suppression des répertoires Original et Temp

Original/2.utf8.html

@@ -1,4695 +0,0 @@
-
-Show 	
-characters
-pinyin, zhuyin
-translations
-
-	 in 	
-text
-tooltips
-status line
-separate wordlist
-
-Link characters to online dictionaries
-Only treat the first occurrence of each word
-Include links to audio text-to-speech
-tooltips require DHTML; status-line requires a willing browser
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
-
-      嗎 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%dc> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
-      ?
-
-One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add
-嗎 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
-at the end of a statement. Hence 你
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3hao3]
-! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6n%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3hao3
-ma3|ma5] ? (How are you?)
-
-
-      你 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>呢
-      <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9O> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-      ne5|ni2] ?
-
-This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to you.
-Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how about
-you?"
-
-    A: 你好嗎 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6n%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3hao3
-    ma3|ma5] ?
-        How are you?
-    B: 我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>很
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>好
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    hen3hao3] , 你呢 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ne5|ni2] ?
-        I am fine, and you?
-
-    A: 你忙 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3>嗎 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%a3%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    mang2 ma3|ma5] ?
-        Are you busy?
-    B: 我不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>忙
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    bu4mang2] , 你呢 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ne5|ni2] ?
-        I am not busy, what about you?
-
-
-      很 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-      , 也 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4]> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-      , 都 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%a3> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-
-
-All three are adverbs, which should be placed /before/ what they modify
-in Chinese. E.g., 很好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3hao3]
-, 也好 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3
-hao3|hao4] , 都好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
-hao3|hao4] .
-
-Sometimes 很 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-is not really employed to mean "very" if it is modifying a monosyllabic
-adjective such as 好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao3|hao4]
-. It is simply because to say 我好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-hao3|hao4] is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic
-adjective as the predicate of the sentence. Therefore people usually add
-很 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-before 好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao3|hao4]
-to make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-hen3hao3] in this case does not necessarily mean "I am /very/ well", it
-may simply convey the meaning of "I am fine".
-
-/The order of these words:/ If all three adverbs occur in the same
-sentence, their order is 也 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
--- 都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
--- 很 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-:
-
-    我很好 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    hen3hao3] .
-    我也很好 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4]%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    ye3 hen3hao3] .
-    我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>們
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>也都很好 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4]%b3%a3%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    ye3 dou1|du1 hen3hao3] .
-
-N.B. 都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-(both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the /left/ of it. Hence
-it is wrong to say 都他 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>們
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>很好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a5L%ad%cc%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
-ta1men5 hen3hao3] ("all of them are fine"). One should say 他
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>們
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>都
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%a3>很好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%b3%a3%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5dou1
-hen3hao3] .
-
-
-      都不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
-      bu4] vs. 不都 [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4
-      dou1|du1]
-
-都不 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
-bu4] indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4
-dou1|du1] shows a partial negation:
-
-    他們都不忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%b3%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5dou1
-    bu4mang2]
-        None of them is busy.
-    他們不都忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%b3%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-    bu4 dou1|du1 mang2]
-        Not all of them are busy.
-    我們都不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>大
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>夫
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d2> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a4%a3%acO%a4j%a4%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    dou1|du1 bu2shi4 dai4fu5]
-        None of us is a doctor.
-    我們不都是 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>大夫 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%a3%b3%a3%acO%a4j%a4%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    bu4 dou1|du1 shi4 dai4fu5]
-        Not all of us are doctors.
-
-
-      的 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-
-
-As an auxiliary word, 的 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-is used to indicate possession. It comes between the subject and the
-noun it modifies: 我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>的
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba>書
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
-shu1] , 我媽 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%fd>媽
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%fd>的車
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6%fd%b6%fd%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-ma1ma5 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1] etc.
-
-In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
-possessive marker 的 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-can be omitted. /Otherwise it cannot/.
-
-    e.g. 你弟 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%cc>弟
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%cc> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a7%cc%a7%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    di4di5] = 你的弟弟 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%a7%cc%a7%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    de5|di2|di4 di4di5] , 我爸
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%a8>爸
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%a8> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%a8%aa%a8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    ba4ba5] = 我的爸爸 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%aa%a8%aa%a8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
-    ba4ba5] 
-
-
-      我很好 [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-      hen3hao3] -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".
-
-Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb. In
-the sentence 我很好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-hen3hao3] , the adjectival phrase 很好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3hao3]
-serves as the predicate for the sentence. No verb "to be" is needed as
-in English (I /am/ very well). This is generally true of a sentence that
-has an /adjective/ as its predicate, even in negative sentences.
-
-    e.g. 他們很忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ab%dc%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-    hen3 mang2] , 我們不忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    bu4mang2]
-        They are very busy, we are not.
-
-Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-should still be retained:
-
-    他 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>是我朋
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a7%da%aaB%a4%cd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 wo3 peng2you5]
-        He is my friend.
-
-    我不是她 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6o>的哥
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%f4>哥
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%f4> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%acO%a6o%aa%ba%ad%f4%ad%f4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    bu2shi4 ta1 de5|di2|di4 ge1ge5]
-        I am not her elder brother.
-
-
-      Proper Response
-
-Study the following two dialogues:
-
-    A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6%fd%b6%fd%acO%a4j%a4%d2%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ma1ma5 shi4 dai4fu5 ma3|ma5] ?
-        Is your mother a doctor?
-    B: 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    , 她是大夫 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4j%a4%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 dai4fu5] .
-        Yes, she is a doctor.
-
-    A: 你媽媽忙嗎 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6%fd%b6%fd%a6%a3%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ma1ma5 mang2 ma3|ma5] ?
-        Is your mother busy?
-    B: 忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mang2]
-    , 她很忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%ab%dc%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    hen3 mang2] .
-        Yes, she is very busy.
-
-To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb --
-in the above case 是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-and 忙 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mang2]
-respectively -- as an equivalent to the English "yes" before making the
-statement itself. Note therefore that the response is not always 是
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-.
-
-
-    Questions with interrogative words 誰
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d6> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shei2|shui2]
-    , 哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3]
-    , 什 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b0>麼
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    me5|mo2]
-
-Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as "what",
-"when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a question,
-Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming questions using
-such interrogative words as 誰 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shei2|shui2]
-, 哪 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3]
-, 什麼 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-me5|mo2] , etc:
-
- 1. 他是我弟弟 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a7%da%a7%cc%a7%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 wo3 di4di5] . (He is my younger brother.)
-    他是誰 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%bd%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 shei2|shui2] ? (Who is he?)
-
- 2. 他是我們老 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%d1>師
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aev> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a7%da%ad%cc%a6%d1%aev&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 wo3men5 lao3shi1] . (He is our teacher.)
-    誰是你 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>們
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>老師 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6%acO%a7A%ad%cc%a6%d1%aev&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shei2|shui2
-    shi4 ni3men5 lao3shi1] ? (Who is your teacher?)
-
- 3. 他是中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>人
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 zhong1guo2ren2] . (He is Chinese.)
-    他是哪國 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>人
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%ad%fe%b0%ea%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 na3|na5|nei3|nei3 guo2 ren2] ? (What is his nationality?)
-
- 4. 這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>是中
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>地
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6a>圖
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%cf> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a6a%b9%cf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    shi4 zhong1guo2 di4tu2] . (This is a map of China.)
-    這是什麼地圖 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2%a6a%b9%cf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    shi4 shi2 me5|mo2 di4tu2] ? (What map is this?)
-
- 5. 那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>是書 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%acO%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4
-    shi4 shu1] . (That is a book.)
-    那是什麼 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4
-    shi4 shi2 me5|mo2] ? (What is that?)
-
- 6. 這是她的車 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a6o%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    shi4 ta1 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1] . (This is her car.)
-    這是誰的車 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%bd%d6%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    shi4 shei2|shui2 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1] ? (Whose car is this?)
-
-As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what
-one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form questions.
-No change of word order takes place.
-
-
-    Asking a person's name
-
-There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that
-person is.
-
- 1. 您 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1z>貴
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6Q>姓
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9m>﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1z%b6Q%a9m%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nin2
-    gui4xing4 ﹖]
-
-    This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What
-    is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to address one's
-    elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one
-    wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6Q%a9m&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gui4xing4]
-    cannot be used when asking about a third person's name, or when
-    referring to oneself.
-
-        A: 您 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1z&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nin2]
-        /你貴姓﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6Q%a9m%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        gui4xing4 ﹖]
-            What is your name?
-        B: 我姓 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9m>丁
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4B>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9m%a4B%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xing4 ding1 。]
-            My name is Ding.
-
- 2. 你叫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5s>什麼﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
-
-    This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually used
-    to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors.
-    If one wants to be a bit polite, 請
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d0>問
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3wen4]
-    can be added to the question:
-
-        請問﹐你叫什麼﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%b0%dd%a1M%a7A%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3wen4
-        ﹐ ni3 jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
-            May I ask, what's your name?
-
-    Unlike 貴姓 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6Q%a9m&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gui4xing4]
-    , which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4
-    shi2 me5|mo2] can be employed for all persons:
-
-        她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S%a7%da%ad%cc%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S%a7%da%ad%f4%ad%f4%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖ wo3men5 jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖ wo3 ge1ge5
-        jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖] etc. 
-
-When asked 你姓什麼﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9m%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-xing4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖] you are supposed to give your last name first,
-and then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when
-asked 你叫什麼﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖] you can give either your given name or your full
-name.
-
-
-    Word usage: 學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>習
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%df>﹐ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%b2%df%a1M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2xi2
-    ﹐] 學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2]
-
-
-Both words mean "to study" or "to learn". Whereas 學習 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%b2%df&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2xi2]
-can be used both transitively and intransitively, 學 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2]
-is normally reserved for transitive use.
-
-    e.g. 我學 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%be%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    xue2] (習 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%df> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2%df&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xi2]
-    )漢 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba~>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>﹐她學 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a1M%a6o%be%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[han4yu3
-    ﹐ ta1 xue2] (習 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2%df&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xi2]
-    )法 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aak>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aak%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fa3yu3
-    。]
-        I study Chinese, she studies French.
-    我學習﹐我弟弟不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>習。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%be%c7%b2%df%a1M%a7%da%a7%cc%a7%cc%a4%a3%be%c7%b2%df%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    xue2xi2 ﹐ wo3 di4di5 bu4xue2wu2shu4 xi2 。]
-        I study, my younger brother doesn't study.
-
-In the second sentence, the word 習 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2%df&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xi2]
-cannot be omitted.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    (to be at/in...) functions as a verb.
-
-    To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use
-    the following pattern:
-
-        S + 在 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-        + place/location word or phrase
-        e.g. A: 你的地圖在哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
-        %fe>兒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%a6a%b9%cf%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        de5|di2|di4 di4tu2 zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
-        B: 我的地圖在那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>兒
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%a6a%b9%cf%a6b%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
-        di4tu2 zai4 nar3|nar4 。]
-
-        A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%a8%aa%a8%b6%fd%b6%fd%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        ba4ba5 ma1ma5 zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
-        B: 他們在中國。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6b%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        zai4 zhong1guo2 。] 
-
-    If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
-
-        A: 古 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5j>波
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aai>在嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5j%aai%a6b%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gu3bo1
-        zai4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            Is Gubo in [or: here]?
-        B: 他不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>在
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>﹐他在學
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>生
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%cd>宿
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1J>舍
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%d9>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%a3%a6b%a1M%a5L%a6b%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        bu4zai4 ﹐ ta1 zai4 xue2sheng5 su4she4 。]
-            He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.
-
-
- 2. Nouns / personal pronouns + 這
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
-    /那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
-    as place words.
-
-        e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6a%b9%cf%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[di4tu2
-        zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
-        B: 在我這兒。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4
-        wo3 zher4 。] (or 在我那兒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%a7%da%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4
-        wo3 nar3|nar4] )
-
-        A: 你的車在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%a8%ae%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1 zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
-        B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%a8%ae%a6b%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
-        che1|ju1 zai4 xue2sheng5 su4she4 nar3|nar4 。] 
-
-    The choice of 這兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
-    and 那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
-    depends on the distance between the object and the speaker. If it is
-    close to the speaker, use 這兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
-    ; if not, use 那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
-    .
-
- 3. The word order for Chinese place words
-
-    Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and
-    proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives in room
-    423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她住
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>院
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0|>學生宿舍四
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>層
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bch>四二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>三
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>號
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%ed%be%c7%b0|%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a5|%bch%a5|%a4G%a4T%b8%b9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zhu4 xue2yuan4 xue2sheng5 su4she4 si4 ceng2 si4 er4 san1 hao2|hao4
-    。] Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is applicable to
-    the address used when writing letters as well.
-
- 4. To live (stay) at a place
-
-    Most often one uses 住 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4]
-    to indicate that one lives or stays at a certain place. There are
-    several patterns for the use of 住 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4]
-    . For example, to say "I live here", one can have the following:
-
-        S + 住 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4]
-        + place word (我住這兒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6%ed%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        zhu4 zher4] )
-        S + 住在 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4
-        zai4] + place word (我住在
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>這
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>兒
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6%ed%a6b%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        zhu4 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5] )
-        S + 在 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-        + place word + 住 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4]
-        (我在這兒住 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5 zhu4] )
-
-    All three sentences have the same meaning.
-
- 5. Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
-
-    Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by
-    digit:
-
-        English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)
-        Chinese: # 1452 (一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>
-        四五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>號
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a5|%a4%ad%a4G%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1
-        si4 wu3 er4hao4] ) 
-
-
-    The use of 還 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%d9> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-    (to return something to someone)
-
-When using 還 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-to indicate "return", use the following pattern:
-
-    S + 還 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-    + (sb.) + sth.
-    e.g. 我還他畫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5e>報
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%c1%d9%a5L%b5e%b3%f8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    hai2|huan2 ta1 hua4bao4]
-    你還丁云 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%aa>的車。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%c1%d9%a4B%a4%aa%aa%ba%a8%ae%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    hai2|huan2 ding1 yun2 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1 。] (Notice here sb. is
-    omitted.)
-
-This pattern is /only/ used for simple objects, i.e. the object to be
-returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的日
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9>本
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bb>車 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b6%fd%b6%fd%aa%ba%a4%e9%a5%bb%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-ma1ma5 de5|di2|di4 ri4ben3 che1|ju1] , etc. Notice in the second example
-above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say 你還丁云丁云的
-車 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%c1%d9%a4B%a4%aa%a4B%a4%aa%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-hai2|huan2 ding1 yun2 ding1 yun2 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1] , although
-grammatically it is correct. We will later learn the ways to express
-something more complicated.
-
-
-    用 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%ce>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>下
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4
-    yi2xiar4]
-
-In this phrase, 用 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4]
-is a verb which can be used both transitively and intransitively (i.e.
-it can be used either with or without an object). 一下兒 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi2xiar4]
-is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little while". If
-an object is to be used for 用 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4]
-in the above phrase, it should be placed after 一下兒 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi2xiar4]
-:
-
-    我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%a7A%aa%ba%ae%d1%a1M%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    yong4 yi2xiar4 ni3 de5|di2|di4 shu1 ﹐ hao3|hao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
-    他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%a7A%aa%a8%aa%a8%aa%ba%a8%ae%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-    yong4 yi2xiar4 ni3 ba4ba5 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1 。]
-        They want to use your dad's car for a little while.
-
-
-    Time Word 現 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2{>在
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4]
-
-
-Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a
-sentence: /before/ or /after/ the subject.
-
-    現在她去 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>學院還書。
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b%a6o%a5h%be%c7%b0|%c1%d9%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4
-    ta1 qu4 xue2yuan4 hai2|huan2 shu1 。]
-        Now she is going to the college to return books.
-    or 她現在去學院還書。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b2{%a6b%a5h%be%c7%b0|%c1%d9%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    xian4zai4 qu4 xue2yuan4 hai2|huan2 shu1 。] 
-
-
-    常 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
-    and 常 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`>常
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2chang2]
-
-
-常 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
-in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2chang2]
-without a change of meaning. Thus, 他常喝
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%dc>茶
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b3%dc%af%f9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-chang2 he1|he4 cha2] = 他常常喝茶 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b1`%b3%dc%af%f9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-chang2chang2 he1|he4 cha2] , 我們常去看
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%dd>書 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b1`%a5h%ac%dd%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-chang2 qu4 kan1|kan4 shu1] = 我們常常去看書 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b1`%b1`%a5h%ac%dd%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-chang2chang2 qu4 kan1|kan4 shu1] .
-
-In making negative sentences, however, 常 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
-is normally /not/ reduplicated. Hence 他不常喝茶 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%a3%b1`%b3%dc%af%f9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-bu4 chang2 he1|he4 cha2] , 我們不常去看書 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%a3%b1`%a5h%ac%dd%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-bu4 chang2 qu4 kan1|kan4 shu1] .
-
-
-    Affirmative-Negative questions
-
-An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative
-and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
-
-    她是中國人嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 zhong1guo2ren2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 她是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>不
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>中國人﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4%a3%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4bu4shi4 zhong1guo2ren2 ﹖]
-    你忙嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%a3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    mang2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 你忙不忙﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    mang2 bu4mang2 ﹖]
-    你認 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb{>識
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%d1>他嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%bb{%c3%d1%a5L%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ren4shi5 ta1 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 你認識不認識他﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%bb{%c3%d1%a4%a3%bb{%c3%d1%a5L%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ren4shi5 bu4 ren4shi5 ta1 ﹖] 
-
- 1. If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
-    the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
-
-        忙不忙 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mang2
-        bu4mang2] , 認識不認識 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb{%c3%d1%a4%a3%bb{%c3%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ren4shi5
-        bu4 ren4shi5] , 介 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-        %b6>紹 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%d0>不介紹
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%a3%a4%b6%b2%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie4shao4
-        bu4 jie4shao4] 
-
- 2. If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
-    that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
-
-        你喝不喝茶﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%dc%a4%a3%b3%dc%af%f9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        he1|he4 bu4 he1|he4 cha2 ﹖]
-        你去不去中國﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        qu4 bu4 qu4 zhong1guo2 ﹖] 
-
- 3. Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
-    form of "V + object + 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    + V ?" as well, although this is not as common:
-
-        你喝茶不喝茶﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%dc%af%f9%a4%a3%b3%dc%af%f9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        he1|he4 cha2 bu4 he1|he4 cha2 ﹖]
-        她去中國不去﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4%a3%a5h%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        qu4 zhong1guo2 bu4 qu4 ﹖] 
-
- 4. As in questions with interrogative words (誰 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shei2|shui2]
-    , 什麼 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    me5|mo2] , etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
-    at the end.
-
- 5. If an adverb such as 常 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
-    , 都 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-    , 也 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-    or 很 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-    comes /before/ the predicative verb or adjective, do not use the
-    affirmative-negative form but use 嗎 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
-    instead:
-
-        你們都去中國嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-        dou1|du1 qu4 zhong1guo2 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        but not 你們都去不去中國﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-        dou1|du1 qu4 bu4 qu4 zhong1guo2 ﹖]
-
-        他常喝咖 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9@>啡
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d8>嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b3%dc%a9@%b0%d8%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        chang2 he1|he4 ka1fei1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b3%dc%a4%a3%b3%dc%a9@%b0%d8%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        chang2 he1|he4 bu4 he1|he4 ka1fei1 ﹖] 
-
-    Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
-    /before/ the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:
-
-     1. 她很忙嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%ab%dc%a6%a3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        hen3 mang2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] but not 她很忙不忙﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%ab%dc%a6%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        hen3 mang2 bu4mang2 ﹖]
-
-     2. 她是很好大夫嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%ab%dc%a6n%a4j%a4%d2%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        shi4 hen3hao3 dai4fu5 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 她是不是很好的大夫﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4%a3%acO%ab%dc%a6n%aa%ba%a4j%a4%d2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        shi4bu4shi4 hen3hao3 de5|di2|di4 dai4fu5 ﹖]
-
-    The second instance is acceptable because 很 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-    comes /after/ the predicative verb 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    .
-
- 6. If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the
-    /first/ verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question:
-
-        你去商 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d3>店
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%b1>買
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6R>紙
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%c8>嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%b0%d3%a9%b1%b6R%af%c8%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        qu4 shang1dian4 mai3 zhi3 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 你去不去商店買紙﹖
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%b0%d3%a9%b1%b6R%af%c8%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        qu4 bu4 qu4 shang1dian4 mai3 zhi3 ﹖]
-        他們歡 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>迎
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ef>我來
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%d3>嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%c5w%aa%ef%a7%da%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        huan1ying2 wo3 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 他們歡迎不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>歡
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>迎
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ef>我來﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%c5w%aa%ef%a4%a3%c5w%aa%ef%a7%da%a8%d3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        huan1ying2 bu4huan1er2san4 ying2 wo3 lai2 ﹖] 
-
-
-    和 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9M> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[he2|he4|huo2|huo4]
-    and 都 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-
-
-In Chinese, 和 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[he2|he4|huo2|huo4]
-as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or phrases,
-/never/ two clauses or sentences:
-
-    中國和美 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%fc>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b0%ea%a9M%ac%fc%b0%ea&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1guo2
-    he2|he4|huo2|huo4 mei3guo2]
-    我的爸爸和媽媽 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%aa%a8%aa%a8%a9M%b6%fd%b6%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
-    ba4ba5 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 ma1ma5]
-    她學習漢語和英 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad^>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a9M%ad^%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    xue2xi2 han4yu3 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 ying1yu3 。]
-    你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%bb{%c3%d1%a7%da%aa%a8%aa%a8%a9M%a7%cc%a7%cc%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ren4shi5 wo3 ba4ba5 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 di4di5 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-
-    but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a7%cc%a7%cc%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1M%a9M%a7%da%ad%f4%ad%f4%a4]%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    di4di5 shi4 xue2sheng5 ﹐ he2|he4|huo2|huo4 wo3 ge1ge5 ye3 shi4
-    xue2sheng5 。]
-    nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%be%c7%b2%df%aak%bby%a1M%a9M%a7%da%a4]%be%c7%b2%df%aak%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    xue2xi2 fa3yu3 ﹐ he2|he4|huo2|huo4 wo3 ye3 xue2xi2 fa3yu3 。] 
-
-The adverb 都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or adjective. It
-governs only the elements /before/ it:
-
-    我們都去中國。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    dou1|du1 qu4 zhong1guo2 。] (All of us go to China: 都 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-    modifies 我們 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5]
-    .)
-    but not 都我們去中國。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a7%da%ad%cc%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
-    wo3men5 qu4 zhong1guo2 。]
-
-This is also wrong:
-
-    我都學漢語和法語。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b3%a3%be%c7%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    dou1|du1 xue2 han4yu3 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3 。] 
-
-because 都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-modifies 我 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3]
-and not 漢語和法語 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[han4yu3
-he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3] . If "both Chinese and French" is intended in
-the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[han4yu3
-he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3] should be placed before 都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-:
-
-    我漢語和法語都學。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby%b3%a3%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    han4yu3 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3 dou1|du1 xue2 。]
-    or 漢語和法語都我學。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby%b3%a3%a7%da%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[han4yu3
-    he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3 dou1|du1 wo3 xue2 。] 
-
-
-    The verb 有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-    expressing possession and existence
-
-The verb 有 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the English "to
-have" and "there is" or "there are":
-
-    她有漢語詞 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%fc>典
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e5>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%b3%ba~%bby%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    you3 han4yu3 ci2dian3 。]
-        She has a Chinese dictionary.
-    我們學院有多 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>外
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>學生。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%be%c7%b0|%a6%b3%a6h%a5~%b0%ea%be%c7%a5%cd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    xue2yuan4 you3 duo1 wai4guo2 xue2sheng5 。]
-        There are a lot of foreign students in our college.
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. To negate 有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-    , one uses 沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
-    instead of 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    :
-
-        我有哥哥﹐我沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>有
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>姐
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9j>姐
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9j>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6%b3%ad%f4%ad%f4%a1M%a7%da%a8S%a6%b3%a9j%a9j%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        you3 ge1ge5 ﹐ wo3 mei2you3 jie3jie5 。]
-            I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.
-
- 2. Informally in a negative sentence, 有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-    can sometimes be omitted:
-
-        我朋友沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aaB%a4%cd%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        peng2you5 mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        )書﹐也沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae%d1%a1M%a4]%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shu1
-        ﹐ ye3 mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        )筆 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%a7>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bi3
-        。]
-            My friend does not have books, nor pens.
-        現在我們的宿舍沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b%a7%da%ad%cc%aa%ba%b1J%aa%d9%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4
-        wo3men5 de5|di2|di4 su4she4 mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        )人。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4H%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ren2
-        。]
-            There is no one in our dorm now.
-
- 3. The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3
-    mei2you3] ... ?"
-
-        她有沒有妹 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9f>妹
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9f>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3%a9f%a9f%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        you3 mei2you3 mei4mei4|mei4mei5 ﹖]
-        呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>
-        有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O%a1M%a7A%ad%cc%aa%ba%b1J%aa%d9%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3%a4H%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2
-        ﹐ ni3men5 de5|di2|di4 su4she4 you3 mei2you3ren2 ﹖] 
-
-    Sometimes, if the object of 有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-    is not long, one can use the form "... 有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-    + object + 沒有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
-    ?" as well, although this form is not as common as the previous one.
-
-        她有妹妹沒有﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%b3%a9f%a9f%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        you3 mei4mei4|mei4mei5 mei2you3 ﹖]
-        這宿舍有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>沒有﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%b1J%aa%d9%a6%b3%a4H%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        su4she4 you3ren2qing2 mei2you3 ﹖] 
-
-
-    Prepositional construction with 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    (in, at) and 給 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%b9>
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3]
-    (for, to)
-
-The object of 在 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-is often a place-word and the object of 給 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3]
-is often the beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative
-verb. In Chinese, a prepositional construction comes /before/ the verb
-it modifies:
-
-    他在銀 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%c8>行
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%e6>工
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4u>作
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7@>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zai4 yin2hang2 gong1zuo4 。]
-        She works in a bank.
-    but not 她工作在銀行。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a4u%a7@%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    gong1zuo4 zai4 yin2hang2 。]
-
-    我給你們介紹一下兒。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    gei3|ji3 ni3men5 jie4shao4 yi2xiar4 。]
-        Let me introduce you to one another.
-    but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    jie4shao4 yi2xiar4 gei3|ji3 ni3men5 。] 
-
-To form a negative sentence, 不 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-is placed /before/ the prepositional construction:
-
-    他不在銀行工作。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%a3%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    bu4zai4 yin2hang2 gong1zuo4 。]
-    我不給你們介紹。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a4%b6%b2%d0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    bu4 gei3|ji3 ni3men5 jie4shao4 。]
-        I am not going to introduce you.
-
-Adverbs such as 常 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
-, 都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-, 也 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-are also placed /before/ the prepositional construction:
-
-    我們都在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    dou1|du1 zai4] City Lit 學院學習漢語。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%b0|%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2yuan4
-    xue2xi2 han4yu3 。]
-        We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
-    你常給你媽媽信 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abH>嗎﹖
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b1`%b5%b9%a7A%b6%fd%b6%fd%abH%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    chang2 gei3|ji3 ni3 ma1ma5 xin4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        Do you often write to your mother?
-    我爸爸也常給我寫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcg>信
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abH>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%a8%aa%a8%a4]%b1`%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%abH%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    ba4ba5 ye3 chang2 gei3|ji3 wo3 xie3xin4 。]
-        My dad also often writes to me.
-
-
-    Word usage: 想 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7Q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-
-
-The word 想 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-in Chinese carries various meanings:
-
- 1. 想 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-    + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something:
-
-        丁 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4B>雲
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%b3>很想
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7Q>家
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4B%b6%b3%ab%dc%b7Q%aea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ding1yun2
-        hen3 xiang3jia1 。]
-            Ding Yun misses her family very much.
-        我很想我的爸爸媽媽。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%b7Q%a7%da%aa%ba%aa%a8%aa%a8%b6%fd%b6%fd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        hen3 xiang3 wo3de5 ba4ba5 ma1ma5 。]
-            I miss my parents very much.
-        你不想你的男 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8k>朋
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd>嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%b7Q%a7A%aa%ba%a8k%aaB%a4%cd%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        bu4 xiang3 ni3 de5|di2|di4 nan2peng2you5 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            Don't you miss your boyfriend?
-        你想不想她﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a4%a3%b7Q%a6o%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 bu4 xiang3 ta1 ﹖]
-            Do you miss her?
-
- 2. 想 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-    + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
-
-        A: 你想去商店嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a5h%b0%d3%a9%b1%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 qu4 shang1dian4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            Do you want to go to the shop?
-        B: 我不想去。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b7Q%a5h%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        bu4 xiang3 qu4 。]
-            I don't want to go.
-
-        A: 你想不想學法語﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a4%a3%b7Q%be%c7%aak%bby%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 bu4 xiang3 xue2 fa3yu3 ﹖]
-            Do you want to study French?
-        B: 我也想學法語。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4]%b7Q%be%c7%aak%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        ye3 xiang3 xue2 fa3yu3 。]
-            I also want to study French.
-
- 3. 想 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-    + clause = to think/suppose something:
-
-        我想她是中國人。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a6o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xiang3 ta1 shi4 zhong1guo2ren2 。]
-            I think she is Chinese.
-        我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a6o%aa%a8%aa%a8%b6%fd%b6%fd%b3%a3%acO%a4j%a4%d2%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xiang3 ta1 ba4ba5 ma1ma5 dou1|du1 shi4 dai4fu5 。]
-            I think her parents are both doctors.
-
-    N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-    in this capacity, put the negative adverb in the /subordinate
-    clause/, not in the main clause as in English:
-
-        我想她 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a6o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xiang3 ta1] /不是 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu2shi4]
-        /中國人。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1guo2ren2
-        。]
-            I don't think she is Chinese.
-        but not 我不想她是中國人。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b7Q%a6o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        bu4 xiang3 ta1 shi4 zhong1guo2ren2 。] 
-
-N.B. 想 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form /only/ in
-senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.
-
-
-    Word usage: 告 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7i>訴
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6D> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-
-
-告訴 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-means "to tell". In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell somebody
-something, or to tell somebody /to do/ something. The Chinese verb 告訴
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-can only be applied to the first of these patterns.
-
-    e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a7i%b6D%a7%da%a6o%aa%ba%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    gao4su5 wo3 ta1 de5|di2|di4 gong1zuo4 。]
-        She told me her work.
-    我告訴媽媽你是我的好 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>朋
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a7i%b6D%b6%fd%b6%fd%a7A%acO%a7%da%aa%ba%a6n%aaB%a4%cd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    gao4su5 ma1ma5 ni3 shi4 wo3de5 hao3peng2you5 。]
-        I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
-    but not 我告訴他給我寫信。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a7i%b6D%a5L%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%abH%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    gao4su5 ta1 gei3|ji3 wo3 xie3xin4 。]
-        I told him to write to me.
-
-Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3]
-, 媽媽 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%fd%b6%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma1ma5]
-) of 告訴 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a
-clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it
-uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a
-verb-phrase for its direct object. In this case, we should use 叫 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4]
-or 請 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d0> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
-in place of 告訴 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-to make a correct sentence:
-
-    我請他給我寫信。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%bd%d0%a5L%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%abH%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    qing3 ta1 gei3|ji3 wo3 xie3xin4 。]
-        I asked him to write to me.
-
-
-    The Numbers in Chinese
-
-For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
-
-    ○ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[○]
-    (or 零 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9s> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ling2]
-    ), 一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1]
-    , 二 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-    , 三 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1]
-    , 四 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4]
-    , 五 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3]
-    , 六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%bb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liu4]
-    , 七 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qi1]
-    , 八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4K&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1]
-    , 九 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu3]
-    , 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2]
-
-
-Further on, they are:
-
-    十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2yi1]
-    = 11, 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4]
-    = 12, 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>九
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4E&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2jiu3]
-    = 19
-    二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2]
-    = 20, 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2yi1]
-    = 21, 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>八
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4K&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2ba1hao4]
-    = 28
-    三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1shi2]
-    = 30, 四 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4shi2]
-    = 40, 九 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu3shi2]
-    = 90, 九十九 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E%a4Q%a4E&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu3shi2
-    jiu3] = 99
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3]
-    = 100
-    一百零一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
-    ling2 yi1] = 101, 一百十 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
-    shi2] = 110, 一百十一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%a4Q%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
-    shi2yi1] = 111
-    三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>七
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a6%ca%a4G%a4Q%a4C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1bai3
-    er4shi2qi1] = 327, 九百 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6
-    %ca>零九 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E%a6%ca%b9s%a4E&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu3
-    bai3 ling2 jiu3] = 909
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4d&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1qian1]
-    = 1000
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9s>一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4d%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4
-    yi1] = 1001, 五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零四十 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a4d%b9s%a5|%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3qian1dun1
-    ling2 si4shi2] = 5040, 八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-    /zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>七
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4K%a4d%a4C%a6%ca%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1qian1
-    qi1bai3wan4 er4shi2wu3] = 8725
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>萬
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1wan4]
-    = 10,000
-    四萬 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U>零八百零一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%b8U%b9s%a4K%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4
-    wan4 ling2 ba1 bai3 ling2 yi1] = 40,801
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>億
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f5> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%bb%f5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1yi4]
-    = 100,000,000
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. Numbers like 15 are written e.g. 十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2wu3]
-    , not 一十五 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1
-    shi2wu3] .
-
- 2. A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101
-    is 一百零一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
-    ling2 yi1] , and 3020 is 三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-    /zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零二
-    十 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a4d%b9s%a4G%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1qian1wu3bai3
-    ling2 er4shi2] . Notice the last zero in 3020 is /not/ pronounced
-    because it is not between two other digits.
-
-    If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero
-    digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4d%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4
-    yi1] . However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also
-    sandwiched, as in 40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%b8U%b9s%a4K%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4
-    wan4 ling2 ba1 bai3 ling2 yi1] .
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. Measure words
-
-    In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
-    pronouns such as 這 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4]
-    or 那 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4]
-    , or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3]
-    or 幾 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4X> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3]
-    , a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and its
-    modifier(s):
-
-        三本 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bb>書 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a5%bb%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1
-        ben3 shu1] , 十五個 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
-        %d3>學生 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4%ad%ad%d3%be%c7%a5%cd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2wu3
-        ge4 xue2sheng5] , 那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8
-        %ba>個 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>老師 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%ad%d3%a6%d1%aev&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nei4ge4
-        lao3shi1] , 哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>圖
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%cf>書
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>館
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0]> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%ad%d3%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3ge5
-        tu2shu1guan3] , 幾本詞典 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3
-        ben3 ci2dian3] 
-
- 2. 幾 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3]
-    and 多 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>少
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d6> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6h%a4%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[duo1shao3]
-
-
-    Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much". Whereas
-    幾 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3]
-    should be used with a measure word, 多少 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6h%a4%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[duo1shao3]
-    can be used either with or without a measure word for the noun it
-    modifies.
-
-        你有幾本詞典﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%b3%b4X%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        you3 ji1|ji3 ben3 ci2dian3 ﹖]
-        你有多少 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%b3%a6h%a4%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        you3 duo1shao3] (本 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ben3]
-        )詞典﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ci2dian3
-        ﹖] 
-
-    The measure word 本 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ben3]
-    is a must for the first sentence, but only optional in the second.
-
-    Also, when 幾 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3]
-    is used, the expected answer is usually under 10, whereas 多少
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6h%a4%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[duo1shao3]
-    can be used whether one expects a large or small answer.
-
-        你們大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>學
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>有多少學生﹖
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%a4j%be%c7%a6%b3%a6h%a4%d6%be%c7%a5%cd%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-        da4xue2 you3 duo1shao3 xue2sheng5 ﹖]
-        你家 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>有幾
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4X>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aea%a6%b3%b4X%ad%d3%a4H%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        jia1 you3 ji3ge5 ren2 ﹖] 
-
- 3. Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
-
-    As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
-    object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
-
-        王 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%fd>老師教
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%d0>我們語
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>法
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aak>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%bby%aak%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wang2
-        lao3shi1 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 yu3fa3 。] 
-
-    In this sentence, 教 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao1|jiao4]
-    is a verb that takes 我們 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5]
-    as the indirect object and 法語 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aak%bby&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fa3yu3]
-    as the direct object. Generally the indirect goes before the direct
-    object. Some other verbs that work the same way include 還 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-    , 告訴 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-    and 問 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wen4]
-    .
-
-    Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say
-    他買我一本書 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b6R%a7%da%a4@%a5%bb%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    mai3 wo3 yi1 ben3 shu1] (He bought me a book), or 她寫
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcg>我一封
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%ca>信 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%bcg%a7%da%a4@%ab%ca%abH&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    xie3 wo3 yi1 feng1 xin4] (She wrote me a letter). The correct way of
-    saying these would be to use 給 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3]
-    , as in 他給我買一本書 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b5%b9%a7%da%b6R%a4@%a5%bb%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    gei3|ji3 wo3 mai3 yi1 ben3 shu1] and 她給我寫一封信 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%a4@%ab%ca%abH&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    gei3|ji3 wo3 xie3 yi1 feng1 xin4] .
-
- 4. Adjectives as modifiers
-
-    When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the
-    noun as in English:
-
-        新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>書
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7s%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xin1shu1]
-
-            new book
-        好朋友 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n%aaB%a4%cd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao3peng2you5]
-
-            good friend
-
-    However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
-    syllables, the particle 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    is usually inserted between the modifier and the noun it modifies:
-
-        很新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>的書 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%b7s%aa%ba%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3
-        xin1 de5|di2|di4 shu1]
-            very new book
-        很好的朋友 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%a6n%aa%ba%aaB%a4%cd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3hao3
-        de5|di2|di4 peng2you5]
-            very good friend
-
-
-    Word usage: 也 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-    and 還 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-
-
-也 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement. Hence the
-relationship between the statement introduced by 也 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-and the previous one is a /parallel/ relationship. 還 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-, on the other hand, introduces an /additional/ element to the previous
-statement.
-
-    e.g. 你有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>個問
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd>題
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3D>﹐我也有一個問題。
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1M%a7%da%a4]%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    you3yi1xie1 ge4 wen4ti2 ﹐ wo3 ye3 you3yi1xie1 ge4 wen4ti2 。]
-        You have a question; I also have a question. The two are
-        parallel here.
-    我還有一個問題。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%c1%d9%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    hai2|huan2 you3yi1xie1 ge4 wen4ti2 。]
-        I have already had some questions, but I still have one more.
-        This is /in addition to/ the previous ones.
-
-Under certain circumstances, 也 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-and 還 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-are interchangeable, but with different emphasis:
-
-    王老師教我們漢 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba~>字
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6r>和語法﹐他還教我們口
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4f>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%ba~%a6r%a9M%bby%aak%a1M%a5L%c1%d9%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%a4f%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wang2
-    lao3shi1 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 han4zi4 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 yu3fa3 ﹐ ta1
-    hai2|huan2 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 kou3yu3 。]
-    王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%ba~%a6r%a9M%bby%aak%a1M%a5L%a4]%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%a4f%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wang2
-    lao3shi1 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 han4zi4 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 yu3fa3 ﹐ ta1
-    ye3 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 kou3yu3 。] 
-
-Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang
-teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
-conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses
-the fact that Wang teaches conversation /in addition to/ the other
-subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three
-subjects he teaches without prioritization.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    construction
-
-    A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
-    adjective) with the word 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a sentence, and can stand
-    by itself if the context is clear:
-
-        這條 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%f8>裙
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%c8>子
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>是我姐姐的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%acO%a7%da%a9j%a9j%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        tiao2 qun2zi5 shi4 wo3 jie3jie5 de5|di2|di4 。]
-            This skirt is my sister's. Noun + 的 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-            )
-        哪本詞典是你的﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5%acO%a7A%aa%ba%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3
-        ben3 ci2dian3 shi4 ni3 de5|di2|di4 ﹖]
-            Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + 的 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-
-        你爸爸的車是白 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%d5>的
-        嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%a8%aa%a8%aa%ba%a8%ae%acO%a5%d5%aa%ba%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        ba4ba5 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1 shi4 bai2 de5|di2|di4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + 的 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-
-        你喝的是什麼茶﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%dc%aa%ba%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2%af%f9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        he1|he4 de5|di2|di4 shi4 shi2 me5|mo2 cha2 ﹖]
-            What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + 的 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-
-
-    These constructions normally involve the verb 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    (or 不是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu2shi4]
-    ).
-
- 2. Usage of 從 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cong1|cong2|zong4]
-
-
-    從 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cong1|cong2|zong4]
-    + place word + 去 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4]
-    = to go from; 從 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cong1|cong2|zong4]
-    + place word + 來 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[lai2]
-    = to come from.
-
-        e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b1q%ad%fe%a8%e0%a8%d3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        cong1|cong2|zong4 na3er5 lai2 ﹖]
-            Where did you come from?
-        我從圖書館來。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b1q%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a8%d3%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        cong1|cong2|zong4 tu2shu1guan3 lai2 。]
-            I came from the library.
-        我們晚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>上
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>從我家去劇
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc@>場
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f5>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b1%df%a4W%b1q%a7%da%aea%a5h%bc@%b3%f5%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        wan3shang5 cong1|cong2|zong4 wo3 jia1 qu4 ju4chang3 。]
-            We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.
-
- 3. Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
-    / 那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
-    = over here/there at ...'s place
-
-    When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
-    or 那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
-    , they function as a place word or expression. Since one cannot say
-    我去她 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5h%a6o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    qu4 ta1] (I went to her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5h%a6o%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    qu4 ta1 nar3|nar4] (I went to her place), because 她那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    nar3|nar4] is now regarded as a place expression. Similarly one
-    cannot say 你的裙子在我 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%b8%c8%a4l%a6b%a7%da&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    de5|di2|di4 qun2zi5 zai4 wo3] (Your skirt is with me), but one can
-    say 你的裙子在我這兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%b8%c8%a4l%a6b%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    de5|di2|di4 qun2zi5 zai4 wo3 zher4] (Your skirt is with me). More
-    examples:
-
-        你的書在他那兒。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%ae%d1%a6b%a5L%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        de5|di2|di4 shu1 zai4 ta1 nar3|nar4 。]
-            Your book is at his place.
-        我們都去姐姐那兒。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a9j%a9j%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        dou1|du1 qu4 jie3jie5 nar3|nar4 。]
-            We all went to my sister's place.
-        老師來我這兒找 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%e4>
-        她。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%d1%aev%a8%d3%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0%a7%e4%a6o%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[lao3shi1
-        lai2 wo3 zher4 zhao3 ta1 。]
-            The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.
-
-    As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
-    use 那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
-    ; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself
-    or herself, use 這兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
-    .
-
- 4. 太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4]
-    + adjective + 了 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-
-
-    This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
-    used between 太 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4]
-    and 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    :
-
-        太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3>忙
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3>了﹗ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3%a6%a3%a4F%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4mang2
-        le5|liao3 ﹗]
-            Too busy!
-        太大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>了﹗ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3%a4j%a4F%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4
-        da4|dai4 le5|liao3 ﹗]
-            Too big!
-
-    The expression 太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3>好
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>了
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F>﹗ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3%a6n%a4F%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4hao3le5
-    ﹗] , however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or
-    admiration.
-
-
-    Word study: 二 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-    vs. 兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
-
-
-These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
-
- 1. When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
-    :
-
-        兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%ad%d3%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3ge4zhong1guo2
-        ren2] , 兩本書 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a5%bb%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-        ben3 shu1] , 增 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcW>加
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5[>了兩倍
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%bf> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bcW%a5[%a4F%a8%e2%ad%bf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zeng1jia1
-        le5|liao3 liang3 bei4] , 去了兩
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>次
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b8> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a4F%a8%e2%a6%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4
-        le5|liao3 liang3ci4] 
-
- 2. 二 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-    should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is followed
-    by a measure word:
-
-        二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2er4hao4]
-        , 一百零二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>次
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b8> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%b9s%a4G%a6%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
-        ling2 er4ci4da4zhan4] , 十二個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%ad%d3%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4
-        ge4ren2] , 五千八百六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-        %bb>十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二元
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b8> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a4d%a4K%a6%ca%a4%bb%a4Q%a4G%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3qian1dun1
-        ba1 bai3 liu4shi2 er4 yuan2] 
-
-    There are some more restrictions, though:
-
-     1. Only 二 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-        can be used before the character 十 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2]
-        ; before the character 百 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bai3]
-        , 二 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-        is usually employed but 兩 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
-        may also be used:
-
-            二十 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2]
-            , 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>百
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二十五 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a6%ca%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4bai3
-            er4shi2wu3] , 二百五
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>十
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>元 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a6%ca%a4%ad%a4Q%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4bai3
-            wu3shi2 yuan2] or 兩
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>百
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>五十元 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a6%ca%a4%ad%a4Q%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3bai3
-            wu3shi2 yuan2] 
-
-     2. For numbers like 千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4d&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian1]
-        , 萬 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan4]
-        or 億 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f5> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb%f5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4]
-        , 兩 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
-        is used more often than 二 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-        :
-
-            兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>千
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>元 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a4d%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3qian1
-            yuan2] (also 二千元 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4d%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4
-            qian1 yuan2] ), 兩萬三千八 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%b8U%a4T%a4d%a4K&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-            wan4 san1qian1wu3bai3 ba1] , 兩億人
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>口
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4f> [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%bb%f5%a4H%a4f&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-            yi4 ren2kou3] 
-
-     3. If the number is greater than 百 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bai3]
-        , 千 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4d&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian1]
-        , 萬 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan4]
-        , /i.e./ if there are more digits before 百 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bai3]
-        , 千 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4d&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian1]
-        or 萬 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan4]
-        , then put 二 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-        instead of 兩 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
-        in front:
-
-            四億二千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>萬
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U> [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%bb%f5%a4G%a4d%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4
-            yi4 er4 qian1wan4] , 三
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>萬
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U>二千人 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%b8U%a4G%a4d%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1wan4
-            er4 qian1 ren2] , 五千二百元 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a4d%a4G%a6%ca%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3qian1dun1
-            er4bai3 yuan2] 
-
-
-    Time
-
-The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
-
-    A: 現在幾點 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b%b4X%c2I%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4
-    ji1|ji3 dian3 ﹖]
-    B: 現在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4]
-    ...
-    兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%c2I&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1]
-    	2:00
-    十點半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    dian3 ban4] (or 十點三十分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a4T%a4Q%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    dian3 san1shi2 fen1|fen4] )	10:30
-    三點一刻 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e8> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%c2I%a4@%a8%e8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1
-    dian3 yi1 ke4] (or 三點十五分 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%c2I%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1
-    dian3 shi2wu3 fen1|fen4] )	3:15
-    十二點三刻 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%c2I%a4T%a8%e8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4
-    dian3 san1 ke4] (or 十二點四十五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%c2I%a5|%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4
-    dian3 si4shi2 wu3fen1mei3jin1] )	12:45
-    兩點差 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aet>五分 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%c2I%aet%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1
-    cha1|cha4|chai1|ci1 wu3fen1mei3jin1] (or 差五分兩點 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aet%a4%ad%a4%c0%a8%e2%c2I&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cha1|cha4|chai1|ci1
-    wu3fen1mei3jin1 liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1] )	1:55
-    五點二十分 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%c2I%a4G%a4Q%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3
-    dian3 er4shi2 fen1|fen4] 	5:20
-    六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>零五分 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%bb%c2I%b9s%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liu4dian3liu4
-    ling2 wu3fen1mei3jin1] 	6:05
-    七 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>三
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>分 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C%c2I%a4T%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qi1dian3er4
-    san1shi2wu3yi4 fen1|fen4] 	7:35
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ling2]
-    , as in 三點零八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%c2I%b9s%a4K%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1
-    dian3 ling2 ba1fen1yin1fu2] (3:08) or 十二點零三
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%c2I%b9s%a4T%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4
-    dian3 ling2 san1fen1zhi1yi1] (12:03).
-
- 2. When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fen1|fen4]
-    is optional:
-
-        七點十五 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C%c2I%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qi1dian3er4
-        shi2wu3] or 七點十五分 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C%c2I%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qi1dian3er4
-        shi2wu3 fen1|fen4] 
-
- 3. "This morning" is 今 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b5>
-    天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>上
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>午
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%a4W%a4%c8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1
-    shang4wu3] , not for example 這
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>個
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>上午 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%a4W%a4%c8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4ge4
-    shang4wu3] ; "every afternoon" is 每
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>天
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>下
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>午
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a4%d1%a4U%a4%c8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3tian1
-    xia4wu3] , not 每 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>下午
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a4U%a4%c8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3
-    xia4wu3] .
-
-
-    Placement of time-words
-
-A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject
-or at the beginning of a sentence:
-
-    我們十點半上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>中
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>文
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e5>課
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4Q%c2I%a5b%a4W%a4%a4%a4%e5%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    shi2 dian3 ban4 shang4 zhong1wen2 ke4|ke4]
-    十點半我們上中文課 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5b%a7%da%ad%cc%a4W%a4%a4%a4%e5%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    dian3 ban4 wo3men5 shang4 zhong1wen2 ke4|ke4] 
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. A time-word does not take a preposition:
-
-        我三點下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>課
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4T%c2I%a4U%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        san1 dian3 xia4ke4]
-        but not 我在三點下課 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%a4T%c2I%a4U%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        zai4 san1 dian3 xia4ke4] 
-
- 2. A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
-
-        她晚上來 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b1%df%a4W%a8%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        wan3shang5 lai2]
-            She came in the evening.
-        or 晚上她來 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%a6o%a8%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan3shang5
-        ta1 lai2]
-        but not 她來晚上 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%d3%b1%df%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        lai2 wan3shang5] 
-
- 3. If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
-    smaller:
-
-        今天晚上八點 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a4K%c2I&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1
-        wan3shang5 ba1 dian3]
-            at 8 o'clock this evening
-
- 4. If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
-    goes first:
-
-        我晚上八點在圖書館等 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5
-        %a5>你 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b1%df%a4W%a4K%c2I%a6b%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%b5%a5%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        wan3shang5 ba1 dian3 zai4 tu2shu1guan3 deng3 ni3]
-        你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%f4%ad%f4%b2{%a6b%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a4u%a7@%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        ge1ge5 xian4zai4 zai4 na3er5 gong1zuo4 ﹖]
-        明 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%fa>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>你幾點在哪兒上
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>課
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%a7A%b4X%c2I%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a4W%bd%d2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1
-        ni3 ji1|ji3 dian3 zai4 na3er5 shang4ke4 ﹖]
-            When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?
-
- 5. Time-word + 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    + noun (time-words modifying nouns)
-
-        A: 你想看幾點的電 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>影
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcv>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%ac%dd%b4X%c2I%aa%ba%b9q%bcv%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 kan1|kan4 ji1|ji3 dian3 de5|di2|di4 dian4ying3 ﹖]
-            What show do you want to see? /literally/ What time's film
-            do you want to see?
-        B: 我想看中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>午
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8>十二點半的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%ac%dd%a4%a4%a4%c8%a4Q%a4G%c2I%a5b%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xiang3 kan1|kan4 zhong1wu3 shi2er4 dian3 ban4 de5|di2|di4] (電影
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9q%bcv&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dian4ying3]
-        )。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1C&
-        rate=slow&audio=.wav>[。]
-            I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.
-
-        A: 這是今天的報 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8>嗎
-        ﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a4%b5%a4%d1%aa%ba%b3%f8%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        shi4 jin1tian1 de5|di2|di4 bao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            Is this today's paper?
-        B: 不是今天的報﹐是昨 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-        /zi.cgi?b5=%acQ>天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-        %d1>的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%acO%a4%b5%a4%d1%aa%ba%b3%f8%a1M%acO%acQ%a4%d1%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu2shi4
-        jin1tian1 de5|di2|di4 bao4 ﹐ shi4 zuo2tian1 de5|di2|di4 。]
-            It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.
-
-
-    The use of the time-words 以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>前
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2]
-    and 以 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-
-
-When used by itself, 以前 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2]
-means "previously" or "before" and 以後 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-means "later", "afterwards" or "in the future":
-
-    我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5H%abe%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1M%b2{%a6b%acO%a6%d1%aev%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    yi3qian2 shi4 xue2sheng5 ﹐ xian4zai4 shi4 lao3shi1 。]
-        I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
-    你以前在哪兒工作﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5H%abe%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a4u%a7@%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    yi3qian2 zai4 na3er5 gong1zuo4 ﹖]
-        Where did you work before?
-    以前我不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>住
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>宿舍﹐現在住
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>宿
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1J>舍
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%d9>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe%a7%da%a4%a3%a6%ed%b1J%aa%d9%a1M%b2{%a6b%a6%ed%b1J%aa%d9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2
-    wo3 bu2zhu4 su4she4 ﹐ xian4zai4 zhu4su4 she3|she4 。]
-        I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.
-
-When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2]
-means "before..." and 以後 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-means "after...":
-
-    十點以前我不回 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6^>家
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5H%abe%a7%da%a4%a3%a6^%aea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    dian3 yi3qian2 wo3 bu4 hui2jia1 。]
-        I won't go home before 10.
-    回家以前我在閱 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%5c>覽
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%fd>室
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c7>看書。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6^%aea%a5H%abe%a7%da%a6b%be%5c%c4%fd%ab%c7%ac%dd%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hui2jia1
-    yi3qian2 wo3 zai4 yue4lan3shi4 kan1|kan4 shu1 。]
-        I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
-    來美 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%fc>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1>他在這兒工作。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%d3%ac%fc%b0%ea%a5H%ab%e1%a5L%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[lai2
-    mei3guo2yi3wai4 hou4 ta1 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5 gong1zuo4 。]
-        He has been working here after he came to America.
-    十點半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b>以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後你在宿舍作
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7@>什麼﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5b%a5H%ab%e1%a7A%a6b%b1J%aa%d9%a7@%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    dian3 ban4yi3shang4 hou4 ni3 zai4 su4she4 zuo4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
-        What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?
-
-N.B. When 以前 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2]
-or 以後 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-is used together with a time-word or verb phrase to mean "before" or
-"after", the word order is exactly the opposite of the English equivalent:
-
-    四點以前 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%c2I%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4
-    dian3 yi3qian2]
-        before 4 o'clock
-    下課以前 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%bd%d2%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4ke4
-    yi3qian2]
-        before the class is over
-    明天晚上以後 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1
-    wan3shang5 yi3hou4]
-        after tomorrow evening (or night)
-    回 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6^>宿舍以後 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6^%b1J%aa%d9%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hui2
-    su4she4 yi3hou4]
-        after returning to the dormitory
-
-
-    A 跟 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f2> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1]
-    B (一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>起
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0_> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4qi3]
-    ) + verb/verb-phrase
-
-跟 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1]
-as a preposition means "with", and 一起 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4qi3]
-means "together". This pattern is used to indicate that A and B do
-something together. Here 跟 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1]
-can be replaced with 和 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[he2|he4|huo2|huo4]
-without changing the meaning; and the phrase 一起 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4qi3]
-is optional.
-
-    e.g. 我跟 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    gen1] (or 和 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[he2|he4|huo2|huo4]
-    ) 她去看電影。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 。]
-        I go to see a film with her.
-    我跟她一起去看電影。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b8%f2%a6o%a4@%b0_%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    gen1 ta1 yi4qi3 qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 。]
-        She and I go to see a film together.)
-    晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%a7A%ad%cc%b8%f2%bd%d6%a4@%b0_%a5h%bc@%b3%f5%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan3shang5
-    ni3men5 gen1 shei2|shui2 yi4qi3 qu4 ju4chang3 ﹖]
-        With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?
-
-    A: 晚上你有事 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c6>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>嗎﹖跟我一起去看京
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca>劇
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc@>﹐好嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%a7A%a6%b3%a8%c6%a8%e0%b6%dc%a1S%b8%f2%a7%da%a4@%b0_%a5h%ac%dd%a8%ca%bc@%a1M%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan3shang5
-    ni3 you3 shir4 ma3|ma5 ﹖ gen1 wo3 yi4qi3 qu4 kan1|kan4 jing1ju4 ﹐
-    hao3|hao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
-        opera!
-    B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b7Q%b8%f2%a7A%a5h%a1M%a7%da%b7Q%b8%f2%a7%da%a8k%aaB%a4%cd%a4@%b0_%a5h%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    bu4 xiang3 gen1 ni3 qu4 ﹐ wo3 xiang3 gen1 wo3 nan2peng2you5 yi4qi3
-    qu4 。]
-        I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.
-
-N.B. This pattern of A 跟 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1]
-B (一起 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4qi3]
-) is always placed /before/ the main verb in the sentence. Hence the
-following sentence, with English word order, is wrong:
-
-    我想去跟我男朋友一起。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h%b8%f2%a7%da%a8k%aaB%a4%cd%a4@%b0_%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    xiang3 qu4 gen1 wo3 nan2peng2you5 yi4qi3 。]
-        I want to go together with my boyfriend.
-
-
-    Alternative Questions using 還
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%d9>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-
-
-In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-to connect two choices, which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb
-phrases, or clauses:
-
-    你喜 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%df>歡
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>紅
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%f5>茶
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9>還是綠
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba%f1>茶
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9>﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%df%c5w%ac%f5%af%f9%c1%d9%acO%ba%f1%af%f9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    xi3huan5 hong2cha2 hai2shi4 lu:4cha2 ﹖] (nouns)
-    這本書是你的還是她的﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a7A%aa%ba%c1%d9%acO%a6o%aa%ba%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    ben3 shu1 shi4 ni3 de5|di2|di4 hai2shi4 ta1 de5|di2|di4 ﹖] (noun
-    phrases)
-    下午你來還是不來﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%a4%c8%a7A%a8%d3%c1%d9%acO%a4%a3%a8%d3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4wu3
-    ni3 lai2 hai2shi4 bu4 lai2 ﹖] (verbs)
-    你要 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn>聽
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5%a5>古
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5j>典
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e5>音
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5>樂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>還是聽現
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2{>代
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5N>音
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5>樂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%adn%c5%a5%a5j%a8%e5%ad%b5%bc%d6%c1%d9%acO%c5%a5%b2{%a5N%ad%b5%bc%d6%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    yao1|yao4 ting1|ting4 gu3dian3yin1yue4 hai2shi4 ting1|ting4
-    xian4dai4yin1yue4 ﹖] (verb phrases)
-    今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a7A%a8%d3%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0%c1%d9%acO%a7%da%a5h%a7A%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1
-    wan3shang5 ni3 lai2 wo3 zher4 hai2shi4 wo3 qu4 ni3 nar3|nar4 ﹖]
-    (clauses)
-
-Note:
-
- 1. the two items connected by 還是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-    are normally parallel in structure; and
-
- 2. as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
-    interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
-    at the end. 
-
-
-    Pivotal Sentences with 請 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
-    , 讓 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5%fd> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4]
-    , 叫 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4]
-
-
-In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal sentence is
-one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the
-subject of the following verb. This object therefore functions as a
-pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence.
-
-The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause
-something to happen) such as 請 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
-, 讓 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4]
-or 叫 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4]
-. All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something. Of the
-three, 請 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
-is the most polite; 讓 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4]
-is less so, and 叫 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4]
-is the least polite. So watch out for the occasions when these verbs can
-be used appropriately. Observe:
-
-    學生請王老師介紹中國音 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
-    %b5>樂 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%a5%cd%bd%d0%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%a4%b0%ea%ad%b5%bc%d6%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2sheng5
-    qing3 wang2 lao3shi1 jie4shao4 zhong1guo2 yin1yue4 。]
-        The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
-    老師讓學生每天寫漢字。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%d1%aev%c5%fd%be%c7%a5%cd%a8C%a4%d1%bcg%ba~%a6r%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[lao3shi1
-    rang4 xue2sheng5 mei3tian1 xie3 han4zi4 。]
-        The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
-    爸爸叫孩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c4>子
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>學中文。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%a8%aa%a8%a5s%ab%c4%a4l%be%c7%a4%a4%a4%e5%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba4ba5
-    jiao4 hai2zi5 xue2 zhong1wen2 。]
-        Dad asked his child to study Chinese.
-
-Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the
-Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of
-politeness.
-
-Note:
-
- 1. Besides the use of 請 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
-    above (meaning "to ask someone to do something"), 請 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
-    can also be used to mean "to invite":
-
-        我們請他來吃 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>晚
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>飯
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%bd%d0%a5L%a8%d3%a6Y%b1%df%b6%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        qing3 ta1 lai2 chi1|ji2 wan3fan4 。]
-            We invited him to dinner.
-        你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%bd%d0%a5L%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 qing3 ta1 jin1tian1 wan3shang5 qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3
-        ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?
-
- 2. To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    /before the first verb/:
-
-        我的大夫不讓我喝酒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-        /zi.cgi?b5=%b0s>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%a4j%a4%d2%a4%a3%c5%fd%a7%da%b3%dc%b0s%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
-        dai4fu5 bu4 rang4 wo3 he1|he4 jiu3 。]
-            My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.
-        他們不叫我去看電影。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%a5s%a7%da%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        bu4 jiao4 wo3 qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 。]
-            They did not invite me to go to the pictures.
-
-
-    Word usage: 別 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7O> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4]
-    and 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>要
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yao4]
-
-
-別 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4]
-and 不要 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yao4]
-both mean "do not". They can be used in negative /imperative/ sentences
-with or without a subject. They are placed between the subject (if
-present) and the verb or adjective:
-
-    (你 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3]
-    ) 別 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4]
-    (or 不要 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yao4]
-    ) 告訴他﹗ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D%a5L%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5
-    ta1 ﹗]
-    別喝酒﹗ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O%b3%dc%b0s%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4
-    he1|he4 jiu3 ﹗] 別去那兒﹗ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O%a5h%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4
-    qu4 nar3|nar4 ﹗]
-    不要吸 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7l>煙
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7%cf>﹗ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn%a7l%b7%cf%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yao4
-    xi1yan1 ﹗] 下午不要去﹗ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%a4%c8%a4%a3%adn%a5h%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4wu3
-    bu4yao4 qu4 ﹗] 
-
-Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
-sentences. It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他走
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ab> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%a8%aa%a8%a7O%bd%d0%a5L%a8%ab&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba4ba5
-bie2|bie4 qing3 ta1 zou3] . One can say instead 爸爸不請他走 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%a8%aa%a8%a4%a3%bd%d0%a5L%a8%ab&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba4ba5
-bu4 qing3 ta1 zou3] .
-
-
-    Expressions for the date, week, month and year
-
- 1. 年 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nian2]
-    , year
-     1. 去 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4nian2]
-        = last year; 今 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b5>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1nian2]
-        = this year; 明 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%fa>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2nian2]
-        = next year
-
-     2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>七
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>年 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4E%a4E%a4C%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
-        nian2] , 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>八
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4E%a4E%a4K%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
-        ba1nian2] , ...
-
-     3. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1nian2ban4]
-        = one year; 兩年 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-        nian2] = two years (not 二年 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4
-        nian2] ); 三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1nian2]
-        = three years
-        每 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3nian2]
-        = every year; 五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>
-        年 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>半 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a6~%a5b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3nian2ji4hua4
-        ban4] = five-and-a-half years
-
- 2. 月 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yue4]
-    , month
-     1. 上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W%ad%d3%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4ge4yue4]
-        = last month; 這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhei4ge4yue4]
-        = this month; 下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%ad%d3%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4ge4yue4]
-        = next month
-
-     2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1yue4]
-        = January; 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4yue4]
-        = February (not 兩月 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-        yue4] ); ... 二十月 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2
-        yue4] = December
-
- 3. 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-    , week
-     1. 上 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = last week; 這 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = this week; 下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = next week
-
-     2. 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1yi1]
-        = Monday; 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1er4]
-        = Tuesday; ... 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>六
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%bb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1liu4]
-        = Saturday; 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>日
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1ri4]
-        or 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1tian1]
-        = Sunday
-
-     3. 一 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = one week; 兩 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = two weeks (not 二 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        ); 三 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = three weeks; 四 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>半星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%ad%d3%a5b%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4ge4xiao3shi2
-        ban4 xing1qi1] = four-and-a-half weeks; ... 每 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = every week
-
- 4. 日 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ri4]
-    / 號 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao2|hao4]
-    / 天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tian1]
-    date
-
-    Use 日 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ri4]
-    or 號 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao2|hao4]
-    for a /specific/ date. Usually 日 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ri4]
-    is used in written and formal language and 號 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao2|hao4]
-    is used in conversation. The word 天 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tian1]
-    should be used in /counting/ the number of days:
-
-     1. 作天 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7@%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo4
-        tian1] = yesterday; 今天 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1]
-        = today; 明天 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1]
-        = tomorrow
-
-     2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>號
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1hao4]
-        ; 二號 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4hao4]
-        (not 兩號 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-        hao2|hao4] ); ... 三十一號 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a4Q%a4@%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1shi2
-        yi1hao4]
-        四 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>六
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>號
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%a4%eb%a4%bb%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4yue4
-        liu4hao4] ; 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>二十五日 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4%eb%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2yue4
-        er4shi2wu3 ri4] ; ...
-
-     3. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1tian1]
-        = one day; 兩天 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-        tian1] = two days (not 二天 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4
-        tian1] ); ... 半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5b%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ban4tian1]
-        = half a day; 每天 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3tian1]
-        = every day
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
-    calendar date comes before the day of the week:
-
-        一九九六年十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>二十五號星期一
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4E%a4E%a4%bb%a6~%a4Q%a4@%a4%eb%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad%b8%b9%acP%b4%c1%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
-        liu4 nian2 shi2yi1yue4 er4shi2wu3 hao2|hao4 xing1qi1yi1]
-        一七八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>年七
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>十
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>四
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>日 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4C%a4K%a4E%a6~%a4C%a4%eb%a4Q%a5|%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1
-        qi1 ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2 nian2 qi1yue4 shi2si4 ri4] 
-
- 2. Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month:
-
-        今年五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~%a4%ad%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1nian2
-        wu3yue4]
-            the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
-        去年八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a6~%a4K%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4nian2
-        ba1yue4]
-            the August of last year
-        明年二月 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a6~%a4G%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2nian2
-        er4yue4]
-            the February of next year
-
-        這 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>五
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1wu3]
-
-            the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
-        上 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期一 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1yi1]
-
-            the Monday of last week
-        下 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>四
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a5|&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1si4]
-
-            the Thursday of next week
-
-    Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as
-    這個星期一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%acP%b4%c1%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4ge4
-    xing1qi1yi1] , if Monday has already passed and the phrase is
-    therefore referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for
-    future days, and for months.
-
-
-    Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun
-
-Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a
-modified to form a relative clause:
-
- 1. Unlike in English, all modifiers go /before/ the element they modify
-    in Chinese:
-
-        他喝的水 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f4>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>很
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>乾
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ae>淨
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2b> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b3%dc%aa%ba%a4%f4%a4%a3%ab%dc%b0%ae%b2b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        he1|he4 de5|di2|di4 shui3 bu4hen3 gan1jing4]
-        這是我朋友送 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0e>我的禮
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2%a7>物
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ab> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a7%da%aaB%a4%cd%b0e%a7%da%aa%ba%c2%a7%aa%ab&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        shi4 wo3 peng2you5 song4 wo3de5 li3wu4] 
-
- 2. The word 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    has to be inserted between the modifier and the element it modifies:
-
-        我下午看的電影很有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6
-        %b3>意 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7N>思
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e4>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%a4%c8%ac%dd%aa%ba%b9q%bcv%ab%dc%a6%b3%b7N%ab%e4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xia4wu3 kan1|kan4 de5|di2|di4 dian4ying3 hen3 you3yi4si5 。]
-            The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
-        給你開 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>門
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%f9>的那個人是我妹妹。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9%a7A%b6}%aa%f9%aa%ba%a8%ba%ad%d3%a4H%acO%a7%da%a9f%a9f%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3
-        ni3 kai1men2 de5|di2|di4 nei4ge4 ren2 shi4 wo3 mei4mei4|mei4mei5
-        。]
-            The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
-        跟他跳 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f5>舞
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbR>的姑
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9h>娘
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aeQ>是我的同
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6P>學
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2%a5L%b8%f5%bbR%aa%ba%a9h%aeQ%acO%a7%da%aa%ba%a6P%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1
-        ta1 tiao4wu3 de5|di2|di4 gu1niang5 shi4 wo3de5 tong2xue2 。]
-            The girl who danced with him was my classmate.
-
-
-    Other grammar notes
-
- 1. Sentences with an adjectival predicate
-
-    The verb 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence where the main
-    element of the predicate is an adjective:
-
-        我們今天很高 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%aa>興
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%b3>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%b5%a4%d1%ab%dc%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        jin1tian1 hen3 gao1xing4 。]
-        她的絲 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%b7>線
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bdu>衫
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adm>太小
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4p>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%aa%ba%b5%b7%bdu%adm%a4%d3%a4p%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        de5|di2|di4 si1 xian4 shan1 tai4 xiao3 。]
-        那個服 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaA>務
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%c8>員
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fb>非
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abD>常
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>輕
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%b4>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%ad%d3%aaA%b0%c8%ad%fb%abD%b1`%a6~%bb%b4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nei4ge4
-        fu2wu4yuan2 fei1chang2 nian2qing1 。] 
-
-    In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
-    preceded by adverbs such as 真
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%afu> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%afu&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhen1]
-    , 太 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4]
-    , 非常 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abD%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fei1chang2]
-    or 更 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%f3> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%f3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[geng1|geng4]
-    , it is usually qualified by the adverb 很 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-    . In such cases, 很 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-    does not really mean "very"; 他很忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ab%dc%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    hen3 mang2] and 他忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    mang2] mean virtually the same.
-
-    Also, adverbs such as 很 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-    , 常 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
-    , 也 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-    , 非常 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abD%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fei1chang2]
-    , 太 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4]
-    or 更 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%f3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[geng1|geng4]
-    /cannot/ be used in affirmative-negative sentences of this type:
-
-        你高興不高興﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b0%aa%bf%b3%a4%a3%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        gao1xing4 bu4 gao1xing4 ﹖] but not 你很高興不很高興﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ab%dc%b0%aa%bf%b3%a4%a3%ab%dc%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        hen3 gao1xing4 bu4hen3 gao1xing4 ﹖]
-        她年輕不年輕﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6~%bb%b4%a4%a3%a6~%bb%b4%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        nian2qing1 bu4 nian2qing1 ﹖] but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%abD%b1`%b0%aa%bf%b3%a4%a3%abD%b1`%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        fei1chang2 gao1xing4 bu4 fei1chang2 gao1xing4 ﹖]
-        你去不去﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        qu4 bu4 qu4 ﹖] but not 你也去不去﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4]%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        ye3 qu4 bu4 qu4 ﹖] 
-
- 2. 祝 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%ac>你 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4
-    ni3] vs 祝 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%ac>賀
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6P>你 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%b6P%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4he4
-    ni3]
-
-    In general, 祝你 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4
-    ni3] is used to extend well-wishes /in advance/ whereas 祝賀你
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%b6P%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4he4
-    ni3] is used to congratulate someone on something /already
-    accomplished/:
-
-        祝你生 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%cd>日
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9>好﹗ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%a7A%a5%cd%a4%e9%a6n%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4
-        ni3 sheng1ri4 hao3|hao4 ﹗] (One can say this on the day, or in
-        advance.)
-        祝賀你﹗ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%b6P%a7A%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4he4
-        ni3 ﹗] (Say this only when something has already been
-        accomplished.)
-
- 3. Reduplication of verbs
-
-    To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften
-    the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can
-    be repeated:
-
-        我給你們介紹介紹。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%b6%b2%d0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        gei3|ji3 ni3men5 jie4shao4 jie4shao4 。] (Notice the pattern is
-        ABAB, not AABB.)
-        你們想去看看她嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%b7Q%a5h%ac%dd%ac%dd%a6o%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-        xiang3 qu4 kan1|kan4 kan1|kan4 ta1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        讓我想想。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd%a7%da%b7Q%b7Q%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4
-        wo3 xiang3 xiang3 。] 
-
-    In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1]
-    can be inserted:
-
-        讓我想一想。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd%a7%da%b7Q%a4@%b7Q%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4
-        wo3 xiang3 yi1 xiang3 。]
-        我們都想看一看她。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%b7Q%ac%dd%a4@%ac%dd%a6o%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        dou1|du1 xiang3 kan1|kan4 yi1 kan1|kan4 ta1 。] 
-
-    Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi2xiar4]
-    after the verb:
-
-        用一下兒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4
-        yi2xiar4] = 用用 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4
-        yong4] = 用一用 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a4@%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4
-        yi1 yong4]
-        看一下兒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%dd%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[kan1|kan4
-        yi2xiar4] = 看看 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%dd%ac%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[kan1|kan4
-        kan1|kan4] = 看一看 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%dd%a4@%ac%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[kan1|kan4
-        yi1 kan1|kan4]
-        介紹一下兒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie4shao4
-        yi2xiar4] = 介紹介紹 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%b6%b2%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie4shao4
-        jie4shao4] 
-
-
-    Position words
-
-Words such as 上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>邊
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4bian5]
-, 左 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%aa>邊
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%aa%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo3bian1]
-, 前 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe>邊
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abe%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian2bian1]
-, 中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>間
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a1> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b6%a1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1jian4]
-, 對 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%ef>面
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b1> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9%ef%ad%b1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dui4mian4]
-are position words. Some of the basic syllables are:
-
- 	上 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4]
-- up	 
-左 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%aa> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%aa&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo3]
-- left 	中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1|zhong4]
-- middle	 右 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5k> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5k&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4]
-- right
- 	下 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4]
-- down	 
- 
-前 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian2]
-- front	 	 裡 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%cc> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[li3]
-- in
-後 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4]
-- back	 	 外 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4]
-- out
-
-Usually, add 邊 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
-to make "on the left", "above", "outside" etc.
-
-Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:
-
- 1. Noun (+ 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    ) + position word:
-
-        車 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[che1|ju1]
-        (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        )外 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~>邊
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4bian5]
-
-            outside the car
-        房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>子
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%d0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang2zi5]
-        (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        )後 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1>邊
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4bian1]
-
-            behind the house
-        桌 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%e0>子
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae%e0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhuo1zi5]
-        (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        )對面 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9%ef%ad%b1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dui4mian4]
-
-            opposite the table 
-
- 2. Position word + 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    + noun (here the 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    is /mandatory/).
-
-        外邊的車 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~%c3%e4%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4bian5
-        de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1]
-            the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
-        後邊的房子 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4%aa%ba%a9%d0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4bian1
-        de5|di2|di4 fang2zi5]
-            the house behind (the house which is behind)
-        對面的桌子 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9%ef%ad%b1%aa%ba%ae%e0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dui4mian4
-        de5|di2|di4 zhuo1zi5]
-            the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the
-            way) 
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. When 上邊 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4bian5]
-    , 下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>邊
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4bian1]
-    , 裡邊 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[li3
-    bian1] and 外邊 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4bian5]
-    are modified by other nouns, the character 邊 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
-    can be omitted:
-
-        房子 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%d0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang2zi5]
-        (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        )裡 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[li3]
-        (邊 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
-        )
-            inside the house
-        桌子 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae%e0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhuo1zi5]
-        (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        )上 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4]
-        (邊 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
-        )
-            on the table
-        教 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%d0>室
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c7> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0%ab%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4shi4]
-        (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        )外 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4]
-        (邊 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
-        )
-            outside the classroom
-
- 2. Do /not/ use 裡邊 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[li3
-    bian1] in the following two cases:
-
-     1. After geographical names such as 中國 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b0%ea&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1guo2]
-        , 北 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5_>京
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5_%a8%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bei3jing1]
-        etc:
-
-            她在北京學習漢語。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5_%a8%ca%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-            zai4 bei3jing1 xue2xi2 han4yu3 。]
-                She studies Chinese in Beijing.
-            but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5_%a8%ca%b8%cc%c3%e4%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-            zai4 bei3jing1 li3 bian1 xue2xi2 han4yu3 。]
-
-            美國有很 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>多
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>大學。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%fc%b0%ea%a6%b3%ab%dc%a6h%a4j%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3guo2
-            you3 hen3duo1 da4xue2 。]
-                There are many universities in America.
-            but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%fc%b0%ea%b8%cc%c3%e4%a6%b3%ab%dc%a6h%a4j%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3guo2
-            li3 bian1 you3 hen3duo1 da4xue2 。]
-
-     2. In a phrase of the form "在 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-        + place, building or organisation":
-
-            我在銀行工作。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-            zai4 yin2hang2 gong1zuo4 。]
-                I work in a bank.
-            but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%b8%cc%c3%e4%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-            zai4 yin2hang2 li3 bian1 gong1zuo4 。]
-
-            他們在閱覽室看書。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6b%be%5c%c4%fd%ab%c7%ac%dd%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-            zai4 yue4lan3shi4 kan1|kan4 shu1 。]
-                They are reading books in the reading-room.
-            but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6b%be%5c%c4%fd%ab%c7%b8%cc%c3%e4%ac%dd%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-            zai4 yue4lan3shi4 li3 bian1 kan1|kan4 shu1 。] 
-
-
-    Patterns for Location
-
-There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-, 有 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-and 是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-respectively and with different meanings:
-
- 1. To show that there is something in a certain place: 有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-
-
-    Position word + 有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-    + indefinite noun:
-
-        後邊有什麼﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4%a6%b3%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4bian1
-        you3 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
-            What is behind?
-        後邊有一個車房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%a8%ae%a9%d0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4bian1
-        you3yi1xie1 ge4 che1|ju1 fang2 。]
-            There is a garage behind.
-        我們家對面有一個公 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-        %bd>園 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%e9>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%aea%b9%ef%ad%b1%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%a4%bd%b6%e9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        jia1 dui4mian4 you3yi1xie1 ge4 gong1yuan2 。]
-            Across from our home, there is a park. 
-
- 2. To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-
-
-    Definite noun + 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    + position word:
-
-        花 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%e1>園
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%e9>在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%e1%b6%e9%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hua1yuan2
-        zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
-            Where is the garden?
-        花園在我們家後邊。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%e1%b6%e9%a6b%a7%da%ad%cc%aea%ab%e1%c3%e4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hua1yuan2
-        zai4 wo3men5 jia1 hou4bian1 。]
-            The garden is behind our house.
-        花園在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>車
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>房 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%e1%b6%e9%a6b%a8%ae%a9%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hua1yuan2
-        zai4che1 fang2] (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        ) 右 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5k>邊
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5k%c3%e4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4bian1
-        。]
-            The garden is to the right of the garage. 
-
- 3. To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-
-
-    Position word + 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    + definite/indefinite noun:
-
-        你們家後邊是什麼﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%aea%ab%e1%c3%e4%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-        jia1 hou4bian1 shi4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
-            What's behind your house?
-        我們家後邊是一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>花園。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%aea%ab%e1%c3%e4%acO%a4@%ad%d3%aa%e1%b6%e9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        jia1 hou4bian1 shi4 yi1ge4 hua1yuan2 。]
-            Behind our house is a garden.
-        他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%aea%abe%c3%e4%acO%be%c7%b0|%aa%ba%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        jia1 qian2bian1 shi4 xue2yuan4 de5|di2|di4 tu2shu1guan3 。]
-            In front of their house is the college library. 
-
-
-    Progressive aspect of an action
-
-To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the
-following patterns:
-
-    她在休 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%f0>息
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%a7>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
-        She is resting.
-    她正 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bf>休息。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zheng1|zheng4 xiu1xi5 。]
-    她正 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bf>在
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>休息。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
-
-    她休息呢。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    xiu1xi5 ne5|ni2 。]
-    她在休息呢。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zai4 xiu1xi5 ne5|ni2 。]
-    她正休息呢。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zheng1|zheng4 xiu1xi5 ne5|ni2 。]
-    她正在休息呢。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 ne5|ni2 。]
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted.
-
- 2. The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but
-    also to past and future actions:
-
-        她現在正在休息。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b2{%a6b%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        xian4zai4 zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
-            She is resting now. /present progressive/
-        我去的 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba>時
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%c9>候
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d4>﹐她正在休息。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5h%aa%ba%ae%c9%ad%d4%a1M%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        qu4 de5shi2hou4 ﹐ ta1 zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
-            When I went there, she was resting. /past progressive/
-        我明天去看她的時候﹐她一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>定
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>正在休息。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9%fa%a4%d1%a5h%ac%dd%a6o%aa%ba%ae%c9%ad%d4%a1M%a6o%a4@%a9w%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        ming2tian1 qu4 kan1|kan4 ta1 de5shi2hou4 ﹐ ta1 yi1ding4
-        zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
-            When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting.
-            /future progressive/ 
-
- 3. As shown above, either 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    , 正 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zheng1|zheng4]
-    or 正在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zheng4zai4]
-    can be placed before a verb to indicate the progressive aspect of an
-    action.
-
- 4. Alternatively, 呢 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
-    can be placed at the end of the sentence to perform the same
-    function. Sometimes 呢 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
-    can be used together with 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    , 正 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zheng1|zheng4]
-    or 正在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zheng4zai4]
-    .
-
- 5. The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
-    , not 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    , before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
-    alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer.
-    Otherwise the full form of 沒有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
-    must be used:
-
-        她沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        )休息﹐她在看報。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1M%a6o%a6b%ac%dd%b3%f8%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiu1xi5
-        ﹐ ta1 zai4 kan1|kan4 bao4 。]
-        她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%b6%dc%a1S%a8S%a6%b3%a1M%a6o%a6b%ac%dd%b3%f8%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        zai4 xiu1xi5 ma3|ma5 ﹖ mei2you3 ﹐ ta1 zai4 kan1|kan4 bao4 。]
-        (or simply 沒有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
-        )
-
- 6. If both the 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    of the progressive aspect and the 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    of location exist in a sentence, only one should be used:
-
-        她正在房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>間
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a1>里
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%bd>休息。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a9%d0%b6%a1%a8%bd%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        zheng4zai4 fang2jian1 li3 xiu1xi5 。]
-        but not 她正在在房間里休息。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a6b%a9%d0%b6%a1%a8%bd%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        zheng4zai4 zai4 fang2jian1 li3 xiu1xi5 。]
-
-
-    Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers
-
-An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as
-我給她打 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%b4>電
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>話
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%dc> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-gei3|ji3 ta1 da3dian4hua4] , 他今天買 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%b5%a4%d1%b6R&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-jin1tian1 mai3] , 我們去北京參
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d1>觀
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c6[> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a5h%a5_%a8%ca%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-qu4 bei3jing1 can1guan1] can be used as a modifier for a noun. When used
-this way, there must be a 的 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-inserted between the construction and the noun it modifies:
-
-    我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>飯
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc%aa%ba%ae%c9%ad%d4%a1M%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a6Y%b6%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    gei3|ji3 ta1 da3dian4hua4 de5shi2hou4 ﹐ ta1 zheng4zai4 chi1fan4 。]
-        When I called her, she was eating.
-    他今天買的花 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%e1>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>很漂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba}>亮
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abG>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%b5%a4%d1%b6R%aa%ba%aa%e1%a8%e0%ab%dc%ba}%abG%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    jin1tian1 mai3 de5|di2|di4 huar1 hen3 piao4liang5 。]
-        The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
-    請你們看我們去北京參觀的照
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7%d3>片
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f9>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%a7A%ad%cc%ac%dd%a7%da%ad%cc%a5h%a5_%a8%ca%b0%d1%c6[%aa%ba%b7%d3%a4%f9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3
-    ni3men5 kan1|kan4 wo3men5 qu4 bei3jing1 can1guan1 de5|di2|di4
-    zhao4pian4 。]
-        Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
-    這是誰給你寫的信﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%bd%d6%b5%b9%a7A%bcg%aa%ba%abH%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    shi4 shei2|shui2 gei3|ji3 ni3 xie3 de5|di2|di4 xin4 ﹖]
-        Who wrote this letter to you? 
-
-The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the 的
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-, which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.
-
-
-    Word usage: 參觀 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
-    vs. 訪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3X>問
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4]
-
-
-Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English. However, while 參
-觀 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
-implies 觀 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c6[> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[guan1|guan4]
-(to see), 訪問 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4]
-stresses 問 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wen4]
-(to ask). Hence 參觀 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
-really implies observation while visiting and 訪問 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4]
-means to visit people with specific purpose such as interviews. 參觀
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
-can be followed by places but not people; whereas 訪問 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4]
-can take either, but most commonly people.
-
-    參觀 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
-    /訪問學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>校
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d5> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd%be%c7%ae%d5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4
-    xue2xiao4]
-    訪問他 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd%a5L&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4
-    ta1] /這個國 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>家
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>的總
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1`>統
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%ce> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%b0%ea%aea%aa%ba%c1`%b2%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4ge4
-    guo2jia1 de5|di2|di4 zong3tong3]
-
-
-    Grammar Notes
-
- 1. Measure word 些 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xie1]
-
-
-    些 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xie1]
-    is a measure word showing indefinite quantity. It is usually used
-    after demonstrative pronouns such as 這 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4]
-    , 那 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4]
-    , 哪 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3]
-    and after the numeral 一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1]
-    :
-
-        一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1xie1]
-
-            some
-        這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4xie5]
-
-            these
-        那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na4xie1]
-
-            those
-        哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3xie1]
-
-            which (plural)
-
-    Don't attempt to mix 些 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xie1]
-    with definite measures. It is wrong to say 這些三本詞典 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%c7%a4T%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4xie5
-    san1 ben3 ci2dian3] (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這
-    三本詞典 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a4T%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    san1 ben3 ci2dian3] .
-
- 2. 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    . . . 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    construction
-
-    Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
-    adjectives:
-
-        這本書是中文的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a4%a4%a4%e5%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        ben3 shu1 shi4 zhong1wen2 de5|di2|di4 。] = 這本書中文的書。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%a4%a4%a4%e5%aa%ba%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        ben3 shu1 zhong1wen2 de5|di2|di4 shu1 。]
-        那條裙子是妹妹的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%acO%a9f%a9f%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4
-        tiao2 qun2zi5 shi4 mei4mei4|mei4mei5 de5|di2|di4 。] = 那條裙子
-        是妹妹的裙子。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%acO%a9f%a9f%aa%ba%b8%c8%a4l%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4
-        tiao2 qun2zi5 shi4 mei4mei4|mei4mei5 de5|di2|di4 qun2zi5 。]
-        姐姐的大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>衣
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%e7>是黑
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%c2>的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9j%a9j%aa%ba%a4j%a6%e7%acO%b6%c2%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie3jie5
-        de5|di2|di4 da4yi1 shi4 hei1 de5|di2|di4 。] = 姐姐的大衣是黑的
-        大衣。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9j%a9j%aa%ba%a4j%a6%e7%acO%b6%c2%aa%ba%a4j%a6%e7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie3jie5
-        de5|di2|di4 da4yi1 shi4 hei1 de5|di2|di4 da4yi1 。]
-
-    But the 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    . . . 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    construction can also be used with prepositional phrases and even
-    whole verbal constructions:
-
-        那些點 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>心
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%df>是給丁雲的。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%c7%c2I%a4%df%acO%b5%b9%a4B%b6%b3%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na4xie1
-        dian3xin1 shi4 gei3|ji3 ding1yun2 de5|di2|di4 。] = 那些點心是丁
-        雲的點心。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%c7%c2I%a4%df%acO%a4B%b6%b3%aa%ba%c2I%a4%df%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na4xie1
-        dian3xin1 shi4 ding1yun2 de5|di2|di4 dian3xin1 。]
-            Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
-        這束 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%f4>花兒是我給她
-        買的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a7%f4%aa%e1%a8%e0%acO%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%b6R%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        shu4 huar1 shi4 wo3 gei3|ji3 ta1 mai3 de5|di2|di4 。] = 這束花兒
-        我給她買的花兒。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a7%f4%aa%e1%a8%e0%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%b6R%aa%ba%aa%e1%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        shu4 huar1 wo3 gei3|ji3 ta1 mai3 de5|di2|di4 huar1 。]
-            This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
-        這本書是我在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>大
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>學的圖書館借
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%c9>的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a7%da%a6b%a4j%be%c7%aa%ba%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%ad%c9%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        ben3 shu1 shi4 wo3 zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4 xue2
-        de5|di2|di4 tu2shu1guan3 jie4 de5|di2|di4 。] = 這本書是我在大學
-        的圖書館借的書。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a7%da%a6b%a4j%be%c7%aa%ba%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%ad%c9%aa%ba%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        ben3 shu1 shi4 wo3 zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4 xue2
-        de5|di2|di4 tu2shu1guan3 jie4 de5|di2|di4 shu1 。]
-            This book is the one I borrowed from the university library. 
-
-
-    The use of the Complement of Degree
-
-
-      What is a complement?
-
-A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain or
-complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
-duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of
-an action. Complements always appear *after* the verbs they modify.
-
-We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the words
-they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because Chinese
-word order often observes the time sequence in which an action occurs.
-Notice, for example:
-
-    昨天晚上我們從書 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>店
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%b1>去電
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>影
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcv>院
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0|>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acQ%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a7%da%ad%cc%b1q%ae%d1%a9%b1%a5h%b9q%bcv%b0|%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo2tian1
-    wan3shang5 wo3men5 cong1|cong2|zong4 shu1dian4 qu4 dian4ying3yuan4 。]
-        Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop. 
-
-Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
-Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a verbal
-action has to take place first, before one can see its extent or result,
-the complement placed after the verb observes this time sequence.
-
-
-      The complement of degree
-
-This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
-adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle 得
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-is used to connect the verb and its complement:
-
-    他學習得怎 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e7>麼
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2>樣
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%cb>﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%be%c7%b2%df%b1o%ab%e7%bb%f2%bc%cb%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    xue2xi2 de2|de5|dei3 zen3me5yang4 ﹖]
-        How is he studying?
-    他學習得 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o>很
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>好。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%be%c7%b2%df%b1o%ab%dc%a6n%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    xue2xi2 de5hen3 hao3|hao4 。]
-        He's studying very well.
-
-The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
-
- 1. Verb without object: V + 得 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-    + adjective
-
-        你工作得 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>錯
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%f9>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4u%a7@%b1o%a4%a3%bf%f9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        gong1zuo4 de2bu4dao4 cuo4 。] 
-
- 2. Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-    + adjective
-
-        我妹妹唱 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%db>民
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%c1>歌
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>唱得很好。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9f%a9f%b0%db%a5%c1%baq%b0%db%b1o%ab%dc%a6n%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        mei4mei4|mei4mei5 chang4 min2ge1 chang4 de5hen3 hao3|hao4 。] 
-
- 3. Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-    + adjective
-
-        他們中文學得很好。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a4%a4%e5%be%c7%b1o%ab%dc%a6n%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        zhong1wen2 xue2 de5hen3 hao3|hao4 。] 
-
-Place 不 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-/before the adjective/ to make the negative:
-
- 4. V + 得 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-    + 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    + adjective
-
-        她歌 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>唱
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%db>得不好﹐ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%baq%b0%db%b1o%a4%a3%a6n%a1M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        ge1chang4 de2bu4dao4 hao3|hao4 ﹐] 舞
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbR>也跳
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f5>得不好。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bbR%a4]%b8%f5%b1o%a4%a3%a6n%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3
-        ye3 tiao4 de2bu4dao4 hao3|hao4 。]
-
-Questions are formed as follows:
-
- 1. . . . 得 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-    adjective 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    adjective?
-
-        你開 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>車
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>開
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>得快
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%d6>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>快
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%d6>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6}%a8%ae%b6}%b1o%a7%d6%a4%a3%a7%d6%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        kai1che1 kai1 de2|de5|dei3 kuai4 bu4kuai4 ﹖] 
-
- 2. . . . 得怎麼樣﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o%ab%e7%bb%f2%bc%cb%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3
-    zen3me5yang4 ﹖]
-
-        你中文學得怎麼樣﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a4%a4%e5%be%c7%b1o%ab%e7%bb%f2%bc%cb%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        zhong1wen2 xue2 de2|de5|dei3 zen3me5yang4 ﹖] 
-
- 3. . . . 得 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-    adjective 嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5
-    ﹖]
-
-        你游 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%e5>泳
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaa>游
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%e5>得好嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b4%e5%aaa%b4%e5%b1o%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        you2yong3 you2 de2|de5|dei3 hao3|hao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
-Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as 有
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-, 在 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-or 是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-, since those verbs normally do not denote actions.
-
-
-    The difference between 呢 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
-    and 吧 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7a> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7a&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1|ba5]
-    as sentence-ending particles
-
-Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end of a
-question. However, they differ in usage.
-
-
-      In questions
-
-呢 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
-is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry. It may appear in
-questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-me5|mo2] or 哪兒 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3er5]
-; affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>吃
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>不
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>吃呢﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3%a9O%a1S%a6n%a6Y%a4%a3%a6n%a6Y%a9O%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3
-mei2you3 ne5|ni2 ﹖ hao3chi1 bu4hao3 chi1|ji2 ne5|ni2 ﹖] ; or
-alternative questions with 還是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-, such as 吃面 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b1>包
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5]>還是火
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f5>腿
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbL>呢﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6Y%ad%b1%a5]%c1%d9%acO%a4%f5%bbL%a9O%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chi1|ji2
-mian4 bao1 hai2shi4 huo3tui3 ne5|ni2 ﹖]
-
-吧 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7a&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1|ba5]
-, on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate a
-mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker: 在這兒停
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%b1>車
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>吧﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%b0%b1%a8%ae%a7a%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4zhe4qi1jian1
-er2|er5 ting2che1 ba1|ba5 ﹖] 你不
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>知
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%be>道
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9D>吧﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%aa%be%b9D%a7a%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-bu4zhi1 dao4 ba1|ba5 ﹖]
-
-
-      In affirmative statements
-
-呢 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
-in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an action
-(e.g. 她學中文呢 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%be%c7%a4%a4%a4%e5%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-xue2 zhong1wen2 ne5|ni2] ), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with
-exaggeration (e.g. 晚上電影九點才
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4~>開
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>始
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9l>呢。 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%b9q%bcv%a4E%c2I%a4~%b6}%a9l%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan3shang5
-dian4ying3 jiu3 dian3 cai2 kai1shi3 ne5|ni2 。] 從這兒去要走三
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>天
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>呢。 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q%b3o%a8%e0%a5h%adn%a8%ab%a4T%a4%d1%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cong1|cong2|zong4
-zher4 qu4 yao1|yao4 zou3 san1tian1 ne5|ni2 。] )
-
-吧 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7a&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1|ba5]
-is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften the tone,
-as in 我們走吧。 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a8%ab%a7a%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-zou3 ba1|ba5 。] 你再 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6A>想想
-吧。 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6A%b7Q%b7Q%a7a%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-zai4 xiang3 xiang3 ba1|ba5 。]
-
-
-    The use of optative verbs
-
-Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
-express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
-
- 1. To express /subjective wish/, /desire/ or /request/:
-
-     1. 要 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yao1|yao4]
-        + verb = to want to
-
-            我要喝橘 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%ef>子
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>水。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%adn%b3%dc%be%ef%a4l%a4%f4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-            yao1|yao4 he1|he4 ju2zi5 shui3 。] 
-
-     2. 想 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-        + verb = would like to
-
-            你想看電影嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            xiang3 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
- 2. To express /objective necessity/:
-
-     1. 要 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yao1|yao4]
-        + verb = to have to (especially in questions)
-
-            我明天要來嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9%fa%a4%d1%adn%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-            ming2tian1 yao1|yao4 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-                Do I have to come tomorrow?
-            我們要去了。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%adn%a5h%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-            yao1|yao4 qu4 le5|liao3 。]
-                We have to go. 
-
-     2. 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>用
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%ce> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yong4]
-        + verb = don't have to
-
-            你明天不用來。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%a4%a3%a5%ce%a8%d3%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            ming2tian1 bu4yong4 lai2 。]
-                You don't have to come tomorrow.
-
- 3. To express /ability/ or /skill acquired/:
-
-     1. 能 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[neng2]
-        + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你現在能看中文報 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3
-            %f8>紙 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%c8>嗎﹖
-            [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b2{%a6b%af%e0%ac%dd%a4%a4%a4%e5%b3%f8%af%c8%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            xian4zai4 neng2 kan1|kan4 zhong1wen2 bao4zhi3 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
-     2. 可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>以
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ke3yi3]
-        + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%a4@%ad%d3%acP%b4%c1%a5i%a5H%be%c7%b4X%bd%d2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-            yi1ge4 xing1qi1 ke3yi3 xue2 ji1|ji3 ke4|ke4 ﹖] 
-
-     3. 會 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7|&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hui4|kuai4]
-        + verb = can, be able to
-
-            他們都會游泳嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%b3%a3%b7|%b4%e5%aaa%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5dou1
-            hui4|kuai4 you2yong3 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
- 4. To express /ability depending on circumstances/:
-
-     1. 能 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[neng2]
-        + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你明天能來嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%af%e0%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            ming2tian1 neng2 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
-     2. 可以 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ke3yi3]
-        + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你今天晚上可以 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            jin1tian1 wan3shang5 ke3yi3] 1給他打電話嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9%a5L%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3
-            ta1 da3dian4hua4 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
-    Note, in both cases use 不
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>能
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4neng2]
-    for negative sentences.
-
- 5. To express /permission/:
-
-     1. 能 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[neng2]
-        + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我能在這兒停車嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%af%e0%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%b0%b1%a8%ae%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-            neng2 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5 ting2che1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            你不能 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            bu4neng2] (or 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-            %a3>可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>以
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H> [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4ke3
-            yi3] ) 在這兒停車。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%b0%b1%a8%ae%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4zhe4qi1jian1
-            er2|er5 ting2che1 。]
-
-     2. 可以 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ke3yi3]
-        + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5i%a5H%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a7l%b7%cf%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-            ke3yi3 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5 xi1yan1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            你不可以 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            bu4ke3 yi3] (or 不能 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4neng2]
-            ) 在這兒吸煙。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a7l%b7%cf%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4zhe4qi1jian1
-            er2|er5 xi1yan1 。] 
-
- 6. To express /possibility/ or /probability/:
-
-     1. 會 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7|&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hui4|kuai4]
-        + verb = be likely to, will probably
-
-            你明天會再來嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%b7|%a6A%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            ming2tian1 hui4|kuai4 zai4 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            今天晚上不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>會
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>下
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>雨
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abB>。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a4%a3%b7|%a4U%abB%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1
-            wan3shang5 bu4hui4 xia4yu3 。] 
-
- 7. To express /need arising from moral or factual necessity/:
-
-     1. 應 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0%b3>該
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d3> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c0%b3%b8%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ying1gai1]
-        + verb = should, ought to
-
-            你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%be%c7%b1o%a4%a3%bf%f9%a1M%c0%b3%b8%d3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-            xue2 de2bu4dao4 cuo4 ﹐ ying1gai1 qu4 zhong1guo2 。]
-            他們不應該翻 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2%bd>
-            譯 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%b6>那本書。
-            [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%c0%b3%b8%d3%c2%bd%c4%b6%a8%ba%a5%bb%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-            bu4 ying1gai1 fan1yi4 na3|na4|nei4 ben3 shu1 。] 
-
-Note:
-
- 1. To make a negation, put the negative word 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    or 沒有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
-    before the optative verb:
-
-        他們不想給圖書館打電話。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%b7Q%b5%b9%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        bu4 xiang3 gei3|ji3 tu2shu1guan3 da3dian4hua4 。] 
-
- 2. To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
-    verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
-
-        你會 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>會
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>唱中
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>民
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%c1>歌
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7|%a4%a3%b7|%b0%db%a4%a4%b0%ea%a5%c1%baq%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        hui4bu4hui4 chang4 zhong1guo2min2hang2 ge1 ﹖]
-        but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7|%b0%db%a4%a3%b0%db%a4%a4%b0%ea%a5%c1%baq%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        hui4|kuai4 chang4 bu4 chang4 zhong1guo2min2hang2 ge1 ﹖] 
-
- 3. It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
-
-        你是北 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5_>京
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>﹐應該會唱京劇。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%acO%a5_%a8%ca%a4H%a1M%c0%b3%b8%d3%b7|%b0%db%a8%ca%bc@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        shi4 bei3jing1ren2 ﹐ ying1gai1 hui4|kuai4 chang4 jing1ju4 。] 
-
-
-    The use of adverbs 就 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4N>
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-    and 才 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
-
-
-就 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-and 才 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
-are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's attitude
-as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier (就
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-) or later (才 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
-) than expected:
-
-    他們三點就來了﹐可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>你們現在才來。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4T%c2I%b4N%a8%d3%a4F%a1M%a5i%acO%a7A%ad%cc%b2{%a6b%a4~%a8%d3%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-    san1 dian3 jiu4 lai2 le5|liao3 ﹐ ke3shi4 ni3men5 xian4zai4 cai2
-    lai2 。]
-        They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
-    我們是老 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%d1>朋友﹐我們十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>年
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>前就認識了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%acO%a6%d1%aaB%a4%cd%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%a4Q%a6~%abe%b4N%bb{%c3%d1%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    shi4 lao3 peng2you5 ﹐ wo3men5 shi2nian2 qian2 jiu4 ren4shi5
-    le5|liao3 。]
-        We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as
-        ten years ago.
-    她不是我的同學﹐我上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>個
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>星
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>才認識她。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a4%a3%acO%a7%da%aa%ba%a6P%be%c7%a1M%a7%da%a4W%ad%d3%acP%b4%c1%a4~%bb{%c3%d1%a6o%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    bu2shi4 wo3de5 tong2xue2 ﹐ wo3 shang4ge4xing1qi1 cai2 ren4shi5 ta1 。]
-        She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago. 
-
-Compare the following sentences:
-
-    今年我們就想去中國學習。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~%a7%da%ad%cc%b4N%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%be%c7%b2%df%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1nian2
-    wo3men5 jiu4 xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 xue2xi2 。]
-        (The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon
-        as this year.)
-    今年我們才想去中國學習。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~%a7%da%ad%cc%a4~%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%be%c7%b2%df%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1nian2
-    wo3men5 cai2 xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 xue2xi2 。]
-        (The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
-        they should have gone earlier.) 
-
-As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
-sentence, 就 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-and 才 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
-should be placed after it; when there is an optative verb, on the other
-hand, 就 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-and 才 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
-should be placed before it. Here is the pattern:
-
-    Time-word + 就 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-    /才 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
-    + optative verb + main verb
-    她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a4%b5%a6~%b4N%a5i%a5H%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1M%a7%da%a9%fa%a6~%a4~%a5i%a5H%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    jin1nian2 jiu4 ke3yi3 qu4 zhong1guo2 ﹐ wo3 ming2nian2 cai2 ke3yi3
-    qu4 zhong1guo2 。]
-    他們今天下午三點就能出 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5X>
-    發 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5o>﹐我們要晚上八點才
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4~>能
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0>走。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%b5%a4%d1%a4U%a4%c8%a4T%c2I%b4N%af%e0%a5X%b5o%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%adn%b1%df%a4W%a4K%c2I%a4~%af%e0%a8%ab%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-    jin1tian1 xia4wu3 san1 dian3 jiu4 neng2 chu1fa1 ﹐ wo3men5 yao1|yao4
-    wan3shang5 ba1 dian3 cai2neng2 zou3 。]
-
-
-    Word usage: 或 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%ce>者
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%cc> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
-    , 還是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-
-
-Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but
-they differ in usage: in general, 或者 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
-is used in non-interrogative sentences to indicate a choice:
-
-    我妹妹想研 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%e3>究
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8s>音樂或者文
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e5>學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9f%a9f%b7Q%ac%e3%a8s%ad%b5%bc%d6%a9%ce%aa%cc%a4%e5%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    mei4mei4|mei4mei5 xiang3 yan2jiu1 yin1yue4 huo4zhe3 wen2xue2 。] 
-
-還是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-, on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
-questions:
-
-    你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4W%a4%c8%a5h%a1M%c1%d9%acO%a4U%a4%c8%a5h%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    shang4wu3 qu4 ﹐ hai2shi4 xia4wu3 qu4 ﹖] 
-
-It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as 知
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%be>道
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9D> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
-, 告訴 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-etc:
-
-請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%a7i%b6D%a7%da%b3o%ad%d3%a4H%acO%a6%d1%aev%c1%d9%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3
-gao4su5 wo3 zhe4ge4 ren2 shi4 lao3shi1 hai2shi4 xue2sheng5 ﹖]
-我不知道她是老師還是學生。 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%aa%be%b9D%a6o%acO%a6%d1%aev%c1%d9%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-bu4zhi1 dao4 ta1 shi4 lao3shi1 hai2shi4 xue2sheng5 。]
-
-In cases in which both 或者 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
-and 還是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-can appear in questions, there are some subtle differences in their
-anticipations and tones:
-
-     1. A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%c1%d9%acO%a4%e9%a5%bb%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 hai2shi4 ri4ben3 ﹖]
-        B: 我想去中國。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 。]
-
-     2. A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a9%ce%aa%cc%a4%e9%a5%bb%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 huo4zhe3 ri4ben3 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        B: 我想去﹐我兩個地 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6a>
-        方 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e8>都想去。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h%a1M%a7%da%a8%e2%ad%d3%a6a%a4%e8%b3%a3%b7Q%a5h%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xiang3 qu4 ﹐ wo3 liang3ge4zhong1guo2 di4fang5 dou1|du1 xiang3
-        qu4 。] 
-
-In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice
-from the answer. The two terms with 還是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-are mutually exclusive. In dialogue 2, the question is a general one
-using 嗎 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
-at the end. It does not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B
-can give a general answer: 我想去 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-xiang3 qu4] -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought: 我兩
-個地方都想去 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a8%e2%ad%d3%a6a%a4%e8%b3%a3%b7Q%a5h&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-liang3ge4zhong1guo2 di4fang5 dou1|du1 xiang3 qu4] . The two items with
-或者 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
-in the question are therefore not mutually exclusive.
-
-Sometimes, however, 還是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-can also be used in a non-interrogative sentence. For instance:
-
-    去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>時
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%c9> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%ac%dd%aaB%a4%cd%a1M%c1%d9%acO%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1M%a5L%a4@%ae%c9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4
-    kan1|kan4 peng2you5 ﹐ hai2shi4 qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 ﹐ ta1
-    yi4shi2] (??)不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>定
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>主
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5D>意
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7N>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%a9w%a5D%b7N%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4ding4
-    zhu3yi5 。]
-
-Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
-compelling 他 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1]
-to make a choice. In contrast, 或者 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
-in this case can only convey a sort of explanatory note:
-
-    你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-    /zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>定 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>要
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn>作決
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8M>定
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a1M%c1%d9%acO%a6o%a8%d3%a1M%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%a4@%a9w%adn%a7@%a8M%a9w%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    qu4 ﹐ hai2shi4 ta1 lai2 ﹐ ni3 ming2tian1 yi1ding4yao4 zuo4
-    jue2ding4 。] (interrogative)
-    或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e4>他
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>選
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%ef>擇
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%dc>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc%a7A%a5h%a1M%a9%ce%aa%cc%a6o%a8%d3%a1M%a8S%a6%b3%a8%e4%a5L%bf%ef%be%dc%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3
-    ni3 qu4 ﹐ huo4zhe3 ta1 lai2 ﹐ mei2you3 qi2ta1 xuan3ze2 。]
-    (explanatory)
-
-
-    了 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F>解
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d1> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
-    , 知道 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
-    , 認識 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb{%c3%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ren4shi5]
-    and 懂 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0%b4> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c0%b4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dong3]
-
-
-The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
-
-Both 了解 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
-and 知道 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
-can mean "to know". However, 了解 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
-implies some level of understanding and comprehension of what one knows.
-Therefore 了解 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
-can be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
-. Compare:
-
-    你了解 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    liao3jie3] (or 知道 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
-    ) 這個學校嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%be%c7%ae%d5%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4ge4
-    xue2xiao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-    我不知道他是誰的孩子。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%aa%be%b9D%a5L%acO%bd%d6%aa%ba%ab%c4%a4l%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    bu4zhi1 dao4 ta1 shi4 shei2|shui2 de5|di2|di4 hai2zi5 。] (Here one
-    can not use 了解 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
-    .)
-
-認識 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb{%c3%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ren4shi5]
-is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not others.
-It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability.
-
-    A: 哦 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae@>﹐我認識她﹗
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae@%a1M%a7%da%bb{%c3%d1%a6o%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[e2|o2
-    ﹐ wo3 ren4shi5 ta1 ﹗]
-        Oh, I know her!
-    B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%acO%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%bb{%c3%d1%a6o%aa%ba%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    shi4 zai4 na3er5 ren4shi5 ta1 de5|di2|di4 ﹖]
-        Where did you get to know her? 
-
-懂 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c0%b4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dong3]
-, on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its
-definition is not as broad as that of 了解 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
-(to know and understand) and is different from that of 知道 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
-(to know).
-
-    1. 你懂他說 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%a1>的漢語嗎﹖
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%c0%b4%a5L%bb%a1%aa%ba%ba~%bby%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    dong3 ta1 shui4|shuo1 de5|di2|di4 han4yu3 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-    2. 你知道他叫甚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%c6>麼
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2>名
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6W>字
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6r>嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%be%b9D%a5L%a5s%ac%c6%bb%f2%a6W%a6r%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    zhi1dao5 ta1 jiao4 shen2me5 ming2zi5 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-    3. 你了解他嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4F%b8%d1%a5L%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    liao3jie3 ta1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-
-Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him
-than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than
-sentence 1.
-
-
-    The use of the Perfect Aspect
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The aspect particle 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-is added to the end of a verb to indicate the completion of an action.
-In general, Chinese perfect aspect is equivalent to perfect tenses
-(present perfect, past perfect or future perfect) in English. So, the
-completion of an action can take place in the past or in the future. For
-instance:
-
-    A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4U%a4F%bd%d2%a5h%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    xia4 le5|liao3 ke4|ke4 qu4 na3er5 ﹖]
-    B: 我下了課去圖書館。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%a4F%bd%d2%a5h%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    xia4 le5|liao3 ke4|ke4 qu4 tu2shu1guan3 。]
-
-On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
-particle 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-, if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need
-to emphasise its completion:
-
-    去年他常常去書店。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a6~%a5L%b1`%b1`%a5h%ae%d1%a9%b1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4nian2
-    ta1 chang2chang2 qu4 shu1dian4 。]
-    以前我住在學生宿舍。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe%a7%da%a6%ed%a6b%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2
-    wo3 zhu4 zai4 xue2sheng5 su4she4 。]
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-        (+ object)
-        e.g. 電影開始了。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9q%bcv%b6}%a9l%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dian4ying3
-        kai1shi3 le5|liao3 。] 我買了兩本書。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6R%a4F%a8%e2%a5%bb%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        mai3 le5|liao3 liang3 ben3 shu1 。]
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
-        (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        ) + verb (+ object)
-        or subject + 還沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2
-        mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        ) + verb (+ 呢 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
-        )
-        e.g. 我沒有買書。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a8S%a6%b3%b6R%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        mei2you3 mai3 shu1 。] 電影還沒開始呢。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9q%bcv%c1%d9%a8S%b6}%a9l%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dian4ying3
-        hai2|huan2 mei2|mo4 kai1shi3 ne5|ni2 。]
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-        (+ object) + 沒有﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3
-        ﹖]
-        or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3
-        ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
-        + verb (+ object)﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[﹖]
-        (here the verb is usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%b5%a4%d1%b6R%a4F%b5%fc%a8%e5%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        jin1tian1 mai3 le5|liao3 ci2dian3 mei2you3 ﹖] 她來了嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%d3%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        lai2 le5|liao3 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 你們談
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%cd>沒談這個問題﹖
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%bd%cd%a8S%bd%cd%b3o%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-        tan2 mei2|mo4 tan2 zhe4ge4 wen4ti2 ﹖]
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence,
-    the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral +
-    measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the sentence sounds
-    incomplete:
-
-        我買了三本書。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6R%a4F%a4T%a5%bb%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        mai3 le5|liao3 san1 ben3 shu1 。]
-        我在書店里買了書。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%ae%d1%a9%b1%a8%bd%b6R%a4F%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        zai4 shu1dian4 li3 mai3 le5|liao3 shu1 。]
-        but not simply 我買了書。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6R%a4F%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        mai3 le5|liao3 shu1 。]
-
- 2. If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
-    those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    is usually placed after the /last/ verb.
-
-        a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5%ce%a4%a4%a4%e5%b5%b9%b6%fd%b6%fd%bcg%a4F%a4@%ab%ca%abH%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        yong4 zhong1wen2 gei3|ji3 ma1ma5 xie3 le5|liao3 yi1 feng1 xin4 。]
-        b. 他們昨天進 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6i>城
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%b0>買了一些中文詞典。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%acQ%a4%d1%b6i%ab%b0%b6R%a4F%a4@%a8%c7%a4%a4%a4%e5%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        zuo2tian1 jin4 cheng2 mai3 le5|liao3 yi1xie1 zhong1wen2 ci2dian3
-        。]
-
-    In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is
-    written by using Chinese; in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related
-    to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to
-    buy the dictionaries. Compare the above sentences with the
-    following, with a different structure:
-
-        我下了課去圖書館。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%a4F%bd%d2%a5h%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xia4 le5|liao3 ke4|ke4 qu4 tu2shu1guan3 。]
-
-    Here "class is over" (下課 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4ke4]
-    ) and "go to the library" are unrelated. They are contained in the
-    sentence simply to indicate their sequence. Hence it is wrong to say
-
-        我下課去了圖書館。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%bd%d2%a5h%a4F%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xia4ke4 qu4 le5|liao3 tu2shu1guan3 。]
-
- 3. When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    is placed /before/ the reduplicated verb:
-
-        我試 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d5>了試那條裙子
-        ﹐真漂亮﹗ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b8%d5%a4F%b8%d5%a8%ba%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%a1M%afu%ba}%abG%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        shi4 le5|liao3 shi4 na3|na4|nei4 tiao2 qun2zi5 ﹐ zhen1
-        piao4liang5 ﹗]
-
-
-    又 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4S> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4]
-    , 再 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    and 還 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-
-
-All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like
-the English "again". They differ in usage, however:
-
-Whereas 又 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4]
-indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken place, 再
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-implies a repetition of an action in the future. Also, 再 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-is only used in /declarative/ sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao3|hao4
-ma3|ma5] :
-
-    昨天他來晚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>了﹐今天他
-    又來晚了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acQ%a4%d1%a5L%a8%d3%b1%df%a4F%a1M%a4%b5%a4%d1%a5L%a4S%a8%d3%b1%df%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo2tian1
-    ta1 lai2 wan3 le5|liao3 ﹐ jin1tian1 ta1 you4 lai2 wan3 le5|liao3 。]
-        (repetition in the past)
-    你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6i>來
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%d3>了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%b5%a4%d1%a8%d3%b1%df%a4F%a1Q%a9%fa%a4%d1%a6A%a8%d3%b1%df%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%b4N%a4%a3%c5%fd%a7A%b6i%a8%d3%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    jin1tian1 lai2 wan3 le5|liao3 ﹔ ming2tian1 zai4 lai2 wan3 ﹐
-    wo3men5 jiu4 bu4 rang4 ni3 jin4lai2 le5|liao3 。]
-        (repetition in the future)
-    你再喝一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>橘子水﹐好嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6A%b3%dc%a4@%c2I%a8%e0%be%ef%a4l%a4%f4%a1M%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    zai4 he1|he4 yi1dianr3 ju2zi5 shui3 ﹐ hao3|hao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-
-Also, 又 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4]
-can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or occurrence, even
-though it has not yet taken place:
-
-    明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%a4S%acO%acP%b4%c1%a4@%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%a4S%adn%a4W%bd%d2%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1
-    you4 shi4 xing1qi1yi1 ﹐ wo3men5 you4 yao1|yao4 shang4ke4 。]
-    新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>年
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>又要來了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7s%a6~%a4S%adn%a8%d3%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xin1nian2
-    you4 yao1|yao4 lai2 le5|liao3 。]
-
-還 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-, on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
-
-    你明天還來嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%c1%d9%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ming2tian1 hai2|huan2 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
-It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an
-optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb
-and an optional 再 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-can be placed after:
-
-    A: 你明年還能 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a6~%c1%d9%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ming2nian2 hai2|huan2 neng2] (再 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    )教我們嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao1|jiao4
-    wo3men5 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-    B: 我明年還可以 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9%fa%a6~%c1%d9%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    ming2nian2 hai2|huan2 ke3yi3] (再 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    )教你們。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0%a7A%ad%cc%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao1|jiao4
-    ni3men5 。] 
-
-
-    Use of the modal particle 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The modal particle 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate that the event referred
-to took place in the past. The difference between 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-as modal particle and 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-to indicate perfect aspect is that the latter only shows the completion
-of the verb, whereas the former shows the completion of the whole
-sentence or event, implying some /change of situation/.
-
-    他買了書了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b6R%a4F%ae%d1%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    mai3 le5|liao3 shu1 le5|liao3 。] 
-
-The first 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-in the sentence above indicates only the completion of the action of 買
-書 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6R%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mai3
-shu1] , whereas the second 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-marks some change of situation on the part of 他 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1]
-as a result of the completion of the book-buying process: originally he
-did not have the book, but now he has.
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
-(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
-previous section.)
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb (+ object) + 了 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-
-        e.g. 他們看足 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ac>球
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2y>賽
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%c9>了。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 le5|liao3 。] 
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
-        (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        ) + verb (+ object)
-        e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a8S%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        mei2|mo4 kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 。] 
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3
-        mei2you3 ﹖]
-        or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3
-        ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
-        + verb + object﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[﹖]
-        (here the verb is usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a4F%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 le5|liao3 mei2you3 ﹖]
-        他們看足球賽了嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 le5|liao3 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        他們看沒看足球賽﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8S%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        kan1|kan4 mei2|mo4 kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 ﹖] 
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the perfect
-    aspect 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    from the modal particle 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    . In such a case, 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    can be regarded as fulfilling both functions:
-
-        她來了。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%d3%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        lai2 le5|liao3 。] 我們懂了。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%c0%b4%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        dong3 le5|liao3 。] 
-
- 2. A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
-    require a 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    at the end of the sentence:
-
-        我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5X>去
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%acQ%a4%d1%a4U%a4%c8%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a1M%b1%df%a4W%a8S%a5X%a5h%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        zuo2tian1 xia4wu3 kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 ﹐ wan3shang5 mei2|mo4
-        chu1qu4 。] 
-
-
-    Sequential actions
-
-To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
-other, we use the pattern
-
-    Subject + verb + 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    (以後 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-    ) 就 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-    + verb ...
-    e.g. 我們辦 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%ec>了簽
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%b1>証
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%fd> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%bf%ec%a4F%c3%b1%b5%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    ban4 le5|liao3 qian1 zheng4] (以後 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-    )就回家。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N%a6^%aea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4
-    hui2jia1 。]
-    明天吃了早 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ad>飯
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%a6Y%a4F%a6%ad%b6%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1
-    chi1|ji2 le5|liao3 zao3fan4] (以後 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-    )我們就出發。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b4N%a5X%b5o%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    jiu4 chu1fa1 。]
-
-The above pattern can be used for /future/ actions as well. To indicate
-that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-has to be inserted at the end of the sentence:
-
-    我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%bf%ec%a4F%c3%b1%b5%fd%a5H%ab%e1%b4N%a6^%aea%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    ban4 le5|liao3 qian1 zheng4 yi3hou4 jiu4 hui2jia1 le5|liao3 。]
-    他們早 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ad>上
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>沒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>吃
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>早飯就走了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6%ad%a4W%a8S%a6Y%a6%ad%b6%ba%b4N%a8%ab%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-    zao3shang5 mei2chi1mei2chuan1 zao3fan4 jiu4 zou3 le5|liao3 。]
-

