eric
/
Chinese-all-day-breakfast


			
							1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889909192939495969798991001011021031041051061071081091101111121131141151161171181191201211221231241251261271281291301311321331341351361371381391401411421431441451461471481491501511521531541551561571581591601611621631641651661671681691701711721731741751761771781791801811821831841851861871881891901911921931941951961971981992002012022032042052062072082092102112122132142152162172182192202212222232242252262272282292302312322332342352362372382392402412422432442452462472482492502512522532542552562572582592602612622632642652662672682692702712722732742752762772782792802812822832842852862872882892902912922932942952962972982993003013023033043053063073083093103113123133143153163173183193203213223233243253263273283293303313323333343353363373383393403413423433443453463473483493503513523533543553563573583593603613623633643653663673683693703713723733743753763773783793803813823833843853863873883893903913923933943953963973983994004014024034044054064074084094104114124134144154164174184194204214224234244254264274284294304314324334344354364374384394404414424434444454464474484494504514524534544554564574584594604614624634644654664674684694704714724734744754764774784794804814824834844854864874884894904914924934944954964974984995005015025035045055065075085095105115125135145155165175185195205215225235245255265275285295305315325335345355365375385395405415425435445455465475485495505515525535545555565575585595605615625635645655665675685695705715725735745755765775785795805815825835845855865875885895905915925935945955965975985996006016026036046056066076086096106116126136146156166176186196206216226236246256266276286296306316326336346356366376386396406416426436446456466476486496506516526536546556566576586596606616626636646656666676686696706716726736746756766776786796806816826836846856866876886896906916926936946956966976986997007017027037047057067077087097107117127137147157167177187197207217227237247257267277287297307317327337347357367377387397407417427437447457467477487497507517527537547557567577587597607617627637647657667677687697707717727737747757767777787797807817827837847857867877887897907917927937947957967977987998008018028038048058068078088098108118128138148158168178188198208218228238248258268278288298308318328338348358368378388398408418428438448458468478488498508518528538548558568578588598608618628638648658668678688698708718728738748758768778788798808818828838848858868878888898908918928938948958968978988999009019029039049059069079089099109119129139149159169179189199209219229239249259269279289299309319329339349359369379389399409419429439449459469479489499509519529539549559569579589599609619629639649659669679689699709719729739749759769779789799809819829839849859869879889899909919929939949959969979989991000100110021003100410051006100710081009101010111012101310141015101610171018101910201021102210231024102510261027102810291030103110321033103410351036103710381039104010411042104310441045104610471048104910501051105210531054105510561057105810591060106110621063106410651066106710681069107010711072107310741075107610771078107910801081108210831084108510861087108810891090109110921093109410951096109710981099110011011102110311041105110611071108110911101111111211131114111511161117111811191120112111221123112411251126112711281129113011311132113311341135113611371138113911401141114211431144114511461147114811491150115111521153115411551156115711581159116011611162116311641165116611671168116911701171117211731174117511761177117811791180118111821183118411851186118711881189119011911192119311941195119611971198119912001201120212031204120512061207120812091210121112121213121412151216121712181219122012211222122312241225122612271228122912301231123212331234123512361237123812391240124112421243124412451246124712481249125012511252125312541255125612571258125912601261126212631264126512661267126812691270127112721273127412751276127712781279128012811282128312841285128612871288128912901291129212931294129512961297129812991300130113021303130413051306130713081309131013111312131313141315131613171318131913201321132213231324132513261327132813291330133113321333133413351336133713381339134013411342134313441345134613471348134913501351135213531354135513561357135813591360136113621363136413651366136713681369137013711372137313741375137613771378137913801381138213831384138513861387138813891390139113921393139413951396139713981399140014011402140314041405140614071408140914101411141214131414141514161417141814191420142114221423142414251426142714281429143014311432143314341435143614371438143914401441144214431444144514461447144814491450145114521453145414551456145714581459146014611462146314641465146614671468146914701471147214731474147514761477147814791480148114821483148414851486148714881489149014911492149314941495149614971498149915001501150215031504150515061507150815091510151115121513151415151516151715181519152015211522152315241525152615271528152915301531153215331534153515361537153815391540154115421543154415451546154715481549155015511552155315541555155615571558155915601561156215631564156515661567156815691570157115721573157415751576157715781579158015811582158315841585158615871588158915901591159215931594159515961597159815991600160116021603160416051606160716081609161016111612161316141615161616171618161916201621162216231624162516261627162816291630163116321633163416351636163716381639164016411642164316441645164616471648164916501651165216531654165516561657165816591660166116621663166416651666166716681669167016711672167316741675167616771678167916801681168216831684168516861687168816891690169116921693169416951696169716981699170017011702170317041705170617071708170917101711171217131714171517161717171817191720172117221723172417251726172717281729173017311732173317341735173617371738173917401741174217431744174517461747174817491750175117521753175417551756175717581759176017611762176317641765176617671768176917701771177217731774177517761777177817791780178117821783178417851786178717881789179017911792179317941795179617971798179918001801180218031804180518061807180818091810181118121813181418151816181718181819182018211822182318241825182618271828182918301831183218331834183518361837183818391840184118421843184418451846184718481849185018511852185318541855185618571858185918601861186218631864186518661867186818691870187118721873187418751876187718781879188018811882188318841885188618871888188918901891189218931894189518961897189818991900190119021903190419051906190719081909191019111912191319141915191619171918191919201921192219231924192519261927192819291930193119321933193419351936193719381939194019411942194319441945194619471948194919501951195219531954195519561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026202720282029203020312032203320342035203620372038203920402041204220432044204520462047204820492050205120522053205420552056205720582059206020612062206320642065206620672068206920702071207220732074207520762077207820792080208120822083208420852086208720882089209020912092209320942095209620972098209921002101210221032104210521062107210821092110211121122113211421152116211721182119212021212122212321242125212621272128212921302131213221332134213521362137213821392140214121422143214421452146214721482149215021512152215321542155215621572158215921602161216221632164216521662167216821692170217121722173217421752176217721782179218021812182218321842185218621872188218921902191219221932194219521962197219821992200220122022203220422052206220722082209221022112212221322142215221622172218
							<html><head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=Big5">
<title>Chapters 1-28 all in one big page</title>
<style>@media print {#ghostery-purple-box {display:none !important}}</style></head>
<body vlink="#052d6c" text="#000000" link="#8b0b04" bgcolor="#ffffff" alink="#ab0b04">
<style type="text/css">
<!--
	A:link {text-decoration: none}
	A:visited {text-decoration: none}
	A:active {text-decoration: none}
-->
</style>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#d0d0f0"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="#d0d0f0" align="CENTER">
<br><form method="GET" action="big5.cgi">
<select name="page">
<option value="grammar01-05.html">Chapters 1 to 5</option>
<option value="grammar06-08.html">Chapters 6 to 8</option>
<option value="grammar09-10.html.B5">Chapters 9 and 10</option>
<option value="grammar11-12.html.B5">Chapters 11 and 12</option>
<option value="grammar13-14.html.B5">Chapters 13 and 14</option>
<option value="grammar15.html.B5">Chapter 15</option>
<option value="grammar16.html.B5">Chapter 16</option>
<option value="grammar17-18.html.B5">Chapters 17 and 18</option>
<option value="grammar19.html.B5">Chapter 19</option>
<option value="grammar20.html.B5">Chapter 20</option>
<option value="grammar21.html.B5">Chapter 21</option>
<option value="grammar22.html.B5">Chapter 22</option>
<option value="grammar23.html.B5">Chapter 23</option>
<option value="grammar24.html.B5">Chapter 24</option>
<option value="grammar25.html.B5">Chapter 25</option>
<option value="grammar26.html.B5">Chapter 26</option>
<option value="grammar27.html.B5">Chapter 27</option>
<option value="grammar28.html.B5">Chapter 28</option>
<option value="grammar_all.html.B5" selected="selected">Chapters 1-28 all in one big page</option>
<option value="measure-words.html">List of measure words</option>
</select>
<input value="Display" type="submit"><!-- HR WIDTH=300 -->
<input name="simpleform" value="1" type="hidden">
<br><select name="simpleaction">
<option value="tooltips">Add popup translations in DHTML tooltips</option>
<option value="status">Put translations in status-line with JavaScript, if permitted</option>
<option value="text">Add pinyin to the text</option>
<option value="atend" selected="selected">Append a word-list, to print for later study</option>
<option value="nothing">Do nothing: present the text as plainly as possible</option>
</select>
<br><input name="do_audio" value="1" checked="checked" type="checkbox">
Include links to <select name="audioformat">
<option value=".wav" selected="selected">WAV</option>
<option value=".aiff">AIFF</option>
<option value=".au">AU</option>
</select>
 audio text-to-speech<br>&nbsp;
</form></td></tr></tbody></table>
<br>

