| 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697989910010110210310410510610710810911011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513613713813914014114214314414514614714814915015115215315415515615715815916016116216316416516616716816917017117217317417517617717817918018118218318418518618718818919019119219319419519619719819920020120220320420520620720820921021121221321421521621721821922022122222322422522622722822923023123223323423523623723823924024124224324424524624724824925025125225325425525625725825926026126226326426526626726826927027127227327427527627727827928028128228328428528628728828929029129229329429529629729829930030130230330430530630730830931031131231331431531631731831932032132232332432532632732832933033133233333433533633733833934034134234334434534634734834935035135235335435535635735835936036136236336436536636736836937037137237337437537637737837938038138238338438538638738838939039139239339439539639739839940040140240340440540640740840941041141241341441541641741841942042142242342442542642742842943043143243343443543643743843944044144244344444544644744844945045145245345445545645745845946046146246346446546646746846947047147247347447547647747847948048148248348448548648748848949049149249349449549649749849950050150250350450550650750850951051151251351451551651751851952052152252352452552652752852953053153253353453553653753853954054154254354454554654754854955055155255355455555655755855956056156256356456556656756856957057157257357457557657757857958058158258358458558658758858959059159259359459559659759859960060160260360460560660760860961061161261361461561661761861962062162262362462562662762862963063163263363463563663763863964064164264364464564664764864965065165265365465565665765865966066166266366466566666766866967067167267367467567667767867968068168268368468568668768868969069169269369469569669769869970070170270370470570670770870971071171271371471571671771871972072172272372472572672772872973073173273373473573673773873974074174274374474574674774874975075175275375475575675775875976076176276376476576676776876977077177277377477577677777877978078178278378478578678778878979079179279379479579679779879980080180280380480580680780880981081181281381481581681781881982082182282382482582682782882983083183283383483583683783883984084184284384484584684784884985085185285385485585685785885986086186286386486586686786886987087187287387487587687787887988088188288388488588688788888989089189289389489589689789889990090190290390490590690790890991091191291391491591691791891992092192292392492592692792892993093193293393493593693793893994094194294394494594694794894995095195295395495595695795895996096196296396496596696796896997097197297397497597697797897998098198298398498598698798898999099199299399499599699799899910001001100210031004100510061007100810091010101110121013101410151016101710181019102010211022102310241025102610271028102910301031103210331034103510361037103810391040104110421043104410451046104710481049105010511052105310541055105610571058105910601061106210631064106510661067106810691070107110721073107410751076107710781079108010811082108310841085108610871088108910901091109210931094109510961097109810991100110111021103110411051106110711081109111011111112111311141115111611171118111911201121112211231124112511261127112811291130113111321133113411351136113711381139114011411142114311441145114611471148114911501151115211531154115511561157115811591160116111621163116411651166116711681169117011711172117311741175117611771178117911801181118211831184118511861187118811891190119111921193119411951196119711981199120012011202120312041205120612071208120912101211121212131214121512161217121812191220122112221223122412251226122712281229123012311232123312341235123612371238123912401241124212431244124512461247124812491250125112521253125412551256125712581259126012611262126312641265126612671268126912701271127212731274127512761277127812791280128112821283128412851286128712881289129012911292129312941295129612971298129913001301130213031304130513061307130813091310131113121313131413151316131713181319132013211322132313241325132613271328132913301331133213331334133513361337133813391340134113421343134413451346134713481349135013511352135313541355135613571358135913601361136213631364136513661367136813691370137113721373137413751376137713781379138013811382138313841385138613871388138913901391139213931394139513961397139813991400140114021403140414051406140714081409141014111412141314141415141614171418141914201421142214231424142514261427142814291430143114321433143414351436143714381439144014411442144314441445144614471448144914501451145214531454145514561457145814591460146114621463146414651466146714681469147014711472147314741475147614771478147914801481148214831484148514861487148814891490149114921493149414951496149714981499150015011502150315041505150615071508150915101511151215131514151515161517151815191520152115221523152415251526152715281529153015311532153315341535153615371538153915401541154215431544154515461547154815491550155115521553155415551556155715581559156015611562156315641565156615671568156915701571157215731574157515761577157815791580158115821583158415851586158715881589159015911592159315941595159615971598159916001601160216031604160516061607160816091610161116121613161416151616161716181619162016211622162316241625162616271628162916301631163216331634163516361637163816391640164116421643164416451646164716481649165016511652165316541655165616571658165916601661166216631664166516661667166816691670167116721673167416751676167716781679168016811682168316841685168616871688168916901691169216931694169516961697169816991700170117021703170417051706170717081709171017111712171317141715171617171718171917201721172217231724172517261727172817291730173117321733173417351736173717381739174017411742174317441745174617471748174917501751175217531754175517561757175817591760176117621763176417651766176717681769177017711772177317741775177617771778177917801781178217831784178517861787178817891790179117921793179417951796179717981799180018011802180318041805180618071808180918101811181218131814181518161817181818191820182118221823182418251826182718281829183018311832183318341835183618371838183918401841184218431844184518461847184818491850185118521853185418551856185718581859186018611862186318641865186618671868186918701871187218731874187518761877187818791880188118821883188418851886188718881889189018911892189318941895189618971898189919001901190219031904190519061907190819091910191119121913191419151916191719181919192019211922192319241925192619271928192919301931193219331934193519361937193819391940194119421943194419451946194719481949195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961196219631964196519661967196819691970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030203120322033203420352036203720382039204020412042204320442045204620472048204920502051205220532054205520562057205820592060206120622063206420652066206720682069207020712072207320742075207620772078207920802081208220832084208520862087208820892090209120922093209420952096209720982099210021012102210321042105210621072108210921102111211221132114211521162117211821192120212121222123212421252126212721282129213021312132213321342135213621372138213921402141214221432144214521462147214821492150215121522153215421552156215721582159216021612162216321642165216621672168216921702171217221732174217521762177217821792180218121822183218421852186218721882189219021912192219321942195219621972198219922002201220222032204220522062207220822092210221122122213221422152216221722182219222022212222222322242225222622272228222922302231223222332234223522362237223822392240224122422243224422452246224722482249225022512252225322542255225622572258225922602261226222632264226522662267226822692270227122722273227422752276227722782279228022812282228322842285228622872288228922902291229222932294229522962297229822992300230123022303230423052306230723082309231023112312231323142315231623172318231923202321232223232324232523262327232823292330233123322333233423352336233723382339234023412342234323442345234623472348234923502351235223532354235523562357235823592360236123622363236423652366236723682369237023712372237323742375237623772378237923802381238223832384238523862387238823892390239123922393239423952396239723982399240024012402240324042405240624072408240924102411241224132414241524162417241824192420242124222423242424252426242724282429243024312432243324342435243624372438243924402441244224432444244524462447244824492450245124522453245424552456245724582459246024612462246324642465246624672468246924702471247224732474247524762477247824792480248124822483248424852486248724882489249024912492249324942495249624972498249925002501250225032504250525062507250825092510251125122513251425152516251725182519252025212522252325242525252625272528252925302531253225332534253525362537253825392540254125422543254425452546254725482549255025512552255325542555255625572558255925602561256225632564256525662567256825692570257125722573257425752576257725782579258025812582258325842585258625872588258925902591259225932594259525962597259825992600260126022603260426052606260726082609261026112612261326142615261626172618261926202621262226232624262526262627262826292630263126322633263426352636263726382639264026412642264326442645264626472648264926502651265226532654265526562657265826592660266126622663266426652666266726682669267026712672267326742675267626772678267926802681268226832684268526862687268826892690269126922693269426952696269726982699270027012702270327042705270627072708270927102711271227132714271527162717271827192720272127222723272427252726272727282729273027312732273327342735273627372738273927402741274227432744274527462747274827492750275127522753275427552756275727582759276027612762276327642765276627672768276927702771277227732774277527762777277827792780278127822783278427852786278727882789279027912792279327942795279627972798279928002801280228032804280528062807280828092810281128122813281428152816281728182819282028212822282328242825282628272828282928302831283228332834283528362837283828392840284128422843284428452846284728482849285028512852285328542855285628572858285928602861286228632864286528662867286828692870287128722873287428752876287728782879288028812882288328842885288628872888288928902891289228932894289528962897289828992900290129022903290429052906290729082909291029112912291329142915291629172918291929202921292229232924292529262927292829292930293129322933293429352936293729382939294029412942294329442945294629472948294929502951295229532954295529562957295829592960296129622963296429652966296729682969297029712972297329742975297629772978297929802981298229832984298529862987298829892990299129922993299429952996299729982999300030013002300330043005300630073008300930103011301230133014301530163017301830193020302130223023302430253026302730283029303030313032303330343035303630373038303930403041304230433044304530463047304830493050305130523053305430553056305730583059306030613062306330643065306630673068306930703071307230733074307530763077307830793080308130823083308430853086308730883089309030913092309330943095309630973098309931003101310231033104310531063107310831093110311131123113311431153116311731183119312031213122312331243125312631273128312931303131313231333134313531363137313831393140314131423143314431453146314731483149315031513152315331543155315631573158315931603161316231633164316531663167316831693170317131723173317431753176317731783179318031813182318331843185318631873188318931903191319231933194319531963197319831993200320132023203320432053206320732083209321032113212321332143215321632173218321932203221322232233224322532263227322832293230323132323233323432353236323732383239324032413242324332443245324632473248324932503251325232533254325532563257325832593260326132623263326432653266326732683269327032713272327332743275327632773278327932803281328232833284328532863287328832893290329132923293329432953296329732983299330033013302330333043305330633073308330933103311331233133314331533163317331833193320332133223323332433253326332733283329333033313332333333343335333633373338333933403341334233433344334533463347334833493350335133523353335433553356335733583359336033613362336333643365336633673368336933703371337233733374337533763377337833793380338133823383338433853386338733883389339033913392339333943395339633973398339934003401340234033404340534063407340834093410341134123413341434153416341734183419342034213422342334243425342634273428342934303431343234333434343534363437343834393440344134423443344434453446344734483449345034513452345334543455345634573458345934603461346234633464346534663467346834693470347134723473347434753476347734783479348034813482348334843485348634873488348934903491349234933494349534963497349834993500350135023503350435053506350735083509351035113512351335143515351635173518351935203521352235233524352535263527352835293530353135323533353435353536353735383539354035413542354335443545354635473548354935503551355235533554355535563557355835593560356135623563356435653566356735683569357035713572357335743575357635773578357935803581358235833584358535863587358835893590359135923593359435953596359735983599360036013602360336043605360636073608360936103611361236133614361536163617361836193620362136223623362436253626362736283629363036313632363336343635363636373638363936403641364236433644364536463647364836493650365136523653365436553656365736583659366036613662366336643665366636673668366936703671367236733674367536763677367836793680368136823683368436853686368736883689369036913692369336943695369636973698369937003701370237033704370537063707370837093710371137123713371437153716371737183719372037213722372337243725372637273728372937303731373237333734373537363737373837393740374137423743374437453746374737483749375037513752375337543755375637573758375937603761376237633764376537663767376837693770377137723773377437753776377737783779378037813782378337843785378637873788378937903791379237933794379537963797379837993800380138023803380438053806380738083809381038113812381338143815381638173818381938203821382238233824382538263827382838293830383138323833383438353836383738383839384038413842384338443845384638473848384938503851385238533854385538563857385838593860386138623863386438653866386738683869387038713872387338743875387638773878387938803881388238833884388538863887388838893890389138923893389438953896389738983899390039013902390339043905390639073908390939103911391239133914391539163917391839193920392139223923392439253926392739283929393039313932393339343935393639373938393939403941394239433944394539463947394839493950395139523953395439553956395739583959396039613962396339643965396639673968396939703971397239733974397539763977397839793980398139823983398439853986398739883989399039913992399339943995399639973998399940004001400240034004400540064007400840094010401140124013401440154016401740184019402040214022402340244025402640274028402940304031403240334034403540364037403840394040404140424043404440454046404740484049405040514052405340544055405640574058405940604061406240634064406540664067406840694070407140724073407440754076407740784079408040814082408340844085408640874088408940904091409240934094409540964097409840994100410141024103410441054106410741084109411041114112411341144115411641174118411941204121412241234124412541264127412841294130413141324133413441354136413741384139414041414142414341444145414641474148414941504151415241534154415541564157415841594160416141624163416441654166416741684169417041714172417341744175417641774178417941804181418241834184418541864187418841894190419141924193419441954196419741984199420042014202420342044205420642074208420942104211421242134214421542164217421842194220422142224223422442254226422742284229423042314232423342344235423642374238423942404241424242434244424542464247424842494250425142524253425442554256425742584259426042614262426342644265426642674268426942704271427242734274427542764277427