Original/3.utf8.html

@@ -1,4996 +0,0 @@
-
-Show 	
-characters
-pinyin, zhuyin
-translations
-
-	 in 	
-text
-tooltips
-status line
-separate wordlist
-
-Link characters to online dictionaries
-Only treat the first occurrence of each word
-Include links to audio text-to-speech
-tooltips require DHTML; status-line requires a willing browser
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
-
-      嗎 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%dc>?
-
-One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add
-嗎 at the end of a statement. Hence 你
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎? (How
-are you?)
-
-
-      你 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>呢
-      <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9O>?
-
-This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to you.
-Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how about
-you?"
-
-    A: 你好嗎?
-        How are you?
-    B: 我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>很
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>好
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>, 你呢?
-        I am fine, and you?
-
-    A: 你忙 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3>嗎?
-        Are you busy?
-    B: 我不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>忙
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3>, 你呢?
-        I am not busy, what about you?
-
-
-      很 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>, 也
-      <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4]>, 都
-      <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%a3>
-
-All three are adverbs, which should be placed /before/ what they modify
-in Chinese. E.g., 很好, 也好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>, 都好.
-
-Sometimes 很 is not really employed to mean "very" if it is modifying a
-monosyllabic adjective such as 好. It is simply because to say 我好 is a
-bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic adjective as the
-predicate of the sentence. Therefore people usually add 很 before 好 to
-make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 in this case does not
-necessarily mean "I am /very/ well", it may simply convey the meaning of
-"I am fine".
-
-/The order of these words:/ If all three adverbs occur in the same
-sentence, their order is 也 -- 都 -- 很:
-
-    我很好.
-    我也很好.
-    我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>們
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>也都很好.
-
-N.B. 都 (both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the /left/ of
-it. Hence it is wrong to say 都他
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>們
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>很好 ("all of them are
-fine"). One should say 他 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>們
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>都
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%a3>很好.
-
-
-      都不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3> vs. 不都
-
-都不 indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 shows a partial negation:
-
-    他們都不忙
-        None of them is busy.
-    他們不都忙
-        Not all of them are busy.
-    我們都不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>大
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>夫
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d2>
-        None of us is a doctor.
-    我們不都是 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>大夫
-        Not all of us are doctors.
-
-
-      的 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba>
-
-As an auxiliary word, 的 is used to indicate possession. It comes
-between the subject and the noun it modifies: 我
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>的
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba>書
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>, 我媽
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%fd>媽
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%fd>的車
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae> etc.
-
-In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
-possessive marker 的 can be omitted. /Otherwise it cannot/.
-
-    e.g. 你弟 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%cc>弟
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%cc> = 你的弟弟, 我爸
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%a8>爸
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%a8> = 我的爸爸 
-
-
-      我很好 -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".
-
-Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb. In
-the sentence 我很好, the adjectival phrase 很好 serves as the predicate
-for the sentence. No verb "to be" is needed as in English (I /am/ very
-well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an /adjective/ as
-its predicate, even in negative sentences.
-
-    e.g. 他們很忙, 我們不忙
-        They are very busy, we are not.
-
-Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 should still
-be retained:
-
-    他 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>是我朋
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd>
-        He is my friend.
-
-    我不是她 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6o>的哥
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%f4>哥
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%f4>
-        I am not her elder brother.
-
-
-      Proper Response
-
-Study the following two dialogues:
-
-    A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎?
-        Is your mother a doctor?
-    B: 是, 她是大夫.
-        Yes, she is a doctor.
-
-    A: 你媽媽忙嗎?
-        Is your mother busy?
-    B: 忙, 她很忙.
-        Yes, she is very busy.
-
-To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb --
-in the above case 是 and 忙 respectively -- as an equivalent to the
-English "yes" before making the statement itself. Note therefore that
-the response is not always 是.
-
-
-    Questions with interrogative words 誰
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d6>, 哪
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe>, 什
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b0>麼
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2>
-
-Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as "what",
-"when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a question,
-Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming questions using
-such interrogative words as 誰, 哪, 什麼, etc:
-
- 1. 他是我弟弟. (He is my younger brother.)
-    他是誰? (Who is he?)
-
- 2. 他是我們老 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%d1>師
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aev>. (He is our teacher.)
-    誰是你 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>們
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>老師? (Who is your
-    teacher?)
-
- 3. 他是中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>人
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>. (He is Chinese.)
-    他是哪國 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>人
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>? (What is his
-    nationality?)
-
- 4. 這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>是中
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>地
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6a>圖
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%cf>. (This is a map of
-    China.)
-    這是什麼地圖? (What map is this?)
-
- 5. 那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>是書. (That is a book.)
-    那是什麼? (What is that?)
-
- 6. 這是她的車. (This is her car.)
-    這是誰的車? (Whose car is this?)
-
-As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what
-one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form questions.
-No change of word order takes place.
-
-
-    Asking a person's name
-
-There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that
-person is.
-
- 1. 您 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1z>貴
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6Q>姓
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9m>﹖
-
-    This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What
-    is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to address one's
-    elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one
-    wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 cannot
-    be used when asking about a third person's name, or when referring
-    to oneself.
-
-        A: 您/你貴姓﹖
-            What is your name?
-        B: 我姓 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9m>丁
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4B>。
-            My name is Ding.
-
- 2. 你叫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5s>什麼﹖
-
-    This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually used
-    to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors.
-    If one wants to be a bit polite, 請
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d0>問
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd> can be added to the
-    question:
-
-        請問﹐你叫什麼﹖
-            May I ask, what's your name?
-
-    Unlike 貴姓, which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 can be
-    employed for all persons:
-
-        她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖etc. 
-
-When asked 你姓什麼﹖you are supposed to give your last name first, and
-then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when asked
-你叫什麼﹖you can give either your given name or your full name.
-
-
-    Word usage: 學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>習
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%df>﹐ 學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>
-
-Both words mean "to study" or "to learn". Whereas 學習 can be used both
-transitively and intransitively, 學 is normally reserved for transitive
-use.
-
-    e.g. 我學(習 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%df>)漢
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba~>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>﹐她學(習)法
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aak>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。
-        I study Chinese, she studies French.
-    我學習﹐我弟弟不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>習。
-        I study, my younger brother doesn't study.
-
-In the second sentence, the word 習 cannot be omitted.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b> (to be at/in...)
-    functions as a verb.
-
-    To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use
-    the following pattern:
-
-        S + 在 + place/location word or phrase
-        e.g. A: 你的地圖在哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
-        %fe>兒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>﹖
-        B: 我的地圖在那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>兒
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>。
-
-        A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖
-        B: 他們在中國。 
-
-    If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
-
-        A: 古 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5j>波
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aai>在嗎﹖
-            Is Gubo in [or: here]?
-        B: 他不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>在
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>﹐他在學
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>生
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%cd>宿
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1J>舍
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%d9>。
-            He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.
-
-
- 2. Nouns / personal pronouns + 這
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>/那兒 as place words.
-
-        e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖
-        B: 在我這兒。(or 在我那兒)
-
-        A: 你的車在哪兒﹖
-        B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。 
-
-    The choice of 這兒 and 那兒 depends on the distance between the
-    object and the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use 這兒; if
-    not, use 那兒.
-
- 3. The word order for Chinese place words
-
-    Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and
-    proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives in room
-    423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她住
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>院
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0|>學生宿舍四
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>層
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bch>四二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>三
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>號
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9>。 Notice the exactly
-    reverse order here, which is applicable to the address used when
-    writing letters as well.
-
- 4. To live (stay) at a place
-
-    Most often one uses 住 to indicate that one lives or stays at a
-    certain place. There are several patterns for the use of 住. For
-    example, to say "I live here", one can have the following:
-
-        S + 住 + place word (我住這兒)
-        S + 住在 + place word (我住在
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>這
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>兒
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>)
-        S + 在 + place word + 住 (我在這兒住)
-
-    All three sentences have the same meaning.
-
- 5. Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
-
-    Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by
-    digit:
-
-        English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)
-        Chinese: # 1452 (一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>
-        四五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>號
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9>) 
-
-
-    The use of 還 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%d9> (to
-    return something to someone)
-
-When using 還 to indicate "return", use the following pattern:
-
-    S + 還 + (sb.) + sth.
-    e.g. 我還他畫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5e>報
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8>
-    你還丁云 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%aa>的車。(Notice
-    here sb. is omitted.)
-
-This pattern is /only/ used for simple objects, i.e. the object to be
-returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的日
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9>本
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bb>車, etc. Notice in the
-second example above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say
-你還丁云丁云的車, although grammatically it is correct. We will later
-learn the ways to express something more complicated.
-
-
-    用 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%ce>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>下
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>
-
-In this phrase, 用 is a verb which can be used both transitively and
-intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an object).
-一下兒 is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little
-while". If an object is to be used for 用 in the above phrase, it should
-be placed after 一下兒:
-
-    我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖
-        Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
-    他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。
-        They want to use your dad's car for a little while.
-
-
-    Time Word 現 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2{>在
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>
-
-Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a
-sentence: /before/ or /after/ the subject.
-
-    現在她去 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>學院還書。
-        Now she is going to the college to return books.
-    or 她現在去學院還書。
-
-
-    常 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`> and 常
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`>常
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`>
-
-常 in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 without a
-change of meaning. Thus, 他常喝
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%dc>茶
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9> = 他常常喝茶, 我們常去看
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%dd>書 = 我們常常去看書.
-
-In making negative sentences, however, 常 is normally /not/
-reduplicated. Hence 他不常喝茶, 我們不常去看書.
-
-
-    Affirmative-Negative questions
-
-An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative
-and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
-
-    她是中國人嗎﹖becomes 她是 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-    /zi.cgi?b5=%acO>不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>中國人﹖
-    你忙嗎﹖becomes 你忙不忙﹖
-    你認 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb{>識
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%d1>他嗎﹖becomes 你認識不
-    認識他﹖
-
- 1. If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
-    the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
-
-        忙不忙, 認識不認識, 介
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b6>紹
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%d0>不介紹
-
- 2. If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
-    that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
-
-        你喝不喝茶﹖
-        你去不去中國﹖
-
- 3. Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
-    form of "V + object + 不 + V ?" as well, although this is not as
-    common:
-
-        你喝茶不喝茶﹖
-        她去中國不去﹖
-
- 4. As in questions with interrogative words (誰, 什麼, etc),
-    affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎 at the end.
-
- 5. If an adverb such as 常, 都, 也 or 很 comes /before/ the predicative
-    verb or adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use
-    嗎 instead:
-
-        你們都去中國嗎﹖
-        but not 你們都去不去中國﹖
-
-        他常喝咖 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9@>啡
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d8>嗎﹖
-        but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖
-
-    Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
-    /before/ the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:
-
-     1. 她很忙嗎﹖ but not 她很忙不忙﹖
-
-     2. 她是很好大夫嗎﹖ 她是不是很好的大夫﹖
-
-    The second instance is acceptable because 很 comes /after/ the
-    predicative verb 是.
-
- 6. If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the
-    /first/ verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question:
-
-        你去商 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d3>店
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%b1>買
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6R>紙
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%c8>嗎﹖becomes 你去不
-        去商店買紙﹖
-        他們歡 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>迎
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ef>我來
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%d3>嗎﹖ becomes 他們
-        歡迎不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>歡
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>迎
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ef>我來﹖
-
-
-    和 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9M> and 都
-
-In Chinese, 和 as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or
-phrases, /never/ two clauses or sentences:
-
-    中國和美 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%fc>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>
-    我的爸爸和媽媽
-    她學習漢語和英 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad^>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。
-    你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖
-
-    but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。
-    nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。
-
-The adverb 都 is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or
-adjective. It governs only the elements /before/ it:
-
-    我們都去中國。 (All of us go to China: 都 modifies 我們.)
-    but not 都我們去中國。
-
-This is also wrong:
-
-    我都學漢語和法語。
-
-because 都 modifies 我 and not 漢語和法語. If "both Chinese and French"
-is intended in the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 should be
-placed before 都:
-
-    我漢語和法語都學。
-    or 漢語和法語都我學。
-
-
-    The verb 有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>
-    expressing possession and existence
-
-The verb 有 in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the
-English "to have" and "there is" or "there are":
-
-    她有漢語詞 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%fc>典
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e5>。
-        She has a Chinese dictionary.
-    我們學院有多 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>外
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>學生。
-        There are a lot of foreign students in our college.
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. To negate 有, one uses 沒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S> instead of 不:
-
-        我有哥哥﹐我沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>有
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>姐
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9j>姐
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9j>。
-            I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.
-
- 2. Informally in a negative sentence, 有 can sometimes be omitted:
-
-        我朋友沒(有)書﹐也沒(有)筆
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%a7>。
-            My friend does not have books, nor pens.
-        現在我們的宿舍沒(有)人。
-            There is no one in our dorm now.
-
- 3. The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 ... ?"
-
-        她有沒有妹 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9f>妹
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9f>﹖
-        呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>
-        有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>﹖
-
-    Sometimes, if the object of 有 is not long, one can use the form
-    "... 有 + object + 沒有 ?" as well, although this form is not as
-    common as the previous one.
-
-        她有妹妹沒有﹖
-        這宿舍有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>沒有﹖
-
-
-    Prepositional construction with 在 (in, at) and 給
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%b9> (for, to)
-
-The object of 在 is often a place-word and the object of 給 is often the
-beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative verb. In Chinese,
-a prepositional construction comes /before/ the verb it modifies:
-
-    他在銀 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%c8>行
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%e6>工
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4u>作
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7@>。
-        She works in a bank.
-    but not 她工作在銀行。
-
-    我給你們介紹一下兒。
-        Let me introduce you to one another.
-    but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。
-
-To form a negative sentence, 不 is placed /before/ the prepositional
-construction:
-
-    他不在銀行工作。
-    我不給你們介紹。
-        I am not going to introduce you.
-
-Adverbs such as 常, 都, 也 are also placed /before/ the prepositional
-construction:
-
-    我們都在 City Lit 學院學習漢語。
-        We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
-    你常給你媽媽信 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abH>嗎﹖
-        Do you often write to your mother?
-    我爸爸也常給我寫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcg>信
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abH>。
-        My dad also often writes to me.
-
-
-    Word usage: 想 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7Q>
-
-The word 想 in Chinese carries various meanings:
-
- 1. 想 + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something:
-
-        丁 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4B>雲
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%b3>很想
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7Q>家
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>。
-            Ding Yun misses her family very much.
-        我很想我的爸爸媽媽。
-            I miss my parents very much.
-        你不想你的男 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8k>朋
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd>嗎﹖
-            Don't you miss your boyfriend?
-        你想不想她﹖
-            Do you miss her?
-
- 2. 想 + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
-
-        A: 你想去商店嗎﹖
-            Do you want to go to the shop?
-        B: 我不想去。
-            I don't want to go.
-
-        A: 你想不想學法語﹖
-            Do you want to study French?
-        B: 我也想學法語。
-            I also want to study French.
-
- 3. 想 + clause = to think/suppose something:
-
-        我想她是中國人。
-            I think she is Chinese.
-        我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。
-            I think her parents are both doctors.
-
-    N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 in this capacity, put the negative
-    adverb in the /subordinate clause/, not in the main clause as in
-    English:
-
-        我想她/不是/中國人。
-            I don't think she is Chinese.
-        but not 我不想她是中國人。
-
-N.B. 想 as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form /only/
-in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.
-
-
-    Word usage: 告 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7i>訴
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6D>
-
-告訴 means "to tell". In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell
-somebody something, or to tell somebody /to do/ something. The Chinese
-verb 告訴 can only be applied to the first of these patterns.
-
-    e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。
-        She told me her work.
-    我告訴媽媽你是我的好 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>朋
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd>。
-        I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
-    but not 我告訴他給我寫信。
-        I told him to write to me.
-
-Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我, 媽媽) of 告訴
-in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a
-clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it
-uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a
-verb-phrase for its direct object. In this case, we should use 叫 or 請
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d0> in place of 告訴 to make
-a correct sentence:
-
-    我請他給我寫信。
-        I asked him to write to me.
-
-
-    The Numbers in Chinese
-
-For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
-
-    ○ (or 零 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9s>), 一, 二, 三,
-    四, 五, 六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>, 七
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>, 八
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>, 九
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>, 十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>
-
-Further on, they are:
-
-    十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> = 11, 十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> = 12, 十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>九
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E> = 19
-    二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> = 20, 二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> = 21, 二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>八
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K> = 28
-    三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> = 30, 四
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> = 40, 九
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> = 90, 九十九 = 99
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca> = 100
-    一百零一 = 101, 一百十 = 110, 一百十一 = 111
-    三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>七
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C> = 327, 九百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>零九 = 909
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d> = 1000
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9s>一 = 1001, 五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零四十 = 5040, 八
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>七
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad> = 8725
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>萬
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U> = 10,000
-    四萬 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U>零八百零一 = 40,801
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>億
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f5> = 100,000,000
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. Numbers like 15 are written e.g. 十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>, not 一十五.
-
- 2. A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101
-    is 一百零一, and 3020 is 三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-    /zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零二
-    十. Notice the last zero in 3020 is /not/ pronounced because it is
-    not between two other digits.
-
-    If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero
-    digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一. However, if
-    the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched, as in
-    40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. Measure words
-
-    In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
-    pronouns such as 這 or 那, or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 or
-    幾 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4X>, a specific measure
-    word should be placed between the noun and its modifier(s):
-
-        三本 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bb>書, 十五個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>學生, 那
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>老師, 哪
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>圖
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%cf>書
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>館
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0]>, 幾本詞典
-
- 2. 幾 and 多 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>少
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d6>
-
-    Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much". Whereas
-    幾 should be used with a measure word, 多少 can be used either with
-    or without a measure word for the noun it modifies.
-
-        你有幾本詞典﹖
-        你有多少(本)詞典﹖
-
-    The measure word 本 is a must for the first sentence, but only
-    optional in the second.
-
-    Also, when 幾 is used, the expected answer is usually under 10,
-    whereas 多少 can be used whether one expects a large or small answer.
-
-        你們大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>學
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>有多少學生﹖
-        你家 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>有幾
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4X>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人﹖
-
- 3. Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
-
-    As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
-    object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
-
-        王 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%fd>老師教
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%d0>我們語
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>法
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aak>。
-
-    In this sentence, 教 is a verb that takes 我們 as the indirect
-    object and 法語 as the direct object. Generally the indirect goes
-    before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same way
-    include 還, 告訴 and 問 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd>.
-
-    Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say
-    他買我一本書 (He bought me a book), or 她寫
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcg>我一封
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%ca>信 (She wrote me a
-    letter). The correct way of saying these would be to use 給, as in
-    他給我買一本書 and 她給我寫一封信.
-
- 4. Adjectives as modifiers
-
-    When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the
-    noun as in English:
-
-        新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>書
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>
-            new book
-        好朋友
-            good friend
-
-    However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
-    syllables, the particle 的 is usually inserted between the modifier
-    and the noun it modifies:
-
-        很新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>的書
-            very new book
-        很好的朋友
-            very good friend
-
-
-    Word usage: 也 and 還
-
-也 is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement. Hence the
-relationship between the statement introduced by 也 and the previous one
-is a /parallel/ relationship. 還, on the other hand, introduces an
-/additional/ element to the previous statement.
-
-    e.g. 你有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>個問
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd>題
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3D>﹐我也有一個問題。
-        You have a question; I also have a question. The two are
-        parallel here.
-    我還有一個問題。
-        I have already had some questions, but I still have one more.
-        This is /in addition to/ the previous ones.
-
-Under certain circumstances, 也 and 還 are interchangeable, but with
-different emphasis:
-
-    王老師教我們漢 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba~>字
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6r>和語法﹐他還教我們口
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4f>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。
-    王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。
-
-Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang
-teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
-conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses
-the fact that Wang teaches conversation /in addition to/ the other
-subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three
-subjects he teaches without prioritization.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 的 construction
-
-    A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
-    adjective) with the word 的 can function as a noun or noun-phrase in
-    a sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear:
-
-        這條 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%f8>裙
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%c8>子
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>是我姐姐的。
-            This skirt is my sister's. Noun + 的)
-        哪本詞典是你的﹖
-            Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + 的
-        你爸爸的車是白 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%d5>的嗎﹖
-            Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + 的 
-        你喝的是什麼茶﹖
-            What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + 的
-
-    These constructions normally involve the verb 是 (or 不是).
-
- 2. Usage of 從 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1q>
-
-    從 + place word + 去 = to go from; 從 + place word + 來 = to come from.
-
-        e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖
-            Where did you come from?
-        我從圖書館來。
-            I came from the library.
-        我們晚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>上
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>從我家去劇
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc@>場
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f5>。
-            We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.
-
- 3. Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 / 那兒 = over here/there at ...'s place
-
-    When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 or 那兒, they function as a
-    place word or expression. Since one cannot say 我去她 (I went to
-    her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 (I went to her place), because
-    她那兒 is now regarded as a place expression. Similarly one cannot
-    say 你的裙子在我 (Your skirt is with me), but one can say 你的裙子在
-    我這兒 (Your skirt is with me). More examples:
-
-        你的書在他那兒。
-            Your book is at his place.
-        我們都去姐姐那兒。
-            We all went to my sister's place.
-        老師來我這兒找 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%e4>她。
-            The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.
-
-    As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
-    use 那兒; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker
-    himself or herself, use 這兒.
-
- 4. 太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3> + adjective + 了
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F>
-
-    This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
-    used between 太 and 了:
-
-        太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3>忙
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3>了﹗
-            Too busy!
-        太大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>了﹗
-            Too big!
-
-    The expression 太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3>好
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>了
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F>﹗, however, has a
-    positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or admiration.
-
-
-    Word study: 二 vs. 兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>
-
-These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
-
- 1. When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩:
-
-        兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人, 兩本書, 增
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcW>加
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5[>了兩倍
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%bf>, 去了兩
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>次
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b8> 
-
- 2. 二 should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is
-    followed by a measure word:
-
-        二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>, 一百零二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>次
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b8>, 十二個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>, 五千八百六
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>十
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二元
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b8> 
-
-    There are some more restrictions, though:
-
-     1. Only 二 can be used before the character 十; before the
-        character 百, 二 is usually employed but 兩 may also be used:
-
-            二十, 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>百
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二十五, 二百五
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>十
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>元 or 兩
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>百
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>五十元 
-
-     2. For numbers like 千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-        /zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>, 萬 or 億
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f5>, 兩 is used more
-        often than 二:
-
-            兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>千
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>元 (also 二千
-            元), 兩萬三千八, 兩億人
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>口
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4f> 
-
-     3. If the number is greater than 百, 千, 萬, /i.e./ if there are
-        more digits before 百, 千 or 萬, then put 二 instead of 兩 in
-        front:
-
-            四億二千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>萬
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U>, 三
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>萬
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U>二千人, 五千二百元 
-
-
-    Time
-
-The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
-
-    A: 現在幾點 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>﹖
-    B: 現在...
-    兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>	2:00
-    十點半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b> (or 十點三十分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0>)	10:30
-    三點一刻 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e8> (or 三點十
-    五分)	3:15
-    十二點三刻 (or 十二點四十五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0>)	12:45
-    兩點差 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aet>五分 (or 差五分
-    兩點)	1:55
-    五點二十分	5:20
-    六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>零五分	6:05
-    七 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>三
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>分	7:35
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零, as in
-    三點零八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> (3:08) or 十二點零三
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> (12:03).
-
- 2. When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 is optional:
-
-        七點十五 or 七點十五分
-
- 3. "This morning" is 今 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b5>
-    天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>上
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>午
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8>, not for example 這
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>個
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>上午; "every
-    afternoon" is 每 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>天
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>下
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>午
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8>, not 每
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>下午.
-
-
-    Placement of time-words
-
-A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject
-or at the beginning of a sentence:
-
-    我們十點半上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>中
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>文
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e5>課
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2>
-    十點半我們上中文課
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. A time-word does not take a preposition:
-
-        我三點下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>課
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2>
-        but not 我在三點下課
-
- 2. A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
-
-        她晚上來
-            She came in the evening.
-        or 晚上她來
-        but not 她來晚上
-
- 3. If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
-    smaller:
-
-        今天晚上八點
-            at 8 o'clock this evening
-
- 4. If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
-    goes first:
-
-        我晚上八點在圖書館等 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5
-        %a5>你
-        你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖
-        明 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%fa>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>你幾點在哪兒上
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>課
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2>﹖
-            When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?
-
- 5. Time-word + 的 + noun (time-words modifying nouns)
-
-        A: 你想看幾點的電 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>影
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcv>﹖
-            What show do you want to see? /literally/ What time's film
-            do you want to see?
-        B: 我想看中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>午
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8>十二點半的(電影)。
-            I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.
-
-        A: 這是今天的報 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8>嗎﹖
-            Is this today's paper?
-        B: 不是今天的報﹐是昨 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-        /zi.cgi?b5=%acQ>天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-        %d1>的。
-            It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.
-
-
-    The use of the time-words 以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>前
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe> and 以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1>
-
-When used by itself, 以前 means "previously" or "before" and 以後 means
-"later", "afterwards" or "in the future":
-
-    我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。
-        I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
-    你以前在哪兒工作﹖
-        Where did you work before?
-    以前我不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>住
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>宿舍﹐現在住
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>宿
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1J>舍
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%d9>。
-        I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.
-
-When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 means
-"before..." and 以後 means "after...":
-
-    十點以前我不回 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6^>家
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>。
-        I won't go home before 10.
-    回家以前我在閱 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%5c>覽
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%fd>室
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c7>看書。
-        I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
-    來美 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%fc>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1>他在這兒工作。
-        He has been working here after he came to America.
-    十點半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b>以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後你在宿舍作
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7@>什麼﹖
-        What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?
-
-N.B. When 以前 or 以後 is used together with a time-word or verb phrase
-to mean "before" or "after", the word order is exactly the opposite of
-the English equivalent:
-
-    四點以前
-        before 4 o'clock
-    下課以前
-        before the class is over
-    明天晚上以後
-        after tomorrow evening (or night)
-    回 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6^>宿舍以後
-        after returning to the dormitory
-
-
-    A 跟 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f2> B (一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>起
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0_>) + verb/verb-phrase
-
-跟 as a preposition means "with", and 一起 means "together". This
-pattern is used to indicate that A and B do something together. Here 跟
-can be replaced with 和 without changing the meaning; and the phrase 一
-起 is optional.
-
-    e.g. 我跟 (or 和) 她去看電影。
-        I go to see a film with her.
-    我跟她一起去看電影。
-        She and I go to see a film together.)
-    晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖
-        With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?
-
-    A: 晚上你有事 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c6>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>嗎﹖跟我一起去看京
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca>劇
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc@>﹐好嗎﹖
-        Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
-        opera!
-    B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。
-        I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.
-
-N.B. This pattern of A 跟 B (一起) is always placed /before/ the main
-verb in the sentence. Hence the following sentence, with English word
-order, is wrong:
-
-    我想去跟我男朋友一起。
-        I want to go together with my boyfriend.
-
-
-    Alternative Questions using 還
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%d9>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>
-
-In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 to connect
-two choices, which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or
-clauses:
-
-    你喜 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%df>歡
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>紅
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%f5>茶
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9>還是綠
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba%f1>茶
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9>﹖ (nouns)
-    這本書是你的還是她的﹖ (noun phrases)
-    下午你來還是不來﹖ (verbs)
-    你要 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn>聽
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5%a5>古
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5j>典
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e5>音
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5>樂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>還是聽現
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2{>代
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5N>音
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5>樂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>﹖ (verb phrases)
-    今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ (clauses)
-
-Note:
-
- 1. the two items connected by 還是 are normally parallel in structure; and
-
- 2. as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
-    interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 at the end. 
-
-
-    Pivotal Sentences with 請, 讓
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5%fd>, 叫
-
-In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal sentence is
-one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the
-subject of the following verb. This object therefore functions as a
-pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence.
-
-The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause
-something to happen) such as 請, 讓 or 叫. All three carry the meaning
-of asking somebody to do something. Of the three, 請 is the most polite;
-讓 is less so, and 叫 is the least polite. So watch out for the
-occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe:
-
-    學生請王老師介紹中國音 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
-    %b5>樂 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>。
-        The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
-    老師讓學生每天寫漢字。
-        The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
-    爸爸叫孩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c4>子
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>學中文。
-        Dad asked his child to study Chinese.
-
-Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the
-Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of
-politeness.
-
-Note:
-
- 1. Besides the use of 請 above (meaning "to ask someone to do
-    something"), 請 can also be used to mean "to invite":
-
-        我們請他來吃 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>晚
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>飯
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba>。
-            We invited him to dinner.
-        你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖
-            Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?
-
- 2. To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 /before the
-    first verb/:
-
-        我的大夫不讓我喝酒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0s>。
-            My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.
-        他們不叫我去看電影。
-            They did not invite me to go to the pictures.
-
-
-    Word usage: 別 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7O> and 不
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>要
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn>
-
-別 and 不要 both mean "do not". They can be used in negative
-/imperative/ sentences with or without a subject. They are placed
-between the subject (if present) and the verb or adjective:
-
-    (你) 別 (or 不要) 告訴他﹗
-    別喝酒﹗ 別去那兒﹗
-    不要吸 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7l>煙
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7%cf>﹗ 下午不要去﹗
-
-Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
-sentences. It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他走
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ab>. One can say instead 爸爸
-不請他走.
-
-
-    Expressions for the date, week, month and year
-
- 1. 年 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>, year
-     1. 去 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> = last year; 今
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b5>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> = this year; 明
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%fa>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> = next year
-
-     2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>七
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>年, 一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>八
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>, ...
-
-     3. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> = one year; 兩年 =
-        two years (not 二年); 三
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> = three years
-        每 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> = every year; 五
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>半 = five-and-a-half
-        years
-
- 2. 月 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>, month
-     1. 上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>= last month; 這
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> = this month; 下
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> = next month
-
-     2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> = January; 二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> = February (not
-        兩月); ... 二十月 = December
-
- 3. 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>, week
-     1. 上 (個) 星期 = last week; 這 (個) 星期 = this week; 下
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U> (個) 星期 = next week
-
-     2. 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> = Monday; 星
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> = Tuesday; ... 星
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>六
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb> = Saturday; 星
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>日
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9> or 星
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> = Sunday
-
-     3. 一 (個) 星期 = one week; 兩 (個) 星期 = two weeks (not 二 (個)
-        星期); 三 (個) 星期 = three weeks; 四
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>半星期 =
-        four-and-a-half weeks; ... 每 (個) 星期 = every week
-
- 4. 日 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9> / 號 / 天
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> date
-
-    Use 日 or 號 for a /specific/ date. Usually 日 is used in written
-    and formal language and 號 is used in conversation. The word 天
-    should be used in /counting/ the number of days:
-
-     1. 作天 = yesterday; 今天 = today; 明天 = tomorrow
-
-     2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>號
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9>; 二號 (not 兩號);
-        ... 三十一號
-        四 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>六
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>號
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9>; 十
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>二十五日; ...
-
-     3. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> = one day; 兩天 =
-        two days (not 二天); ... 半
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> = half a day; 每
-        天 = every day
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
-    calendar date comes before the day of the week:
-
-        一九九六年十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>二十五號星期一
-        一七八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>年七
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>十
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>四
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>日
-
- 2. Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month:
-
-        今年五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>
-            the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
-        去年八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>
-            the August of last year
-        明年二月
-            the February of next year
-
-        這 (個) 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>五
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>
-            the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
-        上 (個) 星期一
-            the Monday of last week
-        下 (個) 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>四
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>
-            the Thursday of next week
-
-    Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as
-    這個星期一, if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore
-    referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days,
-    and for months.
-
-
-    Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun
-
-Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a
-modified to form a relative clause:
-
- 1. Unlike in English, all modifiers go /before/ the element they modify
-    in Chinese:
-
-        他喝的水 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f4>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>很
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>乾
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ae>淨
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2b>
-        這是我朋友送 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0e>我的禮
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2%a7>物
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ab>
-
- 2. The word 的 has to be inserted between the modifier and the element
-    it modifies:
-
-        我下午看的電影很有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6
-        %b3>意 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7N>思
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e4>。
-            The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
-        給你開 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>門
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%f9>的那個人是我妹妹。
-            The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
-        跟他跳 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f5>舞
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbR>的姑
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9h>娘
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aeQ>是我的同
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6P>學
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>。
-            The girl who danced with him was my classmate.
-
-
-    Other grammar notes
-
- 1. Sentences with an adjectival predicate
-
-    The verb 是 is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence
-    where the main element of the predicate is an adjective:
-
-        我們今天很高 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%aa>興
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%b3>。
-        她的絲 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%b7>線
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bdu>衫
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adm>太小
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4p>。
-        那個服 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaA>務
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%c8>員
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fb>非
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abD>常
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>輕
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%b4>。
-
-    In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
-    preceded by adverbs such as 真
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%afu>, 太, 非常 or 更
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%f3>, it is usually
-    qualified by the adverb 很. In such cases, 很 does not really mean
-    "very"; 他很忙 and 他忙 mean virtually the same.
-
-    Also, adverbs such as 很, 常, 也, 非常, 太 or 更 /cannot/ be used in
-    affirmative-negative sentences of this type:
-
-        你高興不高興﹖ but not 你很高興不很高興﹖
-        她年輕不年輕﹖ but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖
-        你去不去﹖ but not 你也去不去﹖
-
- 2. 祝 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%ac>你 vs 祝
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%ac>賀
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6P>你
-
-    In general, 祝你 is used to extend well-wishes /in advance/ whereas
-    祝賀你 is used to congratulate someone on something /already
-    accomplished/:
-
-        祝你生 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%cd>日
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9>好﹗ (One can say
-        this on the day, or in advance.)
-        祝賀你﹗ (Say this only when something has already been
-        accomplished.)
-
- 3. Reduplication of verbs
-
-    To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften
-    the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can
-    be repeated:
-
-        我給你們介紹介紹。 (Notice the pattern is ABAB, not AABB.)
-        你們想去看看她嗎﹖
-        讓我想想。
-
-    In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 can be inserted:
-
-        讓我想一想。
-        我們都想看一看她。
-
-    Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒
-    after the verb:
-
-        用一下兒 = 用用 = 用一用
-        看一下兒 = 看看 = 看一看
-        介紹一下兒 = 介紹介紹
-
-
-    Position words
-
-Words such as 上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>邊
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>, 左
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%aa>邊
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>, 前
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe>邊
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>, 中
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>間
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a1>, 對
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%ef>面
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b1> are position words. Some
-of the basic syllables are:
-
- 	上 - up	 
-左 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%aa> - left 	中
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4> - middle	 右
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5k> - right
- 	下 - down	 
- 
-前 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe> - front	 	 裡
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%cc> - in
-後 - back	 	 外 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~> - out
-
-Usually, add 邊 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> to make
-"on the left", "above", "outside" etc.
-
-Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:
-
- 1. Noun (+ 的) + position word:
-
-        車(的)外 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~>邊
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>
-            outside the car
-        房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>子
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>(的)後
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1>邊
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>
-            behind the house
-        桌 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%e0>子
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>(的)對面
-            opposite the table 
-
- 2. Position word + 的 + noun (here the 的 is /mandatory/).
-
-        外邊的車
-            the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
-        後邊的房子
-            the house behind (the house which is behind)
-        對面的桌子
-            the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the
-            way) 
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. When 上邊, 下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>邊
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>, 裡邊 and 外邊 are
-    modified by other nouns, the character 邊 can be omitted:
-
-        房子(的)裡(邊)
-            inside the house
-        桌子(的)上(邊)
-            on the table
-        教 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%d0>室
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c7>(的)外(邊)
-            outside the classroom
-
- 2. Do /not/ use 裡邊 in the following two cases:
-
-     1. After geographical names such as 中國, 北
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5_>京
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca> etc:
-
-            她在北京學習漢語。
-                She studies Chinese in Beijing.
-            but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。
-
-            美國有很 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>多
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>大學。
-                There are many universities in America.
-            but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。
-
-     2. In a phrase of the form "在 + place, building or organisation":
-
-            我在銀行工作。
-                I work in a bank.
-            but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。
-
-            他們在閱覽室看書。
-                They are reading books in the reading-room.
-            but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。
-
-
-    Patterns for Location
-
-There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在, 有
-and 是 respectively and with different meanings:
-
- 1. To show that there is something in a certain place: 有
-
-    Position word + 有 + indefinite noun:
-
-        後邊有什麼﹖
-            What is behind?
-        後邊有一個車房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>。
-            There is a garage behind.
-        我們家對面有一個公 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-        %bd>園 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%e9>。
-            Across from our home, there is a park. 
-
- 2. To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在
-
-    Definite noun + 在 + position word:
-
-        花 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%e1>園
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%e9>在哪兒﹖
-            Where is the garden?
-        花園在我們家後邊。
-            The garden is behind our house.
-        花園在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>車
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>房 (的) 右
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5k>邊
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>。
-            The garden is to the right of the garage. 
-
- 3. To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是
-
-    Position word + 是 + definite/indefinite noun:
-
-        你們家後邊是什麼﹖
-            What's behind your house?
-        我們家後邊是一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>花園。
-            Behind our house is a garden.
-        他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。
-            In front of their house is the college library. 
-
-
-    Progressive aspect of an action
-
-To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the
-following patterns:
-
-    她在休 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%f0>息
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%a7>。
-        She is resting.
-    她正 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bf>休息。
-    她正 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bf>在
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>休息。
-
-    她休息呢。
-    她在休息呢。
-    她正休息呢。
-    她正在休息呢。
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted.
-
- 2. The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but
-    also to past and future actions:
-
-        她現在正在休息。
-            She is resting now. /present progressive/
-        我去的 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba>時
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%c9>候
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d4>﹐她正在休息。
-            When I went there, she was resting. /past progressive/
-        我明天去看她的時候﹐她一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>定
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>正在休息。
-            When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting.
-            /future progressive/ 
-
- 3. As shown above, either 在, 正 or 正在 can be placed before a verb to
-    indicate the progressive aspect of an action.
-
- 4. Alternatively, 呢 can be placed at the end of the sentence to
-    perform the same function. Sometimes 呢 can be used together with
-    在, 正 or 正在.
-
- 5. The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有,
-    not 不, before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 alone if it
-    is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer. Otherwise the
-    full form of 沒有 must be used:
-
-        她沒(有)休息﹐她在看報。
-        她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。(or simply 沒有)
-
- 6. If both the 在 of the progressive aspect and the 在 of location
-    exist in a sentence, only one should be used:
-
-        她正在房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>間
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a1>里
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%bd>休息。
-        but not 她正在在房間里休息。
-
-
-    Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers
-
-An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as
-我給她打 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%b4>電
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>話
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%dc>, 他今天買, 我們去北京參
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d1>觀
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c6[> can be used as a modifier
-for a noun. When used this way, there must be a 的 inserted between the
-construction and the noun it modifies:
-
-    我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>飯
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba>。
-        When I called her, she was eating.
-    他今天買的花 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%e1>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>很漂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba}>亮
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abG>。
-        The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
-    請你們看我們去北京參觀的照
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7%d3>片
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f9>。
-        Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
-    這是誰給你寫的信﹖
-        Who wrote this letter to you? 
-
-The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the
-的, which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.
-
-
-    Word usage: 參觀 vs. 訪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3X>
-    問 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd>
-
-Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English. However, while 參
-觀 implies 觀 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c6[> (to see), 訪
-問 stresses 問 (to ask). Hence 參觀 really implies observation while
-visiting and 訪問 means to visit people with specific purpose such as
-interviews. 參觀 can be followed by places but not people; whereas 訪問
-can take either, but most commonly people.
-
-    參觀/訪問學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>校
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d5>
-    訪問他/這個國 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>家
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>的總
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1`>統
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%ce>
-
-
-    Grammar Notes
-
- 1. Measure word 些 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
-
-    些 is a measure word showing indefinite quantity. It is usually used
-    after demonstrative pronouns such as 這, 那, 哪 and after the
-    numeral 一:
-
-        一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
-            some
-        這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
-            these
-        那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
-            those
-        哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
-            which (plural)
-
-    Don't attempt to mix 些 with definite measures. It is wrong to say
-    這些三本詞典 (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這三本詞典.
-
- 2. 是 . . . 的 construction
-
-    Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
-    adjectives:
-
-        這本書是中文的。= 這本書中文的書。
-        那條裙子是妹妹的。= 那條裙子是妹妹的裙子。
-        姐姐的大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>衣
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%e7>是黑
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%c2>的。= 姐姐的大衣是
-        黑的大衣。
-
-    But the 是 . . . 的 construction can also be used with prepositional
-    phrases and even whole verbal constructions:
-
-        那些點 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>心
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%df>是給丁雲的。= 那些
-        點心是丁雲的點心。
-            Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
-        這束 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%f4>花兒是我給她
-        買的。= 這束花兒我給她買的花兒。
-            This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
-        這本書是我在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>大
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>學的圖書館借
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%c9>的。= 這本書是我在
-        大學的圖書館借的書。
-            This book is the one I borrowed from the university library. 
-
-
-    The use of the Complement of Degree
-
-
-      What is a complement?
-
-A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain or
-complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
-duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of
-an action. Complements always appear *after* the verbs they modify.
-
-We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the words
-they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because Chinese
-word order often observes the time sequence in which an action occurs.
-Notice, for example:
-
-    昨天晚上我們從書 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>店
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%b1>去電
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>影
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcv>院
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0|>。
-        Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop. 
-
-Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
-Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a verbal
-action has to take place first, before one can see its extent or result,
-the complement placed after the verb observes this time sequence.
-
-
-      The complement of degree
-
-This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
-adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle 得
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o> is used to connect the verb
-and its complement:
-
-    他學習得怎 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e7>麼
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2>樣
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%cb>﹖
-        How is he studying?
-    他學習得 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o>很
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>好。
-        He's studying very well.
-
-The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
-
- 1. Verb without object: V + 得 + adjective
-
-        你工作得 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>錯
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%f9>。
-
- 2. Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 + adjective
-
-        我妹妹唱 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%db>民
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%c1>歌
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>唱得很好。
-
- 3. Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 + adjective
-
-        他們中文學得很好。
-
-Place 不 /before the adjective/ to make the negative:
-
- 4. V + 得 + 不 + adjective
-
-        她歌 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>唱
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%db>得不好﹐ 舞
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbR>也跳
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f5>得不好。
-
-Questions are formed as follows:
-
- 1. . . . 得 adjective 不 adjective?
-
-        你開 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>車
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>開
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>得快
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%d6>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>快
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%d6>﹖
-
- 2. . . . 得怎麼樣﹖
-
-        你中文學得怎麼樣﹖
-
- 3. . . . 得 adjective 嗎﹖
-
-        你游 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%e5>泳
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaa>游
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%e5>得好嗎﹖
-
-Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as 有,
-在 or 是, since those verbs normally do not denote actions.
-
-
-    The difference between 呢 and 吧
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7a> as sentence-ending
-    particles
-
-Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end of a
-question. However, they differ in usage.
-
-
-      In questions
-
-呢 is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry. It may appear in
-questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 or 哪兒;
-affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>吃
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>不
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>吃呢﹖; or alternative
-questions with 還是, such as 吃面
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b1>包
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5]>還是火
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f5>腿
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbL>呢﹖
-
-吧, on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate
-a mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker: 在這兒
-停 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%b1>車
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>吧﹖ 你不
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>知
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%be>道
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9D>吧﹖
-
-
-      In affirmative statements
-
-呢 in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an action
-(e.g. 她學中文呢), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration
-(e.g. 晚上電影九點才 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4~>開
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>始
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9l>呢。 從這兒去要走三
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>天
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>呢。)
-
-吧 is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften the
-tone, as in 我們走吧。 你再 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6A>
-想想吧。
-
-
-    The use of optative verbs
-
-Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
-express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
-
- 1. To express /subjective wish/, /desire/ or /request/:
-
-     1. 要 + verb = to want to
-
-            我要喝橘 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%ef>子
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>水。
-
-     2. 想 + verb = would like to
-
-            你想看電影嗎﹖
-
- 2. To express /objective necessity/:
-
-     1. 要 + verb = to have to (especially in questions)
-
-            我明天要來嗎﹖
-                Do I have to come tomorrow?
-            我們要去了。
-                We have to go. 
-
-     2. 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>用
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%ce> + verb = don't
-        have to
-
-            你明天不用來。
-                You don't have to come tomorrow.
-
- 3. To express /ability/ or /skill acquired/:
-
-     1. 能 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0> + verb = can,
-        be able to
-
-            你現在能看中文報 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3
-            %f8>紙 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%c8>嗎﹖
-
-     2. 可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>以
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H> + verb = can, be
-        able to
-
-            你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖
-
-     3. 會 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|> + verb = can, be
-        able to
-
-            他們都會游泳嗎﹖
-
- 4. To express /ability depending on circumstances/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你明天能來嗎﹖
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你今天晚上可以1給他打電話嗎﹖
-
-    Note, in both cases use 不
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>能
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0> for negative sentences.
-
- 5. To express /permission/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我能在這兒停車嗎﹖
-            你不能 (or 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>
-            可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>以
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>) 在這兒停車。
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖
-            你不可以 (or 不能) 在這兒吸煙。
-
- 6. To express /possibility/ or /probability/:
-
-     1. 會 + verb = be likely to, will probably
-
-            你明天會再來嗎﹖
-            今天晚上不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>會
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>下
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>雨
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abB>。 
-
- 7. To express /need arising from moral or factual necessity/:
-
-     1. 應 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0%b3>該
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d3> + verb = should,
-        ought to
-
-            你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。
-            他們不應該翻 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2%bd>
-            譯 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%b6>那本書。
-
-Note:
-
- 1. To make a negation, put the negative word 不 or 沒有 before the
-    optative verb:
-
-        他們不想給圖書館打電話。
-
- 2. To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
-    verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
-
-        你會 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>會
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>唱中
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>民
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%c1>歌
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>﹖
-        but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖
-
- 3. It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
-
-        你是北 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5_>京
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>﹐應該會唱京劇。
-
-
-    The use of adverbs 就 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4N>
-    and 才
-
-就 and 才 are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's
-attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier
-(就) or later (才) than expected:
-
-    他們三點就來了﹐可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>你們現在才來。
-        They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
-    我們是老 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%d1>朋友﹐我們十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>年
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>前就認識了。
-        We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as
-        ten years ago.
-    她不是我的同學﹐我上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>個
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>星
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>才認識她。
-        She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago. 
-
-Compare the following sentences:
-
-    今年我們就想去中國學習。
-        (The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon
-        as this year.)
-    今年我們才想去中國學習。
-        (The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
-        they should have gone earlier.) 
-
-As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
-sentence, 就 and 才 should be placed after it; when there is an optative
-verb, on the other hand, 就 and 才 should be placed before it. Here is
-the pattern:
-
-    Time-word + 就/才 + optative verb + main verb
-    她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。
-    他們今天下午三點就能出 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5X>
-    發 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5o>﹐我們要晚上八點才
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4~>能
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0>走。
-
-
-    Word usage: 或 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%ce>者
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%cc>, 還是
-
-Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but
-they differ in usage: in general, 或者 is used in non-interrogative
-sentences to indicate a choice:
-
-    我妹妹想研 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%e3>究
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8s>音樂或者文
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e5>學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>。
-
-還是, on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
-questions:
-
-    你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖
-
-It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as 知
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%be>道
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9D>, 告訴 etc:
-
-請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖
-我不知道她是老師還是學生。
-
-In cases in which both 或者 and 還是 can appear in questions, there are
-some subtle differences in their anticipations and tones:
-
-     1. A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖
-        B: 我想去中國。
-
-     2. A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖
-        B: 我想去﹐我兩個地 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6a>
-        方 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e8>都想去。
-
-In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice
-from the answer. The two terms with 還是 are mutually exclusive. In
-dialogue 2, the question is a general one using 嗎 at the end. It does
-not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B can give a general
-answer: 我想去 -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought:
-我兩個地方都想去. The two items with 或者 in the question are therefore
-not mutually exclusive.
-
-Sometimes, however, 還是 can also be used in a non-interrogative
-sentence. For instance:
-
-    去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>時
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%c9>(??)不
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>定
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>主
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5D>意
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7N>。
-
-Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
-compelling 他 to make a choice. In contrast, 或者 in this case can only
-convey a sort of explanatory note:
-
-    你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-    /zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>定 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>要
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn>作決
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8M>定
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>。 (interrogative)
-    或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e4>他
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>選
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%ef>擇
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%dc>。 (explanatory)
-
-
-    了 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F>解
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d1>, 知道, 認識 and 懂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0%b4>
-
-The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
-
-Both 了解 and 知道 can mean "to know". However, 了解 implies some level
-of understanding and comprehension of what one knows. Therefore 了解 can
-be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道. Compare:
-
-    你了解 (or 知道) 這個學校嗎﹖
-    我不知道他是誰的孩子。(Here one can not use 了解.)
-
-認識 is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not
-others. It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability.
-
-    A: 哦 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae@>﹐我認識她﹗
-        Oh, I know her!
-    B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖
-        Where did you get to know her? 
-
-懂, on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its
-definition is not as broad as that of 了解 (to know and understand) and
-is different from that of 知道 (to know).
-
-    1. 你懂他說 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%a1>的漢語嗎﹖
-    2. 你知道他叫甚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%c6>麼
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2>名
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6W>字
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6r>嗎﹖
-    3. 你了解他嗎﹖
-
-Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him
-than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than
-sentence 1.
-
-
-    The use of the Perfect Aspect
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The aspect particle 了 is added to the end of a verb to indicate the
-completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is
-equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future
-perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place in
-the past or in the future. For instance:
-
-    A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖
-    B: 我下了課去圖書館。
-
-On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
-particle 了, if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there
-is no need to emphasise its completion:
-
-    去年他常常去書店。
-    以前我住在學生宿舍。
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 (+ object)
-        e.g. 電影開始了。 我買了兩本書。
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒(有) + verb (+ object)
-        or subject + 還沒(有) + verb (+ 呢)
-        e.g. 我沒有買書。 電影還沒開始呢。
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 (+ object) + 沒有﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is
-        usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ 她來了嗎﹖ 你們談
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%cd>沒談這個問題﹖
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence,
-    the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral +
-    measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the sentence sounds
-    incomplete:
-
-        我買了三本書。
-        我在書店里買了書。
-        but not simply 我買了書。
-
- 2. If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
-    those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 is
-    usually placed after the /last/ verb.
-
-        a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。
-        b. 他們昨天進 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6i>城
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%b0>買了一些中文詞典。
-
-    In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is
-    written by using Chinese; in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related
-    to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to
-    buy the dictionaries. Compare the above sentences with the
-    following, with a different structure:
-
-        我下了課去圖書館。
-
-    Here "class is over" (下課) and "go to the library" are unrelated.
-    They are contained in the sentence simply to indicate their
-    sequence. Hence it is wrong to say
-
-        我下課去了圖書館。
-
- 3. When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 is
-    placed /before/ the reduplicated verb:
-
-        我試 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d5>了試那條裙子
-        ﹐真漂亮﹗
-
-
-    又 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4S>, 再 and 還
-
-All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like
-the English "again". They differ in usage, however:
-
-Whereas 又 indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken
-place, 再 implies a repetition of an action in the future. Also, 再 is
-only used in /declarative/ sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎:
-
-    昨天他來晚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>了﹐今天他
-    又來晚了。
-        (repetition in the past)
-    你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6i>來
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%d3>了。
-        (repetition in the future)
-    你再喝一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>橘子水﹐好嗎﹖
-
-Also, 又 can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or
-occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place:
-
-    明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。
-    新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>年
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>又要來了。
-
-還, on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
-
-    你明天還來嗎﹖
-
-It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an
-optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb
-and an optional 再 can be placed after:
-
-    A: 你明年還能(再)教我們嗎﹖
-    B: 我明年還可以(再)教你們。
-
-
-    Use of the modal particle 了
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The modal particle 了 is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate
-that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference
-between 了 as modal particle and 了 to indicate perfect aspect is that
-the latter only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former
-shows the completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some
-/change of situation/.
-
-    他買了書了。
-
-The first 了 in the sentence above indicates only the completion of the
-action of 買書, whereas the second 了 marks some change of situation on
-the part of 他 as a result of the completion of the book-buying process:
-originally he did not have the book, but now he has.
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
-(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
-previous section.)
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb (+ object) + 了
-        e.g. 他們看足 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ac>球
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2y>賽
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%c9>了。
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒 (有) + verb (+ object)
-        e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖
-        or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb + object﹖ (here the verb is
-        usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖
-        他們看足球賽了嗎﹖
-        他們看沒看足球賽﹖
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the perfect
-    aspect 了 from the modal particle 了. In such a case, 了 can be
-    regarded as fulfilling both functions:
-
-        她來了。 我們懂了。
-
- 2. A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
-    require a 了 at the end of the sentence:
-
-        我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5X>去
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>。
-
-
-    Sequential actions
-
-To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
-other, we use the pattern
-
-    Subject + verb + 了 (以後) 就 + verb ...
-    e.g. 我們辦 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%ec>了簽
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%b1>証
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%fd>(以後)就回家。
-    明天吃了早 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ad>飯
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba>(以後)我們就出發。
-
-The above pattern can be used for /future/ actions as well. To indicate
-that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 has to be
-inserted at the end of the sentence:
-
-    我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。
-    他們早 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ad>上
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>沒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>吃
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>早飯就走了。
-
-畫	報
-
-hua4bao4
-pictorial (magazine)
-
-四
-
-si4
-four
-
-舞
-
-wu3
-to dance, to wield, to brandish
-
-選	擇
-
-xuan3ze2
-to select, to pick, to choose, to make a choice
-
-不	是
-
-bu2shi4
-(n) blame or fault
-
-游	泳
-
-you2yong3
-swim
-
-北	京
-
-bei3jing1
-Beijing (capital of mainland China)
-
-差
-
-cha1 / cha4 / chai1 / ci1
-difference, error, discrepancy, to differ, to err, to make a mistake, to
-lack / different, short of, poor, to lack / send, a messenger, a
-mission, to commission / uneven
-
-面
-
-mian4
-fade, side, surface, aspect, top, face, flour, noodles
-
-以	前
-
-yi3qian2
-before, formerly, previous
-
-乾	淨
-
-gan1jing4
-clean, neat
-
-八	年
-
-ba1nian2
-eight years
-
-十
-
-shi2
-ten
-
-八	千
-
-ba1qian1
-eight thousand, 8000
-
-云
-
-yun2
-say
-
-在
-
-zai4
-(located) at, in, exist
-
-新	書
-
-xin1shu1
-new book
-
-民	歌
-
-min2ge1
-folk song
-
-怎	麼	樣
-
-zen3me5yang4
-how about, (used in the negative)(not) so good
-
-左
-
-zuo3
-left
-
-閱	覽	室
-
-yue4lan3shi4
-reading room
-
-禮	物
-
-li3wu4
-gift, present
-
-公	園
-
-gong1yuan2
-a public park
-
-語	法
-
-yu3fa3
-grammar
-
-舍
-
-she3 / she4
-to abandon, to give up / residence
-
-點	心
-
-dian3xin1
-light refreshments, pastry
-
-去	年
-
-qu4nian2
-last year
-
-吃	飯
-
-chi1fan4
-to eat a meal
-
-不	快
-
-bu4kuai4
-be unhappy, be displeased, be in low spirits, be indisposed, feel under
-the weather, be out of sorts
-
-走
-
-zou3
-to walk, to go, to move
-
-在	車
-
-zai4che1
-aboard
-
-太	忙
-
-tai4mang2
-too busy
-
-不	可
-
-bu4ke3
-cannot, should not, must not
-
-和
-
-he2 / he4 / huo2 / huo4
-and, together with, with, peace, harmony, union / cap (a poem), respond
-in singing / soft, warm / mix together, to blend
-
-課
-
-ke4 / ke4
-subject, class, lesson / class, lesson
-
-正
-
-zheng1 / zheng4
-Chinese 1st month of year / just (right), main, upright, straight,
-correct, principle
-
-黑
-
-hei1
-black, dark
-
-決	定
-
-jue2ding4
-to decide (to do something), to determine, to resolve
-
-每	年
-
-mei3nian2
-every year, each year, yearly
-
-姐	姐
-
-jie3jie5
-older sister
-
-嗎
-
-ma3 / ma5
-morphine / (question tag)
-
-古	波
-
-gu3bo1
-Gubo (a personal name)
-
-月
-
-yue4
-moon, month
-
-休	息
-
-xiu1xi5
-rest, to rest
-
-不	很
-
-bu4hen3
-not very
-
-半	天
-
-ban4tian1
-half of the day, a long time, quite a while
-
-更
-
-geng1 / geng4
-to change / more, even more, further, still, still more
-
-星	期	一
-
-xing1qi1yi1
-Monday
-
-﹖
-
-﹖
-
-看
-
-kan1 / kan4
-to look after, to take care of, to watch, to guard / it depends, think,
-to see, to look at
-
-有	意	思
-
-you3yi4si5
-interesting
-
-幾	個
-
-ji3ge5
-several
-
-圖	書	館
-
-tu2shu1guan3
-library
-
-四	個
-
-si4ge4xiao3shi2
-four hours
-
-歌
-
-ge1
-song
-
-用
-
-yong4
-to use
-
-十	月
-
-shi2yue4
-October
-
-學	習
-
-xue2xi2
-to learn, to study
-
-跳
-
-tiao4
-jump, hop, skip (a grade), to leap, to bounce, to beat
-
-現	在
-
-xian4zai4
-modern, current, present, at present, now, nowadays
-
-是	不	是
-
-shi4bu4shi4
-is or isnt, yes or no, whether or not
-
-總	統
-
-zong3tong3
-president (of a country)
-
-知	道
-
-zhi1dao5
-know, be aware of
-
-裡
-
-li3
-li, a Chinese unit of length = 1, 2 kilometer, village, within, inside
-
-工	作
-
-gong1zuo4
-job, work, construction, work, task
-
-一	九	九	七
-
-yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
-the year 1997
-
-封
-
-feng1
-to confer, to grant, to seal, (a measure word)
-
-個	人
-
-ge4ren2
-individual, personal, oneself
-
-花	兒
-
-huar1
-flower
-
-一	點	兒
-
-yi1dianr3
-a bit, a little
-
-中	午
-
-zhong1wu3
-noon, midday
-
-錯
-
-cuo4
-mistake, error, blunder, fault, cross, uneven, wrong
-
-去
-
-qu4
-to go, to leave, to remove
-
-晚	上
-
-wan3shang5
-in the evening
-
-才
-
-cai2
-ability, talent, endowment, gift, an expert, only (then), only if, just
-
-習
-
-xi2
-to practice, to study, habit
-
-你	好
-
-ni3hao3
-hello, how are you
-
-人
-
-ren2
-man, person, people
-
-應	該
-
-ying1gai1
-ought to, should, must
-
-有	人
-
-you3ren2qing2
-humane
-
-美	國
-
-mei3guo2
-America, American, United States, USA
-
-上	邊
-
-shang4bian5
-upside
-
-中	國	民
-
-zhong1guo2min2hang2
-General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC)
-
-水
-
-shui3
-water, river
-
-賽
-
-sai4
-to compete, competition, match
-
-火	腿
-
-huo3tui3
-ham
-
-道
-
-dao4
-direction, way, method, road, path, principle, truth, reason, skill,
-method, Tao (of Taoism), a measure word, to say, to speak, to talk
-
-祝
-
-zhu4
-invoke, pray to, wish, to express good wishes
-
-一	年
-
-yi1nian2ban4
-a year and a half
-
-翻	譯
-
-fan1yi4
-translate
-
-書
-
-shu1
-book, letter
-
-其	他
-
-qi2ta1
-other, else
-
-爸	爸
-
-ba4ba5
-(informal) father
-
-懂
-
-dong3
-to understand, to know
-
-線
-
-xian4
-thread, string, wire, line
-
-好	吃
-
-hao3chi1
-tasty, delicious
-
-得	不
-
-de2bu4dao4
-cannot get, cannot obtain
-
-倍
-
-bei4
-(two, three, etc) -fold, times (multiplier), double, to increase or multiply
-
-一	號
-
-yi1hao4
-first day of the month
-
-兩	千
-
-liang3qian1
-two thousand
-
-四	月
-
-si4yue4
-April, fourth month
-
-停	車
-
-ting2che1
-to stop, to park
-
-要
-
-yao1 / yao4
-demand, ask, request, coerce / important, vital, to want, to be going
-to, must
-
-漂	亮
-
-piao4liang5
-pretty, beautiful
-
-明	天
-
-ming2tian1
-tomorrow
-
-前	邊
-
-qian2bian1
-(n) the area in front of sth
-
-七	月
-
-qi1yue4
-July, seventh month
-
-五	分
-
-wu3fen1mei3jin1
-nickel
-
-宿	舍
-
-su4she4
-dormitory, living quarters
-
-多	少
-
-duo1shao3
-how much, how many, which (number)
-
-那
-
-na3 / na4 / nei4
-how, which / that, those / that, those
-
-兩	百
-
-liang3bai3
-two hundred
-
-上	個	星	期
-
-shang4ge4xing1qi1
-last week
-
-忙
-
-mang2
-busy
-
-那	個
-
-nei4ge4
-that one
-
-一	定
-
-yi1ding4
-surely, certainly, necessarily, fixed, a certain (extent, etc.), given,
-particular
-
-弟	弟
-
-di4di5
-younger brother
-
-兩	個
-
-liang3ge4zhong1guo2
-two-China (policy)
-
-美	國	以
-
-mei3guo2yi3wai4
-outside of the U.S.
-
-中	文
-
-zhong1wen2
-Chinese language
-
-八
-
-ba1
-eight, 8
-
-贏
-
-ying2
-to beat, to win, to profit
-
-法	語
-
-fa3yu3
-French (language)
-
-兩
-
-liang3
-both, two, ounce, some, a few, tael
-
-叫
-
-jiao4
-to (be) call(ed)
-
-跳	舞
-
-tiao4wu3
-to dance
-
-一	百
-
-yi1bai3
-a hundred
-
-好
-
-hao3 / hao4
-good, well / be fond of
-
-六	十
-
-liu4shi2
-sixty, 60
-
-八	月
-
-ba1yue4
-eighth month, August
-
-這	些
-
-zhe4xie5
-these
-
-別
-
-bie2 / bie4
-leave, depart, separate, distinguish, classify, other, another, do not,
-must not, to pin / contrary, difficult, awkward
-
-二	百
-
-er4bai3
-two hundred, 200
-
-包
-
-bao1
-to cover, to wrap, to hold, to include, to take charge of, package,
-wrapper, container, bag, to hold or embrace, bundle, packet, to contract
-(to or for)
-
-寫	信
-
-xie3xin4
-to write a letter
-
-貴	姓
-
-gui4xing4
-what is your name?
-
-多
-
-duo1
-many, much, a lot of, numerous, multi-
-
-不	住
-
-bu2zhu4
-repeatedly, continuously, constantly
-
-唱
-
-chang4
-sing, to call loudly, to chant
-
-很	多
-
-hen3duo1
-very many, very much, great (quantity)
-
-下	雨
-
-xia4yu3
-rainy
-
-不	定
-
-bu4ding4
-indefinite, adventitious, indeterminate
-
-報	紙
-
-bao4zhi3
-newspaper, newsprint
-
-出	發
-
-chu1fa1
-to start out, to set off
-
-沒	有
-
-mei2you3
-havent, hasnt, doesnt exist, to not have, to not be
-
-零
-
-ling2
-remnant, zero
-
-研	究
-
-yan2jiu1
-research
-
-吃
-
-chi1 / ji2
-eat, eradicate, destroy, receive / stammer
-
-電	影	院
-
-dian4ying3yuan4
-cinema, movie theater
-
-哪
-
-na3 / na5 / nei3 / nei3
-how, which / (final part. preceded by N) / which (followed by M or Num)
-/ which (followed by M or Num)
-
-些
-
-xie1
-some, few, several, (a measure word)
-
-下	個	月
-
-xia4ge4yue4
-next month
-
-大	學
-
-da4xue2
-university
-
-這	兒
-
-zher4
-here
-
-打	電	話
-
-da3dian4hua4
-to make a telephone call
-
-還	是
-
-hai2shi4
-or, still, nevertheless
-
-橘	子
-
-ju2zi5
-orange
-
-哪	個
-
-na3ge5
-which, who
-
-你	們
-
-ni3men5
-you (plural)
-
-每	天
-
-mei3tian1
-every day, everyday
-
-今	年
-
-jin1nian2
-this year
-
-訪	問
-
-fang3wen4
-pay a visit (to), to access, to interview
-
-同	學
-
-tong2xue2
-(fellow) classmate
-
-商	店
-
-shang1dian4
-store, shop
-
-邊
-
-bian1
-side, edge, margin, border, boundary
-
-太	好	了
-
-tai4hao3le5
-very good
-
-姑	娘
-
-gu1niang5
-girl
-
-十	一
-
-shi2yi1
-eleven
-
-三	天
-
-san1tian1
-three days
-
-信
-
-xin4
-letter, true, to believe, sign, evidence
-
-不	在
-
-bu4zai4
-not be in, be out
-
-左	邊
-
-zuo3bian1
-left
-
-古	典	音	樂
-
-gu3dian3yin1yue4
-classical music
-
-下
-
-xia4
-under, second (of two parts), next (week, etc.), lower, below,
-underneath, down(wards), to decline, to go down, latter
-
-或	者
-
-huo4zhe3
-or, possibly, maybe, perhaps
-
-劇	場
-
-ju4chang3
-theater
-
-兒
-
-er2 / er5
-son / non-syllabic dimi. suff.
-
-高	興
-
-gao1xing4
-happy, glad, willing (to do sth), in a cheerful mood
-
-哪	些
-
-na3xie1
-which, who, what
-
-再
-
-zai4
-again, once more, re-, second, another
-
-二	號
-
-er4hao4
-2nd day of the month
-
-星	期	天
-
-xing1qi1tian1
-Sunday
-
-想
-
-xiang3
-to think, to believe, to suppose, to wish, to want, to miss
-
-右	邊
-
-you4bian1
-right (as opposed to left)
-
-晚
-
-wan3
-evening, night, late
-
-一	千
-
-yi1qian1
-one thousand
-
-回	家
-
-hui2jia1
-homeward
-
-你
-
-ni3
-you
-
-桌	子
-
-zhuo1zi5
-table, desk
-
-四	十
-
-si4shi2
-forty, 40
-
-了
-
-le5 / liao3
-(modal particle intensifying preceding clause), (past tense marker) / to
-know, to understand, to know
-
-認	識
-
-ren4shi5
-be acquainted with (a person), to know, to be familiar with, to recognize
-
-她
-
-ta1
-she
-
-請
-
-qing3
-to ask, to invite, please (do sth), to treat (to a meal, etc), to request
-
-小
-
-xiao3
-small, tiny, few, young
-
-老
-
-lao3
-(a prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating
-the order of birth of the children in a family to indicate affection or
-familiarity), old (of people)
-
-衫
-
-shan1
-Chinese gown (unlined)
-
-五	十
-
-wu3shi2
-fifty
-
-早	飯
-
-zao3fan4
-breakfast
-
-三	年
-
-san1nian2
-three years
-
-丁
-
-ding1
-(surname), 4th heavenly stem, a Chinese surname
-
-得	很
-
-de5hen3
-very (much, good etc.)
-
-我	的
-
-wo3de5
-my, mine
-
-昨	天
-
-zuo2tian1
-yesterday
-
-一	千	零
-
-yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4
-105 billion
-
-前
-
-qian2
-before, in front, ago, former, previous, earlier, front
-
-觀
-
-guan1 / guan4
-to look at, to watch, to observe, to behold / Taoist monastery
-
-非	常
-
-fei1chang2
-unusual, extraordinary, extreme, very, exceptional
-
-星	期	四
-
-xing1qi1si4
-Thursday
-
-聽
-
-ting1 / ting4
-listen, hear, obey / let, allow
-
-兩	點
-
-liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1
-2 :1 9 (time of day)
-
-王
-
-wang2
-king, Wang (proper name)
-
-號
-
-hao2 / hao4
-roar, cry / day of a month, (suffix used after) name of a ship,
-(ordinal) number
-
-﹐
-
-﹐
-
-一	個
-
-yi1ge4
-a, an
-
-他	們	都
-
-ta1men5dou1
-all of them
-
-讓
-
-rang4
-to ask, to let, permit, have (someone do something), to yield, to allow
-
-十	四
-
-shi2si4
-fourteen, 14
-
-音	樂
-
-yin1yue4
-music
-
-晚	飯
-
-wan3fan4
-supper
-
-買
-
-mai3
-buy
-
-外	邊
-
-wai4bian5
-(n) outside, (n) exterior surface, (n) place other than ones home town
-
-不	知
-
-bu4zhi1
-unknowing(ly)
-
-中	國	人
-
-zhong1guo2ren2
-Chinese person, Chinese people
-
-甚	麼
-
-shen2me5
-what
-
-吧
-
-ba1 / ba5
-(onomat.), dumb / (modal particle indicating polite suggestion),
-...right?, ...OK?
-
-可	以
-
-ke3yi3
-can, may, possible, able to
-
-誰
-
-shei2 / shui2
-who / who
-
-里
-
-li3
-Chinese mile, neighborhood
-
-外	國
-
-wai4guo2
-foreign (country)
-
-二	十	七
-
-er4shi2qi1
-twenty-seven
-
-都
-
-dou1 / du1
-all, both (if two things are involved), entirely (due to)each, even,
-already / (surname), metropolis, capital city
-
-參	觀
-
-can1guan1
-to look around, to inspect, visit and observe
-
-北	京	人
-
-bei3jing1ren2
-person from Beijing, Peking Man (Sinanthropus pekinesis)
-
-九
-
-jiu3
-nine, 9
-
-不	用
-
-bu4yong4
-need not
-
-外
-
-wai4
-outside, in addition, foreign, external
-
-不	要
-
-bu4yao4
-dont!, must not
-
-上
-
-shang4
-on, on top, upon, first (of two parts), previous or last (week, etc.),
-upper, higher, above, previous, to climb, to go into, above, to go up
-
-隊
-
-dui4
-squadron, team, group
-
-就
-
-jiu4
-at once, then, right away, only, (emphasis), to approach, to move
-towards, to undertake
-
-年	輕
-
-nian2qing1
-young
-
-証
-
-zheng4
-(translation unavailable)
-
-絲
-
-si1
-silk, thread, trace
-
-兩	次
-
-liang3ci4
-twice
-
-借
-
-jie4
-to lend, to borrow, excuse, pretext, by means of
-
-一	天
-
-yi1tian1
-one day
-
-五	年
-
-wu3nian2ji4hua4
-Five-Year Plan
-
-房	子
-
-fang2zi5
-house
-
-八	九
-
-ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2
-pretty close, very near, about right
-
-照	片
-
-zhao4pian4
-photograph, picture
-
-不	忙
-
-bu4mang2
-theres no hurry, take ones time
-
-歌	唱
-
-ge1chang4
-sing
-
-本
-
-ben3
-roots or stems of plants, origin, source, this, the current, root,
-foundation, basis, (a measure word)
-
-以	後
-
-yi3hou4
-after, later, afterwards, following, later on, in the future
-
-日	本
-
-ri4ben3
-Japan, Japanese
-
-七
-
-qi1
-seven, 7
-
-迎
-
-ying2
-to welcome
-
-下	午
-
-xia4wu3
-afternoon
-
-三	百
-
-san1bai3
-three hundred
-
-開	車
-
-kai1che1
-to drive a car
-
-喜	歡
-
-xi3huan5
-to like, to be fond of
-
-送
-
-song4
-to deliver, to carry, to give (as a present), to present (with), to see
-off, to send
-
-上	個	月
-
-shang4ge4yue4
-last month
-
-星	期	二
-
-xing1qi1er4
-Tuesday
-
-日
-
-ri4
-Japan, day, sun, date, day of the month
-
-年
-
-nian2
-year
-
-談
-
-tan2
-to speak, to talk, to converse, to chat, to discuss, (surname)
-
-正	在
-
-zheng4zai4
-in the process of (doing something or happening), while (doing)
-
-二	十	八
-
-er4shi2ba1hao4
-28th day of the month
-
-一	定	要
-
-yi1ding4yao4
-must
-
-三	千
-
-san1qian1wu3bai3
-3 500
-
-中	國
-
-zhong1guo2
-China, Chinese
-
-進	來
-
-jin4lai2
-(v) come in
-
-祝	賀
-
-zhu4he4
-to congratulate, congratulations
-
-不	會
-
-bu4hui4
-improbable, unlikely, will not (act, happen, etc, ), have not learned
-to, be unable to
-
-學	校
-
-xue2xiao4
-school
-
-三
-
-san1
-three
-
-六	號
-
-liu4hao4
-6th day of the month
-
-哪	兒
-
-na3er5
-where
-
-酒
-
-jiu3
-wine, liquor, spirits
-
-這	個	月
-
-zhei4ge4yue4
-this (current) month
-
-哦
-
-e2 / o2
-to chant / oh is that so
-
-有
-
-you3
-to have, there is, there are, to exist, to be
-
-國	家
-
-guo2jia1
-country, nation
-
-漢	語
-
-han4yu3
-Chinese language
-
-半
-
-ban4
-half, semi-, incomplete, (after a number) and a half, half
-
-得
-
-de2 / de5 / dei3
-obtain, get, gain, proper, suitable, proud, contented, allow, permit,
-ready, finished / a sentence particle used after a verb to show effect,
-degree or possibility / to have to, must, ought to, to need to
-
-真
-
-zhen1
-real, true, genuine
-
-進
-
-jin4
-advance, enter, to come in
-
-朋	友
-
-peng2you5
-friend
-
-下	邊
-
-xia4bian1
-(n) under
-
-後
-
-hou4
-back, behind, rear, afterwards, after, later
-
-英	語
-
-ying1yu3
-English (language)
-
-問	題
-
-wen4ti2
-problem, issue, topic
-
-一
-
-yi1
-one, single, a(n)
-
-明	年
-
-ming2nian2
-next year
-
-他
-
-ta1
-he, him
-
-花	園
-
-hua1yuan2
-garden
-
-星	期	五
-
-xing1qi1wu3
-Friday
-
-上	午
-
-shang4wu3
-morning
-
-書	店
-
-shu1dian4
-bookstore
-
-寫
-
-xie3
-to write
-
-出	去
-
-chu1qu4
-(v) go out
-
-主	意
-
-zhu3yi5
-plan, idea, decision
-
-二
-
-er4
-two
-
-開	門
-
-kai1men2
-open (the) door
-
-大	衣
-
-da4yi1
-overcoat, topcoat, cloak
-
-簽
-
-qian1
-sign ones name
-
-新
-
-xin1
-meso- (chem.), new, newly
-
-天
-
-tian1
-day, sky, heaven
-
-五	千
-
-wu3qian1dun1
-5000 tons
-
-男	朋	友
-
-nan2peng2you5
-male friend, boyfriend
-
-試
-
-shi4
-to test, to try, experiment, examination, test
-
-足	球
-
-zu2qiu2
-football (British English), soccer (American English)
-
-什
-
-shi2
-tenth
-
-紙
-
-zhi3
-paper
-
-那	些
-
-na4xie1
-those
-
-半	以
-
-ban4yi3shang4
-more than half
-
-不
-
-bu4
-(negative prefix), not, no
-
-元
-
-yuan2
-(dynasty), dollar, primary, first
-
-很	好
-
-hen3hao3
-well
-
-跟
-
-gen1
-to follow, to go with, heel, with, and
-
-大	夫
-
-dai4fu5
-doctor
-
-二	十
-
-er4shi2
-twenty, 20
-
-右
-
-you4
-right (-hand)
-
-麼
-
-me5 / mo2
-(interrog. suff.) / dimi.
-
-一	下	兒
-
-yi2xiar4
-a little bit, a little while
-
-不	學
-
-bu4xue2wu2shu4
-have neither learning nor skill, be ignorant and incompetent
-
-孩	子
-
-hai2zi5
-child
-
-二	十	一
-
-er4shi2yi1
-twenty-one
-
-億
-
-yi4
-a hundred million, calculate
-
-五
-
-wu3
-five, 5
-
-地	圖
-
-di4tu2
-map
-
-開
-
-kai1
-open, operate (vehicle), start
-
-好	朋	友
-
-hao3peng2you5
-good friend
-
-上	課
-
-shang4ke4
-to attend class
-
-來
-
-lai2
-to come
-
-。
-
-。
-
-的
-
-de5 / di2 / di4
-(possessive particle), of / really and truly / aim, clear
-
-城
-
-cheng2
-city walls, city, town
-
-人	口
-
-ren2kou3
-population
-
-二	月
-
-er4yue4
-February, second month
-
-新	年
-
-xin1nian2
-New Year
-
-常	常
-
-chang2chang2
-frequently, usually, often
-
-說
-
-shui4 / shuo1
-persuade (politically) / to speak, to say
-
-條
-
-tiao2
-measure word for long, thin things (i.e. ribbon, river, etc.), a strip,
-item, article
-
-找
-
-zhao3
-to try to find, to look for, to call on (sb), to find, to seek, to
-return, to look for
-
-電	影
-
-dian4ying3
-movie, film
-
-三	萬
-
-san1wan4
-30 thousand
-
-告	訴
-
-gao4su5
-to tell, to inform, to let know
-
-才	能
-
-cai2neng2
-talent, ability, capacity
-
-歡	迎
-
-huan1ying2
-to welcome, welcome
-
-個
-
-ge4
-(a measure word), individual
-
-房
-
-fang2
-house
-
-我
-
-wo3
-I, me, myself
-
-那	兒
-
-nar3
-where / there
-
-想	家
-
-xiang3jia1
-homesick
-
-還
-
-hai2 / huan2
-also, in addition, more, still, else, still, yet, (not) yet / (surname),
-pay back, return
-
-不	好
-
-bu4hao3
-no good
-
-層
-
-ceng2
-a measure word for layers, laminated, repeated, floor, story (of a
-building), layer
-
-星	期
-
-xing1qi1
-week
-
-是
-
-shi4
-is, are, am, yes, to be
-
-回
-
-hui2
-(a measure word for matters or actions) a time, to circle, to go back,
-to turn around, to answer, to return, to revolve
-
-能
-
-neng2
-can, may, capable, energy, able
-
-辦
-
-ban4
-to do, to manage, to handle, to go about, to run, to set up, to deal with
-
-吸	煙
-
-xi1yan1
-to smoke
-
-媽	媽
-
-ma1ma5
-mama, mommy
-
-九	十
-
-jiu3shi2
-ninety
-
-不	能
-
-bu4neng2
-cannot, must not, should not
-
-六	點
-
-liu4dian3liu4
-6.6
-
-沒
-
-mei2 / mo4
-(negative prefix for verbs), have not, not / drowned, to end, to die, to
-inundate
-
-文	學
-
-wen2xue2
-literature
-
-下	課
-
-xia4ke4
-class is over
-
-對	面
-
-dui4mian4
-opposite
-
-三	分
-
-san1fen1zhi1yi1
-one third
-
-妹	妹
-
-mei4mei4
-(informal) younger sister / younger sister
-
-千
-
-qian1
-thousand
-
-百
-
-bai3
-hundred
-
-茶
-
-cha2
-tea, tea plant
-
-綠	茶
-
-lu:4cha2
-green tea
-
-請	問
-
-qing3wen4
-may I ask...
-
-十	五
-
-shi2wu3
-fifteen
-
-在	這
-
-zai4zhe4qi1jian1
-during time, in this time
-
-白
-
-bai2
-white, snowy, empty, blank, bright, clear, plain, pure, gratuitous
-
-報
-
-bao4
-to announce, to inform, report, newspaper, recompense, revenge
-
-每
-
-mei3
-each, every
-
-房	間
-
-fang2jian1
-room
-
-一	起
-
-yi4qi3
-together
-
-作
-
-zuo4
-to regard as, to take (somebody) for, to do, to make
-
-早	上
-
-zao3shang5
-early morning
-
-也
-
-ye3
-also, too
-
-等
-
-deng3
-class, rank, grade, equal to, same as, wait for, await, et cetera, and so on
-
-二	十	五
-
-er4shi2wu3
-twenty five
-
-點
-
-dian3
-(downwards-right convex character stroke), oclock, (a measure word),
-point, dot, (decimal) point)
-
-十	九
-
-shi2jiu3
-nineteen
-
-六
-
-liu4
-six
-
-快
-
-kuai4
-fast, quick, swift
-
-﹔
-
-﹔
-
-星	期	日
-
-xing1qi1ri4
-Sunday
-
-問
-
-wen4
-to ask
-
-京	劇
-
-jing1ju4
-Beijing opera
-
-刻
-
-ke4
-quarter (hour), (a measure word), to carve, to engrave, to cut, oppressive
-
-家
-
-jia1
--ist, -er, -ian, home, family, a person engaged in a certain art or
-profession
-
-有	一
-
-you3yi1xie1
-somewhat, rather
-
-喝
-
-he1 / he4
-my goodness, to drink / shout applause
-
-住	宿
-
-zhu4su4
-lodging
-
-一	時
-
-yi4shi2
-temporary, momentary
-
-今	天
-
-jin1tian1
-today, at the present, now
-
-這
-
-zhe4 / zhei4
-this, these / this, these
-
-銀	行
-
-yin2hang2
-bank
-
-咖	啡
-
-ka1fei1
-coffee
-
-國
-
-guo2
-country, state, nation
-
-三	十
-
-san1shi2
-thirty, 30
-
-會
-
-hui4 / kuai4
-can, be possible, be able to, to assemble, to meet, to gather, to see,
-union, group, association / to balance an account, accounting
-
-會	不	會
-
-hui4bu4hui4
-(posing a question: whether someone, something) can or not, is able to
-or not
-
-教	室
-
-jiao4shi4
-classroom
-
-地	方
-
-di4fang5
-area, place, local
-
-生	日
-
-sheng1ri4
-birthday
-
-常
-
-chang2
-always, ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant
-
-從
-
-cong1 / cong2 / zong4
-lax, yielding, unhurried / from, obey, observe, follow / second cousin
-
-七	點
-
-qi1dian3er4
-7.2
-
-漢	字
-
-han4zi4
-Chinese character
-
-十	二
-
-shi2er4
-12, twelve
-
-七	百
-
-qi1bai3wan4
-seven million
-
-以
-
-yi3
-to use, according to, so as to, in order to, by, with, because
-
-呢
-
-ne5 / ni2
-(question particle) / woolen material
-
-中
-
-zhong1 / zhong4
-within, among, in, middle, center, while (doing sth), during, China,
-Chinese / hit (the mark)
-
-十	一	月
-
-shi2yi1yue4
-eleventh month, November
-
-二	十	二
-
-er4shi2er4hao4
-22nd day of a month
-
-二	次
-
-er4ci4da4zhan4
-World War Two
-
-口	語
-
-kou3yu3
-spoken language
-
-住
-
-zhu4
-to live, to dwell, to reside, to stop
-
-萬
-
-wan4
-(surname), ten thousand, a great number
-
-後	邊
-
-hou4bian1
-behind
-
-名	字
-
-ming2zi5
-(a persons) name
-
-我	們
-
-wo3men5
-we, us, ourselves
-
-事	兒
-
-shir4
-business, thing
-
-教
-
-jiao1 / jiao4
-teach / religion, teaching
-
-星	期	六
-
-xing1qi1liu4
-Saturday
-
-沒	吃
-
-mei2chi1mei2chuan1
-(idiom) to be without food and clothing; be very poor
-
-現	代	音	樂
-
-xian4dai4yin1yue4
-modern music, contemporary music
-
-學	院
-
-xue2yuan4
-college, educational institute, school, faculty
-
-一	九	九
-
-yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
-the year 1997
-
-八	分
-
-ba1fen1yin1fu2
-quaver, eighth note
-
-沒	有	人
-
-mei2you3ren2
-nobody
-
-開	始
-
-kai1shi3
-begin, beginning, start, initial
-
-姓
-
-xing4
-surname, family name, name
-
-不	歡
-
-bu4huan1er2san4
-part on bad terms, (of a meeting, etc, ) break up in discord
-
-筆
-
-bi3
-pen, pencil, writing brush, to write or compose, the strokes of Chinese
-characters
-
-在	大
-
-zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4
-in most instances
-
-車
-
-che1 / ju1
-car, a vehicle, machine, to shape with a lathe / vehicle on land
-
-可	是
-
-ke3shi4
-but, however
-
-增	加
-
-zeng1jia1
-to raise, to increase
-
-一	億
-
-yi1yi4
-1 00 million
-
-學
-
-xue2
-learn, study, science, -ology
-
-束
-
-shu4
-bunch, (a measure word), to bind, to control
-
-學	生
-
-xue2sheng5
-student
-
-大
-
-da4 / dai4
-big, huge, large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest, eldest / doctor
-
-哥	哥
-
-ge1ge5
-older brother
-
-﹗
-
-﹗
-
-了	解
-
-liao3jie3
-understand, come to understand, find out
-
-的	時	候
-
-de5shi2hou4
-when, during, at the time of
-
-十	年
-
-shi2nian2
-ten years
-
-○
-
-○
-
-裙	子
-
-qun2zi5
-skirt
-
-服	務	員
-
-fu2wu4yuan2
-waiter, waitress, server
-
-一	月
-
-yi1yue4
-first month, January
-
-游
-
-you2
-to walk, to tour, to roam, to swim, to travel
-
-一	些
-
-yi1xie1
-some, a few, a little
-
-介	紹
-
-jie4shao4
-to present, introduction, to introduce
-
-這	個
-
-zhe4ge4
-this
-
-老	師
-
-lao3shi1
-teacher
-
-很
-
-hen3
-very, extremely
-
-三	十	五
-
-san1shi2wu3yi4
-3.5 billion
-
-分
-
-fen1 / fen4
-to divide, minute, (a measure word), (a unit of length = 0.33
-centimeter) / part
-
-中	間
-
-zhong1jian4
-betwixt, intermediate, mid, middle
-
-您
-
-nin2
-you (formal)
-
-又
-
-you4
-(once) again, also, both... and..., again
-
-詞	典
-
-ci2dian3
-dictionary
-
-一	萬
-
-yi1wan4
-ten thousand
-
-丁	雲
-
-ding1yun2
-Ding Yun (a personal name)
-
-幾
-
-ji1 / ji3
-almost / how much, how many, several, a few
-
-千	萬
-
-qian1wan4
-ten million, millions and millions, very many
-
-給
-
-gei3 / ji3
-to, for, for the benefit of, to give, to allow, to do sth (for sb),
-(passive particle) / to supply, provide
-
-他	們
-
-ta1men5
-they
-
-太
-
-tai4
-highest, greatest, too (much), very, extremely
-
-五	月
-
-wu3yue4
-May, fifth month
-
-紅	茶
-
-hong2cha2
-black tea
-

Original/4.utf8.html

@@ -1,1874 +0,0 @@
-
-    Grammar notes
-
-
-      嗎?
-
-One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add
-嗎 at the end of a statement. Hence 你好! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎? (How are
-you?)
-
-
-      你呢?
-
-This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to you.
-Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how about
-you?"
-
-    A: 你好嗎?
-        How are you?
-    B: 我很好, 你呢?
-        I am fine, and you?
-
-    A: 你忙嗎?
-        Are you busy?
-    B: 我不忙, 你呢?
-        I am not busy, what about you?
-
-
-      很, 也, 都
-
-All three are adverbs, which should be placed /before/ what they modify
-in Chinese. E.g., 很好, 也好, 都好.
-
-Sometimes 很 is not really employed to mean "very" if it is modifying a
-monosyllabic adjective such as 好. It is simply because to say 我好 is a
-bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic adjective as the
-predicate of the sentence. Therefore people usually add 很 before 好 to
-make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 in this case does not
-necessarily mean "I am /very/ well", it may simply convey the meaning of
-"I am fine".
-
-/The order of these words:/ If all three adverbs occur in the same
-sentence, their order is 也 -- 都 -- 很:
-
-    我很好.
-    我也很好.
-    我們也都很好.
-
-N.B. 都 (both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the /left/ of
-it. Hence it is wrong to say 都他們很好 ("all of them are fine"). One
-should say 他們都很好.
-
-
-      都不 vs. 不都
-
-都不 indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 shows a partial negation:
-
-    他們都不忙
-        None of them is busy.
-    他們不都忙
-        Not all of them are busy.
-    我們都不是大夫
-        None of us is a doctor.
-    我們不都是大夫
-        Not all of us are doctors.
-
-
-      的
-
-As an auxiliary word, 的 is used to indicate possession. It comes
-between the subject and the noun it modifies: 我的書, 我媽媽的車 etc.
-
-In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
-possessive marker 的 can be omitted. /Otherwise it cannot/.
-
-    e.g. 你弟弟 = 你的弟弟, 我爸爸 = 我的爸爸 
-
-
-      我很好 -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".
-
-Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb. In
-the sentence 我很好, the adjectival phrase 很好 serves as the predicate
-for the sentence. No verb "to be" is needed as in English (I /am/ very
-well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an /adjective/ as
-its predicate, even in negative sentences.
-
-    e.g. 他們很忙, 我們不忙
-        They are very busy, we are not.
-
-Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 should still
-be retained:
-
-    他是我朋友
-        He is my friend.
-
-    我不是她的哥哥
-        I am not her elder brother.
-
-
-      Proper Response
-
-Study the following two dialogues:
-
-    A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎?
-        Is your mother a doctor?
-    B: 是, 她是大夫.
-        Yes, she is a doctor.
-
-    A: 你媽媽忙嗎?
-        Is your mother busy?
-    B: 忙, 她很忙.
-        Yes, she is very busy.
-
-To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb --
-in the above case 是 and 忙 respectively -- as an equivalent to the
-English "yes" before making the statement itself. Note therefore that
-the response is not always 是.
-
-
-    Questions with interrogative words 誰, 哪, 什麼
-
-Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as "what",
-"when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a question,
-Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming questions using
-such interrogative words as 誰, 哪, 什麼, etc:
-
- 1. 他是我弟弟. (He is my younger brother.)
-    他是誰? (Who is he?)
-
- 2. 他是我們老師. (He is our teacher.)
-    誰是你們老師? (Who is your teacher?)
-
- 3. 他是中國人. (He is Chinese.)
-    他是哪國人? (What is his nationality?)
-
- 4. 這是中國地圖. (This is a map of China.)
-    這是什麼地圖? (What map is this?)
-
- 5. 那是書. (That is a book.)
-    那是什麼? (What is that?)
-
- 6. 這是她的車. (This is her car.)
-    這是誰的車? (Whose car is this?)
-
-As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what
-one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form questions.
-No change of word order takes place.
-
-
-    Asking a person's name
-
-There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that
-person is.
-
- 1. 您貴姓﹖
-
-    This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What
-    is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to address one's
-    elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one
-    wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 cannot
-    be used when asking about a third person's name, or when referring
-    to oneself.
-
-        A: 您/你貴姓﹖
-            What is your name?
-        B: 我姓丁。
-            My name is Ding.
-
- 2. 你叫什麼﹖
-
-    This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually used
-    to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors.
-    If one wants to be a bit polite, 請問 can be added to the question:
-
-        請問﹐你叫什麼﹖
-            May I ask, what's your name?
-
-    Unlike 貴姓, which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 can be
-    employed for all persons:
-
-        她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖etc. 
-
-When asked 你姓什麼﹖you are supposed to give your last name first, and
-then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when asked
-你叫什麼﹖you can give either your given name or your full name.
-
-
-    Word usage: 學習﹐ 學
-
-Both words mean "to study" or "to learn". Whereas 學習 can be used both
-transitively and intransitively, 學 is normally reserved for transitive
-use.
-
-    e.g. 我學(習)漢語﹐她學(習)法語。
-        I study Chinese, she studies French.
-    我學習﹐我弟弟不學習。
-        I study, my younger brother doesn't study.
-
-In the second sentence, the word 習 cannot be omitted.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 在 (to be at/in...) functions as a verb.
-
-    To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use
-    the following pattern:
-
-        S + 在 + place/location word or phrase
-        e.g. A: 你的地圖在哪兒﹖
-        B: 我的地圖在那兒。
-
-        A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖
-        B: 他們在中國。 
-
-    If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
-
-        A: 古波在嗎﹖
-            Is Gubo in [or: here]?
-        B: 他不在﹐他在學生宿舍。
-            He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.
-
-
- 2. Nouns / personal pronouns + 這兒/那兒 as place words.
-
-        e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖
-        B: 在我這兒。(or 在我那兒)
-
-        A: 你的車在哪兒﹖
-        B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。 
-
-    The choice of 這兒 and 那兒 depends on the distance between the
-    object and the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use 這兒; if
-    not, use 那兒.
-
- 3. The word order for Chinese place words
-
-    Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and
-    proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives in room
-    423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她住學院
-    學生宿舍四層四二三號。 Notice the exactly reverse order here, which
-    is applicable to the address used when writing letters as well.
-
- 4. To live (stay) at a place
-
-    Most often one uses 住 to indicate that one lives or stays at a
-    certain place. There are several patterns for the use of 住. For
-    example, to say "I live here", one can have the following:
-
-        S + 住 + place word (我住這兒)
-        S + 住在 + place word (我住在這兒)
-        S + 在 + place word + 住 (我在這兒住)
-
-    All three sentences have the same meaning.
-
- 5. Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
-
-    Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by
-    digit:
-
-        English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)
-        Chinese: # 1452 (一四五二號) 
-
-
-    The use of 還 (to return something to someone)
-
-When using 還 to indicate "return", use the following pattern:
-
-    S + 還 + (sb.) + sth.
-    e.g. 我還他畫報
-    你還丁云的車。(Notice here sb. is omitted.)
-
-This pattern is /only/ used for simple objects, i.e. the object to be
-returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的日本車, etc. Notice in the
-second example above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say
-你還丁云丁云的車, although grammatically it is correct. We will later
-learn the ways to express something more complicated.
-
-
-    用一下兒
-
-In this phrase, 用 is a verb which can be used both transitively and
-intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an object).
-一下兒 is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little
-while". If an object is to be used for 用 in the above phrase, it should
-be placed after 一下兒:
-
-    我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖
-        Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
-    他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。
-        They want to use your dad's car for a little while.
-
-
-    Time Word 現在
-
-Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a
-sentence: /before/ or /after/ the subject.
-
-    現在她去學院還書。
-        Now she is going to the college to return books.
-    or 她現在去學院還書。
-
-
-    常 and 常常
-
-常 in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 without a
-change of meaning. Thus, 他常喝茶 = 他常常喝茶, 我們常去看書 = 我們常常
-去看書.
-
-In making negative sentences, however, 常 is normally /not/
-reduplicated. Hence 他不常喝茶, 我們不常去看書.
-
-
-    Affirmative-Negative questions
-
-An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative
-and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
-
-    她是中國人嗎﹖becomes 她是不是中國人﹖
-    你忙嗎﹖becomes 你忙不忙﹖
-    你認識他嗎﹖becomes 你認識不認識他﹖
-
- 1. If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
-    the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
-
-        忙不忙, 認識不認識, 介紹不介紹
-
- 2. If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
-    that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
-
-        你喝不喝茶﹖
-        你去不去中國﹖
-
- 3. Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
-    form of "V + object + 不 + V ?" as well, although this is not as
-    common:
-
-        你喝茶不喝茶﹖
-        她去中國不去﹖
-
- 4. As in questions with interrogative words (誰, 什麼, etc),
-    affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎 at the end.
-
- 5. If an adverb such as 常, 都, 也 or 很 comes /before/ the predicative
-    verb or adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use
-    嗎 instead:
-
-        你們都去中國嗎﹖
-        but not 你們都去不去中國﹖
-
-        他常喝咖啡嗎﹖
-        but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖
-
-    Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
-    /before/ the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:
-
-     1. 她很忙嗎﹖ but not 她很忙不忙﹖
-
-     2. 她是很好大夫嗎﹖ 她是不是很好的大夫﹖
-
-    The second instance is acceptable because 很 comes /after/ the
-    predicative verb 是.
-
- 6. If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the
-    /first/ verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question:
-
-        你去商店買紙嗎﹖becomes 你去不去商店買紙﹖
-        他們歡迎我來嗎﹖ becomes 他們歡迎不歡迎我來﹖
-
-
-    和 and 都
-
-In Chinese, 和 as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or
-phrases, /never/ two clauses or sentences:
-
-    中國和美國
-    我的爸爸和媽媽
-    她學習漢語和英語。
-    你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖
-
-    but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。
-    nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。
-
-The adverb 都 is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or
-adjective. It governs only the elements /before/ it:
-
-    我們都去中國。 (All of us go to China: 都 modifies 我們.)
-    but not 都我們去中國。
-
-This is also wrong:
-
-    我都學漢語和法語。
-
-because 都 modifies 我 and not 漢語和法語. If "both Chinese and French"
-is intended in the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 should be
-placed before 都:
-
-    我漢語和法語都學。
-    or 漢語和法語都我學。
-
-
-    The verb 有 expressing possession and existence
-
-The verb 有 in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the
-English "to have" and "there is" or "there are":
-
-    她有漢語詞典。
-        She has a Chinese dictionary.
-    我們學院有多外國學生。
-        There are a lot of foreign students in our college.
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. To negate 有, one uses 沒 instead of 不:
-
-        我有哥哥﹐我沒有姐姐。
-            I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.
-
- 2. Informally in a negative sentence, 有 can sometimes be omitted:
-
-        我朋友沒(有)書﹐也沒(有)筆。
-            My friend does not have books, nor pens.
-        現在我們的宿舍沒(有)人。
-            There is no one in our dorm now.
-
- 3. The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 ... ?"
-
-        她有沒有妹妹﹖
-        呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒有人﹖
-
-    Sometimes, if the object of 有 is not long, one can use the form
-    "... 有 + object + 沒有 ?" as well, although this form is not as
-    common as the previous one.
-
-        她有妹妹沒有﹖
-        這宿舍有人沒有﹖
-
-
-    Prepositional construction with 在 (in, at) and 給 (for, to)
-
-The object of 在 is often a place-word and the object of 給 is often the
-beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative verb. In Chinese,
-a prepositional construction comes /before/ the verb it modifies:
-
-    他在銀行工作。
-        She works in a bank.
-    but not 她工作在銀行。
-
-    我給你們介紹一下兒。
-        Let me introduce you to one another.
-    but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。
-
-To form a negative sentence, 不 is placed /before/ the prepositional
-construction:
-
-    他不在銀行工作。
-    我不給你們介紹。
-        I am not going to introduce you.
-
-Adverbs such as 常, 都, 也 are also placed /before/ the prepositional
-construction:
-
-    我們都在 City Lit 學院學習漢語。
-        We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
-    你常給你媽媽信嗎﹖
-        Do you often write to your mother?
-    我爸爸也常給我寫信。
-        My dad also often writes to me.
-
-
-    Word usage: 想
-
-The word 想 in Chinese carries various meanings:
-
- 1. 想 + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something:
-
-        丁雲很想家。
-            Ding Yun misses her family very much.
-        我很想我的爸爸媽媽。
-            I miss my parents very much.
-        你不想你的男朋友嗎﹖
-            Don't you miss your boyfriend?
-        你想不想她﹖
-            Do you miss her?
-
- 2. 想 + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
-
-        A: 你想去商店嗎﹖
-            Do you want to go to the shop?
-        B: 我不想去。
-            I don't want to go.
-
-        A: 你想不想學法語﹖
-            Do you want to study French?
-        B: 我也想學法語。
-            I also want to study French.
-
- 3. 想 + clause = to think/suppose something:
-
-        我想她是中國人。
-            I think she is Chinese.
-        我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。
-            I think her parents are both doctors.
-
-    N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 in this capacity, put the negative
-    adverb in the /subordinate clause/, not in the main clause as in
-    English:
-
-        我想她/不是/中國人。
-            I don't think she is Chinese.
-        but not 我不想她是中國人。
-
-N.B. 想 as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form /only/
-in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.
-
-
-    Word usage: 告訴
-
-告訴 means "to tell". In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell
-somebody something, or to tell somebody /to do/ something. The Chinese
-verb 告訴 can only be applied to the first of these patterns.
-
-    e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。
-        She told me her work.
-    我告訴媽媽你是我的好朋友。
-        I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
-    but not 我告訴他給我寫信。
-        I told him to write to me.
-
-Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我, 媽媽) of 告訴
-in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a
-clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it
-uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a
-verb-phrase for its direct object. In this case, we should use 叫 or 請
-in place of 告訴 to make a correct sentence:
-
-    我請他給我寫信。
-        I asked him to write to me.
-
-
-    The Numbers in Chinese
-
-For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
-
-    ○ (or 零), 一, 二, 三, 四, 五, 六, 七, 八, 九, 十
-
-Further on, they are:
-
-    十一 = 11, 十二 = 12, 十九 = 19
-    二十 = 20, 二十一 = 21, 二十八 = 28
-    三十 = 30, 四十 = 40, 九十 = 90, 九十九 = 99
-
-    一百 = 100
-    一百零一 = 101, 一百十 = 110, 一百十一 = 111
-    三百二十七 = 327, 九百零九 = 909
-
-    一千 = 1000
-    一千零一 = 1001, 五千零四十 = 5040, 八千七百二十五 = 8725
-
-    一萬 = 10,000
-    四萬零八百零一 = 40,801
-
-    一億 = 100,000,000
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. Numbers like 15 are written e.g. 十五, not 一十五.
-
- 2. A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101
-    is 一百零一, and 3020 is 三千零二十. Notice the last zero in 3020 is
-    /not/ pronounced because it is not between two other digits.
-
-    If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero
-    digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一. However, if
-    the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched, as in
-    40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. Measure words
-
-    In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
-    pronouns such as 這 or 那, or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 or
-    幾, a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and
-    its modifier(s):
-
-        三本書, 十五個學生, 那個老師, 哪個圖書館, 幾本詞典
-
- 2. 幾 and 多少
-
-    Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much". Whereas
-    幾 should be used with a measure word, 多少 can be used either with
-    or without a measure word for the noun it modifies.
-
-        你有幾本詞典﹖
-        你有多少(本)詞典﹖
-
-    The measure word 本 is a must for the first sentence, but only
-    optional in the second.
-
-    Also, when 幾 is used, the expected answer is usually under 10,
-    whereas 多少 can be used whether one expects a large or small answer.
-
-        你們大學有多少學生﹖
-        你家有幾個人﹖
-
- 3. Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
-
-    As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
-    object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
-
-        王老師教我們語法。
-
-    In this sentence, 教 is a verb that takes 我們 as the indirect
-    object and 法語 as the direct object. Generally the indirect goes
-    before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same way
-    include 還, 告訴 and 問.
-
-    Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say
-    他買我一本書 (He bought me a book), or 她寫我一封信 (She wrote me a
-    letter). The correct way of saying these would be to use 給, as in
-    他給我買一本書 and 她給我寫一封信.
-
- 4. Adjectives as modifiers
-
-    When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the
-    noun as in English:
-
-        新書
-            new book
-        好朋友
-            good friend
-
-    However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
-    syllables, the particle 的 is usually inserted between the modifier
-    and the noun it modifies:
-
-        很新的書
-            very new book
-        很好的朋友
-            very good friend
-
-
-    Word usage: 也 and 還
-
-也 is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement. Hence the
-relationship between the statement introduced by 也 and the previous one
-is a /parallel/ relationship. 還, on the other hand, introduces an
-/additional/ element to the previous statement.
-
-    e.g. 你有一個問題﹐我也有一個問題。
-        You have a question; I also have a question. The two are
-        parallel here.
-    我還有一個問題。
-        I have already had some questions, but I still have one more.
-        This is /in addition to/ the previous ones.
-
-Under certain circumstances, 也 and 還 are interchangeable, but with
-different emphasis:
-
-    王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他還教我們口語。
-    王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。
-
-Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang
-teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
-conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses
-the fact that Wang teaches conversation /in addition to/ the other
-subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three
-subjects he teaches without prioritization.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 的 construction
-
-    A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
-    adjective) with the word 的 can function as a noun or noun-phrase in
-    a sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear:
-
-        這條裙子是我姐姐的。
-            This skirt is my sister's. Noun + 的)
-        哪本詞典是你的﹖
-            Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + 的
-        你爸爸的車是白的嗎﹖
-            Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + 的 
-        你喝的是什麼茶﹖
-            What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + 的
-
-    These constructions normally involve the verb 是 (or 不是).
-
- 2. Usage of 從
-
-    從 + place word + 去 = to go from; 從 + place word + 來 = to come from.
-
-        e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖
-            Where did you come from?
-        我從圖書館來。
-            I came from the library.
-        我們晚上從我家去劇場。
-            We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.
-
- 3. Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 / 那兒 = over here/there at ...'s place
-
-    When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 or 那兒, they function as a
-    place word or expression. Since one cannot say 我去她 (I went to
-    her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 (I went to her place), because
-    她那兒 is now regarded as a place expression. Similarly one cannot
-    say 你的裙子在我 (Your skirt is with me), but one can say 你的裙子在
-    我這兒 (Your skirt is with me). More examples:
-
-        你的書在他那兒。
-            Your book is at his place.
-        我們都去姐姐那兒。
-            We all went to my sister's place.
-        老師來我這兒找她。
-            The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.
-
-    As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
-    use 那兒; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker
-    himself or herself, use 這兒.
-
- 4. 太 + adjective + 了
-
-    This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
-    used between 太 and 了:
-
-        太忙了﹗
-            Too busy!
-        太大了﹗
-            Too big!
-
-    The expression 太好了﹗, however, has a positive meaning, expressing
-    satisfaction or admiration.
-
-
-    Word study: 二 vs. 兩
-
-These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
-
- 1. When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩:
-
-        兩個人, 兩本書, 增加了兩倍, 去了兩次 
-
- 2. 二 should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is
-    followed by a measure word:
-
-        二十二, 一百零二次, 十二個人, 五千八百六十二元 
-
-    There are some more restrictions, though:
-
-     1. Only 二 can be used before the character 十; before the
-        character 百, 二 is usually employed but 兩 may also be used:
-
-            二十, 二百二十五, 二百五十元 or 兩百五十元 
-
-     2. For numbers like 千, 萬 or 億, 兩 is used more often than 二:
-
-            兩千元 (also 二千元), 兩萬三千八, 兩億人口 
-
-     3. If the number is greater than 百, 千, 萬, /i.e./ if there are
-        more digits before 百, 千 or 萬, then put 二 instead of 兩 in
-        front:
-
-            四億二千萬, 三萬二千人, 五千二百元 
-
-
-    Time
-
-The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
-
-    A: 現在幾點﹖
-    B: 現在...
-    兩點	2:00
-    十點半 (or 十點三十分)	10:30
-    三點一刻 (or 三點十五分)	3:15
-    十二點三刻 (or 十二點四十五分)	12:45
-    兩點差五分 (or 差五分兩點)	1:55
-    五點二十分	5:20
-    六點零五分	6:05
-    七點三十五分	7:35
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零, as in
-    三點零八分 (3:08) or 十二點零三分 (12:03).
-
- 2. When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 is optional:
-
-        七點十五 or 七點十五分
-
- 3. "This morning" is 今天上午, not for example 這個上午; "every
-    afternoon" is 每天下午, not 每下午.
-
-
-    Placement of time-words
-
-A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject
-or at the beginning of a sentence:
-
-    我們十點半上中文課
-    十點半我們上中文課
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. A time-word does not take a preposition:
-
-        我三點下課
-        but not 我在三點下課
-
- 2. A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
-
-        她晚上來
-            She came in the evening.
-        or 晚上她來
-        but not 她來晚上
-
- 3. If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
-    smaller:
-
-        今天晚上八點
-            at 8 o'clock this evening
-
- 4. If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
-    goes first:
-
-        我晚上八點在圖書館等你
-        你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖
-        明天你幾點在哪兒上課﹖
-            When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?
-
- 5. Time-word + 的 + noun (time-words modifying nouns)
-
-        A: 你想看幾點的電影﹖
-            What show do you want to see? /literally/ What time's film
-            do you want to see?
-        B: 我想看中午十二點半的(電影)。
-            I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.
-
-        A: 這是今天的報嗎﹖
-            Is this today's paper?
-        B: 不是今天的報﹐是昨天的。
-            It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.
-
-
-    The use of the time-words 以前 and 以後
-
-When used by itself, 以前 means "previously" or "before" and 以後 means
-"later", "afterwards" or "in the future":
-
-    我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。
-        I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
-    你以前在哪兒工作﹖
-        Where did you work before?
-    以前我不住宿舍﹐現在住宿舍。
-        I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.
-
-When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 means
-"before..." and 以後 means "after...":
-
-    十點以前我不回家。
-        I won't go home before 10.
-    回家以前我在閱覽室看書。
-        I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
-    來美國以後他在這兒工作。
-        He has been working here after he came to America.
-    十點半以後你在宿舍作什麼﹖
-        What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?
-
-N.B. When 以前 or 以後 is used together with a time-word or verb phrase
-to mean "before" or "after", the word order is exactly the opposite of
-the English equivalent:
-
-    四點以前
-        before 4 o'clock
-    下課以前
-        before the class is over
-    明天晚上以後
-        after tomorrow evening (or night)
-    回宿舍以後
-        after returning to the dormitory
-
-
-    A 跟 B (一起) + verb/verb-phrase
-
-跟 as a preposition means "with", and 一起 means "together". This
-pattern is used to indicate that A and B do something together. Here 跟
-can be replaced with 和 without changing the meaning; and the phrase 一
-起 is optional.
-
-    e.g. 我跟 (or 和) 她去看電影。
-        I go to see a film with her.
-    我跟她一起去看電影。
-        She and I go to see a film together.)
-    晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖
-        With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?
-
-    A: 晚上你有事兒嗎﹖跟我一起去看京劇﹐好嗎﹖
-        Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
-        opera!
-    B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。
-        I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.
-
-N.B. This pattern of A 跟 B (一起) is always placed /before/ the main
-verb in the sentence. Hence the following sentence, with English word
-order, is wrong:
-
-    我想去跟我男朋友一起。
-        I want to go together with my boyfriend.
-
-
-    Alternative Questions using 還是
-
-In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 to connect
-two choices, which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or
-clauses:
-
-    你喜歡紅茶還是綠茶﹖ (nouns)
-    這本書是你的還是她的﹖ (noun phrases)
-    下午你來還是不來﹖ (verbs)
-    你要聽古典音樂還是聽現代音樂﹖ (verb phrases)
-    今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ (clauses)
-
-Note:
-
- 1. the two items connected by 還是 are normally parallel in structure; and
-
- 2. as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
-    interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 at the end. 
-
-
-    Pivotal Sentences with 請, 讓, 叫
-
-In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal sentence is
-one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the
-subject of the following verb. This object therefore functions as a
-pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence.
-
-The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause
-something to happen) such as 請, 讓 or 叫. All three carry the meaning
-of asking somebody to do something. Of the three, 請 is the most polite;
-讓 is less so, and 叫 is the least polite. So watch out for the
-occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe:
-
-    學生請王老師介紹中國音樂。
-        The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
-    老師讓學生每天寫漢字。
-        The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
-    爸爸叫孩子學中文。
-        Dad asked his child to study Chinese.
-
-Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the
-Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of
-politeness.
-
-Note:
-
- 1. Besides the use of 請 above (meaning "to ask someone to do
-    something"), 請 can also be used to mean "to invite":
-
-        我們請他來吃晚飯。
-            We invited him to dinner.
-        你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖
-            Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?
-
- 2. To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 /before the
-    first verb/:
-
-        我的大夫不讓我喝酒。
-            My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.
-        他們不叫我去看電影。
-            They did not invite me to go to the pictures.
-
-
-    Word usage: 別 and 不要
-
-別 and 不要 both mean "do not". They can be used in negative
-/imperative/ sentences with or without a subject. They are placed
-between the subject (if present) and the verb or adjective:
-
-    (你) 別 (or 不要) 告訴他﹗
-    別喝酒﹗ 別去那兒﹗
-    不要吸煙﹗ 下午不要去﹗
-
-Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
-sentences. It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他走. One can say instead 爸爸不請
-他走.
-
-
-    Expressions for the date, week, month and year
-
- 1. 年, year
-     1. 去年 = last year; 今年 = this year; 明年 = next year
-
-     2. 一九九七年, 一九九八年, ...
-
-     3. 一年 = one year; 兩年 = two years (not 二年); 三年 = three years
-        每年 = every year; 五年半 = five-and-a-half years
-
- 2. 月, month
-     1. 上個月= last month; 這個月 = this month; 下個月 = next month
-
-     2. 一月 = January; 二月 = February (not 兩月); ... 二十月 = December
-
- 3. 星期, week
-     1. 上 (個) 星期 = last week; 這 (個) 星期 = this week; 下 (個) 星期
-        = next week
-
-     2. 星期一 = Monday; 星期二 = Tuesday; ... 星期六 = Saturday; 星期日
-        or 星期天 = Sunday
-
-     3. 一 (個) 星期 = one week; 兩 (個) 星期 = two weeks (not 二 (個)
-        星期); 三 (個) 星期 = three weeks; 四個半星期 = four-and-a-half
-        weeks; ... 每 (個) 星期 = every week
-
- 4. 日 / 號 / 天 date
-
-    Use 日 or 號 for a /specific/ date. Usually 日 is used in written
-    and formal language and 號 is used in conversation. The word 天
-    should be used in /counting/ the number of days:
-
-     1. 作天 = yesterday; 今天 = today; 明天 = tomorrow
-
-     2. 一號; 二號 (not 兩號); ... 三十一號
-        四月六號; 十月二十五日; ...
-
-     3. 一天 = one day; 兩天 = two days (not 二天); ... 半天 = half a
-        day; 每天 = every day
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
-    calendar date comes before the day of the week:
-
-        一九九六年十一月二十五號星期一
-        一七八九年七月十四日
-
- 2. Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month:
-
-        今年五月
-            the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
-        去年八月
-            the August of last year
-        明年二月
-            the February of next year
-
-        這 (個) 星期五
-            the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
-        上 (個) 星期一
-            the Monday of last week
-        下 (個) 星期四
-            the Thursday of next week
-
-    Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as
-    這個星期一, if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore
-    referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days,
-    and for months.
-
-
-    Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun
-
-Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a
-modified to form a relative clause:
-
- 1. Unlike in English, all modifiers go /before/ the element they modify
-    in Chinese:
-
-        他喝的水不很乾淨
-        這是我朋友送我的禮物
-
- 2. The word 的 has to be inserted between the modifier and the element
-    it modifies:
-
-        我下午看的電影很有意思。
-            The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
-        給你開門的那個人是我妹妹。
-            The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
-        跟他跳舞的姑娘是我的同學。
-            The girl who danced with him was my classmate.
-
-
-    Other grammar notes
-
- 1. Sentences with an adjectival predicate
-
-    The verb 是 is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence
-    where the main element of the predicate is an adjective:
-
-        我們今天很高興。
-        她的絲線衫太小。
-        那個服務員非常年輕。
-
-    In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
-    preceded by adverbs such as 真, 太, 非常 or 更, it is usually
-    qualified by the adverb 很. In such cases, 很 does not really mean
-    "very"; 他很忙 and 他忙 mean virtually the same.
-
-    Also, adverbs such as 很, 常, 也, 非常, 太 or 更 /cannot/ be used in
-    affirmative-negative sentences of this type:
-
-        你高興不高興﹖ but not 你很高興不很高興﹖
-        她年輕不年輕﹖ but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖
-        你去不去﹖ but not 你也去不去﹖
-
- 2. 祝你 vs 祝賀你
-
-    In general, 祝你 is used to extend well-wishes /in advance/ whereas
-    祝賀你 is used to congratulate someone on something /already
-    accomplished/:
-
-        祝你生日好﹗ (One can say this on the day, or in advance.)
-        祝賀你﹗ (Say this only when something has already been
-        accomplished.)
-
- 3. Reduplication of verbs
-
-    To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften
-    the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can
-    be repeated:
-
-        我給你們介紹介紹。 (Notice the pattern is ABAB, not AABB.)
-        你們想去看看她嗎﹖
-        讓我想想。
-
-    In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 can be inserted:
-
-        讓我想一想。
-        我們都想看一看她。
-
-    Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒
-    after the verb:
-
-        用一下兒 = 用用 = 用一用
-        看一下兒 = 看看 = 看一看
-        介紹一下兒 = 介紹介紹
-
-
-    Position words
-
-Words such as 上邊, 左邊, 前邊, 中間, 對面 are position words. Some of
-the basic syllables are:
-
- 	上 - up	 
-左 - left 	中 - middle	 右 - right
- 	下 - down	 
- 
-前 - front	 	 裡 - in
-後 - back	 	 外 - out
-
-Usually, add 邊 to make "on the left", "above", "outside" etc.
-
-Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:
-
- 1. Noun (+ 的) + position word:
-
-        車(的)外邊
-            outside the car
-        房子(的)後邊
-            behind the house
-        桌子(的)對面
-            opposite the table 
-
- 2. Position word + 的 + noun (here the 的 is /mandatory/).
-
-        外邊的車
-            the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
-        後邊的房子
-            the house behind (the house which is behind)
-        對面的桌子
-            the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the
-            way) 
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. When 上邊, 下邊, 裡邊 and 外邊 are modified by other nouns, the
-    character 邊 can be omitted:
-
-        房子(的)裡(邊)
-            inside the house
-        桌子(的)上(邊)
-            on the table
-        教室(的)外(邊)
-            outside the classroom
-
- 2. Do /not/ use 裡邊 in the following two cases:
-
-     1. After geographical names such as 中國, 北京 etc:
-
-            她在北京學習漢語。
-                She studies Chinese in Beijing.
-            but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。
-
-            美國有很多大學。
-                There are many universities in America.
-            but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。
-
-     2. In a phrase of the form "在 + place, building or organisation":
-
-            我在銀行工作。
-                I work in a bank.
-            but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。
-
-            他們在閱覽室看書。
-                They are reading books in the reading-room.
-            but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。
-
-
-    Patterns for Location
-
-There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在, 有
-and 是 respectively and with different meanings:
-
- 1. To show that there is something in a certain place: 有
-
-    Position word + 有 + indefinite noun:
-
-        後邊有什麼﹖
-            What is behind?
-        後邊有一個車房。
-            There is a garage behind.
-        我們家對面有一個公園。
-            Across from our home, there is a park. 
-
- 2. To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在
-
-    Definite noun + 在 + position word:
-
-        花園在哪兒﹖
-            Where is the garden?
-        花園在我們家後邊。
-            The garden is behind our house.
-        花園在車房 (的) 右邊。
-            The garden is to the right of the garage. 
-
- 3. To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是
-
-    Position word + 是 + definite/indefinite noun:
-
-        你們家後邊是什麼﹖
-            What's behind your house?
-        我們家後邊是一個花園。
-            Behind our house is a garden.
-        他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。
-            In front of their house is the college library. 
-
-
-    Progressive aspect of an action
-
-To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the
-following patterns:
-
-    她在休息。
-        She is resting.
-    她正休息。
-    她正在休息。
-
-    她休息呢。
-    她在休息呢。
-    她正休息呢。
-    她正在休息呢。
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted.
-
- 2. The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but
-    also to past and future actions:
-
-        她現在正在休息。
-            She is resting now. /present progressive/
-        我去的時候﹐她正在休息。
-            When I went there, she was resting. /past progressive/
-        我明天去看她的時候﹐她一定正在休息。
-            When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting.
-            /future progressive/ 
-
- 3. As shown above, either 在, 正 or 正在 can be placed before a verb to
-    indicate the progressive aspect of an action.
-
- 4. Alternatively, 呢 can be placed at the end of the sentence to
-    perform the same function. Sometimes 呢 can be used together with
-    在, 正 or 正在.
-
- 5. The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有,
-    not 不, before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 alone if it
-    is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer. Otherwise the
-    full form of 沒有 must be used:
-
-        她沒(有)休息﹐她在看報。
-        她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。(or simply 沒有)
-
- 6. If both the 在 of the progressive aspect and the 在 of location
-    exist in a sentence, only one should be used:
-
-        她正在房間里休息。
-        but not 她正在在房間里休息。
-
-
-    Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers
-
-An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as
-我給她打電話, 他今天買, 我們去北京參觀 can be used as a modifier for a
-noun. When used this way, there must be a 的 inserted between the
-construction and the noun it modifies:
-
-    我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃飯。
-        When I called her, she was eating.
-    他今天買的花兒很漂亮。
-        The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
-    請你們看我們去北京參觀的照片。
-        Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
-    這是誰給你寫的信﹖
-        Who wrote this letter to you? 
-
-The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the
-的, which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.
-
-
-    Word usage: 參觀 vs. 訪問
-
-Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English. However, while 參
-觀 implies 觀 (to see), 訪問 stresses 問 (to ask). Hence 參觀 really
-implies observation while visiting and 訪問 means to visit people with
-specific purpose such as interviews. 參觀 can be followed by places but
-not people; whereas 訪問 can take either, but most commonly people.
-
-    參觀/訪問學校
-    訪問他/這個國家的總統
-
-
-    Grammar Notes
-
- 1. Measure word 些
-
-    些 is a measure word showing indefinite quantity. It is usually used
-    after demonstrative pronouns such as 這, 那, 哪 and after the
-    numeral 一:
-
-        一些
-            some
-        這些
-            these
-        那些
-            those
-        哪些
-            which (plural)
-
-    Don't attempt to mix 些 with definite measures. It is wrong to say
-    這些三本詞典 (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這三本詞典.
-
- 2. 是 . . . 的 construction
-
-    Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
-    adjectives:
-
-        這本書是中文的。= 這本書中文的書。
-        那條裙子是妹妹的。= 那條裙子是妹妹的裙子。
-        姐姐的大衣是黑的。= 姐姐的大衣是黑的大衣。
-
-    But the 是 . . . 的 construction can also be used with prepositional
-    phrases and even whole verbal constructions:
-
-        那些點心是給丁雲的。= 那些點心是丁雲的點心。
-            Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
-        這束花兒是我給她買的。= 這束花兒我給她買的花兒。
-            This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
-        這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的。= 這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的書。
-            This book is the one I borrowed from the university library. 
-
-
-    The use of the Complement of Degree
-
-
-      What is a complement?
-
-A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain or
-complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
-duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of
-an action. Complements always appear *after* the verbs they modify.
-
-We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the words
-they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because Chinese
-word order often observes the time sequence in which an action occurs.
-Notice, for example:
-
-    昨天晚上我們從書店去電影院。
-        Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop. 
-
-Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
-Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a verbal
-action has to take place first, before one can see its extent or result,
-the complement placed after the verb observes this time sequence.
-
-
-      The complement of degree
-
-This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
-adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle 得
-is used to connect the verb and its complement:
-
-    他學習得怎麼樣﹖
-        How is he studying?
-    他學習得很好。
-        He's studying very well.
-
-The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
-
- 1. Verb without object: V + 得 + adjective
-
-        你工作得不錯。
-
- 2. Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 + adjective
-
-        我妹妹唱民歌唱得很好。
-
- 3. Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 + adjective
-
-        他們中文學得很好。
-
-Place 不 /before the adjective/ to make the negative:
-
- 4. V + 得 + 不 + adjective
-
-        她歌唱得不好﹐ 舞也跳得不好。
-
-Questions are formed as follows:
-
- 1. . . . 得 adjective 不 adjective?
-
-        你開車開得快不快﹖
-
- 2. . . . 得怎麼樣﹖
-
-        你中文學得怎麼樣﹖
-
- 3. . . . 得 adjective 嗎﹖
-
-        你游泳游得好嗎﹖
-
-Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as 有,
-在 or 是, since those verbs normally do not denote actions.
-
-
-    The difference between 呢 and 吧 as sentence-ending particles
-
-Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end of a
-question. However, they differ in usage.
-
-
-      In questions
-
-呢 is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry. It may appear in
-questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 or 哪兒;
-affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖好吃不好吃呢﹖; or
-alternative questions with 還是, such as 吃面包還是火腿呢﹖
-
-吧, on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate
-a mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker: 在這兒
-停車吧﹖ 你不知道吧﹖
-
-
-      In affirmative statements
-
-呢 in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an action
-(e.g. 她學中文呢), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration
-(e.g. 晚上電影九點才開始呢。 從這兒去要走三天呢。)
-
-吧 is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften the
-tone, as in 我們走吧。 你再想想吧。
-
-
-    The use of optative verbs
-
-Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
-express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
-
- 1. To express /subjective wish/, /desire/ or /request/:
-
-     1. 要 + verb = to want to
-
-            我要喝橘子水。
-
-     2. 想 + verb = would like to
-
-            你想看電影嗎﹖
-
- 2. To express /objective necessity/:
-
-     1. 要 + verb = to have to (especially in questions)
-
-            我明天要來嗎﹖
-                Do I have to come tomorrow?
-            我們要去了。
-                We have to go. 
-
-     2. 不用 + verb = don't have to
-
-            你明天不用來。
-                You don't have to come tomorrow.
-
- 3. To express /ability/ or /skill acquired/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你現在能看中文報紙嗎﹖
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖
-
-     3. 會 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            他們都會游泳嗎﹖
-
- 4. To express /ability depending on circumstances/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你明天能來嗎﹖
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你今天晚上可以1給他打電話嗎﹖
-
-    Note, in both cases use 不能 for negative sentences.
-
- 5. To express /permission/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我能在這兒停車嗎﹖
-            你不能 (or 不可以) 在這兒停車。
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖
-            你不可以 (or 不能) 在這兒吸煙。
-
- 6. To express /possibility/ or /probability/:
-
-     1. 會 + verb = be likely to, will probably
-
-            你明天會再來嗎﹖
-            今天晚上不會下雨。 
-
- 7. To express /need arising from moral or factual necessity/:
-
-     1. 應該 + verb = should, ought to
-
-            你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。
-            他們不應該翻譯那本書。
-
-Note:
-
- 1. To make a negation, put the negative word 不 or 沒有 before the
-    optative verb:
-
-        他們不想給圖書館打電話。
-
- 2. To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
-    verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
-
-        你會不會唱中國民歌﹖
-        but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖
-
- 3. It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
-
-        你是北京人﹐應該會唱京劇。
-
-
-    The use of adverbs 就 and 才
-
-就 and 才 are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's
-attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier
-(就) or later (才) than expected:
-
-    他們三點就來了﹐可是你們現在才來。
-        They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
-    我們是老朋友﹐我們十年前就認識了。
-        We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as
-        ten years ago.
-    她不是我的同學﹐我上個星期才認識她。
-        She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago. 
-
-Compare the following sentences:
-
-    今年我們就想去中國學習。
-        (The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon
-        as this year.)
-    今年我們才想去中國學習。
-        (The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
-        they should have gone earlier.) 
-
-As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
-sentence, 就 and 才 should be placed after it; when there is an optative
-verb, on the other hand, 就 and 才 should be placed before it. Here is
-the pattern:
-
-    Time-word + 就/才 + optative verb + main verb
-    她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。
-    他們今天下午三點就能出發﹐我們要晚上八點才能走。
-
-
-    Word usage: 或者, 還是
-
-Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but
-they differ in usage: in general, 或者 is used in non-interrogative
-sentences to indicate a choice:
-
-    我妹妹想研究音樂或者文學。
-
-還是, on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
-questions:
-
-    你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖
-
-It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as 知道, 告訴
-etc:
-
-請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖
-我不知道她是老師還是學生。
-
-In cases in which both 或者 and 還是 can appear in questions, there are
-some subtle differences in their anticipations and tones:
-
-     1. A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖
-        B: 我想去中國。
-
-     2. A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖
-        B: 我想去﹐我兩個地方都想去。
-
-In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice
-from the answer. The two terms with 還是 are mutually exclusive. In
-dialogue 2, the question is a general one using 嗎 at the end. It does
-not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B can give a general
-answer: 我想去 -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought:
-我兩個地方都想去. The two items with 或者 in the question are therefore
-not mutually exclusive.
-
-Sometimes, however, 還是 can also be used in a non-interrogative
-sentence. For instance:
-
-    去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一時(??)不定主意。
-
-Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
-compelling 他 to make a choice. In contrast, 或者 in this case can only
-convey a sort of explanatory note:
-
-    你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一定要作決定。 (interrogative)
-    或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其他選擇。 (explanatory)
-
-
-    了解, 知道, 認識 and 懂
-
-The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
-
-Both 了解 and 知道 can mean "to know". However, 了解 implies some level
-of understanding and comprehension of what one knows. Therefore 了解 can
-be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道. Compare:
-
-    你了解 (or 知道) 這個學校嗎﹖
-    我不知道他是誰的孩子。(Here one can not use 了解.)
-
-認識 is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not
-others. It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability.
-
-    A: 哦﹐我認識她﹗
-        Oh, I know her!
-    B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖
-        Where did you get to know her? 
-
-懂, on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its
-definition is not as broad as that of 了解 (to know and understand) and
-is different from that of 知道 (to know).
-
-    1. 你懂他說的漢語嗎﹖
-    2. 你知道他叫甚麼名字嗎﹖
-    3. 你了解他嗎﹖
-
-Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him
-than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than
-sentence 1.
-
-
-    The use of the Perfect Aspect
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The aspect particle 了 is added to the end of a verb to indicate the
-completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is
-equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future
-perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place in
-the past or in the future. For instance:
-
-    A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖
-    B: 我下了課去圖書館。
-
-On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
-particle 了, if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there
-is no need to emphasise its completion:
-
-    去年他常常去書店。
-    以前我住在學生宿舍。
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 (+ object)
-        e.g. 電影開始了。 我買了兩本書。
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒(有) + verb (+ object)
-        or subject + 還沒(有) + verb (+ 呢)
-        e.g. 我沒有買書。 電影還沒開始呢。
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 (+ object) + 沒有﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is
-        usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ 她來了嗎﹖ 你們談沒談這個問題﹖
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence,
-    the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral +
-    measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the sentence sounds
-    incomplete:
-
-        我買了三本書。
-        我在書店里買了書。
-        but not simply 我買了書。
-
- 2. If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
-    those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 is
-    usually placed after the /last/ verb.
-
-        a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。
-        b. 他們昨天進城買了一些中文詞典。
-
-    In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is
-    written by using Chinese; in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related
-    to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to
-    buy the dictionaries. Compare the above sentences with the
-    following, with a different structure:
-
-        我下了課去圖書館。
-
-    Here "class is over" (下課) and "go to the library" are unrelated.
-    They are contained in the sentence simply to indicate their
-    sequence. Hence it is wrong to say
-
-        我下課去了圖書館。
-
- 3. When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 is
-    placed /before/ the reduplicated verb:
-
-        我試了試那條裙子﹐真漂亮﹗
-
-
-    又, 再 and 還
-
-All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like
-the English "again". They differ in usage, however:
-
-Whereas 又 indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken
-place, 再 implies a repetition of an action in the future. Also, 再 is
-only used in /declarative/ sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎:
-
-    昨天他來晚了﹐今天他又來晚了。
-        (repetition in the past)
-    你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進來了。
-        (repetition in the future)
-    你再喝一點兒橘子水﹐好嗎﹖
-
-Also, 又 can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or
-occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place:
-
-    明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。
-    新年又要來了。
-
-還, on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
-
-    你明天還來嗎﹖
-
-It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an
-optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb
-and an optional 再 can be placed after:
-
-    A: 你明年還能(再)教我們嗎﹖
-    B: 我明年還可以(再)教你們。
-
-
-    Use of the modal particle 了
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The modal particle 了 is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate
-that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference
-between 了 as modal particle and 了 to indicate perfect aspect is that
-the latter only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former
-shows the completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some
-/change of situation/.
-
-    他買了書了。
-
-The first 了 in the sentence above indicates only the completion of the
-action of 買書, whereas the second 了 marks some change of situation on
-the part of 他 as a result of the completion of the book-buying process:
-originally he did not have the book, but now he has.
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
-(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
-previous section.)
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb (+ object) + 了
-        e.g. 他們看足球賽了。
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒 (有) + verb (+ object)
-        e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖
-        or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb + object﹖ (here the verb is
-        usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖
-        他們看足球賽了嗎﹖
-        他們看沒看足球賽﹖
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the perfect
-    aspect 了 from the modal particle 了. In such a case, 了 can be
-    regarded as fulfilling both functions:
-
-        她來了。 我們懂了。
-
- 2. A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
-    require a 了 at the end of the sentence:
-
-        我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出去。
-
-
-    Sequential actions
-
-To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
-other, we use the pattern
-
-    Subject + verb + 了 (以後) 就 + verb ...
-    e.g. 我們辦了簽証(以後)就回家。
-    明天吃了早飯(以後)我們就出發。
-
-The above pattern can be used for /future/ actions as well. To indicate
-that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 has to be
-inserted at the end of the sentence:
-
-    我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。
-    他們早上沒吃早飯就走了。