<h2>Grammar notes</h2>

<h3>嗎 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?</h3>

One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add
嗎 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> at the end of a statement.  Hence 你好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6n%b6%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>? (How
are you?)

<h3>你呢 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?</h3>

This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to
you. Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how
about you?"

<blockquote><dl><dt>A: 你好嗎 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6n%b6%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?</dt><dd>How are you?</dd>

<dt>B: 我很好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 你呢 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?</dt><dd>I am fine, and you?</dd>

<p></p><dt>A: 你忙嗎 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%a3%b6%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?</dt><dd>Are you busy?</dd>

<dt>B: 我不忙 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%a6%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 你呢 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?</dt><dd>I am not busy, what about you?</dd>
</dl>
</blockquote>

<h3>很 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 也 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 都 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h3>

All three are adverbs, which should be placed <em>before</em> what
they modify in Chinese.  E.g., 很好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 也好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 都好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.

<p>Sometimes 很 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is not really employed to mean "very" if it is
modifying a monosyllabic adjective such as 好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  It is simply because
to say 我好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic
adjective as the predicate of the sentence.  Therefore people usually
add 很 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> before 好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> to make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in this
case does not necessarily mean "I am <em>very</em> well", it may
simply convey the meaning of "I am fine".

</p><p><em>The order of these words:</em> If all three adverbs occur in
the same sentence, their order is 也 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> -- 都 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> -- 很 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>:

</p><blockquote>我很好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.<br>

我也很好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4]%ab%dc%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.<br>

我們也都很好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4]%b3%a3%ab%dc%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.</blockquote>

N.B. 都 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the
<em>left</em> of it.  Hence it is wrong to say 都他們很好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a5L%ad%cc%ab%dc%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> ("all of
them are fine").  One should say 他們都很好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%b3%a3%ab%dc%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.

<h3>都不 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a4%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> vs. 不都 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%b3%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h3>

都不 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a4%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%b3%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> shows a partial
negation:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>他們都不忙 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%b3%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>None of them is busy.</dd>
<dt>他們不都忙 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%b3%a3%a6%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Not all of them are busy.</dd>

<br>
<dt>我們都不是大夫 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a4%a3%acO%a4j%a4%d2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>None of us is a doctor.</dd>
<dt>我們不都是大夫 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%a3%b3%a3%acO%a4j%a4%d2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Not all of us are doctors.</dd></dl>
</blockquote>

<h3>的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h3>

As an auxiliary word, 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is used to indicate possession.  It comes
between the subject and the noun it modifies: 我的書 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%ae%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 我媽媽的車 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6%fd%b6%fd%aa%ba%a8%ae&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> etc.

<p>In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
possessive marker 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be omitted.  <em>Otherwise it cannot</em>.

</p><blockquote>
e.g. 你弟弟 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a7%cc%a7%cc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 你的弟弟 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%a7%cc%a7%cc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 我爸爸 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%a8%aa%a8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 我的爸爸 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%aa%a8%aa%a8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
</blockquote>

<h3>我很好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".</h3>

Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb.
In the sentence 我很好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, the adjectival phrase 很好 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%a6n&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> serves as the
predicate for the sentence.  No verb "to be" is needed as in English
(I <em>am</em> very well).  This is generally true of a sentence that
has an <em>adjective</em> as its predicate, even in negative sentences.

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>e.g. 他們很忙 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ab%dc%a6%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 我們不忙 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%a3%a6%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>They are very busy, we are not.</dd></dl>
</blockquote>

Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> should still
be retained:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>他是我朋友 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a7%da%aaB%a4%cd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>He is my friend.</dd><p>
</p><dt>我不是她的哥哥 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%acO%a6o%aa%ba%ad%f4%ad%f4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I am not her elder brother.</dd></dl>
</blockquote>

<h3>Proper Response</h3>

Study the following two dialogues:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6%fd%b6%fd%acO%a4j%a4%d2%b6%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?</dt><dd>Is your mother a doctor?</dd>
<dt>B: 是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 她是大夫 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4j%a4%d2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.</dt><dd>Yes, she is a doctor.</dd><p>

</p><dt>A: 你媽媽忙嗎 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6%fd%b6%fd%a6%a3%b6%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?</dt><dd>Is your mother busy?</dd>
<dt>B: 忙 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 她很忙 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%ab%dc%a6%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.</dt><dd>Yes, she is very busy.</dd></dl>
</blockquote>

To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb
-- in the above case 是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 忙 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> respectively -- as an equivalent to the
English "yes" before making the statement itself.  Note therefore that
the response is not always 是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.


