ъ also has no sound value. It is found within words and is used to
                  separate the prefix from the root of the word when the prefix ends in a consonant
                  and the root of the word begins with one of the following vowels: <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="ru">Я, Ю, E, E</foreignphrase>.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Practice reading the following words:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">объе́зд</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">подъём</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">подъе́зд</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">объе́кт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">съезд</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">въезд</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">субъе́кт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">объём</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry/>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №1.</title>
      <para>Read through the following list of places you might want to visit.</para>
      <informaltable pgwide="0">
        <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ка́сса</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кино́</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">теа́тр</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">стадио́н</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шко́ла</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">цирк</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Москва́</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">магази́н</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">рестора́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кремль</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">парк</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мавзоле́й</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">университе́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фе́рма</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">зоопа́рк</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">банк</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">музе́й</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">галере́я</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">планета́рий</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">буфе́т</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бар</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">храм</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вы́ставка</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я́лта</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Росси́я</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">консервато́рия</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №2.</title>
      <para>Draw a line between the words which are logically related to each other.</para>
      <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
        <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">футбо́л</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Толсто́й</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">меню́</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">стадио́н</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">зоопа́рк</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фильм</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кино́</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">рестора́н</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>"<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">А́нна Каре́нина</foreignphrase>"</entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">медицин́а</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">литр</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бензи́н</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кафе́</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">жира́ф</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">газе́та</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">университе́т</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">орке́стр</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фе́рма</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ка́сса</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">конце́рт</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">гастроно́м</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">стюарде́сса</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Аэрофло́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">биле́т</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">до́ктор</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ко́фе</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">студе́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пра́вда</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">тра́ктор</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">магази́н</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №3.</title>
      <para>Unscramble the following words. Use the answers below for help.</para>
      <informaltable pgwide="0">
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="5cm"/>
          <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">юмне</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>____________________________________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нмдиоа</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>____________________________________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">aсack</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>____________________________________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">еофк</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>____________________________________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">толфэаро</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>____________________________________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">тбуеф</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>____________________________________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">иреениусвтт</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>____________________________________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">amoвck</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>____________________________________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ягаелре</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>____________________________________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">рсотппа</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>____________________________________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ральбву</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>____________________________________________________________</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>Answers:</para>
      <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ка́сса</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >Москва́</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">па́спорт</foreignphrase>,
          <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ко́фе</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >университе́т</foreignphrase>,<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"> галере́я</foreignphrase>,
          <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">меню́</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >буфе́т</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >Дина́мо</foreignphrase>,<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">
          Аэрофло́т</foreignphrase>,<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"> бульва́р</foreignphrase>.</para>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №4.</title>
      <para>Make as many Russian words as you can using each letter only once. Start each word with
        one of the capitalized letters.</para>
      <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold">К</emphasis> е ф ю т р о <emphasis
            role="bold">Ф</emphasis> о б ф о <emphasis role="bold">Б</emphasis> о <emphasis
            role="bold">С</emphasis> з л о <emphasis role="bold"> Ф</emphasis> о у ю
          т</foreignphrase></para>
      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Ф<replaceable>---</replaceable></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>К<replaceable>---</replaceable></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>Ф<replaceable>---</replaceable></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>Б<replaceable>---</replaceable></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>С<replaceable>---</replaceable></para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №5.</title>
      <para>This is a listening comprehension exercise. Number the words according to the sequence
        in which your teacher will read them aloud.</para>
      <informaltable pgwide="0">
