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  5. <META NAME="description" content="Henry Mackenzie wrote as "Brutus" in 1790.  He used the pseudonym in a series of newpaper articles about corruption, power, and influence.">
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  12. <title>Henry Mackenzie -- Letters of Brutus -- Reading Revolutions</title>
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  33. <td BGCOLOR="#666666" valign="top" height="20">&nbsp;&nbsp;<br></td>
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  37. <td BGCOLOR="#C0C0C0"><blockquote>
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  38.         <blockquote><blockquote>
    39. 

  39. 			<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
    40. 

  40.  size="-1">Henry Mackenzie (1745-1831)&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>
    41. 

  41. 			Scottish poet, novelist and political writer<br>
    42. 

  42. 			<b>The Man of Feeling</b>&nbsp; (1771)<br>
    43. 

  43. 			<b>The Man of the World</b>&nbsp; 1773) <br>
    44. 

  44. 			<b>Julia de Roubigne</b>&nbsp; (1777)<br>
    45. 

  45. 			<br>
    46. 

  46. 			<b>Letters of Brutus</b> (April 1790) began to appear in the <i>Edinburgh Herald</i> <br>
    47. 

  47. 			<b>Letters of Brutus to Certain Celebrated Political Characters</b> (1791)
    48. 

  48. 			</font></blockquote></blockquote>
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  49.       </blockquote>
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  56. 		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1"><i><br>
    57. 

  57. 		The 
    58. 

  58. 		Letters of Brutus to Certain Celebrated Political Characters</i> was 
    59. 

  59. 		published in Edinburgh, Scotland.&nbsp; The letters are addressed to 
    60. 

  60. 		particular anonymous characters (who can be identified by their actions and 
    61. 

  61. 		reputations within the letters) by an anonymous writer.&nbsp;&nbsp; The 
    62. 

  62. 		letters critique and scold.&nbsp; In the first, to Lieutenant General 
    63. 

  63. 		B***, Mackenzie reminds the General of his own past to curb his 
    64. 

  64. 		political activities and criticisms of others.&nbsp; </font></p>
    65. 

  65. 		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">The 
    66. 

  66. 		Mackenzie letters by coincidence or happenstance share the same 
    67. 

  67. 		pseudonym with letters written by Robert Yates in the United States during the same period.&nbsp; 
    68. 

  68. 		Yates addressed his letters &quot;To the citizens of the State of New-York&quot; 
    69. 

  69. 		and wrote to espouse a strong anti-Federalist stance.&nbsp; Yates' 
    70. 

  70. 		letters were published in the <i>New York Journal</i> from October 1787 
    71. 

  71. 		to April 1788.&nbsp; It is certainly possible that Mackenzie heard of 
    72. 

  72. 		them, even if he did not read them.&nbsp; It is also possible that he 
    73. 

  73. 		had no knowledge of the &quot;other&quot; Brutus.</font></p>
    74. 

  74. 		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">Marcus 
    75. 

  75. 		Junius Brutus Caepio (85 BC &#8211; 42 BC) was, of course, the protégé who 
    76. 

  76. 		helped to kill Caesar.&nbsp; He can be seen as one who would betray 
    77. 

  77. 		trust, but he is also an icon of resisting strong centralized power.&nbsp; 
    78. 

  78. 		He feared for the future of the Republic of Rome, as Caesar declared 
    79. 

  79. 		himself Emperor and worked to limit the powers of the Senate.&nbsp; He 
    80. 

  80. 		was forced to flee Rome because those who had supported Caesar and his 
    81. 

  81. 		goals still held power.&nbsp; Thus, he is also symbolic of those who 
    82. 

  82. 		must be careful as they feint and parry with words for fear of reprisal.&nbsp; 
    83. 

  83. 		He has also lent another name to authors who write in fear -- Junius.&nbsp; 
    84. 

  84. 		In the Advertisement for <i>Letters of Brutus</i> there is a reference 
    85. 

  85. 		to an earlier Junius (wrote 1767 through 1772), and during the World War I a Junius Pamphlet 
    86. 

  86. 		(written by Rosa Luxemburg while in prison) gave 
    87. 

  87. 		a vivid account of the abuse of power.&nbsp; (see resources below).</font></p>
    88. 

  88. 		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">
    89. 

  89. 		Mackenzie probably didn't have to fear for his life when he wrote, but 
    90. 

  90. 		the open critiques which he leveled could certainly have been met with 
    91. 

  91. 		reprisals.&nbsp; He was not one to mince words, he said of Thomas Paine, 
    92. 

  92. 		&quot;He possesses that vulgar eloquence which a vigorous mind untutored by 
    93. 

  93. 		classical education, and unrestrained by delicacy or taste, has an 
    94. 

  94. 		advantage in exhibiting; and he derives credit from the very want of 
    95. 