<h2>Questions with interrogative words 誰 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 哪 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 什麼 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as
"what", "when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a
question, Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming
questions using such interrogative words as 誰 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 哪 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 什麼 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, etc:

</p><ol>
<li>他是我弟弟 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a7%da%a7%cc%a7%cc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>. (He is my younger brother.)<br>
他是誰 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%bd%d6&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>? (Who is he?)
</li><p>

</p><li>他是我們老師 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a7%da%ad%cc%a6%d1%aev&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  (He is our teacher.)<br>
誰是你們老師 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6%acO%a7A%ad%cc%a6%d1%aev&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?  (Who is your teacher?)
</li><p>

</p><li>他是中國人 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  (He is Chinese.)<br>
他是哪國人 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%ad%fe%b0%ea%a4H&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?  (What is his nationality?)
</li><p>

</p><li>這是中國地圖 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a6a%b9%cf&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>. (This is a map of China.)<br>
這是什麼地圖 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2%a6a%b9%cf&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?  (What map is this?)
</li><p>

</p><li>那是書 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%acO%ae%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  (That is a book.)<br>
那是什麼 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?  (What is that?)
</li><p>

</p><li>這是她的車 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a6o%aa%ba%a8%ae&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  (This is her car.)<br>
這是誰的車 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%bd%d6%aa%ba%a8%ae&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>?  (Whose car is this?)
</li>

</ol>

As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what
one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form
questions. No change of word order takes place.
<h2>Asking a person's name</h2>

<p>There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that person is.
</p><ol>
<li>您貴姓﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1z%b6Q%a9m%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
<p>This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What is your honourable surname?". It is usually
used to address one's elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one
wants to be polite.  Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6Q%a9m&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> cannot
be used when asking about a third person's name, or when referring
to oneself.
</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>A: 您 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1z&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>/你貴姓﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6Q%a9m%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>What is your name?</dd><br>
<dt>B: 我姓丁。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9m%a4B%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>My name is Ding.</dd></dl>
</blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>你叫什麼﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
<p>This is a plain form of asking a person's name.  It is usually used
to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors.
If one wants to be a bit polite, 請問 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%b0%dd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be added to the question:
</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>請問﹐你叫什麼﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%b0%dd%a1M%a7A%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>May I ask, what's your name?</dd></dl>
</blockquote>
Unlike 貴姓 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6Q%a9m&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be employed
for all persons:
<blockquote>
她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S%a7%da%ad%cc%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S%a7%da%ad%f4%ad%f4%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>etc.
</blockquote>
</li></ol>
<p>When asked 你姓什麼﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9m%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>you are supposed to give your last name
first, and then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when
asked 你叫什麼﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>you can give either your given name or your full name.

</p><h2>Word usage: 學習﹐ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%b2%df%a1M&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 學 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>
<p>Both words mean "to study" or "to learn".  Whereas 學習 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%b2%df&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be used both
transitively and intransitively, 學 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is normally reserved for transitive
use.
</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>e.g. 我學 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%be%c7&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(習 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2%df&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)漢語﹐她學 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a1M%a6o%be%c7&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(習 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2%df&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)法語。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aak%bby%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I study Chinese, she studies
French.</dd>
<dt>我學習﹐我弟弟不學習。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%be%c7%b2%df%a1M%a7%da%a7%cc%a7%cc%a4%a3%be%c7%b2%df%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I study, my younger brother doesn't study.</dd></dl>
</blockquote>
In the second sentence, the word 習 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2%df&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> cannot be omitted.

<h2>Grammar notes</h2>
<ol>
<li>在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (to be at/in...) functions as a verb.
<p>To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use the following
pattern:
</p><blockquote>
S + 在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + place/location word or phrase<br>
e.g. A: 你的地圖在哪兒﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%a6a%b9%cf%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
B: 我的地圖在那兒。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%a6a%b9%cf%a6b%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
<br>
A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%a8%aa%a8%b6%fd%b6%fd%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
B: 他們在中國。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6b%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
</blockquote>
If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
<blockquote>
<dl><dt>A: 古波在嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5j%aai%a6b%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Is Gubo in [or: here]?</dd><br>
<dt>B: 他不在﹐他在學生宿舍。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%a3%a6b%a1M%a5L%a6b%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>He is not here. He is at the students'
dormitory.</dd></dl><br>
</blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>Nouns / personal pronouns + 這兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>/那兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> as place words.
<blockquote>e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6a%b9%cf%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
B: 在我這兒。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(or 在我那兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%a7%da%a8%ba%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)<br>
<br>
A: 你的車在哪兒﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%a8%ae%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%a8%ae%a6b%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
</blockquote>The choice of 這兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 那兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> depends on the distance
between the object and the speaker.  If it is close to the speaker, use
這兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>; if not, use 那兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.
</li><p>

</p><li>The word order for Chinese place words
<p>Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and
proceed to the smaller ones.  Hence the sentence "She lives in room 423,
4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她住學院學生宿舍四層四二三號。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%ed%be%c7%b0|%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a5|%bch%a5|%a4G%a4T%b8%b9%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is applicable to the
address used when writing letters as well.
</p></li><p>

</p><li>To live (stay) at a place
<p>Most often one uses 住 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> to indicate that one lives or stays at a
certain place.  There are several patterns for the use of 住 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  For example,
to say "I live here", one can have the following:
</p><blockquote>
S + 住 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + place word (我住這兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6%ed%b3o%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)<br>
S + 住在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + place word (我住在這兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6%ed%a6b%b3o%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)<br>
S + 在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + place word + 住 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (我在這兒住 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a6%ed&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)<br>
</blockquote>
All three sentences have the same meaning.
</li><p>

</p><li>Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
<p>Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by digit:
</p><blockquote>
English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)<br>
Chinese: # 1452 (一四五二號 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a5|%a4%ad%a4G%b8%b9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)
</blockquote>
</li></ol>


<h2>The use of 還 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (to return something to someone)</h2>
<p>When using 還 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> to indicate "return", use the following pattern:
</p><blockquote>S + 還 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + (sb.) + sth.<br>
e.g. 我還他畫報 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%c1%d9%a5L%b5e%b3%f8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
你還丁云的車。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%c1%d9%a4B%a4%aa%aa%ba%a8%ae%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(Notice here sb. is omitted.)<br>
</blockquote>
This pattern is <i>only</i> used for simple objects, i.e. the object to
be returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的日本車 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b6%fd%b6%fd%aa%ba%a4%e9%a5%bb%a8%ae&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, etc.  Notice in the second example above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say 你還丁云丁云的車 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%c1%d9%a4B%a4%aa%a4B%a4%aa%aa%ba%a8%ae&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>,
although grammatically it is correct.  We will later learn the ways to express something
more complicated.