        <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">музе́й</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><replaceable>_____</replaceable></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">гастроно́м</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><replaceable>_____</replaceable></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">а́рмия</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><replaceable>_____</replaceable></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">газе́та</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><replaceable>_____</replaceable></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">гита́ра</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><replaceable>_____</replaceable></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кафе́</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><replaceable>_____</replaceable></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">журна́л</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><replaceable>_____</replaceable></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дя́дя</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><replaceable>_____</replaceable></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">штат</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><replaceable>_____</replaceable></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сою́з</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>-----</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </section>
  </section>
  <?custom-pagebreak?>
  <section>
    <title>Russian phonetics</title>
    <para>In order to speak Russian well, you must become fully acquainted with the phonetics of the
      language. The task is both a simple and a difficult one as you have already seen, now that you
      know the alphabet well. In this lesson we will work on the basics of Russian pronunciation;
      specifically on the distinctions between "soft" {palatalized) consonants and "hard" ones {non-
      palatalized); how these differences are indicated in the orthography (writing system) and how
      they are manifested in the actual pronunciation of words.</para>
    <formalpara>
      <title>"Hard" and "soft" consonants</title>
      <para>When we say that Russian has 20 consonants, we are referring only to the 20 consonant
        symbols in the alphabet. In reality, Russian has nearly twice that number of consonant
        sounds due to something called "palatalization", or "softening". All this means is that
        certain consonants can be slightly modified by arching your tongue and moving it forward,
        towards the hard palate area (that ridge on the roof of your mouth where your upper teeth
        fit in) while making the consonant sound. The effect is to make the sound "softer" and, in
        terms of pitch, slightly higher. The best mechanism for a good, palatalized consonant sound
        is to SMILE while pronouncing. Try it ~ it really works! Now you know how to make the sound.
        But how will you know when! Consonants which can be palatalized (all of them EXCEPT
          <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ж</foreignphrase></emphasis>, <emphasis
          role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ш</foreignphrase></emphasis> and <emphasis
          role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ц</foreignphrase></emphasis>) will be pronounced
        palatalized when you see them followed by:</para>
    </formalpara>
    <para>- the "soft sign"<emphasis role="bold">
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ь</foreignphrase></emphasis> (usually at the end of a
      word)</para>
    <para>OR:</para>
    <para>-one of these vowel symbols:<emphasis role="bold">
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >е</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ё</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
          xml:lang="ru">ю</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">и</foreignphrase></emphasis>
      (called "indicator" vowels)</para>
    <para>The function of these vowel symbols is to indicate that the preceding consonant is
      pronounced in its "soft" variant. The consonant is then followed by the vowel sound: <emphasis
        role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">а</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >э</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">о</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
          xml:lang="ru">у</foreignphrase></emphasis> or<emphasis role="bold">
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ы</foreignphrase></emphasis>.</para>
    <para>When any of the consonants listed above has no "soft sign" following it, or is followed by
      one of these vowel symbols:<emphasis role="bold">
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">а</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >э</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">о</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
          xml:lang="ru">у</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
      >ы</foreignphrase></emphasis>, that consonant will be pronounced in its "hard" variant (no
      smiling allowed!).</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">KEEP IN MIND</emphasis>: <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase
          xml:lang="ru">Ч</foreignphrase></emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase
          xml:lang="ru">Щ</foreignphrase></emphasis> are always SOFT, no matter which vowel symbol
      follows them.<emphasis role="bold">
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ж</foreignphrase></emphasis>, <emphasis role="bold"
          ><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ш</foreignphrase></emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold"
          ><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ц</foreignphrase></emphasis> are always HARD, even if they
      are followed by a "soft sign" or one of the "indicator" vowel symbols.</para>
  </section>
  <?custom-pagebreak?>
  <section>
    <title>Practice in Russian phonetics</title>
    <para>Listen carefully as your instructor reads the following pairs aloud. Try to detect the
      (subtle) difference between the "hard" consonant sound (the first in the pair) and the "soft"
      consonant sound. Notice also the differences in the orthography.</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="0">
      <tgroup align="center" cols="5">
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">6a</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >бя</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бэ</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >бе</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бо</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >бё</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бу</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >бю</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бы</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >би</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">па</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >пя</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пэ</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >пе</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">по</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >пё</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пу</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >пю</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пы</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >пи</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ва</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >вя</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вэ</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ве</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во</foreignphrase> — <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >вё</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ву</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >вю</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вы</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ви</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фа</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >фя</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фэ</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >фе</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фо</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >фё</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фу</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >фю</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фы</foreignphrase> — <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >фи</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">да</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >дя</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дэ</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >де</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">до</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >дё</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ду</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >дю</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ды</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ди</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">та</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >тя</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">тэ</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >те</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">то</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >те</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ту</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >тю</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ты</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ти</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">за</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >зя</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">зэ</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >зе</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">зо</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >зё</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">зу</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >зю</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">зы</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >зи</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">са</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ся</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сэ</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >се</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">со</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >сё</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">су</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >сю</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сы</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >си</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ла</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ля</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лэ</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ле</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ло</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >лё</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лу</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >лю</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лы</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ли</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ма</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >мя</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мэ</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ме</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мо</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >мё</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">му</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >мю</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мы</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ми</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ня</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нэ</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >не</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >не</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ну</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ню</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ны</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ни</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>Listen carefully as your instructor reads the following words aloud. Pay close attention
      to the differences between the "soft" consonants (look for the vowels <foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">я</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е</foreignphrase>,
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ё</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >ю</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">и</foreignphrase> or the "soft sign"
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ь</foreignphrase>) and the "hard" ones.</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="0">
      <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ма́сса</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="ru">мя́со</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">па́па</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >пять</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на́ша</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ня́ня</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мы́ло</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >Ми́ла</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">был</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >бил</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ма́ма</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >мя́та</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ви́ски</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="ru">вы́ставка</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сын</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >си́ний</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">да́та</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >дя́дя</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пыль</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >пил</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лук</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >люк</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Во́лга</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="ru">О́льга</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">рысь</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >рис</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пар</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >царь</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">стол</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >сто́лько</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">брат</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >брать</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нос</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >нёс</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Дон</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >день</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кафе</foreignphrase>́ - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >Фе́дя</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мэр</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >ме́ра</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ты</foreignphrase> - <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >тигр</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
  </section>
  <?custom-pagebreak?>
  <section>
    <title>Spelling and pronunciation</title>
    <para>In an ideal world, words will be pronounced just as they are written. However, since we do
      not live in an ideal world, we see that the pronunciation of certain words does not always
      correspond to their written representation. This is true not only in Russian, but in numerous
      other languages as well, including English. For example: the о in women is pronounced as i;
      the initial w is not pronounced in write, and the t in action is pronounced as sh.</para>
    <para>Russian has a specific set of rules which govern those instances where spelling and
      pronunciation differ, and if you can master these rules, you will be well on your way to
      acquiring good pronunciation skills in Russian.</para>
    <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="3cm"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>REMEMBER:</entry>
            <entry>
              <orderedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>Vowels carry stress and in Russian the stress can fall on any syllable in a
                    word.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>Russian words have only one stress.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>Stress is not part of Russian orthography. However, many teaching materials
                    mark stress as an aid in learning.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>The way a vowel is pronounced depends on whether it is stressed or not. This
                    is a very important rule and we'll discuss it in a little more detail in the
                    next section.</para>
                </listitem>
              </orderedlist>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Rule 1: the vowels o and a</title>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>In Russian, the vowels о and a are pronounced as о and a only when they are stressed.
          Look at the following words and note the syllable which is stressed. Listen as your
          instructor reads these words aloud and repeat after him/her. You'll also find this
          exercise on the tape for this lesson.</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="5">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">торт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вино́</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лимо́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">патрио́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бюро́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сорт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́рма</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">жарго́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Во́лга</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кино́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">зо́на</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">метро́</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кио́ск</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ко́фе</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́мер</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>In Russian, the vowels о and a are pronounced as о and a only when they are stressed.