842794280428142824283428442854286428742884289429042914292429342944295429642974298429943004301430243034304430543064307430843094310431143124313431443154316431743184319432043214322432343244325432643274328432943304331433243334334433543364337433843394340434143424343434443454346434743484349435043514352435343544355435643574358435943604361436243634364436543664367436843694370437143724373437443754376437743784379438043814382438343844385438643874388438943904391439243934394439543964397439843994400440144024403440444054406440744084409441044114412441344144415441644174418441944204421442244234424442544264427442844294430443144324433443444354436443744384439444044414442444344444445444644474448444944504451445244534454445544564457445844594460446144624463446444654466446744684469447044714472447344744475447644774478447944804481448244834484448544864487448844894490449144924493449444954496449744984499450045014502450345044505450645074508450945104511451245134514451545164517451845194520452145224523452445254526452745284529453045314532453345344535453645374538453945404541454245434544454545464547454845494550455145524553455445554556455745584559456045614562456345644565456645674568456945704571457245734574457545764577457845794580458145824583458445854586458745884589459045914592459345944595459645974598459946004601460246034604460546064607460846094610461146124613461446154616461746184619462046214622462346244625462646274628462946304631463246334634463546364637463846394640464146424643464446454646464746484649465046514652465346544655465646574658465946604661466246634664466546664667466846694670467146724673467446754676467746784679468046814682468346844685468646874688468946904691469246934694469546964697469846994700470147024703470447054706470747084709471047114712471347144715471647174718471947204721472247234724472547264727472847294730473147324733473447354736473747384739474047414742474347444745474647474748474947504751475247534754475547564757475847594760476147624763476447654766476747684769477047714772477347744775477647774778477947804781478247834784478547864787478847894790479147924793479447954796479747984799480048014802480348044805480648074808480948104811481248134814481548164817481848194820482148224823482448254826482748284829483048314832483348344835483648374838483948404841484248434844484548464847484848494850485148524853485448554856485748584859486048614862486348644865486648674868486948704871487248734874487548764877487848794880488148824883488448854886488748884889489048914892489348944895489648974898489949004901490249034904490549064907490849094910491149124913491449154916491749184919492049214922492349244925492649274928492949304931493249334934493549364937493849394940494149424943494449454946494749484949495049514952495349544955495649574958495949604961496249634964496549664967496849694970497149724973497449754976497749784979498049814982498349844985498649874988498949904991499249934994499549964997499849995000500150025003500450055006500750085009501050115012501350145015501650175018501950205021502250235024502550265027502850295030503150325033503450355036503750385039504050415042504350445045504650475048504950505051505250535054505550565057505850595060506150625063506450655066506750685069507050715072507350745075507650775078507950805081508250835084508550865087508850895090509150925093509450955096509750985099510051015102510351045105510651075108510951105111511251135114511551165117511851195120512151225123512451255126512751285129513051315132513351345135513651375138513951405141514251435144514551465147514851495150515151525153515451555156515751585159516051615162516351645165516651675168516951705171517251735174517551765177517851795180518151825183518451855186518751885189519051915192519351945195519651975198519952005201520252035204520552065207520852095210521152125213521452155216521752185219522052215222522352245225522652275228522952305231523252335234523552365237523852395240524152425243524452455246524752485249525052515252525352545255525652575258525952605261526252635264526552665267526852695270527152725273527452755276527752785279528052815282528352845285528652875288528952905291529252935294529552965297529852995300530153025303530453055306530753085309531053115312531353145315531653175318531953205321532253235324532553265327532853295330533153325333533453355336533753385339534053415342534353445345534653475348534953505351535253535354535553565357535853595360536153625363536453655366536753685369537053715372537353745375537653775378537953805381538253835384538553865387538853895390539153925393539453955396539753985399540054015402540354045405540654075408540954105411541254135414541554165417541854195420542154225423542454255426542754285429543054315432543354345435543654375438543954405441544254435444544554465447544854495450545154525453545454555456545754585459546054615462546354645465546654675468546954705471547254735474547554765477547854795480548154825483548454855486548754885489549054915492549354945495549654975498549955005501550255035504550555065507550855095510551155125513551455155516551755185519552055215522552355245525552655275528552955305531553255335534553555365537553855395540554155425543554455455546554755485549555055515552555355545555555655575558555955605561556255635564556555665567556855695570557155725573557455755576557755785579558055815582558355845585558655875588558955905591559255935594559555965597559855995600560156025603560456055606560756085609561056115612561356145615561656175618561956205621562256235624562556265627562856295630563156325633563456355636563756385639564056415642564356445645564656475648564956505651565256535654565556565657565856595660566156625663566456655666566756685669567056715672567356745675567656775678567956805681568256835684568556865687568856895690569156925693569456955696569756985699570057015702570357045705570657075708570957105711571257135714571557165717571857195720572157225723572457255726572757285729573057315732573357345735573657375738573957405741574257435744574557465747574857495750575157525753575457555756575757585759576057615762576357645765576657675768576957705771577257735774577557765777577857795780578157825783578457855786578757885789579057915792579357945795579657975798579958005801580258035804580558065807580858095810581158125813581458155816581758185819582058215822582358245825582658275828582958305831583258335834583558365837583858395840584158425843584458455846584758485849585058515852585358545855585658575858585958605861586258635864586558665867586858695870587158725873587458755876587758785879588058815882588358845885588658875888588958905891589258935894589558965897589858995900590159025903590459055906590759085909591059115912591359145915591659175918591959205921592259235924592559265927592859295930593159325933593459355936593759385939594059415942594359445945594659475948594959505951595259535954595559565957595859595960596159625963596459655966596759685969597059715972597359745975597659775978597959805981598259835984598559865987598859895990599159925993599459955996599759985999600060016002600360046005600660076008600960106011601260136014601560166017601860196020602160226023602460256026602760286029603060316032603360346035603660376038603960406041604260436044604560466047604860496050605160526053605460556056605760586059606060616062606360646065606660676068606960706071607260736074607560766077607860796080608160826083608460856086608760886089609060916092609360946095609660976098609961006101610261036104610561066107610861096110611161126113611461156116611761186119612061216122612361246125612661276128612961306131613261336134613561366137613861396140614161426143614461456146614761486149615061516152615361546155615661576158615961606161616261636164616561666167616861696170617161726173617461756176617761786179618061816182618361846185618661876188618961906191619261936194619561966197619861996200620162026203620462056206620762086209621062116212621362146215621662176218621962206221622262236224622562266227622862296230623162326233623462356236623762386239624062416242624362446245624662476248624962506251625262536254625562566257625862596260626162626263626462656266626762686269627062716272627362746275627662776278627962806281628262836284628562866287628862896290629162926293629462956296629762986299630063016302630363046305630663076308630963106311631263136314631563166317631863196320632163226323632463256326632763286329633063316332633363346335633663376338633963406341634263436344634563466347634863496350635163526353635463556356635763586359636063616362636363646365636663676368636963706371637263736374637563766377637863796380638163826383638463856386638763886389639063916392639363946395639663976398639964006401640264036404640564066407640864096410641164126413641464156416641764186419642064216422642364246425642664276428642964306431643264336434643564366437643864396440644164426443644464456446644764486449645064516452645364546455645664576458645964606461646264636464646564666467646864696470647164726473647464756476647764786479648064816482648364846485648664876488648964906491649264936494649564966497649864996500650165026503650465056506650765086509651065116512651365146515651665176518651965206521652265236524652565266527652865296530653165326533653465356536653765386539654065416542654365446545654665476548654965506551655265536554655565566557655865596560656165626563656465656566656765686569657065716572657365746575657665776578657965806581658265836584658565866587658865896590659165926593659465956596659765986599660066016602660366046605660666076608660966106611661266136614661566166617661866196620662166226623662466256626662766286629663066316632663366346635663666376638663966406641664266436644664566466647664866496650665166526653665466556656665766586659666066616662666366646665666666676668666966706671667266736674667566766677667866796680668166826683668466856686668766886689669066916692669366946695669666976698669967006701670267036704670567066707670867096710671167126713671467156716671767186719672067216722672367246725672667276728672967306731673267336734673567366737673867396740674167426743674467456746674767486749675067516752675367546755675667576758675967606761676267636764676567666767676867696770677167726773677467756776677767786779678067816782678367846785678667876788678967906791679267936794679567966797679867996800680168026803680468056806680768086809681068116812681368146815681668176818681968206821682268236824682568266827682868296830683168326833683468356836683768386839684068416842684368446845684668476848684968506851685268536854685568566857685868596860686168626863686468656866686768686869687068716872687368746875687668776878687968806881688268836884688568866887688868896890689168926893689468956896689768986899690069016902690369046905690669076908690969106911691269136914691569166917691869196920692169226923692469256926692769286929693069316932693369346935693669376938693969406941694269436944694569466947694869496950695169526953695469556956695769586959696069616962696369646965696669676968696969706971697269736974697569766977697869796980698169826983698469856986698769886989699069916992699369946995699669976998699970007001700270037004700570067007700870097010701170127013701470157016701770187019702070217022702370247025702670277028702970307031703270337034703570367037703870397040704170427043704470457046704770487049705070517052705370547055705670577058705970607061706270637064706570667067706870697070707170727073707470757076707770787079708070817082708370847085708670877088708970907091709270937094709570967097709870997100710171027103710471057106710771087109711071117112711371147115711671177118711971207121712271237124712571267127712871297130713171327133713471357136713771387139714071417142714371447145714671477148714971507151715271537154715571567157715871597160716171627163716471657166716771687169717071717172717371747175717671777178717971807181718271837184718571867187718871897190719171927193719471957196719771987199720072017202720372047205720672077208720972107211721272137214721572167217721872197220722172227223722472257226722772287229723072317232723372347235723672377238723972407241724272437244724572467247724872497250725172527253725472557256725772587259726072617262726372647265726672677268726972707271727272737274727572767277727872797280728172827283728472857286728772887289729072917292729372947295729672977298729973007301730273037304730573067307730873097310731173127313731473157316731773187319732073217322732373247325732673277328732973307331733273337334733573367337733873397340734173427343734473457346734773487349735073517352735373547355735673577358735973607361736273637364736573667367736873697370737173727373737473757376737773787379738073817382738373847385738673877388738973907391739273937394739573967397739873997400740174027403740474057406740774087409741074117412741374147415741674177418741974207421742274237424742574267427742874297430743174327433743474357436743774387439744074417442744374447445744674477448744974507451745274537454745574567457745874597460746174627463746474657466746774687469747074717472747374747475747674777478747974807481748274837484748574867487748874897490749174927493749474957496749774987499750075017502750375047505750675077508750975107511751275137514751575167517751875197520752175227523752475257526752775287529753075317532753375347535753675377538753975407541754275437544754575467547754875497550755175527553755475557556755775587559756075617562756375647565756675677568756975707571757275737574757575767577757875797580758175827583758475857586758775887589759075917592759375947595759675977598759976007601760276037604760576067607760876097610761176127613761476157616761776187619762076217622762376247625762676277628762976307631763276337634763576367637763876397640764176427643764476457646764776487649765076517652765376547655765676577658765976607661766276637664766576667667766876697670767176727673767476757676767776787679768076817682768376847685768676877688768976907691769276937694769576967697769876997700770177027703770477057706770777087709771077117712771377147715771677177718771977207721772277237724772577267727772877297730773177327733773477357736773777387739774077417742774377447745774677477748774977507751775277537754775577567757775877597760776177627763776477657766776777687769777077717772777377747775777677777778777977807781778277837784778577867787778877897790779177927793779477957796779777987799780078017802780378047805780678077808780978107811781278137814781578167817781878197820782178227823782478257826782778287829783078317832783378347835783678377838783978407841784278437844784578467847784878497850785178527853785478557856785778587859786078617862786378647865786678677868786978707871787278737874787578767877787878797880788178827883788478857886788778887889789078917892789378947895789678977898789979007901790279037904790579067907790879097910791179127913791479157916791779187919792079217922792379247925792679277928792979307931793279337934793579367937793879397940794179427943794479457946794779487949795079517952795379547955795679577958795979607961796279637964796579667967796879697970797179727973797479757976797779787979798079817982798379847985798679877988798979907991799279937994799579967997799879998000800180028003800480058006800780088009801080118012801380148015801680178018801980208021802280238024802580268027802880298030803180328033803480358036803780388039804080418042804380448045804680478048804980508051805280538054805580568057805880598060806180628063806480658066806780688069807080718072807380748075807680778078807980808081808280838084808580868087808880898090809180928093809480958096809780988099810081018102810381048105810681078108810981108111811281138114811581168117811881198120812181228123812481258126812781288129813081318132813381348135813681378138813981408141814281438144814581468147814881498150815181528153815481558156815781588159816081618162816381648165816681678168816981708171817281738174817581768177817881798180818181828183818481858186818781888189819081918192819381948195819681978198