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<td BGCOLOR="#C0C0C0"><blockquote>
        <blockquote><blockquote>
			<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1">Emerich de Vattel&nbsp; (1714&#8211;67)&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>
			Swiss philosopher and jurist<br>
			<b>Droit des gens; ou, Principes de la loi naturelle appliquTs a la 
			conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains</b> (1758)<br>
			<br>
			</font><b><font size="2" face="Tahoma">Law of Nations</font></b><font face="verdana, 
arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1"><b>,</b>
1759 First English Edition</font></blockquote></blockquote>
      </blockquote>
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<td><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote>
	<blockquote>
		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1"><br>
		The 
		first English edition of <i>Law of Nations; or Principles of the Law of 
		Nature:&nbsp; Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and 
		Sovereigns</i> is shown 
		below.&nbsp; The title page is followed by the Preface and then the 
		Table of Contents for Book I and Book II is shown in its entirety.&nbsp; The handwriting on 
the 
		title page is from 
		a previous owner.<br>
          &nbsp;</p>
<p><i>Law of Nations</i> was strongly influenced by Leibnitz and Christian von Wolff.&nbsp;  Vattel rejects the social contracts of Hobbes and Locke to propose a system of mutual law and respect for the betterment of all mankind.&nbsp;  Where Hobbes had proposed a hierarchical system based on his mistrust of man's nature and of the populace in general, Vattel sees our only hope in redirecting selfishness to the common good.
</p>
<p>
<br>
<blockquote>
<b>Quotations:</b>
<p>
It is easy to conceive what exalted felicity the
world would enjoy, were all men willing to observe
the rule that we have just laid down.&nbsp; On the contrary,
if each man wholly and immediately directs all his
thoughts to his own interest, if he does nothing for
the sake of other men, the whole human race together
will be immersed in the deepest wretchedness.&nbsp; Let us
therefore endeavor to promote the general happiness of
mankind: all mankind, in return, will endeavor to
promote ours, and thus we shall establish our felicity
on the most solid foundations. (Preliminaries, Section X)

<p>
The end of the natural society established among men in general is that they should mutually assist 
one another to advance their own perfection and that of their condition; and Nations, too, since they 
may be regarded as so many free persons living together in a state of nature, are bound mutually to 
advance this human society.&nbsp; Hence the end of the great society established by nature among all nations 
is likewise that of mutual assistance in order to perfect themselves and their condition.  
(Preliminaries, Section XVII)

<p>
A dwarf is as much a man as a giant; a small republic
is not less a sovereign state than the most powerful
kingdom.  (Preliminaries, Section XVIII)
<p>
All nations are therefore under a strict obligation to cultivate justice towards each other, to 
observe it scrupulously, and carefully to abstain from every thing that may violate it.&nbsp; Each ought to 
render to the others what belongs to them, to respect their rights, and to leave them in the peaceable 
enjoyment of them. (Book II, Chapter V)
<p>
PEACE is the reverse of war: it is that desirable state in which every one quietly enjoys his rights, or, if controverted, amicably discusses them by force of argument. Hobbes has had the boldness to assert, that war is the natural state of man.&nbsp; But if, by "the natural state of man," we understand (as reason requires that we should) that state to which he is destined and called by his nature, peace should rather be termed his natural state.  (Book IV, Chapter II, Section I)
</blockquote></font>

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					Vattel, on the left, based his <i>Law of Nations </i>on the 
					work of Christian von Wolff, on the right.</font><p align="center">
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					&nbsp;</td>
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					<font color="#FFFFFF" face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-
1">The enlargements of the book are sufficient for easy reading 
					-- they will be a slow download on a modem.&nbsp; The 
					photographs of the book by Vattel 
					may be used freely on non-commercial sites (no 
					advertisements) and for educational purposes.</font></td>
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		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1">
          <br>
		&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>
          </font></p>
	</blockquote>
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<td BGCOLOR="#C0C0C0"><blockquote>
        <blockquote><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1"><b>Further
Resources:</b><br>
          <br>
The text of <a href="http://www.constitution.org/vattel/vattel.htm"><i>The Law 
			of Nations</i></a>&nbsp;-- 1753; 1883 Chitty translation put into 
			HTML by Jon Roland of the Constitution Society. <br>
          <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br>
          </span>Paper on the influence Vattel had on the form of the American 
			Constitution and form of government.&nbsp; The article will give you 
			a good grounding in the issues involved and the multiple directions 
			of influence on the founding fathers.&nbsp; <i>
			<a href="http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_97-01/971_vattel.html">
			Life, Liberty, and The Pursuit of Happiness:&nbsp; How the Natural 
			Law Concept of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Inspired America's Founding 
			Fathers </a>&nbsp;</i>-- by Robert Trout, which appeared in </font>
			<font face="Times New Roman,Georgia,Times"><i>FIDELIO&nbsp;Magazine, Vol 
			. VI No.1 , Spring, 1997</i></font>
			<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1"><br>
          <br>
			The text of&nbsp; 
			<a href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lhbtn&fileName=
00543//lhbtn00543.db&recNum=0&itemLink=r?ammem/lhbtnbib:@field(NUMBER+@od1(lhbtn+00543))&linkText=0">
			<i>Droit des gens; ou, Principes de la loi naturelle appliquTs a la 
			conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains</i></a>
-- 1753 in the original French.&nbsp; May download a facsimile edition in PDF 
			format. from THE ONLINE LIBRARY OF LIBERTY

<p>Paper on Leibniz' <a href="http://prof.mt.tama.hosei.ac.jp/~hhirano/academia/leibniz.htm"><i>On Natural Law</i></a>.&nbsp;  Pay particular attention to Section 5 "Leibniz against Descartes and Hobbes."&nbsp; From Hideaki Hirano.</font>

<p>
			<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">
			Introduction to
			<a href="http://www-philosophy.ucdavis.edu/mattey/kant/WOLFF.HTM">
			Christian von Wolff</a>, the philosopher whose ideas serve as the 
			basis of Vattel's work.</font></p>
			<p>
			<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1">Discussion and summary of <i>
			<a href="http://east_west_dialogue.tripod.com/vattel/id2.html">Law 
			of Nations</a></i>, with a link to a discussion of Vattel's <i>
			Natural Law</i> from Tripod, bad pop-ups but a good summary.<br><br><br>Brief
			<a href="http://www.law.upenn.edu/about/history/medallions/vattel/">
			biographical sketch</a> of Vattel from Penn Law.</font></p>
			<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1"><br><br><br><br>&nbsp;
(c) Marilyn Shea, 2006<br>&nbsp;<br>
			</font></p>
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