          Look at the following words and note the syllable which is stressed. Listen as your
          instructor reads these words aloud and repeat after him/her. You'll also find this
          exercise on the tape for this lesson. Now listen and repeat:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Москва́</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">конце́рт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кана́л</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ава́нс</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">поэ́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">коме́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кана́да</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">абсу́рд</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">рома́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">газе́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пентаго́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ао́рта</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хокке́й</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бале́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">диплома́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">орке́стр</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">проте́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туале́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">аэропо́рт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">океа́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Толсто́й</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бана́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">агроно́м</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">оме́га</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>In all other unstressed syllables both vowels <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
            >о</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">а</foreignphrase> are pronounced
          like the short, indistinct "a" in tuna. Look at the following words and note the syllable
          which is stressed. Now listen and repeat:</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">па́спорт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ма́ска</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">тра́ктор</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">га́мма</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">а́том</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">да́ча</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">до́ктор</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">самова́р</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фо́то</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">стадио́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">э́кспорт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Дина́мо</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ло́ндон</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">молоко́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хро́ника</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ка́ша</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кли́мат</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">маши́на</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Rule 2: The vowels <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">я</foreignphrase></title>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>In Russian the vowels e and я are given full pronunciation only when they are
          stressed. Listen as your instructor reads the following words then repeat after him/her.
          You'll also find this exercise on the tape for this lesson.</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="5">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">коме́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дире́ктор</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">буфе́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пять</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я́хта</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">те́ма</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">биле́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">портфе́ль</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я́блоко</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">семья́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">текст</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Че́хов</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фе́рма</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ребя́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я́лта</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>When unstressed these vowels are pronounced as a short i. Listen as your instructor
          reads the following words then repeat after him/her. You'll also find this exercise on the
          tape for this lesson.</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="5">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">телефо́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">теа́тр</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дека́брь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">берёза</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">язы́к</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">рестора́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">винегре́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">планета́рий</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Япо́нец</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">янва́рь</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́мер</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">календа́рь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">галере́я</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Япо́нка</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">яйцо́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
  </section>
  <?custom-pagebreak?>
  <section>
    <title>Reading exercises</title>
    <para>Read the following words:</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>А</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кенту́кки</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Гава́йи</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Джо́рджия</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нева́да</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Луизиа́на</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Делавэ́р</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Миннесо́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Арканза́с</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Иллино́йс</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вирджи́ния</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Миссу́ри</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вайо́минг</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пенсильва́ния</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мэ́риленд</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Алаба́ма</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Калифо́рния</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Небра́ска</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Теннесси́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нью-Ге́мпшир</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Монта́на</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Виско́нсин</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нью-Ме́ксико</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нью-Йо́рк</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Колора́до</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Миссисси́пи</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Индиа́на</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Флори́да</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Конне́ктикут</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Аризо́на</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мичига́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вашингто́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Род-А́йленд</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Аля́ска</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Се́верная Кароли́на</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Массачу́сетс</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ю́жная Дакот́а</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ю́жная Кароли́на</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Теха́с</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Се́верная Дако́та</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">За́падная Вирджи́ния</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Оклахо́ма</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ога́йо</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вермо́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Айда́хо</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мэн</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нью-Дже́рси</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ю́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Канза́с</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Орего́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">А́йова</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry/>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Б</para>
        <informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ю́кон</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Саскачева́н</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Брита́нская Колу́мбия</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Альбе́рта</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нью-Бра́нсуик</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Но́вая Шотла́ндия</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Квебе́к</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Манито́ба</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">О́стров Принс-Эдуа́рд</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Онта́рио</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ньюфа́ундленд</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Се́веро-За́падные
                  террито́рии</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №7.</title>
      <para>Read through the list and circle the thirteen original states of the U.S.</para>
      <informaltable pgwide="0">