819982008201820282038204820582068207820882098210821182128213821482158216821782188219822082218222822382248225822682278228822982308231823282338234823582368237823882398240824182428243824482458246824782488249825082518252825382548255825682578258825982608261826282638264826582668267826882698270827182728273827482758276827782788279828082818282828382848285828682878288828982908291829282938294829582968297829882998300830183028303830483058306830783088309831083118312831383148315831683178318831983208321832283238324832583268327832883298330833183328333833483358336833783388339834083418342834383448345834683478348834983508351835283538354835583568357835883598360836183628363836483658366836783688369837083718372837383748375837683778378837983808381838283838384838583868387838883898390839183928393839483958396839783988399840084018402840384048405840684078408840984108411841284138414841584168417841884198420842184228423842484258426842784288429843084318432843384348435843684378438843984408441844284438444844584468447844884498450845184528453845484558456845784588459846084618462846384648465846684678468846984708471847284738474847584768477847884798480848184828483848484858486848784888489849084918492849384948495849684978498849985008501850285038504850585068507850885098510851185128513851485158516851785188519852085218522852385248525852685278528852985308531853285338534853585368537853885398540854185428543854485458546854785488549855085518552855385548555855685578558855985608561856285638564856585668567856885698570857185728573857485758576857785788579858085818582858385848585858685878588858985908591859285938594859585968597859885998600860186028603860486058606860786088609861086118612861386148615861686178618861986208621862286238624862586268627862886298630863186328633863486358636863786388639864086418642864386448645864686478648864986508651865286538654865586568657865886598660866186628663866486658666866786688669867086718672867386748675867686778678867986808681868286838684868586868687868886898690869186928693869486958696869786988699870087018702870387048705870687078708870987108711871287138714871587168717871887198720872187228723872487258726872787288729873087318732873387348735873687378738873987408741874287438744874587468747874887498750875187528753875487558756875787588759876087618762876387648765876687678768876987708771877287738774877587768777877887798780878187828783878487858786878787888789879087918792879387948795879687978798879988008801880288038804880588068807880888098810881188128813881488158816881788188819882088218822882388248825882688278828882988308831883288338834883588368837883888398840884188428843884488458846884788488849885088518852885388548855885688578858885988608861886288638864886588668867886888698870887188728873887488758876887788788879888088818882888388848885888688878888888988908891889288938894889588968897889888998900890189028903890489058906890789088909891089118912891389148915891689178918891989208921892289238924892589268927892889298930893189328933893489358936893789388939894089418942894389448945894689478948894989508951895289538954895589568957895889598960896189628963896489658966896789688969897089718972897389748975897689778978897989808981898289838984898589868987898889898990899189928993899489958996899789988999900090019002900390049005900690079008900990109011901290139014901590169017901890199020902190229023902490259026902790289029903090319032903390349035903690379038903990409041904290439044904590469047904890499050905190529053905490559056905790589059906090619062906390649065906690679068906990709071907290739074907590769077907890799080908190829083908490859086908790889089909090919092909390949095909690979098909991009101910291039104910591069107910891099110911191129113911491159116911791189119912091219122912391249125912691279128912991309131913291339134913591369137913891399140914191429143914491459146914791489149915091519152915391549155915691579158915991609161916291639164916591669167916891699170917191729173917491759176917791789179918091819182918391849185918691879188918991909191919291939194919591969197919891999200920192029203920492059206920792089209921092119212921392149215921692179218921992209221922292239224922592269227922892299230923192329233923492359236923792389239924092419242924392449245924692479248924992509251925292539254925592569257925892599260926192629263926492659266926792689269927092719272927392749275927692779278927992809281928292839284928592869287928892899290929192929293929492959296929792989299930093019302930393049305930693079308930993109311931293139314931593169317931893199320932193229323932493259326932793289329933093319332933393349335933693379338933993409341934293439344934593469347934893499350935193529353935493559356935793589359936093619362936393649365936693679368936993709371937293739374937593769377937893799380938193829383938493859386938793889389939093919392939393949395939693979398939994009401940294039404940594069407940894099410941194129413941494159416941794189419942094219422942394249425942694279428942994309431943294339434943594369437943894399440944194429443944494459446944794489449945094519452945394549455945694579458945994609461946294639464946594669467946894699470947194729473947494759476947794789479948094819482948394849485948694879488948994909491949294939494949594969497949894999500950195029503950495059506950795089509951095119512951395149515951695179518951995209521952295239524952595269527952895299530953195329533953495359536953795389539954095419542954395449545954695479548954995509551955295539554955595569557955895599560956195629563956495659566956795689569957095719572957395749575957695779578957995809581958295839584958595869587958895899590959195929593959495959596959795989599960096019602960396049605960696079608960996109611961296139614961596169617961896199620962196229623962496259626962796289629963096319632963396349635963696379638963996409641964296439644964596469647964896499650965196529653965496559656965796589659966096619662966396649665966696679668966996709671967296739674967596769677967896799680968196829683968496859686968796889689969096919692969396949695969696979698969997009701970297039704970597069707970897099710971197129713971497159716971797189719972097219722972397249725972697279728972997309731973297339734973597369737973897399740974197429743974497459746974797489749975097519752975397549755975697579758975997609761976297639764976597669767976897699770977197729773977497759776977797789779978097819782978397849785978697879788978997909791979297939794979597969797979897999800980198029803980498059806980798089809981098119812981398149815981698179818981998209821982298239824982598269827982898299830983198329833983498359836983798389839984098419842984398449845984698479848984998509851985298539854985598569857985898599860986198629863986498659866986798689869987098719872987398749875987698779878987998809881988298839884988598869887988898899890989198929893989498959896989798989899990099019902990399049905990699079908990999109911991299139914991599169917991899199920992199229923992499259926992799289929993099319932993399349935993699379938993999409941994299439944994599469947994899499950995199529953995499559956995799589959996099619962996399649965996699679968996999709971997299739974997599769977997899799980998199829983998499859986998799889989999099919992999399949995999699979998999910000100011000210003100041000510006100071000810009100101001110012100131001410015100161001710018100191002010021100221002310024100251002610027100281002910030100311003210033100341003510036100371003810039100401004110042100431004410045100461004710048100491005010051100521005310054100551005610057100581005910060100611006210063100641006510066100671006810069100701007110072100731007410075100761007710078100791008010081100821008310084100851008610087100881008910090100911009210093100941009510096100971009810099101001010110102101031010410105101061010710108101091011010111101121011310114101151011610117101181011910120101211012210123101241012510126101271012810129101301013110132101331013410135101361013710138101391014010141101421014310144101451014610147101481014910150101511015210153101541015510156101571015810159101601016110162101631016410165101661016710168101691017010171101721017310174101751017610177101781017910180101811018210183101841018510186101871018810189101901019110192101931019410195101961019710198101991020010201102021020310204102051020610207102081020910210102111021210213102141021510216102171021810219102201022110222102231022410225102261022710228102291023010231102321023310234102351023610237102381023910240102411024210243102441024510246102471024810249102501025110252102531025410255102561025710258102591026010261102621026310264102651026610267102681026910270102711027210273102741027510276102771027810279102801028110282102831028410285102861028710288102891029010291102921029310294102951029610297102981029910300103011030210303103041030510306103071030810309103101031110312103131031410315103161031710318103191032010321103221032310324103251032610327103281032910330103311033210333103341033510336103371033810339103401034110342103431034410345103461034710348103491035010351103521035310354103551035610357103581035910360103611036210363103641036510366103671036810369103701037110372103731037410375103761037710378103791038010381103821038310384103851038610387103881038910390103911039210393103941039510396103971039810399104001040110402104031040410405104061040710408104091041010411104121041310414104151041610417104181041910420104211042210423104241042510426104271042810429104301043110432104331043410435104361043710438104391044010441104421044310444104451044610447104481044910450104511045210453104541045510456104571045810459104601046110462104631046410465104661046710468104691047010471104721047310474104751047610477104781047910480104811048210483104841048510486104871048810489104901049110492104931049410495104961049710498104991050010501105021050310504105051050610507105081050910510105111051210513105141051510516105171051810519105201052110522105231052410525105261052710528105291053010531105321053310534105351053610537105381053910540105411054210543105441054510546105471054810549105501055110552105531055410555105561055710558105591056010561105621056310564105651056610567105681056910570105711057210573105741057510576105771057810579105801058110582105831058410585105861058710588105891059010591105921059310594105951059610597105981059910600106011060210603106041060510606106071060810609106101061110612106131061410615106161061710618106191062010621106221062310624106251062610627106281062910630106311063210633106341063510636106371063810639106401064110642106431064410645106461064710648106491065010651106521065310654106551065610657106581065910660106611066210663106641066510666106671066810669106701067110672106731067410675106761067710678106791068010681106821068310684106851068610687106881068910690106911069210693106941069510696106971069810699107001070110702107031070410705107061070710708107091071010711107121071310714107151071610717107181071910720107211072210723107241072510726107271072810729107301073110732107331073410735107361073710738107391074010741107421074310744107451074610747107481074910750107511075210753107541075510756107571075810759107601076110762107631076410765107661076710768107691077010771107721077310774107751077610777107781077910780107811078210783107841078510786107871078810789107901079110792107931079410795107961079710798107991080010801108021080310804108051080610807108081080910810108111081210813108141081510816108171081810819108201082110822108231082410825108261082710828108291083010831108321083310834108351083610837108381083910840108411084210843108441084510846108471084810849108501085110852108531085410855108561085710858108591086010861108621086310864108651086610867108681086910870108711087210873108741087510876108771087810879108801088110882108831088410885108861088710888108891089010891108921089310894108951089610897108981089910900109011090210903109041090510906109071090810909109101091110912109131091410915109161091710918109191092010921109221092310924109251092610927109281092910930109311093210933109341093510936109371093810939109401094110942109431094410945109461094710948109491095010951109521095310954109551095610957109581095910960109611096210963109641096510966109671096810969109701097110972109731097410975109761097710978109791098010981109821098310984109851098610987109881098910990109911099210993109941099510996109971099810999110001100111002110031100411005110061100711008110091101011011110121101311014110151101611017110181101911020110211102211023110241102511026110271102811029110301103111032110331103411035110361103711038110391104011041110421104311044110451104611047110481104911050110511105211053110541105511056110571105811059110601106111062110631106411065110661106711068110691107011071110721107311074110751107611077110781107911080110811108211083110841108511086110871108811089110901109111092110931109411095110961109711098110991110011101111021110311104111051110611107111081110911110111111111211113111141111511116111171111811119111201112111122111231112411125111261112711128111291113011131111321113311134111351113611137111381113911140111411114211143111441114511146111471114811149111501115111152111531115411155111561115711158111591116011161111621116311164111651116611167111681116911170111711117211173111741117511176111771117811179111801118111182111831118411185111861118711188111891119011191111921119311194111951119611197111981119911200112011120211203112041120511206112071120811209112101121111212112131121411215112161121711218112191122011221112221122311224112251122611227112281122911230112311123211233112341123511236112371123811239112401124111242112431124411245112461124711248112491125011251112521125311254112551125611257112581125911260112611126211263112641126511266112671126811269112701127111272112731127411275112761127711278112791128011281112821128311284112851128611287112881128911290112911129211293112941129511296112971129811299113001130111302113031130411305113061130711308113091131011311113121131311314113151131611317113181131911320113211132211323113241132511326113271132811329113301133111332113331133411335113361133711338113391134011341113421134311344113451134611347113481134911350113511135211353113541135511356113571135811359113601136111362113631136411365113661136711368113691137011371113721137311374113751137611377113781137911380113811138211383113841138511386113871138811389113901139111392113931139411395113961139711398113991140011401114021140311404114051140611407114081140911410114111141211413114141141511416114171141811419114201142111422114231142411425114261142711428114291143011431114321143311434114351143611437114381143911440114411144211443114441144511446114471144811449114501145111452114531145411455114561145711458114591146011461114621146311464114651146611467114681146911470114711147211473114741147511476114771147811479114801148111482114831148411485114861148711488114891149011491114921149311494114951149611497114981149911500115011150211503115041150511506115071150811509115101151111512115131151411515115161151711518115191152011521115221152311524115251152611527115281152911530115311153211533115341153511536115371153811539115401154111542115431154411545115461154711548115491155011551115521155311554115551155611557115581155911560115611156211563115641156511566115671156811569115701157111572115731157411575115761157711578115791158011581115821158311584115851158611587115881158911590115911159211593115941159511596115971159811599116001160111602116031160411605116061160711608116091161011611116121161311614116151161611617116181161911620116211162211623116241162511626116271162811629116301163111632116331163411635116361163711638116391164011641116421164311644116451164611647116481164911650116511165211653116541165511656116571165811659116601166111662116631166411665116661166711668116691167011671116721167311674116751167611677116781167911680116811168211683116841168511686116871168811689116901169111692116931169411695