<h2>用一下兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>In this phrase, 用 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is a verb which can be used both transitively and intransitively
(i.e. it can be used either with or without an object).  一下兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little while".  If an object is to be used for 用 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in the above phrase, it should be
placed after 一下兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%a7A%aa%ba%ae%d1%a1M%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Is it all right for me to use your book for a short
while?</dd>
<dt>他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%a7A%aa%a8%aa%a8%aa%ba%a8%ae%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>They want to use your dad's car for a little while.</dd></dl>
</blockquote>

<h2>Time Word 現在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a sentence: <i>before</i> or <i>after</i> the subject.
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>現在她去學院還書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b%a6o%a5h%be%c7%b0|%c1%d9%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Now she is going to the college to return books.</dd>
<dt>or 她現在去學院還書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b2{%a6b%a5h%be%c7%b0|%c1%d9%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>

<h2>常 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 常常 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`%b1`&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>常 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`%b1`&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> without a change of meaning.  Thus, 他常喝茶 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b3%dc%af%f9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 他常常喝茶 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b1`%b3%dc%af%f9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 我們常去看書 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b1`%a5h%ac%dd%ae%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 我們常常去看書 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b1`%b1`%a5h%ac%dd%ae%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.</p>
<p>In making negative sentences, however, 常 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is normally <i>not</i> reduplicated.
Hence 他不常喝茶 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%a3%b1`%b3%dc%af%f9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 我們不常去看書 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%a3%b1`%a5h%ac%dd%ae%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.</p>

<h2>Affirmative-Negative questions</h2>
<p>An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the 
affirmative and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>她是中國人嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>becomes 她是不是中國人﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4%a3%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>你忙嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%a3%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>becomes 你忙不忙﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>你認識他嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%bb{%c3%d1%a5L%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>becomes 你認識不認識他﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%bb{%c3%d1%a4%a3%bb{%c3%d1%a5L%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>

<ol>
<li>If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat the
single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
<blockquote><dl><dt>忙不忙 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 認識不認識 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb{%c3%d1%a4%a3%bb{%c3%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 介紹不介紹 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%a3%a4%b6%b2%d0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb that
gets repeated, not the noun following it:
<blockquote><dl><dt>你喝不喝茶﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%dc%a4%a3%b3%dc%af%f9%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>你去不去中國﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote></li><p>

</p><li>Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the form
of "V + object + 不 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + V ?" as well, although this is not as common:
<blockquote><dl><dt>你喝茶不喝茶﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%dc%af%f9%a4%a3%b3%dc%af%f9%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>她去中國不去﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4%a3%a5h%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote></li><p>

</p><li>As in questions with interrogative words (誰 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 什麼 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> at the end.</li><p>

</p><li>If an adverb such as 常 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 都 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 也 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 很 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> comes <i>before</i> the predicative
verb or adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use 嗎 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> instead:
<blockquote><dl><dt>你們都去中國嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dt>but not 你們都去不去中國﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><p>
</p><dt>他常喝咖啡嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b3%dc%a9@%b0%d8%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dt>but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b3%dc%a4%a3%b3%dc%a9@%b0%d8%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come <i>before</i>
the predicative verbs or adjectives.  Compare:<p>
</p><ol>
<li>她很忙嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%ab%dc%a6%a3%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> but not 她很忙不忙﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%ab%dc%a6%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></li><p>
</p><li>她是很好大夫嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%ab%dc%a6n%a4j%a4%d2%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 她是不是很好的大夫﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4%a3%acO%ab%dc%a6n%aa%ba%a4j%a4%d2%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></li><p></p></ol>
The second instance is acceptable because 很 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> comes <i>after</i> the
predicative verb 是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.</li><p>

</p><li>If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the <i>first</i>
verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question:
<blockquote>你去商店買紙嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%b0%d3%a9%b1%b6R%af%c8%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>becomes 你去不去商店買紙﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%b0%d3%a9%b1%b6R%af%c8%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
他們歡迎我來嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%c5w%aa%ef%a7%da%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> becomes 他們歡迎不歡迎我來﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%c5w%aa%ef%a4%a3%c5w%aa%ef%a7%da%a8%d3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote></li><p>
</p></ol>

<h2>和 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 都 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>In Chinese, 和 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or
phrases, <i>never</i> two clauses or sentences:
</p><blockquote>中國和美國 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b0%ea%a9M%ac%fc%b0%ea&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
我的爸爸和媽媽 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%aa%a8%aa%a8%a9M%b6%fd%b6%fd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
她學習漢語和英語。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a9M%ad^%bby%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%bb{%c3%d1%a7%da%aa%a8%aa%a8%a9M%a7%cc%a7%cc%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br></blockquote>
<blockquote>but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a7%cc%a7%cc%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1M%a9M%a7%da%ad%f4%ad%f4%a4]%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%be%c7%b2%df%aak%bby%a1M%a9M%a7%da%a4]%be%c7%b2%df%aak%bby%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>

<p>The adverb 都 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or
adjective.  It governs only the elements <i>before</i> it:
</p><blockquote>我們都去中國。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (All of us go to China: 都 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> modifies 我們 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.)<br>
but not 都我們去中國。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a7%da%ad%cc%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
</blockquote><p>This is also wrong:
</p><blockquote>我都學漢語和法語。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b3%a3%be%c7%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>
because 都 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> modifies 我 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and not 漢語和法語 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  If "both Chinese and French" is intended in the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> should be placed before 都 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>:
<blockquote>
我漢語和法語都學。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby%b3%a3%be%c7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
or 漢語和法語都我學。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby%b3%a3%a7%da%be%c7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>

<h2>The verb 有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> expressing possession and existence</h2>
<p>The verb 有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the English "to have" and "there is" or "there are":
</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>她有漢語詞典。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%b3%ba~%bby%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>She has a Chinese dictionary.</dd>
<dt>我們學院有多外國學生。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%be%c7%b0|%a6%b3%a6h%a5~%b0%ea%be%c7%a5%cd%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>There are a lot of foreign students in our college.</dd></dl></blockquote>