Original/Chapters 1-28 all in one big page-text.text

@@ -1,4695 +0,0 @@
-
-Show 	
-characters
-pinyin, zhuyin
-translations
-
-	 in 	
-text
-tooltips
-status line
-separate wordlist
-
-Link characters to online dictionaries
-Only treat the first occurrence of each word
-Include links to audio text-to-speech
-tooltips require DHTML; status-line requires a willing browser
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
-
-      嗎 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%dc> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
-      ?
-
-One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add
-嗎 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
-at the end of a statement. Hence 你
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3hao3]
-! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6n%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3hao3
-ma3|ma5] ? (How are you?)
-
-
-      你 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>呢
-      <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9O> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-      ne5|ni2] ?
-
-This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to you.
-Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how about
-you?"
-
-    A: 你好嗎 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6n%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3hao3
-    ma3|ma5] ?
-        How are you?
-    B: 我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>很
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>好
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    hen3hao3] , 你呢 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ne5|ni2] ?
-        I am fine, and you?
-
-    A: 你忙 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3>嗎 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%a3%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    mang2 ma3|ma5] ?
-        Are you busy?
-    B: 我不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>忙
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    bu4mang2] , 你呢 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ne5|ni2] ?
-        I am not busy, what about you?
-
-
-      很 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-      , 也 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4]> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-      , 都 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%a3> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-
-
-All three are adverbs, which should be placed /before/ what they modify
-in Chinese. E.g., 很好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3hao3]
-, 也好 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3
-hao3|hao4] , 都好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
-hao3|hao4] .
-
-Sometimes 很 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-is not really employed to mean "very" if it is modifying a monosyllabic
-adjective such as 好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao3|hao4]
-. It is simply because to say 我好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-hao3|hao4] is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic
-adjective as the predicate of the sentence. Therefore people usually add
-很 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-before 好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao3|hao4]
-to make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-hen3hao3] in this case does not necessarily mean "I am /very/ well", it
-may simply convey the meaning of "I am fine".
-
-/The order of these words:/ If all three adverbs occur in the same
-sentence, their order is 也 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
--- 都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
--- 很 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-:
-
-    我很好 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    hen3hao3] .
-    我也很好 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4]%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    ye3 hen3hao3] .
-    我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>們
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>也都很好 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4]%b3%a3%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    ye3 dou1|du1 hen3hao3] .
-
-N.B. 都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-(both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the /left/ of it. Hence
-it is wrong to say 都他 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>們
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>很好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a5L%ad%cc%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
-ta1men5 hen3hao3] ("all of them are fine"). One should say 他
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>們
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>都
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%a3>很好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%b3%a3%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5dou1
-hen3hao3] .
-
-
-      都不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
-      bu4] vs. 不都 [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4
-      dou1|du1]
-
-都不 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
-bu4] indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4
-dou1|du1] shows a partial negation:
-
-    他們都不忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%b3%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5dou1
-    bu4mang2]
-        None of them is busy.
-    他們不都忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%b3%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-    bu4 dou1|du1 mang2]
-        Not all of them are busy.
-    我們都不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>大
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>夫
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d2> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a4%a3%acO%a4j%a4%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    dou1|du1 bu2shi4 dai4fu5]
-        None of us is a doctor.
-    我們不都是 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>大夫 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%a3%b3%a3%acO%a4j%a4%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    bu4 dou1|du1 shi4 dai4fu5]
-        Not all of us are doctors.
-
-
-      的 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba> [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-
-
-As an auxiliary word, 的 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-is used to indicate possession. It comes between the subject and the
-noun it modifies: 我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>的
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba>書
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
-shu1] , 我媽 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%fd>媽
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%fd>的車
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6%fd%b6%fd%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-ma1ma5 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1] etc.
-
-In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
-possessive marker 的 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-can be omitted. /Otherwise it cannot/.
-
-    e.g. 你弟 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%cc>弟
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%cc> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a7%cc%a7%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    di4di5] = 你的弟弟 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%a7%cc%a7%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    de5|di2|di4 di4di5] , 我爸
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%a8>爸
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%a8> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%a8%aa%a8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    ba4ba5] = 我的爸爸 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%aa%a8%aa%a8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
-    ba4ba5] 
-
-
-      我很好 [.wav]
-      <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-      hen3hao3] -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".
-
-Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb. In
-the sentence 我很好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-hen3hao3] , the adjectival phrase 很好 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3hao3]
-serves as the predicate for the sentence. No verb "to be" is needed as
-in English (I /am/ very well). This is generally true of a sentence that
-has an /adjective/ as its predicate, even in negative sentences.
-
-    e.g. 他們很忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ab%dc%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-    hen3 mang2] , 我們不忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    bu4mang2]
-        They are very busy, we are not.
-
-Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-should still be retained:
-
-    他 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>是我朋
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a7%da%aaB%a4%cd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 wo3 peng2you5]
-        He is my friend.
-
-    我不是她 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6o>的哥
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%f4>哥
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%f4> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%acO%a6o%aa%ba%ad%f4%ad%f4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    bu2shi4 ta1 de5|di2|di4 ge1ge5]
-        I am not her elder brother.
-
-
-      Proper Response
-
-Study the following two dialogues:
-
-    A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6%fd%b6%fd%acO%a4j%a4%d2%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ma1ma5 shi4 dai4fu5 ma3|ma5] ?
-        Is your mother a doctor?
-    B: 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    , 她是大夫 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4j%a4%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 dai4fu5] .
-        Yes, she is a doctor.
-
-    A: 你媽媽忙嗎 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6%fd%b6%fd%a6%a3%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ma1ma5 mang2 ma3|ma5] ?
-        Is your mother busy?
-    B: 忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mang2]
-    , 她很忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%ab%dc%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    hen3 mang2] .
-        Yes, she is very busy.
-
-To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb --
-in the above case 是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-and 忙 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mang2]
-respectively -- as an equivalent to the English "yes" before making the
-statement itself. Note therefore that the response is not always 是
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-.
-
-
-    Questions with interrogative words 誰
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d6> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shei2|shui2]
-    , 哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3]
-    , 什 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b0>麼
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    me5|mo2]
-
-Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as "what",
-"when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a question,
-Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming questions using
-such interrogative words as 誰 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shei2|shui2]
-, 哪 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3]
-, 什麼 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-me5|mo2] , etc:
-
- 1. 他是我弟弟 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a7%da%a7%cc%a7%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 wo3 di4di5] . (He is my younger brother.)
-    他是誰 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%bd%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 shei2|shui2] ? (Who is he?)
-
- 2. 他是我們老 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%d1>師
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aev> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a7%da%ad%cc%a6%d1%aev&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 wo3men5 lao3shi1] . (He is our teacher.)
-    誰是你 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>們
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>老師 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6%acO%a7A%ad%cc%a6%d1%aev&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shei2|shui2
-    shi4 ni3men5 lao3shi1] ? (Who is your teacher?)
-
- 3. 他是中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>人
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 zhong1guo2ren2] . (He is Chinese.)
-    他是哪國 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>人
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%ad%fe%b0%ea%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 na3|na5|nei3|nei3 guo2 ren2] ? (What is his nationality?)
-
- 4. 這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>是中
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>地
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6a>圖
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%cf> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a6a%b9%cf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    shi4 zhong1guo2 di4tu2] . (This is a map of China.)
-    這是什麼地圖 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2%a6a%b9%cf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    shi4 shi2 me5|mo2 di4tu2] ? (What map is this?)
-
- 5. 那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>是書 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%acO%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4
-    shi4 shu1] . (That is a book.)
-    那是什麼 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4
-    shi4 shi2 me5|mo2] ? (What is that?)
-
- 6. 這是她的車 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a6o%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    shi4 ta1 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1] . (This is her car.)
-    這是誰的車 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%bd%d6%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    shi4 shei2|shui2 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1] ? (Whose car is this?)
-
-As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what
-one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form questions.
-No change of word order takes place.
-
-
-    Asking a person's name
-
-There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that
-person is.
-
- 1. 您 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1z>貴
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6Q>姓
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9m>﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1z%b6Q%a9m%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nin2
-    gui4xing4 ﹖]
-
-    This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What
-    is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to address one's
-    elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one
-    wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6Q%a9m&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gui4xing4]
-    cannot be used when asking about a third person's name, or when
-    referring to oneself.
-
-        A: 您 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1z&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nin2]
-        /你貴姓﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6Q%a9m%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        gui4xing4 ﹖]
-            What is your name?
-        B: 我姓 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9m>丁
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4B>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9m%a4B%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xing4 ding1 。]
-            My name is Ding.
-
- 2. 你叫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5s>什麼﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
-
-    This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually used
-    to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors.
-    If one wants to be a bit polite, 請
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d0>問
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3wen4]
-    can be added to the question:
-
-        請問﹐你叫什麼﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%b0%dd%a1M%a7A%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3wen4
-        ﹐ ni3 jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
-            May I ask, what's your name?
-
-    Unlike 貴姓 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6Q%a9m&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gui4xing4]
-    , which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4
-    shi2 me5|mo2] can be employed for all persons:
-
-        她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S%a7%da%ad%cc%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S%a7%da%ad%f4%ad%f4%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖ wo3men5 jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖ wo3 ge1ge5
-        jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖] etc. 
-
-When asked 你姓什麼﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9m%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-xing4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖] you are supposed to give your last name first,
-and then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when
-asked 你叫什麼﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖] you can give either your given name or your full
-name.
-
-
-    Word usage: 學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>習
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%df>﹐ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%b2%df%a1M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2xi2
-    ﹐] 學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2]
-
-
-Both words mean "to study" or "to learn". Whereas 學習 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%b2%df&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2xi2]
-can be used both transitively and intransitively, 學 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2]
-is normally reserved for transitive use.
-
-    e.g. 我學 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%be%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    xue2] (習 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%df> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2%df&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xi2]
-    )漢 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba~>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>﹐她學 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a1M%a6o%be%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[han4yu3
-    ﹐ ta1 xue2] (習 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2%df&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xi2]
-    )法 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aak>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aak%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fa3yu3
-    。]
-        I study Chinese, she studies French.
-    我學習﹐我弟弟不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>習。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%be%c7%b2%df%a1M%a7%da%a7%cc%a7%cc%a4%a3%be%c7%b2%df%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    xue2xi2 ﹐ wo3 di4di5 bu4xue2wu2shu4 xi2 。]
-        I study, my younger brother doesn't study.
-
-In the second sentence, the word 習 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2%df&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xi2]
-cannot be omitted.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    (to be at/in...) functions as a verb.
-
-    To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use
-    the following pattern:
-
-        S + 在 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-        + place/location word or phrase
-        e.g. A: 你的地圖在哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
-        %fe>兒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%a6a%b9%cf%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        de5|di2|di4 di4tu2 zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
-        B: 我的地圖在那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>兒
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%a6a%b9%cf%a6b%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
-        di4tu2 zai4 nar3|nar4 。]
-
-        A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%a8%aa%a8%b6%fd%b6%fd%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        ba4ba5 ma1ma5 zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
-        B: 他們在中國。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6b%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        zai4 zhong1guo2 。] 
-
-    If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
-
-        A: 古 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5j>波
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aai>在嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5j%aai%a6b%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gu3bo1
-        zai4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            Is Gubo in [or: here]?
-        B: 他不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>在
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>﹐他在學
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>生
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%cd>宿
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1J>舍
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%d9>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%a3%a6b%a1M%a5L%a6b%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        bu4zai4 ﹐ ta1 zai4 xue2sheng5 su4she4 。]
-            He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.
-
-
- 2. Nouns / personal pronouns + 這
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
-    /那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
-    as place words.
-
-        e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6a%b9%cf%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[di4tu2
-        zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
-        B: 在我這兒。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4
-        wo3 zher4 。] (or 在我那兒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%a7%da%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4
-        wo3 nar3|nar4] )
-
-        A: 你的車在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%a8%ae%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1 zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
-        B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%a8%ae%a6b%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
-        che1|ju1 zai4 xue2sheng5 su4she4 nar3|nar4 。] 
-
-    The choice of 這兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
-    and 那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
-    depends on the distance between the object and the speaker. If it is
-    close to the speaker, use 這兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
-    ; if not, use 那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
-    .
-
- 3. The word order for Chinese place words
-
-    Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and
-    proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives in room
-    423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她住
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>院
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0|>學生宿舍四
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>層
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bch>四二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>三
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>號
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%ed%be%c7%b0|%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a5|%bch%a5|%a4G%a4T%b8%b9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zhu4 xue2yuan4 xue2sheng5 su4she4 si4 ceng2 si4 er4 san1 hao2|hao4
-    。] Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is applicable to
-    the address used when writing letters as well.
-
- 4. To live (stay) at a place
-
-    Most often one uses 住 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4]
-    to indicate that one lives or stays at a certain place. There are
-    several patterns for the use of 住 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4]
-    . For example, to say "I live here", one can have the following:
-
-        S + 住 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4]
-        + place word (我住這兒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6%ed%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        zhu4 zher4] )
-        S + 住在 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4
-        zai4] + place word (我住在
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>這
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>兒
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6%ed%a6b%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        zhu4 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5] )
-        S + 在 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-        + place word + 住 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4]
-        (我在這兒住 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5 zhu4] )
-
-    All three sentences have the same meaning.
-
- 5. Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
-
-    Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by
-    digit:
-
-        English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)
-        Chinese: # 1452 (一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>
-        四五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>號
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a5|%a4%ad%a4G%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1
-        si4 wu3 er4hao4] ) 
-
-
-    The use of 還 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%d9> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-    (to return something to someone)
-
-When using 還 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-to indicate "return", use the following pattern:
-
-    S + 還 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-    + (sb.) + sth.
-    e.g. 我還他畫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5e>報
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%c1%d9%a5L%b5e%b3%f8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    hai2|huan2 ta1 hua4bao4]
-    你還丁云 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%aa>的車。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%c1%d9%a4B%a4%aa%aa%ba%a8%ae%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    hai2|huan2 ding1 yun2 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1 。] (Notice here sb. is
-    omitted.)
-
-This pattern is /only/ used for simple objects, i.e. the object to be
-returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的日
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9>本
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bb>車 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b6%fd%b6%fd%aa%ba%a4%e9%a5%bb%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-ma1ma5 de5|di2|di4 ri4ben3 che1|ju1] , etc. Notice in the second example
-above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say 你還丁云丁云的
-車 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%c1%d9%a4B%a4%aa%a4B%a4%aa%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-hai2|huan2 ding1 yun2 ding1 yun2 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1] , although
-grammatically it is correct. We will later learn the ways to express
-something more complicated.
-
-
-    用 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%ce>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>下
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4
-    yi2xiar4]
-
-In this phrase, 用 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4]
-is a verb which can be used both transitively and intransitively (i.e.
-it can be used either with or without an object). 一下兒 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi2xiar4]
-is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little while". If
-an object is to be used for 用 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4]
-in the above phrase, it should be placed after 一下兒 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi2xiar4]
-:
-
-    我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%a7A%aa%ba%ae%d1%a1M%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    yong4 yi2xiar4 ni3 de5|di2|di4 shu1 ﹐ hao3|hao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
-    他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%a7A%aa%a8%aa%a8%aa%ba%a8%ae%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-    yong4 yi2xiar4 ni3 ba4ba5 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1 。]
-        They want to use your dad's car for a little while.
-
-
-    Time Word 現 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2{>在
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4]
-
-
-Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a
-sentence: /before/ or /after/ the subject.
-
-    現在她去 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>學院還書。
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b%a6o%a5h%be%c7%b0|%c1%d9%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4
-    ta1 qu4 xue2yuan4 hai2|huan2 shu1 。]
-        Now she is going to the college to return books.
-    or 她現在去學院還書。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b2{%a6b%a5h%be%c7%b0|%c1%d9%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    xian4zai4 qu4 xue2yuan4 hai2|huan2 shu1 。] 
-
-
-    常 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
-    and 常 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`>常
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2chang2]
-
-
-常 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
-in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2chang2]
-without a change of meaning. Thus, 他常喝
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%dc>茶
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b3%dc%af%f9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-chang2 he1|he4 cha2] = 他常常喝茶 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b1`%b3%dc%af%f9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-chang2chang2 he1|he4 cha2] , 我們常去看
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%dd>書 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b1`%a5h%ac%dd%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-chang2 qu4 kan1|kan4 shu1] = 我們常常去看書 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b1`%b1`%a5h%ac%dd%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-chang2chang2 qu4 kan1|kan4 shu1] .
-
-In making negative sentences, however, 常 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
-is normally /not/ reduplicated. Hence 他不常喝茶 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%a3%b1`%b3%dc%af%f9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-bu4 chang2 he1|he4 cha2] , 我們不常去看書 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%a3%b1`%a5h%ac%dd%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-bu4 chang2 qu4 kan1|kan4 shu1] .
-
-
-    Affirmative-Negative questions
-
-An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative
-and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
-
-    她是中國人嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4 zhong1guo2ren2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 她是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>不
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>中國人﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4%a3%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    shi4bu4shi4 zhong1guo2ren2 ﹖]
-    你忙嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%a3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    mang2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 你忙不忙﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    mang2 bu4mang2 ﹖]
-    你認 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb{>識
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%d1>他嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%bb{%c3%d1%a5L%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ren4shi5 ta1 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 你認識不認識他﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%bb{%c3%d1%a4%a3%bb{%c3%d1%a5L%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ren4shi5 bu4 ren4shi5 ta1 ﹖] 
-
- 1. If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
-    the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
-
-        忙不忙 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mang2
-        bu4mang2] , 認識不認識 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb{%c3%d1%a4%a3%bb{%c3%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ren4shi5
-        bu4 ren4shi5] , 介 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-        %b6>紹 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%d0>不介紹
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%a3%a4%b6%b2%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie4shao4
-        bu4 jie4shao4] 
-
- 2. If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
-    that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
-
-        你喝不喝茶﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%dc%a4%a3%b3%dc%af%f9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        he1|he4 bu4 he1|he4 cha2 ﹖]
-        你去不去中國﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        qu4 bu4 qu4 zhong1guo2 ﹖] 
-
- 3. Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
-    form of "V + object + 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    + V ?" as well, although this is not as common:
-
-        你喝茶不喝茶﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%dc%af%f9%a4%a3%b3%dc%af%f9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        he1|he4 cha2 bu4 he1|he4 cha2 ﹖]
-        她去中國不去﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4%a3%a5h%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        qu4 zhong1guo2 bu4 qu4 ﹖] 
-
- 4. As in questions with interrogative words (誰 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shei2|shui2]
-    , 什麼 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    me5|mo2] , etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
-    at the end.
-
- 5. If an adverb such as 常 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
-    , 都 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-    , 也 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-    or 很 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-    comes /before/ the predicative verb or adjective, do not use the
-    affirmative-negative form but use 嗎 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
-    instead:
-
-        你們都去中國嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-        dou1|du1 qu4 zhong1guo2 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        but not 你們都去不去中國﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-        dou1|du1 qu4 bu4 qu4 zhong1guo2 ﹖]
-
-        他常喝咖 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9@>啡
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d8>嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b3%dc%a9@%b0%d8%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        chang2 he1|he4 ka1fei1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b3%dc%a4%a3%b3%dc%a9@%b0%d8%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        chang2 he1|he4 bu4 he1|he4 ka1fei1 ﹖] 
-
-    Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
-    /before/ the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:
-
-     1. 她很忙嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%ab%dc%a6%a3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        hen3 mang2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] but not 她很忙不忙﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%ab%dc%a6%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        hen3 mang2 bu4mang2 ﹖]
-
-     2. 她是很好大夫嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%ab%dc%a6n%a4j%a4%d2%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        shi4 hen3hao3 dai4fu5 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 她是不是很好的大夫﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4%a3%acO%ab%dc%a6n%aa%ba%a4j%a4%d2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        shi4bu4shi4 hen3hao3 de5|di2|di4 dai4fu5 ﹖]
-
-    The second instance is acceptable because 很 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-    comes /after/ the predicative verb 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    .
-
- 6. If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the
-    /first/ verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question:
-
-        你去商 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d3>店
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%b1>買
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6R>紙
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%c8>嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%b0%d3%a9%b1%b6R%af%c8%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        qu4 shang1dian4 mai3 zhi3 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 你去不去商店買紙﹖
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%b0%d3%a9%b1%b6R%af%c8%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        qu4 bu4 qu4 shang1dian4 mai3 zhi3 ﹖]
-        他們歡 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>迎
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ef>我來
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%d3>嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%c5w%aa%ef%a7%da%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        huan1ying2 wo3 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 他們歡迎不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>歡
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>迎
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ef>我來﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%c5w%aa%ef%a4%a3%c5w%aa%ef%a7%da%a8%d3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        huan1ying2 bu4huan1er2san4 ying2 wo3 lai2 ﹖] 
-
-
-    和 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9M> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[he2|he4|huo2|huo4]
-    and 都 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-
-
-In Chinese, 和 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[he2|he4|huo2|huo4]
-as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or phrases,
-/never/ two clauses or sentences:
-
-    中國和美 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%fc>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b0%ea%a9M%ac%fc%b0%ea&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1guo2
-    he2|he4|huo2|huo4 mei3guo2]
-    我的爸爸和媽媽 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%aa%a8%aa%a8%a9M%b6%fd%b6%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
-    ba4ba5 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 ma1ma5]
-    她學習漢語和英 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad^>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a9M%ad^%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    xue2xi2 han4yu3 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 ying1yu3 。]
-    你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%bb{%c3%d1%a7%da%aa%a8%aa%a8%a9M%a7%cc%a7%cc%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ren4shi5 wo3 ba4ba5 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 di4di5 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-
-    but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a7%cc%a7%cc%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1M%a9M%a7%da%ad%f4%ad%f4%a4]%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    di4di5 shi4 xue2sheng5 ﹐ he2|he4|huo2|huo4 wo3 ge1ge5 ye3 shi4
-    xue2sheng5 。]
-    nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%be%c7%b2%df%aak%bby%a1M%a9M%a7%da%a4]%be%c7%b2%df%aak%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    xue2xi2 fa3yu3 ﹐ he2|he4|huo2|huo4 wo3 ye3 xue2xi2 fa3yu3 。] 
-
-The adverb 都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or adjective. It
-governs only the elements /before/ it:
-
-    我們都去中國。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    dou1|du1 qu4 zhong1guo2 。] (All of us go to China: 都 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-    modifies 我們 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5]
-    .)
-    but not 都我們去中國。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a7%da%ad%cc%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
-    wo3men5 qu4 zhong1guo2 。]
-
-This is also wrong:
-
-    我都學漢語和法語。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b3%a3%be%c7%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    dou1|du1 xue2 han4yu3 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3 。] 
-
-because 都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-modifies 我 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3]
-and not 漢語和法語 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[han4yu3
-he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3] . If "both Chinese and French" is intended in
-the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[han4yu3
-he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3] should be placed before 都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-:
-
-    我漢語和法語都學。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby%b3%a3%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    han4yu3 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3 dou1|du1 xue2 。]
-    or 漢語和法語都我學。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby%b3%a3%a7%da%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[han4yu3
-    he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3 dou1|du1 wo3 xue2 。] 
-
-
-    The verb 有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-    expressing possession and existence
-
-The verb 有 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the English "to
-have" and "there is" or "there are":
-
-    她有漢語詞 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%fc>典
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e5>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%b3%ba~%bby%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    you3 han4yu3 ci2dian3 。]
-        She has a Chinese dictionary.
-    我們學院有多 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>外
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>學生。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%be%c7%b0|%a6%b3%a6h%a5~%b0%ea%be%c7%a5%cd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    xue2yuan4 you3 duo1 wai4guo2 xue2sheng5 。]
-        There are a lot of foreign students in our college.
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. To negate 有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-    , one uses 沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
-    instead of 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    :
-
-        我有哥哥﹐我沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>有
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>姐
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9j>姐
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9j>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6%b3%ad%f4%ad%f4%a1M%a7%da%a8S%a6%b3%a9j%a9j%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        you3 ge1ge5 ﹐ wo3 mei2you3 jie3jie5 。]
-            I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.
-
- 2. Informally in a negative sentence, 有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-    can sometimes be omitted:
-
-        我朋友沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aaB%a4%cd%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        peng2you5 mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        )書﹐也沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae%d1%a1M%a4]%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shu1
-        ﹐ ye3 mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        )筆 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%a7>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bi3
-        。]
-            My friend does not have books, nor pens.
-        現在我們的宿舍沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b%a7%da%ad%cc%aa%ba%b1J%aa%d9%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4
-        wo3men5 de5|di2|di4 su4she4 mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        )人。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4H%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ren2
-        。]
-            There is no one in our dorm now.
-
- 3. The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3
-    mei2you3] ... ?"
-
-        她有沒有妹 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9f>妹
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9f>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3%a9f%a9f%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        you3 mei2you3 mei4mei4|mei4mei5 ﹖]
-        呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>
-        有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O%a1M%a7A%ad%cc%aa%ba%b1J%aa%d9%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3%a4H%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2
-        ﹐ ni3men5 de5|di2|di4 su4she4 you3 mei2you3ren2 ﹖] 
-
-    Sometimes, if the object of 有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-    is not long, one can use the form "... 有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-    + object + 沒有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
-    ?" as well, although this form is not as common as the previous one.
-
-        她有妹妹沒有﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%b3%a9f%a9f%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        you3 mei4mei4|mei4mei5 mei2you3 ﹖]
-        這宿舍有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>沒有﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%b1J%aa%d9%a6%b3%a4H%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        su4she4 you3ren2qing2 mei2you3 ﹖] 
-
-
-    Prepositional construction with 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    (in, at) and 給 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%b9>
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3]
-    (for, to)
-
-The object of 在 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-is often a place-word and the object of 給 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3]
-is often the beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative
-verb. In Chinese, a prepositional construction comes /before/ the verb
-it modifies:
-
-    他在銀 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%c8>行
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%e6>工
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4u>作
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7@>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zai4 yin2hang2 gong1zuo4 。]
-        She works in a bank.
-    but not 她工作在銀行。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a4u%a7@%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    gong1zuo4 zai4 yin2hang2 。]
-
-    我給你們介紹一下兒。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    gei3|ji3 ni3men5 jie4shao4 yi2xiar4 。]
-        Let me introduce you to one another.
-    but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    jie4shao4 yi2xiar4 gei3|ji3 ni3men5 。] 
-
-To form a negative sentence, 不 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-is placed /before/ the prepositional construction:
-
-    他不在銀行工作。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%a3%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    bu4zai4 yin2hang2 gong1zuo4 。]
-    我不給你們介紹。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a4%b6%b2%d0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    bu4 gei3|ji3 ni3men5 jie4shao4 。]
-        I am not going to introduce you.
-
-Adverbs such as 常 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
-, 都 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
-, 也 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-are also placed /before/ the prepositional construction:
-
-    我們都在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    dou1|du1 zai4] City Lit 學院學習漢語。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%b0|%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2yuan4
-    xue2xi2 han4yu3 。]
-        We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
-    你常給你媽媽信 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abH>嗎﹖
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b1`%b5%b9%a7A%b6%fd%b6%fd%abH%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    chang2 gei3|ji3 ni3 ma1ma5 xin4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        Do you often write to your mother?
-    我爸爸也常給我寫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcg>信
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abH>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%a8%aa%a8%a4]%b1`%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%abH%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    ba4ba5 ye3 chang2 gei3|ji3 wo3 xie3xin4 。]
-        My dad also often writes to me.
-
-
-    Word usage: 想 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7Q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-
-
-The word 想 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-in Chinese carries various meanings:
-
- 1. 想 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-    + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something:
-
-        丁 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4B>雲
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%b3>很想
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7Q>家
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4B%b6%b3%ab%dc%b7Q%aea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ding1yun2
-        hen3 xiang3jia1 。]
-            Ding Yun misses her family very much.
-        我很想我的爸爸媽媽。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%b7Q%a7%da%aa%ba%aa%a8%aa%a8%b6%fd%b6%fd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        hen3 xiang3 wo3de5 ba4ba5 ma1ma5 。]
-            I miss my parents very much.
-        你不想你的男 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8k>朋
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd>嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%b7Q%a7A%aa%ba%a8k%aaB%a4%cd%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        bu4 xiang3 ni3 de5|di2|di4 nan2peng2you5 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            Don't you miss your boyfriend?
-        你想不想她﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a4%a3%b7Q%a6o%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 bu4 xiang3 ta1 ﹖]
-            Do you miss her?
-
- 2. 想 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-    + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
-
-        A: 你想去商店嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a5h%b0%d3%a9%b1%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 qu4 shang1dian4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            Do you want to go to the shop?
-        B: 我不想去。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b7Q%a5h%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        bu4 xiang3 qu4 。]
-            I don't want to go.
-
-        A: 你想不想學法語﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a4%a3%b7Q%be%c7%aak%bby%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 bu4 xiang3 xue2 fa3yu3 ﹖]
-            Do you want to study French?
-        B: 我也想學法語。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4]%b7Q%be%c7%aak%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        ye3 xiang3 xue2 fa3yu3 。]
-            I also want to study French.
-
- 3. 想 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-    + clause = to think/suppose something:
-
-        我想她是中國人。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a6o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xiang3 ta1 shi4 zhong1guo2ren2 。]
-            I think she is Chinese.
-        我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a6o%aa%a8%aa%a8%b6%fd%b6%fd%b3%a3%acO%a4j%a4%d2%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xiang3 ta1 ba4ba5 ma1ma5 dou1|du1 shi4 dai4fu5 。]
-            I think her parents are both doctors.
-
-    N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-    in this capacity, put the negative adverb in the /subordinate
-    clause/, not in the main clause as in English:
-
-        我想她 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a6o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xiang3 ta1] /不是 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu2shi4]
-        /中國人。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1guo2ren2
-        。]
-            I don't think she is Chinese.
-        but not 我不想她是中國人。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b7Q%a6o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        bu4 xiang3 ta1 shi4 zhong1guo2ren2 。] 
-
-N.B. 想 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form /only/ in
-senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.
-
-
-    Word usage: 告 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7i>訴
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6D> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-
-
-告訴 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-means "to tell". In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell somebody
-something, or to tell somebody /to do/ something. The Chinese verb 告訴
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-can only be applied to the first of these patterns.
-
-    e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a7i%b6D%a7%da%a6o%aa%ba%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    gao4su5 wo3 ta1 de5|di2|di4 gong1zuo4 。]
-        She told me her work.
-    我告訴媽媽你是我的好 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>朋
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a7i%b6D%b6%fd%b6%fd%a7A%acO%a7%da%aa%ba%a6n%aaB%a4%cd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    gao4su5 ma1ma5 ni3 shi4 wo3de5 hao3peng2you5 。]
-        I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
-    but not 我告訴他給我寫信。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a7i%b6D%a5L%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%abH%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    gao4su5 ta1 gei3|ji3 wo3 xie3xin4 。]
-        I told him to write to me.
-
-Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3]
-, 媽媽 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%fd%b6%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma1ma5]
-) of 告訴 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a
-clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it
-uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a
-verb-phrase for its direct object. In this case, we should use 叫 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4]
-or 請 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d0> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
-in place of 告訴 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-to make a correct sentence:
-
-    我請他給我寫信。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%bd%d0%a5L%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%abH%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    qing3 ta1 gei3|ji3 wo3 xie3xin4 。]
-        I asked him to write to me.
-
-
-    The Numbers in Chinese
-
-For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
-
-    ○ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[○]
-    (or 零 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9s> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ling2]
-    ), 一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1]
-    , 二 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-    , 三 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1]
-    , 四 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4]
-    , 五 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3]
-    , 六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%bb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liu4]
-    , 七 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qi1]
-    , 八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4K&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1]
-    , 九 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu3]
-    , 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2]
-
-
-Further on, they are:
-
-    十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2yi1]
-    = 11, 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4]
-    = 12, 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>九
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4E&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2jiu3]
-    = 19
-    二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2]
-    = 20, 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2yi1]
-    = 21, 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>八
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4K&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2ba1hao4]
-    = 28
-    三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1shi2]
-    = 30, 四 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4shi2]
-    = 40, 九 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu3shi2]
-    = 90, 九十九 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E%a4Q%a4E&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu3shi2
-    jiu3] = 99
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3]
-    = 100
-    一百零一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
-    ling2 yi1] = 101, 一百十 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
-    shi2] = 110, 一百十一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%a4Q%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
-    shi2yi1] = 111
-    三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>七
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a6%ca%a4G%a4Q%a4C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1bai3
-    er4shi2qi1] = 327, 九百 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6
-    %ca>零九 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E%a6%ca%b9s%a4E&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu3
-    bai3 ling2 jiu3] = 909
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4d&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1qian1]
-    = 1000
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9s>一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4d%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4
-    yi1] = 1001, 五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零四十 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a4d%b9s%a5|%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3qian1dun1
-    ling2 si4shi2] = 5040, 八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-    /zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>七
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4K%a4d%a4C%a6%ca%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1qian1
-    qi1bai3wan4 er4shi2wu3] = 8725
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>萬
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1wan4]
-    = 10,000
-    四萬 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U>零八百零一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%b8U%b9s%a4K%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4
-    wan4 ling2 ba1 bai3 ling2 yi1] = 40,801
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>億
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f5> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%bb%f5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1yi4]
-    = 100,000,000
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. Numbers like 15 are written e.g. 十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2wu3]
-    , not 一十五 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1
-    shi2wu3] .
-
- 2. A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101
-    is 一百零一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
-    ling2 yi1] , and 3020 is 三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-    /zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零二
-    十 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a4d%b9s%a4G%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1qian1wu3bai3
-    ling2 er4shi2] . Notice the last zero in 3020 is /not/ pronounced
-    because it is not between two other digits.
-
-    If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero
-    digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4d%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4
-    yi1] . However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also
-    sandwiched, as in 40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%b8U%b9s%a4K%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4
-    wan4 ling2 ba1 bai3 ling2 yi1] .
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. Measure words
-
-    In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
-    pronouns such as 這 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4]
-    or 那 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4]
-    , or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3]
-    or 幾 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4X> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3]
-    , a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and its
-    modifier(s):
-
-        三本 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bb>書 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a5%bb%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1
-        ben3 shu1] , 十五個 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
-        %d3>學生 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4%ad%ad%d3%be%c7%a5%cd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2wu3
-        ge4 xue2sheng5] , 那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8
-        %ba>個 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>老師 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%ad%d3%a6%d1%aev&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nei4ge4
-        lao3shi1] , 哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>圖
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%cf>書
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>館
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0]> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%ad%d3%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3ge5
-        tu2shu1guan3] , 幾本詞典 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3
-        ben3 ci2dian3] 
-
- 2. 幾 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3]
-    and 多 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>少
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d6> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6h%a4%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[duo1shao3]
-
-
-    Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much". Whereas
-    幾 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3]
-    should be used with a measure word, 多少 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6h%a4%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[duo1shao3]
-    can be used either with or without a measure word for the noun it
-    modifies.
-
-        你有幾本詞典﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%b3%b4X%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        you3 ji1|ji3 ben3 ci2dian3 ﹖]
-        你有多少 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%b3%a6h%a4%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        you3 duo1shao3] (本 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ben3]
-        )詞典﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ci2dian3
-        ﹖] 
-
-    The measure word 本 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ben3]
-    is a must for the first sentence, but only optional in the second.
-
-    Also, when 幾 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3]
-    is used, the expected answer is usually under 10, whereas 多少
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6h%a4%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[duo1shao3]
-    can be used whether one expects a large or small answer.
-
-        你們大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>學
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>有多少學生﹖
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%a4j%be%c7%a6%b3%a6h%a4%d6%be%c7%a5%cd%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-        da4xue2 you3 duo1shao3 xue2sheng5 ﹖]
-        你家 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>有幾
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4X>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aea%a6%b3%b4X%ad%d3%a4H%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        jia1 you3 ji3ge5 ren2 ﹖] 
-
- 3. Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
-
-    As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
-    object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
-
-        王 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%fd>老師教
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%d0>我們語
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>法
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aak>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%bby%aak%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wang2
-        lao3shi1 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 yu3fa3 。] 
-
-    In this sentence, 教 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao1|jiao4]
-    is a verb that takes 我們 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5]
-    as the indirect object and 法語 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aak%bby&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fa3yu3]
-    as the direct object. Generally the indirect goes before the direct
-    object. Some other verbs that work the same way include 還 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-    , 告訴 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-    and 問 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wen4]
-    .
-
-    Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say
-    他買我一本書 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b6R%a7%da%a4@%a5%bb%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    mai3 wo3 yi1 ben3 shu1] (He bought me a book), or 她寫
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcg>我一封
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%ca>信 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%bcg%a7%da%a4@%ab%ca%abH&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    xie3 wo3 yi1 feng1 xin4] (She wrote me a letter). The correct way of
-    saying these would be to use 給 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3]
-    , as in 他給我買一本書 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b5%b9%a7%da%b6R%a4@%a5%bb%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    gei3|ji3 wo3 mai3 yi1 ben3 shu1] and 她給我寫一封信 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%a4@%ab%ca%abH&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    gei3|ji3 wo3 xie3 yi1 feng1 xin4] .
-
- 4. Adjectives as modifiers
-
-    When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the
-    noun as in English:
-
-        新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>書
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7s%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xin1shu1]
-
-            new book
-        好朋友 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n%aaB%a4%cd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao3peng2you5]
-
-            good friend
-
-    However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
-    syllables, the particle 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    is usually inserted between the modifier and the noun it modifies:
-
-        很新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>的書 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%b7s%aa%ba%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3
-        xin1 de5|di2|di4 shu1]
-            very new book
-        很好的朋友 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%a6n%aa%ba%aaB%a4%cd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3hao3
-        de5|di2|di4 peng2you5]
-            very good friend
-
-
-    Word usage: 也 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-    and 還 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-
-
-也 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement. Hence the
-relationship between the statement introduced by 也 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-and the previous one is a /parallel/ relationship. 還 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-, on the other hand, introduces an /additional/ element to the previous
-statement.
-
-    e.g. 你有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>個問
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd>題
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3D>﹐我也有一個問題。
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1M%a7%da%a4]%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    you3yi1xie1 ge4 wen4ti2 ﹐ wo3 ye3 you3yi1xie1 ge4 wen4ti2 。]
-        You have a question; I also have a question. The two are
-        parallel here.
-    我還有一個問題。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%c1%d9%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    hai2|huan2 you3yi1xie1 ge4 wen4ti2 。]
-        I have already had some questions, but I still have one more.
-        This is /in addition to/ the previous ones.
-
-Under certain circumstances, 也 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-and 還 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-are interchangeable, but with different emphasis:
-
-    王老師教我們漢 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba~>字
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6r>和語法﹐他還教我們口
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4f>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%ba~%a6r%a9M%bby%aak%a1M%a5L%c1%d9%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%a4f%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wang2
-    lao3shi1 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 han4zi4 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 yu3fa3 ﹐ ta1
-    hai2|huan2 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 kou3yu3 。]
-    王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%ba~%a6r%a9M%bby%aak%a1M%a5L%a4]%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%a4f%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wang2
-    lao3shi1 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 han4zi4 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 yu3fa3 ﹐ ta1
-    ye3 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 kou3yu3 。] 
-
-Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang
-teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
-conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses
-the fact that Wang teaches conversation /in addition to/ the other
-subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three
-subjects he teaches without prioritization.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    construction
-
-    A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
-    adjective) with the word 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a sentence, and can stand
-    by itself if the context is clear:
-
-        這條 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%f8>裙
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%c8>子
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>是我姐姐的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%acO%a7%da%a9j%a9j%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        tiao2 qun2zi5 shi4 wo3 jie3jie5 de5|di2|di4 。]
-            This skirt is my sister's. Noun + 的 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-            )
-        哪本詞典是你的﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5%acO%a7A%aa%ba%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3
-        ben3 ci2dian3 shi4 ni3 de5|di2|di4 ﹖]
-            Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + 的 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-
-        你爸爸的車是白 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%d5>的
-        嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%a8%aa%a8%aa%ba%a8%ae%acO%a5%d5%aa%ba%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        ba4ba5 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1 shi4 bai2 de5|di2|di4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + 的 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-
-        你喝的是什麼茶﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%dc%aa%ba%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2%af%f9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        he1|he4 de5|di2|di4 shi4 shi2 me5|mo2 cha2 ﹖]
-            What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + 的 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-
-
-    These constructions normally involve the verb 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    (or 不是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu2shi4]
-    ).
-
- 2. Usage of 從 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1q> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cong1|cong2|zong4]
-
-
-    從 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cong1|cong2|zong4]
-    + place word + 去 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4]
-    = to go from; 從 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cong1|cong2|zong4]
-    + place word + 來 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[lai2]
-    = to come from.
-
-        e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b1q%ad%fe%a8%e0%a8%d3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        cong1|cong2|zong4 na3er5 lai2 ﹖]
-            Where did you come from?
-        我從圖書館來。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b1q%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a8%d3%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        cong1|cong2|zong4 tu2shu1guan3 lai2 。]
-            I came from the library.
-        我們晚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>上
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>從我家去劇
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc@>場
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f5>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b1%df%a4W%b1q%a7%da%aea%a5h%bc@%b3%f5%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        wan3shang5 cong1|cong2|zong4 wo3 jia1 qu4 ju4chang3 。]
-            We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.
-
- 3. Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
-    / 那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
-    = over here/there at ...'s place
-
-    When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
-    or 那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
-    , they function as a place word or expression. Since one cannot say
-    我去她 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5h%a6o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    qu4 ta1] (I went to her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5h%a6o%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    qu4 ta1 nar3|nar4] (I went to her place), because 她那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    nar3|nar4] is now regarded as a place expression. Similarly one
-    cannot say 你的裙子在我 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%b8%c8%a4l%a6b%a7%da&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    de5|di2|di4 qun2zi5 zai4 wo3] (Your skirt is with me), but one can
-    say 你的裙子在我這兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%b8%c8%a4l%a6b%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    de5|di2|di4 qun2zi5 zai4 wo3 zher4] (Your skirt is with me). More
-    examples:
-
-        你的書在他那兒。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%ae%d1%a6b%a5L%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        de5|di2|di4 shu1 zai4 ta1 nar3|nar4 。]
-            Your book is at his place.
-        我們都去姐姐那兒。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a9j%a9j%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        dou1|du1 qu4 jie3jie5 nar3|nar4 。]
-            We all went to my sister's place.
-        老師來我這兒找 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%e4>
-        她。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%d1%aev%a8%d3%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0%a7%e4%a6o%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[lao3shi1
-        lai2 wo3 zher4 zhao3 ta1 。]
-            The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.
-
-    As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
-    use 那兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
-    ; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself
-    or herself, use 這兒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
-    .
-
- 4. 太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4]
-    + adjective + 了 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-
-
-    This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
-    used between 太 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4]
-    and 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    :
-
-        太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3>忙
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3>了﹗ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3%a6%a3%a4F%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4mang2
-        le5|liao3 ﹗]
-            Too busy!
-        太大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>了﹗ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3%a4j%a4F%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4
-        da4|dai4 le5|liao3 ﹗]
-            Too big!
-
-    The expression 太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3>好
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>了
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F>﹗ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3%a6n%a4F%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4hao3le5
-    ﹗] , however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or
-    admiration.
-
-
-    Word study: 二 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-    vs. 兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
-
-
-These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
-
- 1. When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
-    :
-
-        兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%ad%d3%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3ge4zhong1guo2
-        ren2] , 兩本書 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a5%bb%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-        ben3 shu1] , 增 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcW>加
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5[>了兩倍
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%bf> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bcW%a5[%a4F%a8%e2%ad%bf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zeng1jia1
-        le5|liao3 liang3 bei4] , 去了兩
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>次
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b8> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a4F%a8%e2%a6%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4
-        le5|liao3 liang3ci4] 
-
- 2. 二 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-    should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is followed
-    by a measure word:
-
-        二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2er4hao4]
-        , 一百零二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>次
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b8> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%b9s%a4G%a6%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
-        ling2 er4ci4da4zhan4] , 十二個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%ad%d3%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4
-        ge4ren2] , 五千八百六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-        %bb>十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二元
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b8> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a4d%a4K%a6%ca%a4%bb%a4Q%a4G%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3qian1dun1
-        ba1 bai3 liu4shi2 er4 yuan2] 
-
-    There are some more restrictions, though:
-
-     1. Only 二 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-        can be used before the character 十 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2]
-        ; before the character 百 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bai3]
-        , 二 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-        is usually employed but 兩 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
-        may also be used:
-
-            二十 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2]
-            , 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>百
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二十五 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a6%ca%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4bai3
-            er4shi2wu3] , 二百五
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>十
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>元 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a6%ca%a4%ad%a4Q%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4bai3
-            wu3shi2 yuan2] or 兩
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>百
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>五十元 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a6%ca%a4%ad%a4Q%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3bai3
-            wu3shi2 yuan2] 
-
-     2. For numbers like 千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4d&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian1]
-        , 萬 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan4]
-        or 億 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f5> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb%f5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4]
-        , 兩 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
-        is used more often than 二 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-        :
-
-            兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>千
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>元 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a4d%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3qian1
-            yuan2] (also 二千元 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4d%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4
-            qian1 yuan2] ), 兩萬三千八 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%b8U%a4T%a4d%a4K&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-            wan4 san1qian1wu3bai3 ba1] , 兩億人
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>口
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4f> [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%bb%f5%a4H%a4f&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-            yi4 ren2kou3] 
-
-     3. If the number is greater than 百 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bai3]
-        , 千 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4d&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian1]
-        , 萬 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan4]
-        , /i.e./ if there are more digits before 百 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bai3]
-        , 千 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4d&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian1]
-        or 萬 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan4]
-        , then put 二 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-        instead of 兩 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
-        in front:
-
-            四億二千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>萬
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U> [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%bb%f5%a4G%a4d%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4
-            yi4 er4 qian1wan4] , 三
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>萬
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U>二千人 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%b8U%a4G%a4d%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1wan4
-            er4 qian1 ren2] , 五千二百元 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a4d%a4G%a6%ca%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3qian1dun1
-            er4bai3 yuan2] 
-
-
-    Time
-
-The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
-
-    A: 現在幾點 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b%b4X%c2I%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4
-    ji1|ji3 dian3 ﹖]
-    B: 現在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4]
-    ...
-    兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%c2I&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1]
-    	2:00
-    十點半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    dian3 ban4] (or 十點三十分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a4T%a4Q%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    dian3 san1shi2 fen1|fen4] )	10:30
-    三點一刻 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e8> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%c2I%a4@%a8%e8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1
-    dian3 yi1 ke4] (or 三點十五分 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%c2I%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1
-    dian3 shi2wu3 fen1|fen4] )	3:15
-    十二點三刻 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%c2I%a4T%a8%e8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4
-    dian3 san1 ke4] (or 十二點四十五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%c2I%a5|%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4
-    dian3 si4shi2 wu3fen1mei3jin1] )	12:45
-    兩點差 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aet>五分 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%c2I%aet%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1
-    cha1|cha4|chai1|ci1 wu3fen1mei3jin1] (or 差五分兩點 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aet%a4%ad%a4%c0%a8%e2%c2I&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cha1|cha4|chai1|ci1
-    wu3fen1mei3jin1 liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1] )	1:55
-    五點二十分 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%c2I%a4G%a4Q%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3
-    dian3 er4shi2 fen1|fen4] 	5:20
-    六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>零五分 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%bb%c2I%b9s%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liu4dian3liu4
-    ling2 wu3fen1mei3jin1] 	6:05
-    七 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>三
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>分 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C%c2I%a4T%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qi1dian3er4
-    san1shi2wu3yi4 fen1|fen4] 	7:35
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ling2]
-    , as in 三點零八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%c2I%b9s%a4K%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1
-    dian3 ling2 ba1fen1yin1fu2] (3:08) or 十二點零三
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%c2I%b9s%a4T%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4
-    dian3 ling2 san1fen1zhi1yi1] (12:03).
-
- 2. When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fen1|fen4]
-    is optional:
-
-        七點十五 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C%c2I%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qi1dian3er4
-        shi2wu3] or 七點十五分 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C%c2I%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qi1dian3er4
-        shi2wu3 fen1|fen4] 
-
- 3. "This morning" is 今 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b5>
-    天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>上
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>午
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%a4W%a4%c8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1
-    shang4wu3] , not for example 這
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>個
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>上午 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%a4W%a4%c8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4ge4
-    shang4wu3] ; "every afternoon" is 每
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>天
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>下
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>午
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a4%d1%a4U%a4%c8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3tian1
-    xia4wu3] , not 每 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>下午
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a4U%a4%c8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3
-    xia4wu3] .
-
-
-    Placement of time-words
-
-A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject
-or at the beginning of a sentence:
-
-    我們十點半上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>中
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>文
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e5>課
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4Q%c2I%a5b%a4W%a4%a4%a4%e5%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    shi2 dian3 ban4 shang4 zhong1wen2 ke4|ke4]
-    十點半我們上中文課 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5b%a7%da%ad%cc%a4W%a4%a4%a4%e5%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    dian3 ban4 wo3men5 shang4 zhong1wen2 ke4|ke4] 
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. A time-word does not take a preposition:
-
-        我三點下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>課
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4T%c2I%a4U%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        san1 dian3 xia4ke4]
-        but not 我在三點下課 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%a4T%c2I%a4U%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        zai4 san1 dian3 xia4ke4] 
-
- 2. A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
-
-        她晚上來 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b1%df%a4W%a8%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        wan3shang5 lai2]
-            She came in the evening.
-        or 晚上她來 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%a6o%a8%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan3shang5
-        ta1 lai2]
-        but not 她來晚上 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%d3%b1%df%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        lai2 wan3shang5] 
-
- 3. If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
-    smaller:
-
-        今天晚上八點 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a4K%c2I&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1
-        wan3shang5 ba1 dian3]
-            at 8 o'clock this evening
-
- 4. If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
-    goes first:
-
-        我晚上八點在圖書館等 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5
-        %a5>你 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b1%df%a4W%a4K%c2I%a6b%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%b5%a5%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        wan3shang5 ba1 dian3 zai4 tu2shu1guan3 deng3 ni3]
-        你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%f4%ad%f4%b2{%a6b%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a4u%a7@%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        ge1ge5 xian4zai4 zai4 na3er5 gong1zuo4 ﹖]
-        明 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%fa>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>你幾點在哪兒上
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>課
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%a7A%b4X%c2I%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a4W%bd%d2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1
-        ni3 ji1|ji3 dian3 zai4 na3er5 shang4ke4 ﹖]
-            When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?
-
- 5. Time-word + 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    + noun (time-words modifying nouns)
-
-        A: 你想看幾點的電 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>影
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcv>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%ac%dd%b4X%c2I%aa%ba%b9q%bcv%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 kan1|kan4 ji1|ji3 dian3 de5|di2|di4 dian4ying3 ﹖]
-            What show do you want to see? /literally/ What time's film
-            do you want to see?
-        B: 我想看中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>午
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8>十二點半的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%ac%dd%a4%a4%a4%c8%a4Q%a4G%c2I%a5b%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xiang3 kan1|kan4 zhong1wu3 shi2er4 dian3 ban4 de5|di2|di4] (電影
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9q%bcv&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dian4ying3]
-        )。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1C&
-        rate=slow&audio=.wav>[。]
-            I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.
-
-        A: 這是今天的報 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8>嗎
-        ﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a4%b5%a4%d1%aa%ba%b3%f8%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        shi4 jin1tian1 de5|di2|di4 bao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            Is this today's paper?
-        B: 不是今天的報﹐是昨 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-        /zi.cgi?b5=%acQ>天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-        %d1>的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%acO%a4%b5%a4%d1%aa%ba%b3%f8%a1M%acO%acQ%a4%d1%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu2shi4
-        jin1tian1 de5|di2|di4 bao4 ﹐ shi4 zuo2tian1 de5|di2|di4 。]
-            It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.
-
-
-    The use of the time-words 以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>前
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2]
-    and 以 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-
-
-When used by itself, 以前 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2]
-means "previously" or "before" and 以後 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-means "later", "afterwards" or "in the future":
-
-    我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5H%abe%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1M%b2{%a6b%acO%a6%d1%aev%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    yi3qian2 shi4 xue2sheng5 ﹐ xian4zai4 shi4 lao3shi1 。]
-        I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
-    你以前在哪兒工作﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5H%abe%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a4u%a7@%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    yi3qian2 zai4 na3er5 gong1zuo4 ﹖]
-        Where did you work before?
-    以前我不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>住
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>宿舍﹐現在住
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>宿
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1J>舍
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%d9>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe%a7%da%a4%a3%a6%ed%b1J%aa%d9%a1M%b2{%a6b%a6%ed%b1J%aa%d9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2
-    wo3 bu2zhu4 su4she4 ﹐ xian4zai4 zhu4su4 she3|she4 。]
-        I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.
-
-When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2]
-means "before..." and 以後 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-means "after...":
-
-    十點以前我不回 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6^>家
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5H%abe%a7%da%a4%a3%a6^%aea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    dian3 yi3qian2 wo3 bu4 hui2jia1 。]
-        I won't go home before 10.
-    回家以前我在閱 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%5c>覽
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%fd>室
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c7>看書。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6^%aea%a5H%abe%a7%da%a6b%be%5c%c4%fd%ab%c7%ac%dd%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hui2jia1
-    yi3qian2 wo3 zai4 yue4lan3shi4 kan1|kan4 shu1 。]
-        I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
-    來美 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%fc>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1>他在這兒工作。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%d3%ac%fc%b0%ea%a5H%ab%e1%a5L%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[lai2
-    mei3guo2yi3wai4 hou4 ta1 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5 gong1zuo4 。]
-        He has been working here after he came to America.
-    十點半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b>以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後你在宿舍作
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7@>什麼﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5b%a5H%ab%e1%a7A%a6b%b1J%aa%d9%a7@%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-    dian3 ban4yi3shang4 hou4 ni3 zai4 su4she4 zuo4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
-        What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?
-
-N.B. When 以前 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2]
-or 以後 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-is used together with a time-word or verb phrase to mean "before" or
-"after", the word order is exactly the opposite of the English equivalent:
-
-    四點以前 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%c2I%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4
-    dian3 yi3qian2]
-        before 4 o'clock
-    下課以前 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%bd%d2%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4ke4
-    yi3qian2]
-        before the class is over
-    明天晚上以後 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1
-    wan3shang5 yi3hou4]
-        after tomorrow evening (or night)
-    回 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6^>宿舍以後 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6^%b1J%aa%d9%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hui2
-    su4she4 yi3hou4]
-        after returning to the dormitory
-
-
-    A 跟 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f2> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1]
-    B (一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>起
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0_> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4qi3]
-    ) + verb/verb-phrase
-
-跟 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1]
-as a preposition means "with", and 一起 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4qi3]
-means "together". This pattern is used to indicate that A and B do
-something together. Here 跟 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1]
-can be replaced with 和 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[he2|he4|huo2|huo4]
-without changing the meaning; and the phrase 一起 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4qi3]
-is optional.
-
-    e.g. 我跟 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    gen1] (or 和 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[he2|he4|huo2|huo4]
-    ) 她去看電影。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 。]
-        I go to see a film with her.
-    我跟她一起去看電影。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b8%f2%a6o%a4@%b0_%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    gen1 ta1 yi4qi3 qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 。]
-        She and I go to see a film together.)
-    晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%a7A%ad%cc%b8%f2%bd%d6%a4@%b0_%a5h%bc@%b3%f5%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan3shang5
-    ni3men5 gen1 shei2|shui2 yi4qi3 qu4 ju4chang3 ﹖]
-        With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?
-
-    A: 晚上你有事 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c6>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>嗎﹖跟我一起去看京
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca>劇
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc@>﹐好嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%a7A%a6%b3%a8%c6%a8%e0%b6%dc%a1S%b8%f2%a7%da%a4@%b0_%a5h%ac%dd%a8%ca%bc@%a1M%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan3shang5
-    ni3 you3 shir4 ma3|ma5 ﹖ gen1 wo3 yi4qi3 qu4 kan1|kan4 jing1ju4 ﹐
-    hao3|hao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
-        opera!
-    B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b7Q%b8%f2%a7A%a5h%a1M%a7%da%b7Q%b8%f2%a7%da%a8k%aaB%a4%cd%a4@%b0_%a5h%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    bu4 xiang3 gen1 ni3 qu4 ﹐ wo3 xiang3 gen1 wo3 nan2peng2you5 yi4qi3
-    qu4 。]
-        I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.
-
-N.B. This pattern of A 跟 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1]
-B (一起 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4qi3]
-) is always placed /before/ the main verb in the sentence. Hence the
-following sentence, with English word order, is wrong:
-
-    我想去跟我男朋友一起。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h%b8%f2%a7%da%a8k%aaB%a4%cd%a4@%b0_%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    xiang3 qu4 gen1 wo3 nan2peng2you5 yi4qi3 。]
-        I want to go together with my boyfriend.
-
-
-    Alternative Questions using 還
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%d9>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-
-
-In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-to connect two choices, which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb
-phrases, or clauses:
-
-    你喜 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%df>歡
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>紅
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%f5>茶
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9>還是綠
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba%f1>茶
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9>﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%df%c5w%ac%f5%af%f9%c1%d9%acO%ba%f1%af%f9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    xi3huan5 hong2cha2 hai2shi4 lu:4cha2 ﹖] (nouns)
-    這本書是你的還是她的﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a7A%aa%ba%c1%d9%acO%a6o%aa%ba%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    ben3 shu1 shi4 ni3 de5|di2|di4 hai2shi4 ta1 de5|di2|di4 ﹖] (noun
-    phrases)
-    下午你來還是不來﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%a4%c8%a7A%a8%d3%c1%d9%acO%a4%a3%a8%d3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4wu3
-    ni3 lai2 hai2shi4 bu4 lai2 ﹖] (verbs)
-    你要 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn>聽
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5%a5>古
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5j>典
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e5>音
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5>樂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>還是聽現
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2{>代
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5N>音
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5>樂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%adn%c5%a5%a5j%a8%e5%ad%b5%bc%d6%c1%d9%acO%c5%a5%b2{%a5N%ad%b5%bc%d6%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    yao1|yao4 ting1|ting4 gu3dian3yin1yue4 hai2shi4 ting1|ting4
-    xian4dai4yin1yue4 ﹖] (verb phrases)
-    今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a7A%a8%d3%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0%c1%d9%acO%a7%da%a5h%a7A%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1
-    wan3shang5 ni3 lai2 wo3 zher4 hai2shi4 wo3 qu4 ni3 nar3|nar4 ﹖]
-    (clauses)
-
-Note:
-
- 1. the two items connected by 還是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-    are normally parallel in structure; and
-
- 2. as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
-    interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
-    at the end. 
-
-
-    Pivotal Sentences with 請 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
-    , 讓 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5%fd> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4]
-    , 叫 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4]
-
-
-In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal sentence is
-one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the
-subject of the following verb. This object therefore functions as a
-pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence.
-
-The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause
-something to happen) such as 請 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
-, 讓 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4]
-or 叫 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4]
-. All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something. Of the
-three, 請 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
-is the most polite; 讓 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4]
-is less so, and 叫 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4]
-is the least polite. So watch out for the occasions when these verbs can
-be used appropriately. Observe:
-
-    學生請王老師介紹中國音 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
-    %b5>樂 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%a5%cd%bd%d0%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%a4%b0%ea%ad%b5%bc%d6%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2sheng5
-    qing3 wang2 lao3shi1 jie4shao4 zhong1guo2 yin1yue4 。]
-        The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
-    老師讓學生每天寫漢字。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%d1%aev%c5%fd%be%c7%a5%cd%a8C%a4%d1%bcg%ba~%a6r%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[lao3shi1
-    rang4 xue2sheng5 mei3tian1 xie3 han4zi4 。]
-        The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
-    爸爸叫孩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c4>子
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>學中文。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%a8%aa%a8%a5s%ab%c4%a4l%be%c7%a4%a4%a4%e5%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba4ba5
-    jiao4 hai2zi5 xue2 zhong1wen2 。]
-        Dad asked his child to study Chinese.
-
-Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the
-Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of
-politeness.
-
-Note:
-
- 1. Besides the use of 請 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
-    above (meaning "to ask someone to do something"), 請 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
-    can also be used to mean "to invite":
-
-        我們請他來吃 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>晚
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>飯
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%bd%d0%a5L%a8%d3%a6Y%b1%df%b6%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        qing3 ta1 lai2 chi1|ji2 wan3fan4 。]
-            We invited him to dinner.
-        你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%bd%d0%a5L%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 qing3 ta1 jin1tian1 wan3shang5 qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3
-        ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?
-
- 2. To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    /before the first verb/:
-
-        我的大夫不讓我喝酒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-        /zi.cgi?b5=%b0s>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%a4j%a4%d2%a4%a3%c5%fd%a7%da%b3%dc%b0s%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
-        dai4fu5 bu4 rang4 wo3 he1|he4 jiu3 。]
-            My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.
-        他們不叫我去看電影。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%a5s%a7%da%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        bu4 jiao4 wo3 qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 。]
-            They did not invite me to go to the pictures.
-
-
-    Word usage: 別 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7O> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4]
-    and 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>要
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yao4]
-
-
-別 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4]
-and 不要 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yao4]
-both mean "do not". They can be used in negative /imperative/ sentences
-with or without a subject. They are placed between the subject (if
-present) and the verb or adjective:
-
-    (你 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3]
-    ) 別 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4]
-    (or 不要 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yao4]
-    ) 告訴他﹗ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D%a5L%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5
-    ta1 ﹗]
-    別喝酒﹗ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O%b3%dc%b0s%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4
-    he1|he4 jiu3 ﹗] 別去那兒﹗ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O%a5h%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4
-    qu4 nar3|nar4 ﹗]
-    不要吸 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7l>煙
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7%cf>﹗ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn%a7l%b7%cf%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yao4
-    xi1yan1 ﹗] 下午不要去﹗ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%a4%c8%a4%a3%adn%a5h%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4wu3
-    bu4yao4 qu4 ﹗] 
-
-Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
-sentences. It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他走
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ab> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%a8%aa%a8%a7O%bd%d0%a5L%a8%ab&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba4ba5
-bie2|bie4 qing3 ta1 zou3] . One can say instead 爸爸不請他走 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%a8%aa%a8%a4%a3%bd%d0%a5L%a8%ab&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba4ba5
-bu4 qing3 ta1 zou3] .
-
-
-    Expressions for the date, week, month and year
-
- 1. 年 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nian2]
-    , year
-     1. 去 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4nian2]
-        = last year; 今 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b5>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1nian2]
-        = this year; 明 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%fa>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2nian2]
-        = next year
-
-     2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>七
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>年 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4E%a4E%a4C%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
-        nian2] , 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>八
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4E%a4E%a4K%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
-        ba1nian2] , ...
-
-     3. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1nian2ban4]
-        = one year; 兩年 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-        nian2] = two years (not 二年 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4
-        nian2] ); 三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1nian2]
-        = three years
-        每 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3nian2]
-        = every year; 五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>
-        年 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>半 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a6~%a5b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3nian2ji4hua4
-        ban4] = five-and-a-half years
-
- 2. 月 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yue4]
-    , month
-     1. 上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W%ad%d3%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4ge4yue4]
-        = last month; 這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhei4ge4yue4]
-        = this month; 下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%ad%d3%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4ge4yue4]
-        = next month
-
-     2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1yue4]
-        = January; 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4yue4]
-        = February (not 兩月 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-        yue4] ); ... 二十月 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2
-        yue4] = December
-
- 3. 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-    , week
-     1. 上 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = last week; 這 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = this week; 下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = next week
-
-     2. 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1yi1]
-        = Monday; 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1er4]
-        = Tuesday; ... 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>六
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%bb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1liu4]
-        = Saturday; 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>日
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1ri4]
-        or 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1tian1]
-        = Sunday
-
-     3. 一 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = one week; 兩 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = two weeks (not 二 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        ); 三 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = three weeks; 四 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>半星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%ad%d3%a5b%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4ge4xiao3shi2
-        ban4 xing1qi1] = four-and-a-half weeks; ... 每 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
-        = every week
-
- 4. 日 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ri4]
-    / 號 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao2|hao4]
-    / 天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tian1]
-    date
-
-    Use 日 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ri4]
-    or 號 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao2|hao4]
-    for a /specific/ date. Usually 日 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ri4]
-    is used in written and formal language and 號 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao2|hao4]
-    is used in conversation. The word 天 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tian1]
-    should be used in /counting/ the number of days:
-
-     1. 作天 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7@%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo4
-        tian1] = yesterday; 今天 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1]
-        = today; 明天 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1]
-        = tomorrow
-
-     2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>號
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1hao4]
-        ; 二號 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4hao4]
-        (not 兩號 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-        hao2|hao4] ); ... 三十一號 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a4Q%a4@%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1shi2
-        yi1hao4]
-        四 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>六
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>號
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%a4%eb%a4%bb%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4yue4
-        liu4hao4] ; 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>二十五日 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4%eb%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2yue4
-        er4shi2wu3 ri4] ; ...
-
-     3. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1tian1]
-        = one day; 兩天 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
-        tian1] = two days (not 二天 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4
-        tian1] ); ... 半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5b%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ban4tian1]
-        = half a day; 每天 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3tian1]
-        = every day
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
-    calendar date comes before the day of the week:
-
-        一九九六年十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>二十五號星期一
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4E%a4E%a4%bb%a6~%a4Q%a4@%a4%eb%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad%b8%b9%acP%b4%c1%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
-        liu4 nian2 shi2yi1yue4 er4shi2wu3 hao2|hao4 xing1qi1yi1]
-        一七八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>年七
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>十
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>四
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>日 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4C%a4K%a4E%a6~%a4C%a4%eb%a4Q%a5|%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1
-        qi1 ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2 nian2 qi1yue4 shi2si4 ri4] 
-
- 2. Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month:
-
-        今年五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~%a4%ad%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1nian2
-        wu3yue4]
-            the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
-        去年八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a6~%a4K%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4nian2
-        ba1yue4]
-            the August of last year
-        明年二月 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a6~%a4G%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2nian2
-        er4yue4]
-            the February of next year
-
-        這 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>五
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1wu3]
-
-            the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
-        上 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星期一 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1yi1]
-
-            the Monday of last week
-        下 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4]
-        (個 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
-        ) 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>四
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a5|&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1si4]
-
-            the Thursday of next week
-
-    Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as
-    這個星期一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%acP%b4%c1%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4ge4
-    xing1qi1yi1] , if Monday has already passed and the phrase is
-    therefore referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for
-    future days, and for months.
-
-
-    Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun
-
-Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a
-modified to form a relative clause:
-
- 1. Unlike in English, all modifiers go /before/ the element they modify
-    in Chinese:
-
-        他喝的水 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f4>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>很
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>乾
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ae>淨
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2b> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b3%dc%aa%ba%a4%f4%a4%a3%ab%dc%b0%ae%b2b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        he1|he4 de5|di2|di4 shui3 bu4hen3 gan1jing4]
-        這是我朋友送 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0e>我的禮
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2%a7>物
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ab> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a7%da%aaB%a4%cd%b0e%a7%da%aa%ba%c2%a7%aa%ab&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        shi4 wo3 peng2you5 song4 wo3de5 li3wu4] 
-
- 2. The word 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    has to be inserted between the modifier and the element it modifies:
-
-        我下午看的電影很有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6
-        %b3>意 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7N>思
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e4>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%a4%c8%ac%dd%aa%ba%b9q%bcv%ab%dc%a6%b3%b7N%ab%e4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xia4wu3 kan1|kan4 de5|di2|di4 dian4ying3 hen3 you3yi4si5 。]
-            The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
-        給你開 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>門
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%f9>的那個人是我妹妹。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9%a7A%b6}%aa%f9%aa%ba%a8%ba%ad%d3%a4H%acO%a7%da%a9f%a9f%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3
-        ni3 kai1men2 de5|di2|di4 nei4ge4 ren2 shi4 wo3 mei4mei4|mei4mei5
-        。]
-            The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
-        跟他跳 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f5>舞
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbR>的姑
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9h>娘
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aeQ>是我的同
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6P>學
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2%a5L%b8%f5%bbR%aa%ba%a9h%aeQ%acO%a7%da%aa%ba%a6P%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1
-        ta1 tiao4wu3 de5|di2|di4 gu1niang5 shi4 wo3de5 tong2xue2 。]
-            The girl who danced with him was my classmate.
-
-
-    Other grammar notes
-
- 1. Sentences with an adjectival predicate
-
-    The verb 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence where the main
-    element of the predicate is an adjective:
-
-        我們今天很高 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%aa>興
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%b3>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%b5%a4%d1%ab%dc%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        jin1tian1 hen3 gao1xing4 。]
-        她的絲 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%b7>線
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bdu>衫
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adm>太小
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4p>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%aa%ba%b5%b7%bdu%adm%a4%d3%a4p%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        de5|di2|di4 si1 xian4 shan1 tai4 xiao3 。]
-        那個服 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaA>務
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%c8>員
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fb>非
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abD>常
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>輕
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%b4>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%ad%d3%aaA%b0%c8%ad%fb%abD%b1`%a6~%bb%b4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nei4ge4
-        fu2wu4yuan2 fei1chang2 nian2qing1 。] 
-
-    In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
-    preceded by adverbs such as 真
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%afu> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%afu&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhen1]
-    , 太 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4]
-    , 非常 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abD%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fei1chang2]
-    or 更 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%f3> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%f3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[geng1|geng4]
-    , it is usually qualified by the adverb 很 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-    . In such cases, 很 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-    does not really mean "very"; 他很忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ab%dc%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    hen3 mang2] and 他忙 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    mang2] mean virtually the same.
-
-    Also, adverbs such as 很 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
-    , 常 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
-    , 也 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
-    , 非常 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abD%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fei1chang2]
-    , 太 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4]
-    or 更 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%f3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[geng1|geng4]
-    /cannot/ be used in affirmative-negative sentences of this type:
-
-        你高興不高興﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b0%aa%bf%b3%a4%a3%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        gao1xing4 bu4 gao1xing4 ﹖] but not 你很高興不很高興﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ab%dc%b0%aa%bf%b3%a4%a3%ab%dc%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        hen3 gao1xing4 bu4hen3 gao1xing4 ﹖]
-        她年輕不年輕﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6~%bb%b4%a4%a3%a6~%bb%b4%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        nian2qing1 bu4 nian2qing1 ﹖] but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%abD%b1`%b0%aa%bf%b3%a4%a3%abD%b1`%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        fei1chang2 gao1xing4 bu4 fei1chang2 gao1xing4 ﹖]
-        你去不去﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        qu4 bu4 qu4 ﹖] but not 你也去不去﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4]%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        ye3 qu4 bu4 qu4 ﹖] 
-
- 2. 祝 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%ac>你 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4
-    ni3] vs 祝 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%ac>賀
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6P>你 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%b6P%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4he4
-    ni3]
-
-    In general, 祝你 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4
-    ni3] is used to extend well-wishes /in advance/ whereas 祝賀你
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%b6P%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4he4
-    ni3] is used to congratulate someone on something /already
-    accomplished/:
-
-        祝你生 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%cd>日
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9>好﹗ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%a7A%a5%cd%a4%e9%a6n%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4
-        ni3 sheng1ri4 hao3|hao4 ﹗] (One can say this on the day, or in
-        advance.)
-        祝賀你﹗ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%b6P%a7A%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4he4
-        ni3 ﹗] (Say this only when something has already been
-        accomplished.)
-
- 3. Reduplication of verbs
-
-    To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften
-    the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can
-    be repeated:
-
-        我給你們介紹介紹。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%b6%b2%d0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        gei3|ji3 ni3men5 jie4shao4 jie4shao4 。] (Notice the pattern is
-        ABAB, not AABB.)
-        你們想去看看她嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%b7Q%a5h%ac%dd%ac%dd%a6o%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-        xiang3 qu4 kan1|kan4 kan1|kan4 ta1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        讓我想想。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd%a7%da%b7Q%b7Q%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4
-        wo3 xiang3 xiang3 。] 
-
-    In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1]
-    can be inserted:
-
-        讓我想一想。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd%a7%da%b7Q%a4@%b7Q%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4
-        wo3 xiang3 yi1 xiang3 。]
-        我們都想看一看她。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%b7Q%ac%dd%a4@%ac%dd%a6o%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        dou1|du1 xiang3 kan1|kan4 yi1 kan1|kan4 ta1 。] 
-
-    Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi2xiar4]
-    after the verb:
-
-        用一下兒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4
-        yi2xiar4] = 用用 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4
-        yong4] = 用一用 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a4@%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4
-        yi1 yong4]
-        看一下兒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%dd%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[kan1|kan4
-        yi2xiar4] = 看看 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%dd%ac%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[kan1|kan4
-        kan1|kan4] = 看一看 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%dd%a4@%ac%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[kan1|kan4
-        yi1 kan1|kan4]
-        介紹一下兒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie4shao4
-        yi2xiar4] = 介紹介紹 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%b6%b2%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie4shao4
-        jie4shao4] 
-
-
-    Position words
-
-Words such as 上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>邊
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4bian5]
-, 左 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%aa>邊
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%aa%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo3bian1]
-, 前 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe>邊
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abe%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian2bian1]
-, 中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>間
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a1> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b6%a1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1jian4]
-, 對 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%ef>面
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b1> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9%ef%ad%b1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dui4mian4]
-are position words. Some of the basic syllables are:
-
- 	上 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4]
-- up	 
-左 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%aa> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%aa&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo3]
-- left 	中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1|zhong4]
-- middle	 右 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5k> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5k&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4]
-- right
- 	下 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4]
-- down	 
- 
-前 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian2]
-- front	 	 裡 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%cc> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[li3]
-- in
-後 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4]
-- back	 	 外 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4]
-- out
-
-Usually, add 邊 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
-to make "on the left", "above", "outside" etc.
-
-Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:
-
- 1. Noun (+ 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    ) + position word:
-
-        車 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[che1|ju1]
-        (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        )外 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~>邊
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4bian5]
-
-            outside the car
-        房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>子
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%d0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang2zi5]
-        (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        )後 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1>邊
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4bian1]
-
-            behind the house
-        桌 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%e0>子
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae%e0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhuo1zi5]
-        (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        )對面 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9%ef%ad%b1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dui4mian4]
-
-            opposite the table 
-
- 2. Position word + 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    + noun (here the 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    is /mandatory/).
-
-        外邊的車 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~%c3%e4%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4bian5
-        de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1]
-            the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
-        後邊的房子 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4%aa%ba%a9%d0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4bian1
-        de5|di2|di4 fang2zi5]
-            the house behind (the house which is behind)
-        對面的桌子 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9%ef%ad%b1%aa%ba%ae%e0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dui4mian4
-        de5|di2|di4 zhuo1zi5]
-            the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the
-            way) 
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. When 上邊 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4bian5]
-    , 下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>邊
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4bian1]
-    , 裡邊 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[li3
-    bian1] and 外邊 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4bian5]
-    are modified by other nouns, the character 邊 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
-    can be omitted:
-
-        房子 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%d0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang2zi5]
-        (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        )裡 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[li3]
-        (邊 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
-        )
-            inside the house
-        桌子 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae%e0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhuo1zi5]
-        (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        )上 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4]
-        (邊 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
-        )
-            on the table
-        教 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%d0>室
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c7> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0%ab%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4shi4]
-        (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        )外 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4]
-        (邊 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
-        )
-            outside the classroom
-
- 2. Do /not/ use 裡邊 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[li3
-    bian1] in the following two cases:
-
-     1. After geographical names such as 中國 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b0%ea&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1guo2]
-        , 北 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5_>京
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5_%a8%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bei3jing1]
-        etc:
-
-            她在北京學習漢語。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5_%a8%ca%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-            zai4 bei3jing1 xue2xi2 han4yu3 。]
-                She studies Chinese in Beijing.
-            but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5_%a8%ca%b8%cc%c3%e4%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-            zai4 bei3jing1 li3 bian1 xue2xi2 han4yu3 。]
-
-            美國有很 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>多
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>大學。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%fc%b0%ea%a6%b3%ab%dc%a6h%a4j%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3guo2
-            you3 hen3duo1 da4xue2 。]
-                There are many universities in America.
-            but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%fc%b0%ea%b8%cc%c3%e4%a6%b3%ab%dc%a6h%a4j%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3guo2
-            li3 bian1 you3 hen3duo1 da4xue2 。]
-
-     2. In a phrase of the form "在 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-        + place, building or organisation":
-
-            我在銀行工作。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-            zai4 yin2hang2 gong1zuo4 。]
-                I work in a bank.
-            but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%b8%cc%c3%e4%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-            zai4 yin2hang2 li3 bian1 gong1zuo4 。]
-
-            他們在閱覽室看書。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6b%be%5c%c4%fd%ab%c7%ac%dd%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-            zai4 yue4lan3shi4 kan1|kan4 shu1 。]
-                They are reading books in the reading-room.
-            but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6b%be%5c%c4%fd%ab%c7%b8%cc%c3%e4%ac%dd%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-            zai4 yue4lan3shi4 li3 bian1 kan1|kan4 shu1 。] 
-
-
-    Patterns for Location
-
-There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-, 有 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-and 是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-respectively and with different meanings:
-
- 1. To show that there is something in a certain place: 有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-
-
-    Position word + 有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-    + indefinite noun:
-
-        後邊有什麼﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4%a6%b3%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4bian1
-        you3 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
-            What is behind?
-        後邊有一個車房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%a8%ae%a9%d0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4bian1
-        you3yi1xie1 ge4 che1|ju1 fang2 。]
-            There is a garage behind.
-        我們家對面有一個公 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-        %bd>園 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%e9>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%aea%b9%ef%ad%b1%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%a4%bd%b6%e9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        jia1 dui4mian4 you3yi1xie1 ge4 gong1yuan2 。]
-            Across from our home, there is a park. 
-
- 2. To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-
-
-    Definite noun + 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    + position word:
-
-        花 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%e1>園
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%e9>在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%e1%b6%e9%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hua1yuan2
-        zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
-            Where is the garden?
-        花園在我們家後邊。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%e1%b6%e9%a6b%a7%da%ad%cc%aea%ab%e1%c3%e4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hua1yuan2
-        zai4 wo3men5 jia1 hou4bian1 。]
-            The garden is behind our house.
-        花園在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>車
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>房 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%e1%b6%e9%a6b%a8%ae%a9%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hua1yuan2
-        zai4che1 fang2] (的 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-        ) 右 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5k>邊
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5k%c3%e4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4bian1
-        。]
-            The garden is to the right of the garage. 
-
- 3. To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-
-
-    Position word + 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    + definite/indefinite noun:
-
-        你們家後邊是什麼﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%aea%ab%e1%c3%e4%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-        jia1 hou4bian1 shi4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
-            What's behind your house?
-        我們家後邊是一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>花園。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%aea%ab%e1%c3%e4%acO%a4@%ad%d3%aa%e1%b6%e9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        jia1 hou4bian1 shi4 yi1ge4 hua1yuan2 。]
-            Behind our house is a garden.
-        他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%aea%abe%c3%e4%acO%be%c7%b0|%aa%ba%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        jia1 qian2bian1 shi4 xue2yuan4 de5|di2|di4 tu2shu1guan3 。]
-            In front of their house is the college library. 
-
-
-    Progressive aspect of an action
-
-To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the
-following patterns:
-
-    她在休 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%f0>息
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%a7>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
-        She is resting.
-    她正 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bf>休息。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zheng1|zheng4 xiu1xi5 。]
-    她正 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bf>在
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>休息。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
-
-    她休息呢。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    xiu1xi5 ne5|ni2 。]
-    她在休息呢。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zai4 xiu1xi5 ne5|ni2 。]
-    她正休息呢。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zheng1|zheng4 xiu1xi5 ne5|ni2 。]
-    她正在休息呢。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 ne5|ni2 。]
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted.
-
- 2. The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but
-    also to past and future actions:
-
-        她現在正在休息。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b2{%a6b%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        xian4zai4 zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
-            She is resting now. /present progressive/
-        我去的 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba>時
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%c9>候
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d4>﹐她正在休息。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5h%aa%ba%ae%c9%ad%d4%a1M%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        qu4 de5shi2hou4 ﹐ ta1 zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
-            When I went there, she was resting. /past progressive/
-        我明天去看她的時候﹐她一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>定
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>正在休息。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9%fa%a4%d1%a5h%ac%dd%a6o%aa%ba%ae%c9%ad%d4%a1M%a6o%a4@%a9w%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        ming2tian1 qu4 kan1|kan4 ta1 de5shi2hou4 ﹐ ta1 yi1ding4
-        zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
-            When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting.
-            /future progressive/ 
-
- 3. As shown above, either 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    , 正 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zheng1|zheng4]
-    or 正在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zheng4zai4]
-    can be placed before a verb to indicate the progressive aspect of an
-    action.
-
- 4. Alternatively, 呢 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
-    can be placed at the end of the sentence to perform the same
-    function. Sometimes 呢 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
-    can be used together with 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    , 正 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zheng1|zheng4]
-    or 正在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zheng4zai4]
-    .
-
- 5. The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
-    , not 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    , before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
-    alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer.
-    Otherwise the full form of 沒有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
-    must be used:
-
-        她沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        )休息﹐她在看報。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1M%a6o%a6b%ac%dd%b3%f8%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiu1xi5
-        ﹐ ta1 zai4 kan1|kan4 bao4 。]
-        她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%b6%dc%a1S%a8S%a6%b3%a1M%a6o%a6b%ac%dd%b3%f8%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        zai4 xiu1xi5 ma3|ma5 ﹖ mei2you3 ﹐ ta1 zai4 kan1|kan4 bao4 。]
-        (or simply 沒有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
-        )
-
- 6. If both the 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    of the progressive aspect and the 在 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    of location exist in a sentence, only one should be used:
-
-        她正在房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>間
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a1>里
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%bd>休息。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a9%d0%b6%a1%a8%bd%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        zheng4zai4 fang2jian1 li3 xiu1xi5 。]
-        but not 她正在在房間里休息。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a6b%a9%d0%b6%a1%a8%bd%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        zheng4zai4 zai4 fang2jian1 li3 xiu1xi5 。]
-
-
-    Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers
-
-An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as
-我給她打 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%b4>電
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>話
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%dc> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-gei3|ji3 ta1 da3dian4hua4] , 他今天買 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%b5%a4%d1%b6R&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-jin1tian1 mai3] , 我們去北京參
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d1>觀
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c6[> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a5h%a5_%a8%ca%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-qu4 bei3jing1 can1guan1] can be used as a modifier for a noun. When used
-this way, there must be a 的 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-inserted between the construction and the noun it modifies:
-
-    我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>飯
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc%aa%ba%ae%c9%ad%d4%a1M%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a6Y%b6%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    gei3|ji3 ta1 da3dian4hua4 de5shi2hou4 ﹐ ta1 zheng4zai4 chi1fan4 。]
-        When I called her, she was eating.
-    他今天買的花 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%e1>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>很漂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba}>亮
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abG>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%b5%a4%d1%b6R%aa%ba%aa%e1%a8%e0%ab%dc%ba}%abG%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    jin1tian1 mai3 de5|di2|di4 huar1 hen3 piao4liang5 。]
-        The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
-    請你們看我們去北京參觀的照
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7%d3>片
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f9>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%a7A%ad%cc%ac%dd%a7%da%ad%cc%a5h%a5_%a8%ca%b0%d1%c6[%aa%ba%b7%d3%a4%f9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3
-    ni3men5 kan1|kan4 wo3men5 qu4 bei3jing1 can1guan1 de5|di2|di4
-    zhao4pian4 。]
-        Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
-    這是誰給你寫的信﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%bd%d6%b5%b9%a7A%bcg%aa%ba%abH%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    shi4 shei2|shui2 gei3|ji3 ni3 xie3 de5|di2|di4 xin4 ﹖]
-        Who wrote this letter to you? 
-
-The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the 的
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-, which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.
-
-
-    Word usage: 參觀 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
-    vs. 訪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3X>問
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4]
-
-
-Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English. However, while 參
-觀 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
-implies 觀 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c6[> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[guan1|guan4]
-(to see), 訪問 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4]
-stresses 問 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wen4]
-(to ask). Hence 參觀 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
-really implies observation while visiting and 訪問 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4]
-means to visit people with specific purpose such as interviews. 參觀
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
-can be followed by places but not people; whereas 訪問 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4]
-can take either, but most commonly people.
-
-    參觀 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
-    /訪問學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>校
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d5> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd%be%c7%ae%d5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4
-    xue2xiao4]
-    訪問他 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd%a5L&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4
-    ta1] /這個國 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>家
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>的總
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1`>統
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%ce> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%b0%ea%aea%aa%ba%c1`%b2%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4ge4
-    guo2jia1 de5|di2|di4 zong3tong3]
-
-
-    Grammar Notes
-
- 1. Measure word 些 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xie1]
-
-
-    些 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xie1]
-    is a measure word showing indefinite quantity. It is usually used
-    after demonstrative pronouns such as 這 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4]
-    , 那 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4]
-    , 哪 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3]
-    and after the numeral 一 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1]
-    :
-
-        一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1xie1]
-
-            some
-        這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4xie5]
-
-            these
-        那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na4xie1]
-
-            those
-        哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3xie1]
-
-            which (plural)
-
-    Don't attempt to mix 些 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xie1]
-    with definite measures. It is wrong to say 這些三本詞典 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%c7%a4T%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4xie5
-    san1 ben3 ci2dian3] (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這
-    三本詞典 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a4T%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-    san1 ben3 ci2dian3] .
-
- 2. 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    . . . 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    construction
-
-    Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
-    adjectives:
-
-        這本書是中文的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a4%a4%a4%e5%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        ben3 shu1 shi4 zhong1wen2 de5|di2|di4 。] = 這本書中文的書。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%a4%a4%a4%e5%aa%ba%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        ben3 shu1 zhong1wen2 de5|di2|di4 shu1 。]
-        那條裙子是妹妹的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%acO%a9f%a9f%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4
-        tiao2 qun2zi5 shi4 mei4mei4|mei4mei5 de5|di2|di4 。] = 那條裙子
-        是妹妹的裙子。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%acO%a9f%a9f%aa%ba%b8%c8%a4l%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4
-        tiao2 qun2zi5 shi4 mei4mei4|mei4mei5 de5|di2|di4 qun2zi5 。]
-        姐姐的大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>衣
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%e7>是黑
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%c2>的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9j%a9j%aa%ba%a4j%a6%e7%acO%b6%c2%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie3jie5
-        de5|di2|di4 da4yi1 shi4 hei1 de5|di2|di4 。] = 姐姐的大衣是黑的
-        大衣。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9j%a9j%aa%ba%a4j%a6%e7%acO%b6%c2%aa%ba%a4j%a6%e7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie3jie5
-        de5|di2|di4 da4yi1 shi4 hei1 de5|di2|di4 da4yi1 。]
-
-    But the 是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-    . . . 的 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
-    construction can also be used with prepositional phrases and even
-    whole verbal constructions:
-
-        那些點 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>心
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%df>是給丁雲的。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%c7%c2I%a4%df%acO%b5%b9%a4B%b6%b3%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na4xie1
-        dian3xin1 shi4 gei3|ji3 ding1yun2 de5|di2|di4 。] = 那些點心是丁
-        雲的點心。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%c7%c2I%a4%df%acO%a4B%b6%b3%aa%ba%c2I%a4%df%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na4xie1
-        dian3xin1 shi4 ding1yun2 de5|di2|di4 dian3xin1 。]
-            Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
-        這束 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%f4>花兒是我給她
-        買的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a7%f4%aa%e1%a8%e0%acO%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%b6R%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        shu4 huar1 shi4 wo3 gei3|ji3 ta1 mai3 de5|di2|di4 。] = 這束花兒
-        我給她買的花兒。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a7%f4%aa%e1%a8%e0%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%b6R%aa%ba%aa%e1%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        shu4 huar1 wo3 gei3|ji3 ta1 mai3 de5|di2|di4 huar1 。]
-            This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
-        這本書是我在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>大
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>學的圖書館借
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%c9>的。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a7%da%a6b%a4j%be%c7%aa%ba%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%ad%c9%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        ben3 shu1 shi4 wo3 zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4 xue2
-        de5|di2|di4 tu2shu1guan3 jie4 de5|di2|di4 。] = 這本書是我在大學
-        的圖書館借的書。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a7%da%a6b%a4j%be%c7%aa%ba%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%ad%c9%aa%ba%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
-        ben3 shu1 shi4 wo3 zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4 xue2
-        de5|di2|di4 tu2shu1guan3 jie4 de5|di2|di4 shu1 。]
-            This book is the one I borrowed from the university library. 
-
-
-    The use of the Complement of Degree
-
-
-      What is a complement?
-
-A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain or
-complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
-duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of
-an action. Complements always appear *after* the verbs they modify.
-
-We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the words
-they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because Chinese
-word order often observes the time sequence in which an action occurs.
-Notice, for example:
-
-    昨天晚上我們從書 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>店
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%b1>去電
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>影
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcv>院
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0|>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acQ%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a7%da%ad%cc%b1q%ae%d1%a9%b1%a5h%b9q%bcv%b0|%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo2tian1
-    wan3shang5 wo3men5 cong1|cong2|zong4 shu1dian4 qu4 dian4ying3yuan4 。]
-        Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop. 
-
-Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
-Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a verbal
-action has to take place first, before one can see its extent or result,
-the complement placed after the verb observes this time sequence.
-
-
-      The complement of degree
-
-This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
-adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle 得
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-is used to connect the verb and its complement:
-
-    他學習得怎 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e7>麼
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2>樣
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%cb>﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%be%c7%b2%df%b1o%ab%e7%bb%f2%bc%cb%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    xue2xi2 de2|de5|dei3 zen3me5yang4 ﹖]
-        How is he studying?
-    他學習得 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o>很
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>好。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%be%c7%b2%df%b1o%ab%dc%a6n%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    xue2xi2 de5hen3 hao3|hao4 。]
-        He's studying very well.
-
-The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
-
- 1. Verb without object: V + 得 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-    + adjective
-
-        你工作得 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>錯
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%f9>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4u%a7@%b1o%a4%a3%bf%f9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        gong1zuo4 de2bu4dao4 cuo4 。] 
-
- 2. Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-    + adjective
-
-        我妹妹唱 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%db>民
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%c1>歌
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>唱得很好。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9f%a9f%b0%db%a5%c1%baq%b0%db%b1o%ab%dc%a6n%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        mei4mei4|mei4mei5 chang4 min2ge1 chang4 de5hen3 hao3|hao4 。] 
-
- 3. Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-    + adjective
-
-        他們中文學得很好。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a4%a4%e5%be%c7%b1o%ab%dc%a6n%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        zhong1wen2 xue2 de5hen3 hao3|hao4 。] 
-
-Place 不 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-/before the adjective/ to make the negative:
-
- 4. V + 得 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-    + 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    + adjective
-
-        她歌 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>唱
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%db>得不好﹐ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%baq%b0%db%b1o%a4%a3%a6n%a1M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        ge1chang4 de2bu4dao4 hao3|hao4 ﹐] 舞
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbR>也跳
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f5>得不好。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bbR%a4]%b8%f5%b1o%a4%a3%a6n%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3
-        ye3 tiao4 de2bu4dao4 hao3|hao4 。]
-
-Questions are formed as follows:
-
- 1. . . . 得 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-    adjective 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    adjective?
-
-        你開 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>車
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>開
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>得快
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%d6>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>快
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%d6>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6}%a8%ae%b6}%b1o%a7%d6%a4%a3%a7%d6%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        kai1che1 kai1 de2|de5|dei3 kuai4 bu4kuai4 ﹖] 
-
- 2. . . . 得怎麼樣﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o%ab%e7%bb%f2%bc%cb%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3
-    zen3me5yang4 ﹖]
-
-        你中文學得怎麼樣﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a4%a4%e5%be%c7%b1o%ab%e7%bb%f2%bc%cb%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        zhong1wen2 xue2 de2|de5|dei3 zen3me5yang4 ﹖] 
-
- 3. . . . 得 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
-    adjective 嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5
-    ﹖]
-
-        你游 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%e5>泳
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaa>游
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%e5>得好嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b4%e5%aaa%b4%e5%b1o%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        you2yong3 you2 de2|de5|dei3 hao3|hao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
-Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as 有
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-, 在 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-or 是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
-, since those verbs normally do not denote actions.
-
-
-    The difference between 呢 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
-    and 吧 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7a> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7a&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1|ba5]
-    as sentence-ending particles
-
-Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end of a
-question. However, they differ in usage.
-
-
-      In questions
-
-呢 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
-is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry. It may appear in
-questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
-me5|mo2] or 哪兒 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3er5]
-; affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>吃
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>不
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>吃呢﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3%a9O%a1S%a6n%a6Y%a4%a3%a6n%a6Y%a9O%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3
-mei2you3 ne5|ni2 ﹖ hao3chi1 bu4hao3 chi1|ji2 ne5|ni2 ﹖] ; or
-alternative questions with 還是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-, such as 吃面 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b1>包
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5]>還是火
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f5>腿
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbL>呢﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6Y%ad%b1%a5]%c1%d9%acO%a4%f5%bbL%a9O%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chi1|ji2
-mian4 bao1 hai2shi4 huo3tui3 ne5|ni2 ﹖]
-
-吧 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7a&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1|ba5]
-, on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate a
-mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker: 在這兒停
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%b1>車
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>吧﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%b0%b1%a8%ae%a7a%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4zhe4qi1jian1
-er2|er5 ting2che1 ba1|ba5 ﹖] 你不
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>知
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%be>道
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9D>吧﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%aa%be%b9D%a7a%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-bu4zhi1 dao4 ba1|ba5 ﹖]
-
-
-      In affirmative statements
-
-呢 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
-in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an action
-(e.g. 她學中文呢 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%be%c7%a4%a4%a4%e5%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-xue2 zhong1wen2 ne5|ni2] ), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with
-exaggeration (e.g. 晚上電影九點才
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4~>開
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>始
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9l>呢。 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%b9q%bcv%a4E%c2I%a4~%b6}%a9l%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan3shang5
-dian4ying3 jiu3 dian3 cai2 kai1shi3 ne5|ni2 。] 從這兒去要走三
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>天
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>呢。 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q%b3o%a8%e0%a5h%adn%a8%ab%a4T%a4%d1%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cong1|cong2|zong4
-zher4 qu4 yao1|yao4 zou3 san1tian1 ne5|ni2 。] )
-
-吧 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7a&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1|ba5]
-is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften the tone,
-as in 我們走吧。 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a8%ab%a7a%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-zou3 ba1|ba5 。] 你再 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6A>想想
-吧。 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6A%b7Q%b7Q%a7a%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-zai4 xiang3 xiang3 ba1|ba5 。]
-
-
-    The use of optative verbs
-
-Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
-express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
-
- 1. To express /subjective wish/, /desire/ or /request/:
-
-     1. 要 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yao1|yao4]
-        + verb = to want to
-
-            我要喝橘 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%ef>子
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>水。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%adn%b3%dc%be%ef%a4l%a4%f4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-            yao1|yao4 he1|he4 ju2zi5 shui3 。] 
-
-     2. 想 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
-        + verb = would like to
-
-            你想看電影嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            xiang3 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
- 2. To express /objective necessity/:
-
-     1. 要 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yao1|yao4]
-        + verb = to have to (especially in questions)
-
-            我明天要來嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9%fa%a4%d1%adn%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-            ming2tian1 yao1|yao4 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-                Do I have to come tomorrow?
-            我們要去了。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%adn%a5h%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-            yao1|yao4 qu4 le5|liao3 。]
-                We have to go. 
-
-     2. 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>用
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%ce> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yong4]
-        + verb = don't have to
-
-            你明天不用來。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%a4%a3%a5%ce%a8%d3%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            ming2tian1 bu4yong4 lai2 。]
-                You don't have to come tomorrow.
-
- 3. To express /ability/ or /skill acquired/:
-
-     1. 能 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[neng2]
-        + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你現在能看中文報 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3
-            %f8>紙 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%c8>嗎﹖
-            [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b2{%a6b%af%e0%ac%dd%a4%a4%a4%e5%b3%f8%af%c8%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            xian4zai4 neng2 kan1|kan4 zhong1wen2 bao4zhi3 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
-     2. 可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>以
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ke3yi3]
-        + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%a4@%ad%d3%acP%b4%c1%a5i%a5H%be%c7%b4X%bd%d2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-            yi1ge4 xing1qi1 ke3yi3 xue2 ji1|ji3 ke4|ke4 ﹖] 
-
-     3. 會 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7|&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hui4|kuai4]
-        + verb = can, be able to
-
-            他們都會游泳嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%b3%a3%b7|%b4%e5%aaa%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5dou1
-            hui4|kuai4 you2yong3 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
- 4. To express /ability depending on circumstances/:
-
-     1. 能 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[neng2]
-        + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你明天能來嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%af%e0%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            ming2tian1 neng2 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
-     2. 可以 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ke3yi3]
-        + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你今天晚上可以 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            jin1tian1 wan3shang5 ke3yi3] 1給他打電話嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9%a5L%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3
-            ta1 da3dian4hua4 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
-    Note, in both cases use 不
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>能
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4neng2]
-    for negative sentences.
-
- 5. To express /permission/:
-
-     1. 能 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[neng2]
-        + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我能在這兒停車嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%af%e0%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%b0%b1%a8%ae%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-            neng2 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5 ting2che1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            你不能 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            bu4neng2] (or 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-            %a3>可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>以
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H> [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4ke3
-            yi3] ) 在這兒停車。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%b0%b1%a8%ae%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4zhe4qi1jian1
-            er2|er5 ting2che1 。]
-
-     2. 可以 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ke3yi3]
-        + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5i%a5H%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a7l%b7%cf%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-            ke3yi3 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5 xi1yan1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            你不可以 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            bu4ke3 yi3] (or 不能 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4neng2]
-            ) 在這兒吸煙。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a7l%b7%cf%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4zhe4qi1jian1
-            er2|er5 xi1yan1 。] 
-
- 6. To express /possibility/ or /probability/:
-
-     1. 會 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7|&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hui4|kuai4]
-        + verb = be likely to, will probably
-
-            你明天會再來嗎﹖ [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%b7|%a6A%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-            ming2tian1 hui4|kuai4 zai4 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-            今天晚上不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>會
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>下
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>雨
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abB>。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a4%a3%b7|%a4U%abB%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1
-            wan3shang5 bu4hui4 xia4yu3 。] 
-
- 7. To express /need arising from moral or factual necessity/:
-
-     1. 應 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0%b3>該
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d3> [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c0%b3%b8%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ying1gai1]
-        + verb = should, ought to
-
-            你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。 [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%be%c7%b1o%a4%a3%bf%f9%a1M%c0%b3%b8%d3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-            xue2 de2bu4dao4 cuo4 ﹐ ying1gai1 qu4 zhong1guo2 。]
-            他們不應該翻 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2%bd>
-            譯 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%b6>那本書。
-            [.wav]
-            <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%c0%b3%b8%d3%c2%bd%c4%b6%a8%ba%a5%bb%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-            bu4 ying1gai1 fan1yi4 na3|na4|nei4 ben3 shu1 。] 
-
-Note:
-
- 1. To make a negation, put the negative word 不 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
-    or 沒有 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
-    before the optative verb:
-
-        他們不想給圖書館打電話。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%b7Q%b5%b9%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        bu4 xiang3 gei3|ji3 tu2shu1guan3 da3dian4hua4 。] 
-
- 2. To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
-    verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
-
-        你會 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>會
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>唱中
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>民
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%c1>歌
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7|%a4%a3%b7|%b0%db%a4%a4%b0%ea%a5%c1%baq%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        hui4bu4hui4 chang4 zhong1guo2min2hang2 ge1 ﹖]
-        but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7|%b0%db%a4%a3%b0%db%a4%a4%b0%ea%a5%c1%baq%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        hui4|kuai4 chang4 bu4 chang4 zhong1guo2min2hang2 ge1 ﹖] 
-
- 3. It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
-
-        你是北 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5_>京
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>﹐應該會唱京劇。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%acO%a5_%a8%ca%a4H%a1M%c0%b3%b8%d3%b7|%b0%db%a8%ca%bc@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        shi4 bei3jing1ren2 ﹐ ying1gai1 hui4|kuai4 chang4 jing1ju4 。] 
-
-
-    The use of adverbs 就 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4N>
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-    and 才 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
-
-
-就 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-and 才 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
-are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's attitude
-as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier (就
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-) or later (才 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
-) than expected:
-
-    他們三點就來了﹐可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>你們現在才來。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4T%c2I%b4N%a8%d3%a4F%a1M%a5i%acO%a7A%ad%cc%b2{%a6b%a4~%a8%d3%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-    san1 dian3 jiu4 lai2 le5|liao3 ﹐ ke3shi4 ni3men5 xian4zai4 cai2
-    lai2 。]
-        They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
-    我們是老 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%d1>朋友﹐我們十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>年
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>前就認識了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%acO%a6%d1%aaB%a4%cd%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%a4Q%a6~%abe%b4N%bb{%c3%d1%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    shi4 lao3 peng2you5 ﹐ wo3men5 shi2nian2 qian2 jiu4 ren4shi5
-    le5|liao3 。]
-        We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as
-        ten years ago.
-    她不是我的同學﹐我上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>個
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>星
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>才認識她。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a4%a3%acO%a7%da%aa%ba%a6P%be%c7%a1M%a7%da%a4W%ad%d3%acP%b4%c1%a4~%bb{%c3%d1%a6o%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    bu2shi4 wo3de5 tong2xue2 ﹐ wo3 shang4ge4xing1qi1 cai2 ren4shi5 ta1 。]
-        She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago. 
-
-Compare the following sentences:
-
-    今年我們就想去中國學習。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~%a7%da%ad%cc%b4N%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%be%c7%b2%df%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1nian2
-    wo3men5 jiu4 xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 xue2xi2 。]
-        (The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon
-        as this year.)
-    今年我們才想去中國學習。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~%a7%da%ad%cc%a4~%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%be%c7%b2%df%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1nian2
-    wo3men5 cai2 xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 xue2xi2 。]
-        (The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
-        they should have gone earlier.) 
-
-As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
-sentence, 就 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-and 才 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
-should be placed after it; when there is an optative verb, on the other
-hand, 就 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-and 才 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
-should be placed before it. Here is the pattern:
-
-    Time-word + 就 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-    /才 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
-    + optative verb + main verb
-    她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a4%b5%a6~%b4N%a5i%a5H%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1M%a7%da%a9%fa%a6~%a4~%a5i%a5H%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    jin1nian2 jiu4 ke3yi3 qu4 zhong1guo2 ﹐ wo3 ming2nian2 cai2 ke3yi3
-    qu4 zhong1guo2 。]
-    他們今天下午三點就能出 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5X>
-    發 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5o>﹐我們要晚上八點才
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4~>能
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0>走。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%b5%a4%d1%a4U%a4%c8%a4T%c2I%b4N%af%e0%a5X%b5o%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%adn%b1%df%a4W%a4K%c2I%a4~%af%e0%a8%ab%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-    jin1tian1 xia4wu3 san1 dian3 jiu4 neng2 chu1fa1 ﹐ wo3men5 yao1|yao4
-    wan3shang5 ba1 dian3 cai2neng2 zou3 。]
-
-
-    Word usage: 或 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%ce>者
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%cc> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
-    , 還是 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-
-
-Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but
-they differ in usage: in general, 或者 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
-is used in non-interrogative sentences to indicate a choice:
-
-    我妹妹想研 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%e3>究
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8s>音樂或者文
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e5>學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9f%a9f%b7Q%ac%e3%a8s%ad%b5%bc%d6%a9%ce%aa%cc%a4%e5%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    mei4mei4|mei4mei5 xiang3 yan2jiu1 yin1yue4 huo4zhe3 wen2xue2 。] 
-
-還是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-, on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
-questions:
-
-    你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4W%a4%c8%a5h%a1M%c1%d9%acO%a4U%a4%c8%a5h%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    shang4wu3 qu4 ﹐ hai2shi4 xia4wu3 qu4 ﹖] 
-
-It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as 知
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%be>道
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9D> [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
-, 告訴 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
-etc:
-
-請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖ [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%a7i%b6D%a7%da%b3o%ad%d3%a4H%acO%a6%d1%aev%c1%d9%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3
-gao4su5 wo3 zhe4ge4 ren2 shi4 lao3shi1 hai2shi4 xue2sheng5 ﹖]
-我不知道她是老師還是學生。 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%aa%be%b9D%a6o%acO%a6%d1%aev%c1%d9%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-bu4zhi1 dao4 ta1 shi4 lao3shi1 hai2shi4 xue2sheng5 。]
-
-In cases in which both 或者 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
-and 還是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-can appear in questions, there are some subtle differences in their
-anticipations and tones:
-
-     1. A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%c1%d9%acO%a4%e9%a5%bb%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 hai2shi4 ri4ben3 ﹖]
-        B: 我想去中國。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 。]
-
-     2. A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a9%ce%aa%cc%a4%e9%a5%bb%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 huo4zhe3 ri4ben3 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        B: 我想去﹐我兩個地 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6a>
-        方 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e8>都想去。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h%a1M%a7%da%a8%e2%ad%d3%a6a%a4%e8%b3%a3%b7Q%a5h%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xiang3 qu4 ﹐ wo3 liang3ge4zhong1guo2 di4fang5 dou1|du1 xiang3
-        qu4 。] 
-
-In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice
-from the answer. The two terms with 還是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-are mutually exclusive. In dialogue 2, the question is a general one
-using 嗎 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
-at the end. It does not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B
-can give a general answer: 我想去 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-xiang3 qu4] -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought: 我兩
-個地方都想去 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a8%e2%ad%d3%a6a%a4%e8%b3%a3%b7Q%a5h&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-liang3ge4zhong1guo2 di4fang5 dou1|du1 xiang3 qu4] . The two items with
-或者 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
-in the question are therefore not mutually exclusive.
-
-Sometimes, however, 還是 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
-can also be used in a non-interrogative sentence. For instance:
-
-    去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>時
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%c9> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%ac%dd%aaB%a4%cd%a1M%c1%d9%acO%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1M%a5L%a4@%ae%c9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4
-    kan1|kan4 peng2you5 ﹐ hai2shi4 qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 ﹐ ta1
-    yi4shi2] (??)不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>定
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>主
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5D>意
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7N>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%a9w%a5D%b7N%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4ding4
-    zhu3yi5 。]
-
-Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
-compelling 他 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1]
-to make a choice. In contrast, 或者 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
-in this case can only convey a sort of explanatory note:
-
-    你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-    /zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>定 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>要
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn>作決
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8M>定
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a1M%c1%d9%acO%a6o%a8%d3%a1M%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%a4@%a9w%adn%a7@%a8M%a9w%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    qu4 ﹐ hai2shi4 ta1 lai2 ﹐ ni3 ming2tian1 yi1ding4yao4 zuo4
-    jue2ding4 。] (interrogative)
-    或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e4>他
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>選
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%ef>擇
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%dc>。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc%a7A%a5h%a1M%a9%ce%aa%cc%a6o%a8%d3%a1M%a8S%a6%b3%a8%e4%a5L%bf%ef%be%dc%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3
-    ni3 qu4 ﹐ huo4zhe3 ta1 lai2 ﹐ mei2you3 qi2ta1 xuan3ze2 。]
-    (explanatory)
-
-
-    了 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F>解
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d1> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
-    , 知道 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
-    , 認識 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb{%c3%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ren4shi5]
-    and 懂 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0%b4> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c0%b4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dong3]
-
-
-The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
-
-Both 了解 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
-and 知道 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
-can mean "to know". However, 了解 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
-implies some level of understanding and comprehension of what one knows.
-Therefore 了解 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
-can be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
-. Compare:
-
-    你了解 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    liao3jie3] (or 知道 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
-    ) 這個學校嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%be%c7%ae%d5%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4ge4
-    xue2xiao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-    我不知道他是誰的孩子。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%aa%be%b9D%a5L%acO%bd%d6%aa%ba%ab%c4%a4l%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    bu4zhi1 dao4 ta1 shi4 shei2|shui2 de5|di2|di4 hai2zi5 。] (Here one
-    can not use 了解 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
-    .)
-
-認識 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb{%c3%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ren4shi5]
-is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not others.
-It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability.
-
-    A: 哦 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae@>﹐我認識她﹗
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae@%a1M%a7%da%bb{%c3%d1%a6o%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[e2|o2
-    ﹐ wo3 ren4shi5 ta1 ﹗]
-        Oh, I know her!
-    B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%acO%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%bb{%c3%d1%a6o%aa%ba%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    shi4 zai4 na3er5 ren4shi5 ta1 de5|di2|di4 ﹖]
-        Where did you get to know her? 
-
-懂 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c0%b4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dong3]
-, on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its
-definition is not as broad as that of 了解 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
-(to know and understand) and is different from that of 知道 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
-(to know).
-
-    1. 你懂他說 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%a1>的漢語嗎﹖
-    [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%c0%b4%a5L%bb%a1%aa%ba%ba~%bby%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    dong3 ta1 shui4|shuo1 de5|di2|di4 han4yu3 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-    2. 你知道他叫甚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%c6>麼
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2>名
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6W>字
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6r>嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%be%b9D%a5L%a5s%ac%c6%bb%f2%a6W%a6r%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    zhi1dao5 ta1 jiao4 shen2me5 ming2zi5 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-    3. 你了解他嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4F%b8%d1%a5L%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    liao3jie3 ta1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-
-Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him
-than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than
-sentence 1.
-
-
-    The use of the Perfect Aspect
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The aspect particle 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-is added to the end of a verb to indicate the completion of an action.
-In general, Chinese perfect aspect is equivalent to perfect tenses
-(present perfect, past perfect or future perfect) in English. So, the
-completion of an action can take place in the past or in the future. For
-instance:
-
-    A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4U%a4F%bd%d2%a5h%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    xia4 le5|liao3 ke4|ke4 qu4 na3er5 ﹖]
-    B: 我下了課去圖書館。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%a4F%bd%d2%a5h%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    xia4 le5|liao3 ke4|ke4 qu4 tu2shu1guan3 。]
-
-On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
-particle 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-, if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need
-to emphasise its completion:
-
-    去年他常常去書店。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a6~%a5L%b1`%b1`%a5h%ae%d1%a9%b1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4nian2
-    ta1 chang2chang2 qu4 shu1dian4 。]
-    以前我住在學生宿舍。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe%a7%da%a6%ed%a6b%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2
-    wo3 zhu4 zai4 xue2sheng5 su4she4 。]
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-        (+ object)
-        e.g. 電影開始了。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9q%bcv%b6}%a9l%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dian4ying3
-        kai1shi3 le5|liao3 。] 我買了兩本書。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6R%a4F%a8%e2%a5%bb%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        mai3 le5|liao3 liang3 ben3 shu1 。]
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
-        (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        ) + verb (+ object)
-        or subject + 還沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2
-        mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        ) + verb (+ 呢 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
-        )
-        e.g. 我沒有買書。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a8S%a6%b3%b6R%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        mei2you3 mai3 shu1 。] 電影還沒開始呢。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9q%bcv%c1%d9%a8S%b6}%a9l%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dian4ying3
-        hai2|huan2 mei2|mo4 kai1shi3 ne5|ni2 。]
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-        (+ object) + 沒有﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3
-        ﹖]
-        or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3
-        ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
-        + verb (+ object)﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[﹖]
-        (here the verb is usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%b5%a4%d1%b6R%a4F%b5%fc%a8%e5%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-        jin1tian1 mai3 le5|liao3 ci2dian3 mei2you3 ﹖] 她來了嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%d3%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        lai2 le5|liao3 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 你們談
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%cd>沒談這個問題﹖
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%bd%cd%a8S%bd%cd%b3o%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
-        tan2 mei2|mo4 tan2 zhe4ge4 wen4ti2 ﹖]
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence,
-    the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral +
-    measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the sentence sounds
-    incomplete:
-
-        我買了三本書。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6R%a4F%a4T%a5%bb%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        mai3 le5|liao3 san1 ben3 shu1 。]
-        我在書店里買了書。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%ae%d1%a9%b1%a8%bd%b6R%a4F%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        zai4 shu1dian4 li3 mai3 le5|liao3 shu1 。]
-        but not simply 我買了書。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6R%a4F%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        mai3 le5|liao3 shu1 。]
-
- 2. If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
-    those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    is usually placed after the /last/ verb.
-
-        a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5%ce%a4%a4%a4%e5%b5%b9%b6%fd%b6%fd%bcg%a4F%a4@%ab%ca%abH%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        yong4 zhong1wen2 gei3|ji3 ma1ma5 xie3 le5|liao3 yi1 feng1 xin4 。]
-        b. 他們昨天進 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6i>城
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%b0>買了一些中文詞典。
-        [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%acQ%a4%d1%b6i%ab%b0%b6R%a4F%a4@%a8%c7%a4%a4%a4%e5%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        zuo2tian1 jin4 cheng2 mai3 le5|liao3 yi1xie1 zhong1wen2 ci2dian3
-        。]
-
-    In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is
-    written by using Chinese; in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related
-    to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to
-    buy the dictionaries. Compare the above sentences with the
-    following, with a different structure:
-
-        我下了課去圖書館。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%a4F%bd%d2%a5h%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xia4 le5|liao3 ke4|ke4 qu4 tu2shu1guan3 。]
-
-    Here "class is over" (下課 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4ke4]
-    ) and "go to the library" are unrelated. They are contained in the
-    sentence simply to indicate their sequence. Hence it is wrong to say
-
-        我下課去了圖書館。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%bd%d2%a5h%a4F%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        xia4ke4 qu4 le5|liao3 tu2shu1guan3 。]
-
- 3. When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    is placed /before/ the reduplicated verb:
-
-        我試 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d5>了試那條裙子
-        ﹐真漂亮﹗ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b8%d5%a4F%b8%d5%a8%ba%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%a1M%afu%ba}%abG%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        shi4 le5|liao3 shi4 na3|na4|nei4 tiao2 qun2zi5 ﹐ zhen1
-        piao4liang5 ﹗]
-
-
-    又 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4S> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4]
-    , 再 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    and 還 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-
-
-All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like
-the English "again". They differ in usage, however:
-
-Whereas 又 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4]
-indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken place, 再
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-implies a repetition of an action in the future. Also, 再 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-is only used in /declarative/ sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎
-[.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao3|hao4
-ma3|ma5] :
-
-    昨天他來晚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>了﹐今天他
-    又來晚了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acQ%a4%d1%a5L%a8%d3%b1%df%a4F%a1M%a4%b5%a4%d1%a5L%a4S%a8%d3%b1%df%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo2tian1
-    ta1 lai2 wan3 le5|liao3 ﹐ jin1tian1 ta1 you4 lai2 wan3 le5|liao3 。]
-        (repetition in the past)
-    你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6i>來
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%d3>了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%b5%a4%d1%a8%d3%b1%df%a4F%a1Q%a9%fa%a4%d1%a6A%a8%d3%b1%df%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%b4N%a4%a3%c5%fd%a7A%b6i%a8%d3%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    jin1tian1 lai2 wan3 le5|liao3 ﹔ ming2tian1 zai4 lai2 wan3 ﹐
-    wo3men5 jiu4 bu4 rang4 ni3 jin4lai2 le5|liao3 。]
-        (repetition in the future)
-    你再喝一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>橘子水﹐好嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6A%b3%dc%a4@%c2I%a8%e0%be%ef%a4l%a4%f4%a1M%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    zai4 he1|he4 yi1dianr3 ju2zi5 shui3 ﹐ hao3|hao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-
-Also, 又 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4]
-can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or occurrence, even
-though it has not yet taken place:
-
-    明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%a4S%acO%acP%b4%c1%a4@%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%a4S%adn%a4W%bd%d2%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1
-    you4 shi4 xing1qi1yi1 ﹐ wo3men5 you4 yao1|yao4 shang4ke4 。]
-    新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>年
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>又要來了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7s%a6~%a4S%adn%a8%d3%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xin1nian2
-    you4 yao1|yao4 lai2 le5|liao3 。]
-
-還 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
-, on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
-
-    你明天還來嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%c1%d9%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ming2tian1 hai2|huan2 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 
-
-It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an
-optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb
-and an optional 再 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-can be placed after:
-
-    A: 你明年還能 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a6~%c1%d9%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
-    ming2nian2 hai2|huan2 neng2] (再 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    )教我們嗎﹖ [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao1|jiao4
-    wo3men5 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-    B: 我明年還可以 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9%fa%a6~%c1%d9%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-    ming2nian2 hai2|huan2 ke3yi3] (再 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
-    )教你們。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0%a7A%ad%cc%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao1|jiao4
-    ni3men5 。] 
-
-
-    Use of the modal particle 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The modal particle 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate that the event referred
-to took place in the past. The difference between 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-as modal particle and 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-to indicate perfect aspect is that the latter only shows the completion
-of the verb, whereas the former shows the completion of the whole
-sentence or event, implying some /change of situation/.
-
-    他買了書了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b6R%a4F%ae%d1%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-    mai3 le5|liao3 shu1 le5|liao3 。] 
-
-The first 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-in the sentence above indicates only the completion of the action of 買
-書 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6R%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mai3
-shu1] , whereas the second 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-marks some change of situation on the part of 他 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1]
-as a result of the completion of the book-buying process: originally he
-did not have the book, but now he has.
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
-(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
-previous section.)
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb (+ object) + 了 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-
-        e.g. 他們看足 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ac>球
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2y>賽
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%c9>了。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 le5|liao3 。] 
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
-        (有 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
-        ) + verb (+ object)
-        e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a8S%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        mei2|mo4 kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 。] 
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3
-        mei2you3 ﹖]
-        or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3
-        ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
-        + verb + object﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[﹖]
-        (here the verb is usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a4F%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 le5|liao3 mei2you3 ﹖]
-        他們看足球賽了嗎﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 le5|liao3 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
-        他們看沒看足球賽﹖ [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8S%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-        kan1|kan4 mei2|mo4 kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 ﹖] 
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the perfect
-    aspect 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    from the modal particle 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    . In such a case, 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    can be regarded as fulfilling both functions:
-
-        她來了。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%d3%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
-        lai2 le5|liao3 。] 我們懂了。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%c0%b4%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-        dong3 le5|liao3 。] 
-
- 2. A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
-    require a 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    at the end of the sentence:
-
-        我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5X>去
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>。 [.wav]
-        <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%acQ%a4%d1%a4U%a4%c8%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a1M%b1%df%a4W%a8S%a5X%a5h%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
-        zuo2tian1 xia4wu3 kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 ﹐ wan3shang5 mei2|mo4
-        chu1qu4 。] 
-
-
-    Sequential actions
-
-To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
-other, we use the pattern
-
-    Subject + verb + 了 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-    (以後 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-    ) 就 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
-    + verb ...
-    e.g. 我們辦 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%ec>了簽
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%b1>証
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%fd> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%bf%ec%a4F%c3%b1%b5%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    ban4 le5|liao3 qian1 zheng4] (以後 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-    )就回家。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N%a6^%aea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4
-    hui2jia1 。]
-    明天吃了早 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ad>飯
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba> [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%a6Y%a4F%a6%ad%b6%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1
-    chi1|ji2 le5|liao3 zao3fan4] (以後 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
-    )我們就出發。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b4N%a5X%b5o%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    jiu4 chu1fa1 。]
-
-The above pattern can be used for /future/ actions as well. To indicate
-that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 [.wav]
-<http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
-has to be inserted at the end of the sentence:
-
-    我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%bf%ec%a4F%c3%b1%b5%fd%a5H%ab%e1%b4N%a6^%aea%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
-    ban4 le5|liao3 qian1 zheng4 yi3hou4 jiu4 hui2jia1 le5|liao3 。]
-    他們早 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ad>上
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>沒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>吃
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>早飯就走了。 [.wav]
-    <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6%ad%a4W%a8S%a6Y%a6%ad%b6%ba%b4N%a8%ab%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
-    zao3shang5 mei2chi1mei2chuan1 zao3fan4 jiu4 zou3 le5|liao3 。]
-