116961169711698116991170011701117021170311704117051170611707117081170911710117111171211713117141171511716117171171811719117201172111722117231172411725117261172711728117291173011731117321173311734117351173611737117381173911740117411174211743117441174511746117471174811749117501175111752117531175411755117561175711758117591176011761117621176311764117651176611767117681176911770117711177211773117741177511776117771177811779117801178111782117831178411785117861178711788117891179011791117921179311794117951179611797117981179911800118011180211803118041180511806118071180811809118101181111812118131181411815118161181711818118191182011821118221182311824118251182611827118281182911830118311183211833118341183511836118371183811839118401184111842118431184411845118461184711848118491185011851118521185311854118551185611857118581185911860118611186211863118641186511866118671186811869118701187111872118731187411875118761187711878118791188011881118821188311884118851188611887118881188911890118911189211893118941189511896118971189811899119001190111902119031190411905119061190711908119091191011911119121191311914119151191611917119181191911920119211192211923119241192511926119271192811929119301193111932119331193411935119361193711938119391194011941119421194311944119451194611947119481194911950119511195211953119541195511956119571195811959119601196111962119631196411965119661196711968119691197011971119721197311974119751197611977119781197911980119811198211983119841198511986119871198811989119901199111992119931199411995119961199711998119991200012001120021200312004120051200612007120081200912010120111201212013120141201512016120171201812019120201202112022120231202412025120261202712028120291203012031120321203312034120351203612037120381203912040120411204212043120441204512046120471204812049120501205112052120531205412055120561205712058120591206012061120621206312064120651206612067120681206912070120711207212073120741207512076120771207812079120801208112082120831208412085120861208712088120891209012091120921209312094120951209612097120981209912100121011210212103121041210512106121071210812109121101211112112121131211412115121161211712118121191212012121121221212312124121251212612127121281212912130121311213212133121341213512136121371213812139121401214112142121431214412145121461214712148121491215012151121521215312154121551215612157121581215912160121611216212163121641216512166121671216812169121701217112172121731217412175121761217712178121791218012181121821218312184121851218612187121881218912190121911219212193121941219512196121971219812199122001220112202122031220412205122061220712208122091221012211122121221312214122151221612217122181221912220122211222212223122241222512226122271222812229122301223112232122331223412235122361223712238122391224012241122421224312244122451224612247122481224912250122511225212253122541225512256122571225812259122601226112262122631226412265122661226712268122691227012271122721227312274122751227612277122781227912280122811228212283122841228512286122871228812289122901229112292122931229412295122961229712298122991230012301123021230312304123051230612307123081230912310123111231212313123141231512316123171231812319123201232112322123231232412325123261232712328123291233012331123321233312334123351233612337123381233912340123411234212343123441234512346123471234812349123501235112352123531235412355123561235712358123591236012361123621236312364123651236612367123681236912370123711237212373123741237512376123771237812379123801238112382123831238412385123861238712388123891239012391123921239312394123951239612397123981239912400124011240212403124041240512406124071240812409124101241112412124131241412415124161241712418124191242012421124221242312424124251242612427124281242912430124311243212433124341243512436124371243812439124401244112442124431244412445124461244712448124491245012451124521245312454124551245612457124581245912460124611246212463124641246512466124671246812469124701247112472124731247412475124761247712478124791248012481124821248312484124851248612487124881248912490124911249212493124941249512496124971249812499125001250112502125031250412505125061250712508125091251012511125121251312514125151251612517125181251912520125211252212523125241252512526125271252812529125301253112532125331253412535125361253712538125391254012541125421254312544125451254612547125481254912550125511255212553125541255512556125571255812559125601256112562125631256412565125661256712568125691257012571125721257312574125751257612577125781257912580125811258212583125841258512586125871258812589125901259112592125931259412595125961259712598125991260012601126021260312604126051260612607126081260912610126111261212613126141261512616126171261812619126201262112622126231262412625 |
- <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
- <html>
- <head>
- <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
- <title></title>
- <meta name="generator" content="LibreOffice 6.1.2.1 (Linux)"/>
- <meta name="created" content="2019-01-02T08:38:19.601620920"/>
- <meta name="changed" content="2019-01-02T08:40:20.472730703"/>
- <style type="text/css">
- h2.cjk { font-family: "WenQuanYi Zen Hei" }
- h2.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari" }
- h3.cjk { font-family: "WenQuanYi Zen Hei" }
- h3.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari" }
- </style>
- </head>
- <body lang="fr-FR" dir="ltr"><p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0">
- <tr>
- <td bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">
- Show </p>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: 1px double #808080; padding: 0.05cm"><p>characters<br/>
- pinyin,
- zhuyin<br/>
- translations</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">
- in </p>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: 1px double #808080; padding: 0.05cm"><p>text
- <br/>
- tooltips <br/>
- status line <br/>
- separate wordlist
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Link characters to online
- dictionaries<br/>
- Only treat the first occurrence of each
- word<br/>
- Include links to
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0">
- <tr>
- <td bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0" style="border: none; padding: 0cm">
- <center>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>audio
- text-to-speech<br/>
- <font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt">tooltips
- require DHTML; status-line requires a willing browser</font>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </center>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
- <h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font>?</h3>
- <p>One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to
- add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
- </span></font></font>at the end of a statement. Hence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你好</a></span></font></font>!
- (Hi!) becomes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?
- (How are you?)
- </p>
- <h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font>?</h3>
- <p>This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed
- to you. Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what
- about you?" or "how about you?"
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- How are you?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I am fine, and you?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Are you busy?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I am not busy, what about you?
- </dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h3 class="western">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></h3>
- <p>All three are adverbs, which should be placed <em>before</em> what
- they modify in Chinese. E.g., <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <p>Sometimes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
- </span></font></font>is not really employed to mean "very"
- if it is modifying a monosyllabic adjective such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a></span></font></font>.
- It is simply because to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>
- </span></font></font>is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a
- monosyllabic adjective as the predicate of the sentence. Therefore
- people usually add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
- </span></font></font>before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>
- </span></font></font>to make the sentence sound natural: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
- </span></font></font>in this case does not necessarily mean "I
- am <em>very</em> well", it may simply convey the meaning of "I
- am fine".
- </p>
- <p><em>The order of these words:</em> If all three adverbs occur in
- the same sentence, their order is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font></font>-- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
- </span></font></font>-- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.</blockquote>
- <p>N.B. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
- </span></font></font>(both/all) is only used to refer to the items to
- the <em>left</em> of it. Hence it is wrong to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
- </span></font></font>("all of them are fine"). One should
- say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></h3>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font>indicates a complete negation whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
- </span></font></font>shows a partial negation:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- None of them is busy.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Not all of them are busy.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- None of us is a doctor.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Not all of us are doctors.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h3 class="western">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></h3>
- <p>As an auxiliary word, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>is used to indicate possession. It comes between
- the subject and the noun it modifies: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a>
- </span></font></font>etc.
- </p>
- <p>In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
- possessive marker <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>can be omitted. <em>Otherwise it cannot</em>.
- </p>
- <blockquote>e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
- </span></font>-- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".</h3>
- <p>Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb.
- In the sentence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>,
- the adjectival phrase <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
- </span></font></font>serves as the predicate for the sentence. No
- verb "to be" is needed as in English (I <em>am</em> very
- well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an <em>adjective</em>
- as its predicate, even in negative sentences.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- They are very busy, we are not.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>should still be retained:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- He is my friend.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I am not her elder brother.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h3 class="western">
- Proper Response</h3>
- <p>Study the following two dialogues:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Is your mother a doctor?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a></span></font></font>.</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Yes, she is a doctor.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Is your mother busy?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font>.</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Yes, she is very busy.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb
- -- in the above case <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a>
- </span></font></font>respectively -- as an equivalent to the English
- "yes" before making the statement itself. Note therefore
- that the response is not always <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Questions with interrogative words <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as
- "what", "when", "who" etc to the
- beginning of the sentence to form a question, Chinese leaves the word
- order unchanged when forming questions using such interrogative words
- as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></font>,
- etc:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a></span></font></font>.
- (He is my younger brother.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font></font>?
- (Who is he?)
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a></span></font></font>.
- (He is our teacher.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a></span></font></font>?
- (Who is your teacher?)
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a></span></font></font>.
- (He is Chinese.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a></span></font></font>?
- (What is his nationality?)
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a></span></font></font>.
- (This is a map of China.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a></span></font></font>?
- (What map is this?)
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>.
- (That is a book.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></font>?
- (What is that?)
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>.
- (This is her car.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>?
- (Whose car is this?)
- </p>
- </ol>
- <p>As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are
- what one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form
- questions. No change of word order takes place.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Asking a person's name</h2>
- <p>There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who
- that person is.
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1z', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">您</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally
- "What is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to
- address one's elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but
- to whom one wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a>
- </span></font></font>cannot be used when asking about a third
- person's name, or when referring to oneself.
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1z', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">您</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- What is your name?</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- My name is Ding.</dd><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually
- used to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's
- inferiors. If one wants to be a bit polite, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0b0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請問</a>
- </span></font></font>can be added to the question:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0b0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請問</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- May I ask, what's your name?</dd><p>
- Unlike <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a></span></font></font>,
- which is only used in the second person, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>
- </span></font></font>can be employed for all persons:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font>etc.