<p>N.B.:
</p><ol>
<li>To negate 有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, one uses 沒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> instead of 不 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>:
<blockquote><dl><dt>我有哥哥﹐我沒有姐姐。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6%b3%ad%f4%ad%f4%a1M%a7%da%a8S%a6%b3%a9j%a9j%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.</dd></dl>
</blockquote></li><p>

</p><li>Informally in a negative sentence, 有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can sometimes be omitted:
<blockquote><dl><dt>我朋友沒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aaB%a4%cd%a8S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)書﹐也沒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae%d1%a1M%a4]%a8S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)筆。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%a7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>My friend does not have books, nor pens.</dd>
<dt>現在我們的宿舍沒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b%a7%da%ad%cc%aa%ba%b1J%aa%d9%a8S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)人。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4H%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>There is no one in our dorm now.</dd></dl></blockquote></li><p>

</p><li>The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> ... ?"
<blockquote>她有沒有妹妹﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3%a9f%a9f%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒有人﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O%a1M%a7A%ad%cc%aa%ba%b1J%aa%d9%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3%a4H%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>

<p>Sometimes, if the object of 有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is not long, one can use the form "... 有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + object + 沒有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> ?" as well, although this form is not as common as the previous one.
</p><blockquote>她有妹妹沒有﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%b3%a9f%a9f%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
這宿舍有人沒有﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%b1J%aa%d9%a6%b3%a4H%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>
</li></ol>

<h2>Prepositional construction with 在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (in, at) and 給 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (for, to)</h2>

<p>The object of 在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is often a place-word and the object of 給 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is often the beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative verb.  In Chinese, a prepositional construction comes <i>before</i> the verb it modifies:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>他在銀行工作。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a4u%a7@%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>She works in a bank.</dd>
<dt>but not 她工作在銀行。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a4u%a7@%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><p>
</p><dt>我給你們介紹一下兒。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>Let me introduce you to one another.</dd>
<dt>but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>

<p>To form a negative sentence, 不 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is placed <i>before</i> the prepositional construction:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>他不在銀行工作。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%a3%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a4u%a7@%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>我不給你們介紹。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a4%b6%b2%d0%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I am not going to introduce you.</dd></dl></blockquote>

<p>Adverbs such as 常 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 都 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 也 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> are also placed <i>before</i> the prepositional construction:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>我們都在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> City Lit 學院學習漢語。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%b0|%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>We all study Chinese at the City Lit.</dd>
<dt>你常給你媽媽信嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b1`%b5%b9%a7A%b6%fd%b6%fd%abH%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Do you often write to your mother?</dd>
<dt>我爸爸也常給我寫信。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%a8%aa%a8%a4]%b1`%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%abH%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>My dad also often writes to me.</dd></dl></blockquote>

<h2>Word usage: 想 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>The word 想 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in Chinese carries various meanings:
</p><ol>
<li>想 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something:
<blockquote><dl><dt>丁雲很想家。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4B%b6%b3%ab%dc%b7Q%aea%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Ding Yun misses her family very much.</dd>
<dt>我很想我的爸爸媽媽。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%b7Q%a7%da%aa%ba%aa%a8%aa%a8%b6%fd%b6%fd%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I miss my parents very much.</dd>
<dt>你不想你的男朋友嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%b7Q%a7A%aa%ba%a8k%aaB%a4%cd%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Don't you miss your boyfriend?</dd>
<dt>你想不想她﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a4%a3%b7Q%a6o%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Do you miss her?</dd></dl></blockquote></li><p>

</p><li>想 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
<blockquote><dl><dt>A: 你想去商店嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a5h%b0%d3%a9%b1%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Do you want to go to the shop?</dd>
<dt>B: 我不想去。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b7Q%a5h%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I don't want to go.</dd><p>
</p><dt>A: 你想不想學法語﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a4%a3%b7Q%be%c7%aak%bby%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Do you want to study French?</dd>
<dt>B: 我也想學法語。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4]%b7Q%be%c7%aak%bby%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I also want to study French.</dd></dl></blockquote></li><p>

</p><li>想 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + clause = to think/suppose something:
<blockquote><dl><dt>我想她是中國人。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a6o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I think she is Chinese.</dd>
<dt>我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a6o%aa%a8%aa%a8%b6%fd%b6%fd%b3%a3%acO%a4j%a4%d2%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I think her parents are both doctors.</dd></dl></blockquote>

N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in this capacity, put the negative adverb in the <i>subordinate clause</i>, not in the main clause as in English:
<blockquote><dl><dt>我想她 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a6o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><i>不是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></i>中國人。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I don't think she is Chinese.</dd>
<dt>but not 我不想她是中國人。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b7Q%a6o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li></ol>

<p>N.B. 想 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form <i>only</i> in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.

</p><h2>Word usage: 告訴 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>告訴 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> means "to tell".  In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell somebody something, or to tell somebody <i>to do</i> something.  The Chinese verb 告訴 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can only be applied to the first of these patterns.
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a7i%b6D%a7%da%a6o%aa%ba%a4u%a7@%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>She told me her work.</dd>
<dt>我告訴媽媽你是我的好朋友。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a7i%b6D%b6%fd%b6%fd%a7A%acO%a7%da%aa%ba%a6n%aaB%a4%cd%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.</dd>
<dt>but not 我告訴他給我寫信。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a7i%b6D%a5L%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%abH%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I told him to write to me.</dd></dl></blockquote>

<p>Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 媽媽 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%fd%b6%fd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) of 告訴 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
 in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a 
clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it 
uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a 
verb-phrase for its direct object.  In this case, we should use 叫 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 請 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in place of 告訴 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> to make a correct sentence:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>我請他給我寫信。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%bd%d0%a5L%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%abH%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I asked him to write to me.</dd></dl></blockquote>


<h2>The Numbers in Chinese</h2>

<p>For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
</p><blockquote>○ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (or 零 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9s&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>), 一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 二 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 三 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 四 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 五 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 六 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%bb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 七 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 八 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4K&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 九 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 十 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>
Further on, they are:
<blockquote>十一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 11, 十二 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 12, 十九 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4E&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 19<br>
二十 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 20, 二十一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 21, 二十八 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4K&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 28<br>
三十 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a4Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 30, 四十 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%a4Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 40, 九十 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E%a4Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 90, 九十九 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E%a4Q%a4E&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 99<br><p>
一百 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 100<br>
一百零一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 101, 一百十 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%a4Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 110, 一百十一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%a4Q%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 111<br>
三百二十七 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a6%ca%a4G%a4Q%a4C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 327, 九百零九 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E%a6%ca%b9s%a4E&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 909<br></p><p>
一千 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4d&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 1000<br>
一千零一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4d%b9s%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 1001, 五千零四十 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a4d%b9s%a5|%a4Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 5040, 八千七百二十五 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4K%a4d%a4C%a6%ca%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 8725<br></p><p>
一萬 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b8U&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 10,000<br>
四萬零八百零一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%b8U%b9s%a4K%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 40,801<br></p><p>
一億 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%bb%f5&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 100,000,000
</p></blockquote>