        <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кенту́кки</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Гава́йи</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Джо́рджия</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нева́да</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Луизиа́на</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Делавэ́р</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Миннесо́та</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Арканза́с</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Иллино́йс</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вирджи́ния</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Миссу́ри</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вайо́минг</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пенсильва́ния</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мэ́риленд</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Алаба́ма</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Калифо́рния</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Небра́ска</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Теннесси́</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нью-Ге́мпшир</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Монта́на</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Виско́нсин</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нью-Ме́ксико</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нью-Йо́рк</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Колора́до</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Миссисси́пи</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Индиа́на</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Флори́да</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Конне́ктикут</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Аризо́на</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мичига́н</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вашингто́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Род-А́йленд</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Аля́ска</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Се́верная Каролин́а</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Массачу́сетс</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ю́жная Дако́та</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ю́жная Каролин́а</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Теха́с</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Се́верная Дако́та</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">За́падная Вирджи́ния</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Оклахо́ма</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ога́йо</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вермо́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Айда́хо</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мэн</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нью-Дже́рси</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ю́та</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Канза́с</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Орего́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">А́йова</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry/>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №8.</title>
      <para>Read through this list of American cities and alphabetize them in the spaces
        provided.</para>
      <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
        <tgroup cols="2" colsep="0">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Лос-А́нджелес</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Балтимо́р</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сиэ́тл</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Атла́нта</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ме́мфис</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кли́вленд</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Чика́го</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Филаде́льфия</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Детро́йт</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Бу́ффало</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пи́ттсбург</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Да́ллас</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Хью́стон</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Миннеа́полис</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нью-Йо́рк</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Майа́ми</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Лас-Ве́гас</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сан-Франци́ско</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Бо́стон</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Цинцинна́ти</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>________________________________</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №9.</title>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>А</para>
          <para>Below are 2 columns of words. Your instructor will read aloud one word at a time.
            Find that word and give its number.</para>
          <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>1</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">арти́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>6</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идеали́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>2</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">адмира́л</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>7</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ана́лиз</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>3</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">конце́рт</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>8</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сона́та</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>4</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">систе́ма</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>9</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">конститу́ция</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>5</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">контра́кт</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>10</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">конта́кт</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>Б</para>
          <para>On the numbered lines below, write down, in the order they are read, the words your
            instructor will dictate from the list above.</para>
          <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>1</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>6</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>2</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>7</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>3</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>8</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>4</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>9</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>5</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>10</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №10.</title>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>А</para>
          <para>Below are 2 columns of words. Your instructor will read aloud one word at a time.
            Find that word and give its number.</para>
          <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>1</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">а́лгебра</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>6</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">акце́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>2</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">гондо́ла</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>7</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">генера́л</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>3</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ве́то</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>8</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">депо́</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>4</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">аргуме́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>9</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">аге́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>5</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">э́ра</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>10</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">а́рка</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>Б</para>
          <para>On the numbered lines below, write down, in the order they are read, the words your
            instructor will dictate from the list above.</para>
          <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>1</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>6</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>2</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>7</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>3</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>8</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>4</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>9</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>5</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>10</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №11.</title>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>А</para>
          <para>Below are 2 columns of words. Your instructor will read aloud one word at a time.
            Find that word and give its number.</para>
          <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>1</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">поли́ция</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>6</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пози́ция</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>2</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">инста́нция</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>7</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">диста́нция</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>3</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">юсти́ция</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>8</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">констру́кция</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>4</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фа́за</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>9</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фра́за</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>5</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">балла́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>10</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">акт</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>Б</para>
          <para>On the numbered lines below, write down, in the order they are read, the words your
            instructor will dictate from the list above.</para>
          <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>1</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>6</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>2</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>7</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>3</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>8</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>4</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>9</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>5</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>10</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №12.</title>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>А</para>
          <para>Below are 2 columns of words. Your instructor will read aloud one word at a time.