- </blockquote>
- </ol>
- <p>When asked <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font>you
- are supposed to give your last name first, and then as an option you
- can add your full name afterwards. But when asked <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font>you
- can give either your given name or your full name.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>﹐
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>Both words mean "to study" or "to learn".
- Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used both transitively and
- intransitively, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a>
- </span></font></font>is normally reserved for transitive use.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g.
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I study Chinese, she studies French.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3bec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I study, my younger brother doesn't study.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- In the second sentence, the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a>
- </span></font></font>cannot be omitted.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>(to be at/in...) functions as a verb.
- </p>
- <p>To express the location or existence of something or somebody,
- use the following pattern:
- </p>
- <blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place/location word or phrase<br/>
- e.g. A:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- <br/>
- A:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <p>If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5jaai', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">古波</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Is Gubo in [or: here]?</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不在</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.</dd><blockquote>
- </blockquote>
- <li><p>Nouns / personal pronouns + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
- </span></font></font>as place words.
- </p>
- <blockquote>e.g. A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>。</span></font></font>(or
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>)<br/>
- <br/>
- A:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <p>The choice of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
- </span></font></font>depends on the distance between the object and
- the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>;
- if not, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <li><p>The word order for Chinese place words
- </p>
- <p>Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones
- and proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives
- in room 423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will
- be <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbch', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">層</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>。
- </span></font></font>Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is
- applicable to the address used when writing letters as well.
- </p>
- <li><p>To live (stay) at a place
- </p>
- <p>Most often one uses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a>
- </span></font></font>to indicate that one lives or stays at a
- certain place. There are several patterns for the use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a></span></font></font>.
- For example, to say "I live here", one can have the
- following:
- </p>
- <blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place word (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>)<br/>
- S
- + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place word (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a></span></font></font>)<br/>
- S
- + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a></span></font></font>)</blockquote>
- <p>All three sentences have the same meaning.
- </p>
- <li><p>Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
- </p>
- <p>Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit
- by digit:
- </p>
- <blockquote>English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)<br/>
- Chinese:
- # 1452 (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Gb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二號</a></span></font></font>)
- </blockquote>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">The use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
- </span></font>(to return something to someone)</h2>
- <p>When using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
- </span></font></font>to indicate "return", use the
- following pattern:
- </p>
- <blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
- </span></font></font>+ (sb.) + sth.<br/>
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5eb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">畫報</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">云</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a>。</span></font></font>(Notice
- here sb. is omitted.)</blockquote>
- <p>This pattern is <i>only</i> used for simple objects, i.e. the
- object to be returned is not a complex one such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>,
- etc. Notice in the second example above, sb. is omitted because it
- would be awkward to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">云</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">云</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>,
- although grammatically it is correct. We will later learn the ways to
- express something more complicated.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>In this phrase, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a>
- </span></font></font>is a verb which can be used both transitively
- and intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an
- object). <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
- </span></font></font>is an adverbial of time indicating "a short
- while, a little while". If an object is to be used for <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a>
- </span></font></font>in the above phrase, it should be placed after
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- They want to use your dad's car for a little while.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- Time Word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions
- in a sentence: <i>before</i> or <i>after</i> the subject.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Now she is going to the college to return books.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a></span></font></h2>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a>
- </span></font></font>in the sense of "often" can often be
- reduplicated as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a>
- </span></font></font>without a change of meaning. Thus, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>.</p>
- <p>In making negative sentences, however, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a>
- </span></font></font>is normally <i>not</i> reduplicated. Hence
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>.</p>
- <h2 class="western">Affirmative-Negative questions</h2>
- <p>An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the
- affirmative and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacOa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <ol>
- <li><p>
- If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
- the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a></span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
- that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
- form of "V + object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font>+ V ?" as well, although this is not as
- common:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- As in questions with interrogative words (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></font>,
- etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
- </span></font></font>at the end.</p>
- <li><p>If an adverb such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
- </span></font></font>comes <i>before</i> the predicative verb or
- adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
- </span></font></font>instead:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9@b0d8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">咖啡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9@b0d8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">咖啡</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><p>
- Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
- <i>before</i> the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:</p>
- <ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a>﹖</span></font></font></p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacOa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a>﹖</span></font></font></p>
- </ol>
- <p>The second instance is acceptable because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
- </span></font></font>comes <i>after</i> the predicative verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>.</p>
- <li><p>If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only
- the <i>first</i> verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the
- question:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">商店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafc8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">紙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">商店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafc8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">紙</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5waaef', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歡迎</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>becomes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5waaef', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歡迎</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3c5w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不歡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaef', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">迎</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>In Chinese, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a>
- </span></font></font>as a conjunction is normally used to connect two
- words or phrases, <i>never</i> two clauses or sentences:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEad^bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">英語</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <blockquote>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- nor
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>The adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
- </span></font></font>is placed between the subject and the
- predicative verb or adjective. It governs only the elements <i>before</i>
- it:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
- </span></font></font>(All of us go to China: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
- </span></font></font>modifies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a></span></font></font>.)<br/>
- but
- not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>This is also wrong:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
- </span></font></font>modifies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a>
- </span></font></font>and not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a></span></font></font>.
- If "both Chinese and French" is intended in the above
- sentence, the objects <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>
- </span></font></font>should be placed before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- or
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <h2 class="western">The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font>expressing possession and existence</h2>
- <p>The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>in Chinese can mean both possession and
- existence, like the English "to have" and "there is"
- or "there are":
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She has a Chinese dictionary.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- There are a lot of foreign students in our college.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- N.B.:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>To negate <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>,
- one uses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
- </span></font></font>instead of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.</dd><li><p>
- Informally in a negative sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>can sometimes be omitted:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5a7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">筆</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- My friend does not have books, nor pens.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- There is no one in our dorm now.</dd><li><p>
- The affirmative-negative question form is "... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
- </span></font></font>... ?"
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3a4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有人</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>Sometimes, if the object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>is not long, one can use the form "... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>+ object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
- </span></font></font>?" as well, although this form is not as
- common as the previous one.
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Prepositional construction with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font>(in, at) and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a>
- </span></font>(for, to)</h2>
- <p>The object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>is often a place-word and the object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a>
- </span></font></font>is often the beneficiary of the action expressed
- by the predicative verb. In Chinese, a prepositional construction
- comes <i>before</i> the verb it modifies:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She works in a bank.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Let me introduce you to one another.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- To form a negative sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font>is placed <i>before</i> the prepositional
- construction:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I am not going to introduce you.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font></font>are also placed <i>before</i> the prepositional
- construction:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>City Lit <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do you often write to your mother?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫信</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- My dad also often writes to me.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>in Chinese carries various meanings:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>+ noun/noun-phrase = to miss
- somebody/something:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁雲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Qaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想家</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Ding Yun misses her family very much.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I miss my parents very much.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">男朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Don't you miss your boyfriend?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do you miss her?</dd><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">商店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do you want to go to the shop?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I don't want to go.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do you want to study French?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I also want to study French.</dd><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>+ clause = to think/suppose something:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I think she is Chinese.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I think her parents are both doctors.</dd><p>
- N.B. to negate a sentence with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>in this capacity, put the negative adverb in
- the <i>subordinate clause</i>, not in the main clause as in English:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()"><i>不是</i></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I don't think she is Chinese.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <p>N.B. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>as a verb can use the affirmative-negative
- question form <i>only</i> in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a></span></font></h2>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
- </span></font></font>means "to tell". In English, the verb
- "tell" can mean to tell somebody something, or to tell
- somebody <i>to do</i> something. The Chinese verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
- </span></font></font>can only be applied to the first of these
- patterns.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She told me her work.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6naaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好朋友</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫信</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I told him to write to me.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a></span></font></font>)
- of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
- </span></font></font>in the first and second sentences is either a
- noun, a noun-phrase or a clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last
- sentence is wrong because it uses the pattern "to tell somebody
- to do something" and hence uses a verb-phrase for its direct
- object. In this case, we should use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
- </span></font></font>in place of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
- </span></font></font>to make a correct sentence:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫信</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I asked him to write to me.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- The Numbers in Chinese</h2>
- <p>For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
- </p>
- <blockquote>○ (or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a></span></font></font>),
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>Further on, they are:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十一</a>
- </span></font></font>= 11, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a>
- </span></font></font>= 12, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十九</a>
- </span></font></font>= 19<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a>
- </span></font></font>= 20, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十一</a>
- </span></font></font>= 21, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十八</a>
- </span></font></font>= 28<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十</a>
- </span></font></font>= 30, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四十</a>
- </span></font></font>= 40, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ea4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九十</a>
- </span></font></font>= 90, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ea4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a>
- </span></font></font>= 99</blockquote>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a>
- </span></font></font>= 100<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
- </span></font></font>= 101, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a>
- </span></font></font>= 110, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十一</a>
- </span></font></font>= 111<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十七</a>
- </span></font></font>= 327, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a>
- </span></font></font>= 909</blockquote>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一千</a>
- </span></font></font>= 1000<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4db9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一千零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
- </span></font></font>= 1001, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四十</a>
- </span></font></font>= 5040, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ca6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a>
- </span></font></font>= 8725</blockquote>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一萬</a>
- </span></font></font>= 10,000<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
- </span></font></font>= 40,801</blockquote>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@bbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一億</a>
- </span></font></font>= 100,000,000
- </blockquote>
- <p>N.B.:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Numbers like 15 are written e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a></span></font></font>,
- not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a></span></font></font>.</p>
- <li><p>A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two
- digits: 101 is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>,
- and 3020 is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a></span></font></font>.
- Notice the last zero in 3020 is <i>not</i> pronounced because it is
- not between two other digits.
- </p>
- <p>If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two
- non-zero digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4db9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一千零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>.
- However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched,
- as in 40,801, each is read as normal: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>.</p>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Measure words
- </p>
- <p>In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
- pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a></span></font></font>,
- or interrogative pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a></span></font></font>,
- a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and its
- modifier(s):
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfeadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how
- much". Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a>
- </span></font></font>should be used with a measure word, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used either with or without a measure
- word for the noun it modifies.
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><p>
- The measure word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a>
- </span></font></font>is a must for the first sentence, but only
- optional in the second.
- </p>
- <p>Also, when <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a>
- </span></font></font>is used, the expected answer is usually under
- 10, whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used whether one expects a large or
- small answer.
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4Xadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><p>Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
- </p>
- <p>As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
- object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">語法</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>In this sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a>
- </span></font></font>is a verb that takes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a>
- </span></font></font>as the indirect object and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>
- </span></font></font>as the direct object. Generally the indirect
- goes before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same
- way include <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <p>Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to
- say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
- </span></font></font>(He bought me a book), or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">封</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a>
- </span></font></font>(She wrote me a letter). The correct way of
- saying these would be to use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a></span></font></font>,
- as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">封</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <li><p>Adjectives as modifiers
- </p>
- <p>When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before
- the noun as in English:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7saed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">新書</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- new book
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6naaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好朋友</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- good friend</dd><p>
- However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
- syllables, the particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>is usually inserted between the modifier and
- the noun it modifies:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">新</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- very new book
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- very good friend</dd></ol>
- <h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></h2>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font></font>is used to mean "the same" as the
- previous statement. Hence the relationship between the statement
- introduced by <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font></font>and the previous one is a <i>parallel</i>
- relationship. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></font>,
- on the other hand, introduces an <i>additional</i> element to the
- previous statement.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g.
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- You have a question; I also have a question. The two are parallel
- here.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I have already had some questions, but I still have one more. This
- is <i>in addition to</i> the previous ones.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Under certain circumstances, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
- </span></font></font>are interchangeable, but with different
- emphasis:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢字</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">語法</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">口語</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢字</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">語法</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">口語</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor
- Wang teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
- conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence
- stresses the fact that Wang teaches conversation <i>in addition to</i>
- the other subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates
- the three subjects he teaches without prioritization.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>construction
- </p>
- <p>A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
- adjective) with the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a
- sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- This skirt is my sister's. Noun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5d5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">白</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font></dd><p>
- These constructions normally involve the verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a></span></font></font>).