  95. 		qualities which finer minds are at pains to cultivate . . .&quot;&nbsp; Like 
    96. 

  96. 		the Brutus in America at the time, Mackenzie was a conservative who 
    97. 

  97. 		mistrusted centralized power and mistrusted those who held either power 
    98. 

  98. 		or popularity.</font></p>
    99. 

  99. 		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1"><i>The 
    100. 

  100. 		Letters of Brutus to Certain Celebrated Political Characters</i> is only 
    101. 

  101. 		91 pages long.&nbsp; Below you will find the frontispiece of the first 
    102. 

  102. 		edition, as well as the Advertisement, table of contents and the first six
    103. 

  103. 		letters.<br>
    104. 

  104.           &nbsp;</font></p>
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    262. 

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    264. 

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    265. 

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    266. 

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    267. 

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    268. 

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    269. 

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    270. 

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    274. 

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    275. 

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    276. 

  276. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4398Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    277. 

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    278. 

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    279. 

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    280. 

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    281. 

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    282. 

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    283. 

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    284. 

  284. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4399Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    285. 

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    286. 

  286. 				</tr>
    287. 

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    288. 

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    289. 

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    290. 

  290. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4441Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="300" height="400"></a></td>
    291. 

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    292. 

  292. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4401Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    293. 

  293. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4401Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="300" height="400"></a></td>
    294. 

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    295. 

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    296. 

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    297. 

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    298. 

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    299. 

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    300. 

  300. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4403Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    301. 

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    302. 

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    303. 

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    304. 

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    305. 

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    306. 

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    307. 

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    308. 

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    309. 

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    310. 

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    311. 

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    312. 

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    313. 

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    314. 

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    315. 

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    316. 

  316. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4406Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    317. 

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    318. 

  318. 				</tr>
    319. 

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    320. 

  320. 					<td align="center">
    321. 

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    322. 

  322. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4432Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="291" height="400"></a></td>
    323. 

  323. 					<td align="center">
    324. 

  324. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4407Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    325. 

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    326. 

  326. 				</tr>
    327. 

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    328. 

  328. 					<td align="center">
    329. 

  329. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4430Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    330. 

  330. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4430Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="285" height="400"></a></td>
    331. 

  331. 					<td align="center">
    332. 

  332. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4410Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    333. 

  333. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4410Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="289" height="400"></a></td>
    334. 

  334. 				</tr>
    335. 

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    336. 

  336. 					<td align="center">
    337. 

  337. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4429Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    338. 

  338. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4429Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="288" height="400"></a></td>
    339. 

  339. 					<td align="center">
    340. 

  340. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4412Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    341. 

  341. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4412Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="289" height="400"></a></td>
    342. 

  342. 				</tr>
    343. 

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    344. 

  344. 					<td align="center">
    345. 

  345. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4428Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    346. 

  346. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4428Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="293" height="400"></a></td>
    347. 

  347. 					<td align="center">
    348. 

  348. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4414Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    349. 

  349. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4414Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="278" height="400"></a></td>
    350. 

  350. 				</tr>
    351. 

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    352. 

  352. 					<td align="center">
    353. 

  353. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4426Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    354. 

  354. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4426Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="300" height="400"></a></td>
    355. 

  355. 					<td align="center">
    356. 

  356. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4415Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    357. 

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    358. 

  358. 				</tr>
    359. 

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    360. 

  360. 					<td align="center">
    361. 

  361. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4424Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    362. 

  362. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4424Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="300" height="400"></a></td>
    363. 

  363. 					<td align="center">
    364. 

  364. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4416Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    365. 

  365. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4416Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="282" height="400"></a></td>
    366. 

  366. 				</tr>
    367. 

  367. 				<tr>
    368. 

  368. 					<td align="center">
    369. 

  369. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4422Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    370. 

  370. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4422Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="300" height="400"></a></td>
    371. 

  371. 					<td align="center">
    372. 

  372. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4418Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    373. 

  373. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4418Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="289" height="400"></a></td>
    374. 

  374. 				</tr>
    375. 

  375. 				<tr>
    376. 

  376. 					<td align="center">
    377. 

  377. 					<p align="left">
    378. 

  378. 					<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1" color="#FFFFFF">
    379. 

  379. 					The letters often end with a bang.&nbsp; </font></p>
    380. 

  380. 					<p align="left">
    381. 

  381. 					<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1" color="#FFFFFF">
    382. 

  382. 					Page 83, the last paragraph:</font></p>
    383. 

  383. 					<blockquote>
    384. 

  384. 						<p align="left">
    385. 

  385. 						<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1" color="#FFFFFF">
    386. 

  386. 						I cannot be allured by the hope of
    387. 

  387. 						reward; and it can alarm none but
    388. 

  388. 						bad men, to be told, that falsehood is
    389. 