<p>N.B.:
</p><ol>
<li>Numbers like 15 are written e.g. 十五 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4%ad&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, not 一十五 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4Q%a4%ad&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.<p></p></li>
<li>A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101 is 一百零一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, and 3020 is 三千零二十 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a4d%b9s%a4G%a4Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  Notice the last zero in 3020 is <i>not</i> pronounced because it is not between two other digits.
<p>If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4d%b9s%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also
sandwiched, as in 40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%b8U%b9s%a4K%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.</p>
</li></ol>

<h2>Grammar notes</h2>

<ol>
<li>Measure words

<p>In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative pronouns such as 這 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 那 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 幾 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, a specific measure word should be placed
between the noun and its modifier(s):
</p><blockquote>三本書 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a5%bb%ae%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 十五個學生 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4%ad%ad%d3%be%c7%a5%cd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 那個老師 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%ad%d3%a6%d1%aev&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 哪個圖書館 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%ad%d3%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 幾本詞典 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>幾 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 多少 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6h%a4%d6&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>

<p>Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much".  Whereas 幾 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> should be used with a measure word, 多少 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6h%a4%d6&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be used either with or without a measure word for the noun it modifies.
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>你有幾本詞典﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%b3%b4X%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>你有多少 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%b3%a6h%a4%d6&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(本 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)詞典﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
<p>The measure word 本 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is a must for the first sentence, but only optional in the second.
</p><p>Also, when 幾 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is used, the expected answer is usually under 10, whereas 多少 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6h%a4%d6&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be used whether one expects a large or small answer.
</p><blockquote>你們大學有多少學生﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%a4j%be%c7%a6%b3%a6h%a4%d6%be%c7%a5%cd%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
你家有幾個人﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aea%a6%b3%b4X%ad%d3%a4H%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
<p>As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct 
object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
</p><blockquote>王老師教我們語法。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%bby%aak%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>
In this sentence, 教 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is a verb that takes 我們 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> as the indirect object and 法語 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aak%bby&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
 as the direct object.  Generally the indirect goes before the direct 
object.  Some other verbs that work the same way include 還 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 告訴 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 問 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%dd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.
<p>Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say 他買我一本書 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b6R%a7%da%a4@%a5%bb%ae%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (He bought me a book), or 她寫我一封信 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%bcg%a7%da%a4@%ab%ca%abH&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (She wrote me a letter).  The correct way of saying these would be to use 給 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, as in 他給我買一本書 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b5%b9%a7%da%b6R%a4@%a5%bb%ae%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 她給我寫一封信 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%a4@%ab%ca%abH&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.
</p></li><p>

</p><li>Adjectives as modifiers
<p>When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the noun as in English:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>新書 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7s%ae%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>new book</dd>
<dt>好朋友 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n%aaB%a4%cd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>good friend</dd></dl></blockquote>
However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more syllables, the particle 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is usually inserted between the modifier and the noun it modifies:
<blockquote><dl><dt>很新的書 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%b7s%aa%ba%ae%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>very new book</dd>
<dt>很好的朋友 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%a6n%aa%ba%aaB%a4%cd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>very good friend</dd></dl></blockquote>
</li></ol>

<h2>Word usage: 也 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 還 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

也 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement.  Hence the relationship between the statement introduced by 也 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and the previous one is a <i>parallel</i> relationship.  還 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, on the other hand, introduces an <i>additional</i> element to the previous statement.
<blockquote><dl><dt>e.g. 你有一個問題﹐我也有一個問題。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1M%a7%da%a4]%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>You have a question; I also have a question.  The two are parallel here.</dd>
<dt>我還有一個問題。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%c1%d9%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I have already had some questions, but I still have one more.  This is <i>in addition to</i> the previous ones.</dd></dl></blockquote>
Under certain circumstances, 也 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 還 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> are interchangeable, but with different emphasis:
<blockquote><dl><dt>王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他還教我們口語。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%ba~%a6r%a9M%bby%aak%a1M%a5L%c1%d9%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%a4f%bby%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%ba~%a6r%a9M%bby%aak%a1M%a5L%a4]%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%a4f%bby%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang 
teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us 
conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses 
the fact that Wang teaches conversation <i>in addition to</i> the other subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three subjects he teaches without prioritization.


<h2>Grammar notes</h2>

<ol>
<li>的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> construction

<p>A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an adjective) with the word 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>這條裙子是我姐姐的。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%acO%a7%da%a9j%a9j%aa%ba%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>This skirt is my sister's.  Noun + 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)</dd>
<dt>哪本詞典是你的﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5%acO%a7A%aa%ba%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Which dictionary is yours?  Pronoun + 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dd>
<dt>你爸爸的車是白的嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%a8%aa%a8%aa%ba%a8%ae%acO%a5%d5%aa%ba%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>Is your father's car a white one?  Adjective + 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
</dd>
<dt>你喝的是什麼茶﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%dc%aa%ba%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2%af%f9%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>What sort of tea do you drink?  Verb + 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dd></dl></blockquote>
These constructions normally involve the verb 是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (or 不是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>).
</li><p>

</p><li>Usage of 從 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>

<p>從 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + place word + 去 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = to go from; 從 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + place word + 來 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = to come from.
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b1q%ad%fe%a8%e0%a8%d3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Where did you come from?</dd>
<dt>我從圖書館來。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b1q%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a8%d3%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I came from the library.</dd>
<dt>我們晚上從我家去劇場。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b1%df%a4W%b1q%a7%da%aea%a5h%bc@%b3%f5%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.</dd></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> / 那兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = over here/there at ...'s place

<p>When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 那兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, they function as a place word or expression.  Since one cannot say 我去她 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5h%a6o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (I went to her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5h%a6o%a8%ba%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (I went to her place), because 她那兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%ba%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is now regarded as a place expression.  Similarly one cannot say 你的裙子在我 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%b8%c8%a4l%a6b%a7%da&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (Your skirt is with me), but one can say 你的裙子在我這兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%b8%c8%a4l%a6b%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (Your skirt is with me).  More examples:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>你的書在他那兒。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%ae%d1%a6b%a5L%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Your book is at his place.</dd>
<dt>我們都去姐姐那兒。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a9j%a9j%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>We all went to my sister's place.</dd>
<dt>老師來我這兒找她。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%d1%aev%a8%d3%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0%a7%e4%a6o%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.</dd></dl></blockquote>
As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker, use 那兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself or herself, use 這兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.
</li><p>

</p><li>太 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + adjective + 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>

<p>This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes.  An adjective is used between 太 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>太忙了﹗ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3%a6%a3%a4F%a1T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Too busy!</dd>
<dt>太大了﹗ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3%a4j%a4F%a1T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Too big!</dd></dl></blockquote>
<p>The expression 太好了﹗ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3%a6n%a4F%a1T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or admiration.