- </p>
- <li><p>Usage of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>
- </span></font></font>= to go from; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>
- </span></font></font>= to come from.
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Where did you come from?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I came from the library.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbc@b3f5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">劇場</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.</dd><li><p>
- Noun/Pronoun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
- </span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
- </span></font></font>= over here/there at ...'s place
- </p>
- <p>When a noun or pronoun is added to <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>,
- they function as a place word or expression. Since one cannot say
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>
- </span></font></font>(I went to her), one can say instead <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
- </span></font></font>(I went to her place), because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
- </span></font></font>is now regarded as a place expression.
- Similarly one cannot say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a>
- </span></font></font>(Your skirt is with me), but one can say
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
- </span></font></font>(Your skirt is with me). More examples:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Your book is at his place.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- We all went to my sister's place.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">找</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.</dd><p>
- As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
- use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>;
- if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself or
- herself, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a>
- </span></font></font>+ adjective + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
- used between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Too busy!
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Too big!</dd><p>
- The expression <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3a6na4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太好了</a>﹗</span></font></font>,
- however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or
- admiration.
- </p>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Word study: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
- </span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>When "2" is followed by a measure word, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcWa5[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">增加</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadbf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">倍</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2a6b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩次</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
- </span></font></font>should be used in a number greater than 10,
- even if it is followed by a measure word:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十二</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二次</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3a4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個人</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bba4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <p>There are some more restrictions, though:</p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Only <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used before the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a></span></font></font>;
- before the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
- </span></font></font>is usually employed but <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
- </span></font></font>may also be used:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <li><p>For numbers like <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">億</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
- </span></font></font>is used more often than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2a4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
- </span></font></font>(also <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a></span></font></font>),
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">億</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ha4f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人口</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <li><p>If the number is greater than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a></span></font></font>,
- <i>i.e.</i> if there are more digits before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a></span></font></font>,
- then put <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
- </span></font></font>instead of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
- </span></font></font>in front:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">億</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4db8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千萬</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Tb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- </ol>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Time</h2>
- <p>The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
- </p>
- <blockquote style="margin-bottom: 0cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a></span></font></font>...</blockquote>
- <dl>
- <dd>
- <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩點</a></span></font></font></p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>2:00</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font>)</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>10:30</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">刻</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font>)</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>3:15</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">刻</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a></span></font></font>)</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>12:45</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaet', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">差</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaet', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">差</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩點</a></span></font></font>)</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>1:55</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font></p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>5:20</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bbc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a></span></font></font></p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>6:05</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font></p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>7:35</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </dl>
- <p>Some notes:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a></span></font></font>,
- as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八分</a>
- </span></font></font>(3:08) or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三分</a>
- </span></font></font>(12:03).</p>
- <li><p>When the minutes are greater than 10, the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a>
- </span></font></font>is optional:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><p>"This morning" is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上午</a></span></font></font>,
- not for example <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上午</a></span></font></font>;
- "every afternoon" is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a></span></font></font>,
- not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a></span></font></font>.</p>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Placement of time-words</h2>
- <p>A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the
- subject or at the beginning of a sentence:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>Some notes:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>A time-word does not take a preposition:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a></span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a></span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She came in the evening.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a></span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a></span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
- smaller:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- at 8 o'clock this evening</dd><li><p>
- If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
- goes first:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5a5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">等</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上課</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?</dd><li><p>
- Time-word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>+ noun (time-words modifying nouns)
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- What show do you want to see? <i>literally</i> What time's film do
- you want to see?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Is this today's paper?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.
- </dd></ol>
- <h2 class="western">The use of the time-words <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>When used by itself, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
- </span></font></font>means "previously" or "before"
- and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a>
- </span></font></font>means "later", "afterwards"
- or "in the future":
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Where did you work before?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6edb1J', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住宿</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">舍</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
- </span></font></font>means "before..." and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a>
- </span></font></font>means "after...":
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I won't go home before 10.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">閱覽室</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0eaa5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- He has been working here after he came to America.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ba5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- N.B. When <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a>
- </span></font></font>is used together with a time-word or verb phrase
- to mean "before" or "after", the word order is
- exactly the opposite of the English equivalent:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- before 4 o'clock
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- before the class is over
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- after tomorrow evening (or night)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- after returning to the dormitory</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- A <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
- </span></font>B (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a></span></font>)
- + verb/verb-phrase</h2>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
- </span></font></font>as a preposition means "with", and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a>
- </span></font></font>means "together". This pattern is used
- to indicate that A and B do something together. Here <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
- </span></font></font>can be replaced with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a>
- </span></font></font>without changing the meaning; and the phrase <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a>
- </span></font></font>is optional.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I go to see a film with her.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She and I go to see a film together.)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbc@b3f5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">劇場</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c6a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">事兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8cabc@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">京劇</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
- opera!
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">男朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- N.B. This pattern of A <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
- </span></font></font>B (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a></span></font></font>)
- is always placed <i>before</i> the main verb in the sentence. Hence
- the following sentence, with English word order, is wrong:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">男朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I want to go together with my boyfriend.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- Alternative Questions using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
- </span></font></font>to connect two choices, which can be nouns, noun
- phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or clauses:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dfc5w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喜歡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacf5aff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">紅茶</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaf1aff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">綠茶</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>(nouns)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>(noun phrases)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>(verbs)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5a5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">聽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ja8e5adb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">古典音樂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5a5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">聽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a5Nadb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現代音樂</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>(verb phrases)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>(clauses)</blockquote>
- <p>Note:</p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>the two items connected by <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
- </span></font></font>are normally parallel in structure; and</p>
- <li><p>as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
- interrogative words, alternative questions do not have <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
- </span></font></font>at the end.
- </p>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Pivotal Sentences with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal
- sentence is one in which the object of the first verb is at the same
- time the subject of the following verb. This object therefore
- functions as a pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the
- sentence.
- </p>
- <p>The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to
- cause something to happen) such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a></span></font></font>.
- All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something. Of
- the three, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
- </span></font></font>is the most polite; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a>
- </span></font></font>is less so, and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a>
- </span></font></font>is the least polite. So watch out for the
- occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">音樂</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢字</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabc4a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">孩子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Dad asked his child to study Chinese.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to
- ask", the Chinese sentences use different words to indicate
- various degrees of politeness.
- </p>
- <p>Note:</p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Besides the use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
- </span></font></font>above (meaning "to ask someone to do
- something"), <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
- </span></font></font>can also be used to mean "to invite":
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚飯</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- We invited him to dinner.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?</dd><li><p>
- To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font><i>before the first verb</i>:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">酒</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- They did not invite me to go to the pictures.</dd></ol>
- <h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a></span></font></h2>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a>
- </span></font></font>both mean "do not". They can be used
- in negative <i>imperative</i> sentences with or without a subject.
- They are placed between the subject (if present) and the verb or
- adjective:
- </p>
- <blockquote>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>﹗</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">酒</a>﹗
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>﹗</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吸煙</a>﹗
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹗</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
- sentences. It is wrong to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a></span></font></font>.
- One can say instead <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Expressions for the date, week, month and year</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a></span></font></font>,
- year
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去年</a>
- </span></font></font>= last year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a>
- </span></font></font>= this year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a>
- </span></font></font>= next year</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4Ea4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一九九七</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一九九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八年</a></span></font></font>,
- ...</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一年</a>
- </span></font></font>= one year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a>
- </span></font></font>= two years (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a></span></font></font>);
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三年</a>
- </span></font></font>= three years<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每年</a>
- </span></font></font>= every year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a>
- </span></font></font>= five-and-a-half years</p>
- </ol>
- <li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">月</a></span></font></font>,
- month
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wadd3a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上個月</a></span></font></font>=
- last month; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個月</a>
- </span></font></font>= this month; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Uadd3a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下個月</a>
- </span></font></font>= next month</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一月</a>
- </span></font></font>= January; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二月</a>
- </span></font></font>= February (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">月</a></span></font></font>);
- ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">月</a>
- </span></font></font>= December</p>
- </ol>
- <li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a></span></font></font>,
- week
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= last week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= this week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= next week</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a>
- </span></font></font>= Monday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期二</a>
- </span></font></font>= Tuesday; ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期六</a>
- </span></font></font>= Saturday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期日</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期天</a>
- </span></font></font>= Sunday</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= one week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= two weeks (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a></span></font></font>);
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= three weeks; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= four-and-a-half weeks; ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= every week
- </p>
- </ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a>
- </span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>
- </span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
- </span></font></font>date
- </p>
- <p>Use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>
- </span></font></font>for a <i>specific</i> date. Usually <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a>
- </span></font></font>is used in written and formal language and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>
- </span></font></font>is used in conversation. The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
- </span></font></font>should be used in <i>counting</i> the number of
- days:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
- </span></font></font>= yesterday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a>
- </span></font></font>= today; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a>
- </span></font></font>= tomorrow</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一號</a></span></font></font>;
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Gb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二號</a>
- </span></font></font>(not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a></span></font></font>);
- ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一號</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bbb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六號</a></span></font></font>;
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a></span></font></font>;
- ...</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一天</a>
- </span></font></font>= one day; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
- </span></font></font>= two days (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a></span></font></font>);
- ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ba4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半天</a>
- </span></font></font>= half a day; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每天</a>
- </span></font></font>= every day</p>
- </ol>
- </ol>
- <p>Some notes:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
- calendar date comes before the day of the week:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一九九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4@a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十一月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ca4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><p>Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and
- month:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五月</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八月</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the August of last year
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二月</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the February of next year</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期五</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the Monday of last week
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期四</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the Thursday of next week</dd><p>
- Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be
- rendered as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a></span></font></font>,
- if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore referring
- to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days, and for
- months.
- </p>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun</h2>
- <p>Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as
- a modified to form a relative clause:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Unlike in English, all modifiers go <i>before</i> the element
- they modify in Chinese:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">水</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3abdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aeb2b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">乾淨</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0e', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">送</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2a7aaab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">禮物</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><p>The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>has to be inserted between the modifier and the
- element it modifies:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3b7Nabe4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有意思</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}aaf9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開門</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f5bbR', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跳舞</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9haeQ', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姑娘</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Pbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">同學</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The girl who danced with him was my classmate.</dd></ol>
- <h2 class="western">Other grammar notes</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Sentences with an adjectival predicate
- </p>
- <p>The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>is not normally used in the predicate for a
- sentence where the main element of the predicate is an adjective:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">絲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdu', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">線</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadm', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">衫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4p', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">小</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaAb0c8adfb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">服務員</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年輕</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
- preceded by adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafu', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">真</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">更</a></span></font></font>,
- it is usually qualified by the adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font></font>.
- In such cases, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
- </span></font></font>does not really mean "very"; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a>
- </span></font></font>mean virtually the same.
- </p>
- <p>Also, adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">更</a>
- </span></font></font><i>cannot</i> be used in affirmative-negative
- sentences of this type:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3abdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年輕</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年輕</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafac', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
- </span></font></font>vs <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝賀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>In general, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafac', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
- </span></font></font>is used to extend well-wishes <i>in advance</i>
- whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝賀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
- </span></font></font>is used to congratulate someone on something
- <i>already accomplished</i>:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafac', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5cda4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">生日</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>﹗
- </span></font></font>(One can say this on the day, or in
- advance.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝賀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>﹗
- </span></font></font>(Say this only when something has already been
- accomplished.)</blockquote>
- <li><p>Reduplication of verbs
- </p>
- <p>To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to
- soften the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a
- verb can be repeated:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a>。
- </span></font></font>(Notice the pattern is ABAB, not
- AABB.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
- </span></font></font>can be inserted:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
- </span></font></font>after the verb:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Position words</h2>
- <p>Words such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上邊</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5aac3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">左邊</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabec3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前邊</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b6a1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中間</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a>
- </span></font></font>are position words. Some of the basic syllables
- are:
- </p>
- <center>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a>
- </span></font></font>- up</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">左</a>
- </span></font></font>- left </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中</a>
- </span></font></font>- middle</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5k', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">右</a>
- </span></font></font>- right</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a>
- </span></font></font>- down</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td colspan="3" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前</a>
- </span></font></font>- front</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a>
- </span></font></font>- in</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後</a>
- </span></font></font>- back</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外</a>
- </span></font></font>- out</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </center>
- <p>Usually, add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
- </span></font></font>to make "on the left", "above",
- "outside" etc.