  389. 						the only danger I shall fear.</font></p>
    390. 

  390. 						<p align="left">
    391. 

  391. 						<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1" color="#FFFFFF">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
    392. 

  392. 						BRUTUS</font></p>
    393. 

  393. 						<p align="left">
    394. 

  394. 						<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1" color="#FFFFFF">
    395. 

  395. 						January 17</font><sup><font size="-1" color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana">th</font></sup><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1" color="#FFFFFF"> 
    396. 

  396. 						1791.</font></p>
    397. 

  397. 					</blockquote>
    398. 

  398. 					</td>
    399. 

  399. 					<td align="center">
    400. 

  400. 					<a href="pictures/Brutus/4420Mackenzie_Brutus_wl.jpg">
    401. 

  401. 					<img border="0" src="pictures/Brutus/4420Mackenzie_Brutus_w.jpg" width="300" height="400"></a></td>
    402. 

  402. 				</tr>
    403. 

  403. 				<tr>
    404. 

  404. 					<td colspan="2">
    405. 

  405. 					<p align="center">
    406. 

  406. 					&nbsp;</td>
    407. 

  407. 				</tr>
    408. 

  408. 				<tr>
    409. 

  409. 					<td colspan="2" align="center">
    410. 

  410. 					<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1" color="#FFFFFF">
    411. 

  411. 					The enlargements of the book are sufficient for easy reading 
    412. 

  412. 					-- they will be a slow download on a modem.&nbsp; The 
    413. 

  413. 					photographs of the book by Mackenzie 
    414. 

  414. 					may be used freely on non-commercial sites (no 
    415. 

  415. 					advertisements) and for educational purposes.</font></td>
    416. 

  416. 				</tr>
    417. 

  417. 			</table>
    418. 

  418. 		</div>
    419. 

  419. 		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
    420. 

  420.  size="-1">
    421. 

  421.           <br>
    422. 

  422. 		&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>
    423. 

  423.           </font></p>
    424. 

  424. 	</blockquote>
    425. 

  425. </td>
    426. 

  426. </tr>
    427. 

  427. 

  428. <tr>
    429. 

  429. <td BGCOLOR="#C0C0C0"><blockquote>
    430. 

  430.         <blockquote><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
    431. 

  431.  size="-1"><b>Further
    432. 

  432. Resources:</b><br>
    433. 

  433.           <br>
    434. 

  434. 			<span
    435. 

  435.  style="text-decoration: underline;">
    436. 

  436. 			<a href="http://www.lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~matsuoka/Perrius-Mackenzie.html">
    437. 

  437. 			<i>Brief summary of the Life and work of Henry Mackenzie</i></a></span>&nbsp; 
    438. 

  438. 			by Matsuoka, at Nagoya University<br>
    439. 

  439.           <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br>
    440. 

  440.           </span>The text of <i>
    441. 

  441. 			<a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1915/junius/">&nbsp;The 
    442. 

  442. 			Junius Pamphlet</a> </i>-- by Rosa Luxemburg, published 1916, 
    443. 

  443. 			commentary on the Nazi regime<br>
    444. 

  444.           <br>
    445. 

  445. 			<i>
    446. 

  446. 			<a href="http://www.flonnet.com/fl2204/stories/20050225000608000.htm">
    447. 

  447. 			The invectives of Junius</a></i>
    448. 

  448. --&nbsp; an essay by A.G. Noorani giving an account of the Letters of Junius, 
    449. 

  449. 			1769</font><p>
    450. 

  450. 			<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
    451. 

  451.  size="-1"><a href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/m_brutus.html">Marcus 
    452. 

  452. 			Brutus</a> by Plutarch, hypertext on the web at M.I.T. <br><br><br>
    453. 

  453. 			<a href="http://www.americanrevolution.com/RobertYates.htm">Robert 
    454. 

  454. 			Yates</a> background information from American Revolution</font></p>
    455. 

  455. 			<p>
    456. 

  456. 			<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">
    457. 

  457. 			<a href="http://www.constitution.org/afp/brutus00.htm">Robert Yates</a>' 
    458. 

  458. 			Brutus letters in html by Jon Roland of the Constitution Society</font></p>
    459. 

  459. 			<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1"><br><br><br><br><br>&nbsp;(c) Marilyn Shea, 2005<br>&nbsp;<br>
    460. 

  460. 			</font></p>
    461. 

  461. 		</blockquote>
    462. 

  462.         </blockquote></td>
    463. 

  463. </tr>
    464. 

  464. 

  465. <tr>
    466. 

  466. <td BGCOLOR="#C0C0C0">&nbsp;</td>
    467. 

  467. </tr>
    468. 

  468. </table>
    469. 

  469. 

  470. 

  471. </body>
    472. 

  472. </html>
    473.