Original/Chapters 1-28 all in one big page-tooltips.html

@@ -1,4996 +0,0 @@
-
-Show 	
-characters
-pinyin, zhuyin
-translations
-
-	 in 	
-text
-tooltips
-status line
-separate wordlist
-
-Link characters to online dictionaries
-Only treat the first occurrence of each word
-Include links to audio text-to-speech
-tooltips require DHTML; status-line requires a willing browser
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
-
-      嗎 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%dc>?
-
-One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add
-嗎 at the end of a statement. Hence 你
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎? (How
-are you?)
-
-
-      你 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>呢
-      <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9O>?
-
-This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to you.
-Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how about
-you?"
-
-    A: 你好嗎?
-        How are you?
-    B: 我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>很
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>好
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>, 你呢?
-        I am fine, and you?
-
-    A: 你忙 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3>嗎?
-        Are you busy?
-    B: 我不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>忙
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3>, 你呢?
-        I am not busy, what about you?
-
-
-      很 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>, 也
-      <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4]>, 都
-      <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%a3>
-
-All three are adverbs, which should be placed /before/ what they modify
-in Chinese. E.g., 很好, 也好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>, 都好.
-
-Sometimes 很 is not really employed to mean "very" if it is modifying a
-monosyllabic adjective such as 好. It is simply because to say 我好 is a
-bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic adjective as the
-predicate of the sentence. Therefore people usually add 很 before 好 to
-make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 in this case does not
-necessarily mean "I am /very/ well", it may simply convey the meaning of
-"I am fine".
-
-/The order of these words:/ If all three adverbs occur in the same
-sentence, their order is 也 -- 都 -- 很:
-
-    我很好.
-    我也很好.
-    我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>們
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>也都很好.
-
-N.B. 都 (both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the /left/ of
-it. Hence it is wrong to say 都他
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>們
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>很好 ("all of them are
-fine"). One should say 他 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>們
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>都
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%a3>很好.
-
-
-      都不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3> vs. 不都
-
-都不 indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 shows a partial negation:
-
-    他們都不忙
-        None of them is busy.
-    他們不都忙
-        Not all of them are busy.
-    我們都不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>大
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>夫
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d2>
-        None of us is a doctor.
-    我們不都是 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>大夫
-        Not all of us are doctors.
-
-
-      的 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba>
-
-As an auxiliary word, 的 is used to indicate possession. It comes
-between the subject and the noun it modifies: 我
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>的
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba>書
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>, 我媽
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%fd>媽
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%fd>的車
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae> etc.
-
-In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
-possessive marker 的 can be omitted. /Otherwise it cannot/.
-
-    e.g. 你弟 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%cc>弟
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%cc> = 你的弟弟, 我爸
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%a8>爸
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%a8> = 我的爸爸 
-
-
-      我很好 -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".
-
-Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb. In
-the sentence 我很好, the adjectival phrase 很好 serves as the predicate
-for the sentence. No verb "to be" is needed as in English (I /am/ very
-well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an /adjective/ as
-its predicate, even in negative sentences.
-
-    e.g. 他們很忙, 我們不忙
-        They are very busy, we are not.
-
-Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 should still
-be retained:
-
-    他 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>是我朋
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd>
-        He is my friend.
-
-    我不是她 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6o>的哥
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%f4>哥
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%f4>
-        I am not her elder brother.
-
-
-      Proper Response
-
-Study the following two dialogues:
-
-    A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎?
-        Is your mother a doctor?
-    B: 是, 她是大夫.
-        Yes, she is a doctor.
-
-    A: 你媽媽忙嗎?
-        Is your mother busy?
-    B: 忙, 她很忙.
-        Yes, she is very busy.
-
-To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb --
-in the above case 是 and 忙 respectively -- as an equivalent to the
-English "yes" before making the statement itself. Note therefore that
-the response is not always 是.
-
-
-    Questions with interrogative words 誰
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d6>, 哪
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe>, 什
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b0>麼
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2>
-
-Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as "what",
-"when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a question,
-Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming questions using
-such interrogative words as 誰, 哪, 什麼, etc:
-
- 1. 他是我弟弟. (He is my younger brother.)
-    他是誰? (Who is he?)
-
- 2. 他是我們老 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%d1>師
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aev>. (He is our teacher.)
-    誰是你 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>們
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>老師? (Who is your
-    teacher?)
-
- 3. 他是中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>人
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>. (He is Chinese.)
-    他是哪國 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>人
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>? (What is his
-    nationality?)
-
- 4. 這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>是中
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>地
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6a>圖
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%cf>. (This is a map of
-    China.)
-    這是什麼地圖? (What map is this?)
-
- 5. 那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>是書. (That is a book.)
-    那是什麼? (What is that?)
-
- 6. 這是她的車. (This is her car.)
-    這是誰的車? (Whose car is this?)
-
-As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what
-one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form questions.
-No change of word order takes place.
-
-
-    Asking a person's name
-
-There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that
-person is.
-
- 1. 您 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1z>貴
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6Q>姓
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9m>﹖
-
-    This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What
-    is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to address one's
-    elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one
-    wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 cannot
-    be used when asking about a third person's name, or when referring
-    to oneself.
-
-        A: 您/你貴姓﹖
-            What is your name?
-        B: 我姓 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9m>丁
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4B>。
-            My name is Ding.
-
- 2. 你叫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5s>什麼﹖
-
-    This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually used
-    to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors.
-    If one wants to be a bit polite, 請
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d0>問
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd> can be added to the
-    question:
-
-        請問﹐你叫什麼﹖
-            May I ask, what's your name?
-
-    Unlike 貴姓, which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 can be
-    employed for all persons:
-
-        她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖etc. 
-
-When asked 你姓什麼﹖you are supposed to give your last name first, and
-then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when asked
-你叫什麼﹖you can give either your given name or your full name.
-
-
-    Word usage: 學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>習
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%df>﹐ 學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>
-
-Both words mean "to study" or "to learn". Whereas 學習 can be used both
-transitively and intransitively, 學 is normally reserved for transitive
-use.
-
-    e.g. 我學(習 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%df>)漢
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba~>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>﹐她學(習)法
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aak>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。
-        I study Chinese, she studies French.
-    我學習﹐我弟弟不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>習。
-        I study, my younger brother doesn't study.
-
-In the second sentence, the word 習 cannot be omitted.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b> (to be at/in...)
-    functions as a verb.
-
-    To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use
-    the following pattern:
-
-        S + 在 + place/location word or phrase
-        e.g. A: 你的地圖在哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
-        %fe>兒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>﹖
-        B: 我的地圖在那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>兒
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>。
-
-        A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖
-        B: 他們在中國。 
-
-    If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
-
-        A: 古 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5j>波
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aai>在嗎﹖
-            Is Gubo in [or: here]?
-        B: 他不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>在
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>﹐他在學
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>生
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%cd>宿
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1J>舍
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%d9>。
-            He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.
-
-
- 2. Nouns / personal pronouns + 這
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>/那兒 as place words.
-
-        e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖
-        B: 在我這兒。(or 在我那兒)
-
-        A: 你的車在哪兒﹖
-        B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。 
-
-    The choice of 這兒 and 那兒 depends on the distance between the
-    object and the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use 這兒; if
-    not, use 那兒.
-
- 3. The word order for Chinese place words
-
-    Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and
-    proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives in room
-    423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她住
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>院
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0|>學生宿舍四
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>層
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bch>四二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>三
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>號
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9>。 Notice the exactly
-    reverse order here, which is applicable to the address used when
-    writing letters as well.
-
- 4. To live (stay) at a place
-
-    Most often one uses 住 to indicate that one lives or stays at a
-    certain place. There are several patterns for the use of 住. For
-    example, to say "I live here", one can have the following:
-
-        S + 住 + place word (我住這兒)
-        S + 住在 + place word (我住在
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>這
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>兒
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>)
-        S + 在 + place word + 住 (我在這兒住)
-
-    All three sentences have the same meaning.
-
- 5. Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
-
-    Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by
-    digit:
-
-        English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)
-        Chinese: # 1452 (一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>
-        四五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>號
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9>) 
-
-
-    The use of 還 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%d9> (to
-    return something to someone)
-
-When using 還 to indicate "return", use the following pattern:
-
-    S + 還 + (sb.) + sth.
-    e.g. 我還他畫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5e>報
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8>
-    你還丁云 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%aa>的車。(Notice
-    here sb. is omitted.)
-
-This pattern is /only/ used for simple objects, i.e. the object to be
-returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的日
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9>本
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bb>車, etc. Notice in the
-second example above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say
-你還丁云丁云的車, although grammatically it is correct. We will later
-learn the ways to express something more complicated.
-
-
-    用 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%ce>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>下
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>
-
-In this phrase, 用 is a verb which can be used both transitively and
-intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an object).
-一下兒 is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little
-while". If an object is to be used for 用 in the above phrase, it should
-be placed after 一下兒:
-
-    我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖
-        Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
-    他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。
-        They want to use your dad's car for a little while.
-
-
-    Time Word 現 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2{>在
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>
-
-Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a
-sentence: /before/ or /after/ the subject.
-
-    現在她去 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>學院還書。
-        Now she is going to the college to return books.
-    or 她現在去學院還書。
-
-
-    常 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`> and 常
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`>常
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`>
-
-常 in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 without a
-change of meaning. Thus, 他常喝
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%dc>茶
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9> = 他常常喝茶, 我們常去看
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%dd>書 = 我們常常去看書.
-
-In making negative sentences, however, 常 is normally /not/
-reduplicated. Hence 他不常喝茶, 我們不常去看書.
-
-
-    Affirmative-Negative questions
-
-An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative
-and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
-
-    她是中國人嗎﹖becomes 她是 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-    /zi.cgi?b5=%acO>不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>中國人﹖
-    你忙嗎﹖becomes 你忙不忙﹖
-    你認 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb{>識
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%d1>他嗎﹖becomes 你認識不
-    認識他﹖
-
- 1. If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
-    the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
-
-        忙不忙, 認識不認識, 介
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b6>紹
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%d0>不介紹
-
- 2. If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
-    that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
-
-        你喝不喝茶﹖
-        你去不去中國﹖
-
- 3. Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
-    form of "V + object + 不 + V ?" as well, although this is not as
-    common:
-
-        你喝茶不喝茶﹖
-        她去中國不去﹖
-
- 4. As in questions with interrogative words (誰, 什麼, etc),
-    affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎 at the end.
-
- 5. If an adverb such as 常, 都, 也 or 很 comes /before/ the predicative
-    verb or adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use
-    嗎 instead:
-
-        你們都去中國嗎﹖
-        but not 你們都去不去中國﹖
-
-        他常喝咖 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9@>啡
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d8>嗎﹖
-        but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖
-
-    Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
-    /before/ the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:
-
-     1. 她很忙嗎﹖ but not 她很忙不忙﹖
-
-     2. 她是很好大夫嗎﹖ 她是不是很好的大夫﹖
-
-    The second instance is acceptable because 很 comes /after/ the
-    predicative verb 是.
-
- 6. If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the
-    /first/ verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question:
-
-        你去商 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d3>店
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%b1>買
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6R>紙
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%c8>嗎﹖becomes 你去不
-        去商店買紙﹖
-        他們歡 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>迎
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ef>我來
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%d3>嗎﹖ becomes 他們
-        歡迎不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>歡
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>迎
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ef>我來﹖
-
-
-    和 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9M> and 都
-
-In Chinese, 和 as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or
-phrases, /never/ two clauses or sentences:
-
-    中國和美 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%fc>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>
-    我的爸爸和媽媽
-    她學習漢語和英 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad^>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。
-    你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖
-
-    but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。
-    nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。
-
-The adverb 都 is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or
-adjective. It governs only the elements /before/ it:
-
-    我們都去中國。 (All of us go to China: 都 modifies 我們.)
-    but not 都我們去中國。
-
-This is also wrong:
-
-    我都學漢語和法語。
-
-because 都 modifies 我 and not 漢語和法語. If "both Chinese and French"
-is intended in the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 should be
-placed before 都:
-
-    我漢語和法語都學。
-    or 漢語和法語都我學。
-
-
-    The verb 有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>
-    expressing possession and existence
-
-The verb 有 in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the
-English "to have" and "there is" or "there are":
-
-    她有漢語詞 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%fc>典
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e5>。
-        She has a Chinese dictionary.
-    我們學院有多 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>外
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>學生。
-        There are a lot of foreign students in our college.
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. To negate 有, one uses 沒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S> instead of 不:
-
-        我有哥哥﹐我沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>有
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>姐
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9j>姐
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9j>。
-            I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.
-
- 2. Informally in a negative sentence, 有 can sometimes be omitted:
-
-        我朋友沒(有)書﹐也沒(有)筆
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%a7>。
-            My friend does not have books, nor pens.
-        現在我們的宿舍沒(有)人。
-            There is no one in our dorm now.
-
- 3. The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 ... ?"
-
-        她有沒有妹 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9f>妹
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9f>﹖
-        呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>
-        有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>﹖
-
-    Sometimes, if the object of 有 is not long, one can use the form
-    "... 有 + object + 沒有 ?" as well, although this form is not as
-    common as the previous one.
-
-        她有妹妹沒有﹖
-        這宿舍有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>沒有﹖
-
-
-    Prepositional construction with 在 (in, at) and 給
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%b9> (for, to)
-
-The object of 在 is often a place-word and the object of 給 is often the
-beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative verb. In Chinese,
-a prepositional construction comes /before/ the verb it modifies:
-
-    他在銀 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%c8>行
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%e6>工
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4u>作
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7@>。
-        She works in a bank.
-    but not 她工作在銀行。
-
-    我給你們介紹一下兒。
-        Let me introduce you to one another.
-    but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。
-
-To form a negative sentence, 不 is placed /before/ the prepositional
-construction:
-
-    他不在銀行工作。
-    我不給你們介紹。
-        I am not going to introduce you.
-
-Adverbs such as 常, 都, 也 are also placed /before/ the prepositional
-construction:
-
-    我們都在 City Lit 學院學習漢語。
-        We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
-    你常給你媽媽信 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abH>嗎﹖
-        Do you often write to your mother?
-    我爸爸也常給我寫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcg>信
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abH>。
-        My dad also often writes to me.
-
-
-    Word usage: 想 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7Q>
-
-The word 想 in Chinese carries various meanings:
-
- 1. 想 + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something:
-
-        丁 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4B>雲
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%b3>很想
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7Q>家
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>。
-            Ding Yun misses her family very much.
-        我很想我的爸爸媽媽。
-            I miss my parents very much.
-        你不想你的男 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8k>朋
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd>嗎﹖
-            Don't you miss your boyfriend?
-        你想不想她﹖
-            Do you miss her?
-
- 2. 想 + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
-
-        A: 你想去商店嗎﹖
-            Do you want to go to the shop?
-        B: 我不想去。
-            I don't want to go.
-
-        A: 你想不想學法語﹖
-            Do you want to study French?
-        B: 我也想學法語。
-            I also want to study French.
-
- 3. 想 + clause = to think/suppose something:
-
-        我想她是中國人。
-            I think she is Chinese.
-        我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。
-            I think her parents are both doctors.
-
-    N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 in this capacity, put the negative
-    adverb in the /subordinate clause/, not in the main clause as in
-    English:
-
-        我想她/不是/中國人。
-            I don't think she is Chinese.
-        but not 我不想她是中國人。
-
-N.B. 想 as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form /only/
-in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.
-
-
-    Word usage: 告 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7i>訴
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6D>
-
-告訴 means "to tell". In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell
-somebody something, or to tell somebody /to do/ something. The Chinese
-verb 告訴 can only be applied to the first of these patterns.
-
-    e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。
-        She told me her work.
-    我告訴媽媽你是我的好 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>朋
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd>。
-        I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
-    but not 我告訴他給我寫信。
-        I told him to write to me.
-
-Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我, 媽媽) of 告訴
-in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a
-clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it
-uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a
-verb-phrase for its direct object. In this case, we should use 叫 or 請
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d0> in place of 告訴 to make
-a correct sentence:
-
-    我請他給我寫信。
-        I asked him to write to me.
-
-
-    The Numbers in Chinese
-
-For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
-
-    ○ (or 零 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9s>), 一, 二, 三,
-    四, 五, 六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>, 七
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>, 八
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>, 九
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>, 十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>
-
-Further on, they are:
-
-    十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> = 11, 十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> = 12, 十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>九
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E> = 19
-    二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> = 20, 二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> = 21, 二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>八
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K> = 28
-    三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> = 30, 四
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> = 40, 九
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> = 90, 九十九 = 99
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca> = 100
-    一百零一 = 101, 一百十 = 110, 一百十一 = 111
-    三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>七
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C> = 327, 九百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>零九 = 909
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d> = 1000
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9s>一 = 1001, 五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零四十 = 5040, 八
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>千
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>七
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>百
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad> = 8725
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>萬
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U> = 10,000
-    四萬 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U>零八百零一 = 40,801
-
-    一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>億
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f5> = 100,000,000
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. Numbers like 15 are written e.g. 十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>, not 一十五.
-
- 2. A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101
-    is 一百零一, and 3020 is 三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-    /zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零二
-    十. Notice the last zero in 3020 is /not/ pronounced because it is
-    not between two other digits.
-
-    If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero
-    digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一. However, if
-    the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched, as in
-    40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. Measure words
-
-    In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
-    pronouns such as 這 or 那, or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 or
-    幾 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4X>, a specific measure
-    word should be placed between the noun and its modifier(s):
-
-        三本 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bb>書, 十五個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>學生, 那
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>老師, 哪
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>圖
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%cf>書
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>館
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0]>, 幾本詞典
-
- 2. 幾 and 多 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>少
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d6>
-
-    Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much". Whereas
-    幾 should be used with a measure word, 多少 can be used either with
-    or without a measure word for the noun it modifies.
-
-        你有幾本詞典﹖
-        你有多少(本)詞典﹖
-
-    The measure word 本 is a must for the first sentence, but only
-    optional in the second.
-
-    Also, when 幾 is used, the expected answer is usually under 10,
-    whereas 多少 can be used whether one expects a large or small answer.
-
-        你們大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>學
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>有多少學生﹖
-        你家 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>有幾
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4X>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人﹖
-
- 3. Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
-
-    As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
-    object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
-
-        王 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%fd>老師教
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%d0>我們語
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>法
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aak>。
-
-    In this sentence, 教 is a verb that takes 我們 as the indirect
-    object and 法語 as the direct object. Generally the indirect goes
-    before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same way
-    include 還, 告訴 and 問 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd>.
-
-    Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say
-    他買我一本書 (He bought me a book), or 她寫
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcg>我一封
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%ca>信 (She wrote me a
-    letter). The correct way of saying these would be to use 給, as in
-    他給我買一本書 and 她給我寫一封信.
-
- 4. Adjectives as modifiers
-
-    When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the
-    noun as in English:
-
-        新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>書
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>
-            new book
-        好朋友
-            good friend
-
-    However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
-    syllables, the particle 的 is usually inserted between the modifier
-    and the noun it modifies:
-
-        很新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>的書
-            very new book
-        很好的朋友
-            very good friend
-
-
-    Word usage: 也 and 還
-
-也 is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement. Hence the
-relationship between the statement introduced by 也 and the previous one
-is a /parallel/ relationship. 還, on the other hand, introduces an
-/additional/ element to the previous statement.
-
-    e.g. 你有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>個問
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd>題
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3D>﹐我也有一個問題。
-        You have a question; I also have a question. The two are
-        parallel here.
-    我還有一個問題。
-        I have already had some questions, but I still have one more.
-        This is /in addition to/ the previous ones.
-
-Under certain circumstances, 也 and 還 are interchangeable, but with
-different emphasis:
-
-    王老師教我們漢 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba~>字
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6r>和語法﹐他還教我們口
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4f>語
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。
-    王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。
-
-Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang
-teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
-conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses
-the fact that Wang teaches conversation /in addition to/ the other
-subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three
-subjects he teaches without prioritization.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 的 construction
-
-    A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
-    adjective) with the word 的 can function as a noun or noun-phrase in
-    a sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear:
-
-        這條 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%f8>裙
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%c8>子
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>是我姐姐的。
-            This skirt is my sister's. Noun + 的)
-        哪本詞典是你的﹖
-            Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + 的
-        你爸爸的車是白 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%d5>的嗎﹖
-            Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + 的 
-        你喝的是什麼茶﹖
-            What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + 的
-
-    These constructions normally involve the verb 是 (or 不是).
-
- 2. Usage of 從 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1q>
-
-    從 + place word + 去 = to go from; 從 + place word + 來 = to come from.
-
-        e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖
-            Where did you come from?
-        我從圖書館來。
-            I came from the library.
-        我們晚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>上
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>從我家去劇
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc@>場
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f5>。
-            We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.
-
- 3. Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 / 那兒 = over here/there at ...'s place
-
-    When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 or 那兒, they function as a
-    place word or expression. Since one cannot say 我去她 (I went to
-    her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 (I went to her place), because
-    她那兒 is now regarded as a place expression. Similarly one cannot
-    say 你的裙子在我 (Your skirt is with me), but one can say 你的裙子在
-    我這兒 (Your skirt is with me). More examples:
-
-        你的書在他那兒。
-            Your book is at his place.
-        我們都去姐姐那兒。
-            We all went to my sister's place.
-        老師來我這兒找 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%e4>她。
-            The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.
-
-    As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
-    use 那兒; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker
-    himself or herself, use 這兒.
-
- 4. 太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3> + adjective + 了
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F>
-
-    This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
-    used between 太 and 了:
-
-        太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3>忙
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3>了﹗
-            Too busy!
-        太大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>了﹗
-            Too big!
-
-    The expression 太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3>好
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>了
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F>﹗, however, has a
-    positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or admiration.
-
-
-    Word study: 二 vs. 兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>
-
-These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
-
- 1. When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩:
-
-        兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人, 兩本書, 增
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcW>加
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5[>了兩倍
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%bf>, 去了兩
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>次
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b8> 
-
- 2. 二 should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is
-    followed by a measure word:
-
-        二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>, 一百零二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>次
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b8>, 十二個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>, 五千八百六
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>十
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二元
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b8> 
-
-    There are some more restrictions, though:
-
-     1. Only 二 can be used before the character 十; before the
-        character 百, 二 is usually employed but 兩 may also be used:
-
-            二十, 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>百
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二十五, 二百五
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>十
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>元 or 兩
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>百
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>五十元 
-
-     2. For numbers like 千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-        /zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>, 萬 or 億
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f5>, 兩 is used more
-        often than 二:
-
-            兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>千
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>元 (also 二千
-            元), 兩萬三千八, 兩億人
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>口
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4f> 
-
-     3. If the number is greater than 百, 千, 萬, /i.e./ if there are
-        more digits before 百, 千 or 萬, then put 二 instead of 兩 in
-        front:
-
-            四億二千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>萬
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U>, 三
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>萬
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U>二千人, 五千二百元 
-
-
-    Time
-
-The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
-
-    A: 現在幾點 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>﹖
-    B: 現在...
-    兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>	2:00
-    十點半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b> (or 十點三十分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0>)	10:30
-    三點一刻 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e8> (or 三點十
-    五分)	3:15
-    十二點三刻 (or 十二點四十五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0>)	12:45
-    兩點差 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aet>五分 (or 差五分
-    兩點)	1:55
-    五點二十分	5:20
-    六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>零五分	6:05
-    七 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>三
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>分	7:35
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零, as in
-    三點零八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> (3:08) or 十二點零三
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>分
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> (12:03).
-
- 2. When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 is optional:
-
-        七點十五 or 七點十五分
-
- 3. "This morning" is 今 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b5>
-    天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>上
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>午
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8>, not for example 這
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>個
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>上午; "every
-    afternoon" is 每 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>天
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>下
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>午
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8>, not 每
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>下午.
-
-
-    Placement of time-words
-
-A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject
-or at the beginning of a sentence:
-
-    我們十點半上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>中
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>文
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e5>課
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2>
-    十點半我們上中文課
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. A time-word does not take a preposition:
-
-        我三點下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>課
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2>
-        but not 我在三點下課
-
- 2. A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
-
-        她晚上來
-            She came in the evening.
-        or 晚上她來
-        but not 她來晚上
-
- 3. If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
-    smaller:
-
-        今天晚上八點
-            at 8 o'clock this evening
-
- 4. If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
-    goes first:
-
-        我晚上八點在圖書館等 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5
-        %a5>你
-        你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖
-        明 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%fa>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>你幾點在哪兒上
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>課
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2>﹖
-            When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?
-
- 5. Time-word + 的 + noun (time-words modifying nouns)
-
-        A: 你想看幾點的電 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>影
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcv>﹖
-            What show do you want to see? /literally/ What time's film
-            do you want to see?
-        B: 我想看中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>午
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8>十二點半的(電影)。
-            I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.
-
-        A: 這是今天的報 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8>嗎﹖
-            Is this today's paper?
-        B: 不是今天的報﹐是昨 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-        /zi.cgi?b5=%acQ>天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-        %d1>的。
-            It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.
-
-
-    The use of the time-words 以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>前
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe> and 以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1>
-
-When used by itself, 以前 means "previously" or "before" and 以後 means
-"later", "afterwards" or "in the future":
-
-    我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。
-        I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
-    你以前在哪兒工作﹖
-        Where did you work before?
-    以前我不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>住
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>宿舍﹐現在住
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>宿
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1J>舍
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%d9>。
-        I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.
-
-When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 means
-"before..." and 以後 means "after...":
-
-    十點以前我不回 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6^>家
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>。
-        I won't go home before 10.
-    回家以前我在閱 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%5c>覽
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%fd>室
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c7>看書。
-        I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
-    來美 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%fc>國
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1>他在這兒工作。
-        He has been working here after he came to America.
-    十點半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b>以
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後你在宿舍作
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7@>什麼﹖
-        What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?
-
-N.B. When 以前 or 以後 is used together with a time-word or verb phrase
-to mean "before" or "after", the word order is exactly the opposite of
-the English equivalent:
-
-    四點以前
-        before 4 o'clock
-    下課以前
-        before the class is over
-    明天晚上以後
-        after tomorrow evening (or night)
-    回 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6^>宿舍以後
-        after returning to the dormitory
-
-
-    A 跟 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f2> B (一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>起
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0_>) + verb/verb-phrase
-
-跟 as a preposition means "with", and 一起 means "together". This
-pattern is used to indicate that A and B do something together. Here 跟
-can be replaced with 和 without changing the meaning; and the phrase 一
-起 is optional.
-
-    e.g. 我跟 (or 和) 她去看電影。
-        I go to see a film with her.
-    我跟她一起去看電影。
-        She and I go to see a film together.)
-    晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖
-        With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?
-
-    A: 晚上你有事 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c6>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>嗎﹖跟我一起去看京
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca>劇
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc@>﹐好嗎﹖
-        Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
-        opera!
-    B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。
-        I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.
-
-N.B. This pattern of A 跟 B (一起) is always placed /before/ the main
-verb in the sentence. Hence the following sentence, with English word
-order, is wrong:
-
-    我想去跟我男朋友一起。
-        I want to go together with my boyfriend.
-
-
-    Alternative Questions using 還
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%d9>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>
-
-In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 to connect
-two choices, which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or
-clauses:
-
-    你喜 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%df>歡
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>紅
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%f5>茶
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9>還是綠
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba%f1>茶
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9>﹖ (nouns)
-    這本書是你的還是她的﹖ (noun phrases)
-    下午你來還是不來﹖ (verbs)
-    你要 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn>聽
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5%a5>古
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5j>典
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e5>音
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5>樂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>還是聽現
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2{>代
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5N>音
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5>樂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>﹖ (verb phrases)
-    今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ (clauses)
-
-Note:
-
- 1. the two items connected by 還是 are normally parallel in structure; and
-
- 2. as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
-    interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 at the end. 
-
-
-    Pivotal Sentences with 請, 讓
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5%fd>, 叫
-
-In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal sentence is
-one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the
-subject of the following verb. This object therefore functions as a
-pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence.
-
-The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause
-something to happen) such as 請, 讓 or 叫. All three carry the meaning
-of asking somebody to do something. Of the three, 請 is the most polite;
-讓 is less so, and 叫 is the least polite. So watch out for the
-occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe:
-
-    學生請王老師介紹中國音 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
-    %b5>樂 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>。
-        The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
-    老師讓學生每天寫漢字。
-        The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
-    爸爸叫孩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c4>子
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>學中文。
-        Dad asked his child to study Chinese.
-
-Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the
-Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of
-politeness.
-
-Note:
-
- 1. Besides the use of 請 above (meaning "to ask someone to do
-    something"), 請 can also be used to mean "to invite":
-
-        我們請他來吃 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>晚
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>飯
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba>。
-            We invited him to dinner.
-        你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖
-            Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?
-
- 2. To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 /before the
-    first verb/:
-
-        我的大夫不讓我喝酒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0s>。
-            My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.
-        他們不叫我去看電影。
-            They did not invite me to go to the pictures.
-
-
-    Word usage: 別 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7O> and 不
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>要
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn>
-
-別 and 不要 both mean "do not". They can be used in negative
-/imperative/ sentences with or without a subject. They are placed
-between the subject (if present) and the verb or adjective:
-
-    (你) 別 (or 不要) 告訴他﹗
-    別喝酒﹗ 別去那兒﹗
-    不要吸 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7l>煙
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7%cf>﹗ 下午不要去﹗
-
-Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
-sentences. It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他走
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ab>. One can say instead 爸爸
-不請他走.
-
-
-    Expressions for the date, week, month and year
-
- 1. 年 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>, year
-     1. 去 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> = last year; 今
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b5>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> = this year; 明
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%fa>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> = next year
-
-     2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>七
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>年, 一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>八
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>, ...
-
-     3. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> = one year; 兩年 =
-        two years (not 二年); 三
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> = three years
-        每 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> = every year; 五
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>半 = five-and-a-half
-        years
-
- 2. 月 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>, month
-     1. 上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>= last month; 這
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> = this month; 下
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> = next month
-
-     2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> = January; 二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> = February (not
-        兩月); ... 二十月 = December
-
- 3. 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>, week
-     1. 上 (個) 星期 = last week; 這 (個) 星期 = this week; 下
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U> (個) 星期 = next week
-
-     2. 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> = Monday; 星
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>二
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> = Tuesday; ... 星
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>六
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb> = Saturday; 星
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>日
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9> or 星
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> = Sunday
-
-     3. 一 (個) 星期 = one week; 兩 (個) 星期 = two weeks (not 二 (個)
-        星期); 三 (個) 星期 = three weeks; 四
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>半星期 =
-        four-and-a-half weeks; ... 每 (個) 星期 = every week
-
- 4. 日 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9> / 號 / 天
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> date
-
-    Use 日 or 號 for a /specific/ date. Usually 日 is used in written
-    and formal language and 號 is used in conversation. The word 天
-    should be used in /counting/ the number of days:
-
-     1. 作天 = yesterday; 今天 = today; 明天 = tomorrow
-
-     2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>號
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9>; 二號 (not 兩號);
-        ... 三十一號
-        四 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>六
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>號
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9>; 十
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>二十五日; ...
-
-     3. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> = one day; 兩天 =
-        two days (not 二天); ... 半
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b>天
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> = half a day; 每
-        天 = every day
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
-    calendar date comes before the day of the week:
-
-        一九九六年十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>二十五號星期一
-        一七八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>九
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>年七
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>十
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>四
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>日
-
- 2. Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month:
-
-        今年五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>
-            the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
-        去年八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>月
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>
-            the August of last year
-        明年二月
-            the February of next year
-
-        這 (個) 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>五
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>
-            the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
-        上 (個) 星期一
-            the Monday of last week
-        下 (個) 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>四
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>
-            the Thursday of next week
-
-    Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as
-    這個星期一, if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore
-    referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days,
-    and for months.
-
-
-    Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun
-
-Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a
-modified to form a relative clause:
-
- 1. Unlike in English, all modifiers go /before/ the element they modify
-    in Chinese:
-
-        他喝的水 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f4>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>很
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>乾
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ae>淨
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2b>
-        這是我朋友送 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0e>我的禮
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2%a7>物
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ab>
-
- 2. The word 的 has to be inserted between the modifier and the element
-    it modifies:
-
-        我下午看的電影很有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6
-        %b3>意 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7N>思
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e4>。
-            The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
-        給你開 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>門
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%f9>的那個人是我妹妹。
-            The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
-        跟他跳 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f5>舞
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbR>的姑
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9h>娘
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aeQ>是我的同
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6P>學
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>。
-            The girl who danced with him was my classmate.
-
-
-    Other grammar notes
-
- 1. Sentences with an adjectival predicate
-
-    The verb 是 is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence
-    where the main element of the predicate is an adjective:
-
-        我們今天很高 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%aa>興
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%b3>。
-        她的絲 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%b7>線
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bdu>衫
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adm>太小
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4p>。
-        那個服 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaA>務
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%c8>員
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fb>非
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abD>常
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`>年
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>輕
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%b4>。
-
-    In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
-    preceded by adverbs such as 真
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%afu>, 太, 非常 or 更
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%f3>, it is usually
-    qualified by the adverb 很. In such cases, 很 does not really mean
-    "very"; 他很忙 and 他忙 mean virtually the same.
-
-    Also, adverbs such as 很, 常, 也, 非常, 太 or 更 /cannot/ be used in
-    affirmative-negative sentences of this type:
-
-        你高興不高興﹖ but not 你很高興不很高興﹖
-        她年輕不年輕﹖ but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖
-        你去不去﹖ but not 你也去不去﹖
-
- 2. 祝 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%ac>你 vs 祝
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%ac>賀
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6P>你
-
-    In general, 祝你 is used to extend well-wishes /in advance/ whereas
-    祝賀你 is used to congratulate someone on something /already
-    accomplished/:
-
-        祝你生 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%cd>日
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9>好﹗ (One can say
-        this on the day, or in advance.)
-        祝賀你﹗ (Say this only when something has already been
-        accomplished.)
-
- 3. Reduplication of verbs
-
-    To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften
-    the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can
-    be repeated:
-
-        我給你們介紹介紹。 (Notice the pattern is ABAB, not AABB.)
-        你們想去看看她嗎﹖
-        讓我想想。
-
-    In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 can be inserted:
-
-        讓我想一想。
-        我們都想看一看她。
-
-    Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒
-    after the verb:
-
-        用一下兒 = 用用 = 用一用
-        看一下兒 = 看看 = 看一看
-        介紹一下兒 = 介紹介紹
-
-
-    Position words
-
-Words such as 上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>邊
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>, 左
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%aa>邊
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>, 前
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe>邊
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>, 中
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>間
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a1>, 對
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%ef>面
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b1> are position words. Some
-of the basic syllables are:
-
- 	上 - up	 
-左 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%aa> - left 	中
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4> - middle	 右
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5k> - right
- 	下 - down	 
- 
-前 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe> - front	 	 裡
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%cc> - in
-後 - back	 	 外 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~> - out
-
-Usually, add 邊 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> to make
-"on the left", "above", "outside" etc.
-
-Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:
-
- 1. Noun (+ 的) + position word:
-
-        車(的)外 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~>邊
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>
-            outside the car
-        房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>子
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>(的)後
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1>邊
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>
-            behind the house
-        桌 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%e0>子
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>(的)對面
-            opposite the table 
-
- 2. Position word + 的 + noun (here the 的 is /mandatory/).
-
-        外邊的車
-            the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
-        後邊的房子
-            the house behind (the house which is behind)
-        對面的桌子
-            the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the
-            way) 
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. When 上邊, 下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>邊
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>, 裡邊 and 外邊 are
-    modified by other nouns, the character 邊 can be omitted:
-
-        房子(的)裡(邊)
-            inside the house
-        桌子(的)上(邊)
-            on the table
-        教 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%d0>室
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c7>(的)外(邊)
-            outside the classroom
-
- 2. Do /not/ use 裡邊 in the following two cases:
-
-     1. After geographical names such as 中國, 北
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5_>京
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca> etc:
-
-            她在北京學習漢語。
-                She studies Chinese in Beijing.
-            but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。
-
-            美國有很 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>多
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>大學。
-                There are many universities in America.
-            but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。
-
-     2. In a phrase of the form "在 + place, building or organisation":
-
-            我在銀行工作。
-                I work in a bank.
-            but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。
-
-            他們在閱覽室看書。
-                They are reading books in the reading-room.
-            but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。
-
-
-    Patterns for Location
-
-There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在, 有
-and 是 respectively and with different meanings:
-
- 1. To show that there is something in a certain place: 有
-
-    Position word + 有 + indefinite noun:
-
-        後邊有什麼﹖
-            What is behind?
-        後邊有一個車房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>。
-            There is a garage behind.
-        我們家對面有一個公 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
-        %bd>園 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%e9>。
-            Across from our home, there is a park. 
-
- 2. To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在
-
-    Definite noun + 在 + position word:
-
-        花 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%e1>園
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%e9>在哪兒﹖
-            Where is the garden?
-        花園在我們家後邊。
-            The garden is behind our house.
-        花園在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>車
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>房 (的) 右
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5k>邊
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>。
-            The garden is to the right of the garage. 
-
- 3. To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是
-
-    Position word + 是 + definite/indefinite noun:
-
-        你們家後邊是什麼﹖
-            What's behind your house?
-        我們家後邊是一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>個
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>花園。
-            Behind our house is a garden.
-        他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。
-            In front of their house is the college library. 
-
-
-    Progressive aspect of an action
-
-To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the
-following patterns:
-
-    她在休 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%f0>息
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%a7>。
-        She is resting.
-    她正 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bf>休息。
-    她正 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bf>在
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>休息。
-
-    她休息呢。
-    她在休息呢。
-    她正休息呢。
-    她正在休息呢。
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted.
-
- 2. The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but
-    also to past and future actions:
-
-        她現在正在休息。
-            She is resting now. /present progressive/
-        我去的 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba>時
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%c9>候
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d4>﹐她正在休息。
-            When I went there, she was resting. /past progressive/
-        我明天去看她的時候﹐她一
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>定
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>正在休息。
-            When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting.
-            /future progressive/ 
-
- 3. As shown above, either 在, 正 or 正在 can be placed before a verb to
-    indicate the progressive aspect of an action.
-
- 4. Alternatively, 呢 can be placed at the end of the sentence to
-    perform the same function. Sometimes 呢 can be used together with
-    在, 正 or 正在.
-
- 5. The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有,
-    not 不, before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 alone if it
-    is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer. Otherwise the
-    full form of 沒有 must be used:
-
-        她沒(有)休息﹐她在看報。
-        她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。(or simply 沒有)
-
- 6. If both the 在 of the progressive aspect and the 在 of location
-    exist in a sentence, only one should be used:
-
-        她正在房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>間
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a1>里
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%bd>休息。
-        but not 她正在在房間里休息。
-
-
-    Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers
-
-An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as
-我給她打 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%b4>電
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>話
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%dc>, 他今天買, 我們去北京參
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d1>觀
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c6[> can be used as a modifier
-for a noun. When used this way, there must be a 的 inserted between the
-construction and the noun it modifies:
-
-    我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>飯
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba>。
-        When I called her, she was eating.
-    他今天買的花 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%e1>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>很漂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba}>亮
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abG>。
-        The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
-    請你們看我們去北京參觀的照
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7%d3>片
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f9>。
-        Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
-    這是誰給你寫的信﹖
-        Who wrote this letter to you? 
-
-The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the
-的, which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.
-
-
-    Word usage: 參觀 vs. 訪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3X>
-    問 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd>
-
-Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English. However, while 參
-觀 implies 觀 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c6[> (to see), 訪
-問 stresses 問 (to ask). Hence 參觀 really implies observation while
-visiting and 訪問 means to visit people with specific purpose such as
-interviews. 參觀 can be followed by places but not people; whereas 訪問
-can take either, but most commonly people.
-
-    參觀/訪問學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>校
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d5>
-    訪問他/這個國 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>家
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>的總
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1`>統
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%ce>
-
-
-    Grammar Notes
-
- 1. Measure word 些 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
-
-    些 is a measure word showing indefinite quantity. It is usually used
-    after demonstrative pronouns such as 這, 那, 哪 and after the
-    numeral 一:
-
-        一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
-            some
-        這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
-            these
-        那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
-            those
-        哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe>些
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
-            which (plural)
-
-    Don't attempt to mix 些 with definite measures. It is wrong to say
-    這些三本詞典 (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這三本詞典.
-
- 2. 是 . . . 的 construction
-
-    Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
-    adjectives:
-
-        這本書是中文的。= 這本書中文的書。
-        那條裙子是妹妹的。= 那條裙子是妹妹的裙子。
-        姐姐的大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>衣
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%e7>是黑
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%c2>的。= 姐姐的大衣是
-        黑的大衣。
-
-    But the 是 . . . 的 construction can also be used with prepositional
-    phrases and even whole verbal constructions:
-
-        那些點 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>心
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%df>是給丁雲的。= 那些
-        點心是丁雲的點心。
-            Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
-        這束 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%f4>花兒是我給她
-        買的。= 這束花兒我給她買的花兒。
-            This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
-        這本書是我在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>大
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>學的圖書館借
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%c9>的。= 這本書是我在
-        大學的圖書館借的書。
-            This book is the one I borrowed from the university library. 
-
-
-    The use of the Complement of Degree
-
-
-      What is a complement?
-
-A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain or
-complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
-duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of
-an action. Complements always appear *after* the verbs they modify.
-
-We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the words
-they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because Chinese
-word order often observes the time sequence in which an action occurs.
-Notice, for example:
-
-    昨天晚上我們從書 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>店
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%b1>去電
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>影
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcv>院
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0|>。
-        Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop. 
-
-Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
-Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a verbal
-action has to take place first, before one can see its extent or result,
-the complement placed after the verb observes this time sequence.
-
-
-      The complement of degree
-
-This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
-adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle 得
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o> is used to connect the verb
-and its complement:
-
-    他學習得怎 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e7>麼
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2>樣
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%cb>﹖
-        How is he studying?
-    他學習得 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o>很
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>好。
-        He's studying very well.
-
-The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
-
- 1. Verb without object: V + 得 + adjective
-
-        你工作得 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>錯
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%f9>。
-
- 2. Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 + adjective
-
-        我妹妹唱 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%db>民
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%c1>歌
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>唱得很好。
-
- 3. Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 + adjective
-
-        他們中文學得很好。
-
-Place 不 /before the adjective/ to make the negative:
-
- 4. V + 得 + 不 + adjective
-
-        她歌 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>唱
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%db>得不好﹐ 舞
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbR>也跳
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f5>得不好。
-
-Questions are formed as follows:
-
- 1. . . . 得 adjective 不 adjective?
-
-        你開 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>車
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>開
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>得快
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%d6>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>快
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%d6>﹖
-
- 2. . . . 得怎麼樣﹖
-
-        你中文學得怎麼樣﹖
-
- 3. . . . 得 adjective 嗎﹖
-
-        你游 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%e5>泳
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaa>游
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%e5>得好嗎﹖
-
-Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as 有,
-在 or 是, since those verbs normally do not denote actions.
-
-
-    The difference between 呢 and 吧
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7a> as sentence-ending
-    particles
-
-Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end of a
-question. However, they differ in usage.
-
-
-      In questions
-
-呢 is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry. It may appear in
-questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 or 哪兒;
-affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>吃
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>不
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>好
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>吃呢﹖; or alternative
-questions with 還是, such as 吃面
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b1>包
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5]>還是火
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f5>腿
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbL>呢﹖
-
-吧, on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate
-a mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker: 在這兒
-停 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%b1>車
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>吧﹖ 你不
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>知
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%be>道
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9D>吧﹖
-
-
-      In affirmative statements
-
-呢 in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an action
-(e.g. 她學中文呢), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration
-(e.g. 晚上電影九點才 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4~>開
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>始
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9l>呢。 從這兒去要走三
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>天
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>呢。)
-
-吧 is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften the
-tone, as in 我們走吧。 你再 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6A>
-想想吧。
-
-
-    The use of optative verbs
-
-Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
-express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
-
- 1. To express /subjective wish/, /desire/ or /request/:
-
-     1. 要 + verb = to want to
-
-            我要喝橘 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%ef>子
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>水。
-
-     2. 想 + verb = would like to
-
-            你想看電影嗎﹖
-
- 2. To express /objective necessity/:
-
-     1. 要 + verb = to have to (especially in questions)
-
-            我明天要來嗎﹖
-                Do I have to come tomorrow?
-            我們要去了。
-                We have to go. 
-
-     2. 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>用
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%ce> + verb = don't
-        have to
-
-            你明天不用來。
-                You don't have to come tomorrow.
-
- 3. To express /ability/ or /skill acquired/:
-
-     1. 能 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0> + verb = can,
-        be able to
-
-            你現在能看中文報 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3
-            %f8>紙 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%c8>嗎﹖
-
-     2. 可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>以
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H> + verb = can, be
-        able to
-
-            你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖
-
-     3. 會 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|> + verb = can, be
-        able to
-
-            他們都會游泳嗎﹖
-
- 4. To express /ability depending on circumstances/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你明天能來嗎﹖
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你今天晚上可以1給他打電話嗎﹖
-
-    Note, in both cases use 不
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>能
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0> for negative sentences.
-
- 5. To express /permission/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我能在這兒停車嗎﹖
-            你不能 (or 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>
-            可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>以
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>) 在這兒停車。
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖
-            你不可以 (or 不能) 在這兒吸煙。
-
- 6. To express /possibility/ or /probability/:
-
-     1. 會 + verb = be likely to, will probably
-
-            你明天會再來嗎﹖
-            今天晚上不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>會
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>下
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>雨
-            <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abB>。 
-
- 7. To express /need arising from moral or factual necessity/:
-
-     1. 應 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0%b3>該
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d3> + verb = should,
-        ought to
-
-            你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。
-            他們不應該翻 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2%bd>
-            譯 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%b6>那本書。
-
-Note:
-
- 1. To make a negation, put the negative word 不 or 沒有 before the
-    optative verb:
-
-        他們不想給圖書館打電話。
-
- 2. To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
-    verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
-
-        你會 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>不
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>會
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>唱中
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>民
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%c1>歌
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>﹖
-        but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖
-
- 3. It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
-
-        你是北 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5_>京
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca>人
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>﹐應該會唱京劇。
-
-
-    The use of adverbs 就 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4N>
-    and 才
-
-就 and 才 are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's
-attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier
-(就) or later (才) than expected:
-
-    他們三點就來了﹐可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>是
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>你們現在才來。
-        They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
-    我們是老 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%d1>朋友﹐我們十
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>年
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>前就認識了。
-        We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as
-        ten years ago.
-    她不是我的同學﹐我上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>個
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>星
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>才認識她。
-        She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago. 
-
-Compare the following sentences:
-
-    今年我們就想去中國學習。
-        (The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon
-        as this year.)
-    今年我們才想去中國學習。
-        (The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
-        they should have gone earlier.) 
-
-As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
-sentence, 就 and 才 should be placed after it; when there is an optative
-verb, on the other hand, 就 and 才 should be placed before it. Here is
-the pattern:
-
-    Time-word + 就/才 + optative verb + main verb
-    她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。
-    他們今天下午三點就能出 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5X>
-    發 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5o>﹐我們要晚上八點才
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4~>能
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0>走。
-
-
-    Word usage: 或 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%ce>者
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%cc>, 還是
-
-Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but
-they differ in usage: in general, 或者 is used in non-interrogative
-sentences to indicate a choice:
-
-    我妹妹想研 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%e3>究
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8s>音樂或者文
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e5>學
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>。
-
-還是, on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
-questions:
-
-    你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖
-
-It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as 知
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%be>道
-<http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9D>, 告訴 etc:
-
-請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖
-我不知道她是老師還是學生。
-
-In cases in which both 或者 and 還是 can appear in questions, there are
-some subtle differences in their anticipations and tones:
-
-     1. A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖
-        B: 我想去中國。
-
-     2. A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖
-        B: 我想去﹐我兩個地 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6a>
-        方 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e8>都想去。
-
-In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice
-from the answer. The two terms with 還是 are mutually exclusive. In
-dialogue 2, the question is a general one using 嗎 at the end. It does
-not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B can give a general
-answer: 我想去 -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought:
-我兩個地方都想去. The two items with 或者 in the question are therefore
-not mutually exclusive.
-
-Sometimes, however, 還是 can also be used in a non-interrogative
-sentence. For instance:
-
-    去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>時
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%c9>(??)不
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>定
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>主
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5D>意
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7N>。
-
-Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
-compelling 他 to make a choice. In contrast, 或者 in this case can only
-convey a sort of explanatory note:
-
-    你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
-    /zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>定 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>要
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn>作決
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8M>定
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>。 (interrogative)
-    或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e4>他
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>選
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%ef>擇
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%dc>。 (explanatory)
-
-
-    了 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F>解
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d1>, 知道, 認識 and 懂
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0%b4>
-
-The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
-
-Both 了解 and 知道 can mean "to know". However, 了解 implies some level
-of understanding and comprehension of what one knows. Therefore 了解 can
-be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道. Compare:
-
-    你了解 (or 知道) 這個學校嗎﹖
-    我不知道他是誰的孩子。(Here one can not use 了解.)
-
-認識 is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not
-others. It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability.
-
-    A: 哦 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae@>﹐我認識她﹗
-        Oh, I know her!
-    B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖
-        Where did you get to know her? 
-
-懂, on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its
-definition is not as broad as that of 了解 (to know and understand) and
-is different from that of 知道 (to know).
-
-    1. 你懂他說 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%a1>的漢語嗎﹖
-    2. 你知道他叫甚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%c6>麼
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2>名
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6W>字
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6r>嗎﹖
-    3. 你了解他嗎﹖
-
-Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him
-than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than
-sentence 1.
-
-
-    The use of the Perfect Aspect
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The aspect particle 了 is added to the end of a verb to indicate the
-completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is
-equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future
-perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place in
-the past or in the future. For instance:
-
-    A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖
-    B: 我下了課去圖書館。
-
-On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
-particle 了, if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there
-is no need to emphasise its completion:
-
-    去年他常常去書店。
-    以前我住在學生宿舍。
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 (+ object)
-        e.g. 電影開始了。 我買了兩本書。
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒(有) + verb (+ object)
-        or subject + 還沒(有) + verb (+ 呢)
-        e.g. 我沒有買書。 電影還沒開始呢。
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 (+ object) + 沒有﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is
-        usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ 她來了嗎﹖ 你們談
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%cd>沒談這個問題﹖
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence,
-    the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral +
-    measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the sentence sounds
-    incomplete:
-
-        我買了三本書。
-        我在書店里買了書。
-        but not simply 我買了書。
-
- 2. If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
-    those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 is
-    usually placed after the /last/ verb.
-
-        a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。
-        b. 他們昨天進 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6i>城
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%b0>買了一些中文詞典。
-
-    In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is
-    written by using Chinese; in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related
-    to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to
-    buy the dictionaries. Compare the above sentences with the
-    following, with a different structure:
-
-        我下了課去圖書館。
-
-    Here "class is over" (下課) and "go to the library" are unrelated.
-    They are contained in the sentence simply to indicate their
-    sequence. Hence it is wrong to say
-
-        我下課去了圖書館。
-
- 3. When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 is
-    placed /before/ the reduplicated verb:
-
-        我試 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d5>了試那條裙子
-        ﹐真漂亮﹗
-
-
-    又 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4S>, 再 and 還
-
-All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like
-the English "again". They differ in usage, however:
-
-Whereas 又 indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken
-place, 再 implies a repetition of an action in the future. Also, 再 is
-only used in /declarative/ sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎:
-
-    昨天他來晚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>了﹐今天他
-    又來晚了。
-        (repetition in the past)
-    你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6i>來
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%d3>了。
-        (repetition in the future)
-    你再喝一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>點
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>兒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>橘子水﹐好嗎﹖
-
-Also, 又 can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or
-occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place:
-
-    明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。
-    新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>年
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>又要來了。
-
-還, on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
-
-    你明天還來嗎﹖
-
-It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an
-optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb
-and an optional 再 can be placed after:
-
-    A: 你明年還能(再)教我們嗎﹖
-    B: 我明年還可以(再)教你們。
-
-
-    Use of the modal particle 了
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The modal particle 了 is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate
-that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference
-between 了 as modal particle and 了 to indicate perfect aspect is that
-the latter only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former
-shows the completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some
-/change of situation/.
-
-    他買了書了。
-
-The first 了 in the sentence above indicates only the completion of the
-action of 買書, whereas the second 了 marks some change of situation on
-the part of 他 as a result of the completion of the book-buying process:
-originally he did not have the book, but now he has.
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
-(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
-previous section.)
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb (+ object) + 了
-        e.g. 他們看足 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ac>球
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2y>賽
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%c9>了。
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒 (有) + verb (+ object)
-        e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖
-        or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb + object﹖ (here the verb is
-        usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖
-        他們看足球賽了嗎﹖
-        他們看沒看足球賽﹖
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the perfect
-    aspect 了 from the modal particle 了. In such a case, 了 can be
-    regarded as fulfilling both functions:
-
-        她來了。 我們懂了。
-
- 2. A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
-    require a 了 at the end of the sentence:
-
-        我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5X>去
-        <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>。
-
-
-    Sequential actions
-
-To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
-other, we use the pattern
-
-    Subject + verb + 了 (以後) 就 + verb ...
-    e.g. 我們辦 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%ec>了簽
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%b1>証
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%fd>(以後)就回家。
-    明天吃了早 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ad>飯
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba>(以後)我們就出發。
-
-The above pattern can be used for /future/ actions as well. To indicate
-that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 has to be
-inserted at the end of the sentence:
-
-    我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。
-    他們早 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ad>上
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>沒
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>吃
-    <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>早飯就走了。
-
-畫	報
-
-hua4bao4
-pictorial (magazine)
-
-四
-
-si4
-four
-
-舞
-
-wu3
-to dance, to wield, to brandish
-
-選	擇
-
-xuan3ze2
-to select, to pick, to choose, to make a choice
-
-不	是
-
-bu2shi4
-(n) blame or fault
-
-游	泳
-
-you2yong3
-swim
-
-北	京
-
-bei3jing1
-Beijing (capital of mainland China)
-
-差
-
-cha1 / cha4 / chai1 / ci1
-difference, error, discrepancy, to differ, to err, to make a mistake, to
-lack / different, short of, poor, to lack / send, a messenger, a
-mission, to commission / uneven
-
-面
-
-mian4
-fade, side, surface, aspect, top, face, flour, noodles
-
-以	前
-
-yi3qian2
-before, formerly, previous
-
-乾	淨
-
-gan1jing4
-clean, neat
-
-八	年
-
-ba1nian2
-eight years
-
-十
-
-shi2
-ten
-
-八	千
-
-ba1qian1
-eight thousand, 8000
-
-云
-
-yun2
-say
-
-在
-
-zai4
-(located) at, in, exist
-
-新	書
-
-xin1shu1
-new book
-
-民	歌
-
-min2ge1
-folk song
-
-怎	麼	樣
-
-zen3me5yang4
-how about, (used in the negative)(not) so good
-
-左
-
-zuo3
-left
-
-閱	覽	室
-
-yue4lan3shi4
-reading room
-
-禮	物
-
-li3wu4
-gift, present
-
-公	園
-
-gong1yuan2
-a public park
-
-語	法
-
-yu3fa3
-grammar
-
-舍
-
-she3 / she4
-to abandon, to give up / residence
-
-點	心
-
-dian3xin1
-light refreshments, pastry
-
-去	年
-
-qu4nian2
-last year
-
-吃	飯
-
-chi1fan4
-to eat a meal
-
-不	快
-
-bu4kuai4
-be unhappy, be displeased, be in low spirits, be indisposed, feel under
-the weather, be out of sorts
-
-走
-
-zou3
-to walk, to go, to move
-
-在	車
-
-zai4che1
-aboard
-
-太	忙
-
-tai4mang2
-too busy
-
-不	可
-
-bu4ke3
-cannot, should not, must not
-
-和
-
-he2 / he4 / huo2 / huo4
-and, together with, with, peace, harmony, union / cap (a poem), respond
-in singing / soft, warm / mix together, to blend
-
-課
-
-ke4 / ke4
-subject, class, lesson / class, lesson
-
-正
-
-zheng1 / zheng4
-Chinese 1st month of year / just (right), main, upright, straight,
-correct, principle
-
-黑
-
-hei1
-black, dark
-
-決	定
-
-jue2ding4
-to decide (to do something), to determine, to resolve
-
-每	年
-
-mei3nian2
-every year, each year, yearly
-
-姐	姐
-
-jie3jie5
-older sister
-
-嗎
-
-ma3 / ma5
-morphine / (question tag)
-
-古	波
-
-gu3bo1
-Gubo (a personal name)
-
-月
-
-yue4
-moon, month
-
-休	息
-
-xiu1xi5
-rest, to rest
-
-不	很
-
-bu4hen3
-not very
-
-半	天
-
-ban4tian1
-half of the day, a long time, quite a while
-
-更
-
-geng1 / geng4
-to change / more, even more, further, still, still more
-
-星	期	一
-
-xing1qi1yi1
-Monday
-
-﹖
-
-﹖
-
-看
-
-kan1 / kan4
-to look after, to take care of, to watch, to guard / it depends, think,
-to see, to look at
-
-有	意	思
-
-you3yi4si5
-interesting
-
-幾	個
-
-ji3ge5
-several
-
-圖	書	館
-
-tu2shu1guan3
-library
-
-四	個
-
-si4ge4xiao3shi2
-four hours
-
-歌
-
-ge1
-song
-
-用
-
-yong4
-to use
-
-十	月
-
-shi2yue4
-October
-
-學	習
-
-xue2xi2
-to learn, to study
-
-跳
-
-tiao4
-jump, hop, skip (a grade), to leap, to bounce, to beat
-
-現	在
-
-xian4zai4
-modern, current, present, at present, now, nowadays
-
-是	不	是
-
-shi4bu4shi4
-is or isnt, yes or no, whether or not
-
-總	統
-
-zong3tong3
-president (of a country)
-
-知	道
-
-zhi1dao5
-know, be aware of
-
-裡
-
-li3
-li, a Chinese unit of length = 1, 2 kilometer, village, within, inside
-
-工	作
-
-gong1zuo4
-job, work, construction, work, task
-
-一	九	九	七
-
-yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
-the year 1997
-
-封
-
-feng1
-to confer, to grant, to seal, (a measure word)
-
-個	人
-
-ge4ren2
-individual, personal, oneself
-
-花	兒
-
-huar1
-flower
-
-一	點	兒
-
-yi1dianr3
-a bit, a little
-
-中	午
-
-zhong1wu3
-noon, midday
-
-錯
-
-cuo4
-mistake, error, blunder, fault, cross, uneven, wrong
-
-去
-
-qu4
-to go, to leave, to remove
-
-晚	上
-
-wan3shang5
-in the evening
-
-才
-
-cai2
-ability, talent, endowment, gift, an expert, only (then), only if, just
-
-習
-
-xi2
-to practice, to study, habit
-
-你	好
-
-ni3hao3
-hello, how are you
-
-人
-
-ren2
-man, person, people
-
-應	該
-
-ying1gai1
-ought to, should, must
-
-有	人
-
-you3ren2qing2
-humane
-
-美	國
-
-mei3guo2
-America, American, United States, USA
-
-上	邊
-
-shang4bian5
-upside
-
-中	國	民
-
-zhong1guo2min2hang2
-General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC)
-
-水
-
-shui3
-water, river
-
-賽
-
-sai4
-to compete, competition, match
-
-火	腿
-
-huo3tui3
-ham
-
-道
-
-dao4
-direction, way, method, road, path, principle, truth, reason, skill,
-method, Tao (of Taoism), a measure word, to say, to speak, to talk
-
-祝
-
-zhu4
-invoke, pray to, wish, to express good wishes
-
-一	年
-
-yi1nian2ban4
-a year and a half
-
-翻	譯
-
-fan1yi4
-translate
-
-書
-
-shu1
-book, letter
-
-其	他
-
-qi2ta1
-other, else
-
-爸	爸
-
-ba4ba5
-(informal) father
-
-懂
-
-dong3
-to understand, to know
-
-線
-
-xian4
-thread, string, wire, line
-
-好	吃
-
-hao3chi1
-tasty, delicious
-
-得	不
-
-de2bu4dao4
-cannot get, cannot obtain
-
-倍
-
-bei4
-(two, three, etc) -fold, times (multiplier), double, to increase or multiply
-
-一	號
-
-yi1hao4
-first day of the month
-
-兩	千
-
-liang3qian1
-two thousand
-
-四	月
-
-si4yue4
-April, fourth month
-
-停	車
-
-ting2che1
-to stop, to park
-
-要
-
-yao1 / yao4
-demand, ask, request, coerce / important, vital, to want, to be going
-to, must
-
-漂	亮
-
-piao4liang5
-pretty, beautiful
-
-明	天
-
-ming2tian1
-tomorrow
-
-前	邊
-
-qian2bian1
-(n) the area in front of sth
-
-七	月
-
-qi1yue4
-July, seventh month
-
-五	分
-
-wu3fen1mei3jin1
-nickel
-
-宿	舍
-
-su4she4
-dormitory, living quarters
-
-多	少
-
-duo1shao3
-how much, how many, which (number)
-
-那
-
-na3 / na4 / nei4
-how, which / that, those / that, those
-
-兩	百
-
-liang3bai3
-two hundred
-
-上	個	星	期
-
-shang4ge4xing1qi1
-last week
-
-忙
-
-mang2
-busy
-
-那	個
-
-nei4ge4
-that one
-
-一	定
-
-yi1ding4
-surely, certainly, necessarily, fixed, a certain (extent, etc.), given,
-particular
-
-弟	弟
-
-di4di5
-younger brother
-
-兩	個
-
-liang3ge4zhong1guo2
-two-China (policy)
-
-美	國	以
-
-mei3guo2yi3wai4
-outside of the U.S.
-
-中	文
-
-zhong1wen2
-Chinese language
-
-八
-
-ba1
-eight, 8
-
-贏
-
-ying2
-to beat, to win, to profit
-
-法	語
-
-fa3yu3
-French (language)
-
-兩
-
-liang3
-both, two, ounce, some, a few, tael
-
-叫
-
-jiao4
-to (be) call(ed)
-
-跳	舞
-
-tiao4wu3
-to dance
-
-一	百
-
-yi1bai3
-a hundred
-
-好
-
-hao3 / hao4
-good, well / be fond of
-
-六	十
-
-liu4shi2
-sixty, 60
-
-八	月
-
-ba1yue4
-eighth month, August
-
-這	些
-
-zhe4xie5
-these
-
-別
-
-bie2 / bie4
-leave, depart, separate, distinguish, classify, other, another, do not,
-must not, to pin / contrary, difficult, awkward
-
-二	百
-
-er4bai3
-two hundred, 200
-
-包
-
-bao1
-to cover, to wrap, to hold, to include, to take charge of, package,
-wrapper, container, bag, to hold or embrace, bundle, packet, to contract
-(to or for)
-
-寫	信
-
-xie3xin4
-to write a letter
-
-貴	姓
-
-gui4xing4
-what is your name?
-
-多
-
-duo1
-many, much, a lot of, numerous, multi-
-
-不	住
-
-bu2zhu4
-repeatedly, continuously, constantly
-
-唱
-
-chang4
-sing, to call loudly, to chant
-
-很	多
-
-hen3duo1
-very many, very much, great (quantity)
-
-下	雨
-
-xia4yu3
-rainy
-
-不	定
-
-bu4ding4
-indefinite, adventitious, indeterminate
-
-報	紙
-
-bao4zhi3
-newspaper, newsprint
-
-出	發
-
-chu1fa1
-to start out, to set off
-
-沒	有
-
-mei2you3
-havent, hasnt, doesnt exist, to not have, to not be
-
-零
-
-ling2
-remnant, zero
-
-研	究
-
-yan2jiu1
-research
-
-吃
-
-chi1 / ji2
-eat, eradicate, destroy, receive / stammer
-
-電	影	院
-
-dian4ying3yuan4
-cinema, movie theater
-
-哪
-
-na3 / na5 / nei3 / nei3
-how, which / (final part. preceded by N) / which (followed by M or Num)
-/ which (followed by M or Num)
-
-些
-
-xie1
-some, few, several, (a measure word)
-
-下	個	月
-
-xia4ge4yue4
-next month
-
-大	學
-
-da4xue2
-university
-
-這	兒
-
-zher4
-here
-
-打	電	話
-
-da3dian4hua4
-to make a telephone call
-
-還	是
-
-hai2shi4
-or, still, nevertheless
-
-橘	子
-
-ju2zi5
-orange
-
-哪	個
-
-na3ge5
-which, who
-
-你	們
-
-ni3men5
-you (plural)
-
-每	天
-
-mei3tian1
-every day, everyday
-
-今	年
-
-jin1nian2
-this year
-
-訪	問
-
-fang3wen4
-pay a visit (to), to access, to interview
-
-同	學
-
-tong2xue2
-(fellow) classmate
-
-商	店
-
-shang1dian4
-store, shop
-
-邊
-
-bian1
-side, edge, margin, border, boundary
-
-太	好	了
-
-tai4hao3le5
-very good
-
-姑	娘
-
-gu1niang5
-girl
-
-十	一
-
-shi2yi1
-eleven
-
-三	天
-
-san1tian1
-three days
-
-信
-
-xin4
-letter, true, to believe, sign, evidence
-
-不	在
-
-bu4zai4
-not be in, be out
-
-左	邊
-
-zuo3bian1
-left
-
-古	典	音	樂
-
-gu3dian3yin1yue4
-classical music
-
-下
-
-xia4
-under, second (of two parts), next (week, etc.), lower, below,
-underneath, down(wards), to decline, to go down, latter
-
-或	者
-
-huo4zhe3
-or, possibly, maybe, perhaps
-
-劇	場
-
-ju4chang3
-theater
-
-兒
-
-er2 / er5
-son / non-syllabic dimi. suff.
-
-高	興
-
-gao1xing4
-happy, glad, willing (to do sth), in a cheerful mood
-
-哪	些
-
-na3xie1
-which, who, what
-
-再
-
-zai4
-again, once more, re-, second, another
-
-二	號
-
-er4hao4
-2nd day of the month
-
-星	期	天
-
-xing1qi1tian1
-Sunday
-
-想
-
-xiang3
-to think, to believe, to suppose, to wish, to want, to miss
-
-右	邊
-
-you4bian1
-right (as opposed to left)
-
-晚
-
-wan3
-evening, night, late
-
-一	千
-
-yi1qian1
-one thousand
-
-回	家
-
-hui2jia1
-homeward
-
-你
-
-ni3
-you
-
-桌	子
-
-zhuo1zi5
-table, desk
-
-四	十
-
-si4shi2
-forty, 40
-
-了
-
-le5 / liao3
-(modal particle intensifying preceding clause), (past tense marker) / to
-know, to understand, to know
-
-認	識
-
-ren4shi5
-be acquainted with (a person), to know, to be familiar with, to recognize
-
-她
-
-ta1
-she
-
-請
-
-qing3
-to ask, to invite, please (do sth), to treat (to a meal, etc), to request
-
-小
-
-xiao3
-small, tiny, few, young
-
-老
-
-lao3
-(a prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating
-the order of birth of the children in a family to indicate affection or
-familiarity), old (of people)
-
-衫
-
-shan1
-Chinese gown (unlined)
-
-五	十
-
-wu3shi2
-fifty
-
-早	飯
-
-zao3fan4
-breakfast
-
-三	年
-
-san1nian2
-three years
-
-丁
-
-ding1
-(surname), 4th heavenly stem, a Chinese surname
-
-得	很
-
-de5hen3
-very (much, good etc.)
-
-我	的
-
-wo3de5
-my, mine
-
-昨	天
-
-zuo2tian1
-yesterday
-
-一	千	零
-
-yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4
-105 billion
-
-前
-
-qian2
-before, in front, ago, former, previous, earlier, front
-
-觀
-
-guan1 / guan4
-to look at, to watch, to observe, to behold / Taoist monastery
-
-非	常
-
-fei1chang2
-unusual, extraordinary, extreme, very, exceptional
-
-星	期	四
-
-xing1qi1si4
-Thursday
-
-聽
-
-ting1 / ting4
-listen, hear, obey / let, allow
-
-兩	點
-
-liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1
-2 :1 9 (time of day)
-
-王
-
-wang2
-king, Wang (proper name)
-
-號
-
-hao2 / hao4
-roar, cry / day of a month, (suffix used after) name of a ship,
-(ordinal) number
-
-﹐
-
-﹐
-
-一	個
-
-yi1ge4
-a, an
-
-他	們	都
-
-ta1men5dou1
-all of them
-
-讓
-
-rang4
-to ask, to let, permit, have (someone do something), to yield, to allow
-
-十	四
-
-shi2si4
-fourteen, 14
-
-音	樂
-
-yin1yue4
-music
-
-晚	飯
-
-wan3fan4
-supper
-
-買
-
-mai3
-buy
-
-外	邊
-
-wai4bian5
-(n) outside, (n) exterior surface, (n) place other than ones home town
-
-不	知
-
-bu4zhi1
-unknowing(ly)
-
-中	國	人
-
-zhong1guo2ren2
-Chinese person, Chinese people
-
-甚	麼
-
-shen2me5
-what
-
-吧
-
-ba1 / ba5
-(onomat.), dumb / (modal particle indicating polite suggestion),
-...right?, ...OK?
-
-可	以
-
-ke3yi3
-can, may, possible, able to
-
-誰
-
-shei2 / shui2
-who / who
-
-里
-
-li3
-Chinese mile, neighborhood
-
-外	國
-
-wai4guo2
-foreign (country)
-
-二	十	七
-
-er4shi2qi1
-twenty-seven
-
-都
-
-dou1 / du1
-all, both (if two things are involved), entirely (due to)each, even,
-already / (surname), metropolis, capital city
-
-參	觀
-
-can1guan1
-to look around, to inspect, visit and observe
-
-北	京	人
-
-bei3jing1ren2
-person from Beijing, Peking Man (Sinanthropus pekinesis)
-
-九
-
-jiu3
-nine, 9
-
-不	用
-
-bu4yong4
-need not
-
-外
-
-wai4
-outside, in addition, foreign, external
-
-不	要
-
-bu4yao4
-dont!, must not
-
-上
-
-shang4
-on, on top, upon, first (of two parts), previous or last (week, etc.),
-upper, higher, above, previous, to climb, to go into, above, to go up
-
-隊
-
-dui4
-squadron, team, group
-
-就
-
-jiu4
-at once, then, right away, only, (emphasis), to approach, to move
-towards, to undertake
-
-年	輕
-
-nian2qing1
-young
-
-証
-
-zheng4
-(translation unavailable)
-
-絲
-
-si1
-silk, thread, trace
-
-兩	次
-
-liang3ci4
-twice
-
-借
-
-jie4
-to lend, to borrow, excuse, pretext, by means of
-
-一	天
-
-yi1tian1
-one day
-
-五	年
-
-wu3nian2ji4hua4
-Five-Year Plan
-
-房	子
-
-fang2zi5
-house
-
-八	九
-
-ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2
-pretty close, very near, about right
-
-照	片
-
-zhao4pian4
-photograph, picture
-
-不	忙
-
-bu4mang2
-theres no hurry, take ones time
-
-歌	唱
-
-ge1chang4
-sing
-
-本
-
-ben3
-roots or stems of plants, origin, source, this, the current, root,
-foundation, basis, (a measure word)
-
-以	後
-
-yi3hou4
-after, later, afterwards, following, later on, in the future
-
-日	本
-
-ri4ben3
-Japan, Japanese
-
-七
-
-qi1
-seven, 7
-
-迎
-
-ying2
-to welcome
-
-下	午
-
-xia4wu3
-afternoon
-
-三	百
-
-san1bai3
-three hundred
-
-開	車
-
-kai1che1
-to drive a car
-
-喜	歡
-
-xi3huan5
-to like, to be fond of
-
-送
-
-song4
-to deliver, to carry, to give (as a present), to present (with), to see
-off, to send
-
-上	個	月
-
-shang4ge4yue4
-last month
-
-星	期	二
-
-xing1qi1er4
-Tuesday
-
-日
-
-ri4
-Japan, day, sun, date, day of the month
-
-年
-
-nian2
-year
-
-談
-
-tan2
-to speak, to talk, to converse, to chat, to discuss, (surname)
-
-正	在
-
-zheng4zai4
-in the process of (doing something or happening), while (doing)
-
-二	十	八
-
-er4shi2ba1hao4
-28th day of the month
-
-一	定	要
-
-yi1ding4yao4
-must
-
-三	千
-
-san1qian1wu3bai3
-3 500
-
-中	國
-
-zhong1guo2
-China, Chinese
-
-進	來
-
-jin4lai2
-(v) come in
-
-祝	賀
-
-zhu4he4
-to congratulate, congratulations
-
-不	會
-
-bu4hui4
-improbable, unlikely, will not (act, happen, etc, ), have not learned
-to, be unable to
-
-學	校
-
-xue2xiao4
-school
-
-三
-
-san1
-three
-
-六	號
-
-liu4hao4
-6th day of the month
-
-哪	兒
-
-na3er5
-where
-
-酒
-
-jiu3
-wine, liquor, spirits
-
-這	個	月
-
-zhei4ge4yue4
-this (current) month
-
-哦
-
-e2 / o2
-to chant / oh is that so
-
-有
-
-you3
-to have, there is, there are, to exist, to be
-
-國	家
-
-guo2jia1
-country, nation
-
-漢	語
-
-han4yu3
-Chinese language
-
-半
-
-ban4
-half, semi-, incomplete, (after a number) and a half, half
-
-得
-
-de2 / de5 / dei3
-obtain, get, gain, proper, suitable, proud, contented, allow, permit,
-ready, finished / a sentence particle used after a verb to show effect,
-degree or possibility / to have to, must, ought to, to need to
-
-真
-
-zhen1
-real, true, genuine
-
-進
-
-jin4
-advance, enter, to come in
-
-朋	友
-
-peng2you5
-friend
-
-下	邊
-
-xia4bian1
-(n) under
-
-後
-
-hou4
-back, behind, rear, afterwards, after, later
-
-英	語
-
-ying1yu3
-English (language)
-
-問	題
-
-wen4ti2
-problem, issue, topic
-
-一
-
-yi1
-one, single, a(n)
-
-明	年
-
-ming2nian2
-next year
-
-他
-
-ta1
-he, him
-
-花	園
-
-hua1yuan2
-garden
-
-星	期	五
-
-xing1qi1wu3
-Friday
-
-上	午
-
-shang4wu3
-morning
-
-書	店
-
-shu1dian4
-bookstore
-
-寫
-
-xie3
-to write
-
-出	去
-
-chu1qu4
-(v) go out
-
-主	意
-
-zhu3yi5
-plan, idea, decision
-
-二
-
-er4
-two
-
-開	門
-
-kai1men2
-open (the) door
-
-大	衣
-
-da4yi1
-overcoat, topcoat, cloak
-
-簽
-
-qian1
-sign ones name
-
-新
-
-xin1
-meso- (chem.), new, newly
-
-天
-
-tian1
-day, sky, heaven
-
-五	千
-
-wu3qian1dun1
-5000 tons
-
-男	朋	友
-
-nan2peng2you5
-male friend, boyfriend
-
-試
-
-shi4
-to test, to try, experiment, examination, test
-
-足	球
-
-zu2qiu2
-football (British English), soccer (American English)
-
-什
-
-shi2
-tenth
-
-紙
-
-zhi3
-paper
-
-那	些
-
-na4xie1
-those
-
-半	以
-
-ban4yi3shang4
-more than half
-
-不
-
-bu4
-(negative prefix), not, no
-
-元
-
-yuan2
-(dynasty), dollar, primary, first
-
-很	好
-
-hen3hao3
-well
-
-跟
-
-gen1
-to follow, to go with, heel, with, and
-
-大	夫
-
-dai4fu5
-doctor
-
-二	十
-
-er4shi2
-twenty, 20
-
-右
-
-you4
-right (-hand)
-
-麼
-
-me5 / mo2
-(interrog. suff.) / dimi.
-
-一	下	兒
-
-yi2xiar4
-a little bit, a little while
-
-不	學
-
-bu4xue2wu2shu4
-have neither learning nor skill, be ignorant and incompetent
-
-孩	子
-
-hai2zi5
-child
-
-二	十	一
-
-er4shi2yi1
-twenty-one
-
-億
-
-yi4
-a hundred million, calculate
-
-五
-
-wu3
-five, 5
-
-地	圖
-
-di4tu2
-map
-
-開
-
-kai1
-open, operate (vehicle), start
-
-好	朋	友
-
-hao3peng2you5
-good friend
-
-上	課
-
-shang4ke4
-to attend class
-
-來
-
-lai2
-to come
-
-。
-
-。
-
-的
-
-de5 / di2 / di4
-(possessive particle), of / really and truly / aim, clear
-
-城
-
-cheng2
-city walls, city, town
-
-人	口
-
-ren2kou3
-population
-
-二	月
-
-er4yue4
-February, second month
-
-新	年
-
-xin1nian2
-New Year
-
-常	常
-
-chang2chang2
-frequently, usually, often
-
-說
-
-shui4 / shuo1
-persuade (politically) / to speak, to say
-
-條
-
-tiao2
-measure word for long, thin things (i.e. ribbon, river, etc.), a strip,
-item, article
-
-找
-
-zhao3
-to try to find, to look for, to call on (sb), to find, to seek, to
-return, to look for
-
-電	影
-
-dian4ying3
-movie, film
-
-三	萬
-
-san1wan4
-30 thousand
-
-告	訴
-
-gao4su5
-to tell, to inform, to let know
-
-才	能
-
-cai2neng2
-talent, ability, capacity
-
-歡	迎
-
-huan1ying2
-to welcome, welcome
-
-個
-
-ge4
-(a measure word), individual
-
-房
-
-fang2
-house
-
-我
-
-wo3
-I, me, myself
-
-那	兒
-
-nar3
-where / there
-
-想	家
-
-xiang3jia1
-homesick
-
-還
-
-hai2 / huan2
-also, in addition, more, still, else, still, yet, (not) yet / (surname),
-pay back, return
-
-不	好
-
-bu4hao3
-no good
-
-層
-
-ceng2
-a measure word for layers, laminated, repeated, floor, story (of a
-building), layer
-
-星	期
-
-xing1qi1
-week
-
-是
-
-shi4
-is, are, am, yes, to be
-
-回
-
-hui2
-(a measure word for matters or actions) a time, to circle, to go back,
-to turn around, to answer, to return, to revolve
-
-能
-
-neng2
-can, may, capable, energy, able
-
-辦
-
-ban4
-to do, to manage, to handle, to go about, to run, to set up, to deal with
-
-吸	煙
-
-xi1yan1
-to smoke
-
-媽	媽
-
-ma1ma5
-mama, mommy
-
-九	十
-
-jiu3shi2
-ninety
-
-不	能
-
-bu4neng2
-cannot, must not, should not
-
-六	點
-
-liu4dian3liu4
-6.6
-
-沒
-
-mei2 / mo4
-(negative prefix for verbs), have not, not / drowned, to end, to die, to
-inundate
-
-文	學
-
-wen2xue2
-literature
-
-下	課
-
-xia4ke4
-class is over
-
-對	面
-
-dui4mian4
-opposite
-
-三	分
-
-san1fen1zhi1yi1
-one third
-
-妹	妹
-
-mei4mei4
-(informal) younger sister / younger sister
-
-千
-
-qian1
-thousand
-
-百
-
-bai3
-hundred
-
-茶
-
-cha2
-tea, tea plant
-
-綠	茶
-
-lu:4cha2
-green tea
-
-請	問
-
-qing3wen4
-may I ask...
-
-十	五
-
-shi2wu3
-fifteen
-
-在	這
-
-zai4zhe4qi1jian1
-during time, in this time
-
-白
-
-bai2
-white, snowy, empty, blank, bright, clear, plain, pure, gratuitous
-
-報
-
-bao4
-to announce, to inform, report, newspaper, recompense, revenge
-
-每
-
-mei3
-each, every
-
-房	間
-
-fang2jian1
-room
-
-一	起
-
-yi4qi3
-together
-
-作
-
-zuo4
-to regard as, to take (somebody) for, to do, to make
-
-早	上
-
-zao3shang5
-early morning
-
-也
-
-ye3
-also, too
-
-等
-
-deng3
-class, rank, grade, equal to, same as, wait for, await, et cetera, and so on
-
-二	十	五
-
-er4shi2wu3
-twenty five
-
-點
-
-dian3
-(downwards-right convex character stroke), oclock, (a measure word),
-point, dot, (decimal) point)
-
-十	九
-
-shi2jiu3
-nineteen
-
-六
-
-liu4
-six
-
-快
-
-kuai4
-fast, quick, swift
-
-﹔
-
-﹔
-
-星	期	日
-
-xing1qi1ri4
-Sunday
-
-問
-
-wen4
-to ask
-
-京	劇
-
-jing1ju4
-Beijing opera
-
-刻
-
-ke4
-quarter (hour), (a measure word), to carve, to engrave, to cut, oppressive
-
-家
-
-jia1
--ist, -er, -ian, home, family, a person engaged in a certain art or
-profession
-
-有	一
-
-you3yi1xie1
-somewhat, rather
-
-喝
-
-he1 / he4
-my goodness, to drink / shout applause
-
-住	宿
-
-zhu4su4
-lodging
-
-一	時
-
-yi4shi2
-temporary, momentary
-
-今	天
-
-jin1tian1
-today, at the present, now
-
-這
-
-zhe4 / zhei4
-this, these / this, these
-
-銀	行
-
-yin2hang2
-bank
-
-咖	啡
-
-ka1fei1
-coffee
-
-國
-
-guo2
-country, state, nation
-
-三	十
-
-san1shi2
-thirty, 30
-
-會
-
-hui4 / kuai4
-can, be possible, be able to, to assemble, to meet, to gather, to see,
-union, group, association / to balance an account, accounting
-
-會	不	會
-
-hui4bu4hui4
-(posing a question: whether someone, something) can or not, is able to
-or not
-
-教	室
-
-jiao4shi4
-classroom
-
-地	方
-
-di4fang5
-area, place, local
-
-生	日
-
-sheng1ri4
-birthday
-
-常
-
-chang2
-always, ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant
-
-從
-
-cong1 / cong2 / zong4
-lax, yielding, unhurried / from, obey, observe, follow / second cousin
-
-七	點
-
-qi1dian3er4
-7.2
-
-漢	字
-
-han4zi4
-Chinese character
-
-十	二
-
-shi2er4
-12, twelve
-
-七	百
-
-qi1bai3wan4
-seven million
-
-以
-
-yi3
-to use, according to, so as to, in order to, by, with, because
-
-呢
-
-ne5 / ni2
-(question particle) / woolen material
-
-中
-
-zhong1 / zhong4
-within, among, in, middle, center, while (doing sth), during, China,
-Chinese / hit (the mark)
-
-十	一	月
-
-shi2yi1yue4
-eleventh month, November
-
-二	十	二
-
-er4shi2er4hao4
-22nd day of a month
-
-二	次
-
-er4ci4da4zhan4
-World War Two
-
-口	語
-
-kou3yu3
-spoken language
-
-住
-
-zhu4
-to live, to dwell, to reside, to stop
-
-萬
-
-wan4
-(surname), ten thousand, a great number
-
-後	邊
-
-hou4bian1
-behind
-
-名	字
-
-ming2zi5
-(a persons) name
-
-我	們
-
-wo3men5
-we, us, ourselves
-
-事	兒
-
-shir4
-business, thing
-
-教
-
-jiao1 / jiao4
-teach / religion, teaching
-
-星	期	六
-
-xing1qi1liu4
-Saturday
-
-沒	吃
-
-mei2chi1mei2chuan1
-(idiom) to be without food and clothing; be very poor
-
-現	代	音	樂
-
-xian4dai4yin1yue4
-modern music, contemporary music
-
-學	院
-
-xue2yuan4
-college, educational institute, school, faculty
-
-一	九	九
-
-yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
-the year 1997
-
-八	分
-
-ba1fen1yin1fu2
-quaver, eighth note
-
-沒	有	人
-
-mei2you3ren2
-nobody
-
-開	始
-
-kai1shi3
-begin, beginning, start, initial
-
-姓
-
-xing4
-surname, family name, name
-
-不	歡
-
-bu4huan1er2san4
-part on bad terms, (of a meeting, etc, ) break up in discord
-
-筆
-
-bi3
-pen, pencil, writing brush, to write or compose, the strokes of Chinese
-characters
-
-在	大
-
-zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4
-in most instances
-
-車
-
-che1 / ju1
-car, a vehicle, machine, to shape with a lathe / vehicle on land
-
-可	是
-
-ke3shi4
-but, however
-
-增	加
-
-zeng1jia1
-to raise, to increase
-
-一	億
-
-yi1yi4
-1 00 million
-
-學
-
-xue2
-learn, study, science, -ology
-
-束
-
-shu4
-bunch, (a measure word), to bind, to control
-
-學	生
-
-xue2sheng5
-student
-
-大
-
-da4 / dai4
-big, huge, large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest, eldest / doctor
-
-哥	哥
-
-ge1ge5
-older brother
-
-﹗
-
-﹗
-
-了	解
-
-liao3jie3
-understand, come to understand, find out
-
-的	時	候
-
-de5shi2hou4
-when, during, at the time of
-
-十	年
-
-shi2nian2
-ten years
-
-○
-
-○
-
-裙	子
-
-qun2zi5
-skirt
-
-服	務	員
-
-fu2wu4yuan2
-waiter, waitress, server
-
-一	月
-
-yi1yue4
-first month, January
-
-游
-
-you2
-to walk, to tour, to roam, to swim, to travel
-
-一	些
-
-yi1xie1
-some, a few, a little
-
-介	紹
-
-jie4shao4
-to present, introduction, to introduce
-
-這	個
-
-zhe4ge4
-this
-
-老	師
-
-lao3shi1
-teacher
-
-很
-
-hen3
-very, extremely
-
-三	十	五
-
-san1shi2wu3yi4
-3.5 billion
-
-分
-
-fen1 / fen4
-to divide, minute, (a measure word), (a unit of length = 0.33
-centimeter) / part
-
-中	間
-
-zhong1jian4
-betwixt, intermediate, mid, middle
-
-您
-
-nin2
-you (formal)
-
-又
-
-you4
-(once) again, also, both... and..., again
-
-詞	典
-
-ci2dian3
-dictionary
-
-一	萬
-
-yi1wan4
-ten thousand
-
-丁	雲
-
-ding1yun2
-Ding Yun (a personal name)
-
-幾
-
-ji1 / ji3
-almost / how much, how many, several, a few
-
-千	萬
-
-qian1wan4
-ten million, millions and millions, very many
-
-給
-
-gei3 / ji3
-to, for, for the benefit of, to give, to allow, to do sth (for sb),
-(passive particle) / to supply, provide
-
-他	們
-
-ta1men5
-they
-
-太
-
-tai4
-highest, greatest, too (much), very, extremely
-
-五	月
-
-wu3yue4
-May, fifth month
-
-紅	茶
-
-hong2cha2
-black tea
-