            Find that word and give its number.</para>
          <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>1</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сена́тор</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>6</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кента́вр</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>2</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ли́дер</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>7</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ла́йнер</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>3</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кана́л</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>8</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">капита́л</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>4</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">цеме́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>9</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">семина́р</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>5</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">инциде́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry>10</entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">инструме́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>Б</para>
          <para>On the numbered lines below, write down, in the order they are read, the words your
            instructor will dictate from the list above.</para>
          <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>1</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>6</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>2</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>7</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>3</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>8</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>4</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>9</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>5</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                  <entry>10</entry>
                  <entry>______________________</entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №13.</title>
      <para>Match the "isms" in the first column to the "ists" in the second column.</para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>А</para>
          <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">коммуни́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">капитали́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">капитали́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">материали́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">оптими́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пессими́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">антагони́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">антагони́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пессими́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">атеи́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">материали́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">коммуни́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">атеи́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">тури́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">тури́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">социали́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">социали́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">оптими́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>Б</para>
          <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">индивидуали́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">террори́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идеали́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">маркси́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">террори́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">футури́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">маркси́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">индивидуали́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">раси́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">раси́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куби́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">импрессиони́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">футури́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куби́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">эгои́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идеали́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">импрессиони́зм</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">эгои́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №14.</title>
      <para>Read through the following list of people. In the space provided below sort them
        according to their country.</para>
      <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
        <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вашингто́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Шекспи́р</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Толсто́й</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пу́шкин</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ли́нкольн</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Твен</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Да́рвин</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пасте́р</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нью́тон</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Бальза́к</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Че́рчилль</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кюри́</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Менделе́ев</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Э́дисон</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Достое́вский</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Гюго́</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Аме́рика</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">А́нглия</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Росси́я</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Фра́нция</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №15.</title>
      <para>Read through the following list of people. In the space provided below sort them
        according to their professions.</para>
      <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
        <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Чайко́вский</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Тициа́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Эйнште́йн</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Фо́лкнер</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Бетхо́вен</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Рафаэ́ль</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ге́ршвин</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Марко́ни</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Че́хов</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ба́йрон</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Галлиле́й</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Шопе́н</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Копе́рник</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сартр</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ван-Го́г</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ру́бенс</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">худо́жники</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">писа́тели</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">учёные</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">компози́торы</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №16.</title>
      <para>Alphabetize the professions and occupations given below.</para>
      <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
        <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">арти́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">до́ктор</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">инжене́р</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дире́ктор</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">балери́на</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">журнали́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лингви́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">корреспонде́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">меха́ник</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кло́ун</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">агроно́м</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">касси́р</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">архите́ктор</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шофёр</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фото́граф</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">профе́ссор</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">адвока́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">студе́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">атле́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">музыка́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">диплома́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>_________________________</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №17.</title>
      <para>Read through the following list. In the space provided below sort the words according to
        the categories indicated.</para>
      <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
        <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">посо́л</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хоккеи́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">студе́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">терапе́вт</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">диплома́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">музыка́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">атташе́</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">балери́на</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кардио́лог</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">актёр</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ко́нсул</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">атле́т</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">футболи́ст</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">актри́са</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дека́н</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">спортсме́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ре́ктор</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">профес́сор</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">педиа́тр</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мини́стр</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">до́ктор</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">президе́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">депута́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вице-президе́нт</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кремль</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">стадио́н</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">теа́тр</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">университе́т</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">больн́ица</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">посо́льство</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №18.</title>
      <para>Read through the following list. In the space provided below sort the words according to
        the categories indicated.</para>
      <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