</p></li></ol>

<h2>Word study: 二 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> vs. 兩 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
</p><ol>
<li>When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>:
<blockquote>兩個人 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%ad%d3%a4H&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 兩本書 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a5%bb%ae%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 增加了兩倍 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bcW%a5[%a4F%a8%e2%ad%bf&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 去了兩次 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a4F%a8%e2%a6%b8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
</blockquote>

</li><li>二 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is followed by a measure word:
<blockquote>二十二 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4G&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 一百零二次 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%b9s%a4G%a6%b8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 十二個人 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%ad%d3%a4H&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 五千八百六十二元 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a4d%a4K%a6%ca%a4%bb%a4Q%a4G%a4%b8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
</blockquote>
There are some more restrictions, though:<p>
</p><ol>
<li>Only 二 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be used before the character 十 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>; before the character 百 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ca&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 二 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is usually employed but 兩 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> may also be used:
<blockquote>二十 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 二百二十五 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a6%ca%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 二百五十元 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a6%ca%a4%ad%a4Q%a4%b8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 兩百五十元 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a6%ca%a4%ad%a4Q%a4%b8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
</blockquote>
</li><p>
</p><li>For numbers like 千 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4d&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 萬 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8U&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 億 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb%f5&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 兩 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is used more often than 二 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>:
<blockquote>兩千元 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a4d%a4%b8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (also 二千元 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4d%a4%b8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>), 兩萬三千八 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%b8U%a4T%a4d%a4K&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 兩億人口 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%bb%f5%a4H%a4f&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
</blockquote>
</li><p>
</p><li>If the number is greater than 百 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ca&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 千 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4d&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 萬 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8U&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, <i>i.e.</i> if there are more digits before 百 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ca&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 千 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4d&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 萬 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8U&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, then put 二 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> instead of 兩 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in front:
<blockquote>四億二千萬 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%bb%f5%a4G%a4d%b8U&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 三萬二千人 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%b8U%a4G%a4d%a4H&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 五千二百元 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a4d%a4G%a6%ca%a4%b8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
</blockquote>
</li></ol>
</li></ol>


<h2>Time</h2>

<p>The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
</p><blockquote>A: 現在幾點﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b%b4X%c2I%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
B: 現在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>...<br>
<table cellspacing="6" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr>
</tr><tr><td>兩點 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%c2I&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></td><td>2:00</td></tr>
<tr><td>十點半 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (or 十點三十分 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a4T%a4Q%a4%c0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)</td><td>10:30</td></tr>
<tr><td>三點一刻 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%c2I%a4@%a8%e8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (or 三點十五分 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%c2I%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)</td><td>3:15</td></tr>
<tr><td>十二點三刻 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%c2I%a4T%a8%e8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (or 十二點四十五分 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%c2I%a5|%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)</td><td>12:45</td></tr>
<tr><td>兩點差五分 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%c2I%aet%a4%ad%a4%c0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (or 差五分兩點 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aet%a4%ad%a4%c0%a8%e2%c2I&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)</td><td>1:55</td></tr>
<tr><td>五點二十分 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%c2I%a4G%a4Q%a4%c0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></td><td>5:20</td></tr>
<tr><td>六點零五分 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%bb%c2I%b9s%a4%ad%a4%c0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></td><td>6:05</td></tr>
<tr><td>七點三十五分 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C%c2I%a4T%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></td><td>7:35</td></tr></tbody></table>
</blockquote>
Some notes:
<ol><li>When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9s&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, as in 三點零八分 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%c2I%b9s%a4K%a4%c0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (3:08) 
or 十二點零三分 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%c2I%b9s%a4T%a4%c0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (12:03).</li><p>
</p><li>When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%c0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is optional:
<blockquote>七點十五 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C%c2I%a4Q%a4%ad&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 七點十五分 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C%c2I%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p><li>"This morning" is 今天上午 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%a4W%a4%c8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, not for example 這個上午 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%a4W%a4%c8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>; "every afternoon" is 每天下午 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a4%d1%a4U%a4%c8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, not 
每下午 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a4U%a4%c8&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.</li><p></p></ol>

<h2>Placement of time-words</h2>

<p>A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject or at the beginning 
of a sentence:
</p><blockquote>我們十點半上中文課 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4Q%c2I%a5b%a4W%a4%a4%a4%e5%bd%d2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
十點半我們上中文課 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5b%a7%da%ad%cc%a4W%a4%a4%a4%e5%bd%d2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>
Some notes:
<ol>
<li>A time-word does not take a preposition:
<blockquote><dl><dt>我三點下課 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4T%c2I%a4U%bd%d2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dt>but not 我在三點下課 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%a4T%c2I%a4U%bd%d2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p><li>A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
<blockquote><dl><dt>她晚上來 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b1%df%a4W%a8%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>She came in the evening.</dd><dt>or 晚上她來 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%a6o%a8%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dt>but not 她來晚上 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%d3%b1%df%a4W&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p><li>If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the smaller:
<blockquote><dl><dt>今天晚上八點 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a4K%c2I&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>at 8 o'clock this evening</dd></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p><li>If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word goes first:
<blockquote><dl><dt>我晚上八點在圖書館等你 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b1%df%a4W%a4K%c2I%a6b%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%b5%a5%a7A&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%f4%ad%f4%b2{%a6b%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a4u%a7@%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>明天你幾點在哪兒上課﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%a7A%b4X%c2I%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a4W%bd%d2%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>When and where are you going to have your class 
tomorrow?</dd></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p><li>Time-word + 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + noun (time-words modifying nouns)
<blockquote><dl><dt>A: 你想看幾點的電影﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%ac%dd%b4X%c2I%aa%ba%b9q%bcv%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>What show do you want to see? 
<i>literally</i> What time's film do you want to see?</dd>
<dt>B: 我想看中午十二點半的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%ac%dd%a4%a4%a4%c8%a4Q%a4G%c2I%a5b%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(電影 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9q%bcv&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.</dd><p>
</p><dt>A: 這是今天的報嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a4%b5%a4%d1%aa%ba%b3%f8%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Is this today's paper?</dd>
<dt>B: 不是今天的報﹐是昨天的。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%acO%a4%b5%a4%d1%aa%ba%b3%f8%a1M%acO%acQ%a4%d1%aa%ba%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.</dd>
</dl>
</blockquote>
</li><p></p></ol>