Original/Chapters 1-28 all in one big page-wordlist.html

@@ -1,2448 +0,0 @@
-
-Show 	
-characters
-pinyin, zhuyin
-translations
-
-	 in 	
-text
-tooltips
-status line
-separate wordlist
-
-Link characters to online dictionaries
-Only treat the first occurrence of each word
-Include links to audio text-to-speech
-tooltips require DHTML; status-line requires a willing browser
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
-
-      嗎?
-
-One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add
-嗎 at the end of a statement. Hence 你好! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎? (How are
-you?)
-
-
-      你呢?
-
-This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to you.
-Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how about
-you?"
-
-    A: 你好嗎?
-        How are you?
-    B: 我很好, 你呢?
-        I am fine, and you?
-
-    A: 你忙嗎?
-        Are you busy?
-    B: 我不忙, 你呢?
-        I am not busy, what about you?
-
-
-      很, 也, 都
-
-All three are adverbs, which should be placed /before/ what they modify
-in Chinese. E.g., 很好, 也好, 都好.
-
-Sometimes 很 is not really employed to mean "very" if it is modifying a
-monosyllabic adjective such as 好. It is simply because to say 我好 is a
-bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic adjective as the
-predicate of the sentence. Therefore people usually add 很 before 好 to
-make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 in this case does not
-necessarily mean "I am /very/ well", it may simply convey the meaning of
-"I am fine".
-
-/The order of these words:/ If all three adverbs occur in the same
-sentence, their order is 也 -- 都 -- 很:
-
-    我很好.
-    我也很好.
-    我們也都很好.
-
-N.B. 都 (both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the /left/ of
-it. Hence it is wrong to say 都他們很好 ("all of them are fine"). One
-should say 他們都很好.
-
-
-      都不 vs. 不都
-
-都不 indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 shows a partial negation:
-
-    他們都不忙
-        None of them is busy.
-    他們不都忙
-        Not all of them are busy.
-    我們都不是大夫
-        None of us is a doctor.
-    我們不都是大夫
-        Not all of us are doctors.
-
-
-      的
-
-As an auxiliary word, 的 is used to indicate possession. It comes
-between the subject and the noun it modifies: 我的書, 我媽媽的車 etc.
-
-In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
-possessive marker 的 can be omitted. /Otherwise it cannot/.
-
-    e.g. 你弟弟 = 你的弟弟, 我爸爸 = 我的爸爸 
-
-
-      我很好 -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".
-
-Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb. In
-the sentence 我很好, the adjectival phrase 很好 serves as the predicate
-for the sentence. No verb "to be" is needed as in English (I /am/ very
-well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an /adjective/ as
-its predicate, even in negative sentences.
-
-    e.g. 他們很忙, 我們不忙
-        They are very busy, we are not.
-
-Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 should still
-be retained:
-
-    他是我朋友
-        He is my friend.
-
-    我不是她的哥哥
-        I am not her elder brother.
-
-
-      Proper Response
-
-Study the following two dialogues:
-
-    A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎?
-        Is your mother a doctor?
-    B: 是, 她是大夫.
-        Yes, she is a doctor.
-
-    A: 你媽媽忙嗎?
-        Is your mother busy?
-    B: 忙, 她很忙.
-        Yes, she is very busy.
-
-To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb --
-in the above case 是 and 忙 respectively -- as an equivalent to the
-English "yes" before making the statement itself. Note therefore that
-the response is not always 是.
-
-
-    Questions with interrogative words 誰, 哪, 什麼
-
-Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as "what",
-"when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a question,
-Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming questions using
-such interrogative words as 誰, 哪, 什麼, etc:
-
- 1. 他是我弟弟. (He is my younger brother.)
-    他是誰? (Who is he?)
-
- 2. 他是我們老師. (He is our teacher.)
-    誰是你們老師? (Who is your teacher?)
-
- 3. 他是中國人. (He is Chinese.)
-    他是哪國人? (What is his nationality?)
-
- 4. 這是中國地圖. (This is a map of China.)
-    這是什麼地圖? (What map is this?)
-
- 5. 那是書. (That is a book.)
-    那是什麼? (What is that?)
-
- 6. 這是她的車. (This is her car.)
-    這是誰的車? (Whose car is this?)
-
-As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what
-one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form questions.
-No change of word order takes place.
-
-
-    Asking a person's name
-
-There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that
-person is.
-
- 1. 您貴姓﹖
-
-    This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What
-    is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to address one's
-    elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one
-    wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 cannot
-    be used when asking about a third person's name, or when referring
-    to oneself.
-
-        A: 您/你貴姓﹖
-            What is your name?
-        B: 我姓丁。
-            My name is Ding.
-
- 2. 你叫什麼﹖
-
-    This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually used
-    to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors.
-    If one wants to be a bit polite, 請問 can be added to the question:
-
-        請問﹐你叫什麼﹖
-            May I ask, what's your name?
-
-    Unlike 貴姓, which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 can be
-    employed for all persons:
-
-        她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖etc. 
-
-When asked 你姓什麼﹖you are supposed to give your last name first, and
-then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when asked
-你叫什麼﹖you can give either your given name or your full name.
-
-
-    Word usage: 學習﹐ 學
-
-Both words mean "to study" or "to learn". Whereas 學習 can be used both
-transitively and intransitively, 學 is normally reserved for transitive
-use.
-
-    e.g. 我學(習)漢語﹐她學(習)法語。
-        I study Chinese, she studies French.
-    我學習﹐我弟弟不學習。
-        I study, my younger brother doesn't study.
-
-In the second sentence, the word 習 cannot be omitted.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 在 (to be at/in...) functions as a verb.
-
-    To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use
-    the following pattern:
-
-        S + 在 + place/location word or phrase
-        e.g. A: 你的地圖在哪兒﹖
-        B: 我的地圖在那兒。
-
-        A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖
-        B: 他們在中國。 
-
-    If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
-
-        A: 古波在嗎﹖
-            Is Gubo in [or: here]?
-        B: 他不在﹐他在學生宿舍。
-            He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.
-
-
- 2. Nouns / personal pronouns + 這兒/那兒 as place words.
-
-        e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖
-        B: 在我這兒。(or 在我那兒)
-
-        A: 你的車在哪兒﹖
-        B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。 
-
-    The choice of 這兒 and 那兒 depends on the distance between the
-    object and the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use 這兒; if
-    not, use 那兒.
-
- 3. The word order for Chinese place words
-
-    Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and
-    proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives in room
-    423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她住學院
-    學生宿舍四層四二三號。 Notice the exactly reverse order here, which
-    is applicable to the address used when writing letters as well.
-
- 4. To live (stay) at a place
-
-    Most often one uses 住 to indicate that one lives or stays at a
-    certain place. There are several patterns for the use of 住. For
-    example, to say "I live here", one can have the following:
-
-        S + 住 + place word (我住這兒)
-        S + 住在 + place word (我住在這兒)
-        S + 在 + place word + 住 (我在這兒住)
-
-    All three sentences have the same meaning.
-
- 5. Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
-
-    Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by
-    digit:
-
-        English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)
-        Chinese: # 1452 (一四五二號) 
-
-
-    The use of 還 (to return something to someone)
-
-When using 還 to indicate "return", use the following pattern:
-
-    S + 還 + (sb.) + sth.
-    e.g. 我還他畫報
-    你還丁云的車。(Notice here sb. is omitted.)
-
-This pattern is /only/ used for simple objects, i.e. the object to be
-returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的日本車, etc. Notice in the
-second example above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say
-你還丁云丁云的車, although grammatically it is correct. We will later
-learn the ways to express something more complicated.
-
-
-    用一下兒
-
-In this phrase, 用 is a verb which can be used both transitively and
-intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an object).
-一下兒 is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little
-while". If an object is to be used for 用 in the above phrase, it should
-be placed after 一下兒:
-
-    我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖
-        Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
-    他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。
-        They want to use your dad's car for a little while.
-
-
-    Time Word 現在
-
-Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a
-sentence: /before/ or /after/ the subject.
-
-    現在她去學院還書。
-        Now she is going to the college to return books.
-    or 她現在去學院還書。
-
-
-    常 and 常常
-
-常 in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 without a
-change of meaning. Thus, 他常喝茶 = 他常常喝茶, 我們常去看書 = 我們常常
-去看書.
-
-In making negative sentences, however, 常 is normally /not/
-reduplicated. Hence 他不常喝茶, 我們不常去看書.
-
-
-    Affirmative-Negative questions
-
-An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative
-and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
-
-    她是中國人嗎﹖becomes 她是不是中國人﹖
-    你忙嗎﹖becomes 你忙不忙﹖
-    你認識他嗎﹖becomes 你認識不認識他﹖
-
- 1. If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
-    the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
-
-        忙不忙, 認識不認識, 介紹不介紹
-
- 2. If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
-    that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
-
-        你喝不喝茶﹖
-        你去不去中國﹖
-
- 3. Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
-    form of "V + object + 不 + V ?" as well, although this is not as
-    common:
-
-        你喝茶不喝茶﹖
-        她去中國不去﹖
-
- 4. As in questions with interrogative words (誰, 什麼, etc),
-    affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎 at the end.
-
- 5. If an adverb such as 常, 都, 也 or 很 comes /before/ the predicative
-    verb or adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use
-    嗎 instead:
-
-        你們都去中國嗎﹖
-        but not 你們都去不去中國﹖
-
-        他常喝咖啡嗎﹖
-        but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖
-
-    Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
-    /before/ the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:
-
-     1. 她很忙嗎﹖ but not 她很忙不忙﹖
-
-     2. 她是很好大夫嗎﹖ 她是不是很好的大夫﹖
-
-    The second instance is acceptable because 很 comes /after/ the
-    predicative verb 是.
-
- 6. If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the
-    /first/ verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question:
-
-        你去商店買紙嗎﹖becomes 你去不去商店買紙﹖
-        他們歡迎我來嗎﹖ becomes 他們歡迎不歡迎我來﹖
-
-
-    和 and 都
-
-In Chinese, 和 as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or
-phrases, /never/ two clauses or sentences:
-
-    中國和美國
-    我的爸爸和媽媽
-    她學習漢語和英語。
-    你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖
-
-    but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。
-    nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。
-
-The adverb 都 is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or
-adjective. It governs only the elements /before/ it:
-
-    我們都去中國。 (All of us go to China: 都 modifies 我們.)
-    but not 都我們去中國。
-
-This is also wrong:
-
-    我都學漢語和法語。
-
-because 都 modifies 我 and not 漢語和法語. If "both Chinese and French"
-is intended in the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 should be
-placed before 都:
-
-    我漢語和法語都學。
-    or 漢語和法語都我學。
-
-
-    The verb 有 expressing possession and existence
-
-The verb 有 in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the
-English "to have" and "there is" or "there are":
-
-    她有漢語詞典。
-        She has a Chinese dictionary.
-    我們學院有多外國學生。
-        There are a lot of foreign students in our college.
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. To negate 有, one uses 沒 instead of 不:
-
-        我有哥哥﹐我沒有姐姐。
-            I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.
-
- 2. Informally in a negative sentence, 有 can sometimes be omitted:
-
-        我朋友沒(有)書﹐也沒(有)筆。
-            My friend does not have books, nor pens.
-        現在我們的宿舍沒(有)人。
-            There is no one in our dorm now.
-
- 3. The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 ... ?"
-
-        她有沒有妹妹﹖
-        呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒有人﹖
-
-    Sometimes, if the object of 有 is not long, one can use the form
-    "... 有 + object + 沒有 ?" as well, although this form is not as
-    common as the previous one.
-
-        她有妹妹沒有﹖
-        這宿舍有人沒有﹖
-
-
-    Prepositional construction with 在 (in, at) and 給 (for, to)
-
-The object of 在 is often a place-word and the object of 給 is often the
-beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative verb. In Chinese,
-a prepositional construction comes /before/ the verb it modifies:
-
-    他在銀行工作。
-        She works in a bank.
-    but not 她工作在銀行。
-
-    我給你們介紹一下兒。
-        Let me introduce you to one another.
-    but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。
-
-To form a negative sentence, 不 is placed /before/ the prepositional
-construction:
-
-    他不在銀行工作。
-    我不給你們介紹。
-        I am not going to introduce you.
-
-Adverbs such as 常, 都, 也 are also placed /before/ the prepositional
-construction:
-
-    我們都在 City Lit 學院學習漢語。
-        We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
-    你常給你媽媽信嗎﹖
-        Do you often write to your mother?
-    我爸爸也常給我寫信。
-        My dad also often writes to me.
-
-
-    Word usage: 想
-
-The word 想 in Chinese carries various meanings:
-
- 1. 想 + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something:
-
-        丁雲很想家。
-            Ding Yun misses her family very much.
-        我很想我的爸爸媽媽。
-            I miss my parents very much.
-        你不想你的男朋友嗎﹖
-            Don't you miss your boyfriend?
-        你想不想她﹖
-            Do you miss her?
-
- 2. 想 + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
-
-        A: 你想去商店嗎﹖
-            Do you want to go to the shop?
-        B: 我不想去。
-            I don't want to go.
-
-        A: 你想不想學法語﹖
-            Do you want to study French?
-        B: 我也想學法語。
-            I also want to study French.
-
- 3. 想 + clause = to think/suppose something:
-
-        我想她是中國人。
-            I think she is Chinese.
-        我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。
-            I think her parents are both doctors.
-
-    N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 in this capacity, put the negative
-    adverb in the /subordinate clause/, not in the main clause as in
-    English:
-
-        我想她/不是/中國人。
-            I don't think she is Chinese.
-        but not 我不想她是中國人。
-
-N.B. 想 as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form /only/
-in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.
-
-
-    Word usage: 告訴
-
-告訴 means "to tell". In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell
-somebody something, or to tell somebody /to do/ something. The Chinese
-verb 告訴 can only be applied to the first of these patterns.
-
-    e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。
-        She told me her work.
-    我告訴媽媽你是我的好朋友。
-        I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
-    but not 我告訴他給我寫信。
-        I told him to write to me.
-
-Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我, 媽媽) of 告訴
-in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a
-clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it
-uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a
-verb-phrase for its direct object. In this case, we should use 叫 or 請
-in place of 告訴 to make a correct sentence:
-
-    我請他給我寫信。
-        I asked him to write to me.
-
-
-    The Numbers in Chinese
-
-For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
-
-    ○ (or 零), 一, 二, 三, 四, 五, 六, 七, 八, 九, 十
-
-Further on, they are:
-
-    十一 = 11, 十二 = 12, 十九 = 19
-    二十 = 20, 二十一 = 21, 二十八 = 28
-    三十 = 30, 四十 = 40, 九十 = 90, 九十九 = 99
-
-    一百 = 100
-    一百零一 = 101, 一百十 = 110, 一百十一 = 111
-    三百二十七 = 327, 九百零九 = 909
-
-    一千 = 1000
-    一千零一 = 1001, 五千零四十 = 5040, 八千七百二十五 = 8725
-
-    一萬 = 10,000
-    四萬零八百零一 = 40,801
-
-    一億 = 100,000,000
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. Numbers like 15 are written e.g. 十五, not 一十五.
-
- 2. A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101
-    is 一百零一, and 3020 is 三千零二十. Notice the last zero in 3020 is
-    /not/ pronounced because it is not between two other digits.
-
-    If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero
-    digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一. However, if
-    the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched, as in
-    40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. Measure words
-
-    In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
-    pronouns such as 這 or 那, or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 or
-    幾, a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and
-    its modifier(s):
-
-        三本書, 十五個學生, 那個老師, 哪個圖書館, 幾本詞典
-
- 2. 幾 and 多少
-
-    Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much". Whereas
-    幾 should be used with a measure word, 多少 can be used either with
-    or without a measure word for the noun it modifies.
-
-        你有幾本詞典﹖
-        你有多少(本)詞典﹖
-
-    The measure word 本 is a must for the first sentence, but only
-    optional in the second.
-
-    Also, when 幾 is used, the expected answer is usually under 10,
-    whereas 多少 can be used whether one expects a large or small answer.
-
-        你們大學有多少學生﹖
-        你家有幾個人﹖
-
- 3. Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
-
-    As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
-    object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
-
-        王老師教我們語法。
-
-    In this sentence, 教 is a verb that takes 我們 as the indirect
-    object and 法語 as the direct object. Generally the indirect goes
-    before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same way
-    include 還, 告訴 and 問.
-
-    Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say
-    他買我一本書 (He bought me a book), or 她寫我一封信 (She wrote me a
-    letter). The correct way of saying these would be to use 給, as in
-    他給我買一本書 and 她給我寫一封信.
-
- 4. Adjectives as modifiers
-
-    When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the
-    noun as in English:
-
-        新書
-            new book
-        好朋友
-            good friend
-
-    However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
-    syllables, the particle 的 is usually inserted between the modifier
-    and the noun it modifies:
-
-        很新的書
-            very new book
-        很好的朋友
-            very good friend
-
-
-    Word usage: 也 and 還
-
-也 is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement. Hence the
-relationship between the statement introduced by 也 and the previous one
-is a /parallel/ relationship. 還, on the other hand, introduces an
-/additional/ element to the previous statement.
-
-    e.g. 你有一個問題﹐我也有一個問題。
-        You have a question; I also have a question. The two are
-        parallel here.
-    我還有一個問題。
-        I have already had some questions, but I still have one more.
-        This is /in addition to/ the previous ones.
-
-Under certain circumstances, 也 and 還 are interchangeable, but with
-different emphasis:
-
-    王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他還教我們口語。
-    王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。
-
-Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang
-teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
-conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses
-the fact that Wang teaches conversation /in addition to/ the other
-subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three
-subjects he teaches without prioritization.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 的 construction
-
-    A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
-    adjective) with the word 的 can function as a noun or noun-phrase in
-    a sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear:
-
-        這條裙子是我姐姐的。
-            This skirt is my sister's. Noun + 的)
-        哪本詞典是你的﹖
-            Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + 的
-        你爸爸的車是白的嗎﹖
-            Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + 的 
-        你喝的是什麼茶﹖
-            What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + 的
-
-    These constructions normally involve the verb 是 (or 不是).
-
- 2. Usage of 從
-
-    從 + place word + 去 = to go from; 從 + place word + 來 = to come from.
-
-        e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖
-            Where did you come from?
-        我從圖書館來。
-            I came from the library.
-        我們晚上從我家去劇場。
-            We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.
-
- 3. Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 / 那兒 = over here/there at ...'s place
-
-    When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 or 那兒, they function as a
-    place word or expression. Since one cannot say 我去她 (I went to
-    her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 (I went to her place), because
-    她那兒 is now regarded as a place expression. Similarly one cannot
-    say 你的裙子在我 (Your skirt is with me), but one can say 你的裙子在
-    我這兒 (Your skirt is with me). More examples:
-
-        你的書在他那兒。
-            Your book is at his place.
-        我們都去姐姐那兒。
-            We all went to my sister's place.
-        老師來我這兒找她。
-            The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.
-
-    As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
-    use 那兒; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker
-    himself or herself, use 這兒.
-
- 4. 太 + adjective + 了
-
-    This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
-    used between 太 and 了:
-
-        太忙了﹗
-            Too busy!
-        太大了﹗
-            Too big!
-
-    The expression 太好了﹗, however, has a positive meaning, expressing
-    satisfaction or admiration.
-
-
-    Word study: 二 vs. 兩
-
-These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
-
- 1. When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩:
-
-        兩個人, 兩本書, 增加了兩倍, 去了兩次 
-
- 2. 二 should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is
-    followed by a measure word:
-
-        二十二, 一百零二次, 十二個人, 五千八百六十二元 
-
-    There are some more restrictions, though:
-
-     1. Only 二 can be used before the character 十; before the
-        character 百, 二 is usually employed but 兩 may also be used:
-
-            二十, 二百二十五, 二百五十元 or 兩百五十元 
-
-     2. For numbers like 千, 萬 or 億, 兩 is used more often than 二:
-
-            兩千元 (also 二千元), 兩萬三千八, 兩億人口 
-
-     3. If the number is greater than 百, 千, 萬, /i.e./ if there are
-        more digits before 百, 千 or 萬, then put 二 instead of 兩 in
-        front:
-
-            四億二千萬, 三萬二千人, 五千二百元 
-
-
-    Time
-
-The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
-
-    A: 現在幾點﹖
-    B: 現在...
-    兩點	2:00
-    十點半 (or 十點三十分)	10:30
-    三點一刻 (or 三點十五分)	3:15
-    十二點三刻 (or 十二點四十五分)	12:45
-    兩點差五分 (or 差五分兩點)	1:55
-    五點二十分	5:20
-    六點零五分	6:05
-    七點三十五分	7:35
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零, as in
-    三點零八分 (3:08) or 十二點零三分 (12:03).
-
- 2. When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 is optional:
-
-        七點十五 or 七點十五分
-
- 3. "This morning" is 今天上午, not for example 這個上午; "every
-    afternoon" is 每天下午, not 每下午.
-
-
-    Placement of time-words
-
-A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject
-or at the beginning of a sentence:
-
-    我們十點半上中文課
-    十點半我們上中文課
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. A time-word does not take a preposition:
-
-        我三點下課
-        but not 我在三點下課
-
- 2. A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
-
-        她晚上來
-            She came in the evening.
-        or 晚上她來
-        but not 她來晚上
-
- 3. If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
-    smaller:
-
-        今天晚上八點
-            at 8 o'clock this evening
-
- 4. If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
-    goes first:
-
-        我晚上八點在圖書館等你
-        你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖
-        明天你幾點在哪兒上課﹖
-            When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?
-
- 5. Time-word + 的 + noun (time-words modifying nouns)
-
-        A: 你想看幾點的電影﹖
-            What show do you want to see? /literally/ What time's film
-            do you want to see?
-        B: 我想看中午十二點半的(電影)。
-            I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.
-
-        A: 這是今天的報嗎﹖
-            Is this today's paper?
-        B: 不是今天的報﹐是昨天的。
-            It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.
-
-
-    The use of the time-words 以前 and 以後
-
-When used by itself, 以前 means "previously" or "before" and 以後 means
-"later", "afterwards" or "in the future":
-
-    我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。
-        I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
-    你以前在哪兒工作﹖
-        Where did you work before?
-    以前我不住宿舍﹐現在住宿舍。
-        I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.
-
-When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 means
-"before..." and 以後 means "after...":
-
-    十點以前我不回家。
-        I won't go home before 10.
-    回家以前我在閱覽室看書。
-        I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
-    來美國以後他在這兒工作。
-        He has been working here after he came to America.
-    十點半以後你在宿舍作什麼﹖
-        What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?
-
-N.B. When 以前 or 以後 is used together with a time-word or verb phrase
-to mean "before" or "after", the word order is exactly the opposite of
-the English equivalent:
-
-    四點以前
-        before 4 o'clock
-    下課以前
-        before the class is over
-    明天晚上以後
-        after tomorrow evening (or night)
-    回宿舍以後
-        after returning to the dormitory
-
-
-    A 跟 B (一起) + verb/verb-phrase
-
-跟 as a preposition means "with", and 一起 means "together". This
-pattern is used to indicate that A and B do something together. Here 跟
-can be replaced with 和 without changing the meaning; and the phrase 一
-起 is optional.
-
-    e.g. 我跟 (or 和) 她去看電影。
-        I go to see a film with her.
-    我跟她一起去看電影。
-        She and I go to see a film together.)
-    晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖
-        With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?
-
-    A: 晚上你有事兒嗎﹖跟我一起去看京劇﹐好嗎﹖
-        Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
-        opera!
-    B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。
-        I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.
-
-N.B. This pattern of A 跟 B (一起) is always placed /before/ the main
-verb in the sentence. Hence the following sentence, with English word
-order, is wrong:
-
-    我想去跟我男朋友一起。
-        I want to go together with my boyfriend.
-
-
-    Alternative Questions using 還是
-
-In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 to connect
-two choices, which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or
-clauses:
-
-    你喜歡紅茶還是綠茶﹖ (nouns)
-    這本書是你的還是她的﹖ (noun phrases)
-    下午你來還是不來﹖ (verbs)
-    你要聽古典音樂還是聽現代音樂﹖ (verb phrases)
-    今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ (clauses)
-
-Note:
-
- 1. the two items connected by 還是 are normally parallel in structure; and
-
- 2. as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
-    interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 at the end. 
-
-
-    Pivotal Sentences with 請, 讓, 叫
-
-In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal sentence is
-one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the
-subject of the following verb. This object therefore functions as a
-pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence.
-
-The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause
-something to happen) such as 請, 讓 or 叫. All three carry the meaning
-of asking somebody to do something. Of the three, 請 is the most polite;
-讓 is less so, and 叫 is the least polite. So watch out for the
-occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe:
-
-    學生請王老師介紹中國音樂。
-        The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
-    老師讓學生每天寫漢字。
-        The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
-    爸爸叫孩子學中文。
-        Dad asked his child to study Chinese.
-
-Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the
-Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of
-politeness.
-
-Note:
-
- 1. Besides the use of 請 above (meaning "to ask someone to do
-    something"), 請 can also be used to mean "to invite":
-
-        我們請他來吃晚飯。
-            We invited him to dinner.
-        你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖
-            Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?
-
- 2. To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 /before the
-    first verb/:
-
-        我的大夫不讓我喝酒。
-            My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.
-        他們不叫我去看電影。
-            They did not invite me to go to the pictures.
-
-
-    Word usage: 別 and 不要
-
-別 and 不要 both mean "do not". They can be used in negative
-/imperative/ sentences with or without a subject. They are placed
-between the subject (if present) and the verb or adjective:
-
-    (你) 別 (or 不要) 告訴他﹗
-    別喝酒﹗ 別去那兒﹗
-    不要吸煙﹗ 下午不要去﹗
-
-Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
-sentences. It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他走. One can say instead 爸爸不請
-他走.
-
-
-    Expressions for the date, week, month and year
-
- 1. 年, year
-     1. 去年 = last year; 今年 = this year; 明年 = next year
-
-     2. 一九九七年, 一九九八年, ...
-
-     3. 一年 = one year; 兩年 = two years (not 二年); 三年 = three years
-        每年 = every year; 五年半 = five-and-a-half years
-
- 2. 月, month
-     1. 上個月= last month; 這個月 = this month; 下個月 = next month
-
-     2. 一月 = January; 二月 = February (not 兩月); ... 二十月 = December
-
- 3. 星期, week
-     1. 上 (個) 星期 = last week; 這 (個) 星期 = this week; 下 (個) 星期
-        = next week
-
-     2. 星期一 = Monday; 星期二 = Tuesday; ... 星期六 = Saturday; 星期日
-        or 星期天 = Sunday
-
-     3. 一 (個) 星期 = one week; 兩 (個) 星期 = two weeks (not 二 (個)
-        星期); 三 (個) 星期 = three weeks; 四個半星期 = four-and-a-half
-        weeks; ... 每 (個) 星期 = every week
-
- 4. 日 / 號 / 天 date
-
-    Use 日 or 號 for a /specific/ date. Usually 日 is used in written
-    and formal language and 號 is used in conversation. The word 天
-    should be used in /counting/ the number of days:
-
-     1. 作天 = yesterday; 今天 = today; 明天 = tomorrow
-
-     2. 一號; 二號 (not 兩號); ... 三十一號
-        四月六號; 十月二十五日; ...
-
-     3. 一天 = one day; 兩天 = two days (not 二天); ... 半天 = half a
-        day; 每天 = every day
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
-    calendar date comes before the day of the week:
-
-        一九九六年十一月二十五號星期一
-        一七八九年七月十四日
-
- 2. Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month:
-
-        今年五月
-            the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
-        去年八月
-            the August of last year
-        明年二月
-            the February of next year
-
-        這 (個) 星期五
-            the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
-        上 (個) 星期一
-            the Monday of last week
-        下 (個) 星期四
-            the Thursday of next week
-
-    Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as
-    這個星期一, if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore
-    referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days,
-    and for months.
-
-
-    Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun
-
-Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a
-modified to form a relative clause:
-
- 1. Unlike in English, all modifiers go /before/ the element they modify
-    in Chinese:
-
-        他喝的水不很乾淨
-        這是我朋友送我的禮物
-
- 2. The word 的 has to be inserted between the modifier and the element
-    it modifies:
-
-        我下午看的電影很有意思。
-            The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
-        給你開門的那個人是我妹妹。
-            The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
-        跟他跳舞的姑娘是我的同學。
-            The girl who danced with him was my classmate.
-
-
-    Other grammar notes
-
- 1. Sentences with an adjectival predicate
-
-    The verb 是 is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence
-    where the main element of the predicate is an adjective:
-
-        我們今天很高興。
-        她的絲線衫太小。
-        那個服務員非常年輕。
-
-    In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
-    preceded by adverbs such as 真, 太, 非常 or 更, it is usually
-    qualified by the adverb 很. In such cases, 很 does not really mean
-    "very"; 他很忙 and 他忙 mean virtually the same.
-
-    Also, adverbs such as 很, 常, 也, 非常, 太 or 更 /cannot/ be used in
-    affirmative-negative sentences of this type:
-
-        你高興不高興﹖ but not 你很高興不很高興﹖
-        她年輕不年輕﹖ but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖
-        你去不去﹖ but not 你也去不去﹖
-
- 2. 祝你 vs 祝賀你
-
-    In general, 祝你 is used to extend well-wishes /in advance/ whereas
-    祝賀你 is used to congratulate someone on something /already
-    accomplished/:
-
-        祝你生日好﹗ (One can say this on the day, or in advance.)
-        祝賀你﹗ (Say this only when something has already been
-        accomplished.)
-
- 3. Reduplication of verbs
-
-    To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften
-    the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can
-    be repeated:
-
-        我給你們介紹介紹。 (Notice the pattern is ABAB, not AABB.)
-        你們想去看看她嗎﹖
-        讓我想想。
-
-    In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 can be inserted:
-
-        讓我想一想。
-        我們都想看一看她。
-
-    Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒
-    after the verb:
-
-        用一下兒 = 用用 = 用一用
-        看一下兒 = 看看 = 看一看
-        介紹一下兒 = 介紹介紹
-
-
-    Position words
-
-Words such as 上邊, 左邊, 前邊, 中間, 對面 are position words. Some of
-the basic syllables are:
-
- 	上 - up	 
-左 - left 	中 - middle	 右 - right
- 	下 - down	 
- 
-前 - front	 	 裡 - in
-後 - back	 	 外 - out
-
-Usually, add 邊 to make "on the left", "above", "outside" etc.
-
-Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:
-
- 1. Noun (+ 的) + position word:
-
-        車(的)外邊
-            outside the car
-        房子(的)後邊
-            behind the house
-        桌子(的)對面
-            opposite the table 
-
- 2. Position word + 的 + noun (here the 的 is /mandatory/).
-
-        外邊的車
-            the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
-        後邊的房子
-            the house behind (the house which is behind)
-        對面的桌子
-            the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the
-            way) 
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. When 上邊, 下邊, 裡邊 and 外邊 are modified by other nouns, the
-    character 邊 can be omitted:
-
-        房子(的)裡(邊)
-            inside the house
-        桌子(的)上(邊)
-            on the table
-        教室(的)外(邊)
-            outside the classroom
-
- 2. Do /not/ use 裡邊 in the following two cases:
-
-     1. After geographical names such as 中國, 北京 etc:
-
-            她在北京學習漢語。
-                She studies Chinese in Beijing.
-            but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。
-
-            美國有很多大學。
-                There are many universities in America.
-            but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。
-
-     2. In a phrase of the form "在 + place, building or organisation":
-
-            我在銀行工作。
-                I work in a bank.
-            but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。
-
-            他們在閱覽室看書。
-                They are reading books in the reading-room.
-            but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。
-
-
-    Patterns for Location
-
-There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在, 有
-and 是 respectively and with different meanings:
-
- 1. To show that there is something in a certain place: 有
-
-    Position word + 有 + indefinite noun:
-
-        後邊有什麼﹖
-            What is behind?
-        後邊有一個車房。
-            There is a garage behind.
-        我們家對面有一個公園。
-            Across from our home, there is a park. 
-
- 2. To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在
-
-    Definite noun + 在 + position word:
-
-        花園在哪兒﹖
-            Where is the garden?
-        花園在我們家後邊。
-            The garden is behind our house.
-        花園在車房 (的) 右邊。
-            The garden is to the right of the garage. 
-
- 3. To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是
-
-    Position word + 是 + definite/indefinite noun:
-
-        你們家後邊是什麼﹖
-            What's behind your house?
-        我們家後邊是一個花園。
-            Behind our house is a garden.
-        他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。
-            In front of their house is the college library. 
-
-
-    Progressive aspect of an action
-
-To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the
-following patterns:
-
-    她在休息。
-        She is resting.
-    她正休息。
-    她正在休息。
-
-    她休息呢。
-    她在休息呢。
-    她正休息呢。
-    她正在休息呢。
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted.
-
- 2. The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but
-    also to past and future actions:
-
-        她現在正在休息。
-            She is resting now. /present progressive/
-        我去的時候﹐她正在休息。
-            When I went there, she was resting. /past progressive/
-        我明天去看她的時候﹐她一定正在休息。
-            When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting.
-            /future progressive/ 
-
- 3. As shown above, either 在, 正 or 正在 can be placed before a verb to
-    indicate the progressive aspect of an action.
-
- 4. Alternatively, 呢 can be placed at the end of the sentence to
-    perform the same function. Sometimes 呢 can be used together with
-    在, 正 or 正在.
-
- 5. The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有,
-    not 不, before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 alone if it
-    is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer. Otherwise the
-    full form of 沒有 must be used:
-
-        她沒(有)休息﹐她在看報。
-        她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。(or simply 沒有)
-
- 6. If both the 在 of the progressive aspect and the 在 of location
-    exist in a sentence, only one should be used:
-
-        她正在房間里休息。
-        but not 她正在在房間里休息。
-
-
-    Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers
-
-An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as
-我給她打電話, 他今天買, 我們去北京參觀 can be used as a modifier for a
-noun. When used this way, there must be a 的 inserted between the
-construction and the noun it modifies:
-
-    我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃飯。
-        When I called her, she was eating.
-    他今天買的花兒很漂亮。
-        The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
-    請你們看我們去北京參觀的照片。
-        Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
-    這是誰給你寫的信﹖
-        Who wrote this letter to you? 
-
-The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the
-的, which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.
-
-
-    Word usage: 參觀 vs. 訪問
-
-Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English. However, while 參
-觀 implies 觀 (to see), 訪問 stresses 問 (to ask). Hence 參觀 really
-implies observation while visiting and 訪問 means to visit people with
-specific purpose such as interviews. 參觀 can be followed by places but
-not people; whereas 訪問 can take either, but most commonly people.
-
-    參觀/訪問學校
-    訪問他/這個國家的總統
-
-
-    Grammar Notes
-
- 1. Measure word 些
-
-    些 is a measure word showing indefinite quantity. It is usually used
-    after demonstrative pronouns such as 這, 那, 哪 and after the
-    numeral 一:
-
-        一些
-            some
-        這些
-            these
-        那些
-            those
-        哪些
-            which (plural)
-
-    Don't attempt to mix 些 with definite measures. It is wrong to say
-    這些三本詞典 (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這三本詞典.
-
- 2. 是 . . . 的 construction
-
-    Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
-    adjectives:
-
-        這本書是中文的。= 這本書中文的書。
-        那條裙子是妹妹的。= 那條裙子是妹妹的裙子。
-        姐姐的大衣是黑的。= 姐姐的大衣是黑的大衣。
-
-    But the 是 . . . 的 construction can also be used with prepositional
-    phrases and even whole verbal constructions:
-
-        那些點心是給丁雲的。= 那些點心是丁雲的點心。
-            Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
-        這束花兒是我給她買的。= 這束花兒我給她買的花兒。
-            This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
-        這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的。= 這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的書。
-            This book is the one I borrowed from the university library. 
-
-
-    The use of the Complement of Degree
-
-
-      What is a complement?
-
-A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain or
-complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
-duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of
-an action. Complements always appear *after* the verbs they modify.
-
-We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the words
-they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because Chinese
-word order often observes the time sequence in which an action occurs.
-Notice, for example:
-
-    昨天晚上我們從書店去電影院。
-        Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop. 
-
-Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
-Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a verbal
-action has to take place first, before one can see its extent or result,
-the complement placed after the verb observes this time sequence.
-
-
-      The complement of degree
-
-This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
-adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle 得
-is used to connect the verb and its complement:
-
-    他學習得怎麼樣﹖
-        How is he studying?
-    他學習得很好。
-        He's studying very well.
-
-The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
-
- 1. Verb without object: V + 得 + adjective
-
-        你工作得不錯。
-
- 2. Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 + adjective
-
-        我妹妹唱民歌唱得很好。
-
- 3. Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 + adjective
-
-        他們中文學得很好。
-
-Place 不 /before the adjective/ to make the negative:
-
- 4. V + 得 + 不 + adjective
-
-        她歌唱得不好﹐ 舞也跳得不好。
-
-Questions are formed as follows:
-
- 1. . . . 得 adjective 不 adjective?
-
-        你開車開得快不快﹖
-
- 2. . . . 得怎麼樣﹖
-
-        你中文學得怎麼樣﹖
-
- 3. . . . 得 adjective 嗎﹖
-
-        你游泳游得好嗎﹖
-
-Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as 有,
-在 or 是, since those verbs normally do not denote actions.
-
-
-    The difference between 呢 and 吧 as sentence-ending particles
-
-Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end of a
-question. However, they differ in usage.
-
-
-      In questions
-
-呢 is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry. It may appear in
-questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 or 哪兒;
-affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖好吃不好吃呢﹖; or
-alternative questions with 還是, such as 吃面包還是火腿呢﹖
-
-吧, on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate
-a mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker: 在這兒
-停車吧﹖ 你不知道吧﹖
-
-
-      In affirmative statements
-
-呢 in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an action
-(e.g. 她學中文呢), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration
-(e.g. 晚上電影九點才開始呢。 從這兒去要走三天呢。)
-
-吧 is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften the
-tone, as in 我們走吧。 你再想想吧。
-
-
-    The use of optative verbs
-
-Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
-express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
-
- 1. To express /subjective wish/, /desire/ or /request/:
-
-     1. 要 + verb = to want to
-
-            我要喝橘子水。
-
-     2. 想 + verb = would like to
-
-            你想看電影嗎﹖
-
- 2. To express /objective necessity/:
-
-     1. 要 + verb = to have to (especially in questions)
-
-            我明天要來嗎﹖
-                Do I have to come tomorrow?
-            我們要去了。
-                We have to go. 
-
-     2. 不用 + verb = don't have to
-
-            你明天不用來。
-                You don't have to come tomorrow.
-
- 3. To express /ability/ or /skill acquired/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你現在能看中文報紙嗎﹖
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖
-
-     3. 會 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            他們都會游泳嗎﹖
-
- 4. To express /ability depending on circumstances/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你明天能來嗎﹖
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你今天晚上可以1給他打電話嗎﹖
-
-    Note, in both cases use 不能 for negative sentences.
-
- 5. To express /permission/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我能在這兒停車嗎﹖
-            你不能 (or 不可以) 在這兒停車。
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖
-            你不可以 (or 不能) 在這兒吸煙。
-
- 6. To express /possibility/ or /probability/:
-
-     1. 會 + verb = be likely to, will probably
-
-            你明天會再來嗎﹖
-            今天晚上不會下雨。 
-
- 7. To express /need arising from moral or factual necessity/:
-
-     1. 應該 + verb = should, ought to
-
-            你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。
-            他們不應該翻譯那本書。
-
-Note:
-
- 1. To make a negation, put the negative word 不 or 沒有 before the
-    optative verb:
-
-        他們不想給圖書館打電話。
-
- 2. To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
-    verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
-
-        你會不會唱中國民歌﹖
-        but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖
-
- 3. It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
-
-        你是北京人﹐應該會唱京劇。
-
-
-    The use of adverbs 就 and 才
-
-就 and 才 are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's
-attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier
-(就) or later (才) than expected:
-
-    他們三點就來了﹐可是你們現在才來。
-        They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
-    我們是老朋友﹐我們十年前就認識了。
-        We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as
-        ten years ago.
-    她不是我的同學﹐我上個星期才認識她。
-        She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago. 
-
-Compare the following sentences:
-
-    今年我們就想去中國學習。
-        (The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon
-        as this year.)
-    今年我們才想去中國學習。
-        (The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
-        they should have gone earlier.) 
-
-As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
-sentence, 就 and 才 should be placed after it; when there is an optative
-verb, on the other hand, 就 and 才 should be placed before it. Here is
-the pattern:
-
-    Time-word + 就/才 + optative verb + main verb
-    她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。
-    他們今天下午三點就能出發﹐我們要晚上八點才能走。
-
-
-    Word usage: 或者, 還是
-
-Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but
-they differ in usage: in general, 或者 is used in non-interrogative
-sentences to indicate a choice:
-
-    我妹妹想研究音樂或者文學。
-
-還是, on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
-questions:
-
-    你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖
-
-It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as 知道, 告訴
-etc:
-
-請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖
-我不知道她是老師還是學生。
-
-In cases in which both 或者 and 還是 can appear in questions, there are
-some subtle differences in their anticipations and tones:
-
-     1. A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖
-        B: 我想去中國。
-
-     2. A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖
-        B: 我想去﹐我兩個地方都想去。
-
-In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice
-from the answer. The two terms with 還是 are mutually exclusive. In
-dialogue 2, the question is a general one using 嗎 at the end. It does
-not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B can give a general
-answer: 我想去 -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought:
-我兩個地方都想去. The two items with 或者 in the question are therefore
-not mutually exclusive.
-
-Sometimes, however, 還是 can also be used in a non-interrogative
-sentence. For instance:
-
-    去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一時(??)不定主意。
-
-Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
-compelling 他 to make a choice. In contrast, 或者 in this case can only
-convey a sort of explanatory note:
-
-    你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一定要作決定。 (interrogative)
-    或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其他選擇。 (explanatory)
-
-
-    了解, 知道, 認識 and 懂
-
-The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
-
-Both 了解 and 知道 can mean "to know". However, 了解 implies some level
-of understanding and comprehension of what one knows. Therefore 了解 can
-be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道. Compare:
-
-    你了解 (or 知道) 這個學校嗎﹖
-    我不知道他是誰的孩子。(Here one can not use 了解.)
-
-認識 is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not
-others. It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability.
-
-    A: 哦﹐我認識她﹗
-        Oh, I know her!
-    B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖
-        Where did you get to know her? 
-
-懂, on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its
-definition is not as broad as that of 了解 (to know and understand) and
-is different from that of 知道 (to know).
-
-    1. 你懂他說的漢語嗎﹖
-    2. 你知道他叫甚麼名字嗎﹖
-    3. 你了解他嗎﹖
-
-Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him
-than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than
-sentence 1.
-
-
-    The use of the Perfect Aspect
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The aspect particle 了 is added to the end of a verb to indicate the
-completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is
-equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future
-perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place in
-the past or in the future. For instance:
-
-    A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖
-    B: 我下了課去圖書館。
-
-On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
-particle 了, if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there
-is no need to emphasise its completion:
-
-    去年他常常去書店。
-    以前我住在學生宿舍。
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 (+ object)
-        e.g. 電影開始了。 我買了兩本書。
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒(有) + verb (+ object)
-        or subject + 還沒(有) + verb (+ 呢)
-        e.g. 我沒有買書。 電影還沒開始呢。
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 (+ object) + 沒有﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is
-        usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ 她來了嗎﹖ 你們談沒談這個問題﹖
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence,
-    the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral +
-    measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the sentence sounds
-    incomplete:
-
-        我買了三本書。
-        我在書店里買了書。
-        but not simply 我買了書。
-
- 2. If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
-    those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 is
-    usually placed after the /last/ verb.
-
-        a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。
-        b. 他們昨天進城買了一些中文詞典。
-
-    In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is
-    written by using Chinese; in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related
-    to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to
-    buy the dictionaries. Compare the above sentences with the
-    following, with a different structure:
-
-        我下了課去圖書館。
-
-    Here "class is over" (下課) and "go to the library" are unrelated.
-    They are contained in the sentence simply to indicate their
-    sequence. Hence it is wrong to say
-
-        我下課去了圖書館。
-
- 3. When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 is
-    placed /before/ the reduplicated verb:
-
-        我試了試那條裙子﹐真漂亮﹗
-
-
-    又, 再 and 還
-
-All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like
-the English "again". They differ in usage, however:
-
-Whereas 又 indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken
-place, 再 implies a repetition of an action in the future. Also, 再 is
-only used in /declarative/ sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎:
-
-    昨天他來晚了﹐今天他又來晚了。
-        (repetition in the past)
-    你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進來了。
-        (repetition in the future)
-    你再喝一點兒橘子水﹐好嗎﹖
-
-Also, 又 can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or
-occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place:
-
-    明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。
-    新年又要來了。
-
-還, on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
-
-    你明天還來嗎﹖
-
-It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an
-optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb
-and an optional 再 can be placed after:
-
-    A: 你明年還能(再)教我們嗎﹖
-    B: 我明年還可以(再)教你們。
-
-
-    Use of the modal particle 了
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The modal particle 了 is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate
-that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference
-between 了 as modal particle and 了 to indicate perfect aspect is that
-the latter only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former
-shows the completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some
-/change of situation/.
-
-    他買了書了。
-
-The first 了 in the sentence above indicates only the completion of the
-action of 買書, whereas the second 了 marks some change of situation on
-the part of 他 as a result of the completion of the book-buying process:
-originally he did not have the book, but now he has.
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
-(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
-previous section.)
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb (+ object) + 了
-        e.g. 他們看足球賽了。
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒 (有) + verb (+ object)
-        e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖
-        or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb + object﹖ (here the verb is
-        usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖
-        他們看足球賽了嗎﹖
-        他們看沒看足球賽﹖
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the perfect
-    aspect 了 from the modal particle 了. In such a case, 了 can be
-    regarded as fulfilling both functions:
-
-        她來了。 我們懂了。
-
- 2. A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
-    require a 了 at the end of the sentence:
-
-        我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出去。
-
-
-    Sequential actions
-
-To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
-other, we use the pattern
-
-    Subject + verb + 了 (以後) 就 + verb ...
-    e.g. 我們辦了簽証(以後)就回家。
-    明天吃了早飯(以後)我們就出發。
-
-The above pattern can be used for /future/ actions as well. To indicate
-that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 has to be
-inserted at the end of the sentence:
-
-    我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。
-    他們早上沒吃早飯就走了。
-
-
-*Word list*
-	
-嗎 	ma3 / ma5	 	morphine / (question tag)
-你好 	ni3hao3	 	hello, how are you
-你 	ni3	 	you
-呢 	ne5 / ni2	 	(question particle) / woolen material
-我 	wo3	 	I, me, myself
-很好 	hen3hao3	 	well
-忙 	mang2	 	busy
-不忙 	bu4mang2	 	theres no hurry, take ones time
-很 	hen3	 	very, extremely
-也 	ye3	 	also, too
-都 	dou1 / du1	 	all, both (if two things are involved), entirely (due
-to)each, even, already / (surname), metropolis, capital city
-好 	hao3 / hao4	 	good, well / be fond of
-我們 	wo3men5	 	we, us, ourselves
-他們 	ta1men5	 	they
-他們都 	ta1men5dou1	 	all of them
-不 	bu4	 	(negative prefix), not, no
-不是 	bu2shi4	 	(n) blame or fault
-大夫 	dai4fu5	 	doctor
-是 	shi4	 	is, are, am, yes, to be
-的 	de5 / di2 / di4	 	(possessive particle), of / really and truly /
-aim, clear
-我的 	wo3de5	 	my, mine
-書 	shu1	 	book, letter
-媽媽 	ma1ma5	 	mama, mommy
-車 	che1 / ju1	 	car, a vehicle, machine, to shape with a lathe /
-vehicle on land
-弟弟 	di4di5	 	younger brother
-爸爸 	ba4ba5	 	(informal) father
-他 	ta1	 	he, him
-朋友 	peng2you5	 	friend
-她 	ta1	 	she
-哥哥 	ge1ge5	 	older brother
-誰 	shei2 / shui2	 	who / who
-哪 	na3 / na5 / nei3 / nei3	 	how, which / (final part. preceded by N) /
-which (followed by M or Num) / which (followed by M or Num)
-什 	shi2	 	tenth
-麼 	me5 / mo2	 	(interrog. suff.) / dimi.
-老師 	lao3shi1	 	teacher
-你們 	ni3men5	 	you (plural)
-中國人 	zhong1guo2ren2	 	Chinese person, Chinese people
-國 	guo2	 	country, state, nation
-人 	ren2	 	man, person, people
-這 	zhe4 / zhei4	 	this, these / this, these
-中國 	zhong1guo2	 	China, Chinese
-地圖 	di4tu2	 	map
-那 	na3 / na4 / nei4	 	how, which / that, those / that, those
-您 	nin2	 	you (formal)
-貴姓 	gui4xing4	 	what is your name?
-姓 	xing4	 	surname, family name, name
-丁 	ding1	 	(surname), 4th heavenly stem, a Chinese surname
-叫 	jiao4	 	to (be) call(ed)
-請問 	qing3wen4	 	may I ask...
-學習 	xue2xi2	 	to learn, to study
-學 	xue2	 	learn, study, science, -ology
-習 	xi2	 	to practice, to study, habit
-漢語 	han4yu3	 	Chinese language
-法語 	fa3yu3	 	French (language)
-不學 	bu4xue2wu2shu4	 	have neither learning nor skill, be ignorant and
-incompetent
-在 	zai4	 	(located) at, in, exist
-哪兒 	na3er5	 	where
-那兒 	nar3 / nar4	 	where / there
-古波 	gu3bo1	 	Gubo (a personal name)
-不在 	bu4zai4	 	not be in, be out
-學生 	xue2sheng5	 	student
-宿舍 	su4she4	 	dormitory, living quarters
-這兒 	zher4	 	here
-住 	zhu4	 	to live, to dwell, to reside, to stop
-學? /  	xue2yuan4	 	college, educational institute, school, faculty
-? /  	si4	 	four
-層 	ceng2	 	a measure word for layers, laminated, repeated, floor, story
-(of a building), layer
-二 	er4	 	two
-三 	san1	 	three
-號 	hao2 / hao4	 	roar, cry / day of a month, (suffix used after) name
-of a ship, (ordinal) number
-在這 	zai4zhe4qi1jian1	 	during time, in this time
-兒 	er2 / er5	 	son / non-syllabic dimi. suff.
-一 	yi1	 	one, single, a(n)
-五 	wu3	 	five, 5
-二號 	er4hao4	 	2nd day of the month
-還 	hai2 / huan2	 	also, in addition, more, still, else, still, yet,
-(not) yet / (surname), pay back, return
-畫報 	hua4bao4	 	pictorial (magazine)
-云 	yun2	 	say
-日本 	ri4ben3	 	Japan, Japanese
-用 	yong4	 	to use
-一下兒 	yi2xiar4	 	a little bit, a little while
-現在 	xian4zai4	 	modern, current, present, at present, now, nowadays
-去 	qu4	 	to go, to leave, to remove
-常 	chang2	 	always, ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant
-常常 	chang2chang2	 	frequently, usually, often
-喝 	he1 / he4	 	my goodness, to drink / shout applause
-茶 	cha2	 	tea, tea plant
-看 	kan1 / kan4	 	to look after, to take care of, to watch, to guard /
-it depends, think, to see, to look at
-是不是 	shi4bu4shi4	 	is or isnt, yes or no, whether or not
-認識 	ren4shi5	 	be acquainted with (a person), to know, to be familiar
-with, to recognize
-介紹 	jie4shao4	 	to present, introduction, to introduce
-咖啡 	ka1fei1	 	coffee
-商店 	shang1dian4	 	store, shop
-買 	mai3	 	buy
-紙 	zhi3	 	paper
-歡迎 	huan1ying2	 	to welcome, welcome
-來 	lai2	 	to come
-不歡 	bu4huan1er2san4	 	part on bad terms, (of a meeting, etc, ) break
-up in discord
-迎 	ying2	 	to welcome
-和 	he2 / he4 / huo2 / huo4	 	and, together with, with, peace, harmony,
-union / cap (a poem), respond in singing / soft, warm / mix together, to
-blend
-美國 	mei3guo2	 	America, American, United States, USA
-英語 	ying1yu3	 	English (language)
-有 	you3	 	to have, there is, there are, to exist, to be
-詞典 	ci2dian3	 	dictionary
-多 	duo1	 	many, much, a lot of, numerous, multi-
-外國 	wai4guo2	 	foreign (country)
-沒 	mei2 / mo4	 	(negative prefix for verbs), have not, not / drowned,
-to end, to die, to inundate
-沒有 	mei2you3	 	havent, hasnt, doesnt exist, to not have, to not be
-姐姐 	jie3jie5	 	older sister
-筆 	bi3	 	pen, pencil, writing brush, to write or compose, the strokes
-of Chinese characters
-妹妹 	mei4mei4 / mei4mei5	 	(informal) younger sister / younger sister
-沒有人 	mei2you3ren2	 	nobody
-有人 	you3ren2qing2	 	humane
-給 	gei3 / ji3	 	to, for, for the benefit of, to give, to allow, to do
-sth (for sb), (passive particle) / to supply, provide
-銀行 	yin2hang2	 	bank
-工作 	gong1zuo4	 	job, work, construction, work, task
-信 	xin4	 	letter, true, to believe, sign, evidence
-寫信 	xie3xin4	 	to write a letter
-想 	xiang3	 	to think, to believe, to suppose, to wish, to want, to miss
-丁雲 	ding1yun2	 	Ding Yun (a personal name)
-想家 	xiang3jia1	 	homesick
-男朋友 	nan2peng2you5	 	male friend, boyfriend
-告訴 	gao4su5	 	to tell, to inform, to let know
-好朋友 	hao3peng2you5	 	good friend
-請 	qing3	 	to ask, to invite, please (do sth), to treat (to a meal,
-etc), to request
-零 	ling2	 	remnant, zero
-六 	liu4	 	six
-七 	qi1	 	seven, 7
-八 	ba1	 	eight, 8
-九 	jiu3	 	nine, 9
-十 	shi2	 	ten
-十一 	shi2yi1	 	eleven
-十二 	shi2er4	 	12, twelve
-十九 	shi2jiu3	 	nineteen
-二十 	er4shi2	 	twenty, 20
-二十一 	er4shi2yi1	 	twenty-one
-二十八 	er4shi2ba1hao4	 	28th day of the month
-三十 	san1shi2	 	thirty, 30
-? / 十 	si4shi2	 	forty, 40
-九十 	jiu3shi2	 	ninety
-一百 	yi1bai3	 	a hundred
-三百 	san1bai3	 	three hundred
-二十七 	er4shi2qi1	 	twenty-seven
-百 	bai3	 	hundred
-一千 	yi1qian1	 	one thousand
-一千零 	yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4	 	105 billion
-五千 	wu3qian1dun1	 	5000 tons
-八千 	ba1qian1	 	eight thousand, 8000
-七百 	qi1bai3wan4	 	seven million
-二十五 	er4shi2wu3	 	twenty five
-一萬 	yi1wan4	 	ten thousand
-萬 	wan4	 	(surname), ten thousand, a great number
-一億 	yi1yi4	 	1 00 million
-十五 	shi2wu3	 	fifteen
-三千 	san1qian1wu3bai3	 	3 500
-幾 	ji1 / ji3	 	almost / how much, how many, several, a few
-本 	ben3	 	roots or stems of plants, origin, source, this, the current,
-root, foundation, basis, (a measure word)
-個 	ge4	 	(a measure word), individual
-那個 	nei4ge4	 	that one
-哪個 	na3ge5	 	which, who
-圖書館 	tu2shu1guan3	 	library
-多少 	duo1shao3	 	how much, how many, which (number)
-大學 	da4xue2	 	university
-家 	jia1	 	-ist, -er, -ian, home, family, a person engaged in a certain
-art or profession
-幾個 	ji3ge5	 	several
-王 	wang2	 	king, Wang (proper name)
-教 	jiao1 / jiao4	 	teach / religion, teaching
-語法 	yu3fa3	 	grammar
-問 	wen4	 	to ask
-寫 	xie3	 	to write
-封 	feng1	 	to confer, to grant, to seal, (a measure word)
-新書 	xin1shu1	 	new book
-新 	xin1	 	meso- (chem.), new, newly
-有一 	you3yi1xie1	 	somewhat, rather
-問題 	wen4ti2	 	problem, issue, topic
-漢字 	han4zi4	 	Chinese character
-口語 	kou3yu3	 	spoken language
-條 	tiao2	 	measure word for long, thin things (i.e. ribbon, river,
-etc.), a strip, item, article
-裙子 	qun2zi5	 	skirt
-白 	bai2	 	white, snowy, empty, blank, bright, clear, plain, pure,
-gratuitous
-從 	cong1 / cong2 / zong4	 	lax, yielding, unhurried / from, obey,
-observe, follow / second cousin
-晚上 	wan3shang5	 	in the evening
-劇場 	ju4chang3	 	theater
-找 	zhao3	 	to try to find, to look for, to call on (sb), to find, to
-seek, to return, to look for
-太 	tai4	 	highest, greatest, too (much), very, extremely
-了 	le5 / liao3	 	(modal particle intensifying preceding clause), (past
-tense marker) / to know, to understand, to know
-太忙 	tai4mang2	 	too busy
-大 	da4 / dai4	 	big, huge, large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest,
-eldest / doctor
-太好了 	tai4hao3le5	 	very good
-兩 	liang3	 	both, two, ounce, some, a few, tael
-兩個 	liang3ge4zhong1guo2	 	two-China (policy)
-增加 	zeng1jia1	 	to raise, to increase
-倍 	bei4	 	(two, three, etc) -fold, times (multiplier), double, to
-increase or multiply
-兩次 	liang3ci4	 	twice
-二十二 	er4shi2er4hao4	 	22nd day of a month
-二次 	er4ci4da4zhan4	 	World War Two
-個人 	ge4ren2	 	individual, personal, oneself
-六十 	liu4shi2	 	sixty, 60
-元 	yuan2	 	(dynasty), dollar, primary, first
-二百 	er4bai3	 	two hundred, 200
-五十 	wu3shi2	 	fifty
-兩百 	liang3bai3	 	two hundred
-千 	qian1	 	thousand
-億 	yi4	 	a hundred million, calculate
-兩千 	liang3qian1	 	two thousand
-人口 	ren2kou3	 	population
-千萬 	qian1wan4	 	ten million, millions and millions, very many
-三萬 	san1wan4	 	30 thousand
-點 	dian3	 	(downwards-right convex character stroke), oclock, (a
-measure word), point, dot, (decimal) point)
-兩點 	liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1	 	2 :1 9 (time of day)
-半 	ban4	 	half, semi-, incomplete, (after a number) and a half, half
-分 	fen1 / fen4	 	to divide, minute, (a measure word), (a unit of length
-= 0.33 centimeter) / part
-刻 	ke4	 	quarter (hour), (a measure word), to carve, to engrave, to
-cut, oppressive
-五分 	wu3fen1mei3jin1	 	nickel
-差 	cha1 / cha4 / chai1 / ci1	 	difference, error, discrepancy, to
-differ, to err, to make a mistake, to lack / different, short of, poor,
-to lack / send, a messenger, a mission, to commission / uneven
-六點 	liu4dian3liu4	 	6.6
-七點 	qi1dian3er4	 	7.2
-三十五 	san1shi2wu3yi4	 	3.5 billion
-八分 	ba1fen1yin1fu2	 	quaver, eighth note
-三分 	san1fen1zhi1yi1	 	one third
-今天 	jin1tian1	 	today, at the present, now
-上午 	shang4wu3	 	morning
-這個 	zhe4ge4	 	this
-每天 	mei3tian1	 	every day, everyday
-下午 	xia4wu3	 	afternoon
-每 	mei3	 	each, every
-上 	shang4	 	on, on top, upon, first (of two parts), previous or last
-(week, etc.), upper, higher, above, previous, to climb, to go into,
-above, to go up
-中文 	zhong1wen2	 	Chinese language
-課 	ke4 / ke4	 	subject, class, lesson / class, lesson
-下課 	xia4ke4	 	class is over
-等 	deng3	 	class, rank, grade, equal to, same as, wait for, await, et
-cetera, and so on
-明天 	ming2tian1	 	tomorrow
-上課 	shang4ke4	 	to attend class
-電影 	dian4ying3	 	movie, film
-中午 	zhong1wu3	 	noon, midday
-報 	bao4	 	to announce, to inform, report, newspaper, recompense, revenge
-昨天 	zuo2tian1	 	yesterday
-以前 	yi3qian2	 	before, formerly, previous
-以後 	yi3hou4	 	after, later, afterwards, following, later on, in the future
-不住 	bu2zhu4	 	repeatedly, continuously, constantly
-住宿 	zhu4su4	 	lodging
-舍 	she3 / she4	 	to abandon, to give up / residence
-回家 	hui2jia1	 	homeward
-閱覽室 	yue4lan3shi4	 	reading room
-美國以 	mei3guo2yi3wai4	 	outside of the U.S.
-後 	hou4	 	back, behind, rear, afterwards, after, later
-半以 	ban4yi3shang4	 	more than half
-作 	zuo4	 	to regard as, to take (somebody) for, to do, to make
-回 	hui2	 	(a measure word for matters or actions) a time, to circle, to
-go back, to turn around, to answer, to return, to revolve
-跟 	gen1	 	to follow, to go with, heel, with, and
-一起 	yi4qi3	 	together
-事兒 	shir4	 	business, thing
-京劇 	jing1ju4	 	Beijing opera
-還是 	hai2shi4	 	or, still, nevertheless
-喜歡 	xi3huan5	 	to like, to be fond of
-紅茶 	hong2cha2	 	black tea
-綠茶 	lu:4cha2	 	green tea
-要 	yao1 / yao4	 	demand, ask, request, coerce / important, vital, to
-want, to be going to, must
-聽 	ting1 / ting4	 	listen, hear, obey / let, allow
-古典音樂 	gu3dian3yin1yue4	 	classical music
-現代音樂 	xian4dai4yin1yue4	 	modern music, contemporary music
-讓 	rang4	 	to ask, to let, permit, have (someone do something), to
-yield, to allow
-音樂 	yin1yue4	 	music
-孩子 	hai2zi5	 	child
-吃 	chi1 / ji2	 	eat, eradicate, destroy, receive / stammer
-晚飯 	wan3fan4	 	supper
-酒 	jiu3	 	wine, liquor, spirits
-別 	bie2 / bie4	 	leave, depart, separate, distinguish, classify, other,
-another, do not, must not, to pin / contrary, difficult, awkward
-不要 	bu4yao4	 	dont!, must not
-吸煙 	xi1yan1	 	to smoke
-走 	zou3	 	to walk, to go, to move
-年 	nian2	 	year
-去年 	qu4nian2	 	last year
-今年 	jin1nian2	 	this year
-明年 	ming2nian2	 	next year
-一九九七 	yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2	 	the year 1997
-一九九 	yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2	 	the year 1997
-八年 	ba1nian2	 	eight years
-一年 	yi1nian2ban4	 	a year and a half
-三年 	san1nian2	 	three years
-每年 	mei3nian2	 	every year, each year, yearly
-五年 	wu3nian2ji4hua4	 	Five-Year Plan
-月 	yue4	 	moon, month
-上個月 	shang4ge4yue4	 	last month
-這個月 	zhei4ge4yue4	 	this (current) month
-下個月 	xia4ge4yue4	 	next month
-一月 	yi1yue4	 	first month, January
-二月 	er4yue4	 	February, second month
-星期 	xing1qi1	 	week
-下 	xia4	 	under, second (of two parts), next (week, etc.), lower,
-below, underneath, down(wards), to decline, to go down, latter
-星期一 	xing1qi1yi1	 	Monday
-星期二 	xing1qi1er4	 	Tuesday
-星期六 	xing1qi1liu4	 	Saturday
-星期日 	xing1qi1ri4	 	Sunday
-星期天 	xing1qi1tian1	 	Sunday
-? / 個 	si4ge4xiao3shi2	 	four hours
-日 	ri4	 	Japan, day, sun, date, day of the month
-天 	tian1	 	day, sky, heaven
-一號 	yi1hao4	 	first day of the month
-? / 月 	si4yue4	 	April, fourth month
-六號 	liu4hao4	 	6th day of the month
-十月 	shi2yue4	 	October
-一天 	yi1tian1	 	one day
-半天 	ban4tian1	 	half of the day, a long time, quite a while
-十一月 	shi2yi1yue4	 	eleventh month, November
-八九 	ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2	 	pretty close, very near, about right
-七月 	qi1yue4	 	July, seventh month
-十? /  	shi2si4	 	fourteen, 14
-五月 	wu3yue4	 	May, fifth month
-八月 	ba1yue4	 	eighth month, August
-星期五 	xing1qi1wu3	 	Friday
-星期? /  	xing1qi1si4	 	Thursday
-水 	shui3	 	water, river
-不很 	bu4hen3	 	not very
-乾淨 	gan1jing4	 	clean, neat
-送 	song4	 	to deliver, to carry, to give (as a present), to present
-(with), to see off, to send
-禮物 	li3wu4	 	gift, present
-有意思 	you3yi4si5	 	interesting
-開門 	kai1men2	 	open (the) door
-跳舞 	tiao4wu3	 	to dance
-姑娘 	gu1niang5	 	girl
-同學 	tong2xue2	 	(fellow) classmate
-高興 	gao1xing4	 	happy, glad, willing (to do sth), in a cheerful mood
-絲 	si1	 	silk, thread, trace
-線 	xian4	 	thread, string, wire, line
-衫 	shan1	 	Chinese gown (unlined)
-小 	xiao3	 	small, tiny, few, young
-服務員 	fu2wu4yuan2	 	waiter, waitress, server
-非常 	fei1chang2	 	unusual, extraordinary, extreme, very, exceptional
-年輕 	nian2qing1	 	young
-真 	zhen1	 	real, true, genuine
-更 	geng1 / geng4	 	to change / more, even more, further, still, still more
-祝 	zhu4	 	invoke, pray to, wish, to express good wishes
-祝賀 	zhu4he4	 	to congratulate, congratulations
-生日 	sheng1ri4	 	birthday
-上邊 	shang4bian5	 	upside
-左邊 	zuo3bian1	 	left
-前邊 	qian2bian1	 	(n) the area in front of sth
-中間 	zhong1jian4	 	betwixt, intermediate, mid, middle
-對面 	dui4mian4	 	opposite
-左 	zuo3	 	left
-中 	zhong1 / zhong4	 	within, among, in, middle, center, while (doing
-sth), during, China, Chinese / hit (the mark)
-右 	you4	 	right (-hand)
-前 	qian2	 	before, in front, ago, former, previous, earlier, front
-裡 	li3	 	li, a Chinese unit of length = 1, 2 kilometer, village,
-within, inside
-外 	wai4	 	outside, in addition, foreign, external
-邊 	bian1	 	side, edge, margin, border, boundary
-外邊 	wai4bian5	 	(n) outside, (n) exterior surface, (n) place other
-than ones home town
-房子 	fang2zi5	 	house
-後邊 	hou4bian1	 	behind
-桌子 	zhuo1zi5	 	table, desk
-下邊 	xia4bian1	 	(n) under
-教室 	jiao4shi4	 	classroom
-北京 	bei3jing1	 	Beijing (capital of mainland China)
-很多 	hen3duo1	 	very many, very much, great (quantity)
-房 	fang2	 	house
-公園 	gong1yuan2	 	a public park
-花園 	hua1yuan2	 	garden
-在車 	zai4che1	 	aboard
-右邊 	you4bian1	 	right (as opposed to left)
-一個 	yi1ge4	 	a, an
-休息 	xiu1xi5	 	rest, to rest
-正 	zheng1 / zheng4	 	Chinese 1st month of year / just (right), main,
-upright, straight, correct, principle
-正在 	zheng4zai4	 	in the process of (doing something or happening),
-while (doing)
-的時候 	de5shi2hou4	 	when, during, at the time of
-一定 	yi1ding4	 	surely, certainly, necessarily, fixed, a certain
-(extent, etc.), given, particular
-房間 	fang2jian1	 	room
-里 	li3	 	Chinese mile, neighborhood
-打電話 	da3dian4hua4	 	to make a telephone call
-參觀 	can1guan1	 	to look around, to inspect, visit and observe
-吃飯 	chi1fan4	 	to eat a meal
-花兒 	huar1	 	flower
-漂亮 	piao4liang5	 	pretty, beautiful
-照片 	zhao4pian4	 	photograph, picture
-訪問 	fang3wen4	 	pay a visit (to), to access, to interview
-觀 	guan1 / guan4	 	to look at, to watch, to observe, to behold / Taoist
-monastery
-學校 	xue2xiao4	 	school
-國家 	guo2jia1	 	country, nation
-總統 	zong3tong3	 	president (of a country)
-些 	xie1	 	some, few, several, (a measure word)
-一些 	yi1xie1	 	some, a few, a little
-這些 	zhe4xie5	 	these
-那些 	na4xie1	 	those
-哪些 	na3xie1	 	which, who, what
-大衣 	da4yi1	 	overcoat, topcoat, cloak
-黑 	hei1	 	black, dark
-點心 	dian3xin1	 	light refreshments, pastry
-束 	shu4	 	bunch, (a measure word), to bind, to control
-在大 	zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4	 	in most instances
-借 	jie4	 	to lend, to borrow, excuse, pretext, by means of
-書店 	shu1dian4	 	bookstore
-電影? /  	dian4ying3yuan4	 	cinema, movie theater
-得 	de2 / de5 / dei3	 	obtain, get, gain, proper, suitable, proud,
-contented, allow, permit, ready, finished / a sentence particle used
-after a verb to show effect, degree or possibility / to have to, must,
-ought to, to need to
-怎麼樣 	zen3me5yang4	 	how about, (used in the negative)(not) so good
-得很 	de5hen3	 	very (much, good etc.)
-得不 	de2bu4dao4	 	cannot get, cannot obtain
-錯 	cuo4	 	mistake, error, blunder, fault, cross, uneven, wrong
-唱 	chang4	 	sing, to call loudly, to chant
-民歌 	min2ge1	 	folk song
-歌唱 	ge1chang4	 	sing
-舞 	wu3	 	to dance, to wield, to brandish
-跳 	tiao4	 	jump, hop, skip (a grade), to leap, to bounce, to beat
-開車 	kai1che1	 	to drive a car
-開 	kai1	 	open, operate (vehicle), start
-快 	kuai4	 	fast, quick, swift
-不快 	bu4kuai4	 	be unhappy, be displeased, be in low spirits, be
-indisposed, feel under the weather, be out of sorts
-游泳 	you2yong3	 	swim
-游 	you2	 	to walk, to tour, to roam, to swim, to travel
-吧 	ba1 / ba5	 	(onomat.), dumb / (modal particle indicating polite
-suggestion), ...right?, ...OK?
-好吃 	hao3chi1	 	tasty, delicious
-不好 	bu4hao3	 	no good
-面 	mian4	 	fade, side, surface, aspect, top, face, flour, noodles
-包 	bao1	 	to cover, to wrap, to hold, to include, to take charge of,
-package, wrapper, container, bag, to hold or embrace, bundle, packet, to
-contract (to or for)
-火腿 	huo3tui3	 	ham
-停車 	ting2che1	 	to stop, to park
-不知 	bu4zhi1	 	unknowing(ly)
-道 	dao4	 	direction, way, method, road, path, principle, truth, reason,
-skill, method, Tao (of Taoism), a measure word, to say, to speak, to talk
-才 	cai2	 	ability, talent, endowment, gift, an expert, only (then),
-only if, just
-開始 	kai1shi3	 	begin, beginning, start, initial
-三天 	san1tian1	 	three days
-再 	zai4	 	again, once more, re-, second, another
-橘子 	ju2zi5	 	orange
-不用 	bu4yong4	 	need not
-能 	neng2	 	can, may, capable, energy, able
-報紙 	bao4zhi3	 	newspaper, newsprint
-可以 	ke3yi3	 	can, may, possible, able to
-? /  	hui4 / kuai4	 	can, be possible, be able to, to assemble, to meet,
-to gather, to see, union, group, association / to balance an account,
-accounting
-不能 	bu4neng2	 	cannot, must not, should not
-不可 	bu4ke3	 	cannot, should not, must not
-以 	yi3	 	to use, according to, so as to, in order to, by, with, because
-不? /  	bu4hui4	 	improbable, unlikely, will not (act, happen, etc, ),
-have not learned to, be unable to
-下雨 	xia4yu3	 	rainy
-應該 	ying1gai1	 	ought to, should, must
-翻譯 	fan1yi4	 	translate
-? / 不? /  	hui4bu4hui4	 	(posing a question: whether someone,
-something) can or not, is able to or not
-中國民 	zhong1guo2min2hang2	 	General Administration of Civil Aviation
-of China (CAAC)
-歌 	ge1	 	song
-北京人 	bei3jing1ren2	 	person from Beijing, Peking Man (Sinanthropus
-pekinesis)
-就 	jiu4	 	at once, then, right away, only, (emphasis), to approach, to
-move towards, to undertake
-可是 	ke3shi4	 	but, however
-老 	lao3	 	(a prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral
-indicating the order of birth of the children in a family to indicate
-affection or familiarity), old (of people)
-十年 	shi2nian2	 	ten years
-上個星期 	shang4ge4xing1qi1	 	last week
-出發 	chu1fa1	 	to start out, to set off
-才能 	cai2neng2	 	talent, ability, capacity
-或者 	huo4zhe3	 	or, possibly, maybe, perhaps
-研究 	yan2jiu1	 	research
-文學 	wen2xue2	 	literature
-知道 	zhi1dao5	 	know, be aware of
-地方 	di4fang5	 	area, place, local
-一時 	yi4shi2	 	temporary, momentary
-不定 	bu4ding4	 	indefinite, adventitious, indeterminate
-主意 	zhu3yi5	 	plan, idea, decision
-一定要 	yi1ding4yao4	 	must
-決定 	jue2ding4	 	to decide (to do something), to determine, to resolve
-其他 	qi2ta1	 	other, else
-選擇 	xuan3ze2	 	to select, to pick, to choose, to make a choice
-了解 	liao3jie3	 	understand, come to understand, find out
-懂 	dong3	 	to understand, to know
-哦 	e2 / o2	 	to chant / oh is that so
-說 	shui4 / shuo1	 	persuade (politically) / to speak, to say
-甚麼 	shen2me5	 	what
-名字 	ming2zi5	 	(a persons) name
-談 	tan2	 	to speak, to talk, to converse, to chat, to discuss, (surname)
-進 	jin4	 	advance, enter, to come in
-城 	cheng2	 	city walls, city, town
-試 	shi4	 	to test, to try, experiment, examination, test
-又 	you4	 	(once) again, also, both... and..., again
-晚 	wan3	 	evening, night, late
-進來 	jin4lai2	 	(v) come in
-一點兒 	yi1dianr3	 	a bit, a little
-新年 	xin1nian2	 	New Year
-足球 	zu2qiu2	 	football (British English), soccer (American English)
-賽 	sai4	 	to compete, competition, match
-出去 	chu1qu4	 	(v) go out
-辦 	ban4	 	to do, to manage, to handle, to go about, to run, to set up,
-to deal with
-簽 	qian1	 	sign ones name
-証 	zheng4	 	(translation unavailable)
-早飯 	zao3fan4	 	breakfast
-早上 	zao3shang5	 	early morning
-沒吃 	mei2chi1mei2chuan1	 	(idiom) to be without food and clothing; be
-very poor
-隊 	dui4	 	squadron, team, group
-贏 	ying2	 	to beat, to win, to profit
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-<H2>Grammar notes</H2>
-
-<h3><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%dc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">嗎</A>?</h3>
-
-One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add
-嗎 at the end of a statement.  Hence <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">你</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">好</A>! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎? (How
-are you?)
-
-<h3><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">你</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9O" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">呢</A>?</h3>
-
-This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to
-you. Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how
-about you?"
-
-<blockquote><DL><DT>A: 你好嗎?</DT><DD>How are you?</DD>
-
-<DT>B: <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">我</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">很</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">好</A>, 你呢?</DT><DD>I am fine, and you?</DD>
-
-<p><DT>A: 你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">忙</A>嗎?</DT><DD>Are you busy?</DD>
-
-<DT>B: 我<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">忙</A>, 你呢?</DT><DD>I am not busy, what about you?</DD>
-</DL>
-</blockquote>
-
-<h3><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">很</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4]" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">也</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">都</A></h3>
-
-All three are adverbs, which should be placed <em>before</em> what
-they modify in Chinese.  E.g., 很好, 也<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">好</A>, 都好.
-
-<p>Sometimes 很 is not really employed to mean "very" if it is
-modifying a monosyllabic adjective such as 好.  It is simply because
-to say 我好 is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic
-adjective as the predicate of the sentence.  Therefore people usually
-add 很 before 好 to make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 in this
-case does not necessarily mean "I am <em>very</em> well", it may
-simply convey the meaning of "I am fine".
-
-<p><em>The order of these words:</em> If all three adverbs occur in
-the same sentence, their order is 也 -- 都 -- 很:
-
-<blockquote>我很好.<br>
-
-我也很好.<br>
-
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">我</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">們</A>也都很好.</blockquote>
-
-N.B. 都 (both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the
-<em>left</em> of it.  Hence it is wrong to say 都<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">他</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">們</A>很好 ("all of
-them are fine").  One should say <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">他</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">們</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">都</A>很好.
-
-<h3>都<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A> vs. 不都</h3>
-
-都不 indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 shows a partial
-negation:
-
-<blockquote>
-<DL><DT>他們都不忙</DT><DD>None of them is busy.</DD>
-<DT>他們不都忙</DT><DD>Not all of them are busy.</DD>
-
-<br>
-<DT>我們都<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">是</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">大</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">夫</A></DT><DD>None of us is a doctor.</DD>
-<DT>我們不都<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacO', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">是</A>大夫</DT><DD>Not all of us are doctors.</DD></DL>
-</blockquote>
-
-<h3><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">的</A></h3>
-
-As an auxiliary word, 的 is used to indicate possession.  It comes
-between the subject and the noun it modifies: <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">我</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">的</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">書</A>, 我<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%fd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">媽</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%fd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">媽</A>的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">車</A> etc.
-
-<p>In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
-possessive marker 的 can be omitted.  <em>Otherwise it cannot</em>.
-
-<blockquote>
-e.g. 你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%cc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">弟</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%cc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">弟</A> = 你的弟弟, 我<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%a8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">爸</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%a8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">爸</A> = 我的爸爸
-</blockquote>
-
-<h3>我很好 -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".</h3>
-
-Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb.
-In the sentence 我很好, the adjectival phrase 很好 serves as the
-predicate for the sentence.  No verb "to be" is needed as in English
-(I <em>am</em> very well).  This is generally true of a sentence that
-has an <em>adjective</em> as its predicate, even in negative sentences.
-
-<blockquote>
-<DL><DT>e.g. 他們很忙, 我們不忙</DT><DD>They are very busy, we are not.</DD></DL>
-</blockquote>
-
-Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 should still
-be retained:
-
-<blockquote>
-<DL><DT><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">他</A>是我<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">朋</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">友</A></DT><DD>He is my friend.</DD><p>
-<DT>我不是<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6o" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">她</A>的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%f4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">哥</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%f4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">哥</A></DT><DD>I am not her elder brother.</DD></DL>
-</blockquote>
-
-<h3>Proper Response</h3>
-
-Study the following two dialogues:
-
-<blockquote>
-<DL><DT>A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎?</DT><DD>Is your mother a doctor?</DD>
-<DT>B: 是, 她是大夫.</DT><DD>Yes, she is a doctor.</DD><p>
-
-<DT>A: 你媽媽忙嗎?</DT><DD>Is your mother busy?</DD>
-<DT>B: 忙, 她很忙.</DT><DD>Yes, she is very busy.</DD></DL>
-</blockquote>
-
-To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb
--- in the above case 是 and 忙 respectively -- as an equivalent to the
-English "yes" before making the statement itself.  Note therefore that
-the response is not always 是.
-
-
-<H2>Questions with interrogative words <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d6" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">誰</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">哪</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">什</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">麼</A></H2>
-
-<p>Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as
-"what", "when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a
-question, Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming
-questions using such interrogative words as 誰, 哪, 什麼, etc:
-
-<ol>
-<li>他是我弟弟. (He is my younger brother.)<br>
-他是誰? (Who is he?)
-</li><p>
-
-<li>他是我們<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">老</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aev" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">師</A>.  (He is our teacher.)<br>
-誰是<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">你</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">們</A>老師?  (Who is your teacher?)
-</li><p>
-
-<li>他是<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">中</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">國</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">人</A>.  (He is Chinese.)<br>
-他是哪<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0ea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">國</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">人</A>?  (What is his nationality?)
-</li><p>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">這</A>是<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">中</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">國</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6a" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">地</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%cf" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">圖</A>. (This is a map of China.)<br>
-這是什麼地圖?  (What map is this?)
-</li><p>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">那</A>是書.  (That is a book.)<br>
-那是什麼?  (What is that?)
-</li><p>
-
-<li>這是她的車.  (This is her car.)<br>
-這是誰的車?  (Whose car is this?)
-</li>
-
-</ol>
-
-As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what
-one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form
-questions. No change of word order takes place.
-<h2>Asking a person's name</h2>
-
-<p>There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that person is.
-<ol>
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1z" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1z', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">您</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">貴</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9m" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">姓</A>﹖
-<p>This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What is your honourable surname?". It is usually
-used to address one's elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one
-wants to be polite.  Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 cannot
-be used when asking about a third person's name, or when referring
-to oneself.
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>A: 您/你貴姓﹖</dt><dd>What is your name?</dd><br>
-<dt>B: 我<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9m" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9m', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">姓</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4B" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">丁</A>。</dt><dd>My name is Ding.</dd></dl>
-</blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5s" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">叫</A>什麼﹖
-<p>This is a plain form of asking a person's name.  It is usually used
-to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors.
-If one wants to be a bit polite, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbdd0b0dd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">請</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbdd0b0dd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">問</A> can be added to the question:
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>請問﹐你叫什麼﹖</dt><dd>May I ask, what's your name?</dd></dl>
-</blockquote>
-Unlike 貴姓, which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 can be employed
-for all persons:
-<blockquote>
-她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖etc.
-</blockquote>
-</ol>
-<p>When asked 你姓什麼﹖you are supposed to give your last name
-first, and then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when
-asked 你叫什麼﹖you can give either your given name or your full name.
-
-<h2>Word usage: <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">學</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%df" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">習</A>﹐ <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">學</A></h2>
-<P>Both words mean "to study" or "to learn".  Whereas 學習 can be used both
-transitively and intransitively, 學 is normally reserved for transitive
-use.
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>e.g. 我學(<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%df" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">習</A>)<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">漢</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby" onMouseOver="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">語</A>﹐她學(習)<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aak" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">法</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">語</A>。</dt><dd>I study Chinese, she studies
-French.</dd>
-<dt>我學習﹐我弟弟<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3bec7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3bec7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">學</A>習。</dt><dd>I study, my younger brother doesn't study.</dd></dl>
-</blockquote>
-In the second sentence, the word 習 cannot be omitted.
-
-<h2>Grammar notes</h2>
-<ol>
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">在</A> (to be at/in...) functions as a verb.
-<p>To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use the following
-pattern:
-<blockquote>
-S + 在 + place/location word or phrase<br>
-e.g. A: 你的地圖在<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">哪</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兒</A>﹖<br>
-B: 我的地圖在<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">那</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兒</A>。<br>
-<br>
-A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖<br>
-B: 他們在中國。
-</blockquote>
-If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>A: <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5j" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5jaai', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">古</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aai" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5jaai', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">波</A>在嗎﹖</dt><dd>Is Gubo in [or: here]?</dd><br>
-<dt>B: 他<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a6b', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a6b', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">在</A>﹐他在<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">學</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%cd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">生</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1J" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">宿</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%d9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">舍</A>。</dt><dd>He is not here. He is at the students'
-dormitory.</dd></dl><br>
-</blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Nouns / personal pronouns + <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">這</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兒</A>/那兒 as place words.
-<blockquote>e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖<br>
-B: 在我這兒。(or 在我那兒)<br>
-<br>
-A: 你的車在哪兒﹖<br>
-B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。
-</blockquote>The choice of 這兒 and 那兒 depends on the distance
-between the object and the speaker.  If it is close to the speaker, use
-這兒; if not, use 那兒.
-</li><p>
-
-<li>The word order for Chinese place words
-<p>Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and
-proceed to the smaller ones.  Hence the sentence "She lives in room 423,
-4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">住</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">學</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0|" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">院</A>學生宿舍<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">四</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bch" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbch', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">層</A>四<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">三</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">號</A>。
-Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is applicable to the
-address used when writing letters as well.
-</li><p>
-
-<li>To live (stay) at a place
-<p>Most often one uses 住 to indicate that one lives or stays at a
-certain place.  There are several patterns for the use of 住.  For example,
-to say "I live here", one can have the following:
-<blockquote>
-S + 住 + place word (我住這兒)<br>
-S + 住在 + place word (我住<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">在</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">這</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兒</A>)<br>
-S + 在 + place word + 住 (我在這兒住)<br>
-</blockquote>
-All three sentences have the same meaning.
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
-<p>Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by digit:
-<blockquote>
-English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)<br>
-Chinese: # 1452 (<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A>四<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">五</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Gb8b9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Gb8b9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">號</A>)
-</blockquote>
-</ol>
-
-
-
-
-<h2>The use of <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%d9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">還</A> (to return something to someone)</h2>
-<p>When using 還 to indicate "return", use the following pattern:
-<blockquote>S + 還 + (sb.) + sth.<br>
-e.g. 我還他<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5e" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb5eb3f8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">畫</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb5eb3f8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">報</A><br>
-你還丁<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%aa" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">云</A>的車。(Notice here sb. is omitted.)<br>
-</blockquote>
-This pattern is <i>only</i> used for simple objects, i.e. the object to
-be returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">日</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">本</A>車, etc.  Notice in the second example above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say 你還丁云丁云的車,
-although grammatically it is correct.  We will later learn the ways to express something
-more complicated.
-
-<h2><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%ce" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">用</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">下</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兒</A></h2>
-
-<p>In this phrase, 用 is a verb which can be used both transitively and intransitively
-(i.e. it can be used either with or without an object).  一下兒 is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little while".  If an object is to be used for 用 in the above phrase, it should be
-placed after 一下兒:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖</dt><dd>Is it all right for me to use your book for a short
-while?</dd>
-<dt>他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。</dt><dd>They want to use your dad's car for a little while.</dd></dl>
-</blockquote>
-
-<h2>Time Word <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2{" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">現</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">在</A></h2>
-
-<p>Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a sentence: <i>before</i> or <i>after</i> the subject.
-<blockquote><dl><dt>現在她<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">去</A>學院還書。</dt><dd>Now she is going to the college to return books.</dd>
-<dt>or 她現在去學院還書。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-
-<h2><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">常</A> and <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">常</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">常</A></h2>
-
-<p>常 in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 without a change of meaning.  Thus, 他常<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%dc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">喝</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">茶</A> = 他常常喝茶, 我們常去<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%dd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">看</A>書 = 我們常常去看書.</p>
-<p>In making negative sentences, however, 常 is normally <i>not</i> reduplicated.
-Hence 他不常喝茶, 我們不常去看書.</p>
-
-<h2>Affirmative-Negative questions</h2>
-<p>An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>她是中國人嗎﹖becomes 她<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacOa4a3acO', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">是</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacOa4a3acO', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacOa4a3acO', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">是</A>中國人﹖</dt>
-<dt>你忙嗎﹖becomes 你忙不忙﹖</dt>
-<dt>你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb{" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">認</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">識</A>他嗎﹖becomes 你認識不認識他﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-
-<ol>
-<li>If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat the
-single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>忙不忙, 認識不認識, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b6" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">介</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%d0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">紹</A>不介紹</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb that
-gets repeated, not the noun following it:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你喝不喝茶﹖</dt>
-<dt>你去不去中國﹖</dt></dl></blockquote></li><p>
-
-<li>Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the form
-of "V + object + 不 + V ?" as well, although this is not as common:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你喝茶不喝茶﹖</dt>
-<dt>她去中國不去﹖</dt></dl></blockquote></li><p>
-
-<li>As in questions with interrogative words (誰, 什麼, etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎 at the end.</li><p>
-
-<li>If an adverb such as 常, 都, 也 or 很 comes <i>before</i> the predicative
-verb or adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use 嗎 instead:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你們都去中國嗎﹖</dt><dt>but not 你們都去不去中國﹖ </dt><p>
-<dt>他常喝<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9@b0d8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">咖</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9@b0d8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">啡</A>嗎﹖</dt><dt>but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come <i>before</i>
-the predicative verbs or adjectives.  Compare:<p>
-<ol>
-<li>她很忙嗎﹖ but not 她很忙不忙﹖</li><p>
-<li>她是很好大夫嗎﹖ 她是不是很好的大夫﹖</li><p></ol>
-The second instance is acceptable because 很 comes <i>after</i> the
-predicative verb 是.</li><p>
-
-<li>If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the <i>first</i>
-verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question:
-<blockquote>你去<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">商</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%b1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">店</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6R" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">買</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%c8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEafc8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">紙</A>嗎﹖becomes 你去不去商店買紙﹖<br>
-他們<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc5waaef', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">歡</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ef" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc5waaef', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">迎</A>我<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">來</A>嗎﹖ becomes 他們歡迎<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3c5w', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3c5w', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">歡</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ef" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaaef', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">迎</A>我來﹖</blockquote></li><p>
-</ol>
-
-<h2><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9M" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">和</A> and 都</h2>
-
-<p>In Chinese, 和 as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or
-phrases, <i>never</i> two clauses or sentences:
-<blockquote>中國和<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%fc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">美</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">國</A><br>
-我的爸爸和媽媽<br>
-她學習漢語和<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad^" onMouseOver="aEl('cEad^bby', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">英</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby" onMouseOver="aEl('cEad^bby', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">語</A>。<br>
-你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖<br></blockquote>
-<blockquote>but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。<br>
-nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。</blockquote>
-
-<p>The adverb 都 is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or
-adjective.  It governs only the elements <i>before</i> it:
-<blockquote>我們都去中國。 (All of us go to China: 都 modifies 我們.)<br>
-but not 都我們去中國。<br>
-</blockquote><p>This is also wrong:
-<blockquote>我都學漢語和法語。</blockquote>
-because 都 modifies 我 and not 漢語和法語.  If "both Chinese and French" is intended in the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 should be placed before 都:
-<blockquote>
-我漢語和法語都學。<br>
-or 漢語和法語都我學。</blockquote>
-
-<h2>The verb <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">有</A> expressing possession and existence</h2>
-<p>The verb 有 in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the English "to have" and "there is" or "there are":
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>她有漢語<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%fc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">詞</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">典</A>。</dt><dd>She has a Chinese dictionary.</dd>
-<dt>我們學院有<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6h', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">多</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5~b0ea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">外</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5~b0ea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">國</A>學生。</dt><dd>There are a lot of foreign students in our college.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-
-<p>N.B.:
-<ol>
-<li>To negate 有, one uses <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">沒</A> instead of 不:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我有哥哥﹐我<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">沒</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">有</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9j" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">姐</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9j" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">姐</A>。</dt><dd>I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.</dd></dl>
-</blockquote></li><p>
-
-<li>Informally in a negative sentence, 有 can sometimes be omitted:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我朋友沒(有)書﹐也沒(有)<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%a7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb5a7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">筆</A>。</dt><dd>My friend does not have books, nor pens.</dd>
-<dt>現在我們的宿舍沒(有)人。</dt><dd>There is no one in our dorm now.</dd></dl></blockquote></li><p>
-
-<li>The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 ... ?"
-<blockquote>她有沒有<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9f" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">妹</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9f" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">妹</A>﹖<br>
-呢﹐你們的宿舍有<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3a4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">沒</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3a4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">有</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3a4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">人</A>﹖</blockquote>
-
-<p>Sometimes, if the object of 有 is not long, one can use the form "... 有 + object + 沒有 ?" as well, although this form is not as common as the previous one.
-<blockquote>她有妹妹沒有﹖<br>
-這宿舍<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6b3a4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">有</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6b3a4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">人</A>沒有﹖</blockquote>
-</ol>
-
-<h2>Prepositional construction with 在 (in, at) and <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%b9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">給</A> (for, to)</h2>
-
-<p>The object of 在 is often a place-word and the object of 給 is often the beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative verb.  In Chinese, a prepositional construction comes <i>before</i> the verb it modifies:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>他在<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%c8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">銀</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%e6" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">行</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4u" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">工</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">作</A>。 </dt><dd>She works in a bank.</dd>
-<dt>but not 她工作在銀行。</dt><p>
-<dt>我給你們介紹一下兒。 </dt><dd>Let me introduce you to one another.</dd>
-<dt>but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-
-<p>To form a negative sentence, 不 is placed <i>before</i> the prepositional construction:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>他不在銀行工作。</dt>
-<dt>我不給你們介紹。</dt><dd>I am not going to introduce you.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-
-<p>Adverbs such as 常, 都, 也 are also placed <i>before</i> the prepositional construction:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我們都在 City Lit 學院學習漢語。</dt><dd>We all study Chinese at the City Lit.</dd>
-<dt>你常給你媽媽<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abH" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabH', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">信</A>嗎﹖</dt><dd>Do you often write to your mother?</dd>
-<dt>我爸爸也常給我<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcg" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">寫</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abH" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">信</A>。</dt><dd>My dad also often writes to me.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-
-<h2>Word usage: <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">想</A></h2>
-
-<p>The word 想 in Chinese carries various meanings:
-<ol>
-<li>想 + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something:
-<blockquote><dl><dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4B" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">丁</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%b3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">雲</A>很<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7Qaea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">想</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7Qaea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">家</A>。</dt><dd>Ding Yun misses her family very much.</dd>
-<dt>我很想我的爸爸媽媽。</dt><dd>I miss my parents very much.</dd>
-<dt>你不想你的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8k" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">男</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">朋</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">友</A>嗎﹖</dt><dd>Don't you miss your boyfriend?</dd>
-<dt>你想不想她﹖</dt><dd>Do you miss her?</dd></dl></blockquote></li><p>
-
-<li>想 + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>A: 你想去商店嗎﹖</dt><dd>Do you want to go to the shop?</dd>
-<dt>B: 我不想去。</dt><dd>I don't want to go.</dd><p>
-<dt>A: 你想不想學法語﹖</dt><dd>Do you want to study French?</dd>
-<dt>B: 我也想學法語。</dt><dd>I also want to study French.</dd></dl></blockquote></li><p>
-
-<li>想 + clause = to think/suppose something:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我想她是中國人。</dt><dd>I think she is Chinese.</dd>
-<dt>我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。</dt><dd>I think her parents are both doctors.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-
-N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 in this capacity, put the negative adverb in the <i>subordinate clause</i>, not in the main clause as in English:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我想她<i>不是</i>中國人。</dt><dd>I don't think she is Chinese.</dd>
-<dt>but not 我不想她是中國人。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</ol>
-
-<p>N.B. 想 as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form <i>only</i> in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.
-
-<h2>Word usage: <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7i" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">告</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6D" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">訴</A></h2>
-
-<p>告訴 means "to tell".  In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell somebody something, or to tell somebody <i>to do</i> something.  The Chinese verb 告訴 can only be applied to the first of these patterns.
-<blockquote><dl><dt>e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。</dt><dd>She told me her work.</dd>
-<dt>我告訴媽媽你是我的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6naaBa4cd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">好</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6naaBa4cd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">朋</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6naaBa4cd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">友</A>。</dt><dd>I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.</dd>
-<dt>but not 我告訴他給我寫信。</dt><dd>I told him to write to me.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-
-<p>Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我, 媽媽) of 告訴 in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a verb-phrase for its direct object.  In this case, we should use 叫 or <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">請</A> in place of 告訴 to make a correct sentence:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我請他給我寫信。</dt><dd>I asked him to write to me.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-
-
-<h2>The Numbers in Chinese</h2>
-
-<p>For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
-<blockquote>○ (or <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9s" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">零</A>), 一, 二, 三, 四, 五, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4bb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">六</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4C', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">七</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">八</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">九</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A></blockquote>
-Further on, they are:
-<blockquote><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A> = 11, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A> = 12, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4E', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4E', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">九</A> = 19<br>
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A> = 20, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A> = 21, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4K', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4K', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4K', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">八</A> = 28<br>
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">三</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A> = 30, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">四</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A> = 40, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ea4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">九</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ea4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A> = 90, 九十九 = 99<br><p>
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">百</A> = 100<br>
-一百零一 = 101, 一百十 = 110, 一百十一 = 111<br>
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta6ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">三</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta6ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">百</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4C', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4C', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4C', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">七</A> = 327, 九<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">百</A>零九 = 909<br><p>
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4d', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4d', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">千</A> = 1000<br>
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4db9s', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4db9s', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">千</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9s" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4db9s', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">零</A>一 = 1001, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">五</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">千</A>零四十 = 5040, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ka4d', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">八</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ka4d', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">千</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ca6ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">七</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ca6ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">百</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">五</A> = 8725<br><p>
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@b8U', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@b8U', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">萬</A> = 10,000<br>
-四<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">萬</A>零八百零一 = 40,801<br><p>
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@bbf5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@bbf5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">億</A> = 100,000,000
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>N.B.:
-<ol>
-<li>Numbers like 15 are written e.g. <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">五</A>, not 一十五.<p></li>
-<li>A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101 is 一百零一, and 3020 is <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta4d', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">三</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta4d', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">千</A>零二十.  Notice the last zero in 3020 is <i>not</i> pronounced because it is not between two other digits.
-<p>If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一.  However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also
-sandwiched, as in 40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一.</p>
-</li></ol>
-
-<h2>Grammar notes</h2>
-
-<ol>
-<li>Measure words
-
-<p>In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative pronouns such as 這 or 那, or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 or <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4X" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">幾</A>, a specific measure word should be placed
-between the noun and its modifier(s):
-<blockquote>三<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">本</A>書, 十五<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A>學生, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">那</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A>老師, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadfeadd3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">哪</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadfeadd3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%cf" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">圖</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">書</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0]" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">館</A>, 幾本詞典</blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>幾 and <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">多</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d6" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">少</A>
-
-<p>Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much".  Whereas 幾 should be used with a measure word, 多少 can be used either with or without a measure word for the noun it modifies.
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你有幾本詞典﹖</dt>
-<dt>你有多少(本)詞典﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-<p>The measure word 本 is a must for the first sentence, but only optional in the second.
-<p>Also, when 幾 is used, the expected answer is usually under 10, whereas 多少 can be used whether one expects a large or small answer.
-<blockquote>你們<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">大</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">學</A>有多少學生﹖<br>
-你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">家</A>有<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4X" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb4Xadd3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">幾</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb4Xadd3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A>人﹖</blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
-<p>As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
-<blockquote><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%fd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">王</A>老師<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%d0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">教</A>我們<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">語</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aak" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">法</A>。</blockquote>
-In this sentence, 教 is a verb that takes 我們 as the indirect object and 法語 as the direct object.  Generally the indirect goes before the direct object.  Some other verbs that work the same way include 還, 告訴 and <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0dd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">問</A>.
-<p>Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say 他買我一本書 (He bought me a book), or 她<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcg" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">寫</A>我一<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%ca" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">封</A>信 (She wrote me a letter).  The correct way of saying these would be to use 給, as in 他給我買一本書 and 她給我寫一封信.
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Adjectives as modifiers
-<p>When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the noun as in English:
-<blockquote><dl><dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7saed1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">新</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7saed1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">書</A></dt><dd>new book</dd>
-<dt>好朋友</dt><dd>good friend</dd></dl></blockquote>
-However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more syllables, the particle 的 is usually inserted between the modifier and the noun it modifies:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>很<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7s', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">新</A>的書 </dt><dd>very new book</dd>
-<dt>很好的朋友 </dt><dd>very good friend</dd></dl></blockquote>
-</li></ol>
-
-<h2>Word usage: 也 and 還</h2>
-
-也 is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement.  Hence the relationship between the statement introduced by 也 and the previous one is a <i>parallel</i> relationship.  還, on the other hand, introduces an <i>additional</i> element to the previous statement.
-<blockquote><dl><dt>e.g. 你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">有</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A>個<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">問</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3D" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">題</A>﹐我也有一個問題。</dt><dd>You have a question; I also have a question.  The two are parallel here.</dd>
-<dt>我還有一個問題。</dt><dd>I have already had some questions, but I still have one more.  This is <i>in addition to</i> the previous ones.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-Under certain circumstances, 也 and 還 are interchangeable, but with different emphasis:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>王老師教我們<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">漢</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6r" onMouseOver="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">字</A>和語法﹐他還教我們<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4f" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4fbby', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">口</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4fbby', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">語</A>。</dt>
-<dt>王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses the fact that Wang teaches conversation <i>in addition to</i> the other subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three subjects he teaches without prioritization.
-
-
-
-
-<h2>Grammar notes</h2>
-
-<ol>
-<li>的 construction
-
-<p>A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an adjective) with the word 的 can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>這<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%f8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">條</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%c8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">裙</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">子</A>是我姐姐的。</dt><dd>This skirt is my sister's.  Noun + 的)</dd>
-<dt>哪本詞典是你的﹖</dt><dd>Which dictionary is yours?  Pronoun + 的</dd>
-<dt>你爸爸的車是<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%d5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5d5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">白</A>的嗎﹖ </dt><dd>Is your father's car a white one?  Adjective + 的
-</dd>
-<dt>你喝的是什麼茶﹖</dt><dd>What sort of tea do you drink?  Verb + 的</dd></dl></blockquote>
-These constructions normally involve the verb 是 (or 不是).
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Usage of <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">從</A>
-
-<p>從 + place word + 去 = to go from; 從 + place word + 來 = to come from.
-<blockquote><dl><dt>e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖</dt><dd>Where did you come from?</dd>
-<dt>我從圖書館來。</dt><dd>I came from the library.</dd>
-<dt>我們<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">晚</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">上</A>從我家去<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbc@b3f5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">劇</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbc@b3f5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">場</A>。</dt><dd>We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 / 那兒 = over here/there at ...'s place
-
-<p>When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 or 那兒, they function as a place word or expression.  Since one cannot say 我去她 (I went to her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 (I went to her place), because 她那兒 is now regarded as a place expression.  Similarly one cannot say 你的裙子在我 (Your skirt is with me), but one can say 你的裙子在我這兒 (Your skirt is with me).  More examples:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你的書在他那兒。</dt><dd>Your book is at his place.</dd>
-<dt>我們都去姐姐那兒。</dt><dd>We all went to my sister's place.</dd>
-<dt>老師來我這兒<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%e4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">找</A>她。</dt><dd>The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker, use 那兒; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself or herself, use 這兒.
-</li><p>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">太</A> + adjective + <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">了</A>
-
-<p>This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes.  An adjective is used between 太 and 了:
-<blockquote><dl><dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4d3a6a3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">太</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4d3a6a3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">忙</A>了﹗</dt><dd>Too busy!</dd>
-<dt>太<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4j', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">大</A>了﹗</dt><dd>Too big!</dd></dl></blockquote>
-<p>The expression <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4d3a6na4F', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">太</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4d3a6na4F', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">好</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4d3a6na4F', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">了</A>﹗, however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or admiration.
-
-</li></ol>
-
-<h2>Word study: 二 vs. <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兩</A></h2>
-
-<p>These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
-<ol>
-<li>When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩:
-<blockquote><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兩</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A>人, 兩本書, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcW" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbcWa5[', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">增</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5[" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbcWa5[', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">加</A>了兩<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%bf" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadbf', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">倍</A>, 去了<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e2a6b8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兩</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e2a6b8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">次</A>
-</blockquote>
-
-<li>二 should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is followed by a measure word:
-<blockquote><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4G', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4G', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4G', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A>, 一百零<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga6b8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga6b8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">次</A>, 十二<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadd3a4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadd3a4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">人</A>, 五千八百<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4bba4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">六</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4bba4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A>二<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">元</A>
-</blockquote>
-There are some more restrictions, though:<p>
-<ol>
-<li>Only 二 can be used before the character 十; before the character 百, 二 is usually employed but 兩 may also be used:
-<blockquote>二十, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">百</A>二十五, 二百<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ada4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">五</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ada4Q', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A>元 or <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e2a6ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兩</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e2a6ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">百</A>五十元
-</blockquote>
-</li><p>
-<li>For numbers like <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">千</A>, 萬 or <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">億</A>, 兩 is used more often than 二:
-<blockquote><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e2a4d', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兩</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e2a4d', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">千</A>元 (also 二千元), 兩萬三千八, 兩億<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ha4f', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">人</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4f" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ha4f', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">口</A>
-</blockquote>
-</li><p>
-<li>If the number is greater than 百, 千, 萬, <i>i.e.</i> if there are more digits before 百, 千 or 萬, then put 二 instead of 兩 in front:
-<blockquote>四億二<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4db8U', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">千</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4db8U', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">萬</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Tb8U', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">三</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Tb8U', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">萬</A>二千人, 五千二百元
-</blockquote>
-</li></ol>
-</li></ol>
-
-
-
-<h2>Time</h2>
-
-<p>The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
-<blockquote>A: 現在幾<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">點</A>﹖<br>
-B: 現在...<br>
-<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=6><tr>
-<tr><td><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兩</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">點</A></td><td>2:00</td></tr>
-<tr><td>十點<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">半</A> (or 十點三十<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">分</A>)</td><td>10:30</td></tr>
-<tr><td>三點一<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">刻</A> (or 三點十五分)</td><td>3:15</td></tr>
-<tr><td>十二點三刻 (or 十二點四十<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">五</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">分</A>)</td><td>12:45</td></tr>
-<tr><td>兩點<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aet" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaet', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">差</A>五分 (or 差五分兩點)</td><td>1:55</td></tr>
-<tr><td>五點二十分</td><td>5:20</td></tr>
-<tr><td><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4bbc2I', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">六</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4bbc2I', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">點</A>零五分</td><td>6:05</td></tr>
-<tr><td><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">七</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">點</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta4Qa4ad', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">三</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta4Qa4ad', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta4Qa4ad', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">五</A>分</td><td>7:35</td></tr></table>
-</blockquote>
-Some notes:
-<ol><li>When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零, as in 三點零<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ka4c0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">八</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ka4c0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">分</A> (3:08) 
-or 十二點零<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta4c0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">三</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta4c0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">分</A> (12:03).</li><p>
-<li>When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 is optional:
-<blockquote>七點十五 or 七點十五分</blockquote>
-</li><p>
-<li>"This morning" is <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">今</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">天</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">上</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">午</A>, not for example <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">這</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A>上午; "every afternoon" is <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">每</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">天</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">下</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">午</A>, not 
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8C', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">每</A>下午.</li></p></ol>
-
-<h2>Placement of time-words</h2>
-
-<p>A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject or at the beginning 
-of a sentence:
-<blockquote>我們十點半<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">上</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">中</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">文</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">課</A><br>
-十點半我們上中文課</blockquote>
-Some notes:
-<ol>
-<li>A time-word does not take a preposition:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我三點<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">下</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">課</A></dt><dt>but not 我在三點下課</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-<li>A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>她晚上來 </dt><dd>She came in the evening.</dd><dt>or 晚上她來</dt><dt>but not 她來晚上</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-<li>If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the smaller:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>今天晚上八點 </dt><dd>at 8 o'clock this evening</dd></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-<li>If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word goes first:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我晚上八點在圖書館<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%a5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb5a5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">等</A>你</dt>
-<dt>你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖</dt>
-<dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%fa" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">明</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">天</A>你幾點在哪兒<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wbdd2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">上</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wbdd2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">課</A>﹖</dt><dd>When and where are you going to have your class 
-tomorrow?</dd></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-<li>Time-word + 的 + noun (time-words modifying nouns)
-<blockquote><dl><dt>A: 你想看幾點的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">電</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcv" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">影</A>﹖</dt><dd>What show do you want to see? 
-<i>literally</i> What time's film do you want to see?</dd>
-<dt>B: 我想看<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4a4c8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">中</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4a4c8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">午</A>十二點半的(電影)。</dt><dd>I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.</dd><p>
-<dt>A: 這是今天的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">報</A>嗎﹖</dt><dd>Is this today's paper?</dd>
-<dt>B: 不是今天的報﹐是<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acQ" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">昨</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">天</A>的。</dt><dd>It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.</dd>
-</dl>
-</blockquote>
-</li><p></ol>
-
-<h2>The use of the time-words <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">以</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">前</A> and <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">以</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">後</A></h2>
-
-When used by itself, 以前 means "previously" or "before" and 以後 means "later", 
-"afterwards" or "in the future":
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。</dt><dd>I was a student before; now I am a 
-teacher.</dd>
-<dt>你以前在哪兒工作﹖</dt><dd>Where did you work before?</dd>
-<dt>以前我<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a6ed', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a6ed', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">住</A>宿舍﹐現在<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6edb1J', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">住</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1J" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6edb1J', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">宿</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%d9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaad9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">舍</A>。</dt><dd>I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I 
-do.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-
-<p>When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 means "before..." and 以後 
-means "after...":
-<blockquote><dl>
-<dt>十點以前我不<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6^" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">回</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">家</A>。</dt><dd>I won't go home before 10.</dd>
-<dt>回家以前我在<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%5c" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">閱</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%fd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">覽</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">室</A>看書。</dt><dd>I read books in the reading-room before I go home.</dd>
-<dt>來<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%fc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacfcb0eaa5H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">美</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacfcb0eaa5H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">國</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacfcb0eaa5H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">以</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">後</A>他在這兒工作。</dt><dd>He has been working here after he came to America.</dd>
-<dt>十點<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ba5H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">半</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ba5H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">以</A>後你在宿舍<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">作</A>什麼﹖</dt><dd>What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?</dd></dl></blockquote>
-
-<p>N.B. When 以前 or 以後 is used together with a time-word or verb phrase to mean 
-"before" or "after", the word order is exactly the opposite of the English equivalent:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>四點以前</dt><dd>before 4 o'clock</dd>
-<dt>下課以前</dt><dd>before the class is over</dd>
-<dt>明天晚上以後</dt><dd>after tomorrow evening (or night)</dd>
-<dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6^" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6^', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">回</A>宿舍以後</dt><dd>after returning to the dormitory</dd></dl></blockquote>
-
-<h2>A <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">跟</A> B (<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0_" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">起</A>) + verb/verb-phrase</h2>
-
-<p>跟 as a preposition means "with", and 一起 means "together".  This pattern is used to 
-indicate that A and B do something together.  Here 跟 can be replaced with 和 without 
-changing the meaning; and the phrase 一起 is optional.
-<blockquote><dl><dt>e.g. 我跟 (or 和) 她去看電影。</dt><dd>I go to see a film with her.</dd>
-<dt>我跟她一起去看電影。</dt><dd>She and I go to see a film together.)</dd>
-<dt>晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖</dt><dd>With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?</dd>
-<p><dt>A: 晚上你有<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c6" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8c6a8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">事</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8c6a8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兒</A>嗎﹖跟我一起去看<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8cabc@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">京</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8cabc@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">劇</A>﹐好嗎﹖</dt><dd>Do you have anything to do tonight? Come 
-with me to the Beijing opera!</dd>
-<dt>B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。</dt><dd>I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my 
-boyfriend.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-
-<p>N.B. This pattern of A 跟 B (一起) is always placed <i>before</i> the main verb in the sentence.  Hence the following sentence, with English word order, is wrong:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我想去跟我男朋友一起。</dt><dd>I want to go together with my boyfriend.</dd></dl>
-</blockquote>
-
-
-<h2>Alternative Questions using <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%d9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">還</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">是</A></h2>
-
-<p>In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 to connect two choices,
-which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or clauses:
-<blockquote>
-你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%df" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3dfc5w', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">喜</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3dfc5w', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">歡</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%f5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacf5aff9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">紅</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacf5aff9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">茶</A>還是<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba%f1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbaf1aff9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">綠</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbaf1aff9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">茶</A>﹖ (nouns)<br>
-這本書是你的還是她的﹖ (noun phrases)<br>
-下午你來還是不來﹖ (verbs)<br>
-你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadn', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">要</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5%a5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc5a5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">聽</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5j" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ja8e5adb5bcd6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">古</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ja8e5adb5bcd6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">典</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ja8e5adb5bcd6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">音</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ja8e5adb5bcd6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">樂</A>還是聽<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2{" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb2{a5Nadb5bcd6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">現</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5N" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb2{a5Nadb5bcd6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">代</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb2{a5Nadb5bcd6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">音</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb2{a5Nadb5bcd6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">樂</A>﹖ (verb phrases)<br>
-今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ (clauses)</blockquote>
-
-Note:<ol><li>the two items connected by 還是 are normally parallel in structure; and</li><p>
-<li>as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 at the end.
-</ol>
-
-<h2>Pivotal Sentences with 請, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5%fd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">讓</A>, 叫</h2>
-
-<p>In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs.  A pivotal sentence is one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the subject of the following verb.  This object therefore functions as a pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence.
-
-<p>The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause something to happen) such as 請, 讓 or 叫.  All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something.  Of the three, 請 is the most polite; 讓 is less so, and 叫 is the least polite.  So watch out for the occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately.  Observe:
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>學生請王老師介紹中國<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadb5bcd6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">音</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadb5bcd6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">樂</A>。</dt><dd>The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.</dd>
-<dt>老師讓學生每天寫漢字。</dt><dd>The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.</dd>
-<dt>爸爸叫<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabc4a4l', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">孩</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabc4a4l', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">子</A>學中文。</dt><dd>Dad asked his child to study Chinese.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-
-<p>Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of politeness.
-
-<p>Note:<ol><li>Besides the use of 請 above (meaning "to ask someone to do something"), 請 can also be used to mean "to invite":
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我們請他來<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">吃</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1dfb6ba', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">晚</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1dfb6ba', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">飯</A>。</dt><dd>We invited him to dinner.</dd>
-<dt>你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖ </dt><dd>Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?</dd></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-<li>To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 <i>before the first verb</i>:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我的大夫不讓我喝<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0s" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0s', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">酒</A>。</dt><dd>My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.</dd><br>
-<dt>他們不叫我去看電影。</dt><dd>They did not invite me to go to the pictures.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-</li></ol>
-
-<h2>Word usage: <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7O" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">別</A> and <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">要</A></h2>
-
-別 and 不要 both mean "do not".  They can be used in negative <i>imperative</i> sentences with or without a subject.  They are placed between the subject (if present) and the verb or adjective:
-
-<blockquote>(你) 別 (or 不要) 告訴他﹗<br>
-別喝酒﹗ 別去那兒﹗<br>
-不要<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7l" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">吸</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7%cf" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">煙</A>﹗ 下午不要去﹗</blockquote>
-
-<p>Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative sentences.  It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ab" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">走</A>.  One can say instead 爸爸不請他走.
-
-
-
-<h2>Expressions for the date, week, month and year</h2>
-
-<ol><li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">年</A>, year
-
-<ol type="a"><li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">去</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">年</A> = last year; <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">今</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">年</A> = this year; <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%fa" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">明</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">年</A> = next year</li><p>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4Ea4C', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4Ea4C', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">九</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4Ea4C', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">九</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4Ea4C', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">七</A>年, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4E', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4E', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">九</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4E', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">九</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ka6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">八</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ka6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">年</A>, ...</li><p>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">年</A> = one year; 兩年 = two years (not 二年); <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">三</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">年</A> =  three years<br>
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Ca6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">每</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Ca6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">年</A> = every year; <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ada6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">五</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ada6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">年</A>半 = five-and-a-half years</li><p>
-
-</li><p></ol>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">月</A>, month
-
-<ol type="a"><li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wadd3a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">上</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wadd3a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wadd3a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">月</A>= last month; <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3oadd3a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">這</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3oadd3a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3oadd3a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">月</A> = this month; <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Uadd3a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">下</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Uadd3a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Uadd3a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">月</A> = next month</li><p>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">月</A> = January; <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ga4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">月</A> = February (not 兩月); ... 二十月 = December</li><p>
-</ol>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">星</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">期</A>, week
-
-<ol type="a"><li>上 (個) 星期 = last week; 這 (個) 星期 = this week; <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">下</A> (個) 星期 = next week</li><p>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">星</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">期</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A> = Monday; <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4G', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">星</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4G', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">期</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4G', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">二</A> = Tuesday; ... <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4bb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">星</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4bb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">期</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4bb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">六</A> = Saturday; <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4e9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">星</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4e9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">期</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4e9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">日</A> or <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">星</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">期</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">天</A> = Sunday</li><p>
-
-<li>一 (個) 星期 = one week; 兩 (個) 星期 = two weeks (not 二 (個) 星期); 三 (個) 星期 = three weeks; <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5|add3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">四</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5|add3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A>半星期 = four-and-a-half weeks; ... 每 (個) 星期 = every week
-
-</li><p></ol>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">日</A> / 號 / <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">天</A> date
-
-<p>Use 日 or 號 for a <i>specific</i> date.  Usually 日 is used in written and formal language and 號 is used in conversation.  The word 天 should be used in <i>counting</i> the number of days:
-
-<ol type="a"><li>作天 = yesterday; 今天 = today; 明天 = tomorrow</li><p>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@b8b9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@b8b9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">號</A>; 二號 (not 兩號); ... 三十一號<br>
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5|a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">四</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5|a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">月</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4bbb8b9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">六</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4bbb8b9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">號</A>; <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">月</A>二十五日; ...</li><p>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">天</A> = one day; 兩天 = two days (not 二天); ... <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ba4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">半</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ba4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">天</A> = half a day; 每天 = every day</li></ol>
-
-</ol>
-
-<p>Some notes:
-
-<ol><li>When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the calendar date comes before the day of the week:
-<blockquote>一九九六年<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4@a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4@a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa4@a4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">月</A>二十五號星期一<br>
-一七<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ka4E', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">八</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ka4E', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">九</A>年<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ca4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">七</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ca4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">月</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa5|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa5|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">四</A>日</blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>今年<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ada4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">五</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ada4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">月</A></dt><dd>the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)</dd>
-<dt>去年<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ka4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">八</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ka4eb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">月</A> </dt><dd>the August of last year</dd>
-<dt>明年二月 </dt><dd>the February of next year</dd><p>
-<dt>這 (個) <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4ad', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">星</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4ad', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">期</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4ad', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">五</A> </dt><dd>the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)</dd>
-<dt>上 (個) 星期一 </dt><dd>the Monday of last week</dd>
-<dt>下 (個) <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a5|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">星</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a5|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">期</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacPb4c1a5|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">四</A> </dt><dd>the Thursday of next week</dd></dl></blockquote>
-<p>Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as 這個星期一, if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days, and for months.
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-
-<h2>Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun</h2>
-
-<p>Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a modified to form a relative clause:
-
-<ol><li>Unlike in English, all modifiers go <i>before</i> the element they modify in Chinese:
-<blockquote>他喝的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">水</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3abdc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3abdc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">很</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ae" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0aeb2b', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">乾</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2b" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0aeb2b', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">淨</A><br>
-這是我朋友<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0e" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0e', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">送</A>我的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2%a7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc2a7aaab', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">禮</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ab" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc2a7aaab', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">物</A></blockquote>
-
-</li><p><li>
-The word 的 has to be inserted between the modifier and the element it modifies:
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>我下午看的電影很<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6b3b7Nabe4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">有</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7N" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6b3b7Nabe4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">意</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6b3b7Nabe4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">思</A>。</dt><dd>The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.</dd>
-<dt>給你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6}aaf9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">開</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%f9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6}aaf9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">門</A>的那個人是我妹妹。</dt><dd>The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.</dd>
-<dt>跟他<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb8f5bbR', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">跳</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbR" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb8f5bbR', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">舞</A>的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9h" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9haeQ', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">姑</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aeQ" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9haeQ', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">娘</A>是我的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6P" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6Pbec7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">同</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6Pbec7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">學</A>。</dt><dd>The girl who danced with him was my classmate.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-</li></ol>
-
-<h2>Other grammar notes</h2>
-
-<ol><li>Sentences with an adjectival predicate
-
-<p>The verb 是 is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence where the main element of the predicate is an adjective:
-<blockquote>我們今天很<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%aa" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">高</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%b3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">興</A>。<br>
-她的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%b7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb5b7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">絲</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bdu" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbdu', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">線</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adm" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadm', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">衫</A>太<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4p" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4p', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">小</A>。<br>
-那個<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaA" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaaAb0c8adfb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">服</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%c8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaaAb0c8adfb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">務</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaaAb0c8adfb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">員</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abD" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">非</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">常</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">年</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%b4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">輕</A>。</blockquote>
-
-<p>In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not preceded by adverbs such as <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%afu" onMouseOver="aEl('cEafu', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">真</A>, 太, 非常 or <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%f3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7f3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">更</A>, it is usually qualified by the adverb 很.  In such cases, 很 does not really mean "very"; 他很忙 and 他忙 mean virtually the same.
-
-<p>Also, adverbs such as 很, 常, 也, 非常, 太 or 更 <i>cannot</i> be used in affirmative-negative sentences of this type:
-<blockquote>你高興不高興﹖ but not 你很高興不很高興﹖<br>
-她年輕不年輕﹖ but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖<br>
-你去不去﹖ but not 你也去不去﹖</blockquote>
-
-</li><p>
-
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%ac" onMouseOver="aEl('cEafac', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">祝</A>你 vs <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%ac" onMouseOver="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">祝</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6P" onMouseOver="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">賀</A>你
-<p>In general, 祝你 is used to extend well-wishes <i>in advance</i> whereas 祝賀你 is used to congratulate someone on something <i>already accomplished</i>:
-<blockquote>祝你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%cd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5cda4e9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">生</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5cda4e9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">日</A>好﹗ (One can say this on the day, or in advance.)<br>
-祝賀你﹗ (Say this only when something has already been accomplished.)</blockquote>
-
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Reduplication of verbs
-
-<p>To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can be repeated:
-<blockquote>我給你們介紹介紹。 (Notice the pattern is ABAB, not AABB.)<br>
-你們想去看看她嗎﹖<br>
-讓我想想。</blockquote>
-In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 can be inserted:
-<blockquote>讓我想一想。<br>
-我們都想看一看她。</blockquote>
-Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒 after the verb:
-<blockquote>用一下兒 = 用用 = 用一用<br>
-看一下兒 = 看看 = 看一看<br>
-介紹一下兒 = 介紹介紹</blockquote>
-
-</li></ol>
-
-
-<h2>Position words</h2>
-
-<p>Words such as <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wc3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">上</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wc3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">邊</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%aa" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5aac3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">左</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5aac3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">邊</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabec3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">前</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabec3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">邊</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4b6a1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">中</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4b6a1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">間</A>, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%ef" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">對</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">面</A> are position words.
-Some of the basic syllables are:
-
-<p><center><table border=0>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>上  - up</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%aa" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5aa', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">左</A> - left&nbsp;</td><td><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">中</A> - middle</td><td>&nbsp;<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5k" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5k', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">右</A> - right</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>下 - down</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan=3>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabe', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">前</A> - front</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%cc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">裡</A> - in</td></tr>
-<tr><td>後 - back</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">外</A> - out</td></tr>
-</table></center>
-
-<p>Usually, add <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">邊</A> to make "on the left", "above", "outside" etc. 
-
-<p>Position words can be used in two ways.  Compare:
-
-<ol><li>Noun (+ 的) + position word:
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>車(的)<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">外</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">邊</A></dt><dd>outside the car</dd>
-<dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">房</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">子</A>(的)<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">後</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">邊</A></dt><dd>behind the house</dd>
-<dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%e0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">桌</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">子</A>(的)對面</dt><dd>opposite the table</dd>
-</dl></blockquote></li><p>
-
-<li>Position word + 的 + noun (here the 的 is <i>mandatory</i>).
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>外邊的車</dt><dd>the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)</dd>
-<dt>後邊的房子</dt><dd>the house behind (the house which is behind)</dd>
-<dt>對面的桌子</dt><dd>the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the way)</dd>
-</dl></blockquote></li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>Notes:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>When 上邊, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Uc3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">下</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Uc3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">邊</A>, 裡邊 and 外邊 are modified by other nouns, the character 邊 can be omitted:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>房子(的)裡(邊)</dt><dd>inside the house</dd>
-<dt>桌子(的)上(邊)</dt><dd>on the table</dd>
-<dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%d0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1d0abc7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">教</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1d0abc7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">室</A>(的)外(邊)</dt><dd>outside the classroom</dd></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Do <i>not</i> use 裡邊 in the following two cases:<p>
-<ol>
-<li>After geographical names such as 中國, <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5_" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">北</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">京</A> etc:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>她在北京學習漢語。</dt><dd>She studies Chinese in Beijing.</dd>
-<dt>but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。</dt><p>
-<dt>美國有<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabdca6h', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">很</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabdca6h', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">多</A>大學。</dt><dd>There are many universities in America.</dd>
-<dt>but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。</dt></dl>
-</blockquote></li><p>
-
-<li>In a phrase of the form "在 + place, building or organisation":
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我在銀行工作。</dt><dd>I work in a bank.</dd>
-<dt>but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。</dt><p>
-<dt>他們在閱覽室看書。</dt><dd>They are reading books in the reading-room.</dd>
-<dt>but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li></ol>
-</li></ol>
-
-<h2>Patterns for Location</h2>
-
-<p>There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在, 有 and 是 respectively and with different meanings:
-
-<ol>
-<li>To show that there is something in a certain place: 有
-<p>Position word + 有 + indefinite noun:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>後邊有什麼﹖</dt><dd>What is behind?</dd>
-<dt>後邊有一個車<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9d0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">房</A>。</dt><dd>There is a garage behind.</dd>
-<dt>我們家對面有一個<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4bdb6e9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">公</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%e9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4bdb6e9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">園</A>。</dt><dd>Across from our home, there is a park.</dd>
-</dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在
-<p>Definite noun + 在 + position word:
-<blockquote><dl><dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%e1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">花</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%e9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">園</A>在哪兒﹖</dt><dd>Where is the garden?</dd>
-<dt>花園在我們家後邊。</dt><dd>The garden is behind our house.</dd>
-<dt>花園<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6ba8ae', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">在</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6ba8ae', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">車</A>房 (的) <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5k" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5kc3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">右</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5kc3e4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">邊</A>。</dt><dd>The garden is to the right of the garage.</dd>
-</dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是
-<p>Position word + 是 + definite/indefinite noun:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你們家後邊是什麼﹖</dt><dd>What's behind your house?</dd>
-<dt>我們家後邊是<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@add3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@add3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A>花園。</dt><dd>Behind our house is a garden.</dd>
-<dt>他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。</dt><dd>In front of their house is the college library.</dd>
-</dl></blockquote>
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-
-<h2>Progressive aspect of an action</h2>
-
-<p>To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the following patterns:
-
-<blockquote><dl>
-<dt>她在<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%f0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">休</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%a7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">息</A>。</dt><dd>She is resting.</dd>
-<dt>她<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bf" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">正</A>休息。</dt>
-<dt>她<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bf" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">正</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">在</A>休息。</dt><p>
-
-<dt>她休息呢。</dt>
-<dt>她在休息呢。</dt>
-<dt>她正休息呢。</dt>
-<dt>她正在休息呢。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-<p>Notes:
-<ol>
-<li>All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted.
-</li><p>
-
-<li>The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but also to past and future actions:
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>她現在正在休息。</dt><dd>She is resting now. <i>present progressive</i></dd>
-<dt>我去<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">的</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%c9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">時</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">候</A>﹐她正在休息。</dt><dd>When I went there, she was resting. <i>past progressive</i></dd>
-<dt>我明天去看她的時候﹐她<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a9w', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a9w', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">定</A>正在休息。</dt><dd>When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting.  <i>future progressive</i></dd>
-</dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>As shown above, either 在, 正 or 正在 can be placed before a verb to indicate the progressive aspect of an action.
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Alternatively, 呢 can be placed at the end of the sentence to perform the same function.  Sometimes 呢 can be used together with 在, 正 or 正在.
-</li><p>
-
-<li>The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有, not 不, before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer.  Otherwise the full form of 沒有 must be used:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>她沒(有)休息﹐她在看報。</dt>
-<dt>她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。(or simply 沒有)</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>If both the 在 of the progressive aspect and the 在 of location exist in a sentence, only one should be used:
-<blockquote>
-<dt>她正在<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9d0b6a1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">房</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9d0b6a1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">間</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%bd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">里</A>休息。</dt>
-<dt>but not 她正在在房間里休息。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-<h2>Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers</h2>
-
-<p>An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as 我給她<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%b4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">打</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">電</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%dc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">話</A>, 他今天買, 我們去北京<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">參</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c6[" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">觀</A> can be used as a modifier for a noun.  When used this way, there must be a 的 inserted between the construction and the noun it modifies:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6Yb6ba', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">吃</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6Yb6ba', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">飯</A>。</dt><dd>When I called her, she was eating.</dd>
-<dt>他今天買的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%e1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">花</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兒</A>很<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba}" onMouseOver="aEl('cEba}abG', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">漂</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abG" onMouseOver="aEl('cEba}abG', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">亮</A>。</dt><dd>The flowers he bought today are very pretty.</dd>
-<dt>請你們看我們去北京參觀的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7d3a4f9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">照</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7d3a4f9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">片</A>。</dt><dd>Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.</dd>
-<dt>這是誰給你寫的信﹖</dt><dd>Who wrote this letter to you?</dd>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-<p>The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the 的, which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.</p>
-
-<h2>Word usage: 參觀 vs. <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3X" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">訪</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">問</A></h2>
-
-<p>Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English.  However, while 參觀 implies <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c6[" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc6[', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">觀</A> (to see), 訪問 stresses 問 (to ask).  Hence 參觀 really implies observation while visiting and 訪問 means to visit people with specific purpose such as interviews.  參觀 can be followed by places but not people; whereas 訪問 can take either, but most commonly people.
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>參觀/訪問<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbec7aed5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">學</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbec7aed5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">校</A></dt>
-<dt>訪問他/這個<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0eaaea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">國</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0eaaea', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">家</A>的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1`" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc1`b2ce', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">總</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%ce" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc1`b2ce', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">統</A></dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-<h2>Grammar Notes</h2>
-
-<ol>
-<li>Measure word <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">些</A>
-
-<p>些 is a measure word showing indefinite quantity.  It is usually used after demonstrative pronouns such as 這, 那, 哪 and after the numeral 一:
-<blockquote>
-<dl>
-<dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a8c7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a8c7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">些</A></dt><dd>some</dd>
-<dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3oa8c7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">這</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3oa8c7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">些</A></dt><dd>these</dd>
-<dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">那</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">些</A></dt><dd>those</dd>
-<dt><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadfea8c7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">哪</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadfea8c7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">些</A></dt><dd>which (plural)</dd>
-</dl>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Don't attempt to mix 些 with definite measures.  It is wrong to say 這些三本詞典 (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這三本詞典.
-</li><p>
-
-<li>是 . . . 的 construction
-
-<p>Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or adjectives:
-<blockquote>
-<dl>
-<dt>這本書是中文的。= 這本書中文的書。</dt>
-<dt>那條裙子是妹妹的。= 那條裙子是妹妹的裙子。</dt>
-<dt>姐姐的<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">大</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%e7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">衣</A>是<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%c2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6c2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">黑</A>的。= 姐姐的大衣是黑的大衣。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-But the 是 . . . 的 construction can also be used with prepositional phrases and even whole verbal constructions:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl>
-<dt>那些<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">點</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%df" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">心</A>是給丁雲的。= 那些點心是丁雲的點心。</dt>
-<dd>Those pastries are for Ding Yun.</dd>
-<dt>這<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%f4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7f4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">束</A>花兒是我給她買的。= 這束花兒我給她買的花兒。</dt>
-<dd>This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.</dd>
-<dt>這本書是我<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6ba4j', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">在</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6ba4j', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">大</A>學的圖書館<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%c9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadc9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">借</A>的。= 這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的書。</dt>
-<dd>This book is the one I borrowed from the university library.</dd>
-</dl></blockquote>
-</ol>
-
-<h2>The use of the Complement of Degree</h2>
-
-<h3>What is a complement?</h3>
-
-<p>A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain
-or complete the meaning of the action.  Complements are used to show
-duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility
-of an action.  Complements always appear <b>after</b> the verbs they
-modify.
-
-<p>We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the
-words they modify; so why do complements appear after?  It's because
-Chinese word order often observes the time sequence in which an action
-occurs.  Notice, for example:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl>
-<dt>昨天晚上我們從<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">書</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%b1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">店</A>去<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb9qbcvb0|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">電</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcv" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb9qbcvb0|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">影</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0|" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb9qbcvb0|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">院</A>。</dt>
-<dd>Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop.</dd>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
-Chinese sentence follows this time sequence.  Similarly, since a
-verbal action has to take place first, before one can see its extent
-or result, the complement placed after the verb observes this time
-sequence.
-
-<h3>The complement of degree</h3>
-
-<p>This is used to show the extent or degree of an action.  Normally
-adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">得</A>
-is used to connect the verb and its complement:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>他學習得<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">怎</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">麼</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%cb" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">樣</A>﹖</dt><dd>How is he studying?</dd>
-<dt>他學習<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">得</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">很</A>好。</dt><dd>He's studying very well.</dd></dl>
-</blockquote>
-The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
-
-<p><ol start=1><li>Verb without object: V + 得 + adjective
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你工作<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">得</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%f9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbff9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">錯</A>。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 + adjective
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我妹妹<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%db" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">唱</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%c1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5c1baq', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">民</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5c1baq', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">歌</A>唱得很好。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 + adjective
-<blockquote><dl><dt>他們中文學得很好。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p></ol>
-
-Place 不 <i>before the adjective</i> to make the negative:
-
-<p><ol start=4>
-<li>V + 得 + 不 + adjective
-<blockquote><dl><dt>她<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbaqb0db', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">歌</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%db" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbaqb0db', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">唱</A>得不好﹐ <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbR" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbbR', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">舞</A>也<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb8f5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">跳</A>得不好。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote></li><p></ol>
-
-Questions are formed as follows:
-
-<p><ol start=1>
-<li> . . . 得 adjective 不 adjective?
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6}a8ae', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">開</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6}a8ae', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">車</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6}', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">開</A>得<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%d6" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7d6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">快</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a7d6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%d6" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a7d6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">快</A>﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li> . . . 得怎麼樣﹖
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你中文學得怎麼樣﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li> . . . 得 adjective 嗎﹖
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%e5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb4e5aaa', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">游</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaa" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb4e5aaa', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">泳</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%e5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb4e5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">游</A>得好嗎﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p></ol>
-
-Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as
-有, 在 or 是, since those verbs normally do not denote actions.
-
-<h2>The difference between 呢 and <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7a" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">吧</A> as sentence-ending particles</h2>
-
-<p>Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end
-of a question.  However, they differ in usage.
-
-<h3>In questions</h3>
-
-<p>呢 is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry.  It may appear
-in questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 or 哪兒;
-affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6na6Y', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">好</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6na6Y', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">吃</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a6n', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a6n', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">好</A>吃呢﹖; or
-alternative questions with 還是, such as 吃<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEadb1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">面</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5]" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5]', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">包</A>還是<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4f5bbL', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">火</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbL" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4f5bbL', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">腿</A>呢﹖
-
-<p>吧, on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to
-indicate a mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the
-speaker: 在這兒<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%b1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">停</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">車</A>吧﹖ 你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%be" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">知</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9D" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">道</A>吧﹖
-
-<h3>In affirmative statements</h3>
-
-<p>呢 in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an
-action (e.g. 她學中文呢), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with
-exaggeration (e.g. 晚上電影九點<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">才</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">開</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9l" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">始</A>呢。 從這兒去要走<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">三</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Ta4d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">天</A>呢。)
-
-<p>吧 is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften
-the tone, as in 我們走吧。 你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6A" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">再</A>想想吧。
-
-<h2>The use of optative verbs</h2>
-
-Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to express
-intention, wishes, possibility etc.
-
-<ol>
-<li>To express <i>subjective wish</i>, <i>desire</i> or <i>request</i>:
-<p><ol type=a>
-<li>要 + verb = to want to
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我要喝<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%ef" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbeefa4l', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">橘</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbeefa4l', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">子</A>水。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p><li>
-想 + verb = would like to
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你想看電影嗎﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li></ol></li><p>
-
-<li>To express <i>objective necessity</i>:
-<p><ol type=a>
-<li>要 + verb = to have to (especially in questions)
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我明天要來嗎﹖</dt><dd>Do I have to come tomorrow?</dd>
-<dt>我們要去了。</dt><dd>We have to go.</dd>
-</dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a5ce', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%ce" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a5ce', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">用</A> + verb = don't have to
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你明天不用來。</dt><dd>You don't have to come tomorrow.</dd></dl></blockquote>
-</li></ol></li><p>
-
-<li>To express <i>ability</i> or <i>skill acquired</i>:
-<p><ol type=a>
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">能</A> + verb = can, be able to
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你現在能看中文<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3f8afc8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">報</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%c8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb3f8afc8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">紙</A>嗎﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">可</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">以</A> + verb = can, be able to
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">會</A> + verb = can, be able to
-<blockquote><dl><dt>他們都會游泳嗎﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-</ol></li><p>
-
-<li>To express <i>ability depending on circumstances</i>:
-<p><ol type=a>
-<li>能 + verb = can, be able to
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你明天能來嗎﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-<li>可以 + verb = can, be able to
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你今天晚上可以1給他打電話嗎﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li></ol>
-Note, in both cases use <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">能</A> for negative sentences.
-</li><p>
-
-<li>To express <i>permission</i>:
-<p><ol type=a>
-<li>能 + verb = may, be permitted to
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我能在這兒停車嗎﹖</dt>
-<dt>你不能 (or <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a5i', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a5i', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">可</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">以</A>) 在這兒停車。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>可以 + verb = may, be permitted to
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖</dt>
-<dt>你不可以 (or 不能) 在這兒吸煙。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-</li><p>
-
-<li>To express <i>possibility</i> or <i>probability</i>:
-<p><ol type=a>
-<li>會 + verb = be likely to, will probably
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你明天會再來嗎﹖</dt>
-<dt>今天晚上<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3b7|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3b7|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">會</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4UabB', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">下</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abB" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4UabB', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">雨</A>。
-</dl></blockquote>
-</li></ol></li><p>
-
-<li>To express <i>need arising from moral or factual necessity</i>:
-<p><ol type=a>
-<li><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0%b3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">應</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">該</A> + verb = should, ought to
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。</dt>
-<dt>他們不應該<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2%bd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc2bdc4b6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">翻</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%b6" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc2bdc4b6', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">譯</A>那本書。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</ol>
-</li></p>
-</ol>
-
-Note:
-<ol>
-<li type=i>To make a negation, put the negative word 不 or 沒有 before the optative verb:
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>他們不想給圖書館打電話。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7|a4a3b7|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">會</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7|a4a3b7|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7|a4a3b7|', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">會</A>唱<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa5c1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">中</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa5c1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">國</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%c1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa5c1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">民</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbaq', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">歌</A>﹖</dt>
-<dt>but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你是<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5_" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5_a8caa4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">北</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5_a8caa4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">京</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5_a8caa4H', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">人</A>﹐應該會唱京劇。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-</ol>
-
-<h2>The use of adverbs <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4N" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">就</A> and 才</h2>
-
-就 and 才 are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier (就) or later (才) than expected:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>他們三點就來了﹐<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5iacO', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">可</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5iacO', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">是</A>你們現在才來。</dt>
-<dd>They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.</dd>
-<dt>我們是<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">老</A>朋友﹐我們<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">十</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Qa6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">年</A>前就認識了。</dt>
-<dd>We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as ten years ago.</dd>
-<dt>她不是我的同學﹐我<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wadd3acPb4c1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">上</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wadd3acPb4c1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">個</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wadd3acPb4c1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">星</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Wadd3acPb4c1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">期</A>才認識她。</dt>
-<dd>She is not a classmate of mine.  I just got to know her a week ago.</dd>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-Compare the following sentences:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>今年我們就想去中國學習。</dt>
-<dd>(The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon as this year.)</dd>
-<dt>今年我們才想去中國學習。</dt>
-<dd>(The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year, they should have gone earlier.)</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a sentence, 就 and 才
-should be placed after it; when there is an optative verb, on the other hand, 就 and 才
-should be placed before it.  Here is the pattern:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>Time-word + 就/才 + optative verb + main verb</dt>
-<dt>她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。</dt>
-<dt>他們今天下午三點就能<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5X" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Xb5o', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">出</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5o" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Xb5o', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">發</A>﹐我們要晚上八點<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4~afe0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">才</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4~afe0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">能</A>走。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-<h2>Word usage: <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%ce" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">或</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%cc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">者</A>, 還是</h2>
-
-Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but they differ in usage: in general, 或者 is used in non-interrogative sentences to indicate a choice:
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我妹妹想<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%e3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEace3a8s', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">研</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8s" onMouseOver="aEl('cEace3a8s', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">究</A>音樂或者<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4e5bec7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">文</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4e5bec7', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">學</A>。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-
-還是, on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative questions:
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-
-It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%be" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">知</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9D" onMouseOver="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">道</A>, 告訴 etc:
-
-<hlockquote><dl><dt>請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖</dt>
-<dt>我不知道她是老師還是學生。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-
-In cases in which both 或者 and 還是 can appear in questions, there are some subtle differences in their anticipations and tones:
-
-<blockquote><ol><li>A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖<br>
-B: 我想去中國。</li><p>
-<li>A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖<br>
-B: 我想去﹐我兩個<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6a" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6aa4e8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">地</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e8" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6aa4e8', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">方</A>都想去。</li></ol></blockquote>
-
-In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice from the answer.  The two terms with 還是 are mutually exclusive.  In dialogue 2, the question is a general one using 嗎 at the end.  It does not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B can give a
-general answer: 我想去 -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought: 我兩個地方都想去.  The two items with 或者 in the question are therefore not mutually exclusive.
-
-<p>Sometimes, however, 還是 can also be used in a non-interrogative sentence.  For instance:
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@aec9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%c9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@aec9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">時</A>(??)<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a9w', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">不</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4a3a9w', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">定</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5D" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Db7N', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">主</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7N" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Db7N', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">意</A>。</dt></dl>
-</blockquote>
-
-Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative, compelling 他 to make a choice.  In contrast, 或者 in this case can only convey a sort of explanatory note:
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a9wadn', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a9wadn', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">定</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@a9wadn', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">要</A>作<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8M" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Ma9w', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">決</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Ma9w', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">定</A>。
-(interrogative)</dt>
-<dt>或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e4a5L', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">其</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8e4a5L', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">他</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%ef" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbfefbedc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">選</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%dc" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbfefbedc', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">擇</A>。 (explanatory)</dt></dl></blockquote>
-
-<h2><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">了</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">解</A>, 知道, 認識 and <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0%b4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">懂</A></h2>
-
-<p>The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
-
-<p>Both 了解 and 知道 can mean "to know".  However, 了解 implies some level of understanding and comprehension of what one knows.  Therefore 了解 can be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道.  Compare:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>你了解 (or 知道) 這個學校嗎﹖</dt>
-<dt>我不知道他是誰的孩子。(Here one can not use 了解.)</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-<p>認識 is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not others.  It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability.
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>A: <A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEae@', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">哦</A>﹐我認識她﹗</dt><dd>Oh, I know her!</dd>
-<dt>B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖</dt><dd>Where did you get to know her?</dd>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-<p>懂, on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its definition is not as broad as that of 了解 (to know and understand) and is different from that of 知道 (to know).
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>1. 你懂他<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%a1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbba1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">說</A>的漢語嗎﹖</dt>
-<dt>2. 你知道他叫<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%c6" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacc6bbf2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">甚</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2" onMouseOver="aEl('cEacc6bbf2', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">麼</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6W" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6Wa6r', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">名</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6r" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6Wa6r', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">字</A>嗎﹖</dt>
-<dt>3. 你了解他嗎﹖</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than sentence 1.
-
-
-
-
-
-<h2>The use of the Perfect Aspect</h2>
-
-<h3>Basic concept</h3>
-
-<p>The aspect particle 了 is added to the end of a verb to indicate the completion of
-an action.  In general, Chinese perfect aspect is equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future perfect) in English.  So, the completion of an action can take place in the past or in the future.  For instance:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖</dt>
-<dt>B: 我下了課去圖書館。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect particle 了, if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need to emphasise its completion:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>去年他常常去書店。</dt>
-<dt>以前我住在學生宿舍。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-<h3>Basic patterns</h3>
-
-<ol>
-<li>Affirmative sentence
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>Subject + verb + 了 (+ object)</dt>
-<dt>e.g. 電影開始了。 我買了兩本書。</dt></dl>
-</blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>Subject + 沒(有) + verb (+ object)</dt>
-<dt>or subject + 還沒(有) + verb (+ 呢)</dt>
-<dt>e.g. 我沒有買書。 電影還沒開始呢。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Interrogative sentence
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>Subject + verb + 了 (+ object) + 沒有﹖</dt>
-<dt>or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖</dt>
-<dt>or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is usually monosyllabic)</dt>
-<dt>e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ 她來了嗎﹖ 你們<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%cd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbdcd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">談</A>沒談這個問題﹖</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-</li><p></ol>
-
-<h3>Notes</h3>
-<ol>
-<li>If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence,
-the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral + measure-word or other
-attributives).  Otherwise the sentence sounds incomplete:
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>我買了三本書。</dt>
-<dt>我在書店里買了書。</dt>
-
-<dt>but not simply 我買了書。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by those
-verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 is usually placed after
-the <i>last</i> verb.
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。</dt>
-<dt>b. 他們昨天<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6i" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6i', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">進</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%b0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEabb0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">城</A>買了一些中文詞典。</dt>
-</dl>
-</blockquote>
-
-In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is written by using Chinese;
-in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to buy the dictionaries.  Compare the above sentences with the following, with a different structure:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>我下了課去圖書館。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-Here "class is over" (下課) and "go to the library" are unrelated.  They are contained in the sentence simply to indicate their sequence.  Hence it is wrong to say
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>
-我下課去了圖書館。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-</li><p>
-
-<li>When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 is placed <i>before</i> the reduplicated verb:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>
-我<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d5" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb8d5', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">試</A>了試那條裙子﹐真漂亮﹗</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-</ol>
-
-<h2><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4S" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">又</A>, 再 and 還</h2>
-
-<p>All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like the English "again".  They differ in usage, however:
-
-<p>Whereas 又 indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken place, 再 implies a
-repetition of an action in the future.  Also, 再 is only used in <i>declarative</i> sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>昨天他來<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">晚</A>了﹐今天他又來晚了。</dt>
-<dd>(repetition in the past)</dd>
-<dt>你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6i" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6ia8d3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">進</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%d3" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6ia8d3', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">來</A>了。</dt>
-<dd>(repetition in the future)</dd>
-<dt>你再喝<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@c2Ia8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">一</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@c2Ia8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">點</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa4@c2Ia8e0', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">兒</A>橘子水﹐好嗎﹖</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-Also, 又 can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or occurrence,
-even though it has not yet taken place:
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。</dt>
-<dt>
-<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7sa6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">新</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb7sa6~', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">年</A>又要來了。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-還, on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>你明天還來嗎﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-
-It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an
-optative verb.  In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb and an
-optional 再 can be placed after:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>A: 你明年還能(再)教我們嗎﹖</dt>
-<dt>B: 我明年還可以(再)教你們。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-
-
-<h2>Use of the modal particle 了</h2>
-
-<p>
-<h3>Basic concept</h3>
-
-<p>The modal particle 了 is placed at the end of a sentence to
-indicate that the event referred to took place in the past.  The
-difference between 了 as modal particle and 了 to indicate perfect
-aspect is that the latter only shows the completion of the verb,
-whereas the former shows the completion of the whole sentence or
-event, implying some <i>change of situation</i>.
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>他買了書了。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-
-The first 了 in the sentence above indicates only the completion of
-the action of 買書, whereas the second 了 marks some change of
-situation on the part of 他 as a result of the completion of the
-book-buying process: originally he did not have the book, but now he
-has.
-
-<h3>Basic patterns</h3>
-
-<p>(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
-previous section.)
-
-<ol><li>Affirmative sentence
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>Subject + verb (+ object) + 了</dt>
-<dt>e.g. 他們看<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ac" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">足</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2y" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">球</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%c9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">賽</A>了。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>Subject + 沒 (有) + verb (+ object)</dt>
-<dt>e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。</dt></dl></blockquote
-</li><p>
-
-<li>Interrogative sentence
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖</dt>
-<dt>or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖</dt>
-<dt>or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb + object﹖ (here the verb is usually monosyllabic)</dt>
-<dt>e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖</dt>
-<dt>他們看足球賽了嗎﹖</dt>
-<dt>他們看沒看足球賽﹖</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-</ol>
-
-<h3>Notes</h3>
-
-<ol><li>As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the
-perfect aspect 了 from the modal particle 了.  In such a case, 了 can
-be regarded as fulfilling both functions:
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>她來了。 我們懂了。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
-require a 了 at the end of the sentence:
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5X" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Xa5h', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">出</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa5Xa5h', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">去</A>。</dt></dl></blockquote>
-
-</li><p></ol>
-
-<h2>Sequential actions</h2>
-
-To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the other,
-we use the pattern
-
-<blockquote><dl><dt>Subject + verb + 了 (以後) 就 + verb ...</dt>
-<dt>e.g. 我們<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%ec" onMouseOver="aEl('cEbfec', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">辦</A>了<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%b1" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc3b1', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">簽</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%fd" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb5fd', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">証</A>(以後)就回家。</dt>
-<dt>明天吃了<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ad" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6adb6ba', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">早</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6adb6ba', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">飯</A>(以後)我們就出發。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-The above pattern can be used for <i>future</i> actions as well.  To
-indicate that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 has
-to be inserted at the end of the sentence:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl><dt>我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。</dt>
-<dt>他們<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ad" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6ada4W', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">早</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa6ada4W', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">上</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Sa6Y', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">沒</A><A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y" onMouseOver="aEl('cEa8Sa6Y', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">吃</A>早飯就走了。</dt>
-</dl></blockquote>
-
-<!--
-
-<h2>Useful patterns and expressions</h2>
-
-<ol><li>A 跟 B 賽 = A competes against B
-<blockquote><dl><dt>我們的游泳<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a4" onMouseOver="aEl('cEb6a4', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">隊</A>跟那個大學的游泳隊賽。我們<A HREF="http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%b9" onMouseOver="aEl('cEc4b9', event)" onMouseOut="cEl()">贏</A>了。</dt></dl>
-</blockquote>
-</li><p>
-
-<li>
-
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-makeEl1("cEa6A", "再", "ㄗ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "zai4", "again, once more, re-, second, another");
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-makeEl2("cEa4Qa4eb", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "月", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "shi2yue4", "October");
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-makeEl2("cEa4Ka4d", "八", "ㄅ<BR>ㄚ", "千", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "ba1qian1", "eight thousand, 8000");
-makeEl2("cEa9faa4d1", "明", "ㄇ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "天", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "ming2tian1", "tomorrow");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3c5w", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "歡", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄢ", "bu4huan1er2san4", "part on bad terms, (of a meeting, etc, ) break up in discord");
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-makeEl1("cEa4fd", "王", "ㄨ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˊ", "wang2", "king, Wang (proper name)");
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-makeEl2("cEa4~afe0", "才", "ㄘ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˊ", "能", "ㄋ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "cai2neng2", "talent, ability, capacity");
-makeEl1("cEa1M", "﹐", "﹐", "﹐", "");
-makeEl1("cEadn", "要", "ㄧ<BR>ㄠ", "yao1 / yao4", "demand, ask, request, coerce / important, vital, to want, to be going to, must");
-makeEl1("cEa8d3", "來", "ㄌ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˊ", "lai2", "to come");
-makeEl1("cEae@", "哦", "ㄜ<BR>ˊ", "e2 / o2", "to chant / oh is that so");
-makeEl2("cEc1d9acO", "還", "ㄏ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˊ", "是", "ㄕ<BR>ˋ", "hai2shi4", "or, still, nevertheless");
-makeEl2("cEa4@a9w", "一", "ㄧ", "定", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˋ", "yi1ding4", "surely, certainly, necessarily, fixed, a certain (extent, etc.), given, particular");
-makeEl2("cEa4Qa6~", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "年", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "shi2nian2", "ten years");
-makeEl2("cEa4b5a6~", "今", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄋ", "年", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "jin1nian2", "this year");
-makeEl2("cEa5jaai", "古", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "波", "ㄅ<BR>ㄛ", "gu3bo1", "Gubo (a personal name)");
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-makeEl2("cEa4a3acO", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˊ", "是", "ㄕ<BR>ˋ", "bu2shi4", "(n) blame or fault");
-makeEl1("cEa6o", "她", "ㄊ<BR>ㄚ", "ta1", "she");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ka4eb", "八", "ㄅ<BR>ㄚ", "月", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "ba1yue4", "eighth month, August");
-makeEl1("cEb8U", "萬", "ㄨ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "wan4", "(surname), ten thousand, a great number");
-makeEl3("cEa4a4b0eaa5c1", "中", "ㄓ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ", "國", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˊ", "民", "ㄇ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄋ<BR>ˊ", "zhong1guo2min2hang2", "General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC)");
-makeEl2("cEb3oa8e0", "這", "ㄓ<BR>ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "兒", "", "zher4", "here");
-makeEl1("cEb8cc", "裡", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "li3", "li, a Chinese unit of length = 1, 2 kilometer, village, within, inside");
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-makeEl1("cEc3e4", "邊", "ㄅ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "bian1", "side, edge, margin, border, boundary");
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-makeEl2("cEb1oa4a3", "得", "ㄉ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˊ", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "de2bu4dao4", "cannot get, cannot obtain");
-makeEl2("cEa9haeQ", "姑", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ", "娘", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄤ<BR>˙", "gu1niang5", "girl");
-makeEl2("cEafacb6P", "祝", "ㄓ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "賀", "ㄏ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "zhu4he4", "to congratulate, congratulations");
-makeEl1("cEb6dc", "嗎", "ㄇ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˇ", "ma3 / ma5", "morphine / (question tag)");
-makeEl2("cEaee0a4l", "桌", "ㄓ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ", "子", "ㄗ<BR>˙", "zhuo1zi5", "table, desk");
-makeEl3("cEb7|a4a3b7|", "會", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "會", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "hui4bu4hui4", "(posing a question: whether someone, something) can or not, is able to or not");
-makeEl2("cEb9efadb1", "對", "ㄉ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "面", "ㄇ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "dui4mian4", "opposite");
-makeEl1("cEa4T", "三", "ㄙ<BR>ㄢ", "san1", "three");
-makeEl1("cEaaef", "迎", "ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "ying2", "to welcome");
-makeEl2("cEadfeadd3", "哪", "ㄋ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˇ", "個", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>˙", "na3ge5", "which, who");
-makeEl2("cEa6ada4W", "早", "ㄗ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "上", "ㄕ<BR>ㄤ<BR>˙", "zao3shang5", "early morning");
-makeEl1("cEb9D", "道", "ㄉ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "dao4", "direction, way, method, road, path, principle, truth, reason, skill, method, Tao (of Taoism), a measure word, to say, to speak, to talk");
-makeEl2("cEa4@a4d1", "一", "ㄧ", "天", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "yi1tian1", "one day");
-makeEl1("cEacdd", "看", "ㄎ<BR>ㄢ", "kan1 / kan4", "to look after, to take care of, to watch, to guard / it depends, think, to see, to look at");
-makeEl2("cEacQa4d1", "昨", "ㄗ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˊ", "天", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "zuo2tian1", "yesterday");
-makeEl2("cEb8c8a4l", "裙", "ㄑ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ㄋ<BR>ˊ", "子", "ㄗ<BR>˙", "qun2zi5", "skirt");
-makeEl2("cEa6~bbb4", "年", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "輕", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "nian2qing1", "young");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ka6~", "八", "ㄅ<BR>ㄚ", "年", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "ba1nian2", "eight years");
-makeEl2("cEa8e4a5L", "其", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˊ", "他", "ㄊ<BR>ㄚ", "qi2ta1", "other, else");
-makeEl1("cEb1f8", "條", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˊ", "tiao2", "measure word for long, thin things (i.e. ribbon, river, etc.), a strip, item, article");
-makeEl1("cEa4B", "丁", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "ding1", "(surname), 4th heavenly stem, a Chinese surname");
-makeEl2("cEa4@a4eb", "一", "ㄧ", "月", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "yi1yue4", "first month, January");
-makeEl2("cEc2bdc4b6", "翻", "ㄈ<BR>ㄢ", "譯", "ㄧ<BR>ˋ", "fan1yi4", "translate");
-makeEl1("cEa4]", "也", "ㄧ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˇ", "ye3", "also, too");
-makeEl2("cEa4Wa4c8", "上", "ㄕ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˋ", "午", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "shang4wu3", "morning");
-makeEl2("cEa4@b8U", "一", "ㄧ", "萬", "ㄨ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "yi1wan4", "ten thousand");
-makeEl2("cEa4@bbf5", "一", "ㄧ", "億", "ㄧ<BR>ˋ", "yi1yi4", "1 00 million");
-makeEl1("cEa4G", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "er4", "two");
-makeEl2("cEa6edb1J", "住", "ㄓ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "宿", "ㄙ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "zhu4su4", "lodging");
-makeEl2("cEa8acb2y", "足", "ㄗ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˊ", "球", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˊ", "zu2qiu2", "football (British English), soccer (American English)");
-makeEl3("cEa4Uadd3a4eb", "下", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "個", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "月", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "xia4ge4yue4", "next month");
-makeEl2("cEa4ja6e7", "大", "ㄉ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "衣", "ㄧ", "da4yi1", "overcoat, topcoat, cloak");
-makeEl2("cEa4Cc2I", "七", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ", "點", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "qi1dian3er4", "7.2");
-makeEl1("cEbba1", "說", "ㄕ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "shui4 / shuo1", "persuade (politically) / to speak, to say");
-makeEl1("cEbch", "層", "ㄘ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "ceng2", "a measure word for layers, laminated, repeated, floor, story (of a building), layer");
-makeEl1("cEa6Y", "吃", "ㄔ", "chi1 / ji2", "eat, eradicate, destroy, receive / stammer");
-makeEl1("cEbaq", "歌", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ", "ge1", "song");
-makeEl1("cEb4e5", "游", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˊ", "you2", "to walk, to tour, to roam, to swim, to travel");
-makeEl2("cEa8e2add3", "兩", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˇ", "個", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "liang3ge4zhong1guo2", "two-China (policy)");
-makeEl1("cEaea", "家", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄚ", "jia1", "-ist, -er, -ian, home, family, a person engaged in a certain art or profession");
-makeEl2("cEb0aabfb3", "高", "ㄍ<BR>ㄠ", "興", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˋ", "gao1xing4", "happy, glad, willing (to do sth), in a cheerful mood");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ua4c8", "下", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "午", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "xia4wu3", "afternoon");
-makeEl1("cEa5bb", "本", "ㄅ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˇ", "ben3", "roots or stems of plants, origin, source, this, the current, root, foundation, basis, (a measure word)");
-makeEl2("cEb9qbcv", "電", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "影", "ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˇ", "dian4ying3", "movie, film");
-makeEl1("cEb5a7", "筆", "ㄅ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "bi3", "pen, pencil, writing brush, to write or compose, the strokes of Chinese characters");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ga4Q", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "er4shi2", "twenty, 20");
-makeEl1("cEb1q", "從", "ㄘ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ", "cong1 / cong2 / zong4", "lax, yielding, unhurried / from, obey, observe, follow / second cousin");
-makeEl2("cEb4Xadd3", "幾", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "個", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>˙", "ji3ge5", "several");
-makeEl2("cEb6fdb6fd", "媽", "ㄇ<BR>ㄚ", "媽", "ㄇ<BR>ㄚ<BR>˙", "ma1ma5", "mama, mommy");
-makeEl2("cEb1dfb6ba", "晚", "ㄨ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "飯", "ㄈ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "wan3fan4", "supper");
-makeEl1("cEb0db", "唱", "ㄔ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˋ", "chang4", "sing, to call loudly, to chant");
-makeEl2("cEb3oa8c7", "這", "ㄓ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "些", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄝ<BR>˙", "zhe4xie5", "these");
-makeEl2("cEa4@a4d", "一", "ㄧ", "千", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "yi1qian1", "one thousand");
-makeEl2("cEa4d3a6a3", "太", "ㄊ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "忙", "ㄇ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˊ", "tai4mang2", "too busy");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3b7|", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "會", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "bu4hui4", "improbable, unlikely, will not (act, happen, etc, ), have not learned to, be unable to");
-makeEl1("cEa7f3", "更", "ㄍ<BR>ㄥ", "geng1 / geng4", "to change / more, even more, further, still, still more");
-makeEl1("cEa8e2", "兩", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˇ", "liang3", "both, two, ounce, some, a few, tael");
-makeEl1("cEa4a4", "中", "ㄓ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ", "zhong1 / zhong4", "within, among, in, middle, center, while (doing sth), during, China, Chinese / hit (the mark)");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3aabe", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "知", "ㄓ", "bu4zhi1", "unknowing(ly)");
-makeEl2("cEa5|add3", "四", "ㄙ<BR>ˋ", "個", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "si4ge4xiao3shi2", "four hours");
-makeEl1("cEa4d", "千", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "qian1", "thousand");
-makeEl2("cEb5fca8e5", "詞", "ㄘ<BR>ˊ", "典", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "ci2dian3", "dictionary");
-makeEl2("cEa8Sa6Y", "沒", "ㄇ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˊ", "吃", "ㄔ", "mei2chi1mei2chuan1", "(idiom) to be without food and clothing; be very poor");
-makeEl1("cEa4C", "七", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ", "qi1", "seven, 7");
-makeEl2("cEbbc8a6e6", "銀", "ㄧ<BR>ㄋ<BR>ˊ", "行", "ㄏ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˊ", "yin2hang2", "bank");
-makeEl1("cEb6c2", "黑", "ㄏ<BR>ㄟ", "hei1", "black, dark");
-makeEl2("cEa5ha6~", "去", "ㄑ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ˋ", "年", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "qu4nian2", "last year");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ca4eb", "七", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ", "月", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "qi1yue4", "July, seventh month");
-makeEl1("cEb1d0", "教", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄠ", "jiao1 / jiao4", "teach / religion, teaching");
-makeEl1("cEa5b", "半", "ㄅ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "ban4", "half, semi-, incomplete, (after a number) and a half, half");
-makeEl2("cEa4Uc3e4", "下", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "邊", "ㄅ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "xia4bian1", "(n) under");
-makeEl2("cEa9ceaacc", "或", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˋ", "者", "ㄓ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˇ", "huo4zhe3", "or, possibly, maybe, perhaps");
-makeEl1("cEa1T", "﹗", "﹗", "﹗", "");
-makeEl1("cEb7|", "會", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "hui4 / kuai4", "can, be possible, be able to, to assemble, to meet, to gather, to see, union, group, association / to balance an account, accounting");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ubdd2", "下", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "課", "ㄎ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "xia4ke4", "class is over");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ka4E", "八", "ㄅ<BR>ㄚ", "九", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2", "pretty close, very near, about right");
-makeEl1("cEafe0", "能", "ㄋ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "neng2", "can, may, capable, energy, able");
-makeEl2("cEa6Pbec7", "同", "ㄊ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "學", "ㄒ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˊ", "tong2xue2", "(fellow) classmate");
-makeEl2("cEb3Xb0dd", "訪", "ㄈ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˇ", "問", "ㄨ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˋ", "fang3wen4", "pay a visit (to), to access, to interview");
-makeEl1("cEaed1", "書", "ㄕ<BR>ㄨ", "shu1", "book, letter");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ta4d", "三", "ㄙ<BR>ㄢ", "千", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "san1qian1wu3bai3", "3 500");
-makeEl1("cEa6~", "年", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "nian2", "year");
-makeEl2("cEa4@a6~", "一", "ㄧ", "年", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "yi1nian2ban4", "a year and a half");
-makeEl3("cEa4@a4Ua8e0", "一", "ㄧ<BR>ˊ", "下", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ㄖ<BR>ˋ", "兒", "", "yi2xiar4", "a little bit, a little while");
-makeEl2("cEa6Wa6r", "名", "ㄇ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "字", "ㄗ<BR>˙", "ming2zi5", "(a persons) name");
-makeEl1("cEa5L", "他", "ㄊ<BR>ㄚ", "ta1", "he, him");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3a5i", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "可", "ㄎ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˇ", "bu4ke3", "cannot, should not, must not");
-makeEl3("cEacfcb0eaa5H", "美", "ㄇ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˇ", "國", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˊ", "以", "ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "mei3guo2yi3wai4", "outside of the U.S.");
-makeEl1("cEabe", "前", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "qian2", "before, in front, ago, former, previous, earlier, front");
-makeEl2("cEb0d3a9b1", "商", "ㄕ<BR>ㄤ", "店", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "shang1dian4", "store, shop");
-makeEl2("cEa4Gb8b9", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "號", "ㄏ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "er4hao4", "2nd day of the month");
-makeEl3("cEa6naaBa4cd", "好", "ㄏ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "朋", "ㄆ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "友", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>˙", "hao3peng2you5", "good friend");
-makeEl2("cEa4jbec7", "大", "ㄉ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "學", "ㄒ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˊ", "da4xue2", "university");
-makeEl1("cEabb0", "城", "ㄔ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "cheng2", "city walls, city, town");
-makeEl2("cEace3a8s", "研", "ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "究", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ", "yan2jiu1", "research");
-makeEl2("cEa7daadcc", "我", "ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˇ", "們", "ㄇ<BR>ㄣ<BR>˙", "wo3men5", "we, us, ourselves");
-makeEl3("cEb9qbcvb0|", "電", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "影", "ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˇ", "院", "ㄩ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "dian4ying3yuan4", "cinema, movie theater");
-makeEl2("cEa4bdb6e9", "公", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ", "園", "ㄩ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "gong1yuan2", "a public park");
-makeEl2("cEba}abG", "漂", "ㄆ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "亮", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄤ<BR>˙", "piao4liang5", "pretty, beautiful");
-makeEl2("cEbec7a5cd", "學", "ㄒ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˊ", "生", "ㄕ<BR>ㄥ<BR>˙", "xue2sheng5", "student");
-makeEl2("cEa5~c3e4", "外", "ㄨ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "邊", "ㄅ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>˙", "wai4bian5", "(n) outside, (n) exterior  surface, (n) place other than ones home town");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3a6b", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "在", "ㄗ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "bu4zai4", "not be in, be out");
-makeEl1("cEb0ea", "國", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˊ", "guo2", "country, state, nation");
-makeEl1("cEa4d1", "天", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "tian1", "day, sky, heaven");
-makeEl1("cEabca", "封", "ㄈ<BR>ㄥ", "feng1", "to confer, to grant, to seal, (a measure word)");
-makeEl2("cEa5~b0ea", "外", "ㄨ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "國", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˊ", "wai4guo2", "foreign (country)");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3a6ed", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˊ", "住", "ㄓ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "bu2zhu4", "repeatedly, continuously, constantly");
-makeEl2("cEa4ada4Q", "五", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "wu3shi2", "fifty");
-makeEl2("cEad^bby", "英", "ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "語", "ㄩ<BR>ˇ", "ying1yu3", "English (language)");
-makeEl1("cEc5a5", "聽", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "ting1 / ting4", "listen, hear, obey / let, allow");
-makeEl1("cEabe1", "後", "ㄏ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˋ", "hou4", "back, behind, rear, afterwards, after, later");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3abdc", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "很", "ㄏ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˇ", "bu4hen3", "not very");
-makeEl2("cEa6bb3o", "在", "ㄗ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "這", "ㄓ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "zai4zhe4qi1jian1", "during time, in this time");
-makeEl2("cEb7sa6~", "新", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄋ", "年", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "xin1nian2", "New Year");
-makeEl1("cEb1df", "晚", "ㄨ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "wan3", "evening, night, late");
-makeEl1("cEa4S", "又", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˋ", "you4", "(once) again, also, both... and..., again");
-makeEl2("cEa9ja9j", "姐", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˇ", "姐", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄝ<BR>˙", "jie3jie5", "older sister");
-makeEl1("cEa8ab", "走", "ㄗ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˇ", "zou3", "to walk, to go, to move");
-makeEl1("cEa4eb", "月", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "yue4", "moon, month");
-makeEl1("cEb9s", "零", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "ling2", "remnant, zero");
-makeEl3("cEa4d3a6na4F", "太", "ㄊ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "好", "ㄏ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "了", "ㄌ<BR>ㄜ<BR>˙", "tai4hao3le5", "very good");
-makeEl1("cEa6^", "回", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˊ", "hui2", "(a measure word for matters or actions) a time, to circle, to go back, to turn around, to answer, to return, to revolve");
-makeEl1("cEa4@", "一", "ㄧ", "yi1", "one, single, a(n)");
-makeEl4("cEa4Wadd3acPb4c1", "上", "ㄕ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˋ", "個", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "星", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "期", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ", "shang4ge4xing1qi1", "last week");
-makeEl2("cEaaBa4cd", "朋", "ㄆ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "友", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>˙", "peng2you5", "friend");
-makeEl2("cEadb5bcd6", "音", "ㄧ<BR>ㄋ", "樂", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "yin1yue4", "music");
-makeEl1("cEa4H", "人", "ㄖ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˊ", "ren2", "man, person, people");
-makeEl2("cEa8e2c2I", "兩", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˇ", "點", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1", "2 :1 9 (time of day)");
-makeEl1("cEadbf", "倍", "ㄅ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "bei4", "(two, three, etc) -fold, times (multiplier), double, to increase or multiply");
-makeEl3("cEa4@c2Ia8e0", "一", "ㄧ", "點", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ㄖ<BR>ˇ", "兒", "", "yi1dianr3", "a bit, a little");
-makeEl2("cEa4ua7@", "工", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ", "作", "ㄗ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˋ", "gong1zuo4", "job, work, construction, work, task");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3a6n", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "好", "ㄏ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "bu4hao3", "no good");
-makeEl3("cEa4Ga4Qa4ad", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "五", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "er4shi2wu3", "twenty five");
-makeEl2("cEa4Qa4ad", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "五", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "shi2wu3", "fifteen");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ka4c0", "八", "ㄅ<BR>ㄚ", "分", "ㄈ<BR>ㄣ", "ba1fen1yin1fu2", "quaver, eighth note");
-makeEl2("cEb1dfa4W", "晚", "ㄨ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "上", "ㄕ<BR>ㄤ<BR>˙", "wan3shang5", "in the evening");
-makeEl2("cEb6}a9l", "開", "ㄎ<BR>ㄞ", "始", "ㄕ<BR>ˇ", "kai1shi3", "begin, beginning, start, initial");
-makeEl2("cEa8c6a8e0", "事", "ㄕ<BR>ㄖ<BR>ˋ", "兒", "", "shir4", "business, thing");
-makeEl1("cEadfe", "哪", "ㄋ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˇ", "na3 / na5 / nei3 / nei3", "how, which / (final part. preceded by N) / which (followed by M or Num) / which (followed by M or Num)");
-makeEl1("cEa4f4", "水", "ㄕ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˇ", "shui3", "water, river");
-makeEl2("cEa4Bb6b3", "丁", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "雲", "ㄩ<BR>ㄋ<BR>ˊ", "ding1yun2", "Ding Yun (a personal name)");
-makeEl2("cEa5f0aea7", "休", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ", "息", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>˙", "xiu1xi5", "rest, to rest");
-makeEl3("cEb9cfaed1c0]", "圖", "ㄊ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˊ", "書", "ㄕ<BR>ㄨ", "館", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "tu2shu1guan3", "library");
-makeEl3("cEa4Ta4Qa4ad", "三", "ㄙ<BR>ㄢ", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "五", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "san1shi2wu3yi4", "3.5 billion");
-makeEl2("cEb7d3a4f9", "照", "ㄓ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "片", "ㄆ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "zhao4pian4", "photograph, picture");
-makeEl1("cEa7e4", "找", "ㄓ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "zhao3", "to try to find, to look for, to call on (sb), to find, to seek, to return, to look for");
-makeEl1("cEa7@", "作", "ㄗ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˋ", "zuo4", "to regard as, to take (somebody) for, to do, to make");
-makeEl2("cEbec7b2df", "學", "ㄒ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˊ", "習", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˊ", "xue2xi2", "to learn, to study");
-makeEl1("cEb0e", "送", "ㄙ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˋ", "song4", "to deliver, to carry, to give (as a present), to present (with), to see off, to send");
-makeEl2("cEa4a4a4e5", "中", "ㄓ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ", "文", "ㄨ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˊ", "zhong1wen2", "Chinese language");
-makeEl2("cEa4ada4c0", "五", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "分", "ㄈ<BR>ㄣ", "wu3fen1mei3jin1", "nickel");
-makeEl1("cEb5a5", "等", "ㄉ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˇ", "deng3", "class, rank, grade, equal to, same as, wait for, await, et cetera, and so on");
-makeEl1("cEabH", "信", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄋ<BR>ˋ", "xin4", "letter, true, to believe, sign, evidence");
-makeEl2("cEa4Tb8U", "三", "ㄙ<BR>ㄢ", "萬", "ㄨ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "san1wan4", "30 thousand");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ea4Q", "九", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "jiu3shi2", "ninety");
-makeEl4("cEa4@a4Ea4Ea4C", "一", "ㄧ", "九", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "九", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "七", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ", "yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2", "the year 1997");
-makeEl1("cEb1o", "得", "ㄉ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˊ", "de2 / de5 / dei3", "obtain, get, gain, proper, suitable, proud, contented, allow, permit, ready, finished / a sentence particle used after a verb to show effect, degree or possibility / to have to, must, ought to, to need to");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ca6ca", "七", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ", "百", "ㄅ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˇ", "qi1bai3wan4", "seven million");
-makeEl2("cEba~a6r", "漢", "ㄏ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "字", "ㄗ<BR>ˋ", "han4zi4", "Chinese character");
-makeEl1("cEbcg", "寫", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˇ", "xie3", "to write");
-makeEl1("cEb6R", "買", "ㄇ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˇ", "mai3", "buy");
-makeEl1("cEa8e0", "兒", "ㄦ<BR>ˊ", "er2 / er5", "son / non-syllabic dimi. suff.");
-makeEl1("cEb2df", "習", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˊ", "xi2", "to practice, to study, habit");
-makeEl1("cEa5d5", "白", "ㄅ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˊ", "bai2", "white, snowy, empty, blank, bright, clear, plain, pure, gratuitous");
-makeEl1("cEb3o", "這", "ㄓ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "zhe4 / zhei4", "this, these / this, these");
-makeEl1("cEa4ad", "五", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "wu3", "five, 5");
-makeEl1("cEa9m", "姓", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˋ", "xing4", "surname, family name, name");
-makeEl1("cEa9O", "呢", "ㄋ<BR>ㄜ<BR>˙", "ne5 / ni2", "(question particle) / woolen material");
-makeEl3("cEa4Ga4Qa4@", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "一", "ㄧ", "er4shi2yi1", "twenty-one");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3bec7", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "學", "ㄒ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˊ", "bu4xue2wu2shu4", "have neither learning nor skill, be ignorant and incompetent");
-makeEl1("cEa5k", "右", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˋ", "you4", "right (-hand)");
-makeEl2("cEa4ada6~", "五", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "年", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "wu3nian2ji4hua4", "Five-Year Plan");
-makeEl2("cEb1Jaad9", "宿", "ㄙ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "舍", "ㄕ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "su4she4", "dormitory, living quarters");
-makeEl2("cEa4Qa5|", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "四", "ㄙ<BR>ˋ", "shi2si4", "fourteen, 14 ");
-makeEl2("cEa4bbc2I", "六", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "點", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "liu4dian3liu4", "6.6");
-makeEl2("cEb1d0abc7", "教", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "室", "ㄕ<BR>ˋ", "jiao4shi4", "classroom");
-makeEl1("cEb6i", "進", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄋ<BR>ˋ", "jin4", "advance, enter, to come in");
-makeEl1("cEa6n", "好", "ㄏ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "hao3 / hao4", "good, well / be fond of");
-makeEl2("cEaae1a8e0", "花", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ㄖ", "兒", "", "huar1", "flower");
-makeEl1("cEa4W", "上", "ㄕ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˋ", "shang4", "on, on top, upon, first (of two parts), previous or last (week, etc.), upper, higher, above, previous, to climb, to go into, above, to go up");
-makeEl1("cEa5|", "四", "ㄙ<BR>ˋ", "si4", "four");
-makeEl4("cEa5ja8e5adb5bcd6", "古", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "典", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "音", "ㄧ<BR>ㄋ", "樂", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "gu3dian3yin1yue4", "classical music");
-makeEl2("cEa8Ma9w", "決", "ㄐ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˊ", "定", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˋ", "jue2ding4", "to decide (to do something), to determine, to resolve");
-makeEl1("cEadc9", "借", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "jie4", "to lend, to borrow, excuse, pretext, by means of");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ga4eb", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "月", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "er4yue4", "February, second month");
-makeEl2("cEa8e2a6b8", "兩", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˇ", "次", "ㄘ<BR>ˋ", "liang3ci4", "twice");
-makeEl1("cEaaba", "的", "ㄉ<BR>ㄜ<BR>˙", "de5 / di2 / di4", "(possessive particle), of / really and truly / aim, clear");
-makeEl2("cEa4fbby", "口", "ㄎ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˇ", "語", "ㄩ<BR>ˇ", "kou3yu3", "spoken language");
-makeEl1("cEa4a3", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "bu4", "(negative prefix), not, no");
-makeEl1("cEa8S", "沒", "ㄇ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˊ", "mei2 / mo4", "(negative prefix for verbs), have not, not / drowned, to end, to die, to inundate");
-makeEl1("cEa4d3", "太", "ㄊ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "tai4", "highest, greatest, too (much), very, extremely");
-makeEl2("cEa4b5a4d1", "今", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄋ", "天", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "jin1tian1", "today, at the present, now");
-makeEl2("cEa7cca7cc", "弟", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˋ", "弟", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>˙", "di4di5", "younger brother");
-makeEl2("cEadf4adf4", "哥", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ", "哥", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>˙", "ge1ge5", "older brother");
-makeEl2("cEc0b3b8d3", "應", "ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "該", "ㄍ<BR>ㄞ", "ying1gai1", "ought to, should, must");
-makeEl1("cEb8f5", "跳", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "tiao4", "jump, hop, skip (a grade), to leap, to bounce, to beat");
-makeEl2("cEb0d1c6[", "參", "ㄘ<BR>ㄢ", "觀", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄢ", "can1guan1", "to look around, to inspect, visit and observe");
-makeEl2("cEa4e9a5bb", "日", "ㄖ<BR>ˋ", "本", "ㄅ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˇ", "ri4ben3", "Japan, Japanese");
-makeEl1("cEa9d0", "房", "ㄈ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˊ", "fang2", "house");
-makeEl2("cEa4@a6ca", "一", "ㄧ", "百", "ㄅ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˇ", "yi1bai3", "a hundred");
-makeEl2("cEbc@b3f5", "劇", "ㄐ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ˋ", "場", "ㄔ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˇ", "ju4chang3", "theater");
-makeEl3("cEabe7bbf2bccb", "怎", "ㄗ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˇ", "麼", "ㄇ<BR>ㄜ<BR>˙", "樣", "ㄧ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˋ", "zen3me5yang4", "how about, (used in the negative)(not) so good");
-makeEl2("cEa5Habe1", "以", "ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "後", "ㄏ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˋ", "yi3hou4", "after, later, afterwards, following, later on, in the future");
-makeEl3("cEa5_a8caa4H", "北", "ㄅ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˇ", "京", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "人", "ㄖ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˊ", "bei3jing1ren2", "person from Beijing, Peking Man (Sinanthropus pekinesis)");
-makeEl2("cEabe1c3e4", "後", "ㄏ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˋ", "邊", "ㄅ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "hou4bian1", "behind");
-makeEl1("cEbff9", "錯", "ㄘ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˋ", "cuo4", "mistake, error, blunder, fault, cross, uneven, wrong");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ta6ca", "三", "ㄙ<BR>ㄢ", "百", "ㄅ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˇ", "san1bai3", "three hundred");
-makeEl2("cEb0ddc3D", "問", "ㄨ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˋ", "題", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˊ", "wen4ti2", "problem, issue, topic");
-makeEl2("cEba~bby", "漢", "ㄏ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "語", "ㄩ<BR>ˇ", "han4yu3", "Chinese language");
-makeEl2("cEb4e5aaa", "游", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˊ", "泳", "ㄩ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˇ", "you2yong3", "swim");
-makeEl2("cEa4a4b0ea", "中", "ㄓ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ", "國", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˊ", "zhong1guo2", "China, Chinese");
-makeEl1("cEa9M", "和", "ㄏ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˊ", "he2 / he4 / huo2 / huo4", "and, together with, with, peace, harmony, union / cap (a poem), respond in singing / soft, warm / mix together, to blend");
-makeEl2("cEb0b1a8ae", "停", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "車", "ㄔ<BR>ㄜ", "ting2che1", "to stop, to park");
-makeEl2("cEa4f5bbL", "火", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˇ", "腿", "ㄊ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˇ", "huo3tui3", "ham");
-makeEl1("cEa6ed", "住", "ㄓ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "zhu4", "to live, to dwell, to reside, to stop");
-makeEl2("cEbb{c3d1", "認", "ㄖ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˋ", "識", "ㄕ<BR>˙", "ren4shi5", "be acquainted with (a person), to know, to be familiar with, to recognize");
-makeEl3("cEacPb4c1a5|", "星", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "期", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ", "四", "ㄙ<BR>ˋ", "xing1qi1si4", "Thursday");
-makeEl2("cEb1oabdc", "得", "ㄉ<BR>ㄜ<BR>˙", "很", "ㄏ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˇ", "de5hen3", "very (much, good etc.)");
-makeEl2("cEa8e2a4d", "兩", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˇ", "千", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "liang3qian1", "two thousand");
-makeEl2("cEa6ab9cf", "地", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˋ", "圖", "ㄊ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˊ", "di4tu2", "map");
-makeEl1("cEb0dd", "問", "ㄨ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˋ", "wen4", "to ask");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ta4c0", "三", "ㄙ<BR>ㄢ", "分", "ㄈ<BR>ㄣ", "san1fen1zhi1yi1", "one third");
-makeEl2("cEb6Qa9m", "貴", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "姓", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˋ", "gui4xing4", "what is your name?");
-makeEl2("cEa8cabc@", "京", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "劇", "ㄐ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ˋ", "jing1ju4", "Beijing opera");
-makeEl2("cEa5aac3e4", "左", "ㄗ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˇ", "邊", "ㄅ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "zuo3bian1", "left");
-makeEl1("cEa8bd", "里", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "li3", "Chinese mile, neighborhood");
-makeEl3("cEa4@a9wadn", "一", "ㄧ", "定", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˋ", "要", "ㄧ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "yi1ding4yao4", "must");
-makeEl2("cEa8e2a6ca", "兩", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˇ", "百", "ㄅ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˇ", "liang3bai3", "two hundred");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3a7d6", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "快", "ㄎ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "bu4kuai4", "be unhappy, be displeased, be in low spirits, be indisposed, feel under the weather, be out of sorts");
-makeEl2("cEa4@aec9", "一", "ㄧ<BR>ˋ", "時", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "yi4shi2", "temporary, momentary");
-makeEl1("cEa8ba", "那", "ㄋ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˇ", "na3 / na4 / nei4", "how, which / that, those / that, those");
-makeEl2("cEaae1b6e9", "花", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄚ", "園", "ㄩ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "hua1yuan2", "garden");
-makeEl1("cEb3f8", "報", "ㄅ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "bao4", "to announce, to inform, report, newspaper, recompense, revenge");
-makeEl3("cEa4Wadd3a4eb", "上", "ㄕ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˋ", "個", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "月", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "shang4ge4yue4", "last month");
-makeEl2("cEa4e5bec7", "文", "ㄨ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˊ", "學", "ㄒ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˊ", "wen2xue2", "literature");
-makeEl2("cEa5ia5H", "可", "ㄎ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˇ", "以", "ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "ke3yi3", "can, may, possible, able to");
-makeEl2("cEb2{a6b", "現", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "在", "ㄗ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "xian4zai4", "modern, current, present, at present, now, nowadays");
-makeEl2("cEaed1a9b1", "書", "ㄕ<BR>ㄨ", "店", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "shu1dian4", "bookstore");
-makeEl2("cEa4Qa4E", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "九", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "shi2jiu3", "nineteen");
-makeEl1("cEa4c0", "分", "ㄈ<BR>ㄣ", "fen1 / fen4", "to divide, minute, (a measure word), (a unit of length = 0.33 centimeter) / part");
-makeEl2("cEa5Xb5o", "出", "ㄔ<BR>ㄨ", "發", "ㄈ<BR>ㄚ", "chu1fa1", "to start out, to set off");
-makeEl2("cEbdd0b0dd", "請", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˇ", "問", "ㄨ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˋ", "qing3wen4", "may I ask...");
-makeEl2("cEa8baa8c7", "那", "ㄋ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "些", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄝ", "na4xie1", "those");
-makeEl2("cEa5Db7N", "主", "ㄓ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "意", "ㄧ<BR>˙", "zhu3yi5", "plan, idea, decision");
-makeEl1("cEaad9", "舍", "ㄕ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˇ", "she3 / she4", "to abandon, to give up / residence");
-makeEl1("cEbbR", "舞", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "wu3", "to dance, to wield, to brandish");
-makeEl2("cEb5eb3f8", "畫", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "報", "ㄅ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "hua4bao4", "pictorial (magazine)");
-makeEl2("cEa8baadd3", "那", "ㄋ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "個", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "nei4ge4", "that one");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ta6~", "三", "ㄙ<BR>ㄢ", "年", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "san1nian2", "three years");
-makeEl2("cEa5|a4Q", "四", "ㄙ<BR>ˋ", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "si4shi2", "forty, 40");
-makeEl2("cEabDb1`", "非", "ㄈ<BR>ㄟ", "常", "ㄔ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˊ", "fei1chang2", "unusual, extraordinary, extreme, very, exceptional");
-makeEl2("cEc1`b2ce", "總", "ㄗ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˇ", "統", "ㄊ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˇ", "zong3tong3", "president (of a country)");
-makeEl1("cEb5b9", "給", "ㄍ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˇ", "gei3 / ji3", "to, for, for the benefit of, to give, to allow, to do sth (for sb), (passive particle) / to supply, provide");
-makeEl1("cEa7A", "你", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "ni3", "you");
-makeEl1("cEa6a3", "忙", "ㄇ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˊ", "mang2", "busy");
-makeEl1("cEa4b0", "什", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "shi2", "tenth");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3adn", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "要", "ㄧ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "bu4yao4", "dont!, must not");
-makeEl1("cEaff9", "茶", "ㄔ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˊ", "cha2", "tea, tea plant");
-makeEl1("cEb1`", "常", "ㄔ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˊ", "chang2", "always, ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant");
-makeEl2("cEa8baa8e0", "那", "ㄋ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ㄖ<BR>ˇ", "兒", "", "nar3", "where / there");
-makeEl1("cEa6d1", "老", "ㄌ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "lao3", "(a prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family to indicate affection or familiarity), old (of people)");
-makeEl2("cEa5iacO", "可", "ㄎ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˇ", "是", "ㄕ<BR>ˋ", "ke3shi4", "but, however");
-makeEl1("cEa4p", "小", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "xiao3", "small, tiny, few, young");
-makeEl2("cEbbyaak", "語", "ㄩ<BR>ˇ", "法", "ㄈ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˇ", "yu3fa3", "grammar");
-makeEl1("cEa7O", "別", "ㄅ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˊ", "bie2 / bie4", "leave, depart, separate, distinguish, classify, other, another, do not, must not, to pin / contrary, difficult, awkward");
-makeEl3("cEacPb4c1a4d1", "星", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "期", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ", "天", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "xing1qi1tian1", "Sunday");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3a6a3", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "忙", "ㄇ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˊ", "bu4mang2", "theres no hurry, take ones time");
-makeEl2("cEa6na6Y", "好", "ㄏ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "吃", "ㄔ", "hao3chi1", "tasty, delicious");
-makeEl1("cEc1d9", "還", "ㄏ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˊ", "hai2 / huan2", "also, in addition, more, still, else, still, yet, (not) yet / (surname), pay back, return");
-makeEl2("cEabec3e4", "前", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "邊", "ㄅ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "qian2bian1", "(n) the area in front of sth");
-makeEl1("cEa5aa", "左", "ㄗ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˇ", "zuo3", "left");
-makeEl1("cEc5fd", "讓", "ㄖ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˋ", "rang4", "to ask, to let, permit, have (someone do something), to yield, to allow");
-makeEl2("cEa6ha4d6", "多", "ㄉ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ", "少", "ㄕ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "duo1shao3", "how much, how many, which (number)");
-makeEl3("cEb3oadd3a4eb", "這", "ㄓ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "個", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "月", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "zhei4ge4yue4", "this (current) month");
-makeEl1("cEb5fd", "証", "ㄓ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˋ", "zheng4", "(translation unavailable)");
-makeEl3("cEa8kaaBa4cd", "男", "ㄋ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "朋", "ㄆ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "友", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>˙", "nan2peng2you5", "male friend, boyfriend");
-makeEl2("cEaakbby", "法", "ㄈ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˇ", "語", "ㄩ<BR>ˇ", "fa3yu3", "French (language)");
-makeEl1("cEb3dc", "喝", "ㄏ<BR>ㄜ", "he1 / he4", "my goodness, to drink / shout applause");
-makeEl2("cEa4@b0_", "一", "ㄧ<BR>ˋ", "起", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "yi4qi3", "together");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3a5ce", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "用", "ㄩ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˋ", "bu4yong4", "need not");
-makeEl1("cEbbf2", "麼", "ㄇ<BR>ㄜ<BR>˙", "me5 / mo2", "(interrog. suff.) / dimi.");
-makeEl3("cEa5b4b9qb8dc", "打", "ㄉ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˇ", "電", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "話", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "da3dian4hua4", "to make a telephone call");
-makeEl2("cEbec7aed5", "學", "ㄒ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˊ", "校", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "xue2xiao4", "school");
-makeEl2("cEa6d1aev", "老", "ㄌ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "師", "ㄕ", "lao3shi1", "teacher");
-makeEl1("cEadb1", "面", "ㄇ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "mian4", "fade, side, surface, aspect, top, face, flour, noodles");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ga6ca", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "百", "ㄅ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˇ", "er4bai3", "two hundred, 200");
-makeEl2("cEb0aeb2b", "乾", "ㄍ<BR>ㄢ", "淨", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˋ", "gan1jing4", "clean, neat");
-makeEl1("cEa6b3", "有", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˇ", "you3", "to have, there is, there are, to exist, to be");
-makeEl2("cEabdca6n", "很", "ㄏ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˇ", "好", "ㄏ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "hen3hao3", "well");
-makeEl2("cEa6ba4j", "在", "ㄗ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "大", "ㄉ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4", "in most instances");
-makeEl2("cEa9faa6~", "明", "ㄇ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "年", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "ming2nian2", "next year");
-makeEl1("cEb8b9", "號", "ㄏ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˊ", "hao2 / hao4", "roar, cry / day of a month, (suffix used after) name of a ship, (ordinal) number");
-makeEl1("cEafu", "真", "ㄓ<BR>ㄣ", "zhen1", "real, true, genuine");
-makeEl2("cEa5|a4eb", "四", "ㄙ<BR>ˋ", "月", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "si4yue4", "April, fourth month");
-makeEl2("cEbaqb0db", "歌", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ", "唱", "ㄔ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˋ", "ge1chang4", "sing");
-makeEl1("cEa7da", "我", "ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˇ", "wo3", "I, me, myself");
-makeEl2("cEa4Wbdd2", "上", "ㄕ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˋ", "課", "ㄎ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "shang4ke4", "to attend class");
-makeEl1("cEc0b4", "懂", "ㄉ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˇ", "dong3", "to understand, to know");
-makeEl3("cEacPb4c1a4G", "星", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "期", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "xing1qi1er4", "Tuesday");
-makeEl2("cEa4Fb8d1", "了", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "解", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˇ", "liao3jie3", "understand, come to understand, find out");
-makeEl3("cEa4Ga4Qa4K", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "八", "ㄅ<BR>ㄚ", "er4shi2ba1hao4", "28th day of the month");
-makeEl1("cEb7s", "新", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄋ", "xin1", "meso- (chem.), new, newly");
-makeEl1("cEbbf5", "億", "ㄧ<BR>ˋ", "yi4", "a hundred million, calculate");
-makeEl1("cEc4b9", "贏", "ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "ying2", "to beat, to win, to profit");
-makeEl2("cEa4UabB", "下", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "雨", "ㄩ<BR>ˇ", "xia4yu3", "rainy");
-makeEl2("cEacPb4c1", "星", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "期", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ", "xing1qi1", "week");
-makeEl2("cEabc4a4l", "孩", "ㄏ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˊ", "子", "ㄗ<BR>˙", "hai2zi5", "child");
-makeEl2("cEadfea8c7", "哪", "ㄋ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˇ", "些", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄝ", "na3xie1", "which, who, what");
-makeEl2("cEadd3a4H", "個", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "人", "ㄖ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˊ", "ge4ren2", "individual, personal, oneself");
-makeEl2("cEadfea8e0", "哪", "ㄋ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˇ", "兒", "ㄦ<BR>˙", "na3er5", "where");
-makeEl3("cEa4@a4db9s", "一", "ㄧ", "千", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "零", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4", "105 billion");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ta4d1", "三", "ㄙ<BR>ㄢ", "天", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "san1tian1", "three days");
-makeEl3("cEaabaaec9add4", "的", "ㄉ<BR>ㄜ<BR>˙", "時", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "候", "ㄏ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˋ", "de5shi2hou4", "when, during, at the time of");
-makeEl2("cEa5ba4d1", "半", "ㄅ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "天", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "ban4tian1", "half of the day, a long time, quite a while");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ga6b8", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "次", "ㄘ<BR>ˋ", "er4ci4da4zhan4", "World War Two");
-makeEl3("cEaaAb0c8adfb", "服", "ㄈ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˊ", "務", "ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "員", "ㄩ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "fu2wu4yuan2", "waiter, waitress, server");
-makeEl2("cEa4db8U", "千", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "萬", "ㄨ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "qian1wan4", "ten million, millions and millions, very many");
-makeEl1("cEb7Q", "想", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˇ", "xiang3", "to think, to believe, to suppose, to wish, to want, to miss");
-makeEl1("cEaet", "差", "ㄔ<BR>ㄚ", "cha1 / cha4 / chai1 / ci1", "difference, error, discrepancy, to differ, to err, to make a mistake, to lack / different, short of, poor, to lack / send, a messenger, a mission, to commission / uneven");
-makeEl3("cEa8Sa6b3a4H", "沒", "ㄇ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˊ", "有", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˇ", "人", "ㄖ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˊ", "mei2you3ren2", "nobody");
-makeEl2("cEb8f5bbR", "跳", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "舞", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "tiao4wu3", "to dance");
-makeEl2("cEb0eaaea", "國", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˊ", "家", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄚ", "guo2jia1", "country, nation");
-makeEl2("cEb3dfc5w", "喜", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "歡", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄢ<BR>˙", "xi3huan5", "to like, to be fond of");
-makeEl2("cEa5cda4e9", "生", "ㄕ<BR>ㄥ", "日", "ㄖ<BR>ˋ", "sheng1ri4", "birthday");
-makeEl1("cEb1z", "您", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄋ<BR>ˊ", "nin2", "you (formal)");
-makeEl2("cEa4@a8c7", "一", "ㄧ", "些", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄝ", "yi1xie1", "some, a few, a little");
-makeEl1("cEa1C", "。", "。", "。", "");
-makeEl2("cEa4ada4d", "五", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "千", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "wu3qian1dun1", "5000 tons");
-makeEl2("cEacfcb0ea", "美", "ㄇ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˇ", "國", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ<BR>ˊ", "mei3guo2", "America, American, United States, USA");
-makeEl1("cEa6ca", "百", "ㄅ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˇ", "bai3", "hundred");
-makeEl2("cEa9@b0d8", "咖", "ㄎ<BR>ㄚ", "啡", "ㄈ<BR>ㄟ", "ka1fei1", "coffee");
-makeEl2("cEb3f8afc8", "報", "ㄅ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "紙", "ㄓ<BR>ˇ", "bao4zhi3", "newspaper, newsprint");
-makeEl2("cEabdca6h", "很", "ㄏ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˇ", "多", "ㄉ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ", "hen3duo1", "very many, very much, great (quantity)");
-makeEl1("cEb3a3", "都", "ㄉ<BR>ㄡ", "dou1 / du1", "all, both (if two things are involved), entirely (due to)each, even, already / (surname), metropolis, capital city");
-makeEl1("cEc3b1", "簽", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "qian1", "sign ones name");
-makeEl1("cEb0s", "酒", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "jiu3", "wine, liquor, spirits");
-makeEl2("cEb1`b1`", "常", "ㄔ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˊ", "常", "ㄔ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˊ", "chang2chang2", "frequently, usually, often");
-makeEl1("cEa5]", "包", "ㄅ<BR>ㄠ", "bao1", "to cover, to wrap, to hold, to include, to take charge of, package, wrapper, container, bag, to hold or embrace, bundle, packet, to contract (to or for)");
-makeEl2("cEa7lb7cf", "吸", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ", "煙", "ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "xi1yan1", "to smoke");
-makeEl1("cEbdcd", "談", "ㄊ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "tan2", "to speak, to talk, to converse, to chat, to discuss, (surname)");
-makeEl1("cEa5bf", "正", "ㄓ<BR>ㄥ", "zheng1 / zheng4", "Chinese 1st month of year / just (right), main, upright, straight, correct, principle");
-makeEl1("cEbdd6", "誰", "ㄕ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˊ", "shei2 / shui2", "who / who");
-makeEl3("cEacPb4c1a4bb", "星", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "期", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ", "六", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "xing1qi1liu4", "Saturday");
-makeEl2("cEb7saed1", "新", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄋ", "書", "ㄕ<BR>ㄨ", "xin1shu1", "new book");
-makeEl2("cEa5c1baq", "民", "ㄇ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄋ<BR>ˊ", "歌", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ", "min2ge1", "folk song");
-makeEl2("cEa5kc3e4", "右", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˋ", "邊", "ㄅ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "you4bian1", "right (as opposed to left)");
-makeEl1("cEa5s", "叫", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "jiao4", "to (be) call(ed)");
-makeEl1("cEabdc", "很", "ㄏ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˇ", "hen3", "very, extremely");
-makeEl1("cEbdd0", "請", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˇ", "qing3", "to ask, to invite, please (do sth), to treat (to a meal, etc), to request");
-makeEl3("cEa5Ladccb3a3", "他", "ㄊ<BR>ㄚ", "們", "ㄇ<BR>ㄣ<BR>˙", "都", "ㄉ<BR>ㄡ", "ta1men5dou1", "all of them");
-makeEl2("cEbaf1aff9", "綠", "ㄌ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ˋ", "茶", "ㄔ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˊ", "lu:4cha2", "green tea");
-makeEl1("cEa4j", "大", "ㄉ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "da4 / dai4", "big, huge, large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest, eldest / doctor");
-makeEl2("cEa4Ta4Q", "三", "ㄙ<BR>ㄢ", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "san1shi2", "thirty, 30");
-makeEl2("cEa6Yb6ba", "吃", "ㄔ", "飯", "ㄈ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "chi1fan4", "to eat a meal");
-makeEl1("cEbdd2", "課", "ㄎ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "ke4 / ke4", "subject, class, lesson / class, lesson");
-makeEl1("cEa4E", "九", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "jiu3", "nine, 9");
-makeEl2("cEbec7b0|", "學", "ㄒ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˊ", "院", "ㄩ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "xue2yuan4", "college, educational institute, school, faculty");
-makeEl1("cEacO", "是", "ㄕ<BR>ˋ", "shi4", "is, are, am, yes, to be");
-makeEl2("cEa5Habe", "以", "ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "前", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "yi3qian2", "before, formerly, previous");
-makeEl1("cEa8e8", "刻", "ㄎ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "ke4", "quarter (hour), (a measure word), to carve, to engrave, to cut, oppressive");
-makeEl2("cEaaa8aaa8", "爸", "ㄅ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "爸", "ㄅ<BR>ㄚ<BR>˙", "ba4ba5", "(informal) father");
-makeEl1("cEa4U", "下", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄚ<BR>ˋ", "xia4", "under, second (of two parts), next (week, etc.), lower, below, underneath, down(wards), to decline, to go down, latter");
-makeEl2("cEa8Sa6b3", "沒", "ㄇ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˊ", "有", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˇ", "mei2you3", "havent, hasnt, doesnt exist, to not have, to not be");
-makeEl1("cEa4K", "八", "ㄅ<BR>ㄚ", "ba1", "eight, 8");
-makeEl2("cEa9d0b6a1", "房", "ㄈ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˊ", "間", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "fang2jian1", "room");
-makeEl1("cEa5H", "以", "ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "yi3", "to use, according to, so as to, in order to, by, with, because");
-makeEl2("cEa9fa9f", "妹", "ㄇ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "妹", "ㄇ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "mei4mei4", "(informal) younger sister / younger sister");
-makeEl2("cEa7Aa6n", "你", "ㄋ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "好", "ㄏ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˇ", "ni3hao3", "hello, how are you");
-makeEl1("cEa4b8", "元", "ㄩ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˊ", "yuan2", "(dynasty), dollar, primary, first");
-makeEl2("cEa4ada4eb", "五", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "月", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "wu3yue4", "May, fifth month");
-makeEl3("cEa4Ga4Qa4G", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "er4shi2er4hao4", "22nd day of a month");
-makeEl2("cEc2a7aaab", "禮", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "物", "ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "li3wu4", "gift, present");
-makeEl1("cEa4e9", "日", "ㄖ<BR>ˋ", "ri4", "Japan, day, sun, date, day of the month");
-makeEl2("cEa4bba4Q", "六", "ㄌ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "liu4shi2", "sixty, 60");
-makeEl2("cEa4@add3", "一", "ㄧ", "個", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "yi1ge4", "a, an");
-makeEl1("cEa4F", "了", "ㄌ<BR>ㄜ<BR>˙", "le5 / liao3", "(modal particle intensifying preceding clause), (past tense marker) / to know, to understand, to know");
-makeEl2("cEa6^aea", "回", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˊ", "家", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄚ", "hui2jia1", "homeward");
-makeEl1("cEa7a", "吧", "ㄅ<BR>ㄚ", "ba1 / ba5", "(onomat.), dumb / (modal particle indicating polite suggestion), ...right?, ...OK?");
-makeEl1("cEbdu", "線", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "xian4", "thread, string, wire, line");
-makeEl1("cEa4~", "才", "ㄘ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˊ", "cai2", "ability, talent, endowment, gift, an expert, only (then), only if, just");
-makeEl2("cEa5ba5H", "半", "ㄅ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "以", "ㄧ<BR>ˇ", "ban4yi3shang4", "more than half");
-makeEl2("cEa5_a8ca", "北", "ㄅ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˇ", "京", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "bei3jing1", "Beijing (capital of mainland China)");
-makeEl1("cEb8d5", "試", "ㄕ<BR>ˋ", "shi4", "to test, to try, experiment, examination, test");
-makeEl3("cEacPb4c1a4ad", "星", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄥ", "期", "ㄑ<BR>ㄧ", "五", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "xing1qi1wu3", "Friday");
-makeEl3("cEa4@a4Ea4E", "一", "ㄧ", "九", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "九", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2", "the year 1997");
-makeEl2("cEa4Qa4G", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "二", "ㄦ<BR>ˋ", "shi2er4", "12, twelve");
-makeEl2("cEa4a3afe0", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "能", "ㄋ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "bu4neng2", "cannot, must not, should not");
-makeEl2("cEc2Ia4df", "點", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "心", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄋ", "dian3xin1", "light refreshments, pastry");
-makeEl1("cEb5b7", "絲", "ㄙ", "si1", "silk, thread, trace");
-makeEl2("cEc5waaef", "歡", "ㄏ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄢ", "迎", "ㄧ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˊ", "huan1ying2", "to welcome, welcome");
-makeEl1("cEb6a4", "隊", "ㄉ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˋ", "dui4", "squadron, team, group");
-makeEl1("cEa1S", "﹖", "﹖", "﹖", "");
-makeEl2("cEb7Qaea", "想", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˇ", "家", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄚ", "xiang3jia1", "homesick");
-makeEl2("cEa6b3a4@", "有", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˇ", "一", "ㄧ", "you3yi1xie1", "somewhat, rather");
-makeEl2("cEa7ib6D", "告", "ㄍ<BR>ㄠ<BR>ˋ", "訴", "ㄙ<BR>ㄨ<BR>˙", "gao4su5", "to tell, to inform, to let know");
-makeEl1("cEa5~", "外", "ㄨ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "wai4", "outside, in addition, foreign, external");
-makeEl3("cEbe5cc4fdabc7", "閱", "ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˋ", "覽", "ㄌ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "室", "ㄕ<BR>ˋ", "yue4lan3shi4", "reading room");
-makeEl1("cEa5ce", "用", "ㄩ<BR>ㄥ<BR>ˋ", "yong4", "to use");
-makeEl2("cEaabeb9D", "知", "ㄓ", "道", "ㄉ<BR>ㄠ<BR>˙", "zhi1dao5", "know, be aware of");
-makeEl1("cEafc8", "紙", "ㄓ<BR>ˇ", "zhi3", "paper");
-makeEl1("cEa6b", "在", "ㄗ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "zai4", "(located) at, in, exist");
-makeEl2("cEbfefbedc", "選", "ㄒ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "擇", "ㄗ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˊ", "xuan3ze2", "to select, to pick, to choose, to make a choice");
-makeEl1("cEa8c7", "些", "ㄒ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄝ", "xie1", "some, few, several, (a measure word)");
-makeEl2("cEb3oadd3", "這", "ㄓ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "個", "ㄍ<BR>ㄜ<BR>ˋ", "zhe4ge4", "this");
-makeEl2("cEa5Xa5h", "出", "ㄔ<BR>ㄨ", "去", "ㄑ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ˋ", "chu1qu4", "(v) go out");
-makeEl3("cEa6b3b7Nabe4", "有", "ㄧ<BR>ㄡ<BR>ˇ", "意", "ㄧ<BR>ˋ", "思", "ㄙ<BR>˙", "you3yi4si5", "interesting");
-makeEl2("cEa4ja4d2", "大", "ㄉ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "夫", "ㄈ<BR>ㄨ<BR>˙", "dai4fu5", "doctor");
-makeEl1("cEa1Q", "﹔", "﹔", "﹔", "");
-makeEl1("cEa6h", "多", "ㄉ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄛ", "duo1", "many, much, a lot of, numerous, multi-");
-makeEl2("cEa6aa4e8", "地", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ˋ", "方", "ㄈ<BR>ㄤ<BR>˙", "di4fang5", "area, place, local");
-makeEl2("cEa4Wc3e4", "上", "ㄕ<BR>ㄤ<BR>ˋ", "邊", "ㄅ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>˙", "shang4bian5", "upside");
-makeEl2("cEa6ba8ae", "在", "ㄗ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "車", "ㄔ<BR>ㄜ", "zai4che1", "aboard");
-makeEl2("cEa8Ca4d1", "每", "ㄇ<BR>ㄟ<BR>ˇ", "天", "ㄊ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ", "mei3tian1", "every day, everyday");
-makeEl2("cEbeefa4l", "橘", "ㄐ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ˊ", "子", "ㄗ<BR>˙", "ju2zi5", "orange");
-makeEl2("cEacc6bbf2", "甚", "ㄕ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˊ", "麼", "ㄇ<BR>ㄜ<BR>˙", "shen2me5", "what");
-makeEl1("cEc6[", "觀", "ㄍ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄢ", "guan1 / guan4", "to look at, to watch, to observe, to behold / Taoist monastery");
-makeEl1("cEb8f2", "跟", "ㄍ<BR>ㄣ", "gen1", "to follow, to go with, heel, with, and");
-makeEl1("cEc2I", "點", "ㄉ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˇ", "dian3", "(downwards-right convex character stroke), oclock, (a measure word), point, dot, (decimal) point)");
-makeEl2("cEb6}aaf9", "開", "ㄎ<BR>ㄞ", "門", "ㄇ<BR>ㄣ<BR>ˊ", "kai1men2", "open (the) door");
-makeEl1("cEbfec", "辦", "ㄅ<BR>ㄢ<BR>ˋ", "ban4", "to do, to manage, to handle, to go about, to run, to set up, to deal with");
-makeEl1("cEbec7", "學", "ㄒ<BR>ㄩ<BR>ㄝ<BR>ˊ", "xue2", "learn, study, science, -ology");
-makeEl2("cEb6ia8d3", "進", "ㄐ<BR>ㄧ<BR>ㄋ<BR>ˋ", "來", "ㄌ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˊ", "jin4lai2", "(v) come in");
-makeEl2("cEa4a4a4c8", "中", "ㄓ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄥ", "午", "ㄨ<BR>ˇ", "zhong1wu3", "noon, midday");
-makeEl1("cEa7d6", "快", "ㄎ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ㄞ<BR>ˋ", "kuai4", "fast, quick, swift");
-makeEl1("cEa4Q", "十", "ㄕ<BR>ˊ", "shi2", "ten");
-makeEl3("cEacOa4a3acO", "是", "ㄕ<BR>ˋ", "不", "ㄅ<BR>ㄨ<BR>ˋ", "是", "ㄕ<BR>ˋ", "shi4bu4shi4", "is or isnt, yes or no, whether or not");
-function makeEl1(id, char0, zy0, py, e) {
-if (!style) return;
-var str = "<DIV CLASS='tooltip' ID='" + id + "'><TABLE><TR>";
-str += "<TD><FONT SIZE=6>" + char0 + "</FONT></TD>";
-str += "<TD><SMALL>" + zy0 + "</SMALL></TD>";
-str += "</TR></TABLE><TABLE CELLPADDING=2><TR><TD>";
-str += py + "<BR>" + e;
-str += "</TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>";
-document.write(str);
-}
-function makeEl2(id, char0, zy0, char1, zy1, py, e) {
-if (!style) return;
-var str = "<DIV CLASS='tooltip' ID='" + id + "'><TABLE><TR>";
-str += "<TD><FONT SIZE=6>" + char0 + "</FONT></TD>";
-str += "<TD><SMALL>" + zy0 + "</SMALL></TD>";
-str += "<TD><FONT SIZE=6>" + char1 + "</FONT></TD>";
-str += "<TD><SMALL>" + zy1 + "</SMALL></TD>";
-str += "</TR></TABLE><TABLE CELLPADDING=2><TR><TD>";
-str += py + "<BR>" + e;
-str += "</TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>";
-document.write(str);
-}
-function makeEl3(id, char0, zy0, char1, zy1, char2, zy2, py, e) {
-if (!style) return;
-var str = "<DIV CLASS='tooltip' ID='" + id + "'><TABLE><TR>";
-str += "<TD><FONT SIZE=6>" + char0 + "</FONT></TD>";
-str += "<TD><SMALL>" + zy0 + "</SMALL></TD>";
-str += "<TD><FONT SIZE=6>" + char1 + "</FONT></TD>";
-str += "<TD><SMALL>" + zy1 + "</SMALL></TD>";
-str += "<TD><FONT SIZE=6>" + char2 + "</FONT></TD>";
-str += "<TD><SMALL>" + zy2 + "</SMALL></TD>";
-str += "</TR></TABLE><TABLE CELLPADDING=2><TR><TD>";
-str += py + "<BR>" + e;
-str += "</TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>";
-document.write(str);
-}
-function makeEl4(id, char0, zy0, char1, zy1, char2, zy2, char3, zy3, py, e) {
-if (!style) return;
-var str = "<DIV CLASS='tooltip' ID='" + id + "'><TABLE><TR>";
-str += "<TD><FONT SIZE=6>" + char0 + "</FONT></TD>";
-str += "<TD><SMALL>" + zy0 + "</SMALL></TD>";
-str += "<TD><FONT SIZE=6>" + char1 + "</FONT></TD>";
-str += "<TD><SMALL>" + zy1 + "</SMALL></TD>";
-str += "<TD><FONT SIZE=6>" + char2 + "</FONT></TD>";
-str += "<TD><SMALL>" + zy2 + "</SMALL></TD>";
-str += "<TD><FONT SIZE=6>" + char3 + "</FONT></TD>";
-str += "<TD><SMALL>" + zy3 + "</SMALL></TD>";
-str += "</TR></TABLE><TABLE CELLPADDING=2><TR><TD>";
-str += py + "<BR>" + e;
-str += "</TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>";
-document.write(str);
-}
-
-function displayEl(left, top) {
-    onmousemove = null;
-    var whichEl = document.getElementById(active).style;
-    if (!whichEl) return;
-    if (left > document.body.clientWidth + document.body.scrollLeft - 170) {
-        left = document.body.clientWidth + document.body.scrollLeft - 170;
-    }
-    if (top > document.body.clientHeight + document.body.scrollTop - 130) {
-        top = document.body.clientHeight + document.body.scrollTop - 130;
-    }
-    whichEl.left = left;
-    whichEl.top = top;
-    whichEl.visibility = "visible";
-}
-
-function cEl() {
-    if (!style) return;
-    var whichEl = document.getElementById(active).style;
-    if (!whichEl) return;
-    whichEl.visibility = "hidden";
-    active = null;
-    if (timerID) clearTimeout(timerID);
-    onmousemove = null;
-}
-
-function aEl(id, e) {
-    if (!style) return;
-    active = id;
-    onmousemove = checkEl;
-    checkEl(e);
-}
-
-function checkEl(e) {
-    if (timerID) clearTimeout(timerID);
-    var left = e.clientX + document.body.scrollLeft;
-    var top = e.clientY + document.body.scrollTop + 20;
-    timerID = setTimeout("displayEl(" + left + ", " + top + ")", 300);
-}
-
-// -->
-</SCRIPT>
-</BODY></HTML>