        <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">рестора́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вокза́л</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">институ́т</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">амбулато́рия</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">буфе́т</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">университе́т</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бульва́р</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">порт</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лаборато́рия</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">парк</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кафе́</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">поликли́ника</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ку́рсы</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сквер</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">го́спиталь</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ста́нция</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кафете́рий</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шко́ла</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">проспе́кт</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">теа́тр</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">аэропо́рт</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кинотеа́тр</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">музе́й</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">филармо́ния</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>eating out</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>entertainment</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>medicine</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>transportation</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>education</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>places in the city</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>
  </section>
  <?custom-pagebreak?>
  <section>
    <title>Learning Russian script</title>
    <para>So far, you have been dealing with Russian in its printed form. However, once in Russia
      you will frequently encounter letters, documents and materials which are in script or written
      out in longhand. You will also quickly discover that Russians, unlike Americans, will rarely
      print when writing by hand. Practice writing Russian script.</para>
    <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
      <tgroup align="center" cols="3">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="2cm"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2cm"/>
        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="10cm"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">А а</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0063-1.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Б б</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0063-2.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">В в</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0063-3.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Г г</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/G.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Д д</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/D.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Е е</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0063-4.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Ё ё</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0063-5.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Ж ж</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0063-6.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">З з</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0063-7.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">И и</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0063-8.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Й й</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-1.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">К к</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-2.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Л л</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-3.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">М м</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-4.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Н н</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-5.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">О о</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-6.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">П п</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-7.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Р р</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-8.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">С с</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-9.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Т т</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-10.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">У у</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-11.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Ф ф</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-12.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Х х</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-13.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Ц ц</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-14.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Ч ч</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0064-15.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Ш ш</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0065-1.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Щ щ</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0065-2.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Ъ</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0065-3.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">ы</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0065-4.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">ь</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0065-5.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Э э</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0065-6.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Ю ю</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0065-7.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle">Я я</entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0065-8.png"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">_________________________</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
      <?custom-pagebreak?>
    </informaltable>
    <table pgwide="0">
      <title>The following table shows the Russian alphabet with approximate phonetic equivalents.
        Keep it handy as a reference.</title>
      <tgroup cols="4">
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Aa</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>a as in father</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Рp</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>trilled, flapped r</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Б6</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>b as in boat</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Cc</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>s as in sew</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Bb</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>v as in vote</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Tt</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>t as in top</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Гг</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>g as in goat</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Уу</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>oo as in food</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Дд</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>d as in dog</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Фф</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>f as in foot</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сc</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>ye as in yet</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Xx</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>j as in junta</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Её</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>yo as in yo-yo</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Цц</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>ts as in lets</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Жж</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>s as in measure</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Чч</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>ch as in chair</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Зз</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>z as in zoo</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Шш</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>sh as in show</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ии</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>ее as in mee</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Щщ</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>sti as in question</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ий</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>у as in boy</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ъ</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>hard sign</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кк</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>k as in kite</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ы</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>short i as in milk</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Лл</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>1 as in loan</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ь</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>soft sign</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мм</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>m as in mop</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ээ</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>e as in let</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нн</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>n as in no</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Юю</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>as you</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Оо</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>о as in know</entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Яя</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>ya as in yard</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пп</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>p as in rope</entry>
            <entry/>
            <entry/>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0067-1.png" width="7cm"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0067-2.png" width="7cm"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0067-3.png" width="7cm"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0067-4.png" width="7cm"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0067-5.png" width="7cm"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0067-6.png" width="7cm"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0067-7.png" width="7cm"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry morerows="1"><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/0067.png" width="7cm"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0067-10.png" width="7cm"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0067-11.png" width="7cm"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
            <entry><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="Images/FSI-0067-12.png" width="7cm"/>
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject></entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <mediaobject>
      <imageobject>
        <imagedata align="center" fileref="Images/0068.png" width="18cm"/>
      </imageobject>
    </mediaobject>
    <mediaobject>
      <imageobject>
        <imagedata align="center" fileref="Images/0069.png" width="18cm"/>
      </imageobject>
    </mediaobject>
    <mediaobject>
      <imageobject>
        <imagedata align="center" fileref="Images/0070.png" width="18cm"/>
      </imageobject>
    </mediaobject>
    <mediaobject>
      <imageobject>
        <imagedata align="center" fileref="Images/0071.png" width="18cm"/>
      </imageobject>
    </mediaobject>
  </section>
</chapter>