- </p>
- <p>Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Noun (+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)
- + position word:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外邊</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- outside the car
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- behind the house
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">桌子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- opposite the table
- </dd><li><p>
- Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>+ noun (here the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>is <i>mandatory</i>).
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房子</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the house behind (the house which is behind)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">桌子</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the way)
- </dd></ol>
- <p>Notes:</p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>When <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上邊</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Uc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下邊</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外邊</a>
- </span></font></font>are modified by other nouns, the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
- </span></font></font>can be omitted:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a></span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- inside the house
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">桌子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a></span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- on the table
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0abc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教室</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a></span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- outside the classroom</dd><li><p>
- Do <i>not</i> use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
- </span></font></font>in the following two cases:</p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>After geographical names such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a>
- </span></font></font>etc:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She studies Chinese in Beijing.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很多</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大學</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- There are many universities in America.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很多</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大學</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- In a phrase of the form "<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place, building or organisation":
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I work in a bank.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">閱覽室</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- They are reading books in the reading-room.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">閱覽室</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Patterns for Location</h2>
- <p>There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>respectively and with different meanings:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>To show that there is something in a certain place: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>+ indefinite noun:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- What is behind?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- There is a garage behind.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bdb6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">公園</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Across from our home, there is a park.
- </dd><li><p>
- To show that certain things exist in certain places: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>Definite noun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>+ position word:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Where is the garden?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The garden is behind our house.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ba8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5kc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">右邊</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The garden is to the right of the garage.
- </dd><li><p>
- To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>+ definite/indefinite noun:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- What's behind your house?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Behind our house is a garden.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabec3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- In front of their house is the college library.
- </dd></ol>
- <h2 class="western">Progressive aspect of an action</h2>
- <p>To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of
- the following patterns:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She is resting.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Notes:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences
- excepted.
- </p>
- <li><p>The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the
- present, but also to past and future actions:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She is resting now. <i>present progressive</i>
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的時候</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- When I went there, she was resting. <i>past progressive</i>
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的時候</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a9w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一定</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting. <i>future
- progressive</i>
- </dd><li><p>
- As shown above, either <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a>
- </span></font></font>can be placed before a verb to indicate the
- progressive aspect of an action.
- </p>
- <li><p>Alternatively, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
- </span></font></font>can be placed at the end of the sentence to
- perform the same function. Sometimes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used together with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <li><p>The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a></span></font></font>,
- not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a></span></font></font>,
- before the verb; and it can be shortened to <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
- </span></font></font>alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or
- a short answer. Otherwise the full form of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
- </span></font></font>must be used:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a>。</span></font></font>(or
- simply <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a></span></font></font>)
- </dt><li><p>
- If both the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>of the progressive aspect and the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>of location exist in a sentence, only one
- should be used:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0b6a1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房間</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">里</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0b6a1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房間</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">里</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></ol>
- <h2 class="western">Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers</h2>
- <p>An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause)
- such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used as a modifier for a noun. When used
- this way, there must be a <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>inserted between the construction and the noun
- it modifies:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的時候</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Yb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃飯</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- When I called her, she was eating.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba}abG', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漂亮</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7d3a4f9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">照片</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Who wrote this letter to you?
- </dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>,
- which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.</p>
- <h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
- </span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English.
- However, while <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
- </span></font></font>implies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">觀</a>
- </span></font></font>(to see), <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a>
- </span></font></font>stresses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問</a>
- </span></font></font>(to ask). Hence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
- </span></font></font>really implies observation while visiting and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a>
- </span></font></font>means to visit people with specific purpose such
- as interviews. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
- </span></font></font>can be followed by places but not people;
- whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a>
- </span></font></font>can take either, but most commonly people.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7aed5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學校</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0eaaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">國家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1`b2ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">總統</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- Grammar Notes</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Measure word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">些</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">些</a>
- </span></font></font>is a measure word showing indefinite quantity.
- It is usually used after demonstrative pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a>
- </span></font></font>and after the numeral <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- some
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- these
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- those
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- which (plural)
- </dd><p>
- Don't attempt to mix <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">些</a>
- </span></font></font>with definite measures. It is wrong to say
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>
- </span></font></font>(these three dictionaries); one can only say
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>construction
- </p>
- <p>Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
- adjectives:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大衣</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6c2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">黑</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大衣</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6c2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">黑</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大衣</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><p>
- But the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>construction can also be used with
- prepositional phrases and even whole verbal constructions:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點心</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁雲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點心</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁雲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點心</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">束</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">束</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ba4j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在大</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadc9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">借</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ba4j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在大</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadc9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">借</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- This book is the one I borrowed from the university library.
- </dd></ol>
- <h2 class="western">The use of the Complement of Degree</h2>
- <h3 class="western">What is a complement?</h3>
- <p>A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain
- or complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
- duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility
- of an action. Complements always appear <b>after</b> the verbs they
- modify.
- </p>
- <p>We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the
- words they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because
- Chinese word order often observes the time sequence in which an
- action occurs. Notice, for example:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcvb0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影院</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop.
- </dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
- Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a
- verbal action has to take place first, before one can see its extent
- or result, the complement placed after the verb observes this time
- sequence.
- </p>
- <h3 class="western">The complement of degree</h3>
- <p>This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
- adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>is used to connect the verb and its complement:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">怎麼樣</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- How is he studying?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- He's studying very well.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Verb without object: V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>+ adjective
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">錯</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- Verb with object: V + O + V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>+ adjective
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5c1baq', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">民歌</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- Verb with preposed object: O + V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>+ adjective
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <p>Place <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font><i>before the adjective</i> to make the
- negative:
- </p>
- <ol start="4">
- <li><p>V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font>+ adjective
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaqb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歌唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>﹐
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbR', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">舞</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跳</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></ol>
- <p>Questions are formed as follows:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>adjective <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font>adjective?
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">快</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a7d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不快</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- . . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">怎麼樣</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">怎麼樣</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- . . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>adjective <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4e5aaa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">游泳</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">游</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <p>Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such
- as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>,
- since those verbs normally do not denote actions.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">The difference between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>
- </span></font>as sentence-ending particles</h2>
- <p>Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end
- of a question. However, they differ in usage.
- </p>
- <h3 class="western">In questions</h3>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
- </span></font></font>is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry.
- It may appear in questions with interrogative words such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a></span></font></font>;
- affirmative-negative questions such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6na6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹖</span></font></font>;
- or alternative questions with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></font>,
- such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">面</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">包</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f5bbL', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">火腿</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a></span></font></font>,
- on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate a
- mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">停車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>﹖
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不知</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <h3 class="western">In affirmative statements</h3>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
- </span></font></font>in this case is used to indicate the progressive
- aspect of an action (e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>),
- or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration (e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開始</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。</span></font></font>)
- </p>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>
- </span></font></font>is often added at the end of an imperative
- sentence to soften the tone, as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>。
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">The use of optative verbs</h2>
- <p>Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
- express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>To express <i>subjective wish</i>, <i>desire</i> or <i>request</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = to want to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbeefa4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">橘子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">水</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = would like to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <li><p>To express <i>objective necessity</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = to have to (especially in questions)
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do I have to come tomorrow?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- We have to go.
- </dd><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不用</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = don't have to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- You don't have to come tomorrow.</dd></ol>
- <li><p>To express <i>ability</i> or <i>skill acquired</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8afc8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報紙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4e5aaa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">游泳</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <li><p>To express <i>ability depending on circumstances</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a></span></font></font>1<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <p>Note, in both cases use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不能</a>
- </span></font></font>for negative sentences.
- </p>
- <li><p>To express <i>permission</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = may, be permitted to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">停車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不能</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5i', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不可</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">停車</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = may, be permitted to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吸煙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5i', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不可</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不能</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吸煙</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <li><p>To express <i>possibility</i> or <i>probability</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = be likely to, will probably
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3b7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4UabB', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下雨</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></ol>
- <li><p>To express <i>need arising from moral or factual necessity</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = should, ought to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">錯</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2bdc4b6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">翻譯</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- </ol>
- <p>Note:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>To make a negation, put the negative word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
- </span></font></font>before the optative verb:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
- verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|a4a3b7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會不會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa5c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國民</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaq', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歌</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa5c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國民</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaq', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歌</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8caa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京人</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8cabc@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">京劇</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <h2 class="western">The use of adverbs <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a></span></font></h2>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
- </span></font></font>are often used before the main verb to indicate
- the speaker's attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main
- verb is earlier (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a></span></font></font>)
- or later (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a></span></font></font>)
- than expected:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5iacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as ten
- years ago.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Pbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">同學</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wadd3acPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上個星期</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago.
- </dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Compare the following sentences:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- (The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon as
- this year.)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- (The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
- they should have gone earlier.)
- </dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
- sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
- </span></font></font>should be placed after it; when there is an
- optative verb, on the other hand, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
- </span></font></font>should be placed before it. Here is the pattern:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Time-word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
- </span></font></font>+ optative verb + main verb
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Xb5o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">出發</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in
- English, but they differ in usage: in general, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
- </span></font></font>is used in non-interrogative sentences to
- indicate a choice:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEace3a8s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">研究</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">音樂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e5bec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">文學</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></font>,
- on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
- questions:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
- </span></font></font>etc:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dt><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不知</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- <p>
- In cases in which both <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
- </span></font></font>can appear in questions, there are some subtle
- differences in their anticipations and tones:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><blockquote>A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日本</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><blockquote>A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6aa4e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地方</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- </ol>
- <p>In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a
- choice from the answer. The two terms with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
- </span></font></font>are mutually exclusive. In dialogue 2, the
- question is a general one using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
- </span></font></font>at the end. It does not anticipate a strict
- choice from the answer, so B can give a general answer: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>
- </span></font></font>-- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific
- thought: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6aa4e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地方</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a></span></font></font>.
- The two items with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
- </span></font></font>in the question are therefore not mutually
- exclusive.
- </p>
- <p>Sometimes, however, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
- </span></font></font>can also be used in a non-interrogative
- sentence. For instance:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@aec9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一時</a></span></font></font>(??)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a9w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不定</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Db7N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">主意</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
- compelling <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>
- </span></font></font>to make a choice. In contrast, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
- </span></font></font>in this case can only convey a sort of
- explanatory note:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a9wadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一定要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ma9w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">決定</a>。
- </span></font></font>(interrogative)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e4a5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">其他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbfefbedc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">選擇</a>。
- </span></font></font>(explanatory)</dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
- </p>
- <p>Both <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a>
- </span></font></font>can mean "to know". However, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
- </span></font></font>implies some level of understanding and
- comprehension of what one knows. Therefore <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
- </span></font></font>can be understood as a deeper or better knowing
- than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font></font>.
- Compare:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7aed5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學校</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不知</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabc4a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">孩子</a>。</span></font></font>(Here
- one can not use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a></span></font></font>.)
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a>
- </span></font></font>is used to indicate that one can recognise this
- as this and not others. It can also involve the process of acquiring
- such an ability.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEae@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哦</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Oh, I know her!
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Where did you get to know her?
- </dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a></span></font></font>,
- on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand".
- Its definition is not as broad as that of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
- </span></font></font>(to know and understand) and is different from
- that of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a>
- </span></font></font>(to know).