Temp/grammaire.txt

@@ -1,1874 +0,0 @@
-
-    Grammar notes
-
-
-      嗎?
-
-One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add
-嗎 at the end of a statement. Hence 你好! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎? (How are
-you?)
-
-
-      你呢?
-
-This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to you.
-Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how about
-you?"
-
-    A: 你好嗎?
-        How are you?
-    B: 我很好, 你呢?
-        I am fine, and you?
-
-    A: 你忙嗎?
-        Are you busy?
-    B: 我不忙, 你呢?
-        I am not busy, what about you?
-
-
-      很, 也, 都
-
-All three are adverbs, which should be placed /before/ what they modify
-in Chinese. E.g., 很好, 也好, 都好.
-
-Sometimes 很 is not really employed to mean "very" if it is modifying a
-monosyllabic adjective such as 好. It is simply because to say 我好 is a
-bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic adjective as the
-predicate of the sentence. Therefore people usually add 很 before 好 to
-make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 in this case does not
-necessarily mean "I am /very/ well", it may simply convey the meaning of
-"I am fine".
-
-/The order of these words:/ If all three adverbs occur in the same
-sentence, their order is 也 -- 都 -- 很:
-
-    我很好.
-    我也很好.
-    我們也都很好.
-
-N.B. 都 (both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the /left/ of
-it. Hence it is wrong to say 都他們很好 ("all of them are fine"). One
-should say 他們都很好.
-
-
-      都不 vs. 不都
-
-都不 indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 shows a partial negation:
-
-    他們都不忙
-        None of them is busy.
-    他們不都忙
-        Not all of them are busy.
-    我們都不是大夫
-        None of us is a doctor.
-    我們不都是大夫
-        Not all of us are doctors.
-
-
-      的
-
-As an auxiliary word, 的 is used to indicate possession. It comes
-between the subject and the noun it modifies: 我的書, 我媽媽的車 etc.
-
-In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
-possessive marker 的 can be omitted. /Otherwise it cannot/.
-
-    e.g. 你弟弟 = 你的弟弟, 我爸爸 = 我的爸爸 
-
-
-      我很好 -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".
-
-Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb. In
-the sentence 我很好, the adjectival phrase 很好 serves as the predicate
-for the sentence. No verb "to be" is needed as in English (I /am/ very
-well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an /adjective/ as
-its predicate, even in negative sentences.
-
-    e.g. 他們很忙, 我們不忙
-        They are very busy, we are not.
-
-Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 should still
-be retained:
-
-    他是我朋友
-        He is my friend.
-
-    我不是她的哥哥
-        I am not her elder brother.
-
-
-      Proper Response
-
-Study the following two dialogues:
-
-    A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎?
-        Is your mother a doctor?
-    B: 是, 她是大夫.
-        Yes, she is a doctor.
-
-    A: 你媽媽忙嗎?
-        Is your mother busy?
-    B: 忙, 她很忙.
-        Yes, she is very busy.
-
-To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb --
-in the above case 是 and 忙 respectively -- as an equivalent to the
-English "yes" before making the statement itself. Note therefore that
-the response is not always 是.
-
-
-    Questions with interrogative words 誰, 哪, 什麼
-
-Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as "what",
-"when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a question,
-Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming questions using
-such interrogative words as 誰, 哪, 什麼, etc:
-
- 1. 他是我弟弟. (He is my younger brother.)
-    他是誰? (Who is he?)
-
- 2. 他是我們老師. (He is our teacher.)
-    誰是你們老師? (Who is your teacher?)
-
- 3. 他是中國人. (He is Chinese.)
-    他是哪國人? (What is his nationality?)
-
- 4. 這是中國地圖. (This is a map of China.)
-    這是什麼地圖? (What map is this?)
-
- 5. 那是書. (That is a book.)
-    那是什麼? (What is that?)
-
- 6. 這是她的車. (This is her car.)
-    這是誰的車? (Whose car is this?)
-
-As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what
-one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form questions.
-No change of word order takes place.
-
-
-    Asking a person's name
-
-There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that
-person is.
-
- 1. 您貴姓﹖
-
-    This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What
-    is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to address one's
-    elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one
-    wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 cannot
-    be used when asking about a third person's name, or when referring
-    to oneself.
-
-        A: 您/你貴姓﹖
-            What is your name?
-        B: 我姓丁。
-            My name is Ding.
-
- 2. 你叫什麼﹖
-
-    This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually used
-    to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors.
-    If one wants to be a bit polite, 請問 can be added to the question:
-
-        請問﹐你叫什麼﹖
-            May I ask, what's your name?
-
-    Unlike 貴姓, which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 can be
-    employed for all persons:
-
-        她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖etc. 
-
-When asked 你姓什麼﹖you are supposed to give your last name first, and
-then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when asked
-你叫什麼﹖you can give either your given name or your full name.
-
-
-    Word usage: 學習﹐ 學
-
-Both words mean "to study" or "to learn". Whereas 學習 can be used both
-transitively and intransitively, 學 is normally reserved for transitive
-use.
-
-    e.g. 我學(習)漢語﹐她學(習)法語。
-        I study Chinese, she studies French.
-    我學習﹐我弟弟不學習。
-        I study, my younger brother doesn't study.
-
-In the second sentence, the word 習 cannot be omitted.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 在 (to be at/in...) functions as a verb.
-
-    To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use
-    the following pattern:
-
-        S + 在 + place/location word or phrase
-        e.g. A: 你的地圖在哪兒﹖
-        B: 我的地圖在那兒。
-
-        A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖
-        B: 他們在中國。 
-
-    If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
-
-        A: 古波在嗎﹖
-            Is Gubo in [or: here]?
-        B: 他不在﹐他在學生宿舍。
-            He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.
-
-
- 2. Nouns / personal pronouns + 這兒/那兒 as place words.
-
-        e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖
-        B: 在我這兒。(or 在我那兒)
-
-        A: 你的車在哪兒﹖
-        B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。 
-
-    The choice of 這兒 and 那兒 depends on the distance between the
-    object and the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use 這兒; if
-    not, use 那兒.
-
- 3. The word order for Chinese place words
-
-    Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and
-    proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives in room
-    423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她住學院
-    學生宿舍四層四二三號。 Notice the exactly reverse order here, which
-    is applicable to the address used when writing letters as well.
-
- 4. To live (stay) at a place
-
-    Most often one uses 住 to indicate that one lives or stays at a
-    certain place. There are several patterns for the use of 住. For
-    example, to say "I live here", one can have the following:
-
-        S + 住 + place word (我住這兒)
-        S + 住在 + place word (我住在這兒)
-        S + 在 + place word + 住 (我在這兒住)
-
-    All three sentences have the same meaning.
-
- 5. Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
-
-    Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by
-    digit:
-
-        English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)
-        Chinese: # 1452 (一四五二號) 
-
-
-    The use of 還 (to return something to someone)
-
-When using 還 to indicate "return", use the following pattern:
-
-    S + 還 + (sb.) + sth.
-    e.g. 我還他畫報
-    你還丁云的車。(Notice here sb. is omitted.)
-
-This pattern is /only/ used for simple objects, i.e. the object to be
-returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的日本車, etc. Notice in the
-second example above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say
-你還丁云丁云的車, although grammatically it is correct. We will later
-learn the ways to express something more complicated.
-
-
-    用一下兒
-
-In this phrase, 用 is a verb which can be used both transitively and
-intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an object).
-一下兒 is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little
-while". If an object is to be used for 用 in the above phrase, it should
-be placed after 一下兒:
-
-    我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖
-        Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
-    他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。
-        They want to use your dad's car for a little while.
-
-
-    Time Word 現在
-
-Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a
-sentence: /before/ or /after/ the subject.
-
-    現在她去學院還書。
-        Now she is going to the college to return books.
-    or 她現在去學院還書。
-
-
-    常 and 常常
-
-常 in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 without a
-change of meaning. Thus, 他常喝茶 = 他常常喝茶, 我們常去看書 = 我們常常
-去看書.
-
-In making negative sentences, however, 常 is normally /not/
-reduplicated. Hence 他不常喝茶, 我們不常去看書.
-
-
-    Affirmative-Negative questions
-
-An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative
-and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
-
-    她是中國人嗎﹖becomes 她是不是中國人﹖
-    你忙嗎﹖becomes 你忙不忙﹖
-    你認識他嗎﹖becomes 你認識不認識他﹖
-
- 1. If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
-    the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
-
-        忙不忙, 認識不認識, 介紹不介紹
-
- 2. If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
-    that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
-
-        你喝不喝茶﹖
-        你去不去中國﹖
-
- 3. Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
-    form of "V + object + 不 + V ?" as well, although this is not as
-    common:
-
-        你喝茶不喝茶﹖
-        她去中國不去﹖
-
- 4. As in questions with interrogative words (誰, 什麼, etc),
-    affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎 at the end.
-
- 5. If an adverb such as 常, 都, 也 or 很 comes /before/ the predicative
-    verb or adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use
-    嗎 instead:
-
-        你們都去中國嗎﹖
-        but not 你們都去不去中國﹖
-
-        他常喝咖啡嗎﹖
-        but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖
-
-    Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
-    /before/ the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:
-
-     1. 她很忙嗎﹖ but not 她很忙不忙﹖
-
-     2. 她是很好大夫嗎﹖ 她是不是很好的大夫﹖
-
-    The second instance is acceptable because 很 comes /after/ the
-    predicative verb 是.
-
- 6. If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the
-    /first/ verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question:
-
-        你去商店買紙嗎﹖becomes 你去不去商店買紙﹖
-        他們歡迎我來嗎﹖ becomes 他們歡迎不歡迎我來﹖
-
-
-    和 and 都
-
-In Chinese, 和 as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or
-phrases, /never/ two clauses or sentences:
-
-    中國和美國
-    我的爸爸和媽媽
-    她學習漢語和英語。
-    你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖
-
-    but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。
-    nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。
-
-The adverb 都 is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or
-adjective. It governs only the elements /before/ it:
-
-    我們都去中國。 (All of us go to China: 都 modifies 我們.)
-    but not 都我們去中國。
-
-This is also wrong:
-
-    我都學漢語和法語。
-
-because 都 modifies 我 and not 漢語和法語. If "both Chinese and French"
-is intended in the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 should be
-placed before 都:
-
-    我漢語和法語都學。
-    or 漢語和法語都我學。
-
-
-    The verb 有 expressing possession and existence
-
-The verb 有 in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the
-English "to have" and "there is" or "there are":
-
-    她有漢語詞典。
-        She has a Chinese dictionary.
-    我們學院有多外國學生。
-        There are a lot of foreign students in our college.
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. To negate 有, one uses 沒 instead of 不:
-
-        我有哥哥﹐我沒有姐姐。
-            I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.
-
- 2. Informally in a negative sentence, 有 can sometimes be omitted:
-
-        我朋友沒(有)書﹐也沒(有)筆。
-            My friend does not have books, nor pens.
-        現在我們的宿舍沒(有)人。
-            There is no one in our dorm now.
-
- 3. The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 ... ?"
-
-        她有沒有妹妹﹖
-        呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒有人﹖
-
-    Sometimes, if the object of 有 is not long, one can use the form
-    "... 有 + object + 沒有 ?" as well, although this form is not as
-    common as the previous one.
-
-        她有妹妹沒有﹖
-        這宿舍有人沒有﹖
-
-
-    Prepositional construction with 在 (in, at) and 給 (for, to)
-
-The object of 在 is often a place-word and the object of 給 is often the
-beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative verb. In Chinese,
-a prepositional construction comes /before/ the verb it modifies:
-
-    他在銀行工作。
-        She works in a bank.
-    but not 她工作在銀行。
-
-    我給你們介紹一下兒。
-        Let me introduce you to one another.
-    but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。
-
-To form a negative sentence, 不 is placed /before/ the prepositional
-construction:
-
-    他不在銀行工作。
-    我不給你們介紹。
-        I am not going to introduce you.
-
-Adverbs such as 常, 都, 也 are also placed /before/ the prepositional
-construction:
-
-    我們都在 City Lit 學院學習漢語。
-        We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
-    你常給你媽媽信嗎﹖
-        Do you often write to your mother?
-    我爸爸也常給我寫信。
-        My dad also often writes to me.
-
-
-    Word usage: 想
-
-The word 想 in Chinese carries various meanings:
-
- 1. 想 + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something:
-
-        丁雲很想家。
-            Ding Yun misses her family very much.
-        我很想我的爸爸媽媽。
-            I miss my parents very much.
-        你不想你的男朋友嗎﹖
-            Don't you miss your boyfriend?
-        你想不想她﹖
-            Do you miss her?
-
- 2. 想 + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
-
-        A: 你想去商店嗎﹖
-            Do you want to go to the shop?
-        B: 我不想去。
-            I don't want to go.
-
-        A: 你想不想學法語﹖
-            Do you want to study French?
-        B: 我也想學法語。
-            I also want to study French.
-
- 3. 想 + clause = to think/suppose something:
-
-        我想她是中國人。
-            I think she is Chinese.
-        我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。
-            I think her parents are both doctors.
-
-    N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 in this capacity, put the negative
-    adverb in the /subordinate clause/, not in the main clause as in
-    English:
-
-        我想她/不是/中國人。
-            I don't think she is Chinese.
-        but not 我不想她是中國人。
-
-N.B. 想 as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form /only/
-in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.
-
-
-    Word usage: 告訴
-
-告訴 means "to tell". In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell
-somebody something, or to tell somebody /to do/ something. The Chinese
-verb 告訴 can only be applied to the first of these patterns.
-
-    e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。
-        She told me her work.
-    我告訴媽媽你是我的好朋友。
-        I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
-    but not 我告訴他給我寫信。
-        I told him to write to me.
-
-Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我, 媽媽) of 告訴
-in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a
-clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it
-uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a
-verb-phrase for its direct object. In this case, we should use 叫 or 請
-in place of 告訴 to make a correct sentence:
-
-    我請他給我寫信。
-        I asked him to write to me.
-
-
-    The Numbers in Chinese
-
-For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
-
-    ○ (or 零), 一, 二, 三, 四, 五, 六, 七, 八, 九, 十
-
-Further on, they are:
-
-    十一 = 11, 十二 = 12, 十九 = 19
-    二十 = 20, 二十一 = 21, 二十八 = 28
-    三十 = 30, 四十 = 40, 九十 = 90, 九十九 = 99
-
-    一百 = 100
-    一百零一 = 101, 一百十 = 110, 一百十一 = 111
-    三百二十七 = 327, 九百零九 = 909
-
-    一千 = 1000
-    一千零一 = 1001, 五千零四十 = 5040, 八千七百二十五 = 8725
-
-    一萬 = 10,000
-    四萬零八百零一 = 40,801
-
-    一億 = 100,000,000
-
-N.B.:
-
- 1. Numbers like 15 are written e.g. 十五, not 一十五.
-
- 2. A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101
-    is 一百零一, and 3020 is 三千零二十. Notice the last zero in 3020 is
-    /not/ pronounced because it is not between two other digits.
-
-    If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero
-    digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一. However, if
-    the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched, as in
-    40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. Measure words
-
-    In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
-    pronouns such as 這 or 那, or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 or
-    幾, a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and
-    its modifier(s):
-
-        三本書, 十五個學生, 那個老師, 哪個圖書館, 幾本詞典
-
- 2. 幾 and 多少
-
-    Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much". Whereas
-    幾 should be used with a measure word, 多少 can be used either with
-    or without a measure word for the noun it modifies.
-
-        你有幾本詞典﹖
-        你有多少(本)詞典﹖
-
-    The measure word 本 is a must for the first sentence, but only
-    optional in the second.
-
-    Also, when 幾 is used, the expected answer is usually under 10,
-    whereas 多少 can be used whether one expects a large or small answer.
-
-        你們大學有多少學生﹖
-        你家有幾個人﹖
-
- 3. Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
-
-    As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
-    object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
-
-        王老師教我們語法。
-
-    In this sentence, 教 is a verb that takes 我們 as the indirect
-    object and 法語 as the direct object. Generally the indirect goes
-    before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same way
-    include 還, 告訴 and 問.
-
-    Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say
-    他買我一本書 (He bought me a book), or 她寫我一封信 (She wrote me a
-    letter). The correct way of saying these would be to use 給, as in
-    他給我買一本書 and 她給我寫一封信.
-
- 4. Adjectives as modifiers
-
-    When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the
-    noun as in English:
-
-        新書
-            new book
-        好朋友
-            good friend
-
-    However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
-    syllables, the particle 的 is usually inserted between the modifier
-    and the noun it modifies:
-
-        很新的書
-            very new book
-        很好的朋友
-            very good friend
-
-
-    Word usage: 也 and 還
-
-也 is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement. Hence the
-relationship between the statement introduced by 也 and the previous one
-is a /parallel/ relationship. 還, on the other hand, introduces an
-/additional/ element to the previous statement.
-
-    e.g. 你有一個問題﹐我也有一個問題。
-        You have a question; I also have a question. The two are
-        parallel here.
-    我還有一個問題。
-        I have already had some questions, but I still have one more.
-        This is /in addition to/ the previous ones.
-
-Under certain circumstances, 也 and 還 are interchangeable, but with
-different emphasis:
-
-    王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他還教我們口語。
-    王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。
-
-Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang
-teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
-conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses
-the fact that Wang teaches conversation /in addition to/ the other
-subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three
-subjects he teaches without prioritization.
-
-
-    Grammar notes
-
- 1. 的 construction
-
-    A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
-    adjective) with the word 的 can function as a noun or noun-phrase in
-    a sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear:
-
-        這條裙子是我姐姐的。
-            This skirt is my sister's. Noun + 的)
-        哪本詞典是你的﹖
-            Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + 的
-        你爸爸的車是白的嗎﹖
-            Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + 的 
-        你喝的是什麼茶﹖
-            What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + 的
-
-    These constructions normally involve the verb 是 (or 不是).
-
- 2. Usage of 從
-
-    從 + place word + 去 = to go from; 從 + place word + 來 = to come from.
-
-        e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖
-            Where did you come from?
-        我從圖書館來。
-            I came from the library.
-        我們晚上從我家去劇場。
-            We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.
-
- 3. Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 / 那兒 = over here/there at ...'s place
-
-    When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 or 那兒, they function as a
-    place word or expression. Since one cannot say 我去她 (I went to
-    her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 (I went to her place), because
-    她那兒 is now regarded as a place expression. Similarly one cannot
-    say 你的裙子在我 (Your skirt is with me), but one can say 你的裙子在
-    我這兒 (Your skirt is with me). More examples:
-
-        你的書在他那兒。
-            Your book is at his place.
-        我們都去姐姐那兒。
-            We all went to my sister's place.
-        老師來我這兒找她。
-            The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.
-
-    As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
-    use 那兒; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker
-    himself or herself, use 這兒.
-
- 4. 太 + adjective + 了
-
-    This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
-    used between 太 and 了:
-
-        太忙了﹗
-            Too busy!
-        太大了﹗
-            Too big!
-
-    The expression 太好了﹗, however, has a positive meaning, expressing
-    satisfaction or admiration.
-
-
-    Word study: 二 vs. 兩
-
-These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
-
- 1. When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩:
-
-        兩個人, 兩本書, 增加了兩倍, 去了兩次 
-
- 2. 二 should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is
-    followed by a measure word:
-
-        二十二, 一百零二次, 十二個人, 五千八百六十二元 
-
-    There are some more restrictions, though:
-
-     1. Only 二 can be used before the character 十; before the
-        character 百, 二 is usually employed but 兩 may also be used:
-
-            二十, 二百二十五, 二百五十元 or 兩百五十元 
-
-     2. For numbers like 千, 萬 or 億, 兩 is used more often than 二:
-
-            兩千元 (also 二千元), 兩萬三千八, 兩億人口 
-
-     3. If the number is greater than 百, 千, 萬, /i.e./ if there are
-        more digits before 百, 千 or 萬, then put 二 instead of 兩 in
-        front:
-
-            四億二千萬, 三萬二千人, 五千二百元 
-
-
-    Time
-
-The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
-
-    A: 現在幾點﹖
-    B: 現在...
-    兩點	2:00
-    十點半 (or 十點三十分)	10:30
-    三點一刻 (or 三點十五分)	3:15
-    十二點三刻 (or 十二點四十五分)	12:45
-    兩點差五分 (or 差五分兩點)	1:55
-    五點二十分	5:20
-    六點零五分	6:05
-    七點三十五分	7:35
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零, as in
-    三點零八分 (3:08) or 十二點零三分 (12:03).
-
- 2. When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 is optional:
-
-        七點十五 or 七點十五分
-
- 3. "This morning" is 今天上午, not for example 這個上午; "every
-    afternoon" is 每天下午, not 每下午.
-
-
-    Placement of time-words
-
-A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject
-or at the beginning of a sentence:
-
-    我們十點半上中文課
-    十點半我們上中文課
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. A time-word does not take a preposition:
-
-        我三點下課
-        but not 我在三點下課
-
- 2. A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
-
-        她晚上來
-            She came in the evening.
-        or 晚上她來
-        but not 她來晚上
-
- 3. If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
-    smaller:
-
-        今天晚上八點
-            at 8 o'clock this evening
-
- 4. If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
-    goes first:
-
-        我晚上八點在圖書館等你
-        你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖
-        明天你幾點在哪兒上課﹖
-            When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?
-
- 5. Time-word + 的 + noun (time-words modifying nouns)
-
-        A: 你想看幾點的電影﹖
-            What show do you want to see? /literally/ What time's film
-            do you want to see?
-        B: 我想看中午十二點半的(電影)。
-            I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.
-
-        A: 這是今天的報嗎﹖
-            Is this today's paper?
-        B: 不是今天的報﹐是昨天的。
-            It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.
-
-
-    The use of the time-words 以前 and 以後
-
-When used by itself, 以前 means "previously" or "before" and 以後 means
-"later", "afterwards" or "in the future":
-
-    我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。
-        I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
-    你以前在哪兒工作﹖
-        Where did you work before?
-    以前我不住宿舍﹐現在住宿舍。
-        I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.
-
-When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 means
-"before..." and 以後 means "after...":
-
-    十點以前我不回家。
-        I won't go home before 10.
-    回家以前我在閱覽室看書。
-        I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
-    來美國以後他在這兒工作。
-        He has been working here after he came to America.
-    十點半以後你在宿舍作什麼﹖
-        What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?
-
-N.B. When 以前 or 以後 is used together with a time-word or verb phrase
-to mean "before" or "after", the word order is exactly the opposite of
-the English equivalent:
-
-    四點以前
-        before 4 o'clock
-    下課以前
-        before the class is over
-    明天晚上以後
-        after tomorrow evening (or night)
-    回宿舍以後
-        after returning to the dormitory
-
-
-    A 跟 B (一起) + verb/verb-phrase
-
-跟 as a preposition means "with", and 一起 means "together". This
-pattern is used to indicate that A and B do something together. Here 跟
-can be replaced with 和 without changing the meaning; and the phrase 一
-起 is optional.
-
-    e.g. 我跟 (or 和) 她去看電影。
-        I go to see a film with her.
-    我跟她一起去看電影。
-        She and I go to see a film together.)
-    晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖
-        With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?
-
-    A: 晚上你有事兒嗎﹖跟我一起去看京劇﹐好嗎﹖
-        Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
-        opera!
-    B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。
-        I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.
-
-N.B. This pattern of A 跟 B (一起) is always placed /before/ the main
-verb in the sentence. Hence the following sentence, with English word
-order, is wrong:
-
-    我想去跟我男朋友一起。
-        I want to go together with my boyfriend.
-
-
-    Alternative Questions using 還是
-
-In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 to connect
-two choices, which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or
-clauses:
-
-    你喜歡紅茶還是綠茶﹖ (nouns)
-    這本書是你的還是她的﹖ (noun phrases)
-    下午你來還是不來﹖ (verbs)
-    你要聽古典音樂還是聽現代音樂﹖ (verb phrases)
-    今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ (clauses)
-
-Note:
-
- 1. the two items connected by 還是 are normally parallel in structure; and
-
- 2. as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
-    interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 at the end. 
-
-
-    Pivotal Sentences with 請, 讓, 叫
-
-In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal sentence is
-one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the
-subject of the following verb. This object therefore functions as a
-pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence.
-
-The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause
-something to happen) such as 請, 讓 or 叫. All three carry the meaning
-of asking somebody to do something. Of the three, 請 is the most polite;
-讓 is less so, and 叫 is the least polite. So watch out for the
-occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe:
-
-    學生請王老師介紹中國音樂。
-        The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
-    老師讓學生每天寫漢字。
-        The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
-    爸爸叫孩子學中文。
-        Dad asked his child to study Chinese.
-
-Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the
-Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of
-politeness.
-
-Note:
-
- 1. Besides the use of 請 above (meaning "to ask someone to do
-    something"), 請 can also be used to mean "to invite":
-
-        我們請他來吃晚飯。
-            We invited him to dinner.
-        你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖
-            Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?
-
- 2. To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 /before the
-    first verb/:
-
-        我的大夫不讓我喝酒。
-            My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.
-        他們不叫我去看電影。
-            They did not invite me to go to the pictures.
-
-
-    Word usage: 別 and 不要
-
-別 and 不要 both mean "do not". They can be used in negative
-/imperative/ sentences with or without a subject. They are placed
-between the subject (if present) and the verb or adjective:
-
-    (你) 別 (or 不要) 告訴他﹗
-    別喝酒﹗ 別去那兒﹗
-    不要吸煙﹗ 下午不要去﹗
-
-Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
-sentences. It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他走. One can say instead 爸爸不請
-他走.
-
-
-    Expressions for the date, week, month and year
-
- 1. 年, year
-     1. 去年 = last year; 今年 = this year; 明年 = next year
-
-     2. 一九九七年, 一九九八年, ...
-
-     3. 一年 = one year; 兩年 = two years (not 二年); 三年 = three years
-        每年 = every year; 五年半 = five-and-a-half years
-
- 2. 月, month
-     1. 上個月= last month; 這個月 = this month; 下個月 = next month
-
-     2. 一月 = January; 二月 = February (not 兩月); ... 二十月 = December
-
- 3. 星期, week
-     1. 上 (個) 星期 = last week; 這 (個) 星期 = this week; 下 (個) 星期
-        = next week
-
-     2. 星期一 = Monday; 星期二 = Tuesday; ... 星期六 = Saturday; 星期日
-        or 星期天 = Sunday
-
-     3. 一 (個) 星期 = one week; 兩 (個) 星期 = two weeks (not 二 (個)
-        星期); 三 (個) 星期 = three weeks; 四個半星期 = four-and-a-half
-        weeks; ... 每 (個) 星期 = every week
-
- 4. 日 / 號 / 天 date
-
-    Use 日 or 號 for a /specific/ date. Usually 日 is used in written
-    and formal language and 號 is used in conversation. The word 天
-    should be used in /counting/ the number of days:
-
-     1. 作天 = yesterday; 今天 = today; 明天 = tomorrow
-
-     2. 一號; 二號 (not 兩號); ... 三十一號
-        四月六號; 十月二十五日; ...
-
-     3. 一天 = one day; 兩天 = two days (not 二天); ... 半天 = half a
-        day; 每天 = every day
-
-Some notes:
-
- 1. When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
-    calendar date comes before the day of the week:
-
-        一九九六年十一月二十五號星期一
-        一七八九年七月十四日
-
- 2. Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month:
-
-        今年五月
-            the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
-        去年八月
-            the August of last year
-        明年二月
-            the February of next year
-
-        這 (個) 星期五
-            the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
-        上 (個) 星期一
-            the Monday of last week
-        下 (個) 星期四
-            the Thursday of next week
-
-    Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as
-    這個星期一, if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore
-    referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days,
-    and for months.
-
-
-    Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun
-
-Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a
-modified to form a relative clause:
-
- 1. Unlike in English, all modifiers go /before/ the element they modify
-    in Chinese:
-
-        他喝的水不很乾淨
-        這是我朋友送我的禮物
-
- 2. The word 的 has to be inserted between the modifier and the element
-    it modifies:
-
-        我下午看的電影很有意思。
-            The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
-        給你開門的那個人是我妹妹。
-            The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
-        跟他跳舞的姑娘是我的同學。
-            The girl who danced with him was my classmate.
-
-
-    Other grammar notes
-
- 1. Sentences with an adjectival predicate
-
-    The verb 是 is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence
-    where the main element of the predicate is an adjective:
-
-        我們今天很高興。
-        她的絲線衫太小。
-        那個服務員非常年輕。
-
-    In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
-    preceded by adverbs such as 真, 太, 非常 or 更, it is usually
-    qualified by the adverb 很. In such cases, 很 does not really mean
-    "very"; 他很忙 and 他忙 mean virtually the same.
-
-    Also, adverbs such as 很, 常, 也, 非常, 太 or 更 /cannot/ be used in
-    affirmative-negative sentences of this type:
-
-        你高興不高興﹖ but not 你很高興不很高興﹖
-        她年輕不年輕﹖ but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖
-        你去不去﹖ but not 你也去不去﹖
-
- 2. 祝你 vs 祝賀你
-
-    In general, 祝你 is used to extend well-wishes /in advance/ whereas
-    祝賀你 is used to congratulate someone on something /already
-    accomplished/:
-
-        祝你生日好﹗ (One can say this on the day, or in advance.)
-        祝賀你﹗ (Say this only when something has already been
-        accomplished.)
-
- 3. Reduplication of verbs
-
-    To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften
-    the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can
-    be repeated:
-
-        我給你們介紹介紹。 (Notice the pattern is ABAB, not AABB.)
-        你們想去看看她嗎﹖
-        讓我想想。
-
-    In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 can be inserted:
-
-        讓我想一想。
-        我們都想看一看她。
-
-    Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒
-    after the verb:
-
-        用一下兒 = 用用 = 用一用
-        看一下兒 = 看看 = 看一看
-        介紹一下兒 = 介紹介紹
-
-
-    Position words
-
-Words such as 上邊, 左邊, 前邊, 中間, 對面 are position words. Some of
-the basic syllables are:
-
- 	上 - up	 
-左 - left 	中 - middle	 右 - right
- 	下 - down	 
- 
-前 - front	 	 裡 - in
-後 - back	 	 外 - out
-
-Usually, add 邊 to make "on the left", "above", "outside" etc.
-
-Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:
-
- 1. Noun (+ 的) + position word:
-
-        車(的)外邊
-            outside the car
-        房子(的)後邊
-            behind the house
-        桌子(的)對面
-            opposite the table 
-
- 2. Position word + 的 + noun (here the 的 is /mandatory/).
-
-        外邊的車
-            the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
-        後邊的房子
-            the house behind (the house which is behind)
-        對面的桌子
-            the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the
-            way) 
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. When 上邊, 下邊, 裡邊 and 外邊 are modified by other nouns, the
-    character 邊 can be omitted:
-
-        房子(的)裡(邊)
-            inside the house
-        桌子(的)上(邊)
-            on the table
-        教室(的)外(邊)
-            outside the classroom
-
- 2. Do /not/ use 裡邊 in the following two cases:
-
-     1. After geographical names such as 中國, 北京 etc:
-
-            她在北京學習漢語。
-                She studies Chinese in Beijing.
-            but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。
-
-            美國有很多大學。
-                There are many universities in America.
-            but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。
-
-     2. In a phrase of the form "在 + place, building or organisation":
-
-            我在銀行工作。
-                I work in a bank.
-            but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。
-
-            他們在閱覽室看書。
-                They are reading books in the reading-room.
-            but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。
-
-
-    Patterns for Location
-
-There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在, 有
-and 是 respectively and with different meanings:
-
- 1. To show that there is something in a certain place: 有
-
-    Position word + 有 + indefinite noun:
-
-        後邊有什麼﹖
-            What is behind?
-        後邊有一個車房。
-            There is a garage behind.
-        我們家對面有一個公園。
-            Across from our home, there is a park. 
-
- 2. To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在
-
-    Definite noun + 在 + position word:
-
-        花園在哪兒﹖
-            Where is the garden?
-        花園在我們家後邊。
-            The garden is behind our house.
-        花園在車房 (的) 右邊。
-            The garden is to the right of the garage. 
-
- 3. To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是
-
-    Position word + 是 + definite/indefinite noun:
-
-        你們家後邊是什麼﹖
-            What's behind your house?
-        我們家後邊是一個花園。
-            Behind our house is a garden.
-        他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。
-            In front of their house is the college library. 
-
-
-    Progressive aspect of an action
-
-To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the
-following patterns:
-
-    她在休息。
-        She is resting.
-    她正休息。
-    她正在休息。
-
-    她休息呢。
-    她在休息呢。
-    她正休息呢。
-    她正在休息呢。
-
-Notes:
-
- 1. All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted.
-
- 2. The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but
-    also to past and future actions:
-
-        她現在正在休息。
-            She is resting now. /present progressive/
-        我去的時候﹐她正在休息。
-            When I went there, she was resting. /past progressive/
-        我明天去看她的時候﹐她一定正在休息。
-            When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting.
-            /future progressive/ 
-
- 3. As shown above, either 在, 正 or 正在 can be placed before a verb to
-    indicate the progressive aspect of an action.
-
- 4. Alternatively, 呢 can be placed at the end of the sentence to
-    perform the same function. Sometimes 呢 can be used together with
-    在, 正 or 正在.
-
- 5. The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有,
-    not 不, before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 alone if it
-    is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer. Otherwise the
-    full form of 沒有 must be used:
-
-        她沒(有)休息﹐她在看報。
-        她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。(or simply 沒有)
-
- 6. If both the 在 of the progressive aspect and the 在 of location
-    exist in a sentence, only one should be used:
-
-        她正在房間里休息。
-        but not 她正在在房間里休息。
-
-
-    Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers
-
-An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as
-我給她打電話, 他今天買, 我們去北京參觀 can be used as a modifier for a
-noun. When used this way, there must be a 的 inserted between the
-construction and the noun it modifies:
-
-    我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃飯。
-        When I called her, she was eating.
-    他今天買的花兒很漂亮。
-        The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
-    請你們看我們去北京參觀的照片。
-        Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
-    這是誰給你寫的信﹖
-        Who wrote this letter to you? 
-
-The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the
-的, which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.
-
-
-    Word usage: 參觀 vs. 訪問
-
-Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English. However, while 參
-觀 implies 觀 (to see), 訪問 stresses 問 (to ask). Hence 參觀 really
-implies observation while visiting and 訪問 means to visit people with
-specific purpose such as interviews. 參觀 can be followed by places but
-not people; whereas 訪問 can take either, but most commonly people.
-
-    參觀/訪問學校
-    訪問他/這個國家的總統
-
-
-    Grammar Notes
-
- 1. Measure word 些
-
-    些 is a measure word showing indefinite quantity. It is usually used
-    after demonstrative pronouns such as 這, 那, 哪 and after the
-    numeral 一:
-
-        一些
-            some
-        這些
-            these
-        那些
-            those
-        哪些
-            which (plural)
-
-    Don't attempt to mix 些 with definite measures. It is wrong to say
-    這些三本詞典 (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這三本詞典.
-
- 2. 是 . . . 的 construction
-
-    Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
-    adjectives:
-
-        這本書是中文的。= 這本書中文的書。
-        那條裙子是妹妹的。= 那條裙子是妹妹的裙子。
-        姐姐的大衣是黑的。= 姐姐的大衣是黑的大衣。
-
-    But the 是 . . . 的 construction can also be used with prepositional
-    phrases and even whole verbal constructions:
-
-        那些點心是給丁雲的。= 那些點心是丁雲的點心。
-            Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
-        這束花兒是我給她買的。= 這束花兒我給她買的花兒。
-            This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
-        這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的。= 這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的書。
-            This book is the one I borrowed from the university library. 
-
-
-    The use of the Complement of Degree
-
-
-      What is a complement?
-
-A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain or
-complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
-duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of
-an action. Complements always appear *after* the verbs they modify.
-
-We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the words
-they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because Chinese
-word order often observes the time sequence in which an action occurs.
-Notice, for example:
-
-    昨天晚上我們從書店去電影院。
-        Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop. 
-
-Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
-Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a verbal
-action has to take place first, before one can see its extent or result,
-the complement placed after the verb observes this time sequence.
-
-
-      The complement of degree
-
-This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
-adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle 得
-is used to connect the verb and its complement:
-
-    他學習得怎麼樣﹖
-        How is he studying?
-    他學習得很好。
-        He's studying very well.
-
-The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
-
- 1. Verb without object: V + 得 + adjective
-
-        你工作得不錯。
-
- 2. Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 + adjective
-
-        我妹妹唱民歌唱得很好。
-
- 3. Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 + adjective
-
-        他們中文學得很好。
-
-Place 不 /before the adjective/ to make the negative:
-
- 4. V + 得 + 不 + adjective
-
-        她歌唱得不好﹐ 舞也跳得不好。
-
-Questions are formed as follows:
-
- 1. . . . 得 adjective 不 adjective?
-
-        你開車開得快不快﹖
-
- 2. . . . 得怎麼樣﹖
-
-        你中文學得怎麼樣﹖
-
- 3. . . . 得 adjective 嗎﹖
-
-        你游泳游得好嗎﹖
-
-Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as 有,
-在 or 是, since those verbs normally do not denote actions.
-
-
-    The difference between 呢 and 吧 as sentence-ending particles
-
-Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end of a
-question. However, they differ in usage.
-
-
-      In questions
-
-呢 is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry. It may appear in
-questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 or 哪兒;
-affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖好吃不好吃呢﹖; or
-alternative questions with 還是, such as 吃面包還是火腿呢﹖
-
-吧, on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate
-a mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker: 在這兒
-停車吧﹖ 你不知道吧﹖
-
-
-      In affirmative statements
-
-呢 in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an action
-(e.g. 她學中文呢), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration
-(e.g. 晚上電影九點才開始呢。 從這兒去要走三天呢。)
-
-吧 is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften the
-tone, as in 我們走吧。 你再想想吧。
-
-
-    The use of optative verbs
-
-Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
-express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
-
- 1. To express /subjective wish/, /desire/ or /request/:
-
-     1. 要 + verb = to want to
-
-            我要喝橘子水。
-
-     2. 想 + verb = would like to
-
-            你想看電影嗎﹖
-
- 2. To express /objective necessity/:
-
-     1. 要 + verb = to have to (especially in questions)
-
-            我明天要來嗎﹖
-                Do I have to come tomorrow?
-            我們要去了。
-                We have to go. 
-
-     2. 不用 + verb = don't have to
-
-            你明天不用來。
-                You don't have to come tomorrow.
-
- 3. To express /ability/ or /skill acquired/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你現在能看中文報紙嗎﹖
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖
-
-     3. 會 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            他們都會游泳嗎﹖
-
- 4. To express /ability depending on circumstances/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你明天能來嗎﹖
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = can, be able to
-
-            你今天晚上可以1給他打電話嗎﹖
-
-    Note, in both cases use 不能 for negative sentences.
-
- 5. To express /permission/:
-
-     1. 能 + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我能在這兒停車嗎﹖
-            你不能 (or 不可以) 在這兒停車。
-
-     2. 可以 + verb = may, be permitted to
-
-            我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖
-            你不可以 (or 不能) 在這兒吸煙。
-
- 6. To express /possibility/ or /probability/:
-
-     1. 會 + verb = be likely to, will probably
-
-            你明天會再來嗎﹖
-            今天晚上不會下雨。 
-
- 7. To express /need arising from moral or factual necessity/:
-
-     1. 應該 + verb = should, ought to
-
-            你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。
-            他們不應該翻譯那本書。
-
-Note:
-
- 1. To make a negation, put the negative word 不 or 沒有 before the
-    optative verb:
-
-        他們不想給圖書館打電話。
-
- 2. To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
-    verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
-
-        你會不會唱中國民歌﹖
-        but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖
-
- 3. It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
-
-        你是北京人﹐應該會唱京劇。
-
-
-    The use of adverbs 就 and 才
-
-就 and 才 are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's
-attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier
-(就) or later (才) than expected:
-
-    他們三點就來了﹐可是你們現在才來。
-        They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
-    我們是老朋友﹐我們十年前就認識了。
-        We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as
-        ten years ago.
-    她不是我的同學﹐我上個星期才認識她。
-        She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago. 
-
-Compare the following sentences:
-
-    今年我們就想去中國學習。
-        (The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon
-        as this year.)
-    今年我們才想去中國學習。
-        (The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
-        they should have gone earlier.) 
-
-As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
-sentence, 就 and 才 should be placed after it; when there is an optative
-verb, on the other hand, 就 and 才 should be placed before it. Here is
-the pattern:
-
-    Time-word + 就/才 + optative verb + main verb
-    她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。
-    他們今天下午三點就能出發﹐我們要晚上八點才能走。
-
-
-    Word usage: 或者, 還是
-
-Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but
-they differ in usage: in general, 或者 is used in non-interrogative
-sentences to indicate a choice:
-
-    我妹妹想研究音樂或者文學。
-
-還是, on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
-questions:
-
-    你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖
-
-It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as 知道, 告訴
-etc:
-
-請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖
-我不知道她是老師還是學生。
-
-In cases in which both 或者 and 還是 can appear in questions, there are
-some subtle differences in their anticipations and tones:
-
-     1. A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖
-        B: 我想去中國。
-
-     2. A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖
-        B: 我想去﹐我兩個地方都想去。
-
-In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice
-from the answer. The two terms with 還是 are mutually exclusive. In
-dialogue 2, the question is a general one using 嗎 at the end. It does
-not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B can give a general
-answer: 我想去 -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought:
-我兩個地方都想去. The two items with 或者 in the question are therefore
-not mutually exclusive.
-
-Sometimes, however, 還是 can also be used in a non-interrogative
-sentence. For instance:
-
-    去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一時(??)不定主意。
-
-Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
-compelling 他 to make a choice. In contrast, 或者 in this case can only
-convey a sort of explanatory note:
-
-    你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一定要作決定。 (interrogative)
-    或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其他選擇。 (explanatory)
-
-
-    了解, 知道, 認識 and 懂
-
-The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
-
-Both 了解 and 知道 can mean "to know". However, 了解 implies some level
-of understanding and comprehension of what one knows. Therefore 了解 can
-be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道. Compare:
-
-    你了解 (or 知道) 這個學校嗎﹖
-    我不知道他是誰的孩子。(Here one can not use 了解.)
-
-認識 is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not
-others. It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability.
-
-    A: 哦﹐我認識她﹗
-        Oh, I know her!
-    B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖
-        Where did you get to know her? 
-
-懂, on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its
-definition is not as broad as that of 了解 (to know and understand) and
-is different from that of 知道 (to know).
-
-    1. 你懂他說的漢語嗎﹖
-    2. 你知道他叫甚麼名字嗎﹖
-    3. 你了解他嗎﹖
-
-Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him
-than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than
-sentence 1.
-
-
-    The use of the Perfect Aspect
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The aspect particle 了 is added to the end of a verb to indicate the
-completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is
-equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future
-perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place in
-the past or in the future. For instance:
-
-    A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖
-    B: 我下了課去圖書館。
-
-On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
-particle 了, if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there
-is no need to emphasise its completion:
-
-    去年他常常去書店。
-    以前我住在學生宿舍。
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 (+ object)
-        e.g. 電影開始了。 我買了兩本書。
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒(有) + verb (+ object)
-        or subject + 還沒(有) + verb (+ 呢)
-        e.g. 我沒有買書。 電影還沒開始呢。
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + 了 (+ object) + 沒有﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is
-        usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ 她來了嗎﹖ 你們談沒談這個問題﹖
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence,
-    the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral +
-    measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the sentence sounds
-    incomplete:
-
-        我買了三本書。
-        我在書店里買了書。
-        but not simply 我買了書。
-
- 2. If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
-    those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 is
-    usually placed after the /last/ verb.
-
-        a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。
-        b. 他們昨天進城買了一些中文詞典。
-
-    In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is
-    written by using Chinese; in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related
-    to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to
-    buy the dictionaries. Compare the above sentences with the
-    following, with a different structure:
-
-        我下了課去圖書館。
-
-    Here "class is over" (下課) and "go to the library" are unrelated.
-    They are contained in the sentence simply to indicate their
-    sequence. Hence it is wrong to say
-
-        我下課去了圖書館。
-
- 3. When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 is
-    placed /before/ the reduplicated verb:
-
-        我試了試那條裙子﹐真漂亮﹗
-
-
-    又, 再 and 還
-
-All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like
-the English "again". They differ in usage, however:
-
-Whereas 又 indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken
-place, 再 implies a repetition of an action in the future. Also, 再 is
-only used in /declarative/ sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎:
-
-    昨天他來晚了﹐今天他又來晚了。
-        (repetition in the past)
-    你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進來了。
-        (repetition in the future)
-    你再喝一點兒橘子水﹐好嗎﹖
-
-Also, 又 can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or
-occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place:
-
-    明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。
-    新年又要來了。
-
-還, on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
-
-    你明天還來嗎﹖
-
-It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an
-optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb
-and an optional 再 can be placed after:
-
-    A: 你明年還能(再)教我們嗎﹖
-    B: 我明年還可以(再)教你們。
-
-
-    Use of the modal particle 了
-
-
-      Basic concept
-
-The modal particle 了 is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate
-that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference
-between 了 as modal particle and 了 to indicate perfect aspect is that
-the latter only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former
-shows the completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some
-/change of situation/.
-
-    他買了書了。
-
-The first 了 in the sentence above indicates only the completion of the
-action of 買書, whereas the second 了 marks some change of situation on
-the part of 他 as a result of the completion of the book-buying process:
-originally he did not have the book, but now he has.
-
-
-      Basic patterns
-
-(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
-previous section.)
-
- 1. Affirmative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb (+ object) + 了
-        e.g. 他們看足球賽了。
-
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
-
-        Subject + 沒 (有) + verb (+ object)
-        e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。
-
- 3. Interrogative sentence
-
-        Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖
-        or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖
-        or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb + object﹖ (here the verb is
-        usually monosyllabic)
-        e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖
-        他們看足球賽了嗎﹖
-        他們看沒看足球賽﹖
-
-
-      Notes
-
- 1. As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the perfect
-    aspect 了 from the modal particle 了. In such a case, 了 can be
-    regarded as fulfilling both functions:
-
-        她來了。 我們懂了。
-
- 2. A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
-    require a 了 at the end of the sentence:
-
-        我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出去。
-
-
-    Sequential actions
-
-To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
-other, we use the pattern
-
-    Subject + verb + 了 (以後) 就 + verb ...
-    e.g. 我們辦了簽証(以後)就回家。
-    明天吃了早飯(以後)我們就出發。
-
-The above pattern can be used for /future/ actions as well. To indicate
-that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 has to be
-inserted at the end of the sentence:
-
-    我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。
-    他們早上沒吃早飯就走了。

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-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
-<html>
-<head>
-	<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
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-	<meta name="changed" content="2019-01-02T08:40:20.472730703"/>
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-		h2.cjk { font-family: "WenQuanYi Zen Hei" }
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-		h3.cjk { font-family: "WenQuanYi Zen Hei" }
-		h3.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari" }
-	</style>
-</head>
-<body lang="fr-FR" dir="ltr"><p><br/>
-<br/>
-
-</p>
-<table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0">
-	<tr>
-		<td bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>
-			<br/>
-
-			</p>
-		</td>
-	</tr>
-</table>
-<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
-	<tr>
-		<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">
-			Show&nbsp;</p>
-			<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
-				<tr>
-					<td style="border: 1px double #808080; padding: 0.05cm"><p>characters<br/>
-pinyin,
-						zhuyin<br/>
-translations</p>
-					</td>
-				</tr>
-			</table>
-			<p><br/>
-<br/>
-
-			</p>
-		</td>
-		<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
-		<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">
-			&nbsp;in&nbsp;</p>
-			<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
-				<tr>
-					<td style="border: 1px double #808080; padding: 0.05cm"><p>text
-						<br/>
-tooltips <br/>
-status line <br/>
-separate wordlist 
-						</p>
-					</td>
-				</tr>
-			</table>
-			<p><br/>
-<br/>
-
-			</p>
-		</td>
-		<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
-	</tr>
-</table>
-<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
-	<tr>
-		<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Link characters to online
-			dictionaries<br/>
-Only treat the first occurrence of each
-			word<br/>
-Include links to 
-			</p>
-		</td>
-	</tr>
-</table>
-<table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0">
-	<tr>
-		<td bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0" style="border: none; padding: 0cm">
-			<center>
-				<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
-					<tr>
-						<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>audio
-							text-to-speech<br/>
-<font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt">tooltips
-							require DHTML; status-line requires a willing browser</font> 
-							</p>
-						</td>
-					</tr>
-				</table>
-			</center>
-			<p><br/>
-<br/>
-
-			</p>
-		</td>
-	</tr>
-</table>
-<p><br/>
-<br/>
-
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
-<h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font>?</h3>
-<p>One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to
-add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
-</span></font></font>at the end of a statement. Hence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你好</a></span></font></font>!
-(Hi!) becomes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?
-(How are you?) 
-</p>
-<h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font>?</h3>
-<p>This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed
-to you. Its meaning is equivalent to &quot;and you?&quot; &quot;what
-about you?&quot; or &quot;how about you?&quot; 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		How are you? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I am fine, and you? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Are you busy? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I am not busy, what about you? 
-		</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h3 class="western">
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a></span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></h3>
-<p>All three are adverbs, which should be placed <em>before</em> what
-they modify in Chinese. E.g., <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a></span></font></font>.
-</p>
-<p>Sometimes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
-</span></font></font>is not really employed to mean &quot;very&quot;
-if it is modifying a monosyllabic adjective such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a></span></font></font>.
-It is simply because to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>
-</span></font></font>is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a
-monosyllabic adjective as the predicate of the sentence. Therefore
-people usually add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
-</span></font></font>before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>
-</span></font></font>to make the sentence sound natural: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
-</span></font></font>in this case does not necessarily mean &quot;I
-am <em>very</em> well&quot;, it may simply convey the meaning of &quot;I
-am fine&quot;. 
-</p>
-<p><em>The order of these words:</em> If all three adverbs occur in
-the same sentence, their order is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
-</span></font></font>-- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
-</span></font></font>-- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font></font>:
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.</blockquote>
-<p>N.B. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
-</span></font></font>(both/all) is only used to refer to the items to
-the <em>left</em> of it. Hence it is wrong to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
-</span></font></font>(&quot;all of them are fine&quot;). One should
-say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.
-</p>
-<h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
-</span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></h3>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
-</span></font></font>indicates a complete negation whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
-</span></font></font>shows a partial negation: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		None of them is busy. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Not all of them are busy. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		None of us is a doctor. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Not all of us are doctors.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h3 class="western">
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></h3>
-<p>As an auxiliary word, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-</span></font></font>is used to indicate possession. It comes between
-the subject and the noun it modifies: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a>
-</span></font></font>etc. 
-</p>
-<p>In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
-possessive marker <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-</span></font></font>can be omitted. <em>Otherwise it cannot</em>. 
-</p>
-<blockquote>e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a>
-</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a>
-</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a>
-</span></font></font>
-</blockquote>
-<h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
-</span></font>-- Adjectival sentence without verb &quot;to be&quot;.</h3>
-<p>Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb.
-In the sentence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>,
-the adjectival phrase <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
-</span></font></font>serves as the predicate for the sentence. No
-verb &quot;to be&quot; is needed as in English (I <em>am</em> very
-well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an <em>adjective</em>
-as its predicate, even in negative sentences. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		They are very busy, we are not.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
-</span></font></font>should still be retained: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		He is my friend.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I am not her elder brother.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h3 class="western">
-Proper Response</h3>
-<p>Study the following two dialogues: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Is your mother a doctor? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a></span></font></font>.</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Yes, she is a doctor.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Is your mother busy? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font>.</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Yes, she is very busy.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb
--- in the above case <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a>
-</span></font></font>respectively -- as an equivalent to the English
-&quot;yes&quot; before making the statement itself. Note therefore
-that the response is not always <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>.
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Questions with interrogative words <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a></span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as
-&quot;what&quot;, &quot;when&quot;, &quot;who&quot; etc to the
-beginning of the sentence to form a question, Chinese leaves the word
-order unchanged when forming questions using such interrogative words
-as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></font>,
-etc: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a></span></font></font>.
-	(He is my younger brother.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font></font>?
-	(Who is he?) 
-	</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a></span></font></font>.
-	(He is our teacher.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a></span></font></font>?
-	(Who is your teacher?) 
-	</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a></span></font></font>.
-	(He is Chinese.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a></span></font></font>?
-	(What is his nationality?) 
-	</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a></span></font></font>.
-	(This is a map of China.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a></span></font></font>?
-	(What map is this?) 
-	</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>.
-	(That is a book.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></font>?
-	(What is that?) 
-	</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>.
-	(This is her car.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>?
-	(Whose car is this?) 
-	</p>
-</ol>
-<p>As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are
-what one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form
-questions. No change of word order takes place. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Asking a person's name</h2>
-<p>There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who
-that person is. 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1z', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">您</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally
-	&quot;What is your honourable surname?&quot;. It is usually used to
-	address one's elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but
-	to whom one wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a>
-	</span></font></font>cannot be used when asking about a third
-	person's name, or when referring to oneself. 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1z', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">您</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	What is your name?</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	My name is Ding.</dd><li><p>
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually
-	used to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's
-	inferiors. If one wants to be a bit polite, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0b0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請問</a>
-	</span></font></font>can be added to the question: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0b0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請問</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	May I ask, what's your name?</dd><p>
-	Unlike <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a></span></font></font>,
-	which is only used in the second person, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>
-	</span></font></font>can be employed for all persons: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font>etc.
-		</blockquote>
-</ol>
-<p>When asked <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font>you
-are supposed to give your last name first, and then as an option you
-can add your full name afterwards. But when asked <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font>you
-can give either your given name or your full name. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>﹐
-<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>Both words mean &quot;to study&quot; or &quot;to learn&quot;.
-Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>
-</span></font></font>can be used both transitively and
-intransitively, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a>
-</span></font></font>is normally reserved for transitive use. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g.
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I study Chinese, she studies French. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3bec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I study, my younger brother doesn't study.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-In the second sentence, the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a>
-</span></font></font>cannot be omitted. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
-<ol>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-	</span></font></font>(to be at/in...) functions as a verb. 
-	</p>
-	<p>To express the location or existence of something or somebody,
-	use the following pattern: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ place/location word or phrase<br/>
-e.g. A:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
-<br/>
-A:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</blockquote>
-	<p>If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5jaai', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">古波</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Is Gubo in [or: here]?</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不在</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.</dd><blockquote>
-	</blockquote>
-	<li><p>Nouns / personal pronouns + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>as place words. 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote>e.g. A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>。</span></font></font>(or
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>)<br/>
-<br/>
-A:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</blockquote>
-	<p>The choice of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>depends on the distance between the object and
-	the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>;
-	if not, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>.
-		</p>
-	<li><p>The word order for Chinese place words 
-	</p>
-	<p>Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones
-	and proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence &quot;She lives
-	in room 423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college&quot; will
-	be <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbch', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">層</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>。
-	</span></font></font>Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is
-	applicable to the address used when writing letters as well. 
-	</p>
-	<li><p>To live (stay) at a place 
-	</p>
-	<p>Most often one uses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a>
-	</span></font></font>to indicate that one lives or stays at a
-	certain place. There are several patterns for the use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a></span></font></font>.
-	For example, to say &quot;I live here&quot;, one can have the
-	following: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ place word (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>)<br/>
-S
-	+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ place word (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a></span></font></font>)<br/>
-S
-	+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a>
-	</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a></span></font></font>)</blockquote>
-	<p>All three sentences have the same meaning. 
-	</p>
-	<li><p>Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc 
-	</p>
-	<p>Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit
-	by digit: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote>English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)<br/>
-Chinese:
-	# 1452 (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Gb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二號</a></span></font></font>)
-		</blockquote>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">The use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
-</span></font>(to return something to someone)</h2>
-<p>When using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
-</span></font></font>to indicate &quot;return&quot;, use the
-following pattern: 
-</p>
-<blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
-</span></font></font>+ (sb.) + sth.<br/>
-e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5eb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">畫報</a></span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">云</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a>。</span></font></font>(Notice
-here sb. is omitted.)</blockquote>
-<p>This pattern is <i>only</i> used for simple objects, i.e. the
-object to be returned is not a complex one such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>,
-etc. Notice in the second example above, sb. is omitted because it
-would be awkward to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">云</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">云</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>,
-although grammatically it is correct. We will later learn the ways to
-express something more complicated. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>In this phrase, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a>
-</span></font></font>is a verb which can be used both transitively
-and intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an
-object). <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
-</span></font></font>is an adverbial of time indicating &quot;a short
-while, a little while&quot;. If an object is to be used for <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a>
-</span></font></font>in the above phrase, it should be placed after
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a></span></font></font>:
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		They want to use your dad's car for a little while.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-Time Word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions
-in a sentence: <i>before</i> or <i>after</i> the subject. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Now she is going to the college to return books. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a>
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a></span></font></h2>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a>
-</span></font></font>in the sense of &quot;often&quot; can often be
-reduplicated as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a>
-</span></font></font>without a change of meaning. Thus, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>
-</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
-</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>.</p>
-<p>In making negative sentences, however, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a>
-</span></font></font>is normally <i>not</i> reduplicated. Hence
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>.</p>
-<h2 class="western">Affirmative-Negative questions</h2>
-<p>An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the
-affirmative and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacOa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>
-	If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
-	the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a></span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
-	that gets repeated, not the noun following it: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
-	form of &quot;V + object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ V ?&quot; as well, although this is not as
-	common: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	As in questions with interrogative words (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></font>,
-	etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
-	</span></font></font>at the end.</p>
-	<li><p>If an adverb such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
-	</span></font></font>comes <i>before</i> the predicative verb or
-	adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
-	</span></font></font>instead: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9@b0d8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">咖啡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9@b0d8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">咖啡</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><p>
-	Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
-	<i>before</i> the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:</p>
-	<ol>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a>﹖</span></font></font></p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-		<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacOa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a>﹖</span></font></font></p>
-	</ol>
-	<p>The second instance is acceptable because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
-	</span></font></font>comes <i>after</i> the predicative verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>.</p>
-	<li><p>If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only
-	the <i>first</i> verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the
-	question: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">商店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafc8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">紙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">商店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafc8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">紙</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5waaef', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歡迎</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>becomes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5waaef', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歡迎</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3c5w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不歡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaef', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">迎</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a>
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>In Chinese, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a>
-</span></font></font>as a conjunction is normally used to connect two
-words or phrases, <i>never</i> two clauses or sentences: 
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國</a></span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a></span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEad^bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">英語</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<blockquote>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
-nor
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<p>The adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
-</span></font></font>is placed between the subject and the
-predicative verb or adjective. It governs only the elements <i>before</i>
-it: 
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
-</span></font></font>(All of us go to China: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
-</span></font></font>modifies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a></span></font></font>.)<br/>
-but
-not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<p>This is also wrong: 
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<p>because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
-</span></font></font>modifies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a>
-</span></font></font>and not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a></span></font></font>.
-If &quot;both Chinese and French&quot; is intended in the above
-sentence, the objects <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>
-</span></font></font>should be placed before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></font>:
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
-or
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<h2 class="western">The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
-</span></font>expressing possession and existence</h2>
-<p>The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
-</span></font></font>in Chinese can mean both possession and
-existence, like the English &quot;to have&quot; and &quot;there is&quot;
-or &quot;there are&quot;: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She has a Chinese dictionary. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		There are a lot of foreign students in our college.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-N.B.: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>To negate <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>,
-	one uses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
-	</span></font></font>instead of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a></span></font></font>:
-		</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.</dd><li><p>
-	Informally in a negative sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
-	</span></font></font>can sometimes be omitted: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5a7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">筆</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	My friend does not have books, nor pens. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	There is no one in our dorm now.</dd><li><p>
-	The affirmative-negative question form is &quot;... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
-	</span></font></font>... ?&quot; 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3a4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有人</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<p>Sometimes, if the object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
-	</span></font></font>is not long, one can use the form &quot;... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
-	</span></font></font>?&quot; as well, although this form is not as
-	common as the previous one. 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Prepositional construction with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-</span></font>(in, at) and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a>
-</span></font>(for, to)</h2>
-<p>The object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-</span></font></font>is often a place-word and the object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a>
-</span></font></font>is often the beneficiary of the action expressed
-by the predicative verb. In Chinese, a prepositional construction
-comes <i>before</i> the verb it modifies: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She works in a bank. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Let me introduce you to one another. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-To form a negative sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
-</span></font></font>is placed <i>before</i> the prepositional
-construction: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I am not going to introduce you.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
-</span></font></font>are also placed <i>before</i> the prepositional
-construction: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-		</span></font></font>City Lit <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		We all study Chinese at the City Lit. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Do you often write to your mother? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫信</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		My dad also often writes to me.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
-</span></font></font>in Chinese carries various meanings: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ noun/noun-phrase = to miss
-	somebody/something: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁雲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Qaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想家</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Ding Yun misses her family very much. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I miss my parents very much. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">男朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Don't you miss your boyfriend? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Do you miss her?</dd><li><p>
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">商店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Do you want to go to the shop? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I don't want to go.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Do you want to study French? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I also want to study French.</dd><li><p>
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ clause = to think/suppose something: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I think she is Chinese. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I think her parents are both doctors.</dd><p>
-	N.B. to negate a sentence with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
-	</span></font></font>in this capacity, put the negative adverb in
-	the <i>subordinate clause</i>, not in the main clause as in English:
-		</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()"><i>不是</i></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I don't think she is Chinese. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-<p>N.B. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
-</span></font></font>as a verb can use the affirmative-negative
-question form <i>only</i> in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a></span></font></h2>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
-</span></font></font>means &quot;to tell&quot;. In English, the verb
-&quot;tell&quot; can mean to tell somebody something, or to tell
-somebody <i>to do</i> something. The Chinese verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
-</span></font></font>can only be applied to the first of these
-patterns. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She told me her work. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6naaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好朋友</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫信</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I told him to write to me.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a></span></font></font>)
-of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
-</span></font></font>in the first and second sentences is either a
-noun, a noun-phrase or a clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last
-sentence is wrong because it uses the pattern &quot;to tell somebody
-to do something&quot; and hence uses a verb-phrase for its direct
-object. In this case, we should use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a>
-</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
-</span></font></font>in place of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
-</span></font></font>to make a correct sentence: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫信</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I asked him to write to me.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-The Numbers in Chinese</h2>
-<p>For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are: 
-</p>
-<blockquote>○ (or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a></span></font></font>),
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
-<p>Further on, they are: 
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十一</a>
-</span></font></font>= 11, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a>
-</span></font></font>= 12, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十九</a>
-</span></font></font>= 19<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a>
-</span></font></font>= 20, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十一</a>
-</span></font></font>= 21, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十八</a>
-</span></font></font>= 28<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十</a>
-</span></font></font>= 30, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四十</a>
-</span></font></font>= 40, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ea4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九十</a>
-</span></font></font>= 90, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ea4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a>
-</span></font></font>= 99</blockquote>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a>
-</span></font></font>= 100<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
-</span></font></font>= 101, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a>
-</span></font></font>= 110, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十一</a>
-</span></font></font>= 111<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十七</a>
-</span></font></font>= 327, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a>
-</span></font></font>= 909</blockquote>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一千</a>
-</span></font></font>= 1000<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4db9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一千零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
-</span></font></font>= 1001, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四十</a>
-</span></font></font>= 5040, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ca6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a>
-</span></font></font>= 8725</blockquote>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一萬</a>
-</span></font></font>= 10,000<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
-</span></font></font>= 40,801</blockquote>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@bbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一億</a>
-</span></font></font>= 100,000,000 
-</blockquote>
-<p>N.B.: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Numbers like 15 are written e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a></span></font></font>,
-	not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a></span></font></font>.</p>
-	<li><p>A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two
-	digits: 101 is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>,
-	and 3020 is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a></span></font></font>.
-	Notice the last zero in 3020 is <i>not</i> pronounced because it is
-	not between two other digits. 
-	</p>
-	<p>If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two
-	non-zero digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4db9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一千零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>.
-	However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched,
-	as in 40,801, each is read as normal: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>.</p>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Measure words 
-	</p>
-	<p>In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
-	pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a>
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a></span></font></font>,
-	or interrogative pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a>
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a></span></font></font>,
-	a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and its
-	modifier(s): 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfeadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a>
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>Both of these can be used to mean &quot;how many&quot; or &quot;how
-	much&quot;. Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a>
-	</span></font></font>should be used with a measure word, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a>
-	</span></font></font>can be used either with or without a measure
-	word for the noun it modifies. 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><p>
-	The measure word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a>
-	</span></font></font>is a must for the first sentence, but only
-	optional in the second. 
-	</p>
-	<p>Also, when <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a>
-	</span></font></font>is used, the expected answer is usually under
-	10, whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a>
-	</span></font></font>can be used whether one expects a large or
-	small answer. 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4Xadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><p>Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects 
-	</p>
-	<p>As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
-	object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person). 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">語法</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<p>In this sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a>
-	</span></font></font>is a verb that takes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a>
-	</span></font></font>as the indirect object and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>
-	</span></font></font>as the direct object. Generally the indirect
-	goes before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same
-	way include <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問</a></span></font></font>.
-		</p>
-	<p>Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to
-	say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
-	</span></font></font>(He bought me a book), or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">封</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a>
-	</span></font></font>(She wrote me a letter). The correct way of
-	saying these would be to use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a></span></font></font>,
-	as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">封</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a></span></font></font>.
-		</p>
-	<li><p>Adjectives as modifiers 
-	</p>
-	<p>When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before
-	the noun as in English: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7saed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">新書</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	new book 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6naaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好朋友</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	good friend</dd><p>
-	However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
-	syllables, the particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-	</span></font></font>is usually inserted between the modifier and
-	the noun it modifies: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">新</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	very new book 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	very good friend</dd></ol>
-<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></h2>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
-</span></font></font>is used to mean &quot;the same&quot; as the
-previous statement. Hence the relationship between the statement
-introduced by <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
-</span></font></font>and the previous one is a <i>parallel</i>
-relationship. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></font>,
-on the other hand, introduces an <i>additional</i> element to the
-previous statement. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g.
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		You have a question; I also have a question. The two are parallel
-		here. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I have already had some questions, but I still have one more. This
-		is <i>in addition to</i> the previous ones.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Under certain circumstances, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
-</span></font></font>are interchangeable, but with different
-emphasis: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢字</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">語法</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">口語</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢字</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">語法</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">口語</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Although both sentences can be roughly translated as &quot;Professor
-Wang teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
-conversation&quot;, their emphasis is different: the first sentence
-stresses the fact that Wang teaches conversation <i>in addition to</i>
-the other subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates
-the three subjects he teaches without prioritization. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
-<ol>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-	</span></font></font>construction 
-	</p>
-	<p>A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
-	adjective) with the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-	</span></font></font>can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a
-	sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	This skirt is my sister's. Noun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5d5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">白</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font></dd><p>
-	These constructions normally involve the verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
-	</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a></span></font></font>).
-		</p>
-	<li><p>Usage of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>
-	</span></font></font>= to go from; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>
-	</span></font></font>= to come from. 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Where did you come from? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I came from the library. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbc@b3f5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">劇場</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.</dd><li><p>
-	Noun/Pronoun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>= over here/there at ...'s place 
-	</p>
-	<p>When a noun or pronoun is added to <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>,
-	they function as a place word or expression. Since one cannot say
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>
-	</span></font></font>(I went to her), one can say instead <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>(I went to her place), because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>is now regarded as a place expression.
-	Similarly one cannot say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a>
-	</span></font></font>(Your skirt is with me), but one can say
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>(Your skirt is with me). More examples: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Your book is at his place. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	We all went to my sister's place. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">找</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.</dd><p>
-	As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
-	use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>;
-	if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself or
-	herself, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>.
-		</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ adjective + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
-	used between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a>
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></font>:
-		</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Too busy! 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Too big!</dd><p>
-	The expression <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3a6na4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太好了</a>﹗</span></font></font>,
-	however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or
-	admiration. 
-	</p>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Word study: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
-</span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>These both mean &quot;two&quot;, and are used as follows. 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>When &quot;2&quot; is followed by a measure word, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a></span></font></font>:
-		</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcWa5[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">增加</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadbf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">倍</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2a6b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩次</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</blockquote>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
-	</span></font></font>should be used in a number greater than 10,
-	even if it is followed by a measure word: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十二</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二次</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3a4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個人</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bba4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</blockquote>
-	<p>There are some more restrictions, though:</p>
-	<ol>
-		<li><p>Only <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
-		</span></font></font>can be used before the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a></span></font></font>;
-		before the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
-		</span></font></font>is usually employed but <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
-		</span></font></font>may also be used: 
-		</p>
-		<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
-		</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
-		</span></font></font>
-		</blockquote>
-		<li><p>For numbers like <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a>
-		</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">億</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
-		</span></font></font>is used more often than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a></span></font></font>:
-				</p>
-		<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2a4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
-		</span></font></font>(also <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a></span></font></font>),
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">億</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ha4f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人口</a>
-		</span></font></font>
-		</blockquote>
-		<li><p>If the number is greater than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a></span></font></font>,
-		<i>i.e.</i> if there are more digits before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a>
-		</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a></span></font></font>,
-		then put <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
-		</span></font></font>instead of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
-		</span></font></font>in front: 
-		</p>
-		<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">億</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4db8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千萬</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Tb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
-		</span></font></font>
-		</blockquote>
-	</ol>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Time</h2>
-<p>The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese: 
-</p>
-<blockquote style="margin-bottom: 0cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a></span></font></font>...</blockquote>
-<dl>
-	<dd>
-	<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6">
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩點</a></span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>2:00</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a>
-				</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font>)</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>10:30</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">刻</a>
-				</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font>)</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>3:15</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">刻</a>
-				</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a></span></font></font>)</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>12:45</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaet', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">差</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a>
-				</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaet', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">差</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩點</a></span></font></font>)</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>1:55</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>5:20</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bbc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a></span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>6:05</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>7:35</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-	</table>
-</dl>
-<p>Some notes: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a></span></font></font>,
-	as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八分</a>
-	</span></font></font>(3:08) or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三分</a>
-	</span></font></font>(12:03).</p>
-	<li><p>When the minutes are greater than 10, the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a>
-	</span></font></font>is optional: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a>
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><p>&quot;This morning&quot; is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上午</a></span></font></font>,
-	not for example <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上午</a></span></font></font>;
-	&quot;every afternoon&quot; is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a></span></font></font>,
-	not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a></span></font></font>.</p>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Placement of time-words</h2>
-<p>A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the
-subject or at the beginning of a sentence: 
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a></span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
-<p>Some notes: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>A time-word does not take a preposition: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a></span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a></span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	She came in the evening.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a></span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a></span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
-	smaller: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	at 8 o'clock this evening</dd><li><p>
-	If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
-	goes first: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5a5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">等</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上課</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?</dd><li><p>
-	Time-word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ noun (time-words modifying nouns) 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	What show do you want to see? <i>literally</i> What time's film do
-	you want to see? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Is this today's paper? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's. 
-	</dd></ol>
-<h2 class="western">The use of the time-words <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>When used by itself, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
-</span></font></font>means &quot;previously&quot; or &quot;before&quot;
-and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a>
-</span></font></font>means &quot;later&quot;, &quot;afterwards&quot;
-or &quot;in the future&quot;: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I was a student before; now I am a teacher. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Where did you work before? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6edb1J', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住宿</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">舍</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
-</span></font></font>means &quot;before...&quot; and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a>
-</span></font></font>means &quot;after...&quot;: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I won't go home before 10. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">閱覽室</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I read books in the reading-room before I go home. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0eaa5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		He has been working here after he came to America. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ba5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-N.B. When <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
-</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a>
-</span></font></font>is used together with a time-word or verb phrase
-to mean &quot;before&quot; or &quot;after&quot;, the word order is
-exactly the opposite of the English equivalent: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		before 4 o'clock 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		before the class is over 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		after tomorrow evening (or night) 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		after returning to the dormitory</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-A <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
-</span></font>B (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a></span></font>)
-+ verb/verb-phrase</h2>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
-</span></font></font>as a preposition means &quot;with&quot;, and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a>
-</span></font></font>means &quot;together&quot;. This pattern is used
-to indicate that A and B do something together. Here <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
-</span></font></font>can be replaced with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a>
-</span></font></font>without changing the meaning; and the phrase <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a>
-</span></font></font>is optional. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
-		</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I go to see a film with her. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She and I go to see a film together.) 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbc@b3f5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">劇場</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		With whom are you going to the theatre tonight? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c6a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">事兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8cabc@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">京劇</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
-		opera! 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">男朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-N.B. This pattern of A <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
-</span></font></font>B (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a></span></font></font>)
-is always placed <i>before</i> the main verb in the sentence. Hence
-the following sentence, with English word order, is wrong: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">男朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I want to go together with my boyfriend.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-Alternative Questions using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
-</span></font></font>to connect two choices, which can be nouns, noun
-phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or clauses: 
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dfc5w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喜歡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacf5aff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">紅茶</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaf1aff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">綠茶</a>﹖
-</span></font></font>(nouns)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>﹖
-</span></font></font>(noun phrases)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹖
-</span></font></font>(verbs)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5a5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">聽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ja8e5adb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">古典音樂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5a5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">聽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a5Nadb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現代音樂</a>﹖
-</span></font></font>(verb phrases)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>﹖
-</span></font></font>(clauses)</blockquote>
-<p>Note:</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>the two items connected by <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
-	</span></font></font>are normally parallel in structure; and</p>
-	<li><p>as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
-	interrogative words, alternative questions do not have <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
-	</span></font></font>at the end. 
-	</p>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Pivotal Sentences with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a></span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a></span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal
-sentence is one in which the object of the first verb is at the same
-time the subject of the following verb. This object therefore
-functions as a pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the
-sentence. 
-</p>
-<p>The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to
-cause something to happen) such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a>
-</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a></span></font></font>.
-All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something. Of
-the three, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
-</span></font></font>is the most polite; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a>
-</span></font></font>is less so, and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a>
-</span></font></font>is the least polite. So watch out for the
-occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">音樂</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢字</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabc4a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">孩子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Dad asked his child to study Chinese.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Notice that although the English equivalents all employ &quot;to
-ask&quot;, the Chinese sentences use different words to indicate
-various degrees of politeness. 
-</p>
-<p>Note:</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Besides the use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
-	</span></font></font>above (meaning &quot;to ask someone to do
-	something&quot;), <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
-	</span></font></font>can also be used to mean &quot;to invite&quot;:
-		</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚飯</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	We invited him to dinner. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?</dd><li><p>
-	To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
-	</span></font></font><i>before the first verb</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">酒</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	They did not invite me to go to the pictures.</dd></ol>
-<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a>
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a></span></font></h2>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a>
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a>
-</span></font></font>both mean &quot;do not&quot;. They can be used
-in negative <i>imperative</i> sentences with or without a subject.
-They are placed between the subject (if present) and the verb or
-adjective: 
-</p>
-<blockquote>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a></span></font></font>)
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a>
-</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a></span></font></font>)
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>﹗</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">酒</a>﹗
-<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>﹗</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吸煙</a>﹗
-<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹗</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<p>Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
-sentences. It is wrong to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a></span></font></font>.
-One can say instead <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a></span></font></font>.
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Expressions for the date, week, month and year</h2>
-<ol>
-	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a></span></font></font>,
-	year 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去年</a>
-		</span></font></font>= last year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a>
-		</span></font></font>= this year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a>
-		</span></font></font>= next year</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4Ea4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一九九七</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一九九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八年</a></span></font></font>,
-		...</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一年</a>
-		</span></font></font>= one year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a>
-		</span></font></font>= two years (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a></span></font></font>);
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三年</a>
-		</span></font></font>= three years<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每年</a>
-		</span></font></font>= every year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a>
-		</span></font></font>= five-and-a-half years</p>
-	</ol>
-	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">月</a></span></font></font>,
-	month 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wadd3a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上個月</a></span></font></font>=
-		last month; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個月</a>
-		</span></font></font>= this month; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Uadd3a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下個月</a>
-		</span></font></font>= next month</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一月</a>
-		</span></font></font>= January; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二月</a>
-		</span></font></font>= February (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">月</a></span></font></font>);
-		... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">月</a>
-		</span></font></font>= December</p>
-	</ol>
-	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a></span></font></font>,
-	week 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a>
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
-		</span></font></font>= last week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a>
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
-		</span></font></font>= this week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a>
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
-		</span></font></font>= next week</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a>
-		</span></font></font>= Monday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期二</a>
-		</span></font></font>= Tuesday; ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期六</a>
-		</span></font></font>= Saturday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期日</a>
-		</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期天</a>
-		</span></font></font>= Sunday</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
-		</span></font></font>= one week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
-		</span></font></font>= two weeks (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a></span></font></font>);
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a>
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
-		</span></font></font>= three weeks; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
-		</span></font></font>= four-and-a-half weeks; ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每</a>
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
-		</span></font></font>= every week 
-		</p>
-	</ol>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a>
-	</span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>
-	</span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
-	</span></font></font>date 
-	</p>
-	<p>Use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a>
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>
-	</span></font></font>for a <i>specific</i> date. Usually <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a>
-	</span></font></font>is used in written and formal language and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>
-	</span></font></font>is used in conversation. The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
-	</span></font></font>should be used in <i>counting</i> the number of
-	days: 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
-		</span></font></font>= yesterday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a>
-		</span></font></font>= today; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a>
-		</span></font></font>= tomorrow</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一號</a></span></font></font>;
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Gb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二號</a>
-		</span></font></font>(not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a></span></font></font>);
-		... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一號</a></span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bbb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六號</a></span></font></font>;
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a></span></font></font>;
-		...</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一天</a>
-		</span></font></font>= one day; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
-		</span></font></font>= two days (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a></span></font></font>);
-		... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ba4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半天</a>
-		</span></font></font>= half a day; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每天</a>
-		</span></font></font>= every day</p>
-	</ol>
-</ol>
-<p>Some notes: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
-	calendar date comes before the day of the week: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一九九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4@a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十一月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a></span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ca4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><p>Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and
-	month: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五月</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the May of this year (whether it has passed or not) 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八月</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the August of last year 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二月</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the February of next year</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a>
-	</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期五</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not) 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a>
-	</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the Monday of last week 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a>
-	</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期四</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the Thursday of next week</dd><p>
-	Note the English phrase &quot;last Monday&quot; may therefore be
-	rendered as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a></span></font></font>,
-	if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore referring
-	to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days, and for
-	months. 
-	</p>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun</h2>
-<p>Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as
-a modified to form a relative clause: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Unlike in English, all modifiers go <i>before</i> the element
-	they modify in Chinese: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">水</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3abdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aeb2b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">乾淨</a></span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0e', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">送</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2a7aaab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">禮物</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><p>The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-	</span></font></font>has to be inserted between the modifier and the
-	element it modifies: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3b7Nabe4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有意思</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}aaf9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開門</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f5bbR', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跳舞</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9haeQ', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姑娘</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Pbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">同學</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	The girl who danced with him was my classmate.</dd></ol>
-<h2 class="western">Other grammar notes</h2>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Sentences with an adjectival predicate 
-	</p>
-	<p>The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
-	</span></font></font>is not normally used in the predicate for a
-	sentence where the main element of the predicate is an adjective: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">絲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdu', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">線</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadm', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">衫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4p', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">小</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaAb0c8adfb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">服務員</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年輕</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<p>In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
-	preceded by adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafu', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">真</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a>
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">更</a></span></font></font>,
-	it is usually qualified by the adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font></font>.
-	In such cases, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
-	</span></font></font>does not really mean &quot;very&quot;; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a>
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a>
-	</span></font></font>mean virtually the same. 
-	</p>
-	<p>Also, adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a>
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">更</a>
-	</span></font></font><i>cannot</i> be used in affirmative-negative
-	sentences of this type: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3abdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年輕</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年輕</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafac', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
-	</span></font></font>vs <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝賀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>In general, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafac', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
-	</span></font></font>is used to extend well-wishes <i>in advance</i>
-	whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝賀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
-	</span></font></font>is used to congratulate someone on something
-	<i>already accomplished</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafac', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5cda4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">生日</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>﹗
-	</span></font></font>(One can say this on the day, or in
-	advance.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝賀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>﹗
-	</span></font></font>(Say this only when something has already been
-	accomplished.)</blockquote>
-	<li><p>Reduplication of verbs 
-	</p>
-	<p>To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to
-	soften the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a
-	verb can be repeated: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a>。
-	</span></font></font>(Notice the pattern is ABAB, not
-	AABB.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<p>In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
-	</span></font></font>can be inserted: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<p>Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>after the verb: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a>
-	</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a></span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a>
-	</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a></span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
-	</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Position words</h2>
-<p>Words such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上邊</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5aac3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">左邊</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabec3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前邊</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b6a1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中間</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a>
-</span></font></font>are position words. Some of the basic syllables
-are: 
-</p>
-<center>
-	<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a>
-				</span></font></font>- up</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">左</a>
-				</span></font></font>- left&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中</a>
-				</span></font></font>- middle</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5k', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">右</a>
-				</span></font></font>- right</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a>
-				</span></font></font>- down</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td colspan="3" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前</a>
-				</span></font></font>- front</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a>
-				</span></font></font>- in</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後</a>
-				</span></font></font>- back</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外</a>
-				</span></font></font>- out</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-	</table>
-</center>
-<p>Usually, add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
-</span></font></font>to make &quot;on the left&quot;, &quot;above&quot;,
-&quot;outside&quot; etc. 
-</p>
-<p>Position words can be used in two ways. Compare: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Noun (+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)
-	+ position word: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外邊</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	outside the car 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	behind the house 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">桌子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	opposite the table 
-	</dd><li><p>
-	Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ noun (here the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-	</span></font></font>is <i>mandatory</i>). 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside) 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房子</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the house behind (the house which is behind) 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">桌子</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the way) 
-	</dd></ol>
-<p>Notes:</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>When <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上邊</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Uc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下邊</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外邊</a>
-	</span></font></font>are modified by other nouns, the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
-	</span></font></font>can be omitted: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a></span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	inside the house 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">桌子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a></span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	on the table 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0abc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教室</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a></span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	outside the classroom</dd><li><p>
-	Do <i>not</i> use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
-	</span></font></font>in the following two cases:</p>
-	<ol>
-		<li><p>After geographical names such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a></span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a>
-		</span></font></font>etc: 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She studies Chinese in Beijing. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很多</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大學</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		There are many universities in America. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很多</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大學</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-		In a phrase of the form &quot;<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ place, building or organisation&quot;: 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I work in a bank. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">閱覽室</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		They are reading books in the reading-room. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">閱覽室</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Patterns for Location</h2>
-<p>There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
-</span></font></font>respectively and with different meanings: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>To show that there is something in a certain place: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ indefinite noun: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	What is behind? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	There is a garage behind. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bdb6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">公園</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Across from our home, there is a park. 
-	</dd><li><p>
-	To show that certain things exist in certain places: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>Definite noun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ position word: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Where is the garden? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	The garden is behind our house. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ba8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房</a>
-	</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5kc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">右邊</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	The garden is to the right of the garage. 
-	</dd><li><p>
-	To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ definite/indefinite noun: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	What's behind your house? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Behind our house is a garden. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabec3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	In front of their house is the college library. 
-	</dd></ol>
-<h2 class="western">Progressive aspect of an action</h2>
-<p>To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of
-the following patterns: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She is resting. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Notes: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences
-	excepted. 
-	</p>
-	<li><p>The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the
-	present, but also to past and future actions: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	She is resting now. <i>present progressive</i> 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的時候</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	When I went there, she was resting. <i>past progressive</i> 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的時候</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a9w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一定</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting. <i>future
-	progressive</i> 
-	</dd><li><p>
-	As shown above, either <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a>
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a>
-	</span></font></font>can be placed before a verb to indicate the
-	progressive aspect of an action. 
-	</p>
-	<li><p>Alternatively, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
-	</span></font></font>can be placed at the end of the sentence to
-	perform the same function. Sometimes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
-	</span></font></font>can be used together with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a>
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a></span></font></font>.
-		</p>
-	<li><p>The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a></span></font></font>,
-	not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a></span></font></font>,
-	before the verb; and it can be shortened to <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
-	</span></font></font>alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or
-	a short answer. Otherwise the full form of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
-	</span></font></font>must be used: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a>。</span></font></font>(or
-	simply <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a></span></font></font>)
-		</dt><li><p>
-	If both the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-	</span></font></font>of the progressive aspect and the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-	</span></font></font>of location exist in a sentence, only one
-	should be used: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0b6a1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房間</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">里</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0b6a1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房間</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">里</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt></ol>
-<h2 class="western">Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers</h2>
-<p>An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause)
-such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
-</span></font></font>can be used as a modifier for a noun. When used
-this way, there must be a <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-</span></font></font>inserted between the construction and the noun
-it modifies: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的時候</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Yb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃飯</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		When I called her, she was eating. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba}abG', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漂亮</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		The flowers he bought today are very pretty. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7d3a4f9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">照片</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Who wrote this letter to you? 
-		</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>,
-which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.</p>
-<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
-</span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>Both terms can be translated as &quot;to visit&quot; in English.
-However, while <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
-</span></font></font>implies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">觀</a>
-</span></font></font>(to see), <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a>
-</span></font></font>stresses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問</a>
-</span></font></font>(to ask). Hence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
-</span></font></font>really implies observation while visiting and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a>
-</span></font></font>means to visit people with specific purpose such
-as interviews. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
-</span></font></font>can be followed by places but not people;
-whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a>
-</span></font></font>can take either, but most commonly people. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7aed5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學校</a>
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0eaaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">國家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1`b2ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">總統</a>
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-Grammar Notes</h2>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Measure word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">些</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">些</a>
-	</span></font></font>is a measure word showing indefinite quantity.
-	It is usually used after demonstrative pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a></span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a>
-	</span></font></font>and after the numeral <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>:
-		</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	some 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	these 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	those 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	which (plural) 
-	</dd><p>
-	Don't attempt to mix <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">些</a>
-	</span></font></font>with definite measures. It is wrong to say
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>
-	</span></font></font>(these three dictionaries); one can only say
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a></span></font></font>.
-		</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
-	</span></font></font>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-	</span></font></font>construction 
-	</p>
-	<p>Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
-	adjectives: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大衣</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6c2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">黑</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大衣</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6c2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">黑</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大衣</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><p>
-	But the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
-	</span></font></font>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
-	</span></font></font>construction can also be used with
-	prepositional phrases and even whole verbal constructions: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點心</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁雲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點心</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁雲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點心</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Those pastries are for Ding Yun. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">束</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">束</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ba4j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在大</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadc9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">借</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ba4j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在大</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadc9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">借</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	This book is the one I borrowed from the university library. 
-	</dd></ol>
-<h2 class="western">The use of the Complement of Degree</h2>
-<h3 class="western">What is a complement?</h3>
-<p>A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain
-or complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
-duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility
-of an action. Complements always appear <b>after</b> the verbs they
-modify. 
-</p>
-<p>We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the
-words they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because
-Chinese word order often observes the time sequence in which an
-action occurs. Notice, for example: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcvb0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影院</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop. 
-		</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
-Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a
-verbal action has to take place first, before one can see its extent
-or result, the complement placed after the verb observes this time
-sequence. 
-</p>
-<h3 class="western">The complement of degree</h3>
-<p>This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
-adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
-</span></font></font>is used to connect the verb and its complement: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">怎麼樣</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		How is he studying? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		He's studying very well.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Verb without object: V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ adjective 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">錯</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	Verb with object: V + O + V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ adjective 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5c1baq', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">民歌</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	Verb with preposed object: O + V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ adjective 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-<p>Place <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
-</span></font></font><i>before the adjective</i> to make the
-negative: 
-</p>
-<ol start="4">
-	<li><p>V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ adjective 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaqb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歌唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>﹐
-	<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbR', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">舞</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跳</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt></ol>
-<p>Questions are formed as follows: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
-	</span></font></font>adjective <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
-	</span></font></font>adjective? 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">快</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a7d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不快</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">怎麼樣</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">怎麼樣</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
-	</span></font></font>adjective <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4e5aaa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">游泳</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">游</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-<p>Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such
-as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
-</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>,
-since those verbs normally do not denote actions. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">The difference between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>
-</span></font>as sentence-ending particles</h2>
-<p>Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end
-of a question. However, they differ in usage. 
-</p>
-<h3 class="western">In questions</h3>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
-</span></font></font>is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry.
-It may appear in questions with interrogative words such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>
-</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a></span></font></font>;
-affirmative-negative questions such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6na6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹖</span></font></font>;
-or alternative questions with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></font>,
-such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">面</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">包</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f5bbL', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">火腿</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹖
-</span></font></font>
-</p>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a></span></font></font>,
-on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate a
-mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker:
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">停車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>﹖
-<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不知</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>﹖
-</span></font></font>
-</p>
-<h3 class="western">In affirmative statements</h3>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
-</span></font></font>in this case is used to indicate the progressive
-aspect of an action (e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>),
-or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration (e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開始</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
-<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。</span></font></font>)
-</p>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>
-</span></font></font>is often added at the end of an imperative
-sentence to soften the tone, as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>。
-<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>。
-</span></font></font>
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">The use of optative verbs</h2>
-<p>Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
-express intention, wishes, possibility etc. 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>To express <i>subjective wish</i>, <i>desire</i> or <i>request</i>:
-		</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = to want to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbeefa4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">橘子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">水</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = would like to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-	<li><p>To express <i>objective necessity</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = to have to (especially in questions) 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Do I have to come tomorrow? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		We have to go. 
-		</dd><li><p>
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不用</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = don't have to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		You don't have to come tomorrow.</dd></ol>
-	<li><p>To express <i>ability</i> or <i>skill acquired</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8afc8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報紙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4e5aaa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">游泳</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-	<li><p>To express <i>ability depending on circumstances</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a></span></font></font>1<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-	<p>Note, in both cases use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不能</a>
-	</span></font></font>for negative sentences. 
-	</p>
-	<li><p>To express <i>permission</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = may, be permitted to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">停車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不能</a>
-		</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5i', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不可</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">停車</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><li><p>
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = may, be permitted to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吸煙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5i', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不可</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以</a>
-		</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不能</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吸煙</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-	<li><p>To express <i>possibility</i> or <i>probability</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = be likely to, will probably 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3b7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4UabB', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下雨</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></ol>
-	<li><p>To express <i>need arising from moral or factual necessity</i>:
-		</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = should, ought to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">錯</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2bdc4b6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">翻譯</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-</ol>
-<p>Note: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>To make a negation, put the negative word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
-	</span></font></font>before the optative verb: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
-	verb instead of the main verb in the sentence: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|a4a3b7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會不會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa5c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國民</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaq', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歌</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa5c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國民</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaq', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歌</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8caa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京人</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8cabc@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">京劇</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-<h2 class="western">The use of adverbs <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a></span></font></h2>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
-</span></font></font>are often used before the main verb to indicate
-the speaker's attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main
-verb is earlier (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a></span></font></font>)
-or later (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a></span></font></font>)
-than expected: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5iacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as ten
-		years ago. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Pbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">同學</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wadd3acPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上個星期</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago. 
-		</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Compare the following sentences: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		(The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon as
-		this year.) 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		(The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
-		they should have gone earlier.) 
-		</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
-sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
-</span></font></font>should be placed after it; when there is an
-optative verb, on the other hand, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
-</span></font></font>should be placed before it. Here is the pattern:
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Time-word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ optative verb + main verb 
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Xb5o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">出發</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a></span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>Both of these conjunctions can be translated as &quot;or&quot; in
-English, but they differ in usage: in general, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
-</span></font></font>is used in non-interrogative sentences to
-indicate a choice: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEace3a8s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">研究</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">音樂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e5bec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">文學</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></font>,
-on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
-questions: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
-</span></font></font>etc: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dt><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不知</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-<p>
-In cases in which both <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
-</span></font></font>can appear in questions, there are some subtle
-differences in their anticipations and tones: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><blockquote>A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日本</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><blockquote>A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6aa4e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地方</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-</ol>
-<p>In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a
-choice from the answer. The two terms with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
-</span></font></font>are mutually exclusive. In dialogue 2, the
-question is a general one using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
-</span></font></font>at the end. It does not anticipate a strict
-choice from the answer, so B can give a general answer: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>
-</span></font></font>-- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific
-thought: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6aa4e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地方</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a></span></font></font>.
-The two items with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
-</span></font></font>in the question are therefore not mutually
-exclusive. 
-</p>
-<p>Sometimes, however, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
-</span></font></font>can also be used in a non-interrogative
-sentence. For instance: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@aec9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一時</a></span></font></font>(??)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a9w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不定</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Db7N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">主意</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
-compelling <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>
-</span></font></font>to make a choice. In contrast, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
-</span></font></font>in this case can only convey a sort of
-explanatory note: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a9wadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一定要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ma9w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">決定</a>。
-		</span></font></font>(interrogative) 
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e4a5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">其他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbfefbedc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">選擇</a>。
-		</span></font></font>(explanatory)</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a></span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a>
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>The meanings of the four terms here overlap. 
-</p>
-<p>Both <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a>
-</span></font></font>can mean &quot;to know&quot;. However, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
-</span></font></font>implies some level of understanding and
-comprehension of what one knows. Therefore <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
-</span></font></font>can be understood as a deeper or better knowing
-than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font></font>.
-Compare: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
-		</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7aed5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學校</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不知</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabc4a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">孩子</a>。</span></font></font>(Here
-		one can not use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a></span></font></font>.)
-				</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a>
-</span></font></font>is used to indicate that one can recognise this
-as this and not others. It can also involve the process of acquiring
-such an ability. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEae@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哦</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Oh, I know her! 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Where did you get to know her? 
-		</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a></span></font></font>,
-on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of &quot;to understand&quot;.
-Its definition is not as broad as that of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
-</span></font></font>(to know and understand) and is different from
-that of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a>
-</span></font></font>(to know). 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">1. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbba1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">說</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		2. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacc6bbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">甚麼</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Wa6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">名字</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		3. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about
-him than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information
-than sentence 1. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">The use of the Perfect Aspect</h2>
-<h3 class="western">Basic concept</h3>
-<p>The aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-</span></font></font>is added to the end of a verb to indicate the
-completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is
-equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future
-perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place
-in the past or in the future. For instance: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
-particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></font>,
-if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need
-to emphasise its completion: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書店</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<h3 class="western">
-Basic patterns</h3>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Affirmative sentence 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-	</span></font></font>(+ object) 
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開始</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
-	<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	Negative sentence (note <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-	</span></font></font>is dropped here) 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)
-	+ verb (+ object) 
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	or subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)
-	+ verb (+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>)
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
-	<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開始</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><li><p>
-	Interrogative sentence 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-	</span></font></font>(+ object) + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is usually
-	monosyllabic) 
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
-	<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-	<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdcd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">談</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdcd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">談</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt></ol>
-<h3 class="western">Notes</h3>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the
-	sentence, the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g.
-	numeral + measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the
-	sentence sounds incomplete: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">里</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not simply <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><li><p>
-	If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
-	those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-	</span></font></font>is usually placed after the <i>last</i> verb. 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">a. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">封</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	b. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6i', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">進</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabb0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">城</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><p>
-	In sentence a, &quot;write&quot; is related to &quot;use&quot;
-	because the letter is written by using Chinese; in sentence b,
-	similarly, &quot;buy&quot; is related to &quot;enter the city&quot;
-	because the purpose of entering the city is to buy the dictionaries.
-	Compare the above sentences with the following, with a different
-	structure: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><p>
-	Here &quot;class is over&quot; (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a></span></font></font>)
-	and &quot;go to the library&quot; are unrelated. They are contained
-	in the sentence simply to indicate their sequence. Hence it is wrong
-	to say 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><li><p>
-	When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-	</span></font></font>is placed <i>before</i> the reduplicated verb: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8d5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">試</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8d5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">試</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafu', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">真</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba}abG', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漂亮</a>﹗
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt></ol>
-<h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a></span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></h2>
-<p>All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action,
-like the English &quot;again&quot;. They differ in usage, however: 
-</p>
-<p>Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a>
-</span></font></font>indicates a repetition of an action that has
-already taken place, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
-</span></font></font>implies a repetition of an action in the future.
-Also, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
-</span></font></font>is only used in <i>declarative</i> sentences,
-plus questions ending in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>:
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		(repetition in the past) 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹔<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6ia8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">進來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		(repetition in the future) 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@c2Ia8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一點兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbeefa4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">橘子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">水</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Also, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a>
-</span></font></font>can be used for the repetition of a periodic
-action or occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上課</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7sa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">新年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></font>,
-on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with
-an optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative
-verb and an optional <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
-</span></font></font>can be placed after: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A:
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-Use of the modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></h2>
-<h3 class="western">Basic concept</h3>
-<p>The modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-</span></font></font>is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate
-that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference
-between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-</span></font></font>as modal particle and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-</span></font></font>to indicate perfect aspect is that the latter
-only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former shows the
-completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some <i>change of
-situation</i>. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-The first <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-</span></font></font>in the sentence above indicates only the
-completion of the action of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
-whereas the second <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-</span></font></font>marks some change of situation on the part of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>
-</span></font></font>as a result of the completion of the book-buying
-process: originally he did not have the book, but now he has. 
-</p>
-<h3 class="western">Basic patterns</h3>
-<p>(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
-previous section.) 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Affirmative sentence 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb
-	(+ object) + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	Negative sentence (note <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-	</span></font></font>is dropped here) 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
-	</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)
-	+ verb (+ object) 
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	Interrogative sentence 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
-	object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	or Subject + verb + object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
-	</span></font></font>+ verb + object﹖ (here the verb is usually
-	monosyllabic) 
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-<h3 class="western">Notes</h3>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the
-	perfect aspect <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-	</span></font></font>from the modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></font>.
-	In such a case, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-	</span></font></font>can be regarded as fulfilling both functions: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
-	<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
-	require a <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-	</span></font></font>at the end of the sentence: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Xa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">出去</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-<h2 class="western">Sequential actions</h2>
-<p>To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
-other, we use the pattern 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb
-		+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
-		</span></font></font>+ verb ... 
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbfec', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">辦</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">簽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">証</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6adb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">早飯</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Xb5o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">出發</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-The above pattern can be used for <i>future</i> actions as well. To
-indicate that both actions took place in the past, the particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
-</span></font></font>has to be inserted at the end of the sentence: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbfec', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">辦</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">簽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">証</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ada4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">早上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6adb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">早飯</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
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-	<meta name="generator" content="LibreOffice 6.1.2.1 (Linux)"/>
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-	<meta name="changed" content="2019-01-02T08:41:24.268826818"/>
-	<style type="text/css">
-		h2.cjk { font-family: "WenQuanYi Zen Hei" }
-		h2.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari" }
-		h3.cjk { font-family: "WenQuanYi Zen Hei" }
-		h3.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari" }
-	</style>
-</head>
-<body lang="fr-FR" dir="ltr"><p><br/>
-<br/>
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-<table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0">
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-</table>
-<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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-		<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">
-			Show&nbsp;</p>
-			<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
-				<tr>
-					<td style="border: 1px double #808080; padding: 0.05cm"><p>characters<br/>
-pinyin,
-						zhuyin<br/>
-translations</p>
-					</td>
-				</tr>
-			</table>
-			<p><br/>
-<br/>
-
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-			&nbsp;in&nbsp;</p>
-			<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
-				<tr>
-					<td style="border: 1px double #808080; padding: 0.05cm"><p>text
-						<br/>
-tooltips <br/>
-status line <br/>
-separate wordlist 
-						</p>
-					</td>
-				</tr>
-			</table>
-			<p><br/>
-<br/>
-
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-	</tr>
-</table>
-<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
-	<tr>
-		<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Link characters to online
-			dictionaries<br/>
-Only treat the first occurrence of each
-			word<br/>
-Include links to 
-			</p>
-		</td>
-	</tr>
-</table>
-<table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0">
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-			<center>
-				<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
-					<tr>
-						<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>audio
-							text-to-speech<br/>
-<font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt">tooltips
-							require DHTML; status-line requires a willing browser</font> 
-							</p>
-						</td>
-					</tr>
-				</table>
-			</center>
-			<p><br/>
-<br/>
-
-			</p>
-		</td>
-	</tr>
-</table>
-<p><br/>
-<br/>
-
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
-<h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">嗎</span></font>?</h3>
-<p>One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to
-add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">嗎
-</span></font></font>at the end of a statement. Hence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你好</span></font></font>!
-(Hi!) becomes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你好嗎</span></font></font>?
-(How are you?) 
-</p>
-<h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">你呢</span></font>?</h3>
-<p>This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed
-to you. Its meaning is equivalent to &quot;and you?&quot; &quot;what
-about you?&quot; or &quot;how about you?&quot; 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你好嗎</span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		How are you? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我很好</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你呢</span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I am fine, and you? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你忙嗎</span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Are you busy? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我不忙</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你呢</span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I am not busy, what about you? 
-		</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h3 class="western">
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">很</span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">也</span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">都</span></font></h3>
-<p>All three are adverbs, which should be placed <em>before</em> what
-they modify in Chinese. E.g., <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很好</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">也好</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都好</span></font></font>.
-</p>
-<p>Sometimes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很
-</span></font></font>is not really employed to mean &quot;very&quot;
-if it is modifying a monosyllabic adjective such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">好</span></font></font>.
-It is simply because to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我好
-</span></font></font>is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a
-monosyllabic adjective as the predicate of the sentence. Therefore
-people usually add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很
-</span></font></font>before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">好
-</span></font></font>to make the sentence sound natural: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我很好
-</span></font></font>in this case does not necessarily mean &quot;I
-am <em>very</em> well&quot;, it may simply convey the meaning of &quot;I
-am fine&quot;. 
-</p>
-<p><em>The order of these words:</em> If all three adverbs occur in
-the same sentence, their order is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">也
-</span></font></font>-- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都
-</span></font></font>-- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很</span></font></font>:
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我很好</span></font></font>.<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我也很好</span></font></font>.<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們也都很好</span></font></font>.</blockquote>
-<p>N.B. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都
-</span></font></font>(both/all) is only used to refer to the items to
-the <em>left</em> of it. Hence it is wrong to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都他們很好
-</span></font></font>(&quot;all of them are fine&quot;). One should
-say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們都很好</span></font></font>.
-</p>
-<h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">都不
-</span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">不都</span></font></h3>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都不
-</span></font></font>indicates a complete negation whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不都
-</span></font></font>shows a partial negation: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們都不忙</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		None of them is busy. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們不都忙</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Not all of them are busy. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們都不是大夫</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		None of us is a doctor. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們不都是大夫</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Not all of us are doctors.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h3 class="western">
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">的</span></font></h3>
-<p>As an auxiliary word, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-</span></font></font>is used to indicate possession. It comes between
-the subject and the noun it modifies: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我的書</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我媽媽的車
-</span></font></font>etc. 
-</p>
-<p>In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
-possessive marker <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-</span></font></font>can be omitted. <em>Otherwise it cannot</em>. 
-</p>
-<blockquote>e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你弟弟
-</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你的弟弟</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我爸爸
-</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我的爸爸
-</span></font></font>
-</blockquote>
-<h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">我很好
-</span></font>-- Adjectival sentence without verb &quot;to be&quot;.</h3>
-<p>Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb.
-In the sentence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我很好</span></font></font>,
-the adjectival phrase <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很好
-</span></font></font>serves as the predicate for the sentence. No
-verb &quot;to be&quot; is needed as in English (I <em>am</em> very
-well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an <em>adjective</em>
-as its predicate, even in negative sentences. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們很忙</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們不忙</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		They are very busy, we are not.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是
-</span></font></font>should still be retained: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他是我朋友</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		He is my friend.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我不是她的哥哥</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I am not her elder brother.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h3 class="western">
-Proper Response</h3>
-<p>Study the following two dialogues: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你媽媽是大夫嗎</span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Is your mother a doctor? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她是大夫</span></font></font>.</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Yes, she is a doctor.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你媽媽忙嗎</span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Is your mother busy? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">忙</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她很忙</span></font></font>.</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Yes, she is very busy.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb
--- in the above case <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">忙
-</span></font></font>respectively -- as an equivalent to the English
-&quot;yes&quot; before making the statement itself. Note therefore
-that the response is not always <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是</span></font></font>.
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Questions with interrogative words <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">誰</span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">哪</span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">什麼</span></font></h2>
-<p>Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as
-&quot;what&quot;, &quot;when&quot;, &quot;who&quot; etc to the
-beginning of the sentence to form a question, Chinese leaves the word
-order unchanged when forming questions using such interrogative words
-as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">誰</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哪</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">什麼</span></font></font>,
-etc: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他是我弟弟</span></font></font>.
-	(He is my younger brother.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他是誰</span></font></font>?
-	(Who is he?) 
-	</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他是我們老師</span></font></font>.
-	(He is our teacher.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">誰是你們老師</span></font></font>?
-	(Who is your teacher?) 
-	</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他是中國人</span></font></font>.
-	(He is Chinese.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他是哪國人</span></font></font>?
-	(What is his nationality?) 
-	</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這是中國地圖</span></font></font>.
-	(This is a map of China.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這是什麼地圖</span></font></font>?
-	(What map is this?) 
-	</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那是書</span></font></font>.
-	(That is a book.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那是什麼</span></font></font>?
-	(What is that?) 
-	</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這是她的車</span></font></font>.
-	(This is her car.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這是誰的車</span></font></font>?
-	(Whose car is this?) 
-	</p>
-</ol>
-<p>As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are
-what one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form
-questions. No change of word order takes place. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Asking a person's name</h2>
-<p>There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who
-that person is. 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">您貴姓﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally
-	&quot;What is your honourable surname?&quot;. It is usually used to
-	address one's elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but
-	to whom one wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">貴姓
-	</span></font></font>cannot be used when asking about a third
-	person's name, or when referring to oneself. 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">您</span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你貴姓﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	What is your name?</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我姓丁。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	My name is Ding.</dd><li><p>
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你叫什麼﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually
-	used to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's
-	inferiors. If one wants to be a bit polite, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">請問
-	</span></font></font>can be added to the question: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">請問﹐你叫什麼﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	May I ask, what's your name?</dd><p>
-	Unlike <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">貴姓</span></font></font>,
-	which is only used in the second person, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">叫什麼
-	</span></font></font>can be employed for all persons: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖</span></font></font>etc.
-		</blockquote>
-</ol>
-<p>When asked <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你姓什麼﹖</span></font></font>you
-are supposed to give your last name first, and then as an option you
-can add your full name afterwards. But when asked <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你叫什麼﹖</span></font></font>you
-can give either your given name or your full name. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">學習﹐
-學</span></font></h2>
-<p>Both words mean &quot;to study&quot; or &quot;to learn&quot;.
-Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">學習
-</span></font></font>can be used both transitively and
-intransitively, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">學
-</span></font></font>is normally reserved for transitive use. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g.
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我學</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">習</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">漢語﹐她學</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">習</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">法語。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I study Chinese, she studies French. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我學習﹐我弟弟不學習。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I study, my younger brother doesn't study.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-In the second sentence, the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">習
-</span></font></font>cannot be omitted. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
-<ol>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在
-	</span></font></font>(to be at/in...) functions as a verb. 
-	</p>
-	<p>To express the location or existence of something or somebody,
-	use the following pattern: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在
-	</span></font></font>+ place/location word or phrase<br/>
-e.g. A:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你的地圖在哪兒﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我的地圖在那兒。</span></font></font><br/>
-<br/>
-A:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們在中國。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</blockquote>
-	<p>If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">古波在嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Is Gubo in [or: here]?</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他不在﹐他在學生宿舍。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.</dd><blockquote>
-	</blockquote>
-	<li><p>Nouns / personal pronouns + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這兒</span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那兒
-	</span></font></font>as place words. 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote>e.g. A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">地圖在哪兒﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在我這兒。</span></font></font>(or
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在我那兒</span></font></font>)<br/>
-<br/>
-A:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你的車在哪兒﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我的車在學生宿舍那兒。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</blockquote>
-	<p>The choice of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這兒
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那兒
-	</span></font></font>depends on the distance between the object and
-	the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這兒</span></font></font>;
-	if not, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那兒</span></font></font>.
-		</p>
-	<li><p>The word order for Chinese place words 
-	</p>
-	<p>Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones
-	and proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence &quot;She lives
-	in room 423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college&quot; will
-	be <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她住學院學生宿舍四層四二三號。
-	</span></font></font>Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is
-	applicable to the address used when writing letters as well. 
-	</p>
-	<li><p>To live (stay) at a place 
-	</p>
-	<p>Most often one uses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">住
-	</span></font></font>to indicate that one lives or stays at a
-	certain place. There are several patterns for the use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">住</span></font></font>.
-	For example, to say &quot;I live here&quot;, one can have the
-	following: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">住
-	</span></font></font>+ place word (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我住這兒</span></font></font>)<br/>
-S
-	+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">住在
-	</span></font></font>+ place word (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我住在這兒</span></font></font>)<br/>
-S
-	+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在
-	</span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">住
-	</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我在這兒住</span></font></font>)</blockquote>
-	<p>All three sentences have the same meaning. 
-	</p>
-	<li><p>Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc 
-	</p>
-	<p>Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit
-	by digit: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote>English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)<br/>
-Chinese:
-	# 1452 (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一四五二號</span></font></font>)
-		</blockquote>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">The use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">還
-</span></font>(to return something to someone)</h2>
-<p>When using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還
-</span></font></font>to indicate &quot;return&quot;, use the
-following pattern: 
-</p>
-<blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還
-</span></font></font>+ (sb.) + sth.<br/>
-e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我還他畫報</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你還丁云的車。</span></font></font>(Notice
-here sb. is omitted.)</blockquote>
-<p>This pattern is <i>only</i> used for simple objects, i.e. the
-object to be returned is not a complex one such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她媽媽的日本車</span></font></font>,
-etc. Notice in the second example above, sb. is omitted because it
-would be awkward to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你還丁云丁云的車</span></font></font>,
-although grammatically it is correct. We will later learn the ways to
-express something more complicated. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">用一下兒</span></font></h2>
-<p>In this phrase, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">用
-</span></font></font>is a verb which can be used both transitively
-and intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an
-object). <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一下兒
-</span></font></font>is an adverbial of time indicating &quot;a short
-while, a little while&quot;. If an object is to be used for <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">用
-</span></font></font>in the above phrase, it should be placed after
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一下兒</span></font></font>:
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		They want to use your dad's car for a little while.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-Time Word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">現在</span></font></h2>
-<p>Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions
-in a sentence: <i>before</i> or <i>after</i> the subject. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">現在她去學院還書。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Now she is going to the college to return books. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她現在去學院還書。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">常 </span></font>and
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">常常</span></font></h2>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">常
-</span></font></font>in the sense of &quot;often&quot; can often be
-reduplicated as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">常常
-</span></font></font>without a change of meaning. Thus, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他常喝茶
-</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他常常喝茶</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們常去看書
-</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們常常去看書</span></font></font>.</p>
-<p>In making negative sentences, however, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">常
-</span></font></font>is normally <i>not</i> reduplicated. Hence
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他不常喝茶</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們不常去看書</span></font></font>.</p>
-<h2 class="western">Affirmative-Negative questions</h2>
-<p>An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the
-affirmative and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她是中國人嗎﹖</span></font></font>becomes
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她是不是中國人﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你忙嗎﹖</span></font></font>becomes
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你忙不忙﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你認識他嗎﹖</span></font></font>becomes
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你認識不認識他﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>
-	If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
-	the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">忙不忙</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">認識不認識</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">介紹不介紹</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
-	that gets repeated, not the noun following it: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你喝不喝茶﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你去不去中國﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
-	form of &quot;V + object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不
-	</span></font></font>+ V ?&quot; as well, although this is not as
-	common: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你喝茶不喝茶﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她去中國不去﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	As in questions with interrogative words (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">誰</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">什麼</span></font></font>,
-	etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">嗎
-	</span></font></font>at the end.</p>
-	<li><p>If an adverb such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">常</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">也
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很
-	</span></font></font>comes <i>before</i> the predicative verb or
-	adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">嗎
-	</span></font></font>instead: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你們都去中國嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你們都去不去中國﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他常喝咖啡嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他常喝不喝咖啡﹖</span></font></font></dt><p>
-	Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
-	<i>before</i> the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:</p>
-	<ol>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她很忙嗎﹖
-		</span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她很忙不忙﹖</span></font></font></p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她是很好大夫嗎﹖
-		她是不是很好的大夫﹖</span></font></font></p>
-	</ol>
-	<p>The second instance is acceptable because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很
-	</span></font></font>comes <i>after</i> the predicative verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是</span></font></font>.</p>
-	<li><p>If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only
-	the <i>first</i> verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the
-	question: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你去商店買紙嗎﹖</span></font></font>becomes
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你去不去商店買紙﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們歡迎我來嗎﹖
-	</span></font></font>becomes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們歡迎不歡迎我來﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">和
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">都</span></font></h2>
-<p>In Chinese, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">和
-</span></font></font>as a conjunction is normally used to connect two
-words or phrases, <i>never</i> two clauses or sentences: 
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">中國和美國</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我的爸爸和媽媽</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她學習漢語和英語。</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<blockquote>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。</span></font></font><br/>
-nor
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<p>The adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都
-</span></font></font>is placed between the subject and the
-predicative verb or adjective. It governs only the elements <i>before</i>
-it: 
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們都去中國。
-</span></font></font>(All of us go to China: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都
-</span></font></font>modifies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們</span></font></font>.)<br/>
-but
-not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都我們去中國。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<p>This is also wrong: 
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我都學漢語和法語。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<p>because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都
-</span></font></font>modifies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我
-</span></font></font>and not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">漢語和法語</span></font></font>.
-If &quot;both Chinese and French&quot; is intended in the above
-sentence, the objects <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">漢語和法語
-</span></font></font>should be placed before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都</span></font></font>:
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我漢語和法語都學。</span></font></font><br/>
-or
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">漢語和法語都我學。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<h2 class="western">The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">有
-</span></font>expressing possession and existence</h2>
-<p>The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有
-</span></font></font>in Chinese can mean both possession and
-existence, like the English &quot;to have&quot; and &quot;there is&quot;
-or &quot;there are&quot;: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她有漢語詞典。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She has a Chinese dictionary. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們學院有多外國學生。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		There are a lot of foreign students in our college.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-N.B.: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>To negate <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有</span></font></font>,
-	one uses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒
-	</span></font></font>instead of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不</span></font></font>:
-		</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我有哥哥﹐我沒有姐姐。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.</dd><li><p>
-	Informally in a negative sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有
-	</span></font></font>can sometimes be omitted: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我朋友沒</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">書﹐也沒</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">筆。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	My friend does not have books, nor pens. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">現在我們的宿舍沒</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">人。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	There is no one in our dorm now.</dd><li><p>
-	The affirmative-negative question form is &quot;... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有沒有
-	</span></font></font>... ?&quot; 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她有沒有妹妹﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒有人﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<p>Sometimes, if the object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有
-	</span></font></font>is not long, one can use the form &quot;... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有
-	</span></font></font>+ object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒有
-	</span></font></font>?&quot; as well, although this form is not as
-	common as the previous one. 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她有妹妹沒有﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這宿舍有人沒有﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Prepositional construction with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">在
-</span></font>(in, at) and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">給
-</span></font>(for, to)</h2>
-<p>The object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在
-</span></font></font>is often a place-word and the object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">給
-</span></font></font>is often the beneficiary of the action expressed
-by the predicative verb. In Chinese, a prepositional construction
-comes <i>before</i> the verb it modifies: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他在銀行工作。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She works in a bank. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她工作在銀行。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我給你們介紹一下兒。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Let me introduce you to one another. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我介紹一下兒給你們。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-To form a negative sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不
-</span></font></font>is placed <i>before</i> the prepositional
-construction: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他不在銀行工作。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我不給你們介紹。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I am not going to introduce you.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">常</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">也
-</span></font></font>are also placed <i>before</i> the prepositional
-construction: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們都在
-		</span></font></font>City Lit <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">學院學習漢語。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		We all study Chinese at the City Lit. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你常給你媽媽信嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Do you often write to your mother? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我爸爸也常給我寫信。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		My dad also often writes to me.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">想</span></font></h2>
-<p>The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">想
-</span></font></font>in Chinese carries various meanings: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">想
-	</span></font></font>+ noun/noun-phrase = to miss
-	somebody/something: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">丁雲很想家。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Ding Yun misses her family very much. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我很想我的爸爸媽媽。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I miss my parents very much. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你不想你的男朋友嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Don't you miss your boyfriend? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你想不想她﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Do you miss her?</dd><li><p>
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">想
-	</span></font></font>+ verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你想去商店嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Do you want to go to the shop? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我不想去。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I don't want to go.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你想不想學法語﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Do you want to study French? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我也想學法語。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I also want to study French.</dd><li><p>
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">想
-	</span></font></font>+ clause = to think/suppose something: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我想她是中國人。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I think she is Chinese. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I think her parents are both doctors.</dd><p>
-	N.B. to negate a sentence with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">想
-	</span></font></font>in this capacity, put the negative adverb in
-	the <i>subordinate clause</i>, not in the main clause as in English:
-		</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我想她<i>不是</i>中國人。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I don't think she is Chinese. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我不想她是中國人。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-<p>N.B. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">想
-</span></font></font>as a verb can use the affirmative-negative
-question form <i>only</i> in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">告訴</span></font></h2>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">告訴
-</span></font></font>means &quot;to tell&quot;. In English, the verb
-&quot;tell&quot; can mean to tell somebody something, or to tell
-somebody <i>to do</i> something. The Chinese verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">告訴
-</span></font></font>can only be applied to the first of these
-patterns. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她告訴我她的工作。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She told me her work. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我告訴媽媽你是我的好朋友。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我告訴他給我寫信。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I told him to write to me.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">媽媽</span></font></font>)
-of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">告訴
-</span></font></font>in the first and second sentences is either a
-noun, a noun-phrase or a clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last
-sentence is wrong because it uses the pattern &quot;to tell somebody
-to do something&quot; and hence uses a verb-phrase for its direct
-object. In this case, we should use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">叫
-</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">請
-</span></font></font>in place of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">告訴
-</span></font></font>to make a correct sentence: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我請他給我寫信。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I asked him to write to me.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-The Numbers in Chinese</h2>
-<p>For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are: 
-</p>
-<blockquote>○ (or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">零</span></font></font>),
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">四</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">五</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">六</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">七</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">八</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">九</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<p>Further on, they are: 
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十一
-</span></font></font>= 11, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十二
-</span></font></font>= 12, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十九
-</span></font></font>= 19<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二十
-</span></font></font>= 20, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二十一
-</span></font></font>= 21, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二十八
-</span></font></font>= 28<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三十
-</span></font></font>= 30, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">四十
-</span></font></font>= 40, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">九十
-</span></font></font>= 90, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">九十九
-</span></font></font>= 99</blockquote>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一百
-</span></font></font>= 100<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一百零一
-</span></font></font>= 101, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一百十
-</span></font></font>= 110, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一百十一
-</span></font></font>= 111<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三百二十七
-</span></font></font>= 327, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">九百零九
-</span></font></font>= 909</blockquote>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一千
-</span></font></font>= 1000<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一千零一
-</span></font></font>= 1001, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">五千零四十
-</span></font></font>= 5040, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">八千七百二十五
-</span></font></font>= 8725</blockquote>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一萬
-</span></font></font>= 10,000<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">四萬零八百零一
-</span></font></font>= 40,801</blockquote>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一億
-</span></font></font>= 100,000,000 
-</blockquote>
-<p>N.B.: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Numbers like 15 are written e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十五</span></font></font>,
-	not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一十五</span></font></font>.</p>
-	<li><p>A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two
-	digits: 101 is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一百零一</span></font></font>,
-	and 3020 is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三千零二十</span></font></font>.
-	Notice the last zero in 3020 is <i>not</i> pronounced because it is
-	not between two other digits. 
-	</p>
-	<p>If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two
-	non-zero digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一千零一</span></font></font>.
-	However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched,
-	as in 40,801, each is read as normal: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">四萬零八百零一</span></font></font>.</p>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Measure words 
-	</p>
-	<p>In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
-	pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那</span></font></font>,
-	or interrogative pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哪
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">幾</span></font></font>,
-	a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and its
-	modifier(s): 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三本書</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十五個學生</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那個老師</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哪個圖書館</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">幾本詞典</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">幾
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">多少
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>Both of these can be used to mean &quot;how many&quot; or &quot;how
-	much&quot;. Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">幾
-	</span></font></font>should be used with a measure word, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">多少
-	</span></font></font>can be used either with or without a measure
-	word for the noun it modifies. 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你有幾本詞典﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你有多少</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">本</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">詞典﹖</span></font></font></dt><p>
-	The measure word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">本
-	</span></font></font>is a must for the first sentence, but only
-	optional in the second. 
-	</p>
-	<p>Also, when <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">幾
-	</span></font></font>is used, the expected answer is usually under
-	10, whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">多少
-	</span></font></font>can be used whether one expects a large or
-	small answer. 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你們大學有多少學生﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你家有幾個人﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><p>Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects 
-	</p>
-	<p>As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
-	object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person). 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">王老師教我們語法。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<p>In this sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">教
-	</span></font></font>is a verb that takes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們
-	</span></font></font>as the indirect object and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">法語
-	</span></font></font>as the direct object. Generally the indirect
-	goes before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same
-	way include <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">告訴
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">問</span></font></font>.
-		</p>
-	<p>Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to
-	say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他買我一本書
-	</span></font></font>(He bought me a book), or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她寫我一封信
-	</span></font></font>(She wrote me a letter). The correct way of
-	saying these would be to use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">給</span></font></font>,
-	as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他給我買一本書
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她給我寫一封信</span></font></font>.
-		</p>
-	<li><p>Adjectives as modifiers 
-	</p>
-	<p>When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before
-	the noun as in English: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">新書</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	new book 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">好朋友</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	good friend</dd><p>
-	However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
-	syllables, the particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-	</span></font></font>is usually inserted between the modifier and
-	the noun it modifies: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很新的書
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	very new book 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很好的朋友
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	very good friend</dd></ol>
-<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">也
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">還</span></font></h2>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">也
-</span></font></font>is used to mean &quot;the same&quot; as the
-previous statement. Hence the relationship between the statement
-introduced by <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">也
-</span></font></font>and the previous one is a <i>parallel</i>
-relationship. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還</span></font></font>,
-on the other hand, introduces an <i>additional</i> element to the
-previous statement. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g.
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你有一個問題﹐我也有一個問題。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		You have a question; I also have a question. The two are parallel
-		here. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我還有一個問題。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I have already had some questions, but I still have one more. This
-		is <i>in addition to</i> the previous ones.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Under certain circumstances, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">也
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還
-</span></font></font>are interchangeable, but with different
-emphasis: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他還教我們口語。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Although both sentences can be roughly translated as &quot;Professor
-Wang teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
-conversation&quot;, their emphasis is different: the first sentence
-stresses the fact that Wang teaches conversation <i>in addition to</i>
-the other subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates
-the three subjects he teaches without prioritization. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
-<ol>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-	</span></font></font>construction 
-	</p>
-	<p>A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
-	adjective) with the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-	</span></font></font>can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a
-	sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這條裙子是我姐姐的。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	This skirt is my sister's. Noun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的</span></font></font>)
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哪本詞典是你的﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你爸爸的車是白的嗎﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你喝的是什麼茶﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的</span></font></font></dd><p>
-	These constructions normally involve the verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是
-	</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不是</span></font></font>).
-		</p>
-	<li><p>Usage of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">從
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">從
-	</span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">去
-	</span></font></font>= to go from; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">從
-	</span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">來
-	</span></font></font>= to come from. 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你從哪兒來﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Where did you come from? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我從圖書館來。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I came from the library. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們晚上從我家去劇場。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.</dd><li><p>
-	Noun/Pronoun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這兒
-	</span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那兒
-	</span></font></font>= over here/there at ...'s place 
-	</p>
-	<p>When a noun or pronoun is added to <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這兒
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那兒</span></font></font>,
-	they function as a place word or expression. Since one cannot say
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我去她
-	</span></font></font>(I went to her), one can say instead <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我去她那兒
-	</span></font></font>(I went to her place), because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她那兒
-	</span></font></font>is now regarded as a place expression.
-	Similarly one cannot say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你的裙子在我
-	</span></font></font>(Your skirt is with me), but one can say
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你的裙子在我這兒
-	</span></font></font>(Your skirt is with me). More examples: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你的書在他那兒。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Your book is at his place. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們都去姐姐那兒。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	We all went to my sister's place. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">老師來我這兒找她。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.</dd><p>
-	As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
-	use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那兒</span></font></font>;
-	if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself or
-	herself, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這兒</span></font></font>.
-		</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">太
-	</span></font></font>+ adjective + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
-	used between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">太
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了</span></font></font>:
-		</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">太忙了﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Too busy! 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">太大了﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Too big!</dd><p>
-	The expression <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">太好了﹗</span></font></font>,
-	however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or
-	admiration. 
-	</p>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Word study: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">二
-</span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">兩</span></font></h2>
-<p>These both mean &quot;two&quot;, and are used as follows. 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>When &quot;2&quot; is followed by a measure word, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩</span></font></font>:
-		</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩個人</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩本書</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">增加了兩倍</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">去了兩次
-	</span></font></font>
-	</blockquote>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二
-	</span></font></font>should be used in a number greater than 10,
-	even if it is followed by a measure word: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二十二</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一百零二次</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十二個人</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">五千八百六十二元
-	</span></font></font>
-	</blockquote>
-	<p>There are some more restrictions, though:</p>
-	<ol>
-		<li><p>Only <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二
-		</span></font></font>can be used before the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十</span></font></font>;
-		before the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">百</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二
-		</span></font></font>is usually employed but <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩
-		</span></font></font>may also be used: 
-		</p>
-		<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二十</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二百二十五</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二百五十元
-		</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩百五十元
-		</span></font></font>
-		</blockquote>
-		<li><p>For numbers like <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">千</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">萬
-		</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">億</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩
-		</span></font></font>is used more often than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二</span></font></font>:
-				</p>
-		<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩千元
-		</span></font></font>(also <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二千元</span></font></font>),
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩萬三千八</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩億人口
-		</span></font></font>
-		</blockquote>
-		<li><p>If the number is greater than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">百</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">千</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">萬</span></font></font>,
-		<i>i.e.</i> if there are more digits before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">百</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">千
-		</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">萬</span></font></font>,
-		then put <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二
-		</span></font></font>instead of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩
-		</span></font></font>in front: 
-		</p>
-		<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">四億二千萬</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三萬二千人</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">五千二百元
-		</span></font></font>
-		</blockquote>
-	</ol>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Time</h2>
-<p>The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese: 
-</p>
-<blockquote style="margin-bottom: 0cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">現在幾點﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">現在</span></font></font>...</blockquote>
-<dl>
-	<dd>
-	<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6">
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩點</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>2:00</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十點半
-				</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十點三十分</span></font></font>)</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>10:30</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三點一刻
-				</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三點十五分</span></font></font>)</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>3:15</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十二點三刻
-				</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十二點四十五分</span></font></font>)</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>12:45</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩點差五分
-				</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">差五分兩點</span></font></font>)</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>1:55</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">五點二十分</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>5:20</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">六點零五分</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>6:05</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">七點三十五分</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>7:35</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-	</table>
-</dl>
-<p>Some notes: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">零</span></font></font>,
-	as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三點零八分
-	</span></font></font>(3:08) or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十二點零三分
-	</span></font></font>(12:03).</p>
-	<li><p>When the minutes are greater than 10, the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">分
-	</span></font></font>is optional: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">七點十五
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">七點十五分</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><p>&quot;This morning&quot; is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">今天上午</span></font></font>,
-	not for example <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這個上午</span></font></font>;
-	&quot;every afternoon&quot; is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">每天下午</span></font></font>,
-	not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">每下午</span></font></font>.</p>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Placement of time-words</h2>
-<p>A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the
-subject or at the beginning of a sentence: 
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們十點半上中文課</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十點半我們上中文課</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<p>Some notes: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>A time-word does not take a preposition: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我三點下課</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我在三點下課</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她晚上來
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	She came in the evening.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">晚上她來</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她來晚上</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
-	smaller: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">今天晚上八點
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	at 8 o'clock this evening</dd><li><p>
-	If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
-	goes first: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我晚上八點在圖書館等你
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">明天你幾點在哪兒上課﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?</dd><li><p>
-	Time-word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-	</span></font></font>+ noun (time-words modifying nouns) 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你想看幾點的電影﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	What show do you want to see? <i>literally</i> What time's film do
-	you want to see? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我想看中午十二點半的</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">電影</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這是今天的報嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Is this today's paper? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不是今天的報﹐是昨天的。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's. 
-	</dd></ol>
-<h2 class="western">The use of the time-words <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">以前
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">以後</span></font></h2>
-<p>When used by itself, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以前
-</span></font></font>means &quot;previously&quot; or &quot;before&quot;
-and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以後
-</span></font></font>means &quot;later&quot;, &quot;afterwards&quot;
-or &quot;in the future&quot;: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I was a student before; now I am a teacher. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你以前在哪兒工作﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Where did you work before? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以前我不住宿舍﹐現在住宿舍。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以前
-</span></font></font>means &quot;before...&quot; and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以後
-</span></font></font>means &quot;after...&quot;: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十點以前我不回家。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I won't go home before 10. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">回家以前我在閱覽室看書。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I read books in the reading-room before I go home. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">來美國以後他在這兒工作。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		He has been working here after he came to America. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十點半以後你在宿舍作什麼﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-N.B. When <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以前
-</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以後
-</span></font></font>is used together with a time-word or verb phrase
-to mean &quot;before&quot; or &quot;after&quot;, the word order is
-exactly the opposite of the English equivalent: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">四點以前</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		before 4 o'clock 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下課以前</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		before the class is over 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">明天晚上以後</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		after tomorrow evening (or night) 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">回宿舍以後</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		after returning to the dormitory</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-A <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">跟 </span></font>B
-(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">一起</span></font>)
-+ verb/verb-phrase</h2>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">跟
-</span></font></font>as a preposition means &quot;with&quot;, and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一起
-</span></font></font>means &quot;together&quot;. This pattern is used
-to indicate that A and B do something together. Here <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">跟
-</span></font></font>can be replaced with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">和
-</span></font></font>without changing the meaning; and the phrase <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一起
-</span></font></font>is optional. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我跟
-		</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">和</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她去看電影。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I go to see a film with her. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我跟她一起去看電影。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She and I go to see a film together.) 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		With whom are you going to the theatre tonight? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">晚上你有事兒嗎﹖跟我一起去看京劇﹐好嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
-		opera! 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-N.B. This pattern of A <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">跟
-</span></font></font>B (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一起</span></font></font>)
-is always placed <i>before</i> the main verb in the sentence. Hence
-the following sentence, with English word order, is wrong: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我想去跟我男朋友一起。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I want to go together with my boyfriend.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-Alternative Questions using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">還是</span></font></h2>
-<p>In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還是
-</span></font></font>to connect two choices, which can be nouns, noun
-phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or clauses: 
-</p>
-<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你喜歡紅茶還是綠茶﹖
-</span></font></font>(nouns)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這本書是你的還是她的﹖
-</span></font></font>(noun phrases)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下午你來還是不來﹖
-</span></font></font>(verbs)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你要聽古典音樂還是聽現代音樂﹖
-</span></font></font>(verb phrases)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖
-</span></font></font>(clauses)</blockquote>
-<p>Note:</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>the two items connected by <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還是
-	</span></font></font>are normally parallel in structure; and</p>
-	<li><p>as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
-	interrogative words, alternative questions do not have <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">嗎
-	</span></font></font>at the end. 
-	</p>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Pivotal Sentences with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">請</span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">讓</span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">叫</span></font></h2>
-<p>In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal
-sentence is one in which the object of the first verb is at the same
-time the subject of the following verb. This object therefore
-functions as a pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the
-sentence. 
-</p>
-<p>The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to
-cause something to happen) such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">請</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">讓
-</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">叫</span></font></font>.
-All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something. Of
-the three, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">請
-</span></font></font>is the most polite; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">讓
-</span></font></font>is less so, and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">叫
-</span></font></font>is the least polite. So watch out for the
-occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">學生請王老師介紹中國音樂。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">老師讓學生每天寫漢字。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">爸爸叫孩子學中文。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Dad asked his child to study Chinese.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Notice that although the English equivalents all employ &quot;to
-ask&quot;, the Chinese sentences use different words to indicate
-various degrees of politeness. 
-</p>
-<p>Note:</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Besides the use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">請
-	</span></font></font>above (meaning &quot;to ask someone to do
-	something&quot;), <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">請
-	</span></font></font>can also be used to mean &quot;to invite&quot;:
-		</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們請他來吃晚飯。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	We invited him to dinner. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?</dd><li><p>
-	To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不
-	</span></font></font><i>before the first verb</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我的大夫不讓我喝酒。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們不叫我去看電影。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	They did not invite me to go to the pictures.</dd></ol>
-<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">別
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">不要</span></font></h2>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">別
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不要
-</span></font></font>both mean &quot;do not&quot;. They can be used
-in negative <i>imperative</i> sentences with or without a subject.
-They are placed between the subject (if present) and the verb or
-adjective: 
-</p>
-<blockquote>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你</span></font></font>)
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">別
-</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不要</span></font></font>)
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">告訴他﹗</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">別喝酒﹗
-別去那兒﹗</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不要吸煙﹗
-下午不要去﹗</span></font></font></blockquote>
-<p>Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
-sentences. It is wrong to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">爸爸別請他走</span></font></font>.
-One can say instead <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">爸爸不請他走</span></font></font>.
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">Expressions for the date, week, month and year</h2>
-<ol>
-	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">年</span></font></font>,
-	year 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">去年
-		</span></font></font>= last year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">今年
-		</span></font></font>= this year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">明年
-		</span></font></font>= next year</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一九九七年</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一九九八年</span></font></font>,
-		...</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一年
-		</span></font></font>= one year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩年
-		</span></font></font>= two years (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二年</span></font></font>);
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三年
-		</span></font></font>= three years<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">每年
-		</span></font></font>= every year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">五年半
-		</span></font></font>= five-and-a-half years</p>
-	</ol>
-	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">月</span></font></font>,
-	month 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上個月</span></font></font>=
-		last month; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這個月
-		</span></font></font>= this month; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下個月
-		</span></font></font>= next month</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一月
-		</span></font></font>= January; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二月
-		</span></font></font>= February (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩月</span></font></font>);
-		... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二十月
-		</span></font></font>= December</p>
-	</ol>
-	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期</span></font></font>,
-	week 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期
-		</span></font></font>= last week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期
-		</span></font></font>= this week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期
-		</span></font></font>= next week</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期一
-		</span></font></font>= Monday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期二
-		</span></font></font>= Tuesday; ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期六
-		</span></font></font>= Saturday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期日
-		</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期天
-		</span></font></font>= Sunday</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期
-		</span></font></font>= one week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期
-		</span></font></font>= two weeks (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期</span></font></font>);
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期
-		</span></font></font>= three weeks; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">四個半星期
-		</span></font></font>= four-and-a-half weeks; ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">每
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期
-		</span></font></font>= every week 
-		</p>
-	</ol>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">日
-	</span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">號
-	</span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">天
-	</span></font></font>date 
-	</p>
-	<p>Use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">日
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">號
-	</span></font></font>for a <i>specific</i> date. Usually <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">日
-	</span></font></font>is used in written and formal language and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">號
-	</span></font></font>is used in conversation. The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">天
-	</span></font></font>should be used in <i>counting</i> the number of
-	days: 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">作天
-		</span></font></font>= yesterday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">今天
-		</span></font></font>= today; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">明天
-		</span></font></font>= tomorrow</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一號</span></font></font>;
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二號
-		</span></font></font>(not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩號</span></font></font>);
-		... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三十一號</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">四月六號</span></font></font>;
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十月二十五日</span></font></font>;
-		...</p>
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一天
-		</span></font></font>= one day; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩天
-		</span></font></font>= two days (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二天</span></font></font>);
-		... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">半天
-		</span></font></font>= half a day; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">每天
-		</span></font></font>= every day</p>
-	</ol>
-</ol>
-<p>Some notes: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
-	calendar date comes before the day of the week: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一九九六年十一月二十五號星期一</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一七八九年七月十四日</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><p>Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and
-	month: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">今年五月</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the May of this year (whether it has passed or not) 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">去年八月
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the August of last year 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">明年二月
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the February of next year</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這
-	</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個</span></font></font>)
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期五
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not) 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上
-	</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個</span></font></font>)
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期一
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the Monday of last week 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下
-	</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個</span></font></font>)
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期四
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the Thursday of next week</dd><p>
-	Note the English phrase &quot;last Monday&quot; may therefore be
-	rendered as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這個星期一</span></font></font>,
-	if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore referring
-	to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days, and for
-	months. 
-	</p>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun</h2>
-<p>Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as
-a modified to form a relative clause: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Unlike in English, all modifiers go <i>before</i> the element
-	they modify in Chinese: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他喝的水不很乾淨</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這是我朋友送我的禮物</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><p>The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-	</span></font></font>has to be inserted between the modifier and the
-	element it modifies: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我下午看的電影很有意思。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">給你開門的那個人是我妹妹。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">跟他跳舞的姑娘是我的同學。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	The girl who danced with him was my classmate.</dd></ol>
-<h2 class="western">Other grammar notes</h2>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Sentences with an adjectival predicate 
-	</p>
-	<p>The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是
-	</span></font></font>is not normally used in the predicate for a
-	sentence where the main element of the predicate is an adjective: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們今天很高興。</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她的絲線衫太小。</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那個服務員非常年輕。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<p>In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
-	preceded by adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">真</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">太</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">非常
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">更</span></font></font>,
-	it is usually qualified by the adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很</span></font></font>.
-	In such cases, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很
-	</span></font></font>does not really mean &quot;very&quot;; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他很忙
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他忙
-	</span></font></font>mean virtually the same. 
-	</p>
-	<p>Also, adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">常</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">也</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">非常</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">太
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">更
-	</span></font></font><i>cannot</i> be used in affirmative-negative
-	sentences of this type: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你高興不高興﹖
-	</span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你很高興不很高興﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她年輕不年輕﹖
-	</span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她非常高興不非常高興﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你去不去﹖
-	</span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你也去不去﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">祝你
-	</span></font></font>vs <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">祝賀你
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>In general, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">祝你
-	</span></font></font>is used to extend well-wishes <i>in advance</i>
-	whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">祝賀你
-	</span></font></font>is used to congratulate someone on something
-	<i>already accomplished</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">祝你生日好﹗
-	</span></font></font>(One can say this on the day, or in
-	advance.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">祝賀你﹗
-	</span></font></font>(Say this only when something has already been
-	accomplished.)</blockquote>
-	<li><p>Reduplication of verbs 
-	</p>
-	<p>To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to
-	soften the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a
-	verb can be repeated: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我給你們介紹介紹。
-	</span></font></font>(Notice the pattern is ABAB, not
-	AABB.)<br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你們想去看看她嗎﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">讓我想想。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<p>In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一
-	</span></font></font>can be inserted: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">讓我想一想。</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們都想看一看她。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<p>Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一下兒
-	</span></font></font>after the verb: 
-	</p>
-	<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">用一下兒
-	</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">用用
-	</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">用一用</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">看一下兒
-	</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">看看
-	</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">看一看</span></font></font><br/>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">介紹一下兒
-	</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">介紹介紹</span></font></font></blockquote>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Position words</h2>
-<p>Words such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上邊</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">左邊</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">前邊</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">中間</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">對面
-</span></font></font>are position words. Some of the basic syllables
-are: 
-</p>
-<center>
-	<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上
-				</span></font></font>- up</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">左
-				</span></font></font>- left&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">中
-				</span></font></font>- middle</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">右
-				</span></font></font>- right</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下
-				</span></font></font>- down</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td colspan="3" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">前
-				</span></font></font>- front</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">裡
-				</span></font></font>- in</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">後
-				</span></font></font>- back</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">外
-				</span></font></font>- out</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-	</table>
-</center>
-<p>Usually, add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">邊
-</span></font></font>to make &quot;on the left&quot;, &quot;above&quot;,
-&quot;outside&quot; etc. 
-</p>
-<p>Position words can be used in two ways. Compare: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Noun (+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的</span></font></font>)
-	+ position word: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">車</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">外邊</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	outside the car 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">房子</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">後邊</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	behind the house 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">桌子</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">對面</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	opposite the table 
-	</dd><li><p>
-	Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-	</span></font></font>+ noun (here the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-	</span></font></font>is <i>mandatory</i>). 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">外邊的車</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside) 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">後邊的房子</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the house behind (the house which is behind) 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">對面的桌子</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the way) 
-	</dd></ol>
-<p>Notes:</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>When <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上邊</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下邊</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">裡邊
-	</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">外邊
-	</span></font></font>are modified by other nouns, the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">邊
-	</span></font></font>can be omitted: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">房子</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">裡</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">邊</span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	inside the house 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">桌子</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">邊</span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	on the table 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">教室</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">外</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">邊</span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	outside the classroom</dd><li><p>
-	Do <i>not</i> use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">裡邊
-	</span></font></font>in the following two cases:</p>
-	<ol>
-		<li><p>After geographical names such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">中國</span></font></font>,
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">北京
-		</span></font></font>etc: 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她在北京學習漢語。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She studies Chinese in Beijing. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她在北京裡邊學習漢語。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">美國有很多大學。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		There are many universities in America. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">美國裡邊有很多大學。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-		In a phrase of the form &quot;<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在
-		</span></font></font>+ place, building or organisation&quot;: 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我在銀行工作。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		I work in a bank. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我在銀行裡邊工作。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們在閱覽室看書。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		They are reading books in the reading-room. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-</ol>
-<h2 class="western">Patterns for Location</h2>
-<p>There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是
-</span></font></font>respectively and with different meanings: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>To show that there is something in a certain place: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有
-	</span></font></font>+ indefinite noun: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">後邊有什麼﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	What is behind? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">後邊有一個車房。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	There is a garage behind. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們家對面有一個公園。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Across from our home, there is a park. 
-	</dd><li><p>
-	To show that certain things exist in certain places: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>Definite noun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在
-	</span></font></font>+ position word: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">花園在哪兒﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Where is the garden? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">花園在我們家後邊。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	The garden is behind our house. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">花園在車房
-	</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的</span></font></font>)
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">右邊。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	The garden is to the right of the garage. 
-	</dd><li><p>
-	To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p>Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是
-	</span></font></font>+ definite/indefinite noun: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你們家後邊是什麼﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	What's behind your house? 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們家後邊是一個花園。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Behind our house is a garden. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	In front of their house is the college library. 
-	</dd></ol>
-<h2 class="western">Progressive aspect of an action</h2>
-<p>To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of
-the following patterns: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她在休息。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She is resting. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她正休息。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她正在休息。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她休息呢。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她在休息呢。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她正休息呢。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她正在休息呢。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Notes: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences
-	excepted. 
-	</p>
-	<li><p>The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the
-	present, but also to past and future actions: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她現在正在休息。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	She is resting now. <i>present progressive</i> 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我去的時候﹐她正在休息。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	When I went there, she was resting. <i>past progressive</i> 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我明天去看她的時候﹐她一定正在休息。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting. <i>future
-	progressive</i> 
-	</dd><li><p>
-	As shown above, either <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">正
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">正在
-	</span></font></font>can be placed before a verb to indicate the
-	progressive aspect of an action. 
-	</p>
-	<li><p>Alternatively, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">呢
-	</span></font></font>can be placed at the end of the sentence to
-	perform the same function. Sometimes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">呢
-	</span></font></font>can be used together with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">正
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">正在</span></font></font>.
-		</p>
-	<li><p>The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒有</span></font></font>,
-	not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不</span></font></font>,
-	before the verb; and it can be shortened to <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒
-	</span></font></font>alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or
-	a short answer. Otherwise the full form of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒有
-	</span></font></font>must be used: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她沒</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">休息﹐她在看報。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。</span></font></font>(or
-	simply <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒有</span></font></font>)
-		</dt><li><p>
-	If both the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在
-	</span></font></font>of the progressive aspect and the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在
-	</span></font></font>of location exist in a sentence, only one
-	should be used: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她正在房間里休息。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她正在在房間里休息。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt></ol>
-<h2 class="western">Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers</h2>
-<p>An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause)
-such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我給她打電話</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他今天買</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們去北京參觀
-</span></font></font>can be used as a modifier for a noun. When used
-this way, there must be a <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-</span></font></font>inserted between the construction and the noun
-it modifies: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃飯。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		When I called her, she was eating. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他今天買的花兒很漂亮。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		The flowers he bought today are very pretty. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">請你們看我們去北京參觀的照片。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這是誰給你寫的信﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Who wrote this letter to you? 
-		</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的</span></font></font>,
-which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.</p>
-<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">參觀
-</span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">訪問</span></font></h2>
-<p>Both terms can be translated as &quot;to visit&quot; in English.
-However, while <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">參觀
-</span></font></font>implies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">觀
-</span></font></font>(to see), <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">訪問
-</span></font></font>stresses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">問
-</span></font></font>(to ask). Hence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">參觀
-</span></font></font>really implies observation while visiting and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">訪問
-</span></font></font>means to visit people with specific purpose such
-as interviews. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">參觀
-</span></font></font>can be followed by places but not people;
-whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">訪問
-</span></font></font>can take either, but most commonly people. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">參觀</span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">訪問學校
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">訪問他</span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這個國家的總統
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-Grammar Notes</h2>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Measure word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">些
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">些
-	</span></font></font>is a measure word showing indefinite quantity.
-	It is usually used after demonstrative pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那</span></font></font>,
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哪
-	</span></font></font>and after the numeral <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一</span></font></font>:
-		</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一些</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	some 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這些</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	these 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那些</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	those 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哪些</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	which (plural) 
-	</dd><p>
-	Don't attempt to mix <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">些
-	</span></font></font>with definite measures. It is wrong to say
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這些三本詞典
-	</span></font></font>(these three dictionaries); one can only say
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這三本詞典</span></font></font>.
-		</p>
-	<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是
-	</span></font></font>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-	</span></font></font>construction 
-	</p>
-	<p>Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
-	adjectives: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這本書是中文的。</span></font></font>=
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這本書中文的書。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那條裙子是妹妹的。</span></font></font>=
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那條裙子是妹妹的裙子。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">姐姐的大衣是黑的。</span></font></font>=
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">姐姐的大衣是黑的大衣。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><p>
-	But the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是
-	</span></font></font>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的
-	</span></font></font>construction can also be used with
-	prepositional phrases and even whole verbal constructions: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那些點心是給丁雲的。</span></font></font>=
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那些點心是丁雲的點心。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	Those pastries are for Ding Yun. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這束花兒是我給她買的。</span></font></font>=
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這束花兒我給她買的花兒。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her. 
-	</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的。</span></font></font>=
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的書。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	This book is the one I borrowed from the university library. 
-	</dd></ol>
-<h2 class="western">The use of the Complement of Degree</h2>
-<h3 class="western">What is a complement?</h3>
-<p>A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain
-or complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
-duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility
-of an action. Complements always appear <b>after</b> the verbs they
-modify. 
-</p>
-<p>We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the
-words they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because
-Chinese word order often observes the time sequence in which an
-action occurs. Notice, for example: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">昨天晚上我們從書店去電影院。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop. 
-		</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
-Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a
-verbal action has to take place first, before one can see its extent
-or result, the complement placed after the verb observes this time
-sequence. 
-</p>
-<h3 class="western">The complement of degree</h3>
-<p>This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
-adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">得
-</span></font></font>is used to connect the verb and its complement: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他學習得怎麼樣﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		How is he studying? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他學習得很好。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		He's studying very well.</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Verb without object: V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">得
-	</span></font></font>+ adjective 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你工作得不錯。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	Verb with object: V + O + V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">得
-	</span></font></font>+ adjective 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我妹妹唱民歌唱得很好。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	Verb with preposed object: O + V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">得
-	</span></font></font>+ adjective 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們中文學得很好。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-<p>Place <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不
-</span></font></font><i>before the adjective</i> to make the
-negative: 
-</p>
-<ol start="4">
-	<li><p>V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">得
-	</span></font></font>+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不
-	</span></font></font>+ adjective 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她歌唱得不好﹐
-	舞也跳得不好。 </span></font></font>
-	</dt></ol>
-<p>Questions are formed as follows: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">得
-	</span></font></font>adjective <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不
-	</span></font></font>adjective? 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你開車開得快不快﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">得怎麼樣﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你中文學得怎麼樣﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">得
-	</span></font></font>adjective <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">嗎﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你游泳游得好嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-<p>Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such
-as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在
-</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是</span></font></font>,
-since those verbs normally do not denote actions. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">The difference between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">呢
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">吧
-</span></font>as sentence-ending particles</h2>
-<p>Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end
-of a question. However, they differ in usage. 
-</p>
-<h3 class="western">In questions</h3>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">呢
-</span></font></font>is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry.
-It may appear in questions with interrogative words such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">什麼
-</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哪兒</span></font></font>;
-affirmative-negative questions such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有沒有呢﹖好吃不好吃呢﹖</span></font></font>;
-or alternative questions with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還是</span></font></font>,
-such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">吃面包還是火腿呢﹖
-</span></font></font>
-</p>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">吧</span></font></font>,
-on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate a
-mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker:
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在這兒停車吧﹖
-你不知道吧﹖ </span></font></font>
-</p>
-<h3 class="western">In affirmative statements</h3>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">呢
-</span></font></font>in this case is used to indicate the progressive
-aspect of an action (e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她學中文呢</span></font></font>),
-or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration (e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">晚上電影九點才開始呢。
-從這兒去要走三天呢。</span></font></font>) 
-</p>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">吧
-</span></font></font>is often added at the end of an imperative
-sentence to soften the tone, as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們走吧。
-你再想想吧。 </span></font></font>
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">The use of optative verbs</h2>
-<p>Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
-express intention, wishes, possibility etc. 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>To express <i>subjective wish</i>, <i>desire</i> or <i>request</i>:
-		</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">要
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = to want to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我要喝橘子水。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">想
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = would like to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你想看電影嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-	<li><p>To express <i>objective necessity</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">要
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = to have to (especially in questions) 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我明天要來嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Do I have to come tomorrow? 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們要去了。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		We have to go. 
-		</dd><li><p>
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不用
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = don't have to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你明天不用來。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		You don't have to come tomorrow.</dd></ol>
-	<li><p>To express <i>ability</i> or <i>skill acquired</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">能
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你現在能看中文報紙嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">可以
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">會
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們都會游泳嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-	<li><p>To express <i>ability depending on circumstances</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">能
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你明天能來嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">可以
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你今天晚上可以</span></font></font>1<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">給他打電話嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-	<p>Note, in both cases use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不能
-	</span></font></font>for negative sentences. 
-	</p>
-	<li><p>To express <i>permission</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">能
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = may, be permitted to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我能在這兒停車嗎﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你不能
-		</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不可以</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在這兒停車。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><li><p>
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">可以
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = may, be permitted to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你不可以
-		</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不能</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在這兒吸煙。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-	<li><p>To express <i>possibility</i> or <i>probability</i>: 
-	</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">會
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = be likely to, will probably 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你明天會再來嗎﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">今天晚上不會下雨。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></ol>
-	<li><p>To express <i>need arising from moral or factual necessity</i>:
-		</p>
-	<ol type="a">
-		<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">應該
-		</span></font></font>+ verb = should, ought to 
-		</p>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們不應該翻譯那本書。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-</ol>
-<p>Note: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>To make a negation, put the negative word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不
-	</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒有
-	</span></font></font>before the optative verb: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們不想給圖書館打電話。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
-	verb instead of the main verb in the sentence: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你會不會唱中國民歌﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你是北京人﹐應該會唱京劇。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-<h2 class="western">The use of adverbs <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">就
-</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">才</span></font></h2>
-<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">就
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">才
-</span></font></font>are often used before the main verb to indicate
-the speaker's attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main
-verb is earlier (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">就</span></font></font>)
-or later (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">才</span></font></font>)
-than expected: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們三點就來了﹐可是你們現在才來。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們是老朋友﹐我們十年前就認識了。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as ten
-		years ago. 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她不是我的同學﹐我上個星期才認識她。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago. 
-		</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Compare the following sentences: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">今年我們就想去中國學習。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		(The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon as
-		this year.) 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">今年我們才想去中國學習。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		(The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
-		they should have gone earlier.) 
-		</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
-sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">就
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">才
-</span></font></font>should be placed after it; when there is an
-optative verb, on the other hand, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">就
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">才
-</span></font></font>should be placed before it. Here is the pattern:
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Time-word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">就</span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">才
-		</span></font></font>+ optative verb + main verb 
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們今天下午三點就能出發﹐我們要晚上八點才能走。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">或者</span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">還是</span></font></h2>
-<p>Both of these conjunctions can be translated as &quot;or&quot; in
-English, but they differ in usage: in general, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">或者
-</span></font></font>is used in non-interrogative sentences to
-indicate a choice: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我妹妹想研究音樂或者文學。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還是</span></font></font>,
-on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
-questions: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">知道</span></font></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">告訴
-</span></font></font>etc: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dt><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我不知道她是老師還是學生。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-<p>
-In cases in which both <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">或者
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還是
-</span></font></font>can appear in questions, there are some subtle
-differences in their anticipations and tones: 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><blockquote>A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你想去中國還是日本﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我想去中國。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-	<li><blockquote>A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖</span></font></font><br/>
-B:
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我想去﹐我兩個地方都想去。</span></font></font></blockquote>
-</ol>
-<p>In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a
-choice from the answer. The two terms with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還是
-</span></font></font>are mutually exclusive. In dialogue 2, the
-question is a general one using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">嗎
-</span></font></font>at the end. It does not anticipate a strict
-choice from the answer, so B can give a general answer: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我想去
-</span></font></font>-- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific
-thought: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我兩個地方都想去</span></font></font>.
-The two items with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">或者
-</span></font></font>in the question are therefore not mutually
-exclusive. 
-</p>
-<p>Sometimes, however, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還是
-</span></font></font>can also be used in a non-interrogative
-sentence. For instance: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一時</span></font></font>(??)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不定主意。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
-compelling <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他
-</span></font></font>to make a choice. In contrast, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">或者
-</span></font></font>in this case can only convey a sort of
-explanatory note: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一定要作決定。
-		</span></font></font>(interrogative) 
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其他選擇。
-		</span></font></font>(explanatory)</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">了解</span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">知道</span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">認識 </span></font>and
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">懂</span></font></h2>
-<p>The meanings of the four terms here overlap. 
-</p>
-<p>Both <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了解
-</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">知道
-</span></font></font>can mean &quot;to know&quot;. However, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了解
-</span></font></font>implies some level of understanding and
-comprehension of what one knows. Therefore <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了解
-</span></font></font>can be understood as a deeper or better knowing
-than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">知道</span></font></font>.
-Compare: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你了解
-		</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">知道</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這個學校嗎﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我不知道他是誰的孩子。</span></font></font>(Here
-		one can not use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了解</span></font></font>.)
-				</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">認識
-</span></font></font>is used to indicate that one can recognise this
-as this and not others. It can also involve the process of acquiring
-such an ability. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哦﹐我認識她﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Oh, I know her! 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你是在哪兒認識她的﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		Where did you get to know her? 
-		</dd></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">懂</span></font></font>,
-on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of &quot;to understand&quot;.
-Its definition is not as broad as that of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了解
-</span></font></font>(to know and understand) and is different from
-that of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">知道
-</span></font></font>(to know). 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">1. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你懂他說的漢語嗎﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		2. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你知道他叫甚麼名字嗎﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		3. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你了解他嗎﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about
-him than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information
-than sentence 1. 
-</p>
-<h2 class="western">The use of the Perfect Aspect</h2>
-<h3 class="western">Basic concept</h3>
-<p>The aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-</span></font></font>is added to the end of a verb to indicate the
-completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is
-equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future
-perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place
-in the past or in the future. For instance: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你下了課去哪兒﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我下了課去圖書館。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
-particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了</span></font></font>,
-if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need
-to emphasise its completion: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">去年他常常去書店。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以前我住在學生宿舍。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<h3 class="western">
-Basic patterns</h3>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Affirmative sentence 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-	</span></font></font>(+ object) 
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">電影開始了。
-	我買了兩本書。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	Negative sentence (note <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-	</span></font></font>is dropped here) 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有</span></font></font>)
-	+ verb (+ object) 
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	or subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還沒</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有</span></font></font>)
-	+ verb (+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">呢</span></font></font>)
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我沒有買書。
-	電影還沒開始呢。 </span></font></font>
-	</dt><li><p>
-	Interrogative sentence 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-	</span></font></font>(+ object) + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒有﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了嗎﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒
-	</span></font></font>+ verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is usually
-	monosyllabic) 
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你今天買了詞典沒有﹖
-	她來了嗎﹖ 你們談沒談這個問題﹖ </span></font></font>
-	</dt></ol>
-<h3 class="western">Notes</h3>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the
-	sentence, the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g.
-	numeral + measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the
-	sentence sounds incomplete: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我買了三本書。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我在書店里買了書。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	but not simply <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我買了書。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><li><p>
-	If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
-	those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-	</span></font></font>is usually placed after the <i>last</i> verb. 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">a. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	b. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們昨天進城買了一些中文詞典。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><p>
-	In sentence a, &quot;write&quot; is related to &quot;use&quot;
-	because the letter is written by using Chinese; in sentence b,
-	similarly, &quot;buy&quot; is related to &quot;enter the city&quot;
-	because the purpose of entering the city is to buy the dictionaries.
-	Compare the above sentences with the following, with a different
-	structure: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我下了課去圖書館。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><p>
-	Here &quot;class is over&quot; (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下課</span></font></font>)
-	and &quot;go to the library&quot; are unrelated. They are contained
-	in the sentence simply to indicate their sequence. Hence it is wrong
-	to say 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我下課去了圖書館。
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><li><p>
-	When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-	</span></font></font>is placed <i>before</i> the reduplicated verb: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我試了試那條裙子﹐真漂亮﹗
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt></ol>
-<h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">又</span></font>,
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">再 </span></font>and
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">還</span></font></h2>
-<p>All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action,
-like the English &quot;again&quot;. They differ in usage, however: 
-</p>
-<p>Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">又
-</span></font></font>indicates a repetition of an action that has
-already taken place, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">再
-</span></font></font>implies a repetition of an action in the future.
-Also, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">再
-</span></font></font>is only used in <i>declarative</i> sentences,
-plus questions ending in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">好嗎</span></font></font>:
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">昨天他來晚了﹐今天他又來晚了。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		(repetition in the past) 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進來了。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		(repetition in the future) 
-		</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你再喝一點兒橘子水﹐好嗎﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-Also, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">又
-</span></font></font>can be used for the repetition of a periodic
-action or occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">新年又要來了。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還</span></font></font>,
-on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你明天還來嗎﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with
-an optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative
-verb and an optional <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">再
-</span></font></font>can be placed after: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A:
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你明年還能</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">再</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">教我們嗎﹖
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我明年還可以</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">再</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">教你們。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<h2 class="western">
-Use of the modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN">了</span></font></h2>
-<h3 class="western">Basic concept</h3>
-<p>The modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-</span></font></font>is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate
-that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference
-between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-</span></font></font>as modal particle and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-</span></font></font>to indicate perfect aspect is that the latter
-only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former shows the
-completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some <i>change of
-situation</i>. 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他買了書了。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-The first <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-</span></font></font>in the sentence above indicates only the
-completion of the action of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">買書</span></font></font>,
-whereas the second <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-</span></font></font>marks some change of situation on the part of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他
-</span></font></font>as a result of the completion of the book-buying
-process: originally he did not have the book, but now he has. 
-</p>
-<h3 class="western">Basic patterns</h3>
-<p>(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
-previous section.) 
-</p>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>Affirmative sentence 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb
-	(+ object) + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們看足球賽了。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	Negative sentence (note <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-	</span></font></font>is dropped here) 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒
-	</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有</span></font></font>)
-	+ verb (+ object) 
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們沒看足球賽。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	Interrogative sentence 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
-	object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了沒有﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	or Subject + verb + object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了嗎﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒
-	</span></font></font>+ verb + object﹖ (here the verb is usually
-	monosyllabic) 
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們看足球賽了沒有﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們看足球賽了嗎﹖
-	</span></font></font>
-	</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-	<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們看沒看足球賽﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-<h3 class="western">Notes</h3>
-<ol>
-	<li><p>As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the
-	perfect aspect <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-	</span></font></font>from the modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了</span></font></font>.
-	In such a case, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-	</span></font></font>can be regarded as fulfilling both functions: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她來了。
-	我們懂了。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
-	A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
-	require a <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-	</span></font></font>at the end of the sentence: 
-	</p>
-	<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出去。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
-<h2 class="western">Sequential actions</h2>
-<p>To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
-other, we use the pattern 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb
-		+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-		</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以後</span></font></font>)
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">就
-		</span></font></font>+ verb ... 
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們辦了簽証</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以後</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">就回家。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">明天吃了早飯</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以後</span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們就出發。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-The above pattern can be used for <i>future</i> actions as well. To
-indicate that both actions took place in the past, the particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了
-</span></font></font>has to be inserted at the end of the sentence: 
-</p>
-<dl>
-	<dl>
-		<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
-		<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們早上沒吃早飯就走了。
-		</span></font></font>
-		</dt></dl>
-</dl>
-<p>
-<br/>
-<br/>
-
-</p>
-<center>
-	<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2">
-		<tr>
-			<td colspan="4" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><b>Word list</b></p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><img src="grammaire2_html_c83dbc2977318b9a.gif" name="Image1" align="bottom" hspace="50" width="2" height="2" border="0"/>
-</p>
-			</td>
-			<td colspan="3" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><img src="grammaire2_html_c83dbc2977318b9a.gif" name="Image2" align="bottom" width="2" height="2" border="0"/>
-</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">嗎&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ma3 / ma5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>morphine /
-				(question tag)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你好&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ni3hao3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hello, how
-				are you</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ni3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>you</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">呢&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ne5 / ni2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(question
-				particle) / woolen material</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wo3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>I, me,
-				myself</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很好&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hen3hao3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>well</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">忙&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mang2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>busy</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不忙&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4mang2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>theres no
-				hurry, take ones time</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hen3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>very,
-				extremely</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">也&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ye3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>also, too</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">都&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dou1 / du1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>all, both
-				(if two things are involved), entirely (due to)each, even,
-				already / (surname), metropolis, capital city</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">好&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hao3 / hao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>good, well
-				/ be fond of</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我們&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wo3men5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>we, us,
-				ourselves</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ta1men5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>they</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他們都&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ta1men5dou1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>all of them</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(negative
-				prefix), not, no</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不是&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu2shi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(n) blame
-				or fault</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">大夫&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dai4fu5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>doctor</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>is, are,
-				am, yes, to be</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>de5 / di2 /
-				di4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(possessive
-				particle), of / really and truly / aim, clear</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">我的&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wo3de5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>my, mine</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">書&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shu1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>book,
-				letter</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">媽媽&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ma1ma5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mama, mommy</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">車&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>che1 / ju1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>car, a
-				vehicle, machine, to shape with a lathe / vehicle on land</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">弟弟&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>di4di5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>younger
-				brother</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">爸爸&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ba4ba5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(informal)
-				father</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">他&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ta1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>he, him</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">朋友&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>peng2you5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>friend</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">她&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ta1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>she</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哥哥&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ge1ge5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>older
-				brother</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">誰&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shei2 /
-				shui2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>who / who</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哪&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>na3 / na5 /
-				nei3 / nei3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>how, which
-				/ (final part. preceded by N) / which (followed by M or Num) /
-				which (followed by M or Num)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">什&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tenth</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">麼&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>me5 / mo2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(interrog.
-				suff.) / dimi.</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">老師&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>lao3shi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>teacher</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">你們&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ni3men5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>you
-				(plural)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">中國人&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhong1guo2ren2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Chinese
-				person, Chinese people</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">國&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>guo2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>country,
-				state, nation</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">人&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ren2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>man,
-				person, people</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhe4 /
-				zhei4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>this, these
-				/ this, these</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">中國&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhong1guo2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>China,
-				Chinese</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">地圖&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>di4tu2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>map</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>na3 / na4 /
-				nei4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>how, which
-				/ that, those / that, those</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">您&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>nin2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>you
-				(formal)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">貴姓&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>gui4xing4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>what is
-				your name?</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">姓&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xing4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>surname,
-				family name, name</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">丁&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ding1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(surname),
-				4th heavenly stem, a Chinese surname</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">叫&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jiao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to (be)
-				call(ed)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">請問&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qing3wen4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>may I
-				ask...</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">學習&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xue2xi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to learn,
-				to study</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">學&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xue2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>learn,
-				study, science, -ology</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">習&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to
-				practice, to study, habit</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">漢語&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>han4yu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Chinese
-				language</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">法語&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fa3yu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>French
-				(language)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不學&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4xue2wu2shu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>have
-				neither learning nor skill, be ignorant and incompetent</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(located)
-				at, in, exist</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哪兒&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>na3er5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>where</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那兒&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>nar3 / nar4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>where /
-				there</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">古波&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>gu3bo1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Gubo (a
-				personal name)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不在&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4zai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>not be in,
-				be out</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">學生&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xue2sheng5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>student</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">宿舍&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>su4she4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dormitory,
-				living quarters</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這兒&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zher4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>here</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">住&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to live, to
-				dwell, to reside, to stop</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">學�
-				</span></font></font>/ &nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xue2yuan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>college,
-				educational institute, school, faculty</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>� / &nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>si4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>four</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">層&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ceng2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>a measure
-				word for layers, laminated, repeated, floor, story (of a
-				building), layer</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>er4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>two</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>san1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>three</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">號&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hao2 / hao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>roar, cry /
-				day of a month, (suffix used after) name of a ship, (ordinal)
-				number</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在這&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zai4zhe4qi1jian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>during
-				time, in this time</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兒&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>er2 / er5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>son /
-				non-syllabic dimi. suff.</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>one,
-				single, a(n)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">五&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>five, 5</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二號&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>er4hao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>2nd day of
-				the month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hai2 /
-				huan2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>also, in
-				addition, more, still, else, still, yet, (not) yet / (surname),
-				pay back, return</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">畫報&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hua4bao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>pictorial
-				(magazine)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">云&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yun2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>say</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">日本&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ri4ben3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Japan,
-				Japanese</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">用&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yong4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to use</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一下兒&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi2xiar4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>a little
-				bit, a little while</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">現在&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xian4zai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>modern,
-				current, present, at present, now, nowadays</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">去&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to go, to
-				leave, to remove</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">常&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>chang2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>always,
-				ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">常常&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>chang2chang2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>frequently,
-				usually, often</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">喝&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>he1 / he4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>my
-				goodness, to drink / shout applause</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">茶&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>cha2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tea, tea
-				plant</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">看&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>kan1 / kan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to look
-				after, to take care of, to watch, to guard / it depends, think,
-				to see, to look at</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">是不是&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi4bu4shi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>is or isnt,
-				yes or no, whether or not</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">認識&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ren4shi5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>be
-				acquainted with (a person), to know, to be familiar with, to
-				recognize</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">介紹&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jie4shao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to present,
-				introduction, to introduce</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">咖啡&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ka1fei1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>coffee</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">商店&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shang1dian4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>store, shop</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">買&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mai3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>buy</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">紙&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhi3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>paper</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">歡迎&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>huan1ying2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to welcome,
-				welcome</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">來&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>lai2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to come</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不歡&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4huan1er2san4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>part on bad
-				terms, (of a meeting, etc, ) break up in discord</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">迎&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ying2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to welcome</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">和&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>he2 / he4 /
-				huo2 / huo4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>and,
-				together with, with, peace, harmony, union / cap (a poem),
-				respond in singing / soft, warm / mix together, to blend</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">美國&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mei3guo2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>America,
-				American, United States, USA</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">英語&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ying1yu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>English
-				(language)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>you3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to have,
-				there is, there are, to exist, to be</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">詞典&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ci2dian3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dictionary</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">多&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>duo1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>many, much,
-				a lot of, numerous, multi-</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">外國&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wai4guo2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>foreign
-				(country)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mei2 / mo4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(negative
-				prefix for verbs), have not, not / drowned, to end, to die, to
-				inundate</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒有&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mei2you3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>havent,
-				hasnt, doesnt exist, to not have, to not be</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">姐姐&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jie3jie5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>older
-				sister</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">筆&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bi3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>pen,
-				pencil, writing brush, to write or compose, the strokes of
-				Chinese characters</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">妹妹&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mei4mei4 /
-				mei4mei5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(informal)
-				younger sister / younger sister</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒有人&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mei2you3ren2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>nobody</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有人&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>you3ren2qing2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>humane</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">給&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>gei3 / ji3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to, for,
-				for the benefit of, to give, to allow, to do sth (for sb),
-				(passive particle) / to supply, provide</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">銀行&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yin2hang2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bank</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">工作&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>gong1zuo4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>job, work,
-				construction, work, task</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">信&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xin4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>letter,
-				true, to believe, sign, evidence</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">寫信&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xie3xin4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to write a
-				letter</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">想&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xiang3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to think,
-				to believe, to suppose, to wish, to want, to miss</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">丁雲&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ding1yun2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Ding Yun (a
-				personal name)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">想家&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xiang3jia1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>homesick</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">男朋友&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>nan2peng2you5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>male
-				friend, boyfriend</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">告訴&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>gao4su5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to tell, to
-				inform, to let know</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">好朋友&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hao3peng2you5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>good friend</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">請&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qing3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to ask, to
-				invite, please (do sth), to treat (to a meal, etc), to request</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">零&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ling2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>remnant,
-				zero</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">六&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>liu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>six</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">七&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>seven, 7</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">八&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ba1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>eight, 8</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">九&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jiu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>nine, 9</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ten</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十一&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi2yi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>eleven</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十二&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi2er4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>12, twelve</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十九&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi2jiu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>nineteen</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二十&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>er4shi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>twenty, 20</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二十一&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>er4shi2yi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>twenty-one</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二十八&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>er4shi2ba1hao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>28th day of
-				the month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三十&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>san1shi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>thirty, 30</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>� / <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>si4shi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>forty, 40</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">九十&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jiu3shi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ninety</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一百&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1bai3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>a hundred</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三百&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>san1bai3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>three
-				hundred</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二十七&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>er4shi2qi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>twenty-seven</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">百&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bai3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hundred</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一千&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1qian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>one
-				thousand</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一千零&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>105 billion</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">五千&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wu3qian1dun1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>5000 tons</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">八千&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ba1qian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>eight
-				thousand, 8000</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">七百&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qi1bai3wan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>seven
-				million</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二十五&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>er4shi2wu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>twenty five</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一萬&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1wan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ten
-				thousand</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">萬&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(surname),
-				ten thousand, a great number</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一億&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1yi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>1 00
-				million</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十五&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi2wu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fifteen</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三千&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>san1qian1wu3bai3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>3 500</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">幾&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ji1 / ji3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>almost /
-				how much, how many, several, a few</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">本&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ben3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>roots or
-				stems of plants, origin, source, this, the current, root,
-				foundation, basis, (a measure word)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ge4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(a measure
-				word), individual</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那個&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>nei4ge4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>that one</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哪個&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>na3ge5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>which, who</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">圖書館&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tu2shu1guan3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>library</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">多少&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>duo1shao3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>how much,
-				how many, which (number)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">大學&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>da4xue2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>university</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">家&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jia1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>-ist, -er,
-				-ian, home, family, a person engaged in a certain art or
-				profession</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">幾個&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ji3ge5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>several</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">王&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wang2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>king, Wang
-				(proper name)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">教&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jiao1 /
-				jiao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>teach /
-				religion, teaching</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">語法&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yu3fa3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>grammar</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">問&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wen4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to ask</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">寫&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xie3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to write</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">封&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>feng1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to confer,
-				to grant, to seal, (a measure word)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">新書&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xin1shu1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>new book</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">新&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xin1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>meso-
-				(chem.), new, newly</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有一&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>you3yi1xie1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>somewhat,
-				rather</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">問題&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wen4ti2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>problem,
-				issue, topic</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">漢字&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>han4zi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Chinese
-				character</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">口語&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>kou3yu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>spoken
-				language</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">條&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tiao2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>measure
-				word for long, thin things (i.e. ribbon, river, etc.), a strip,
-				item, article</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">裙子&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qun2zi5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>skirt</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">白&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bai2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>white,
-				snowy, empty, blank, bright, clear, plain, pure, gratuitous</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">從&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>cong1 /
-				cong2 / zong4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>lax,
-				yielding, unhurried / from, obey, observe, follow / second cousin</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">晚上&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wan3shang5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>in the
-				evening</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">劇場&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ju4chang3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>theater</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">找&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhao3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to try to
-				find, to look for, to call on (sb), to find, to seek, to return,
-				to look for</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">太&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>highest,
-				greatest, too (much), very, extremely</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>le5 / liao3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(modal
-				particle intensifying preceding clause), (past tense marker) / to
-				know, to understand, to know</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">太忙&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tai4mang2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>too busy</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">大&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>da4 / dai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>big, huge,
-				large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest, eldest / doctor</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">太好了&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tai4hao3le5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>very good</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>liang3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>both, two,
-				ounce, some, a few, tael</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩個&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>liang3ge4zhong1guo2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>two-China
-				(policy)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">增加&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zeng1jia1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to raise,
-				to increase</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">倍&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bei4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(two,
-				three, etc) -fold, times (multiplier), double, to increase or
-				multiply</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩次&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>liang3ci4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>twice</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二十二&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>er4shi2er4hao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>22nd day of
-				a month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二次&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>er4ci4da4zhan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>World War
-				Two</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個人&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ge4ren2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>individual,
-				personal, oneself</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">六十&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>liu4shi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>sixty, 60</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">元&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yuan2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(dynasty),
-				dollar, primary, first</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二百&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>er4bai3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>two
-				hundred, 200</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">五十&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wu3shi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fifty</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩百&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>liang3bai3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>two hundred</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">千&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>thousand</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">億&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>a hundred
-				million, calculate</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩千&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>liang3qian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>two
-				thousand</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">人口&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ren2kou3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>population</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">千萬&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qian1wan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ten
-				million, millions and millions, very many</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三萬&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>san1wan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>30 thousand</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">點&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dian3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(downwards-right
-				convex character stroke), oclock, (a measure word), point, dot,
-				(decimal) point)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">兩點&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>2 :1 9
-				(time of day)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">半&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ban4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>half,
-				semi-, incomplete, (after a number) and a half, half</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">分&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fen1 / fen4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to divide,
-				minute, (a measure word), (a unit of length = 0.33 centimeter) /
-				part</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">刻&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ke4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>quarter
-				(hour), (a measure word), to carve, to engrave, to cut,
-				oppressive</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">五分&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wu3fen1mei3jin1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>nickel</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">差&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>cha1 / cha4
-				/ chai1 / ci1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>difference,
-				error, discrepancy, to differ, to err, to make a mistake, to lack
-				/ different, short of, poor, to lack / send, a messenger, a
-				mission, to commission / uneven</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">六點&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>liu4dian3liu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>6.6</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">七點&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qi1dian3er4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>7.2</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三十五&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>san1shi2wu3yi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>3.5 billion</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">八分&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ba1fen1yin1fu2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>quaver,
-				eighth note</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三分&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>san1fen1zhi1yi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>one third</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">今天&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jin1tian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>today, at
-				the present, now</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上午&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shang4wu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>morning</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這個&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhe4ge4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>this</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">每天&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mei3tian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>every day,
-				everyday</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下午&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xia4wu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>afternoon</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">每&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mei3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>each, every</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shang4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>on, on top,
-				upon, first (of two parts), previous or last (week, etc.), upper,
-				higher, above, previous, to climb, to go into, above, to go up</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">中文&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhong1wen2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Chinese
-				language</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">課&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ke4 / ke4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>subject,
-				class, lesson / class, lesson</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下課&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xia4ke4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>class is
-				over</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">等&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>deng3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>class,
-				rank, grade, equal to, same as, wait for, await, et cetera, and
-				so on</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">明天&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ming2tian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tomorrow</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上課&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shang4ke4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to attend
-				class</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">電影&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dian4ying3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>movie, film</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">中午&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhong1wu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>noon,
-				midday</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">報&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to
-				announce, to inform, report, newspaper, recompense, revenge</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">昨天&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zuo2tian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yesterday</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以前&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi3qian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>before,
-				formerly, previous</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以後&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi3hou4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>after,
-				later, afterwards, following, later on, in the future</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不住&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu2zhu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>repeatedly,
-				continuously, constantly</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">住宿&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhu4su4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>lodging</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">舍&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>she3 / she4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to abandon,
-				to give up / residence</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">回家&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hui2jia1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>homeward</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">閱覽室&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yue4lan3shi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>reading
-				room</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">美國以&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mei3guo2yi3wai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>outside of
-				the U.S.</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">後&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hou4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>back,
-				behind, rear, afterwards, after, later</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">半以&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ban4yi3shang4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>more than
-				half</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">作&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zuo4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to regard
-				as, to take (somebody) for, to do, to make</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">回&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hui2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(a measure
-				word for matters or actions) a time, to circle, to go back, to
-				turn around, to answer, to return, to revolve</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">跟&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>gen1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to follow,
-				to go with, heel, with, and</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一起&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi4qi3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>together</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">事兒&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shir4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>business,
-				thing</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">京劇&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jing1ju4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Beijing
-				opera</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">還是&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hai2shi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>or, still,
-				nevertheless</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">喜歡&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xi3huan5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to like, to
-				be fond of</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">紅茶&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hong2cha2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>black tea</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">綠茶&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>lu:4cha2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>green tea</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">要&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yao1 / yao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>demand,
-				ask, request, coerce / important, vital, to want, to be going to,
-				must</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">聽&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ting1 /
-				ting4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>listen,
-				hear, obey / let, allow</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">古典音樂&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>gu3dian3yin1yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>classical
-				music</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">現代音樂&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xian4dai4yin1yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>modern
-				music, contemporary music</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">讓&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>rang4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to ask, to
-				let, permit, have (someone do something), to yield, to allow</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">音樂&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yin1yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>music</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">孩子&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hai2zi5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>child</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">吃&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>chi1 / ji2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>eat,
-				eradicate, destroy, receive / stammer</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">晚飯&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wan3fan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>supper</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">酒&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jiu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wine,
-				liquor, spirits</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">別&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bie2 / bie4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>leave,
-				depart, separate, distinguish, classify, other, another, do not,
-				must not, to pin / contrary, difficult, awkward</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不要&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4yao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dont!, must
-				not</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">吸煙&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xi1yan1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to smoke</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">走&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zou3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to walk, to
-				go, to move</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">年&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>nian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>year</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">去年&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qu4nian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>last year</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">今年&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jin1nian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>this year</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">明年&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ming2nian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>next year</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一九九七&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>the year
-				1997</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一九九&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>the year
-				1997</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">八年&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ba1nian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>eight years</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一年&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1nian2ban4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>a year and
-				a half</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三年&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>san1nian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>three years</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">每年&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mei3nian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>every year,
-				each year, yearly</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">五年&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wu3nian2ji4hua4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Five-Year
-				Plan</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">月&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>moon, month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上個月&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shang4ge4yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>last month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這個月&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhei4ge4yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>this
-				(current) month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下個月&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xia4ge4yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>next month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一月&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>first
-				month, January</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">二月&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>er4yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>February,
-				second month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xing1qi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>week</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xia4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>under,
-				second (of two parts), next (week, etc.), lower, below,
-				underneath, down(wards), to decline, to go down, latter</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期一&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xing1qi1yi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Monday</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期二&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xing1qi1er4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Tuesday</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期六&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xing1qi1liu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Saturday</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期日&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xing1qi1ri4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Sunday</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期天&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xing1qi1tian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Sunday</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>� / <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">個&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>si4ge4xiao3shi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>four hours</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">日&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ri4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Japan, day,
-				sun, date, day of the month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">天&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>day, sky,
-				heaven</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一號&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1hao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>first day
-				of the month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>� / <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">月&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>si4yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>April,
-				fourth month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">六號&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>liu4hao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>6th day of
-				the month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十月&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi2yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>October</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一天&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1tian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>one day</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">半天&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ban4tian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>half of the
-				day, a long time, quite a while</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十一月&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi2yi1yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>eleventh
-				month, November</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">八九&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>pretty
-				close, very near, about right</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">七月&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qi1yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>July,
-				seventh month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十�
-				</span></font></font>/ &nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi2si4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fourteen,
-				14 
-				</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">五月&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wu3yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>May, fifth
-				month</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">八月&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ba1yue4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>eighth
-				month, August</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期五&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xing1qi1wu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Friday</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">星期�
-				</span></font></font>/ &nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xing1qi1si4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Thursday</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">水&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shui3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>water,
-				river</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不很&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4hen3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>not very</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">乾淨&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>gan1jing4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>clean, neat</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">送&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>song4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to deliver,
-				to carry, to give (as a present), to present (with), to see off,
-				to send</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">禮物&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>li3wu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>gift,
-				present</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">有意思&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>you3yi4si5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>interesting</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">開門&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>kai1men2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>open (the)
-				door</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">跳舞&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tiao4wu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to dance</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">姑娘&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>gu1niang5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>girl</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">同學&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tong2xue2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(fellow)
-				classmate</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">高興&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>gao1xing4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>happy,
-				glad, willing (to do sth), in a cheerful mood</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">絲&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>si1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>silk,
-				thread, trace</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">線&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xian4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>thread,
-				string, wire, line</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">衫&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shan1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Chinese
-				gown (unlined)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">小&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xiao3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>small,
-				tiny, few, young</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">服務員&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fu2wu4yuan2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>waiter,
-				waitress, server</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">非常&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fei1chang2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>unusual,
-				extraordinary, extreme, very, exceptional</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">年輕&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>nian2qing1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>young</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">真&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhen1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>real, true,
-				genuine</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">更&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>geng1 /
-				geng4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to change /
-				more, even more, further, still, still more</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">祝&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>invoke,
-				pray to, wish, to express good wishes</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">祝賀&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhu4he4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to
-				congratulate, congratulations</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">生日&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>sheng1ri4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>birthday</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上邊&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shang4bian5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>upside</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">左邊&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zuo3bian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>left</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">前邊&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qian2bian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(n) the
-				area in front of sth</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">中間&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhong1jian4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>betwixt,
-				intermediate, mid, middle</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">對面&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dui4mian4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>opposite</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">左&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zuo3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>left</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">中&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhong1 /
-				zhong4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>within,
-				among, in, middle, center, while (doing sth), during, China,
-				Chinese / hit (the mark)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">右&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>you4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>right
-				(-hand)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">前&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>before, in
-				front, ago, former, previous, earlier, front</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">裡&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>li3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>li, a
-				Chinese unit of length = 1, 2 kilometer, village, within, inside</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">外&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>outside, in
-				addition, foreign, external</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">邊&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>side, edge,
-				margin, border, boundary</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">外邊&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wai4bian5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(n)
-				outside, (n) exterior surface, (n) place other than ones home
-				town</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">房子&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fang2zi5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>house</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">後邊&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hou4bian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>behind</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">桌子&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhuo1zi5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>table, desk</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下邊&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xia4bian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(n) under</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">教室&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jiao4shi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>classroom</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">北京&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bei3jing1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Beijing
-				(capital of mainland China)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">很多&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hen3duo1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>very many,
-				very much, great (quantity)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">房&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fang2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>house</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">公園&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>gong1yuan2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>a public
-				park</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">花園&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hua1yuan2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>garden</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在車&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zai4che1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>aboard</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">右邊&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>you4bian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>right (as
-				opposed to left)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一個&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1ge4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>a, an</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">休息&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xiu1xi5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>rest, to
-				rest</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">正&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zheng1 /
-				zheng4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Chinese 1st
-				month of year / just (right), main, upright, straight, correct,
-				principle</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">正在&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zheng4zai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>in the
-				process of (doing something or happening), while (doing)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">的時候&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>de5shi2hou4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>when,
-				during, at the time of</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一定&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1ding4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>surely,
-				certainly, necessarily, fixed, a certain (extent, etc.), given,
-				particular</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">房間&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fang2jian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>room</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">里&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>li3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Chinese
-				mile, neighborhood</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">打電話&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>da3dian4hua4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to make a
-				telephone call</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">參觀&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>can1guan1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to look
-				around, to inspect, visit and observe</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">吃飯&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>chi1fan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to eat a
-				meal</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">花兒&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>huar1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>flower</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">漂亮&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>piao4liang5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>pretty,
-				beautiful</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">照片&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhao4pian4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>photograph,
-				picture</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">訪問&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fang3wen4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>pay a visit
-				(to), to access, to interview</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">觀&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>guan1 /
-				guan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to look at,
-				to watch, to observe, to behold / Taoist monastery</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">學校&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xue2xiao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>school</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">國家&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>guo2jia1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>country,
-				nation</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">總統&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zong3tong3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>president
-				(of a country)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">些&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xie1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>some, few,
-				several, (a measure word)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一些&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1xie1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>some, a
-				few, a little</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">這些&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhe4xie5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>these</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">那些&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>na4xie1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>those</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哪些&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>na3xie1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>which, who,
-				what</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">大衣&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>da4yi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>overcoat,
-				topcoat, cloak</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">黑&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hei1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>black, dark</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">點心&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dian3xin1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>light
-				refreshments, pastry</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">束&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bunch, (a
-				measure word), to bind, to control</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">在大&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>in most
-				instances</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">借&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jie4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to lend, to
-				borrow, excuse, pretext, by means of</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">書店&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shu1dian4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bookstore</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">電影�
-				</span></font></font>/ &nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dian4ying3yuan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>cinema,
-				movie theater</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">得&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>de2 / de5 /
-				dei3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>obtain,
-				get, gain, proper, suitable, proud, contented, allow, permit,
-				ready, finished / a sentence particle used after a verb to show
-				effect, degree or possibility / to have to, must, ought to, to
-				need to</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">怎麼樣&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zen3me5yang4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>how about,
-				(used in the negative)(not) so good</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">得很&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>de5hen3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>very (much,
-				good etc.)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">得不&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>de2bu4dao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>cannot get,
-				cannot obtain</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">錯&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>cuo4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mistake,
-				error, blunder, fault, cross, uneven, wrong</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">唱&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>chang4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>sing, to
-				call loudly, to chant</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">民歌&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>min2ge1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>folk song</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">歌唱&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ge1chang4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>sing</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">舞&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to dance,
-				to wield, to brandish</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">跳&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tiao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jump, hop,
-				skip (a grade), to leap, to bounce, to beat</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">開車&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>kai1che1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to drive a
-				car</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">開&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>kai1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>open,
-				operate (vehicle), start</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">快&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>kuai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fast,
-				quick, swift</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不快&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4kuai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>be unhappy,
-				be displeased, be in low spirits, be indisposed, feel under the
-				weather, be out of sorts</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">游泳&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>you2yong3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>swim</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">游&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>you2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to walk, to
-				tour, to roam, to swim, to travel</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">吧&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ba1 / ba5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(onomat.),
-				dumb / (modal particle indicating polite suggestion), ...right?,
-				...OK?</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">好吃&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hao3chi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tasty,
-				delicious</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不好&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4hao3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>no good</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">面&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mian4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fade, side,
-				surface, aspect, top, face, flour, noodles</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">包&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bao1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to cover,
-				to wrap, to hold, to include, to take charge of, package,
-				wrapper, container, bag, to hold or embrace, bundle, packet, to
-				contract (to or for)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">火腿&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>huo3tui3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ham</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">停車&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ting2che1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to stop, to
-				park</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不知&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4zhi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>unknowing(ly)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">道&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>direction,
-				way, method, road, path, principle, truth, reason, skill, method,
-				Tao (of Taoism), a measure word, to say, to speak, to talk</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">才&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>cai2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ability,
-				talent, endowment, gift, an expert, only (then), only if, just</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">開始&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>kai1shi3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>begin,
-				beginning, start, initial</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">三天&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>san1tian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>three days</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">再&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>again, once
-				more, re-, second, another</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">橘子&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ju2zi5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>orange</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不用&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4yong4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>need not</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">能&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>neng2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>can, may,
-				capable, energy, able</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">報紙&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bao4zhi3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>newspaper,
-				newsprint</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">可以&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ke3yi3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>can, may,
-				possible, able to</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>� / &nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hui4 /
-				kuai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>can, be
-				possible, be able to, to assemble, to meet, to gather, to see,
-				union, group, association / to balance an account, accounting</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不能&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4neng2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>cannot,
-				must not, should not</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不可&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4ke3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>cannot,
-				should not, must not</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">以&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to use,
-				according to, so as to, in order to, by, with, because</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不�
-				</span></font></font>/ &nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4hui4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>improbable,
-				unlikely, will not (act, happen, etc, ), have not learned to, be
-				unable to</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">下雨&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xia4yu3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>rainy</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">應該&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ying1gai1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ought to,
-				should, must</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">翻譯&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>fan1yi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>translate</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>� / <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不�
-				</span></font></font>/ &nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>hui4bu4hui4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(posing a
-				question: whether someone, something) can or not, is able to or
-				not</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">中國民&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhong1guo2min2hang2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>General
-				Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">歌&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ge1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>song</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">北京人&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bei3jing1ren2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>person from
-				Beijing, Peking Man (Sinanthropus pekinesis)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">就&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jiu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>at once,
-				then, right away, only, (emphasis), to approach, to move towards,
-				to undertake</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">可是&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ke3shi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>but,
-				however</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">老&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>lao3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(a prefix
-				used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the
-				order of birth of the children in a family to indicate affection
-				or familiarity), old (of people)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">十年&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi2nian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ten years</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">上個星期&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shang4ge4xing1qi1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>last week</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">出發&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>chu1fa1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to start
-				out, to set off</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">才能&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>cai2neng2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>talent,
-				ability, capacity</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">或者&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>huo4zhe3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>or,
-				possibly, maybe, perhaps</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">研究&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yan2jiu1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>research</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">文學&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wen2xue2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>literature</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">知道&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhi1dao5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>know, be
-				aware of</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">地方&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>di4fang5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>area,
-				place, local</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一時&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi4shi2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>temporary,
-				momentary</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">不定&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>bu4ding4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>indefinite,
-				adventitious, indeterminate</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">主意&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zhu3yi5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>plan, idea,
-				decision</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一定要&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1ding4yao4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>must</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">決定&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jue2ding4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to decide
-				(to do something), to determine, to resolve</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">其他&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qi2ta1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>other, else</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">選擇&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xuan3ze2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to select,
-				to pick, to choose, to make a choice</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">了解&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>liao3jie3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>understand,
-				come to understand, find out</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">懂&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dong3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to
-				understand, to know</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">哦&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>e2 / o2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to chant /
-				oh is that so</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">說&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shui4 /
-				shuo1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>persuade
-				(politically) / to speak, to say</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">甚麼&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shen2me5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>what</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">名字&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ming2zi5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(a persons)
-				name</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">談&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>tan2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to speak,
-				to talk, to converse, to chat, to discuss, (surname)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">進&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jin4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>advance,
-				enter, to come in</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">城&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>cheng2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>city walls,
-				city, town</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">試&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>shi4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to test, to
-				try, experiment, examination, test</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">又&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>you4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(once)
-				again, also, both... and..., again</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">晚&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>wan3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>evening,
-				night, late</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">進來&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>jin4lai2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(v) come in</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">一點兒&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>yi1dianr3</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>a bit, a
-				little</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">新年&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>xin1nian2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>New Year</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">足球&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zu2qiu2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>football
-				(British English), soccer (American English)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">賽&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>sai4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to compete,
-				competition, match</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">出去&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>chu1qu4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(v) go out</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">辦&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ban4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to do, to
-				manage, to handle, to go about, to run, to set up, to deal with</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">簽&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>qian1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>sign ones
-				name</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">証&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zheng4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(translation
-				unavailable)</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">早飯&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zao3fan4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>breakfast</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">早上&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>zao3shang5</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>early
-				morning</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">沒吃&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>mei2chi1mei2chuan1</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>(idiom) to
-				be without food and clothing; be very poor</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">隊&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>dui4</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>squadron,
-				team, group</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-		<tr>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">贏&nbsp;</span></font></font></p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>ying2</p>
-			</td>
-			<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>&nbsp;</p>
-			</td>
-			<td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>to beat, to
-				win, to profit</p>
-			</td>
-		</tr>
-	</table>
-</center>
-<p><br/>
-<br/>
-
-</p>
-</body>
-</html>