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">1. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbba1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">說</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- 2. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacc6bbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">甚麼</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Wa6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">名字</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- 3. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about
- him than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information
- than sentence 1.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">The use of the Perfect Aspect</h2>
- <h3 class="western">Basic concept</h3>
- <p>The aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>is added to the end of a verb to indicate the
- completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is
- equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future
- perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place
- in the past or in the future. For instance:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
- particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></font>,
- if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need
- to emphasise its completion:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書店</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <h3 class="western">
- Basic patterns</h3>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Affirmative sentence
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>(+ object)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開始</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- Negative sentence (note <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>is dropped here)
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)
- + verb (+ object)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)
- + verb (+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開始</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><li><p>
- Interrogative sentence
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>(+ object) + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is usually
- monosyllabic)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdcd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">談</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdcd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">談</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></ol>
- <h3 class="western">Notes</h3>
- <ol>
- <li><p>If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the
- sentence, the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g.
- numeral + measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the
- sentence sounds incomplete:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">里</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not simply <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><li><p>
- If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
- those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>is usually placed after the <i>last</i> verb.
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">a. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">封</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- b. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6i', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">進</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabb0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">城</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><p>
- In sentence a, "write" is related to "use"
- because the letter is written by using Chinese; in sentence b,
- similarly, "buy" is related to "enter the city"
- because the purpose of entering the city is to buy the dictionaries.
- Compare the above sentences with the following, with a different
- structure:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><p>
- Here "class is over" (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a></span></font></font>)
- and "go to the library" are unrelated. They are contained
- in the sentence simply to indicate their sequence. Hence it is wrong
- to say
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><li><p>
- When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>is placed <i>before</i> the reduplicated verb:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8d5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">試</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8d5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">試</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafu', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">真</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba}abG', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漂亮</a>﹗
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></ol>
- <h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action,
- like the English "again". They differ in usage, however:
- </p>
- <p>Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a>
- </span></font></font>indicates a repetition of an action that has
- already taken place, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
- </span></font></font>implies a repetition of an action in the future.
- Also, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
- </span></font></font>is only used in <i>declarative</i> sentences,
- plus questions ending in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- (repetition in the past)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹔<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6ia8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">進來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- (repetition in the future)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@c2Ia8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一點兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbeefa4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">橘子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">水</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Also, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used for the repetition of a periodic
- action or occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上課</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7sa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">新年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></font>,
- on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with
- an optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative
- verb and an optional <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
- </span></font></font>can be placed after:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- Use of the modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></h2>
- <h3 class="western">Basic concept</h3>
- <p>The modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate
- that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference
- between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>as modal particle and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>to indicate perfect aspect is that the latter
- only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former shows the
- completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some <i>change of
- situation</i>.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- The first <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>in the sentence above indicates only the
- completion of the action of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
- whereas the second <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>marks some change of situation on the part of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>
- </span></font></font>as a result of the completion of the book-buying
- process: originally he did not have the book, but now he has.
- </p>
- <h3 class="western">Basic patterns</h3>
- <p>(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
- previous section.)
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Affirmative sentence
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb
- (+ object) + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- Negative sentence (note <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>is dropped here)
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)
- + verb (+ object)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- Interrogative sentence
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
- object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or Subject + verb + object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb + object﹖ (here the verb is usually
- monosyllabic)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <h3 class="western">Notes</h3>
- <ol>
- <li><p>As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the
- perfect aspect <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>from the modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></font>.
- In such a case, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>can be regarded as fulfilling both functions:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
- require a <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>at the end of the sentence:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Xa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">出去</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <h2 class="western">Sequential actions</h2>
- <p>To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
- other, we use the pattern
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb
- + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb ...
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbfec', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">辦</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">簽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">証</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6adb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">早飯</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Xb5o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">出發</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- The above pattern can be used for <i>future</i> actions as well. To
- indicate that both actions took place in the past, the particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>has to be inserted at the end of the sentence:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbfec', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">辦</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">簽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">証</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ada4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">早上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6adb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">早飯</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <div id="cEa5ba5H" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6edb1J" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacPb4c1a4d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6}a9l" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5jaai" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8Ca4d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4ada6~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb0ddc3D" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc5fd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1q" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabb0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8acb2y" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacPb4c1a4e9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacPb4c1a4bb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6R" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9@b0d8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbbc8a6e6" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc2a7aaab" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5aac3e4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9d0a4l" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb8c8a4l" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5~b0ea" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8e0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabe7bbf2bccb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7f3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4E" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4j" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb7|a4a3b7|" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacPb4c1a4ad" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Tb8U" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4jbec7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbeefa4l" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a4b0eaa5c1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ga6b8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb9efadb1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@a9wadn" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8c7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb0db" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadfeadd3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1f8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4d3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4e9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5iacO" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ta4Qa4ad" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ubdd2" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb3oadd3a4eb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ha4f" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb8cc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6o" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabc4a4l" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacf5aff9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@a6~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6Wa6r" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacfcb0ea" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4T" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5H" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7@" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3adn" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ca4eb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Wa4c8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabdca6h" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbec7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5ja8e5adb5bcd6" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb7d3a4f9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb4Xadd3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8e2c2I" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8Ca6~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8bd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5b4b9qb8dc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ga4Qa4K" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbcg" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabdc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb0ea" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5Xb5o" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7ib6D" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8ab" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8d3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Qa4eb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6Y" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@a9w" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6i" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6d1aev" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6A" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@add3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9d0b6a1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabe1c3e4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ga4Qa4G" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Wadd3acPb4c1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc0b4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb5eb3f8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6b" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@c2Ia8e0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6~bbb4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5kc3e4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ka6~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3a6ed" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbec7aed5" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4p" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4~afe0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4f5bbL" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacPb4c1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4ja4d2" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa1Q" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabca" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4b8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbff9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a4a4c8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb0d1c6[" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8C" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3a9w" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabDb1`" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4b0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ca6ca" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaabeb9D" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4W" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbcgabH" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5h" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb9cfaed1c0]" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Qa5|" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEafac" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEad^bby" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa1M" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadf4adf4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6ca" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7Aadcc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Cc2I" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb0eaaea" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb5b9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaabaaec9add4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9O" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6a4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6ba4j" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3a5i" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4eb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4f4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3a7d6" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5_a8caa4H" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadd3a4H" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@aec9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6ba8ae" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ta4c0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7a" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5|a4Q" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6aa4e8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEace3a8s" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9M" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6Yb6ba" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@a4Ua8e0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb8b9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb0aeb2b" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4c0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4ada4d" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6}" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3b7|" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6^" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4ada4eb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaaba" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Bb6b3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5f0aea7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5ia5H" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6n" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb4e5" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8ba" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5bfa6b" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8baadd3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ga4eb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6ada4W" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4fd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6dc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5Xa5h" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ga4Q" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb5a5" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacOa4a3acO" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb7Qaea" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8ae" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacc6bbf2" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabec3e4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4UabB" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1o" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbbf5" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbdd2" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadfea8e0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5d5" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4aa" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7daaaba" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@b0_" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaaAb0c8adfb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbba1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbdd6" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbdu" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadbf" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEba~bby" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@a4eb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc2I" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6b3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4U" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1df" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc1c9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbec7b2df" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4bb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaaa8aaa8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@b8b9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb9qbcvb0|" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaakbby" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4fbby" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEafacb6P" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1Jaad9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6^aea" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@a4d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb4X" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@a4Ea4E" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7lb7cf" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8e2a6ca" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadd3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6naaBa4cd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Wbdd2" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadfe" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Uc3e4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@a8c7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4bbc2I" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6b3a4H" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7cca7cc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6ab9cf" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbb{c3d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbaq" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadb1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ga4Qa4C" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6}aaf9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaaef" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacO" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8c6a8e0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4H" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5Habe" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacPb4c1a5|" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5Ladcc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaaBa4cd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb3oadd3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbc@b3f5" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6h" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5k" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEba}abG" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacdd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacfcb0eaa5H" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7f4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Fb8d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ka4d" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ga6ca" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9haeQ" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7A" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb3f8afc8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a4b0ea" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a4a4e5" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbbyaak" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6b3b7Nabe4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Wc3e4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a4b0eaa4H" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@a4d" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4e9a5bb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@b8U" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3a5ce" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a4b6a1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3aabe" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc2Ia4df" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb2{a6b" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc1d9acO" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4]" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb0s" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8Sa6b3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb0dd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6b3a4@" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4ad" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbaqb0db" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEba~a6r" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4ada4Q" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5aa" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6fdb6fd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbe5cc4fdabc7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb5a7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Qa4@" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb3f8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb3oa8e0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5s" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb5fca8e5" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5bf" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7d6" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8e2add3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb8f5" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5_a8ca" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Qa4@a4eb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3acO" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ea4Q" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ga4Qa4ad" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4d3a6a3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4b6b2d0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb9s" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ta4d" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabe1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaff9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3c5w" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7daadcc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8e8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb0e" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6c2" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacPb4c1a4G" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5b" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc5waaef" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6}a8ae" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6ha4d6" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4b5a6~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb7saed1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb0b1a8ae" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4db8U" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabH" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6Pbec7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4d3a6na4F" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4e5bec7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3a6n" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8kaaBa4cd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8Sa6Y" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbdcd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5cda4e9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbch" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4bba4Q" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb8d5" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc4b9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@a4db9s" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9faa6~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ua4c8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8e2a4d" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4B" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbfefbedc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb9D" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb4N" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4bbb8b9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabe" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5|a4eb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9ja9j" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9faa4d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8S" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc1d9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaee0a4l" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4ua7@" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbec7b0|" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEafc8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbfec" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Qa4E" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3abdc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5Ladccb3a3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6a3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7Aa6n" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7e4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3bec7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb0aabfb3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbbR" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa1S" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEafe0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5~c3e4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ka4c0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacQa4d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4G" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa1C" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1`" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ta6~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@bbf5" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8e2a6b8" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8Sa6b3a4H" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1dfb6ba" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6bb3o" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Wadd3a4eb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@a4Ea4Ea4C" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb8U" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1dfa4W" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb4e5aaa" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7O" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4K" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbcWa5[" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3a6a3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9fa9f" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc0b3b8d3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Uadd3a4eb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadc9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbdd0b0dd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Gb8b9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6ia8d3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5ha6~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9ceaacc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4F" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb8f2" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6Qa9m" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadm" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5Db7N" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacPb4c1a4@" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6ed" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Qa6~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4C" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Qa4ad" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaed1a9b1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6na6Y" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbec7a5cd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbdd0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb0d3a9b1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ta4d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb2{a5Nadb5bcd6" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1d0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1z" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1oabdc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ka4eb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc3e4" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8baa8c7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEabdca6n" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4bdb6e9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4b5a4d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb7sa6~" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5ba4d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb3dc" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaae1b6e9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5L" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc6[" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1oa4a3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb3oa8c7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb9qbcv" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4S" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadfea8c7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1`b1`" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEafu" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc1`b2ce" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb7s" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb8f5bbR" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaae1a8e0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9d0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ta4Q" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEae@" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ga4Qa4@" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbbf2" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4ja6e7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb3o" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5ce" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb2df" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb7Q" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb3a3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4d" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5c1baq" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Qa4G" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaed1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc3b1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5|add3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb5b7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa1T" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb1d0abc7" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaea" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3afe0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc2bdc4b6" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4a3a6b" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8e2" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEbaf1aff9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Q" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa1b3" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadn" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa9m" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4@a6ca" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaad9" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8baa8e0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4ada4c0" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEaet" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5Habe1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6adb6ba" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8Ma9w" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8cabc@" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa7da" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEc5a5" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEadb5bcd6" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5|" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8e4a5L" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5bb" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ka4E" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa4Ta6ca" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb3Xb0dd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb7|" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5]" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb3dfc5w" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb5fd" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </body>
- </html>
|