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-|| characterspinyin, zhuyintranslations
-|-
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-|| 
-||  in 
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-|- style="border:0.75pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"
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-|| Link characters to online dictionariesOnly treat the first occurrence of each wordInclude links to 
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-|-
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-|- style="background-color:#d0d0f0;border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
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-|| audio text-to-speechtooltips require DHTML; status-line requires a willing browser 
-|-
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-|-
-|}
-
-
-== Grammar notes ==
-
-=== 嗎? ===
-
-One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add 嗎 at the end of a statement. Hence 你好! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎? (How are you?) 
-
-=== 你呢? ===
-
-This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to you. Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how about you?" 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 你好嗎?</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">How are you? </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 我很好, 你呢?</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I am fine, and you? </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 你忙嗎?</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Are you busy? </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 我不忙, 你呢?</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I am not busy, what about you? </div>
-
-=== 很, 也, 都 ===
-
-All three are adverbs, which should be placed ''before'' what they modify in Chinese. E.g., 很好, 也好, 都好. 
-
-Sometimes 很 is not really employed to mean "very" if it is modifying a monosyllabic adjective such as 好. It is simply because to say 我好 is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic adjective as the predicate of the sentence. Therefore people usually add 很 before 好 to make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 in this case does not necessarily mean "I am ''very'' well", it may simply convey the meaning of "I am fine". 
-
-''The order of these words:'' If all three adverbs occur in the same sentence, their order is 也 -- 都 -- 很: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我很好.我也很好.我們也都很好.</div>
-
-N.B. 都 (both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the ''left'' of it. Hence it is wrong to say 都他們很好 ("all of them are fine"). One should say 他們都很好. 
-
-=== 都不 vs. 不都 ===
-
-都不 indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 shows a partial negation: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們都不忙</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">None of them is busy. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們不都忙</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Not all of them are busy. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們都不是大夫</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">None of us is a doctor. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們不都是大夫</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Not all of us are doctors.</div>
-
-=== 的 ===
-
-As an auxiliary word, 的 is used to indicate possession. It comes between the subject and the noun it modifies: 我的書, 我媽媽的車 etc. 
-
-In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the possessive marker 的 can be omitted. ''Otherwise it cannot''. 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 你弟弟 = 你的弟弟, 我爸爸 = 我的爸爸 </div>
-
-=== 我很好 -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be". ===
-
-Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb. In the sentence 我很好, the adjectival phrase 很好 serves as the predicate for the sentence. No verb "to be" is needed as in English (I ''am'' very well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an ''adjective'' as its predicate, even in negative sentences. 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 他們很忙, 我們不忙</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">They are very busy, we are not.</div>
-
-Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 should still be retained: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他是我朋友</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">He is my friend.</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我不是她的哥哥</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I am not her elder brother.</div>
-
-=== Proper Response ===
-
-Study the following two dialogues: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎?</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Is your mother a doctor? </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 是, 她是大夫.</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Yes, she is a doctor.</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 你媽媽忙嗎?</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Is your mother busy? </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 忙, 她很忙.</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Yes, she is very busy.</div>
-
-To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb -- in the above case 是 and 忙 respectively -- as an equivalent to the English "yes" before making the statement itself. Note therefore that the response is not always 是. 
-
-== Questions with interrogative words 誰, 哪, 什麼 ==
-
-Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as "what", "when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a question, Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming questions using such interrogative words as 誰, 哪, 什麼, etc: # 他是我弟弟. (He is my younger brother.)他是誰? (Who is he?) 
-# 他是我們老師. (He is our teacher.)誰是你們老師? (Who is your teacher?) 
-# 他是中國人. (He is Chinese.)他是哪國人? (What is his nationality?) 
-# 這是中國地圖. (This is a map of China.)這是什麼地圖? (What map is this?) 
-# 那是書. (That is a book.)那是什麼? (What is that?) 
-# 這是她的車. (This is her car.)這是誰的車? (Whose car is this?) 
-
-
-
-As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form questions. No change of word order takes place. 
-
-== Asking a person's name ==
-
-There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that person is. # 您貴姓﹖ <br/>This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to address one's elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 cannot be used when asking about a third person's name, or when referring to oneself. <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 您/你貴姓﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">What is your name?</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 我姓丁。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">My name is Ding.</div>
-# 你叫什麼﹖ <br/>This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually used to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors. If one wants to be a bit polite, 請問 can be added to the question: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">請問﹐你叫什麼﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">May I ask, what's your name?</div><br/>Unlike 貴姓, which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 can be employed for all persons: <br/>她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖etc. 
-
-
-
-When asked 你姓什麼﹖you are supposed to give your last name first, and then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when asked 你叫什麼﹖you can give either your given name or your full name. 
-
-== Word usage: 學習﹐ 學 ==
-
-Both words mean "to study" or "to learn". Whereas 學習 can be used both transitively and intransitively, 學 is normally reserved for transitive use. 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 我學(習)漢語﹐她學(習)法語。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I study Chinese, she studies French. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我學習﹐我弟弟不學習。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I study, my younger brother doesn't study.</div>
-
-In the second sentence, the word 習 cannot be omitted. 
-
-== Grammar notes ==
-
-# 在 (to be at/in...) functions as a verb. <br/>To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use the following pattern: <br/>S + 在 + place/location word or phrasee.g. A: 你的地圖在哪兒﹖B: 我的地圖在那兒。A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖B: 他們在中國。 <br/>If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 古波在嗎﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Is Gubo in [or: here]?</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 他不在﹐他在學生宿舍。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.</div><br/>
-
-# Nouns / personal pronouns + 這兒/那兒 as place words. <br/>e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖B: 在我這兒。(or 在我那兒)A: 你的車在哪兒﹖B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。 <br/>The choice of 這兒 and 那兒 depends on the distance between the object and the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use 這兒; if not, use 那兒. 
-# The word order for Chinese place words <br/>Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives in room 423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她住學院學生宿舍四層四二三號。 Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is applicable to the address used when writing letters as well. 
-# To live (stay) at a place <br/>Most often one uses 住 to indicate that one lives or stays at a certain place. There are several patterns for the use of 住. For example, to say "I live here", one can have the following: <br/>S + 住 + place word (我住這兒)S + 住在 + place word (我住在這兒)S + 在 + place word + 住 (我在這兒住)<br/>All three sentences have the same meaning. 
-# Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc <br/>Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by digit: <br/>English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)Chinese: # 1452 (一四五二號) 
-
-
-
-== The use of 還 (to return something to someone) ==
-
-When using 還 to indicate "return", use the following pattern: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">S + 還 + (sb.) + sth.e.g. 我還他畫報你還丁云的車。(Notice here sb. is omitted.)</div>
-
-This pattern is ''only'' used for simple objects, i.e. the object to be returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的日本車, etc. Notice in the second example above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say 你還丁云丁云的車, although grammatically it is correct. We will later learn the ways to express something more complicated. 
-
-== 用一下兒 ==
-
-In this phrase, 用 is a verb which can be used both transitively and intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an object). 一下兒 is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little while". If an object is to be used for 用 in the above phrase, it should be placed after 一下兒: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while? </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">They want to use your dad's car for a little while.</div>
-
-== Time Word 現在 ==
-
-Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a sentence: ''before'' or ''after'' the subject. 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">現在她去學院還書。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Now she is going to the college to return books. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or 她現在去學院還書。</div>
-
-== 常 and 常常 ==
-
-常 in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 without a change of meaning. Thus, 他常喝茶 = 他常常喝茶, 我們常去看書 = 我們常常去看書.
-
-In making negative sentences, however, 常 is normally ''not'' reduplicated. Hence 他不常喝茶, 我們不常去看書.
-
-== Affirmative-Negative questions ==
-
-An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她是中國人嗎﹖becomes 她是不是中國人﹖ </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你忙嗎﹖becomes 你忙不忙﹖ </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你認識他嗎﹖becomes 你認識不認識他﹖</div># If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">忙不忙, 認識不認識, 介紹不介紹</div>
-# If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb that gets repeated, not the noun following it: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你喝不喝茶﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你去不去中國﹖</div>
-# Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the form of "V + object + 不 + V ?" as well, although this is not as common: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你喝茶不喝茶﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她去中國不去﹖</div>
-# As in questions with interrogative words (誰, 什麼, etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎 at the end.
-# If an adverb such as 常, 都, 也 or 很 comes ''before'' the predicative verb or adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use 嗎 instead: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你們都去中國嗎﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 你們都去不去中國﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他常喝咖啡嗎﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖</div><br/>Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come ''before'' the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:
-## 她很忙嗎﹖ but not 她很忙不忙﹖
-## 她是很好大夫嗎﹖ 她是不是很好的大夫﹖
-
-The second instance is acceptable because 很 comes ''after'' the predicative verb 是.
-# If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the ''first'' verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question: <br/>你去商店買紙嗎﹖becomes 你去不去商店買紙﹖他們歡迎我來嗎﹖ becomes 他們歡迎不歡迎我來﹖
-
-
-
-== 和 and 都 ==
-
-In Chinese, 和 as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or phrases, ''never'' two clauses or sentences: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">中國和美國我的爸爸和媽媽她學習漢語和英語。你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。</div>
-
-The adverb 都 is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or adjective. It governs only the elements ''before'' it: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們都去中國。 (All of us go to China: 都 modifies 我們.)but not 都我們去中國。</div>
-
-This is also wrong: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我都學漢語和法語。</div>
-
-because 都 modifies 我 and not 漢語和法語. If "both Chinese and French" is intended in the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 should be placed before 都: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我漢語和法語都學。or 漢語和法語都我學。</div>
-
-== The verb 有 expressing possession and existence ==
-
-The verb 有 in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the English "to have" and "there is" or "there are": 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她有漢語詞典。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She has a Chinese dictionary. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們學院有多外國學生。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">There are a lot of foreign students in our college.</div>
-
-N.B.: # To negate 有, one uses 沒 instead of 不: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我有哥哥﹐我沒有姐姐。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.</div>
-# Informally in a negative sentence, 有 can sometimes be omitted: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我朋友沒(有)書﹐也沒(有)筆。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">My friend does not have books, nor pens. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">現在我們的宿舍沒(有)人。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">There is no one in our dorm now.</div>
-# The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 ... ?" <br/>她有沒有妹妹﹖呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒有人﹖<br/>Sometimes, if the object of 有 is not long, one can use the form "... 有 + object + 沒有 ?" as well, although this form is not as common as the previous one. <br/>她有妹妹沒有﹖這宿舍有人沒有﹖
-
-
-
-== Prepositional construction with 在 (in, at) and 給 (for, to) ==
-
-The object of 在 is often a place-word and the object of 給 is often the beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative verb. In Chinese, a prepositional construction comes ''before'' the verb it modifies: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他在銀行工作。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She works in a bank. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 她工作在銀行。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我給你們介紹一下兒。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Let me introduce you to one another. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。</div>
-
-To form a negative sentence, 不 is placed ''before'' the prepositional construction: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他不在銀行工作。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我不給你們介紹。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I am not going to introduce you.</div>
-
-Adverbs such as 常, 都, 也 are also placed ''before'' the prepositional construction: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們都在 City Lit 學院學習漢語。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">We all study Chinese at the City Lit. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你常給你媽媽信嗎﹖</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do you often write to your mother? </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我爸爸也常給我寫信。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">My dad also often writes to me.</div>
-
-== Word usage: 想 ==
-
-The word 想 in Chinese carries various meanings: # 想 + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">丁雲很想家。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Ding Yun misses her family very much. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我很想我的爸爸媽媽。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I miss my parents very much. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你不想你的男朋友嗎﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Don't you miss your boyfriend? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你想不想她﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do you miss her?</div>
-# 想 + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 你想去商店嗎﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do you want to go to the shop? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 我不想去。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I don't want to go.</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 你想不想學法語﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do you want to study French? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 我也想學法語。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I also want to study French.</div>
-# 想 + clause = to think/suppose something: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我想她是中國人。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I think she is Chinese. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I think her parents are both doctors.</div><br/>N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 in this capacity, put the negative adverb in the ''subordinate clause'', not in the main clause as in English: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我想她不是中國人。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I don't think she is Chinese. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 我不想她是中國人。</div>
-
-
-
-N.B. 想 as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form ''only'' in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3. 
-
-== Word usage: 告訴 ==
-
-告訴 means "to tell". In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell somebody something, or to tell somebody ''to do'' something. The Chinese verb 告訴 can only be applied to the first of these patterns. 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She told me her work. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我告訴媽媽你是我的好朋友。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 我告訴他給我寫信。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I told him to write to me.</div>
-
-Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我, 媽媽) of 告訴 in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a verb-phrase for its direct object. In this case, we should use 叫 or 請 in place of 告訴 to make a correct sentence: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我請他給我寫信。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I asked him to write to me.</div>
-
-== The Numbers in Chinese ==
-
-For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">○ (or 零), 一, 二, 三, 四, 五, 六, 七, 八, 九, 十</div>
-
-Further on, they are: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">十一 = 11, 十二 = 12, 十九 = 19二十 = 20, 二十一 = 21, 二十八 = 28三十 = 30, 四十 = 40, 九十 = 90, 九十九 = 99</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">一百 = 100一百零一 = 101, 一百十 = 110, 一百十一 = 111三百二十七 = 327, 九百零九 = 909</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">一千 = 1000一千零一 = 1001, 五千零四十 = 5040, 八千七百二十五 = 8725</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">一萬 = 10,000四萬零八百零一 = 40,801</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">一億 = 100,000,000 </div>
-
-N.B.: # Numbers like 15 are written e.g. 十五, not 一十五.
-# A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101 is 一百零一, and 3020 is 三千零二十. Notice the last zero in 3020 is ''not'' pronounced because it is not between two other digits. <br/>If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一. However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched, as in 40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一.
-
-
-
-== Grammar notes ==
-
-# Measure words <br/>In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative pronouns such as 這 or 那, or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 or 幾, a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and its modifier(s): <br/>三本書, 十五個學生, 那個老師, 哪個圖書館, 幾本詞典
-# 幾 and 多少 <br/>Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much". Whereas 幾 should be used with a measure word, 多少 can be used either with or without a measure word for the noun it modifies. <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你有幾本詞典﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你有多少(本)詞典﹖</div><br/>The measure word 本 is a must for the first sentence, but only optional in the second. <br/>Also, when 幾 is used, the expected answer is usually under 10, whereas 多少 can be used whether one expects a large or small answer. <br/>你們大學有多少學生﹖你家有幾個人﹖
-# Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects <br/>As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person). <br/>王老師教我們語法。<br/>In this sentence, 教 is a verb that takes 我們 as the indirect object and 法語 as the direct object. Generally the indirect goes before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same way include 還, 告訴 and 問. <br/>Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say 他買我一本書 (He bought me a book), or 她寫我一封信 (She wrote me a letter). The correct way of saying these would be to use 給, as in 他給我買一本書 and 她給我寫一封信. 
-# Adjectives as modifiers <br/>When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the noun as in English: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">新書</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">new book </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">好朋友</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">good friend</div><br/>However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more syllables, the particle 的 is usually inserted between the modifier and the noun it modifies: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">很新的書 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">very new book </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">很好的朋友 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">very good friend</div>
-
-
-
-== Word usage: 也 and 還 ==
-
-也 is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement. Hence the relationship between the statement introduced by 也 and the previous one is a ''parallel'' relationship. 還, on the other hand, introduces an ''additional'' element to the previous statement. 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 你有一個問題﹐我也有一個問題。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">You have a question; I also have a question. The two are parallel here. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我還有一個問題。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I have already had some questions, but I still have one more. This is ''in addition to'' the previous ones.</div>
-
-Under certain circumstances, 也 and 還 are interchangeable, but with different emphasis: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他還教我們口語。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。</div>
-
-Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses the fact that Wang teaches conversation ''in addition to'' the other subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three subjects he teaches without prioritization. 
-
-== Grammar notes ==
-
-# 的 construction <br/>A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an adjective) with the word 的 can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">這條裙子是我姐姐的。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">This skirt is my sister's. Noun + 的) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">哪本詞典是你的﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + 的 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你爸爸的車是白的嗎﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + 的 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你喝的是什麼茶﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + 的</div><br/>These constructions normally involve the verb 是 (or 不是). 
-# Usage of 從 <br/>從 + place word + 去 = to go from; 從 + place word + 來 = to come from. <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Where did you come from? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我從圖書館來。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I came from the library. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們晚上從我家去劇場。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.</div>
-# Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 / 那兒 = over here/there at ...'s place <br/>When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 or 那兒, they function as a place word or expression. Since one cannot say 我去她 (I went to her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 (I went to her place), because 她那兒 is now regarded as a place expression. Similarly one cannot say 你的裙子在我 (Your skirt is with me), but one can say 你的裙子在我這兒 (Your skirt is with me). More examples: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你的書在他那兒。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Your book is at his place. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們都去姐姐那兒。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">We all went to my sister's place. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">老師來我這兒找她。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.</div><br/>As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker, use 那兒; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself or herself, use 這兒. 
-# 太 + adjective + 了 <br/>This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is used between 太 and 了: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">太忙了﹗</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Too busy! </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">太大了﹗</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Too big!</div><br/>The expression 太好了﹗, however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or admiration. 
-
-
-
-== Word study: 二 vs. 兩 ==
-
-These both mean "two", and are used as follows. # When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩: <br/>兩個人, 兩本書, 增加了兩倍, 去了兩次 
-# 二 should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is followed by a measure word: <br/>二十二, 一百零二次, 十二個人, 五千八百六十二元 <br/>There are some more restrictions, though:
-## Only 二 can be used before the character 十; before the character 百, 二 is usually employed but 兩 may also be used: <br/>二十, 二百二十五, 二百五十元 or 兩百五十元 
-## For numbers like 千, 萬 or 億, 兩 is used more often than 二: <br/>兩千元 (also 二千元), 兩萬三千八, 兩億人口 
-## If the number is greater than 百, 千, 萬, ''i.e.'' if there are more digits before 百, 千 or 萬, then put 二 instead of 兩 in front: <br/>四億二千萬, 三萬二千人, 五千二百元 
-
-
-
-== Time ==
-
-The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese: 
-
-A: 現在幾點﹖B: 現在...
-
-
-{| style="border-spacing:0;width:6.765cm;"
-|-
-|| 兩點
-|| 2:00
-|-
-|| 十點半 (or 十點三十分)
-|| 10:30
-|-
-|| 三點一刻 (or 三點十五分)
-|| 3:15
-|-
-|| 十二點三刻 (or 十二點四十五分)
-|| 12:45
-|-
-|| 兩點差五分 (or 差五分兩點)
-|| 1:55
-|-
-|| 五點二十分
-|| 5:20
-|-
-|| 六點零五分
-|| 6:05
-|-
-|| 七點三十五分
-|| 7:35
-|-
-|}
-Some notes: # When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零, as in 三點零八分 (3:08) or 十二點零三分 (12:03).
-# When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 is optional: <br/>七點十五 or 七點十五分
-# "This morning" is 今天上午, not for example 這個上午; "every afternoon" is 每天下午, not 每下午.
-
-
-
-== Placement of time-words ==
-
-A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject or at the beginning of a sentence: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們十點半上中文課十點半我們上中文課</div>
-
-Some notes: # A time-word does not take a preposition: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我三點下課</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 我在三點下課</div>
-# A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她晚上來 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She came in the evening.</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or 晚上她來</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 她來晚上</div>
-# If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the smaller: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">今天晚上八點 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">at 8 o'clock this evening</div>
-# If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word goes first: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我晚上八點在圖書館等你 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">明天你幾點在哪兒上課﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?</div>
-# Time-word + 的 + noun (time-words modifying nouns) <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 你想看幾點的電影﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">What show do you want to see? ''literally'' What time's film do you want to see? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 我想看中午十二點半的(電影)。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 這是今天的報嗎﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Is this today's paper? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 不是今天的報﹐是昨天的。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's. </div>
-
-
-
-== The use of the time-words 以前 and 以後 ==
-
-When used by itself, 以前 means "previously" or "before" and 以後 means "later", "afterwards" or "in the future": 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I was a student before; now I am a teacher. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你以前在哪兒工作﹖</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Where did you work before? </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">以前我不住宿舍﹐現在住宿舍。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.</div>
-
-When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 means "before..." and 以後 means "after...": 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">十點以前我不回家。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I won't go home before 10. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">回家以前我在閱覽室看書。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I read books in the reading-room before I go home. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">來美國以後他在這兒工作。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">He has been working here after he came to America. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">十點半以後你在宿舍作什麼﹖</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?</div>
-
-N.B. When 以前 or 以後 is used together with a time-word or verb phrase to mean "before" or "after", the word order is exactly the opposite of the English equivalent: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">四點以前</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">before 4 o'clock </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">下課以前</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">before the class is over </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">明天晚上以後</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">after tomorrow evening (or night) </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">回宿舍以後</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">after returning to the dormitory</div>
-
-== A 跟 B (一起) + verb/verb-phrase ==
-
-跟 as a preposition means "with", and 一起 means "together". This pattern is used to indicate that A and B do something together. Here 跟 can be replaced with 和 without changing the meaning; and the phrase 一起 is optional. 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 我跟 (or 和) 她去看電影。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I go to see a film with her. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我跟她一起去看電影。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She and I go to see a film together.) </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">With whom are you going to the theatre tonight? </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 晚上你有事兒嗎﹖跟我一起去看京劇﹐好嗎﹖</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing opera! </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.</div>
-
-N.B. This pattern of A 跟 B (一起) is always placed ''before'' the main verb in the sentence. Hence the following sentence, with English word order, is wrong: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我想去跟我男朋友一起。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I want to go together with my boyfriend.</div>
-
-== Alternative Questions using 還是 ==
-
-In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 to connect two choices, which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or clauses: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你喜歡紅茶還是綠茶﹖ (nouns)這本書是你的還是她的﹖ (noun phrases)下午你來還是不來﹖ (verbs)你要聽古典音樂還是聽現代音樂﹖ (verb phrases)今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ (clauses)</div>
-
-Note:# the two items connected by 還是 are normally parallel in structure; and
-# as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 at the end. 
-
-
-
-== Pivotal Sentences with 請, 讓, 叫 ==
-
-In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal sentence is one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the subject of the following verb. This object therefore functions as a pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence. 
-
-The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause something to happen) such as 請, 讓 or 叫. All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something. Of the three, 請 is the most polite; 讓 is less so, and 叫 is the least polite. So watch out for the occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">學生請王老師介紹中國音樂。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">老師讓學生每天寫漢字。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">爸爸叫孩子學中文。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Dad asked his child to study Chinese.</div>
-
-Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of politeness. 
-
-Note:# Besides the use of 請 above (meaning "to ask someone to do something"), 請 can also be used to mean "to invite": <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們請他來吃晚飯。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">We invited him to dinner. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?</div>
-# To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 ''before the first verb'': <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我的大夫不讓我喝酒。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們不叫我去看電影。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">They did not invite me to go to the pictures.</div>
-
-
-
-== Word usage: 別 and 不要 ==
-
-別 and 不要 both mean "do not". They can be used in negative ''imperative'' sentences with or without a subject. They are placed between the subject (if present) and the verb or adjective: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">(你) 別 (or 不要) 告訴他﹗別喝酒﹗ 別去那兒﹗不要吸煙﹗ 下午不要去﹗</div>
-
-Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative sentences. It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他走. One can say instead 爸爸不請他走. 
-
-== Expressions for the date, week, month and year ==
-
-# 年, year 
-## 去年 = last year; 今年 = this year; 明年 = next year
-## 一九九七年, 一九九八年, ...
-## 一年 = one year; 兩年 = two years (not 二年); 三年 = three years每年 = every year; 五年半 = five-and-a-half years
-# 月, month 
-## 上個月= last month; 這個月 = this month; 下個月 = next month
-## 一月 = January; 二月 = February (not 兩月); ... 二十月 = December
-# 星期, week 
-## 上 (個) 星期 = last week; 這 (個) 星期 = this week; 下 (個) 星期 = next week
-## 星期一 = Monday; 星期二 = Tuesday; ... 星期六 = Saturday; 星期日 or 星期天 = Sunday
-## 一 (個) 星期 = one week; 兩 (個) 星期 = two weeks (not 二 (個) 星期); 三 (個) 星期 = three weeks; 四個半星期 = four-and-a-half weeks; ... 每 (個) 星期 = every week 
-# 日 / 號 / 天 date <br/>Use 日 or 號 for a ''specific'' date. Usually 日 is used in written and formal language and 號 is used in conversation. The word 天 should be used in ''counting'' the number of days: 
-## 作天 = yesterday; 今天 = today; 明天 = tomorrow
-## 一號; 二號 (not 兩號); ... 三十一號四月六號; 十月二十五日; ...
-## 一天 = one day; 兩天 = two days (not 二天); ... 半天 = half a day; 每天 = every day
-
-
-
-Some notes: # When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the calendar date comes before the day of the week: <br/>一九九六年十一月二十五號星期一一七八九年七月十四日
-# Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">今年五月</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the May of this year (whether it has passed or not) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">去年八月 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the August of last year </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">明年二月 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the February of next year</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">這 (個) 星期五 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">上 (個) 星期一 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the Monday of last week </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">下 (個) 星期四 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the Thursday of next week</div><br/>Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as 這個星期一, if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days, and for months. 
-
-
-
-== Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun ==
-
-Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a modified to form a relative clause: # Unlike in English, all modifiers go ''before'' the element they modify in Chinese: <br/>他喝的水不很乾淨這是我朋友送我的禮物
-# The word 的 has to be inserted between the modifier and the element it modifies: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我下午看的電影很有意思。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">給你開門的那個人是我妹妹。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">跟他跳舞的姑娘是我的同學。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The girl who danced with him was my classmate.</div>
-
-
-
-== Other grammar notes ==
-
-# Sentences with an adjectival predicate <br/>The verb 是 is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence where the main element of the predicate is an adjective: <br/>我們今天很高興。她的絲線衫太小。那個服務員非常年輕。<br/>In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not preceded by adverbs such as 真, 太, 非常 or 更, it is usually qualified by the adverb 很. In such cases, 很 does not really mean "very"; 他很忙 and 他忙 mean virtually the same. <br/>Also, adverbs such as 很, 常, 也, 非常, 太 or 更 ''cannot'' be used in affirmative-negative sentences of this type: <br/>你高興不高興﹖ but not 你很高興不很高興﹖她年輕不年輕﹖ but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖你去不去﹖ but not 你也去不去﹖
-# 祝你 vs 祝賀你 <br/>In general, 祝你 is used to extend well-wishes ''in advance'' whereas 祝賀你 is used to congratulate someone on something ''already accomplished'': <br/>祝你生日好﹗ (One can say this on the day, or in advance.)祝賀你﹗ (Say this only when something has already been accomplished.)
-# Reduplication of verbs <br/>To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can be repeated: <br/>我給你們介紹介紹。 (Notice the pattern is ABAB, not AABB.)你們想去看看她嗎﹖讓我想想。<br/>In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 can be inserted: <br/>讓我想一想。我們都想看一看她。<br/>Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒 after the verb: <br/>用一下兒 = 用用 = 用一用看一下兒 = 看看 = 看一看介紹一下兒 = 介紹介紹
-
-
-
-== Position words ==
-
-Words such as 上邊, 左邊, 前邊, 中間, 對面 are position words. Some of the basic syllables are: 
-
-
-{| align="center" style="border-spacing:0;width:5.614cm;"
-|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 上 - up
-|| &nbsp;
-|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
-|| 左 - left&nbsp;
-|| 中 - middle
-|| &nbsp;右 - right
-|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 下 - down
-|| &nbsp;
-|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
-| colspan="3" | &nbsp;
-|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
-|| 前 - front
-|| &nbsp;
-|| &nbsp;裡 - in
-|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
-|| 後 - back
-|| &nbsp;
-|| &nbsp;外 - out
-|-
-|}
-Usually, add 邊 to make "on the left", "above", "outside" etc. 
-
-Position words can be used in two ways. Compare: # Noun (+ 的) + position word: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">車(的)外邊</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">outside the car </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">房子(的)後邊</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">behind the house </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">桌子(的)對面</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">opposite the table </div>
-# Position word + 的 + noun (here the 的 is ''mandatory''). <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">外邊的車</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">後邊的房子</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the house behind (the house which is behind) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">對面的桌子</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the way) </div>
-
-
-
-Notes:# When 上邊, 下邊, 裡邊 and 外邊 are modified by other nouns, the character 邊 can be omitted: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">房子(的)裡(邊)</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">inside the house </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">桌子(的)上(邊)</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">on the table </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">教室(的)外(邊)</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">outside the classroom</div>
-# Do ''not'' use 裡邊 in the following two cases:
-## After geographical names such as 中國, 北京 etc: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她在北京學習漢語。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She studies Chinese in Beijing. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">美國有很多大學。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">There are many universities in America. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。</div>
-## In a phrase of the form "在 + place, building or organisation": <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我在銀行工作。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I work in a bank. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們在閱覽室看書。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">They are reading books in the reading-room. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。</div>
-
-
-
-== Patterns for Location ==
-
-There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在, 有 and 是 respectively and with different meanings: # To show that there is something in a certain place: 有 <br/>Position word + 有 + indefinite noun: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">後邊有什麼﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">What is behind? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">後邊有一個車房。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">There is a garage behind. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們家對面有一個公園。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Across from our home, there is a park. </div>
-# To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在 <br/>Definite noun + 在 + position word: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">花園在哪兒﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Where is the garden? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">花園在我們家後邊。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The garden is behind our house. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">花園在車房 (的) 右邊。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The garden is to the right of the garage. </div>
-# To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是 <br/>Position word + 是 + definite/indefinite noun: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你們家後邊是什麼﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">What's behind your house? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們家後邊是一個花園。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Behind our house is a garden. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">In front of their house is the college library. </div>
-
-
-
-== Progressive aspect of an action ==
-
-To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the following patterns: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她在休息。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She is resting. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她正休息。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她正在休息。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她休息呢。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她在休息呢。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她正休息呢。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她正在休息呢。 </div>
-
-Notes: # All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted. 
-# The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but also to past and future actions: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她現在正在休息。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She is resting now. ''present progressive'' </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我去的時候﹐她正在休息。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">When I went there, she was resting. ''past progressive'' </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我明天去看她的時候﹐她一定正在休息。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting. ''future progressive'' </div>
-# As shown above, either 在, 正 or 正在 can be placed before a verb to indicate the progressive aspect of an action. 
-# Alternatively, 呢 can be placed at the end of the sentence to perform the same function. Sometimes 呢 can be used together with 在, 正 or 正在. 
-# The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有, not 不, before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer. Otherwise the full form of 沒有 must be used: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她沒(有)休息﹐她在看報。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。(or simply 沒有) </div>
-# If both the 在 of the progressive aspect and the 在 of location exist in a sentence, only one should be used: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她正在房間里休息。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 她正在在房間里休息。 </div>
-
-
-
-== Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers ==
-
-An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as 我給她打電話, 他今天買, 我們去北京參觀 can be used as a modifier for a noun. When used this way, there must be a 的 inserted between the construction and the noun it modifies: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃飯。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">When I called her, she was eating. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他今天買的花兒很漂亮。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The flowers he bought today are very pretty. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">請你們看我們去北京參觀的照片。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">這是誰給你寫的信﹖</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Who wrote this letter to you? </div>
-
-The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the 的, which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.
-
-== Word usage: 參觀 vs. 訪問 ==
-
-Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English. However, while 參觀 implies 觀 (to see), 訪問 stresses 問 (to ask). Hence 參觀 really implies observation while visiting and 訪問 means to visit people with specific purpose such as interviews. 參觀 can be followed by places but not people; whereas 訪問 can take either, but most commonly people. 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">參觀/訪問學校 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">訪問他/這個國家的總統 </div>
-
-== Grammar Notes ==
-
-# Measure word 些 <br/>些 is a measure word showing indefinite quantity. It is usually used after demonstrative pronouns such as 這, 那, 哪 and after the numeral 一: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">一些</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">some </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">這些</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">these </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">那些</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">those </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">哪些</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">which (plural) </div><br/>Don't attempt to mix 些 with definite measures. It is wrong to say 這些三本詞典 (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這三本詞典. 
-# 是 . . . 的 construction <br/>Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or adjectives: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">這本書是中文的。= 這本書中文的書。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">那條裙子是妹妹的。= 那條裙子是妹妹的裙子。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">姐姐的大衣是黑的。= 姐姐的大衣是黑的大衣。 </div><br/>But the 是 . . . 的 construction can also be used with prepositional phrases and even whole verbal constructions: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">那些點心是給丁雲的。= 那些點心是丁雲的點心。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Those pastries are for Ding Yun. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">這束花兒是我給她買的。= 這束花兒我給她買的花兒。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的。= 這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的書。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">This book is the one I borrowed from the university library. </div>
-
-
-
-== The use of the Complement of Degree ==
-
-=== What is a complement? ===
-
-A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain or complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of an action. Complements always appear '''after''' the verbs they modify. 
-
-We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the words they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because Chinese word order often observes the time sequence in which an action occurs. Notice, for example: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">昨天晚上我們從書店去電影院。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop. </div>
-
-Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a verbal action has to take place first, before one can see its extent or result, the complement placed after the verb observes this time sequence. 
-
-=== The complement of degree ===
-
-This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle 得 is used to connect the verb and its complement: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他學習得怎麼樣﹖</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">How is he studying? </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他學習得很好。</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">He's studying very well.</div>
-
-The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows: # Verb without object: V + 得 + adjective <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你工作得不錯。</div>
-# Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 + adjective <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我妹妹唱民歌唱得很好。</div>
-# Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 + adjective <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們中文學得很好。</div>
-
-
-
-Place 不 ''before the adjective'' to make the negative: # V + 得 + 不 + adjective <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她歌唱得不好﹐ 舞也跳得不好。 </div>
-
-
-
-Questions are formed as follows: # . . . 得 adjective 不 adjective? <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你開車開得快不快﹖</div>
-# . . . 得怎麼樣﹖ <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你中文學得怎麼樣﹖</div>
-# . . . 得 adjective 嗎﹖ <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你游泳游得好嗎﹖</div>
-
-
-
-Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as 有, 在 or 是, since those verbs normally do not denote actions. 
-
-== The difference between 呢 and 吧 as sentence-ending particles ==
-
-Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end of a question. However, they differ in usage. 
-
-=== In questions ===
-
-呢 is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry. It may appear in questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 or 哪兒; affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖好吃不好吃呢﹖; or alternative questions with 還是, such as 吃面包還是火腿呢﹖ 
-
-吧, on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate a mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker: 在這兒停車吧﹖ 你不知道吧﹖ 
-
-=== In affirmative statements ===
-
-呢 in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an action (e.g. 她學中文呢), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration (e.g. 晚上電影九點才開始呢。 從這兒去要走三天呢。) 
-
-吧 is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften the tone, as in 我們走吧。 你再想想吧。 
-
-== The use of optative verbs ==
-
-Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to express intention, wishes, possibility etc. # To express ''subjective wish'', ''desire'' or ''request'': 
-## 要 + verb = to want to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我要喝橘子水。</div>
-## 想 + verb = would like to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你想看電影嗎﹖</div>
-# To express ''objective necessity'': 
-## 要 + verb = to have to (especially in questions) <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我明天要來嗎﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do I have to come tomorrow? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們要去了。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">We have to go. </div>
-## 不用 + verb = don't have to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你明天不用來。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">You don't have to come tomorrow.</div>
-# To express ''ability'' or ''skill acquired'': 
-## 能 + verb = can, be able to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你現在能看中文報紙嗎﹖</div>
-## 可以 + verb = can, be able to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖</div>
-## 會 + verb = can, be able to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們都會游泳嗎﹖</div>
-# To express ''ability depending on circumstances'': 
-## 能 + verb = can, be able to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你明天能來嗎﹖</div>
-## 可以 + verb = can, be able to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你今天晚上可以1給他打電話嗎﹖</div>
-
-Note, in both cases use 不能 for negative sentences. 
-# To express ''permission'': 
-## 能 + verb = may, be permitted to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我能在這兒停車嗎﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你不能 (or 不可以) 在這兒停車。 </div>
-## 可以 + verb = may, be permitted to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你不可以 (or 不能) 在這兒吸煙。</div>
-# To express ''possibility'' or ''probability'': 
-## 會 + verb = be likely to, will probably <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你明天會再來嗎﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">今天晚上不會下雨。 </div>
-# To express ''need arising from moral or factual necessity'': 
-## 應該 + verb = should, ought to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們不應該翻譯那本書。</div>
-
-
-
-Note: # To make a negation, put the negative word 不 or 沒有 before the optative verb: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們不想給圖書館打電話。</div>
-# To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative verb instead of the main verb in the sentence: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你會不會唱中國民歌﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖</div>
-# It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你是北京人﹐應該會唱京劇。</div>
-
-
-
-== The use of adverbs 就 and 才 ==
-
-就 and 才 are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier (就) or later (才) than expected: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們三點就來了﹐可是你們現在才來。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們是老朋友﹐我們十年前就認識了。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as ten years ago. </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她不是我的同學﹐我上個星期才認識她。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago. </div>
-
-Compare the following sentences: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">今年我們就想去中國學習。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">(The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon as this year.) </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">今年我們才想去中國學習。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">(The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year, they should have gone earlier.) </div>
-
-As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a sentence, 就 and 才 should be placed after it; when there is an optative verb, on the other hand, 就 and 才 should be placed before it. Here is the pattern: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Time-word + 就/才 + optative verb + main verb </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們今天下午三點就能出發﹐我們要晚上八點才能走。 </div>
-
-== Word usage: 或者, 還是 ==
-
-Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but they differ in usage: in general, 或者 is used in non-interrogative sentences to indicate a choice: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我妹妹想研究音樂或者文學。</div>
-
-還是, on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative questions: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖</div>
-
-It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as 知道, 告訴 etc: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖ </div>
-
-我不知道她是老師還是學生。
-
-In cases in which both 或者 and 還是 can appear in questions, there are some subtle differences in their anticipations and tones: # A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖B: 我想去中國。
-# A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖B: 我想去﹐我兩個地方都想去。
-
-
-
-In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice from the answer. The two terms with 還是 are mutually exclusive. In dialogue 2, the question is a general one using 嗎 at the end. It does not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B can give a general answer: 我想去 -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought: 我兩個地方都想去. The two items with 或者 in the question are therefore not mutually exclusive. 
-
-Sometimes, however, 還是 can also be used in a non-interrogative sentence. For instance: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一時(??)不定主意。</div>
-
-Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative, compelling 他 to make a choice. In contrast, 或者 in this case can only convey a sort of explanatory note: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一定要作決定。 (interrogative) </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其他選擇。 (explanatory)</div>
-
-== 了解, 知道, 認識 and 懂 ==
-
-The meanings of the four terms here overlap. 
-
-Both 了解 and 知道 can mean "to know". However, 了解 implies some level of understanding and comprehension of what one knows. Therefore 了解 can be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道. Compare: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你了解 (or 知道) 這個學校嗎﹖ </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我不知道他是誰的孩子。(Here one can not use 了解.) </div>
-
-認識 is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not others. It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability. 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 哦﹐我認識她﹗</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Oh, I know her! </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖</div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Where did you get to know her? </div>
-
-懂, on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its definition is not as broad as that of 了解 (to know and understand) and is different from that of 知道 (to know). 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">1. 你懂他說的漢語嗎﹖ </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">2. 你知道他叫甚麼名字嗎﹖ </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">3. 你了解他嗎﹖ </div>
-
-Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than sentence 1. 
-
-== The use of the Perfect Aspect ==
-
-=== Basic concept ===
-
-The aspect particle 了 is added to the end of a verb to indicate the completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place in the past or in the future. For instance: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖ </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 我下了課去圖書館。 </div>
-
-On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect particle 了, if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need to emphasise its completion: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">去年他常常去書店。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">以前我住在學生宿舍。 </div>
-
-=== Basic patterns ===
-
-# Affirmative sentence <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + verb + 了 (+ object) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 電影開始了。 我買了兩本書。</div>
-# Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here) <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + 沒(有) + verb (+ object) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or subject + 還沒(有) + verb (+ 呢) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 我沒有買書。 電影還沒開始呢。 </div>
-# Interrogative sentence <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + verb + 了 (+ object) + 沒有﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is usually monosyllabic) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ 她來了嗎﹖ 你們談沒談這個問題﹖ </div>
-
-
-
-=== Notes ===
-
-# If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence, the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral + measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the sentence sounds incomplete: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我買了三本書。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我在書店里買了書。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not simply 我買了書。 </div>
-# If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 is usually placed after the ''last'' verb. <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">b. 他們昨天進城買了一些中文詞典。 </div><br/>In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is written by using Chinese; in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to buy the dictionaries. Compare the above sentences with the following, with a different structure: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我下了課去圖書館。 </div><br/>Here "class is over" (下課) and "go to the library" are unrelated. They are contained in the sentence simply to indicate their sequence. Hence it is wrong to say <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我下課去了圖書館。 </div>
-# When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 is placed ''before'' the reduplicated verb: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我試了試那條裙子﹐真漂亮﹗ </div>
-
-
-
-== 又, 再 and 還 ==
-
-All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like the English "again". They differ in usage, however: 
-
-Whereas 又 indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken place, 再 implies a repetition of an action in the future. Also, 再 is only used in ''declarative'' sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">昨天他來晚了﹐今天他又來晚了。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">(repetition in the past) </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進來了。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">(repetition in the future) </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你再喝一點兒橘子水﹐好嗎﹖ </div>
-
-Also, 又 can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">新年又要來了。 </div>
-
-還, on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">你明天還來嗎﹖</div>
-
-It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb and an optional 再 can be placed after: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: 你明年還能(再)教我們嗎﹖ </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: 我明年還可以(再)教你們。</div>
-
-== Use of the modal particle 了 ==
-
-=== Basic concept ===
-
-The modal particle 了 is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference between 了 as modal particle and 了 to indicate perfect aspect is that the latter only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former shows the completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some ''change of situation''. 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他買了書了。</div>
-
-The first 了 in the sentence above indicates only the completion of the action of 買書, whereas the second 了 marks some change of situation on the part of 他 as a result of the completion of the book-buying process: originally he did not have the book, but now he has. 
-
-=== Basic patterns ===
-
-(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the previous section.) # Affirmative sentence <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + verb (+ object) + 了 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 他們看足球賽了。</div>
-# Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here) <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + 沒 (有) + verb (+ object) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。</div>
-# Interrogative sentence <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb + object﹖ (here the verb is usually monosyllabic) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們看足球賽了嗎﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們看沒看足球賽﹖</div>
-
-
-
-=== Notes ===
-
-# As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the perfect aspect 了 from the modal particle 了. In such a case, 了 can be regarded as fulfilling both functions: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">她來了。 我們懂了。</div>
-# A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not require a 了 at the end of the sentence: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出去。</div>
-
-
-
-== Sequential actions ==
-
-To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the other, we use the pattern 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + verb + 了 (以後) 就 + verb ... </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. 我們辦了簽証(以後)就回家。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">明天吃了早飯(以後)我們就出發。 </div>
-
-The above pattern can be used for ''future'' actions as well. To indicate that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 has to be inserted at the end of the sentence: 
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。 </div>
-
-<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">他們早上沒吃早飯就走了。 </div>
-
-
-
-{| align="center" style="border-spacing:0;width:31.06cm;"
-|-
-| colspan="4" | '''Word list'''
-|-
-|| [[Image:Image1.png|top]]
-| colspan="3" | [[Image:Image2.png|top]]
-|-
-|| 嗎&nbsp;
-|| ma3 / ma5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| morphine / (question tag)
-|-
-|| 你好&nbsp;
-|| ni3hao3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| hello, how are you
-|-
-|| 你&nbsp;
-|| ni3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| you
-|-
-|| 呢&nbsp;
-|| ne5 / ni2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (question particle) / woolen material
-|-
-|| 我&nbsp;
-|| wo3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| I, me, myself
-|-
-|| 很好&nbsp;
-|| hen3hao3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| well
-|-
-|| 忙&nbsp;
-|| mang2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| busy
-|-
-|| 不忙&nbsp;
-|| bu4mang2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| theres no hurry, take ones time
-|-
-|| 很&nbsp;
-|| hen3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| very, extremely
-|-
-|| 也&nbsp;
-|| ye3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| also, too
-|-
-|| 都&nbsp;
-|| dou1 / du1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| all, both (if two things are involved), entirely (due to)each, even, already / (surname), metropolis, capital city
-|-
-|| 好&nbsp;
-|| hao3 / hao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| good, well / be fond of
-|-
-|| 我們&nbsp;
-|| wo3men5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| we, us, ourselves
-|-
-|| 他們&nbsp;
-|| ta1men5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| they
-|-
-|| 他們都&nbsp;
-|| ta1men5dou1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| all of them
-|-
-|| 不&nbsp;
-|| bu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (negative prefix), not, no
-|-
-|| 不是&nbsp;
-|| bu2shi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (n) blame or fault
-|-
-|| 大夫&nbsp;
-|| dai4fu5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| doctor
-|-
-|| 是&nbsp;
-|| shi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| is, are, am, yes, to be
-|-
-|| 的&nbsp;
-|| de5 / di2 / di4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (possessive particle), of / really and truly / aim, clear
-|-
-|| 我的&nbsp;
-|| wo3de5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| my, mine
-|-
-|| 書&nbsp;
-|| shu1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| book, letter
-|-
-|| 媽媽&nbsp;
-|| ma1ma5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| mama, mommy
-|-
-|| 車&nbsp;
-|| che1 / ju1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| car, a vehicle, machine, to shape with a lathe / vehicle on land
-|-
-|| 弟弟&nbsp;
-|| di4di5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| younger brother
-|-
-|| 爸爸&nbsp;
-|| ba4ba5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (informal) father
-|-
-|| 他&nbsp;
-|| ta1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| he, him
-|-
-|| 朋友&nbsp;
-|| peng2you5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| friend
-|-
-|| 她&nbsp;
-|| ta1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| she
-|-
-|| 哥哥&nbsp;
-|| ge1ge5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| older brother
-|-
-|| 誰&nbsp;
-|| shei2 / shui2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| who / who
-|-
-|| 哪&nbsp;
-|| na3 / na5 / nei3 / nei3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| how, which / (final part. preceded by N) / which (followed by M or Num) / which (followed by M or Num)
-|-
-|| 什&nbsp;
-|| shi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| tenth
-|-
-|| 麼&nbsp;
-|| me5 / mo2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (interrog. suff.) / dimi.
-|-
-|| 老師&nbsp;
-|| lao3shi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| teacher
-|-
-|| 你們&nbsp;
-|| ni3men5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| you (plural)
-|-
-|| 中國人&nbsp;
-|| zhong1guo2ren2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Chinese person, Chinese people
-|-
-|| 國&nbsp;
-|| guo2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| country, state, nation
-|-
-|| 人&nbsp;
-|| ren2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| man, person, people
-|-
-|| 這&nbsp;
-|| zhe4 / zhei4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| this, these / this, these
-|-
-|| 中國&nbsp;
-|| zhong1guo2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| China, Chinese
-|-
-|| 地圖&nbsp;
-|| di4tu2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| map
-|-
-|| 那&nbsp;
-|| na3 / na4 / nei4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| how, which / that, those / that, those
-|-
-|| 您&nbsp;
-|| nin2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| you (formal)
-|-
-|| 貴姓&nbsp;
-|| gui4xing4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| what is your name?
-|-
-|| 姓&nbsp;
-|| xing4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| surname, family name, name
-|-
-|| 丁&nbsp;
-|| ding1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (surname), 4th heavenly stem, a Chinese surname
-|-
-|| 叫&nbsp;
-|| jiao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to (be) call(ed)
-|-
-|| 請問&nbsp;
-|| qing3wen4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| may I ask...
-|-
-|| 學習&nbsp;
-|| xue2xi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to learn, to study
-|-
-|| 學&nbsp;
-|| xue2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| learn, study, science, -ology
-|-
-|| 習&nbsp;
-|| xi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to practice, to study, habit
-|-
-|| 漢語&nbsp;
-|| han4yu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Chinese language
-|-
-|| 法語&nbsp;
-|| fa3yu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| French (language)
-|-
-|| 不學&nbsp;
-|| bu4xue2wu2shu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| have neither learning nor skill, be ignorant and incompetent
-|-
-|| 在&nbsp;
-|| zai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (located) at, in, exist
-|-
-|| 哪兒&nbsp;
-|| na3er5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| where
-|-
-|| 那兒&nbsp;
-|| nar3 / nar4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| where / there
-|-
-|| 古波&nbsp;
-|| gu3bo1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Gubo (a personal name)
-|-
-|| 不在&nbsp;
-|| bu4zai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| not be in, be out
-|-
-|| 學生&nbsp;
-|| xue2sheng5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| student
-|-
-|| 宿舍&nbsp;
-|| su4she4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| dormitory, living quarters
-|-
-|| 這兒&nbsp;
-|| zher4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| here
-|-
-|| 住&nbsp;
-|| zhu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to live, to dwell, to reside, to stop
-|-
-|| 學� / &nbsp;
-|| xue2yuan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| college, educational institute, school, faculty
-|-
-|| � / &nbsp;
-|| si4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| four
-|-
-|| 層&nbsp;
-|| ceng2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| a measure word for layers, laminated, repeated, floor, story (of a building), layer
-|-
-|| 二&nbsp;
-|| er4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| two
-|-
-|| 三&nbsp;
-|| san1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| three
-|-
-|| 號&nbsp;
-|| hao2 / hao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| roar, cry / day of a month, (suffix used after) name of a ship, (ordinal) number
-|-
-|| 在這&nbsp;
-|| zai4zhe4qi1jian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| during time, in this time
-|-
-|| 兒&nbsp;
-|| er2 / er5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| son / non-syllabic dimi. suff.
-|-
-|| 一&nbsp;
-|| yi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| one, single, a(n)
-|-
-|| 五&nbsp;
-|| wu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| five, 5
-|-
-|| 二號&nbsp;
-|| er4hao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 2nd day of the month
-|-
-|| 還&nbsp;
-|| hai2 / huan2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| also, in addition, more, still, else, still, yet, (not) yet / (surname), pay back, return
-|-
-|| 畫報&nbsp;
-|| hua4bao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| pictorial (magazine)
-|-
-|| 云&nbsp;
-|| yun2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| say
-|-
-|| 日本&nbsp;
-|| ri4ben3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Japan, Japanese
-|-
-|| 用&nbsp;
-|| yong4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to use
-|-
-|| 一下兒&nbsp;
-|| yi2xiar4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| a little bit, a little while
-|-
-|| 現在&nbsp;
-|| xian4zai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| modern, current, present, at present, now, nowadays
-|-
-|| 去&nbsp;
-|| qu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to go, to leave, to remove
-|-
-|| 常&nbsp;
-|| chang2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| always, ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant
-|-
-|| 常常&nbsp;
-|| chang2chang2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| frequently, usually, often
-|-
-|| 喝&nbsp;
-|| he1 / he4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| my goodness, to drink / shout applause
-|-
-|| 茶&nbsp;
-|| cha2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| tea, tea plant
-|-
-|| 看&nbsp;
-|| kan1 / kan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to look after, to take care of, to watch, to guard / it depends, think, to see, to look at
-|-
-|| 是不是&nbsp;
-|| shi4bu4shi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| is or isnt, yes or no, whether or not
-|-
-|| 認識&nbsp;
-|| ren4shi5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| be acquainted with (a person), to know, to be familiar with, to recognize
-|-
-|| 介紹&nbsp;
-|| jie4shao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to present, introduction, to introduce
-|-
-|| 咖啡&nbsp;
-|| ka1fei1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| coffee
-|-
-|| 商店&nbsp;
-|| shang1dian4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| store, shop
-|-
-|| 買&nbsp;
-|| mai3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| buy
-|-
-|| 紙&nbsp;
-|| zhi3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| paper
-|-
-|| 歡迎&nbsp;
-|| huan1ying2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to welcome, welcome
-|-
-|| 來&nbsp;
-|| lai2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to come
-|-
-|| 不歡&nbsp;
-|| bu4huan1er2san4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| part on bad terms, (of a meeting, etc, ) break up in discord
-|-
-|| 迎&nbsp;
-|| ying2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to welcome
-|-
-|| 和&nbsp;
-|| he2 / he4 / huo2 / huo4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| and, together with, with, peace, harmony, union / cap (a poem), respond in singing / soft, warm / mix together, to blend
-|-
-|| 美國&nbsp;
-|| mei3guo2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| America, American, United States, USA
-|-
-|| 英語&nbsp;
-|| ying1yu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| English (language)
-|-
-|| 有&nbsp;
-|| you3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to have, there is, there are, to exist, to be
-|-
-|| 詞典&nbsp;
-|| ci2dian3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| dictionary
-|-
-|| 多&nbsp;
-|| duo1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| many, much, a lot of, numerous, multi-
-|-
-|| 外國&nbsp;
-|| wai4guo2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| foreign (country)
-|-
-|| 沒&nbsp;
-|| mei2 / mo4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (negative prefix for verbs), have not, not / drowned, to end, to die, to inundate
-|-
-|| 沒有&nbsp;
-|| mei2you3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| havent, hasnt, doesnt exist, to not have, to not be
-|-
-|| 姐姐&nbsp;
-|| jie3jie5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| older sister
-|-
-|| 筆&nbsp;
-|| bi3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| pen, pencil, writing brush, to write or compose, the strokes of Chinese characters
-|-
-|| 妹妹&nbsp;
-|| mei4mei4 / mei4mei5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (informal) younger sister / younger sister
-|-
-|| 沒有人&nbsp;
-|| mei2you3ren2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| nobody
-|-
-|| 有人&nbsp;
-|| you3ren2qing2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| humane
-|-
-|| 給&nbsp;
-|| gei3 / ji3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to, for, for the benefit of, to give, to allow, to do sth (for sb), (passive particle) / to supply, provide
-|-
-|| 銀行&nbsp;
-|| yin2hang2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| bank
-|-
-|| 工作&nbsp;
-|| gong1zuo4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| job, work, construction, work, task
-|-
-|| 信&nbsp;
-|| xin4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| letter, true, to believe, sign, evidence
-|-
-|| 寫信&nbsp;
-|| xie3xin4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to write a letter
-|-
-|| 想&nbsp;
-|| xiang3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to think, to believe, to suppose, to wish, to want, to miss
-|-
-|| 丁雲&nbsp;
-|| ding1yun2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Ding Yun (a personal name)
-|-
-|| 想家&nbsp;
-|| xiang3jia1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| homesick
-|-
-|| 男朋友&nbsp;
-|| nan2peng2you5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| male friend, boyfriend
-|-
-|| 告訴&nbsp;
-|| gao4su5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to tell, to inform, to let know
-|-
-|| 好朋友&nbsp;
-|| hao3peng2you5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| good friend
-|-
-|| 請&nbsp;
-|| qing3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to ask, to invite, please (do sth), to treat (to a meal, etc), to request
-|-
-|| 零&nbsp;
-|| ling2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| remnant, zero
-|-
-|| 六&nbsp;
-|| liu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| six
-|-
-|| 七&nbsp;
-|| qi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| seven, 7
-|-
-|| 八&nbsp;
-|| ba1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| eight, 8
-|-
-|| 九&nbsp;
-|| jiu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| nine, 9
-|-
-|| 十&nbsp;
-|| shi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| ten
-|-
-|| 十一&nbsp;
-|| shi2yi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| eleven
-|-
-|| 十二&nbsp;
-|| shi2er4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 12, twelve
-|-
-|| 十九&nbsp;
-|| shi2jiu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| nineteen
-|-
-|| 二十&nbsp;
-|| er4shi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| twenty, 20
-|-
-|| 二十一&nbsp;
-|| er4shi2yi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| twenty-one
-|-
-|| 二十八&nbsp;
-|| er4shi2ba1hao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 28th day of the month
-|-
-|| 三十&nbsp;
-|| san1shi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| thirty, 30
-|-
-|| � / 十&nbsp;
-|| si4shi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| forty, 40
-|-
-|| 九十&nbsp;
-|| jiu3shi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| ninety
-|-
-|| 一百&nbsp;
-|| yi1bai3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| a hundred
-|-
-|| 三百&nbsp;
-|| san1bai3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| three hundred
-|-
-|| 二十七&nbsp;
-|| er4shi2qi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| twenty-seven
-|-
-|| 百&nbsp;
-|| bai3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| hundred
-|-
-|| 一千&nbsp;
-|| yi1qian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| one thousand
-|-
-|| 一千零&nbsp;
-|| yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 105 billion
-|-
-|| 五千&nbsp;
-|| wu3qian1dun1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 5000 tons
-|-
-|| 八千&nbsp;
-|| ba1qian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| eight thousand, 8000
-|-
-|| 七百&nbsp;
-|| qi1bai3wan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| seven million
-|-
-|| 二十五&nbsp;
-|| er4shi2wu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| twenty five
-|-
-|| 一萬&nbsp;
-|| yi1wan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| ten thousand
-|-
-|| 萬&nbsp;
-|| wan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (surname), ten thousand, a great number
-|-
-|| 一億&nbsp;
-|| yi1yi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 1 00 million
-|-
-|| 十五&nbsp;
-|| shi2wu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| fifteen
-|-
-|| 三千&nbsp;
-|| san1qian1wu3bai3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 3 500
-|-
-|| 幾&nbsp;
-|| ji1 / ji3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| almost / how much, how many, several, a few
-|-
-|| 本&nbsp;
-|| ben3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| roots or stems of plants, origin, source, this, the current, root, foundation, basis, (a measure word)
-|-
-|| 個&nbsp;
-|| ge4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (a measure word), individual
-|-
-|| 那個&nbsp;
-|| nei4ge4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| that one
-|-
-|| 哪個&nbsp;
-|| na3ge5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| which, who
-|-
-|| 圖書館&nbsp;
-|| tu2shu1guan3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| library
-|-
-|| 多少&nbsp;
-|| duo1shao3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| how much, how many, which (number)
-|-
-|| 大學&nbsp;
-|| da4xue2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| university
-|-
-|| 家&nbsp;
-|| jia1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| -ist, -er, -ian, home, family, a person engaged in a certain art or profession
-|-
-|| 幾個&nbsp;
-|| ji3ge5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| several
-|-
-|| 王&nbsp;
-|| wang2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| king, Wang (proper name)
-|-
-|| 教&nbsp;
-|| jiao1 / jiao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| teach / religion, teaching
-|-
-|| 語法&nbsp;
-|| yu3fa3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| grammar
-|-
-|| 問&nbsp;
-|| wen4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to ask
-|-
-|| 寫&nbsp;
-|| xie3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to write
-|-
-|| 封&nbsp;
-|| feng1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to confer, to grant, to seal, (a measure word)
-|-
-|| 新書&nbsp;
-|| xin1shu1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| new book
-|-
-|| 新&nbsp;
-|| xin1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| meso- (chem.), new, newly
-|-
-|| 有一&nbsp;
-|| you3yi1xie1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| somewhat, rather
-|-
-|| 問題&nbsp;
-|| wen4ti2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| problem, issue, topic
-|-
-|| 漢字&nbsp;
-|| han4zi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Chinese character
-|-
-|| 口語&nbsp;
-|| kou3yu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| spoken language
-|-
-|| 條&nbsp;
-|| tiao2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| measure word for long, thin things (i.e. ribbon, river, etc.), a strip, item, article
-|-
-|| 裙子&nbsp;
-|| qun2zi5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| skirt
-|-
-|| 白&nbsp;
-|| bai2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| white, snowy, empty, blank, bright, clear, plain, pure, gratuitous
-|-
-|| 從&nbsp;
-|| cong1 / cong2 / zong4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| lax, yielding, unhurried / from, obey, observe, follow / second cousin
-|-
-|| 晚上&nbsp;
-|| wan3shang5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| in the evening
-|-
-|| 劇場&nbsp;
-|| ju4chang3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| theater
-|-
-|| 找&nbsp;
-|| zhao3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to try to find, to look for, to call on (sb), to find, to seek, to return, to look for
-|-
-|| 太&nbsp;
-|| tai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| highest, greatest, too (much), very, extremely
-|-
-|| 了&nbsp;
-|| le5 / liao3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (modal particle intensifying preceding clause), (past tense marker) / to know, to understand, to know
-|-
-|| 太忙&nbsp;
-|| tai4mang2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| too busy
-|-
-|| 大&nbsp;
-|| da4 / dai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| big, huge, large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest, eldest / doctor
-|-
-|| 太好了&nbsp;
-|| tai4hao3le5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| very good
-|-
-|| 兩&nbsp;
-|| liang3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| both, two, ounce, some, a few, tael
-|-
-|| 兩個&nbsp;
-|| liang3ge4zhong1guo2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| two-China (policy)
-|-
-|| 增加&nbsp;
-|| zeng1jia1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to raise, to increase
-|-
-|| 倍&nbsp;
-|| bei4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (two, three, etc) -fold, times (multiplier), double, to increase or multiply
-|-
-|| 兩次&nbsp;
-|| liang3ci4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| twice
-|-
-|| 二十二&nbsp;
-|| er4shi2er4hao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 22nd day of a month
-|-
-|| 二次&nbsp;
-|| er4ci4da4zhan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| World War Two
-|-
-|| 個人&nbsp;
-|| ge4ren2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| individual, personal, oneself
-|-
-|| 六十&nbsp;
-|| liu4shi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| sixty, 60
-|-
-|| 元&nbsp;
-|| yuan2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (dynasty), dollar, primary, first
-|-
-|| 二百&nbsp;
-|| er4bai3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| two hundred, 200
-|-
-|| 五十&nbsp;
-|| wu3shi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| fifty
-|-
-|| 兩百&nbsp;
-|| liang3bai3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| two hundred
-|-
-|| 千&nbsp;
-|| qian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| thousand
-|-
-|| 億&nbsp;
-|| yi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| a hundred million, calculate
-|-
-|| 兩千&nbsp;
-|| liang3qian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| two thousand
-|-
-|| 人口&nbsp;
-|| ren2kou3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| population
-|-
-|| 千萬&nbsp;
-|| qian1wan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| ten million, millions and millions, very many
-|-
-|| 三萬&nbsp;
-|| san1wan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 30 thousand
-|-
-|| 點&nbsp;
-|| dian3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (downwards-right convex character stroke), oclock, (a measure word), point, dot, (decimal) point)
-|-
-|| 兩點&nbsp;
-|| liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 2 :1 9 (time of day)
-|-
-|| 半&nbsp;
-|| ban4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| half, semi-, incomplete, (after a number) and a half, half
-|-
-|| 分&nbsp;
-|| fen1 / fen4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to divide, minute, (a measure word), (a unit of length = 0.33 centimeter) / part
-|-
-|| 刻&nbsp;
-|| ke4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| quarter (hour), (a measure word), to carve, to engrave, to cut, oppressive
-|-
-|| 五分&nbsp;
-|| wu3fen1mei3jin1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| nickel
-|-
-|| 差&nbsp;
-|| cha1 / cha4 / chai1 / ci1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| difference, error, discrepancy, to differ, to err, to make a mistake, to lack / different, short of, poor, to lack / send, a messenger, a mission, to commission / uneven
-|-
-|| 六點&nbsp;
-|| liu4dian3liu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 6.6
-|-
-|| 七點&nbsp;
-|| qi1dian3er4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 7.2
-|-
-|| 三十五&nbsp;
-|| san1shi2wu3yi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 3.5 billion
-|-
-|| 八分&nbsp;
-|| ba1fen1yin1fu2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| quaver, eighth note
-|-
-|| 三分&nbsp;
-|| san1fen1zhi1yi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| one third
-|-
-|| 今天&nbsp;
-|| jin1tian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| today, at the present, now
-|-
-|| 上午&nbsp;
-|| shang4wu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| morning
-|-
-|| 這個&nbsp;
-|| zhe4ge4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| this
-|-
-|| 每天&nbsp;
-|| mei3tian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| every day, everyday
-|-
-|| 下午&nbsp;
-|| xia4wu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| afternoon
-|-
-|| 每&nbsp;
-|| mei3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| each, every
-|-
-|| 上&nbsp;
-|| shang4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| on, on top, upon, first (of two parts), previous or last (week, etc.), upper, higher, above, previous, to climb, to go into, above, to go up
-|-
-|| 中文&nbsp;
-|| zhong1wen2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Chinese language
-|-
-|| 課&nbsp;
-|| ke4 / ke4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| subject, class, lesson / class, lesson
-|-
-|| 下課&nbsp;
-|| xia4ke4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| class is over
-|-
-|| 等&nbsp;
-|| deng3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| class, rank, grade, equal to, same as, wait for, await, et cetera, and so on
-|-
-|| 明天&nbsp;
-|| ming2tian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| tomorrow
-|-
-|| 上課&nbsp;
-|| shang4ke4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to attend class
-|-
-|| 電影&nbsp;
-|| dian4ying3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| movie, film
-|-
-|| 中午&nbsp;
-|| zhong1wu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| noon, midday
-|-
-|| 報&nbsp;
-|| bao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to announce, to inform, report, newspaper, recompense, revenge
-|-
-|| 昨天&nbsp;
-|| zuo2tian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| yesterday
-|-
-|| 以前&nbsp;
-|| yi3qian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| before, formerly, previous
-|-
-|| 以後&nbsp;
-|| yi3hou4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| after, later, afterwards, following, later on, in the future
-|-
-|| 不住&nbsp;
-|| bu2zhu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| repeatedly, continuously, constantly
-|-
-|| 住宿&nbsp;
-|| zhu4su4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| lodging
-|-
-|| 舍&nbsp;
-|| she3 / she4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to abandon, to give up / residence
-|-
-|| 回家&nbsp;
-|| hui2jia1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| homeward
-|-
-|| 閱覽室&nbsp;
-|| yue4lan3shi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| reading room
-|-
-|| 美國以&nbsp;
-|| mei3guo2yi3wai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| outside of the U.S.
-|-
-|| 後&nbsp;
-|| hou4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| back, behind, rear, afterwards, after, later
-|-
-|| 半以&nbsp;
-|| ban4yi3shang4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| more than half
-|-
-|| 作&nbsp;
-|| zuo4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to regard as, to take (somebody) for, to do, to make
-|-
-|| 回&nbsp;
-|| hui2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (a measure word for matters or actions) a time, to circle, to go back, to turn around, to answer, to return, to revolve
-|-
-|| 跟&nbsp;
-|| gen1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to follow, to go with, heel, with, and
-|-
-|| 一起&nbsp;
-|| yi4qi3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| together
-|-
-|| 事兒&nbsp;
-|| shir4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| business, thing
-|-
-|| 京劇&nbsp;
-|| jing1ju4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Beijing opera
-|-
-|| 還是&nbsp;
-|| hai2shi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| or, still, nevertheless
-|-
-|| 喜歡&nbsp;
-|| xi3huan5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to like, to be fond of
-|-
-|| 紅茶&nbsp;
-|| hong2cha2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| black tea
-|-
-|| 綠茶&nbsp;
-|| lu:4cha2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| green tea
-|-
-|| 要&nbsp;
-|| yao1 / yao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| demand, ask, request, coerce / important, vital, to want, to be going to, must
-|-
-|| 聽&nbsp;
-|| ting1 / ting4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| listen, hear, obey / let, allow
-|-
-|| 古典音樂&nbsp;
-|| gu3dian3yin1yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| classical music
-|-
-|| 現代音樂&nbsp;
-|| xian4dai4yin1yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| modern music, contemporary music
-|-
-|| 讓&nbsp;
-|| rang4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to ask, to let, permit, have (someone do something), to yield, to allow
-|-
-|| 音樂&nbsp;
-|| yin1yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| music
-|-
-|| 孩子&nbsp;
-|| hai2zi5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| child
-|-
-|| 吃&nbsp;
-|| chi1 / ji2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| eat, eradicate, destroy, receive / stammer
-|-
-|| 晚飯&nbsp;
-|| wan3fan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| supper
-|-
-|| 酒&nbsp;
-|| jiu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| wine, liquor, spirits
-|-
-|| 別&nbsp;
-|| bie2 / bie4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| leave, depart, separate, distinguish, classify, other, another, do not, must not, to pin / contrary, difficult, awkward
-|-
-|| 不要&nbsp;
-|| bu4yao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| dont!, must not
-|-
-|| 吸煙&nbsp;
-|| xi1yan1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to smoke
-|-
-|| 走&nbsp;
-|| zou3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to walk, to go, to move
-|-
-|| 年&nbsp;
-|| nian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| year
-|-
-|| 去年&nbsp;
-|| qu4nian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| last year
-|-
-|| 今年&nbsp;
-|| jin1nian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| this year
-|-
-|| 明年&nbsp;
-|| ming2nian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| next year
-|-
-|| 一九九七&nbsp;
-|| yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| the year 1997
-|-
-|| 一九九&nbsp;
-|| yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| the year 1997
-|-
-|| 八年&nbsp;
-|| ba1nian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| eight years
-|-
-|| 一年&nbsp;
-|| yi1nian2ban4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| a year and a half
-|-
-|| 三年&nbsp;
-|| san1nian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| three years
-|-
-|| 每年&nbsp;
-|| mei3nian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| every year, each year, yearly
-|-
-|| 五年&nbsp;
-|| wu3nian2ji4hua4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Five-Year Plan
-|-
-|| 月&nbsp;
-|| yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| moon, month
-|-
-|| 上個月&nbsp;
-|| shang4ge4yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| last month
-|-
-|| 這個月&nbsp;
-|| zhei4ge4yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| this (current) month
-|-
-|| 下個月&nbsp;
-|| xia4ge4yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| next month
-|-
-|| 一月&nbsp;
-|| yi1yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| first month, January
-|-
-|| 二月&nbsp;
-|| er4yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| February, second month
-|-
-|| 星期&nbsp;
-|| xing1qi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| week
-|-
-|| 下&nbsp;
-|| xia4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| under, second (of two parts), next (week, etc.), lower, below, underneath, down(wards), to decline, to go down, latter
-|-
-|| 星期一&nbsp;
-|| xing1qi1yi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Monday
-|-
-|| 星期二&nbsp;
-|| xing1qi1er4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Tuesday
-|-
-|| 星期六&nbsp;
-|| xing1qi1liu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Saturday
-|-
-|| 星期日&nbsp;
-|| xing1qi1ri4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Sunday
-|-
-|| 星期天&nbsp;
-|| xing1qi1tian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Sunday
-|-
-|| � / 個&nbsp;
-|| si4ge4xiao3shi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| four hours
-|-
-|| 日&nbsp;
-|| ri4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Japan, day, sun, date, day of the month
-|-
-|| 天&nbsp;
-|| tian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| day, sky, heaven
-|-
-|| 一號&nbsp;
-|| yi1hao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| first day of the month
-|-
-|| � / 月&nbsp;
-|| si4yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| April, fourth month
-|-
-|| 六號&nbsp;
-|| liu4hao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| 6th day of the month
-|-
-|| 十月&nbsp;
-|| shi2yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| October
-|-
-|| 一天&nbsp;
-|| yi1tian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| one day
-|-
-|| 半天&nbsp;
-|| ban4tian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| half of the day, a long time, quite a while
-|-
-|| 十一月&nbsp;
-|| shi2yi1yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| eleventh month, November
-|-
-|| 八九&nbsp;
-|| ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| pretty close, very near, about right
-|-
-|| 七月&nbsp;
-|| qi1yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| July, seventh month
-|-
-|| 十� / &nbsp;
-|| shi2si4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| fourteen, 14 
-|-
-|| 五月&nbsp;
-|| wu3yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| May, fifth month
-|-
-|| 八月&nbsp;
-|| ba1yue4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| eighth month, August
-|-
-|| 星期五&nbsp;
-|| xing1qi1wu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Friday
-|-
-|| 星期� / &nbsp;
-|| xing1qi1si4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Thursday
-|-
-|| 水&nbsp;
-|| shui3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| water, river
-|-
-|| 不很&nbsp;
-|| bu4hen3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| not very
-|-
-|| 乾淨&nbsp;
-|| gan1jing4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| clean, neat
-|-
-|| 送&nbsp;
-|| song4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to deliver, to carry, to give (as a present), to present (with), to see off, to send
-|-
-|| 禮物&nbsp;
-|| li3wu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| gift, present
-|-
-|| 有意思&nbsp;
-|| you3yi4si5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| interesting
-|-
-|| 開門&nbsp;
-|| kai1men2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| open (the) door
-|-
-|| 跳舞&nbsp;
-|| tiao4wu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to dance
-|-
-|| 姑娘&nbsp;
-|| gu1niang5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| girl
-|-
-|| 同學&nbsp;
-|| tong2xue2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (fellow) classmate
-|-
-|| 高興&nbsp;
-|| gao1xing4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| happy, glad, willing (to do sth), in a cheerful mood
-|-
-|| 絲&nbsp;
-|| si1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| silk, thread, trace
-|-
-|| 線&nbsp;
-|| xian4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| thread, string, wire, line
-|-
-|| 衫&nbsp;
-|| shan1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Chinese gown (unlined)
-|-
-|| 小&nbsp;
-|| xiao3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| small, tiny, few, young
-|-
-|| 服務員&nbsp;
-|| fu2wu4yuan2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| waiter, waitress, server
-|-
-|| 非常&nbsp;
-|| fei1chang2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| unusual, extraordinary, extreme, very, exceptional
-|-
-|| 年輕&nbsp;
-|| nian2qing1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| young
-|-
-|| 真&nbsp;
-|| zhen1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| real, true, genuine
-|-
-|| 更&nbsp;
-|| geng1 / geng4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to change / more, even more, further, still, still more
-|-
-|| 祝&nbsp;
-|| zhu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| invoke, pray to, wish, to express good wishes
-|-
-|| 祝賀&nbsp;
-|| zhu4he4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to congratulate, congratulations
-|-
-|| 生日&nbsp;
-|| sheng1ri4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| birthday
-|-
-|| 上邊&nbsp;
-|| shang4bian5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| upside
-|-
-|| 左邊&nbsp;
-|| zuo3bian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| left
-|-
-|| 前邊&nbsp;
-|| qian2bian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (n) the area in front of sth
-|-
-|| 中間&nbsp;
-|| zhong1jian4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| betwixt, intermediate, mid, middle
-|-
-|| 對面&nbsp;
-|| dui4mian4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| opposite
-|-
-|| 左&nbsp;
-|| zuo3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| left
-|-
-|| 中&nbsp;
-|| zhong1 / zhong4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| within, among, in, middle, center, while (doing sth), during, China, Chinese / hit (the mark)
-|-
-|| 右&nbsp;
-|| you4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| right (-hand)
-|-
-|| 前&nbsp;
-|| qian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| before, in front, ago, former, previous, earlier, front
-|-
-|| 裡&nbsp;
-|| li3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| li, a Chinese unit of length = 1, 2 kilometer, village, within, inside
-|-
-|| 外&nbsp;
-|| wai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| outside, in addition, foreign, external
-|-
-|| 邊&nbsp;
-|| bian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| side, edge, margin, border, boundary
-|-
-|| 外邊&nbsp;
-|| wai4bian5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (n) outside, (n) exterior surface, (n) place other than ones home town
-|-
-|| 房子&nbsp;
-|| fang2zi5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| house
-|-
-|| 後邊&nbsp;
-|| hou4bian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| behind
-|-
-|| 桌子&nbsp;
-|| zhuo1zi5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| table, desk
-|-
-|| 下邊&nbsp;
-|| xia4bian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (n) under
-|-
-|| 教室&nbsp;
-|| jiao4shi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| classroom
-|-
-|| 北京&nbsp;
-|| bei3jing1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Beijing (capital of mainland China)
-|-
-|| 很多&nbsp;
-|| hen3duo1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| very many, very much, great (quantity)
-|-
-|| 房&nbsp;
-|| fang2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| house
-|-
-|| 公園&nbsp;
-|| gong1yuan2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| a public park
-|-
-|| 花園&nbsp;
-|| hua1yuan2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| garden
-|-
-|| 在車&nbsp;
-|| zai4che1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| aboard
-|-
-|| 右邊&nbsp;
-|| you4bian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| right (as opposed to left)
-|-
-|| 一個&nbsp;
-|| yi1ge4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| a, an
-|-
-|| 休息&nbsp;
-|| xiu1xi5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| rest, to rest
-|-
-|| 正&nbsp;
-|| zheng1 / zheng4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Chinese 1st month of year / just (right), main, upright, straight, correct, principle
-|-
-|| 正在&nbsp;
-|| zheng4zai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| in the process of (doing something or happening), while (doing)
-|-
-|| 的時候&nbsp;
-|| de5shi2hou4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| when, during, at the time of
-|-
-|| 一定&nbsp;
-|| yi1ding4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| surely, certainly, necessarily, fixed, a certain (extent, etc.), given, particular
-|-
-|| 房間&nbsp;
-|| fang2jian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| room
-|-
-|| 里&nbsp;
-|| li3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| Chinese mile, neighborhood
-|-
-|| 打電話&nbsp;
-|| da3dian4hua4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to make a telephone call
-|-
-|| 參觀&nbsp;
-|| can1guan1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to look around, to inspect, visit and observe
-|-
-|| 吃飯&nbsp;
-|| chi1fan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to eat a meal
-|-
-|| 花兒&nbsp;
-|| huar1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| flower
-|-
-|| 漂亮&nbsp;
-|| piao4liang5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| pretty, beautiful
-|-
-|| 照片&nbsp;
-|| zhao4pian4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| photograph, picture
-|-
-|| 訪問&nbsp;
-|| fang3wen4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| pay a visit (to), to access, to interview
-|-
-|| 觀&nbsp;
-|| guan1 / guan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to look at, to watch, to observe, to behold / Taoist monastery
-|-
-|| 學校&nbsp;
-|| xue2xiao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| school
-|-
-|| 國家&nbsp;
-|| guo2jia1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| country, nation
-|-
-|| 總統&nbsp;
-|| zong3tong3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| president (of a country)
-|-
-|| 些&nbsp;
-|| xie1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| some, few, several, (a measure word)
-|-
-|| 一些&nbsp;
-|| yi1xie1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| some, a few, a little
-|-
-|| 這些&nbsp;
-|| zhe4xie5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| these
-|-
-|| 那些&nbsp;
-|| na4xie1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| those
-|-
-|| 哪些&nbsp;
-|| na3xie1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| which, who, what
-|-
-|| 大衣&nbsp;
-|| da4yi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| overcoat, topcoat, cloak
-|-
-|| 黑&nbsp;
-|| hei1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| black, dark
-|-
-|| 點心&nbsp;
-|| dian3xin1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| light refreshments, pastry
-|-
-|| 束&nbsp;
-|| shu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| bunch, (a measure word), to bind, to control
-|-
-|| 在大&nbsp;
-|| zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| in most instances
-|-
-|| 借&nbsp;
-|| jie4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to lend, to borrow, excuse, pretext, by means of
-|-
-|| 書店&nbsp;
-|| shu1dian4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| bookstore
-|-
-|| 電影� / &nbsp;
-|| dian4ying3yuan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| cinema, movie theater
-|-
-|| 得&nbsp;
-|| de2 / de5 / dei3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| obtain, get, gain, proper, suitable, proud, contented, allow, permit, ready, finished / a sentence particle used after a verb to show effect, degree or possibility / to have to, must, ought to, to need to
-|-
-|| 怎麼樣&nbsp;
-|| zen3me5yang4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| how about, (used in the negative)(not) so good
-|-
-|| 得很&nbsp;
-|| de5hen3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| very (much, good etc.)
-|-
-|| 得不&nbsp;
-|| de2bu4dao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| cannot get, cannot obtain
-|-
-|| 錯&nbsp;
-|| cuo4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| mistake, error, blunder, fault, cross, uneven, wrong
-|-
-|| 唱&nbsp;
-|| chang4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| sing, to call loudly, to chant
-|-
-|| 民歌&nbsp;
-|| min2ge1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| folk song
-|-
-|| 歌唱&nbsp;
-|| ge1chang4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| sing
-|-
-|| 舞&nbsp;
-|| wu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to dance, to wield, to brandish
-|-
-|| 跳&nbsp;
-|| tiao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| jump, hop, skip (a grade), to leap, to bounce, to beat
-|-
-|| 開車&nbsp;
-|| kai1che1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to drive a car
-|-
-|| 開&nbsp;
-|| kai1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| open, operate (vehicle), start
-|-
-|| 快&nbsp;
-|| kuai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| fast, quick, swift
-|-
-|| 不快&nbsp;
-|| bu4kuai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| be unhappy, be displeased, be in low spirits, be indisposed, feel under the weather, be out of sorts
-|-
-|| 游泳&nbsp;
-|| you2yong3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| swim
-|-
-|| 游&nbsp;
-|| you2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to walk, to tour, to roam, to swim, to travel
-|-
-|| 吧&nbsp;
-|| ba1 / ba5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (onomat.), dumb / (modal particle indicating polite suggestion), ...right?, ...OK?
-|-
-|| 好吃&nbsp;
-|| hao3chi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| tasty, delicious
-|-
-|| 不好&nbsp;
-|| bu4hao3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| no good
-|-
-|| 面&nbsp;
-|| mian4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| fade, side, surface, aspect, top, face, flour, noodles
-|-
-|| 包&nbsp;
-|| bao1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to cover, to wrap, to hold, to include, to take charge of, package, wrapper, container, bag, to hold or embrace, bundle, packet, to contract (to or for)
-|-
-|| 火腿&nbsp;
-|| huo3tui3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| ham
-|-
-|| 停車&nbsp;
-|| ting2che1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to stop, to park
-|-
-|| 不知&nbsp;
-|| bu4zhi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| unknowing(ly)
-|-
-|| 道&nbsp;
-|| dao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| direction, way, method, road, path, principle, truth, reason, skill, method, Tao (of Taoism), a measure word, to say, to speak, to talk
-|-
-|| 才&nbsp;
-|| cai2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| ability, talent, endowment, gift, an expert, only (then), only if, just
-|-
-|| 開始&nbsp;
-|| kai1shi3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| begin, beginning, start, initial
-|-
-|| 三天&nbsp;
-|| san1tian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| three days
-|-
-|| 再&nbsp;
-|| zai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| again, once more, re-, second, another
-|-
-|| 橘子&nbsp;
-|| ju2zi5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| orange
-|-
-|| 不用&nbsp;
-|| bu4yong4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| need not
-|-
-|| 能&nbsp;
-|| neng2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| can, may, capable, energy, able
-|-
-|| 報紙&nbsp;
-|| bao4zhi3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| newspaper, newsprint
-|-
-|| 可以&nbsp;
-|| ke3yi3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| can, may, possible, able to
-|-
-|| � / &nbsp;
-|| hui4 / kuai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| can, be possible, be able to, to assemble, to meet, to gather, to see, union, group, association / to balance an account, accounting
-|-
-|| 不能&nbsp;
-|| bu4neng2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| cannot, must not, should not
-|-
-|| 不可&nbsp;
-|| bu4ke3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| cannot, should not, must not
-|-
-|| 以&nbsp;
-|| yi3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to use, according to, so as to, in order to, by, with, because
-|-
-|| 不� / &nbsp;
-|| bu4hui4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| improbable, unlikely, will not (act, happen, etc, ), have not learned to, be unable to
-|-
-|| 下雨&nbsp;
-|| xia4yu3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| rainy
-|-
-|| 應該&nbsp;
-|| ying1gai1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| ought to, should, must
-|-
-|| 翻譯&nbsp;
-|| fan1yi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| translate
-|-
-|| � / 不� / &nbsp;
-|| hui4bu4hui4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (posing a question: whether someone, something) can or not, is able to or not
-|-
-|| 中國民&nbsp;
-|| zhong1guo2min2hang2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC)
-|-
-|| 歌&nbsp;
-|| ge1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| song
-|-
-|| 北京人&nbsp;
-|| bei3jing1ren2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| person from Beijing, Peking Man (Sinanthropus pekinesis)
-|-
-|| 就&nbsp;
-|| jiu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| at once, then, right away, only, (emphasis), to approach, to move towards, to undertake
-|-
-|| 可是&nbsp;
-|| ke3shi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| but, however
-|-
-|| 老&nbsp;
-|| lao3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (a prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family to indicate affection or familiarity), old (of people)
-|-
-|| 十年&nbsp;
-|| shi2nian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| ten years
-|-
-|| 上個星期&nbsp;
-|| shang4ge4xing1qi1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| last week
-|-
-|| 出發&nbsp;
-|| chu1fa1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to start out, to set off
-|-
-|| 才能&nbsp;
-|| cai2neng2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| talent, ability, capacity
-|-
-|| 或者&nbsp;
-|| huo4zhe3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| or, possibly, maybe, perhaps
-|-
-|| 研究&nbsp;
-|| yan2jiu1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| research
-|-
-|| 文學&nbsp;
-|| wen2xue2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| literature
-|-
-|| 知道&nbsp;
-|| zhi1dao5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| know, be aware of
-|-
-|| 地方&nbsp;
-|| di4fang5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| area, place, local
-|-
-|| 一時&nbsp;
-|| yi4shi2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| temporary, momentary
-|-
-|| 不定&nbsp;
-|| bu4ding4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| indefinite, adventitious, indeterminate
-|-
-|| 主意&nbsp;
-|| zhu3yi5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| plan, idea, decision
-|-
-|| 一定要&nbsp;
-|| yi1ding4yao4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| must
-|-
-|| 決定&nbsp;
-|| jue2ding4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to decide (to do something), to determine, to resolve
-|-
-|| 其他&nbsp;
-|| qi2ta1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| other, else
-|-
-|| 選擇&nbsp;
-|| xuan3ze2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to select, to pick, to choose, to make a choice
-|-
-|| 了解&nbsp;
-|| liao3jie3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| understand, come to understand, find out
-|-
-|| 懂&nbsp;
-|| dong3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to understand, to know
-|-
-|| 哦&nbsp;
-|| e2 / o2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to chant / oh is that so
-|-
-|| 說&nbsp;
-|| shui4 / shuo1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| persuade (politically) / to speak, to say
-|-
-|| 甚麼&nbsp;
-|| shen2me5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| what
-|-
-|| 名字&nbsp;
-|| ming2zi5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (a persons) name
-|-
-|| 談&nbsp;
-|| tan2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to speak, to talk, to converse, to chat, to discuss, (surname)
-|-
-|| 進&nbsp;
-|| jin4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| advance, enter, to come in
-|-
-|| 城&nbsp;
-|| cheng2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| city walls, city, town
-|-
-|| 試&nbsp;
-|| shi4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to test, to try, experiment, examination, test
-|-
-|| 又&nbsp;
-|| you4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (once) again, also, both... and..., again
-|-
-|| 晚&nbsp;
-|| wan3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| evening, night, late
-|-
-|| 進來&nbsp;
-|| jin4lai2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (v) come in
-|-
-|| 一點兒&nbsp;
-|| yi1dianr3
-|| &nbsp;
-|| a bit, a little
-|-
-|| 新年&nbsp;
-|| xin1nian2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| New Year
-|-
-|| 足球&nbsp;
-|| zu2qiu2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| football (British English), soccer (American English)
-|-
-|| 賽&nbsp;
-|| sai4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to compete, competition, match
-|-
-|| 出去&nbsp;
-|| chu1qu4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (v) go out
-|-
-|| 辦&nbsp;
-|| ban4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to do, to manage, to handle, to go about, to run, to set up, to deal with
-|-
-|| 簽&nbsp;
-|| qian1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| sign ones name
-|-
-|| 証&nbsp;
-|| zheng4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (translation unavailable)
-|-
-|| 早飯&nbsp;
-|| zao3fan4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| breakfast
-|-
-|| 早上&nbsp;
-|| zao3shang5
-|| &nbsp;
-|| early morning
-|-
-|| 沒吃&nbsp;
-|| mei2chi1mei2chuan1
-|| &nbsp;
-|| (idiom) to be without food and clothing; be very poor
-|-
-|| 隊&nbsp;
-|| dui4
-|| &nbsp;
-|| squadron, team, group
-|-
-|| 贏&nbsp;
-|| ying2
-|| &nbsp;
-|| to beat, to win, to profit
-|-
-|}
-

Temp/wordlist.txt

@@ -1,484 +0,0 @@
-嗎 	ma3 / ma5	morphine / (question tag)
-你好 	ni3hao3	hello, how are you
-你 	ni3	you
-呢 	ne5 / ni2	(question particle) / woolen material
-我 	wo3	I, me, myself
-很好 	hen3hao3	well
-忙 	mang2	busy
-不忙 	bu4mang2	theres no hurry, take ones time
-很 	hen3	very, extremely
-也 	ye3	also, too
-都 	dou1 / du1	all, both (if two things are involved), entirely (due to)each, even, already / (surname), metropolis, capital city
-好 	hao3 / hao4	good, well / be fond of
-我們 	wo3men5	we, us, ourselves
-他們 	ta1men5	they
-他們都 	ta1men5dou1	all of them
-不 	bu4	(negative prefix), not, no
-不是 	bu2shi4	(n) blame or fault
-大夫 	dai4fu5	doctor
-是 	shi4	is, are, am, yes, to be
-的 	de5 / di2 / di4	(possessive particle), of / really and truly / aim, clear
-我的 	wo3de5	my, mine
-書 	shu1	book, letter
-媽媽 	ma1ma5	mama, mommy
-車 	che1 / ju1	car, a vehicle, machine, to shape with a lathe / vehicle on land
-弟弟 	di4di5	younger brother
-爸爸 	ba4ba5	(informal) father
-他 	ta1	he, him
-朋友 	peng2you5	friend
-她 	ta1	she
-哥哥 	ge1ge5	older brother
-誰 	shei2 / shui2	who / who
-哪 	na3 / na5 / nei3 / nei3	how, which / (final part. preceded by N) / which (followed by M or Num) / which (followed by M or Num)
-什 	shi2	tenth
-麼 	me5 / mo2	(interrog. suff.) / dimi.
-老師 	lao3shi1	teacher
-你們 	ni3men5	you (plural)
-中國人 	zhong1guo2ren2	Chinese person, Chinese people
-國 	guo2	country, state, nation
-人 	ren2	man, person, people
-這 	zhe4 / zhei4	this, these / this, these
-中國 	zhong1guo2	China, Chinese
-地圖 	di4tu2	map
-那 	na3 / na4 / nei4	how, which / that, those / that, those
-您 	nin2	you (formal)
-貴姓 	gui4xing4	what is your name?
-姓 	xing4	surname, family name, name
-丁 	ding1	(surname), 4th heavenly stem, a Chinese surname
-叫 	jiao4	to (be) call(ed)
-請問 	qing3wen4	may I ask...
-學習 	xue2xi2	to learn, to study
-學 	xue2	learn, study, science, -ology
-習 	xi2	to practice, to study, habit
-漢語 	han4yu3	Chinese language
-法語 	fa3yu3	French (language)
-不學 	bu4xue2wu2shu4	have neither learning nor skill, be ignorant and incompetent
-在 	zai4	(located) at, in, exist
-哪兒 	na3er5	where
-那兒 	nar3 / nar4	where / there
-古波 	gu3bo1	Gubo (a personal name)
-不在 	bu4zai4	not be in, be out
-學生 	xue2sheng5	student
-宿舍 	su4she4	dormitory, living quarters
-這兒 	zher4	here
-住 	zhu4	to live, to dwell, to reside, to stop
-學? /  	xue2yuan4	college, educational institute, school, faculty
-? /  	si4	four
-層 	ceng2	a measure word for layers, laminated, repeated, floor, story (of a building), layer
-二 	er4	two
-三 	san1	three
-號 	hao2 / hao4	roar, cry / day of a month, (suffix used after) name of a ship, (ordinal) number
-在這 	zai4zhe4qi1jian1	during time, in this time
-兒 	er2 / er5	son / non-syllabic dimi. suff.
-一 	yi1	one, single, a(n)
-五 	wu3	five, 5
-二號 	er4hao4	2nd day of the month
-還 	hai2 / huan2	also, in addition, more, still, else, still, yet, (not) yet / (surname), pay back, return
-畫報 	hua4bao4	pictorial (magazine)
-云 	yun2	say
-日本 	ri4ben3	Japan, Japanese
-用 	yong4	to use
-一下兒 	yi2xiar4	a little bit, a little while
-現在 	xian4zai4	modern, current, present, at present, now, nowadays
-去 	qu4	to go, to leave, to remove
-常 	chang2	always, ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant
-常常 	chang2chang2	frequently, usually, often
-喝 	he1 / he4	my goodness, to drink / shout applause
-茶 	cha2	tea, tea plant
-看 	kan1 / kan4	to look after, to take care of, to watch, to guard / it depends, think, to see, to look at
-是不是 	shi4bu4shi4	is or isnt, yes or no, whether or not
-認識 	ren4shi5	be acquainted with (a person), to know, to be familiar with, to recognize
-介紹 	jie4shao4	to present, introduction, to introduce
-咖啡 	ka1fei1	coffee
-商店 	shang1dian4	store, shop
-買 	mai3	buy
-紙 	zhi3	paper
-歡迎 	huan1ying2	to welcome, welcome
-來 	lai2	to come
-不歡 	bu4huan1er2san4	part on bad terms, (of a meeting, etc, ) break up in discord
-迎 	ying2	to welcome
-和 	he2 / he4 / huo2 / huo4	and, together with, with, peace, harmony, union / cap (a poem), respond in singing / soft, warm / mix together, to blend
-美國 	mei3guo2	America, American, United States, USA
-英語 	ying1yu3	English (language)
-有 	you3	to have, there is, there are, to exist, to be
-詞典 	ci2dian3	dictionary
-多 	duo1	many, much, a lot of, numerous, multi-
-外國 	wai4guo2	foreign (country)
-沒 	mei2 / mo4	(negative prefix for verbs), have not, not / drowned, to end, to die, to inundate
-沒有 	mei2you3	havent, hasnt, doesnt exist, to not have, to not be
-姐姐 	jie3jie5	older sister
-筆 	bi3	pen, pencil, writing brush, to write or compose, the strokes of Chinese characters
-妹妹 	mei4mei4 / mei4mei5	(informal) younger sister / younger sister
-沒有人 	mei2you3ren2	nobody
-有人 	you3ren2qing2	humane
-給 	gei3 / ji3	to, for, for the benefit of, to give, to allow, to do sth (for sb), (passive particle) / to supply, provide
-銀行 	yin2hang2	bank
-工作 	gong1zuo4	job, work, construction, work, task
-信 	xin4	letter, true, to believe, sign, evidence
-寫信 	xie3xin4	to write a letter
-想 	xiang3	to think, to believe, to suppose, to wish, to want, to miss
-丁雲 	ding1yun2	Ding Yun (a personal name)
-想家 	xiang3jia1	homesick
-男朋友 	nan2peng2you5	male friend, boyfriend
-告訴 	gao4su5	to tell, to inform, to let know
-好朋友 	hao3peng2you5	good friend
-請 	qing3	to ask, to invite, please (do sth), to treat (to a meal, etc), to request
-零 	ling2	remnant, zero
-六 	liu4	six
-七 	qi1	seven, 7
-八 	ba1	eight, 8
-九 	jiu3	nine, 9
-十 	shi2	ten
-十一 	shi2yi1	eleven
-十二 	shi2er4	12, twelve
-十九 	shi2jiu3	nineteen
-二十 	er4shi2	twenty, 20
-二十一 	er4shi2yi1	twenty-one
-二十八 	er4shi2ba1hao4	28th day of the month
-三十 	san1shi2	thirty, 30
-? / 十 	si4shi2	forty, 40
-九十 	jiu3shi2	ninety
-一百 	yi1bai3	a hundred
-三百 	san1bai3	three hundred
-二十七 	er4shi2qi1	twenty-seven
-百 	bai3	hundred
-一千 	yi1qian1	one thousand
-一千零 	yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4	105 billion
-五千 	wu3qian1dun1	5000 tons
-八千 	ba1qian1	eight thousand, 8000
-七百 	qi1bai3wan4	seven million
-二十五 	er4shi2wu3	twenty five
-一萬 	yi1wan4	ten thousand
-萬 	wan4	(surname), ten thousand, a great number
-一億 	yi1yi4	1 00 million
-十五 	shi2wu3	fifteen
-三千 	san1qian1wu3bai3	3 500
-幾 	ji1 / ji3	almost / how much, how many, several, a few
-本 	ben3	roots or stems of plants, origin, source, this, the current, root, foundation, basis, (a measure word)
-個 	ge4	(a measure word), individual
-那個 	nei4ge4	that one
-哪個 	na3ge5	which, who
-圖書館 	tu2shu1guan3	library
-多少 	duo1shao3	how much, how many, which (number)
-大學 	da4xue2	university
-家 	jia1	-ist, -er, -ian, home, family, a person engaged in a certain art or profession
-幾個 	ji3ge5	several
-王 	wang2	king, Wang (proper name)
-教 	jiao1 / jiao4	teach / religion, teaching
-語法 	yu3fa3	grammar
-問 	wen4	to ask
-寫 	xie3	to write
-封 	feng1	to confer, to grant, to seal, (a measure word)
-新書 	xin1shu1	new book
-新 	xin1	meso- (chem.), new, newly
-有一 	you3yi1xie1	somewhat, rather
-問題 	wen4ti2	problem, issue, topic
-漢字 	han4zi4	Chinese character
-口語 	kou3yu3	spoken language
-條 	tiao2	measure word for long, thin things (i.e. ribbon, river, etc.), a strip, item, article
-裙子 	qun2zi5	skirt
-白 	bai2	white, snowy, empty, blank, bright, clear, plain, pure, gratuitous
-從 	cong1 / cong2 / zong4	lax, yielding, unhurried / from, obey, observe, follow / second cousin
-晚上 	wan3shang5	in the evening
-劇場 	ju4chang3	theater
-找 	zhao3	to try to find, to look for, to call on (sb), to find, to seek, to return, to look for
-太 	tai4	highest, greatest, too (much), very, extremely
-了 	le5 / liao3	(modal particle intensifying preceding clause), (past tense marker) / to know, to understand, to know
-太忙 	tai4mang2	too busy
-大 	da4 / dai4	big, huge, large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest, eldest / doctor
-太好了 	tai4hao3le5	very good
-兩 	liang3	both, two, ounce, some, a few, tael
-兩個 	liang3ge4zhong1guo2	two-China (policy)
-增加 	zeng1jia1	to raise, to increase
-倍 	bei4	(two, three, etc) -fold, times (multiplier), double, to increase or multiply
-兩次 	liang3ci4	twice
-二十二 	er4shi2er4hao4	22nd day of a month
-二次 	er4ci4da4zhan4	World War Two
-個人 	ge4ren2	individual, personal, oneself
-六十 	liu4shi2	sixty, 60
-元 	yuan2	(dynasty), dollar, primary, first
-二百 	er4bai3	two hundred, 200
-五十 	wu3shi2	fifty
-兩百 	liang3bai3	two hundred
-千 	qian1	thousand
-億 	yi4	a hundred million, calculate
-兩千 	liang3qian1	two thousand
-人口 	ren2kou3	population
-千萬 	qian1wan4	ten million, millions and millions, very many
-三萬 	san1wan4	30 thousand
-點 	dian3	(downwards-right convex character stroke), oclock, (a measure word), point, dot, (decimal) point)
-兩點 	liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1	2 :1 9 (time of day)
-半 	ban4	half, semi-, incomplete, (after a number) and a half, half
-分 	fen1 / fen4	to divide, minute, (a measure word), (a unit of length
-= 0.33 centimeter) / part
-刻 	ke4	quarter (hour), (a measure word), to carve, to engrave, to cut, oppressive
-五分 	wu3fen1mei3jin1	nickel
-差 	cha1 / cha4 / chai1 / ci1	difference, error, discrepancy, to differ, to err, to make a mistake, to lack / different, short of, poor, to lack / send, a messenger, a mission, to commission / uneven
-六點 	liu4dian3liu4	6.6
-七點 	qi1dian3er4	7.2
-三十五 	san1shi2wu3yi4	3.5 billion
-八分 	ba1fen1yin1fu2	quaver, eighth note
-三分 	san1fen1zhi1yi1	one third
-今天 	jin1tian1	today, at the present, now
-上午 	shang4wu3	morning
-這個 	zhe4ge4	this
-每天 	mei3tian1	every day, everyday
-下午 	xia4wu3	afternoon
-每 	mei3	each, every
-上 	shang4	on, on top, upon, first (of two parts), previous or last (week, etc.), upper, higher, above, previous, to climb, to go into, above, to go up
-中文 	zhong1wen2	Chinese language
-課 	ke4 / ke4	subject, class, lesson / class, lesson
-下課 	xia4ke4	class is over
-等 	deng3	class, rank, grade, equal to, same as, wait for, await, et cetera, and so on
-明天 	ming2tian1	tomorrow
-上課 	shang4ke4	to attend class
-電影 	dian4ying3	movie, film
-中午 	zhong1wu3	noon, midday
-報 	bao4	to announce, to inform, report, newspaper, recompense, revenge
-昨天 	zuo2tian1	yesterday
-以前 	yi3qian2	before, formerly, previous
-以後 	yi3hou4	after, later, afterwards, following, later on, in the future
-不住 	bu2zhu4	repeatedly, continuously, constantly
-住宿 	zhu4su4	lodging
-舍 	she3 / she4	to abandon, to give up / residence
-回家 	hui2jia1	homeward
-閱覽室 	yue4lan3shi4	reading room
-美國以 	mei3guo2yi3wai4	outside of the U.S.
-後 	hou4	back, behind, rear, afterwards, after, later
-半以 	ban4yi3shang4	more than half
-作 	zuo4	to regard as, to take (somebody) for, to do, to make
-回 	hui2	(a measure word for matters or actions) a time, to circle, to go back, to turn around, to answer, to return, to revolve
-跟 	gen1	to follow, to go with, heel, with, and
-一起 	yi4qi3	together
-事兒 	shir4	business, thing
-京劇 	jing1ju4	Beijing opera
-還是 	hai2shi4	or, still, nevertheless
-喜歡 	xi3huan5	to like, to be fond of
-紅茶 	hong2cha2	black tea
-綠茶 	lu:4cha2	green tea
-要 	yao1 / yao4	demand, ask, request, coerce / important, vital, to want, to be going to, must
-聽 	ting1 / ting4	listen, hear, obey / let, allow
-古典音樂 	gu3dian3yin1yue4	classical music
-現代音樂 	xian4dai4yin1yue4	modern music, contemporary music
-讓 	rang4	to ask, to let, permit, have (someone do something), to yield, to allow
-音樂 	yin1yue4	music
-孩子 	hai2zi5	child
-吃 	chi1 / ji2	eat, eradicate, destroy, receive / stammer
-晚飯 	wan3fan4	supper
-酒 	jiu3	wine, liquor, spirits
-別 	bie2 / bie4	leave, depart, separate, distinguish, classify, other, another, do not, must not, to pin / contrary, difficult, awkward
-不要 	bu4yao4	dont!, must not
-吸煙 	xi1yan1	to smoke
-走 	zou3	to walk, to go, to move
-年 	nian2	year
-去年 	qu4nian2	last year
-今年 	jin1nian2	this year
-明年 	ming2nian2	next year
-一九九七 	yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2	the year 1997
-一九九 	yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2	the year 1997
-八年 	ba1nian2	eight years
-一年 	yi1nian2ban4	a year and a half
-三年 	san1nian2	three years
-每年 	mei3nian2	every year, each year, yearly
-五年 	wu3nian2ji4hua4	Five-Year Plan
-月 	yue4	moon, month
-上個月 	shang4ge4yue4	last month
-這個月 	zhei4ge4yue4	this (current) month
-下個月 	xia4ge4yue4	next month
-一月 	yi1yue4	first month, January
-二月 	er4yue4	February, second month
-星期 	xing1qi1	week
-下 	xia4	under, second (of two parts), next (week, etc.), lower, below, underneath, down(wards), to decline, to go down, latter
-星期一 	xing1qi1yi1	Monday
-星期二 	xing1qi1er4	Tuesday
-星期六 	xing1qi1liu4	Saturday
-星期日 	xing1qi1ri4	Sunday
-星期天 	xing1qi1tian1	Sunday
-? / 個 	si4ge4xiao3shi2	four hours
-日 	ri4	Japan, day, sun, date, day of the month
-天 	tian1	day, sky, heaven
-一號 	yi1hao4	first day of the month
-? / 月 	si4yue4	April, fourth month
-六號 	liu4hao4	6th day of the month
-十月 	shi2yue4	October
-一天 	yi1tian1	one day
-半天 	ban4tian1	half of the day, a long time, quite a while
-十一月 	shi2yi1yue4	eleventh month, November
-八九 	ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2	pretty close, very near, about right
-七月 	qi1yue4	July, seventh month
-十? /  	shi2si4	fourteen, 14
-五月 	wu3yue4	May, fifth month
-八月 	ba1yue4	eighth month, August
-星期五 	xing1qi1wu3	Friday
-星期? /  	xing1qi1si4	Thursday
-水 	shui3	water, river
-不很 	bu4hen3	not very
-乾淨 	gan1jing4	clean, neat
-送 	song4	to deliver, to carry, to give (as a present), to present (with), to see off, to send
-禮物 	li3wu4	gift, present
-有意思 	you3yi4si5	interesting
-開門 	kai1men2	open (the) door
-跳舞 	tiao4wu3	to dance
-姑娘 	gu1niang5	girl
-同學 	tong2xue2	(fellow) classmate
-高興 	gao1xing4	happy, glad, willing (to do sth), in a cheerful mood
-絲 	si1	silk, thread, trace
-線 	xian4	thread, string, wire, line
-衫 	shan1	Chinese gown (unlined)
-小 	xiao3	small, tiny, few, young
-服務員 	fu2wu4yuan2	waiter, waitress, server
-非常 	fei1chang2	unusual, extraordinary, extreme, very, exceptional
-年輕 	nian2qing1	young
-真 	zhen1	real, true, genuine
-更 	geng1 / geng4	to change / more, even more, further, still, still more
-祝 	zhu4	invoke, pray to, wish, to express good wishes
-祝賀 	zhu4he4	to congratulate, congratulations
-生日 	sheng1ri4	birthday
-上邊 	shang4bian5	upside
-左邊 	zuo3bian1	left
-前邊 	qian2bian1	(n) the area in front of sth
-中間 	zhong1jian4	betwixt, intermediate, mid, middle
-對面 	dui4mian4	opposite
-左 	zuo3	left
-中 	zhong1 / zhong4	within, among, in, middle, center, while (doing sth), during, China, Chinese / hit (the mark)
-右 	you4	right (-hand)
-前 	qian2	before, in front, ago, former, previous, earlier, front
-裡 	li3	li, a Chinese unit of length = 1, 2 kilometer, village, within, inside
-外 	wai4	outside, in addition, foreign, external
-邊 	bian1	side, edge, margin, border, boundary
-外邊 	wai4bian5	(n) outside, (n) exterior surface, (n) place other than ones home town
-房子 	fang2zi5	house
-後邊 	hou4bian1	behind
-桌子 	zhuo1zi5	table, desk
-下邊 	xia4bian1	(n) under
-教室 	jiao4shi4	classroom
-北京 	bei3jing1	Beijing (capital of mainland China)
-很多 	hen3duo1	very many, very much, great (quantity)
-房 	fang2	house
-公園 	gong1yuan2	a public park
-花園 	hua1yuan2	garden
-在車 	zai4che1	aboard
-右邊 	you4bian1	right (as opposed to left)
-一個 	yi1ge4	a, an
-休息 	xiu1xi5	rest, to rest
-正 	zheng1 / zheng4	Chinese 1st month of year / just (right), main, upright, straight, correct, principle
-正在 	zheng4zai4	in the process of (doing something or happening), while (doing)
-的時候 	de5shi2hou4	when, during, at the time of
-一定 	yi1ding4	surely, certainly, necessarily, fixed, a certain (extent, etc.), given, particular
-房間 	fang2jian1	room
-里 	li3	Chinese mile, neighborhood
-打電話 	da3dian4hua4	to make a telephone call
-參觀 	can1guan1	to look around, to inspect, visit and observe
-吃飯 	chi1fan4	to eat a meal
-花兒 	huar1	flower
-漂亮 	piao4liang5	pretty, beautiful
-照片 	zhao4pian4	photograph, picture
-訪問 	fang3wen4	pay a visit (to), to access, to interview
-觀 	guan1 / guan4	to look at, to watch, to observe, to behold / Taoist monastery
-學校 	xue2xiao4	school
-國家 	guo2jia1	country, nation
-總統 	zong3tong3	president (of a country)
-些 	xie1	some, few, several, (a measure word)
-一些 	yi1xie1	some, a few, a little
-這些 	zhe4xie5	these
-那些 	na4xie1	those
-哪些 	na3xie1	which, who, what
-大衣 	da4yi1	overcoat, topcoat, cloak
-黑 	hei1	black, dark
-點心 	dian3xin1	light refreshments, pastry
-束 	shu4	bunch, (a measure word), to bind, to control
-在大 	zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4	in most instances
-借 	jie4	to lend, to borrow, excuse, pretext, by means of
-書店 	shu1dian4	bookstore
-電影? /  	dian4ying3yuan4	cinema, movie theater
-得 	de2 / de5 / dei3	obtain, get, gain, proper, suitable, proud, contented, allow, permit, ready, finished / a sentence particle used after a verb to show effect, degree or possibility / to have to, must, ought to, to need to
-怎麼樣 	zen3me5yang4	how about, (used in the negative)(not) so good
-得很 	de5hen3	very (much, good etc.)
-得不 	de2bu4dao4	cannot get, cannot obtain
-錯 	cuo4	mistake, error, blunder, fault, cross, uneven, wrong
-唱 	chang4	sing, to call loudly, to chant
-民歌 	min2ge1	folk song
-歌唱 	ge1chang4	sing
-舞 	wu3	to dance, to wield, to brandish
-跳 	tiao4	jump, hop, skip (a grade), to leap, to bounce, to beat
-開車 	kai1che1	to drive a car
-開 	kai1	open, operate (vehicle), start
-快 	kuai4	fast, quick, swift
-不快 	bu4kuai4	be unhappy, be displeased, be in low spirits, be indisposed, feel under the weather, be out of sorts
-游泳 	you2yong3	swim
-游 	you2	to walk, to tour, to roam, to swim, to travel
-吧 	ba1 / ba5	(onomat.), dumb / (modal particle indicating polite suggestion), ...right?, ...OK?
-好吃 	hao3chi1	tasty, delicious
-不好 	bu4hao3	no good
-面 	mian4	fade, side, surface, aspect, top, face, flour, noodles
-包 	bao1	to cover, to wrap, to hold, to include, to take charge of, package, wrapper, container, bag, to hold or embrace, bundle, packet, to contract (to or for)
-火腿 	huo3tui3	ham
-停車 	ting2che1	to stop, to park
-不知 	bu4zhi1	unknowing(ly)
-道 	dao4	direction, way, method, road, path, principle, truth, reason, skill, method, Tao (of Taoism), a measure word, to say, to speak, to talk
-才 	cai2	ability, talent, endowment, gift, an expert, only (then), only if, just
-開始 	kai1shi3	begin, beginning, start, initial
-三天 	san1tian1	three days
-再 	zai4	again, once more, re-, second, another
-橘子 	ju2zi5	orange
-不用 	bu4yong4	need not
-能 	neng2	can, may, capable, energy, able
-報紙 	bao4zhi3	newspaper, newsprint
-可以 	ke3yi3	can, may, possible, able to
-? /  	hui4 / kuai4	can, be possible, be able to, to assemble, to meet, to gather, to see, union, group, association / to balance an account, accounting
-不能 	bu4neng2	cannot, must not, should not
-不可 	bu4ke3	cannot, should not, must not
-以 	yi3	to use, according to, so as to, in order to, by, with, because
-不? /  	bu4hui4	improbable, unlikely, will not (act, happen, etc, ), have not learned to, be unable to
-下雨 	xia4yu3	rainy
-應該 	ying1gai1	ought to, should, must
-翻譯 	fan1yi4	translate
-? / 不? /  	hui4bu4hui4	(posing a question: whether someone, something) can or not, is able to or not
-中國民 	zhong1guo2min2hang2	General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC)
-歌 	ge1	song
-北京人 	bei3jing1ren2	person from Beijing, Peking Man (Sinanthropus pekinesis)
-就 	jiu4	at once, then, right away, only, (emphasis), to approach, to move towards, to undertake
-可是 	ke3shi4	but, however
-老 	lao3	(a prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family to indicate affection or familiarity), old (of people)
-十年 	shi2nian2	ten years
-上個星期 	shang4ge4xing1qi1	last week
-出發 	chu1fa1	to start out, to set off
-才能 	cai2neng2	talent, ability, capacity
-或者 	huo4zhe3	or, possibly, maybe, perhaps
-研究 	yan2jiu1	research
-文學 	wen2xue2	literature
-知道 	zhi1dao5	know, be aware of
-地方 	di4fang5	area, place, local
-一時 	yi4shi2	temporary, momentary
-不定 	bu4ding4	indefinite, adventitious, indeterminate
-主意 	zhu3yi5	plan, idea, decision
-一定要 	yi1ding4yao4	must
-決定 	jue2ding4	to decide (to do something), to determine, to resolve
-其他 	qi2ta1	other, else
-選擇 	xuan3ze2	to select, to pick, to choose, to make a choice
-了解 	liao3jie3	understand, come to understand, find out
-懂 	dong3	to understand, to know
-哦 	e2 / o2	to chant / oh is that so
-說 	shui4 / shuo1	persuade (politically) / to speak, to say
-甚麼 	shen2me5	what
-名字 	ming2zi5	(a persons) name
-談 	tan2	to speak, to talk, to converse, to chat, to discuss, (surname)
-進 	jin4	advance, enter, to come in
-城 	cheng2	city walls, city, town
-試 	shi4	to test, to try, experiment, examination, test
-又 	you4	(once) again, also, both... and..., again
-晚 	wan3	evening, night, late
-進來 	jin4lai2	(v) come in
-一點兒 	yi1dianr3	a bit, a little
-新年 	xin1nian2	New Year
-足球 	zu2qiu2	football (British English), soccer (American English)
-賽 	sai4	to compete, competition, match
-出去 	chu1qu4	(v) go out
-辦 	ban4	to do, to manage, to handle, to go about, to run, to set up, to deal with
-簽 	qian1	sign ones name
-証 	zheng4	(translation unavailable)
-早飯 	zao3fan4	breakfast
-早上 	zao3shang5	early morning
-沒吃 	mei2chi1mei2chuan1	(idiom) to be without food and clothing; be very poor
-隊 	dui4	squadron, team, group
-贏 	ying2	to beat, to win, to profit