<h2>The use of the time-words 以前 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 以後 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

When used by itself, 以前 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> means "previously" or "before" and 以後 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> means "later", 
"afterwards" or "in the future":
<blockquote><dl><dt>我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5H%abe%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1M%b2{%a6b%acO%a6%d1%aev%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I was a student before; now I am a 
teacher.</dd>
<dt>你以前在哪兒工作﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5H%abe%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a4u%a7@%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Where did you work before?</dd>
<dt>以前我不住宿舍﹐現在住宿舍。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe%a7%da%a4%a3%a6%ed%b1J%aa%d9%a1M%b2{%a6b%a6%ed%b1J%aa%d9%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I 
do.</dd></dl></blockquote>

<p>When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> means "before..." and 以後 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 
means "after...":
</p><blockquote><dl>
<dt>十點以前我不回家。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5H%abe%a7%da%a4%a3%a6^%aea%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I won't go home before 10.</dd>
<dt>回家以前我在閱覽室看書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6^%aea%a5H%abe%a7%da%a6b%be%5c%c4%fd%ab%c7%ac%dd%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I read books in the reading-room before I go home.</dd>
<dt>來美國以後他在這兒工作。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%d3%ac%fc%b0%ea%a5H%ab%e1%a5L%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a4u%a7@%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>He has been working here after he came to America.</dd>
<dt>十點半以後你在宿舍作什麼﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5b%a5H%ab%e1%a7A%a6b%b1J%aa%d9%a7@%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?</dd></dl></blockquote>

<p>N.B. When 以前 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 以後 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is used together with a time-word or verb phrase to mean 
"before" or "after", the word order is exactly the opposite of the English equivalent:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>四點以前 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%c2I%a5H%abe&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>before 4 o'clock</dd>
<dt>下課以前 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%bd%d2%a5H%abe&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>before the class is over</dd>
<dt>明天晚上以後 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a5H%ab%e1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>after tomorrow evening (or night)</dd>
<dt>回宿舍以後 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6^%b1J%aa%d9%a5H%ab%e1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>after returning to the dormitory</dd></dl></blockquote>

<h2>A 跟 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> B (一起 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) + verb/verb-phrase</h2>

<p>跟 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> as a preposition means "with", and 一起 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> means "together".  This pattern is used to 
indicate that A and B do something together.  Here 跟 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be replaced with 和 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> without 
changing the meaning; and the phrase 一起 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is optional.
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>e.g. 我跟 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b8%f2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (or 和 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 她去看電影。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I go to see a film with her.</dd>
<dt>我跟她一起去看電影。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b8%f2%a6o%a4@%b0_%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>She and I go to see a film together.)</dd>
<dt>晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%a7A%ad%cc%b8%f2%bd%d6%a4@%b0_%a5h%bc@%b3%f5%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?</dd>
<p></p><dt>A: 晚上你有事兒嗎﹖跟我一起去看京劇﹐好嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%a7A%a6%b3%a8%c6%a8%e0%b6%dc%a1S%b8%f2%a7%da%a4@%b0_%a5h%ac%dd%a8%ca%bc@%a1M%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Do you have anything to do tonight? Come 
with me to the Beijing opera!</dd>
<dt>B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b7Q%b8%f2%a7A%a5h%a1M%a7%da%b7Q%b8%f2%a7%da%a8k%aaB%a4%cd%a4@%b0_%a5h%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my 
boyfriend.</dd></dl></blockquote>

<p>N.B. This pattern of A 跟 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> B (一起 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) is always placed <i>before</i> the main verb in the sentence.  Hence the following sentence, with English word order, is wrong:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>我想去跟我男朋友一起。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h%b8%f2%a7%da%a8k%aaB%a4%cd%a4@%b0_%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I want to go together with my boyfriend.</dd></dl>
</blockquote>


<h2>Alternative Questions using 還是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> to connect two choices,
which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or clauses:
</p><blockquote>
你喜歡紅茶還是綠茶﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%df%c5w%ac%f5%af%f9%c1%d9%acO%ba%f1%af%f9%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (nouns)<br>
這本書是你的還是她的﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a7A%aa%ba%c1%d9%acO%a6o%aa%ba%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (noun phrases)<br>
下午你來還是不來﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%a4%c8%a7A%a8%d3%c1%d9%acO%a4%a3%a8%d3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (verbs)<br>
你要聽古典音樂還是聽現代音樂﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%adn%c5%a5%a5j%a8%e5%ad%b5%bc%d6%c1%d9%acO%c5%a5%b2{%a5N%ad%b5%bc%d6%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (verb phrases)<br>
今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a7A%a8%d3%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0%c1%d9%acO%a7%da%a5h%a7A%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (clauses)</blockquote>

Note:<ol><li>the two items connected by 還是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> are normally parallel in structure; and</li><p>
</p><li>as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> at the end.
</li></ol>

<h2>Pivotal Sentences with 請 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 讓 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 叫 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs.  A pivotal sentence 
is one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the 
subject of the following verb.  This object therefore functions as a 
pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence.

</p><p>The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause something to happen) such as 請 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 讓 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 叫 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something.  Of the three, 請 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is the most polite; 讓 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is less so, and 叫 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is the least polite.  So watch out for the occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately.  Observe:
</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>學生請王老師介紹中國音樂。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%a5%cd%bd%d0%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%a4%b0%ea%ad%b5%bc%d6%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.</dd>
<dt>老師讓學生每天寫漢字。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%d1%aev%c5%fd%be%c7%a5%cd%a8C%a4%d1%bcg%ba~%a6r%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.</dd>
<dt>爸爸叫孩子學中文。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%a8%aa%a8%a5s%ab%c4%a4l%be%c7%a4%a4%a4%e5%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Dad asked his child to study Chinese.</dd></dl></blockquote>

<p>Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the
 Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of 
politeness.

</p><p>Note:</p><ol><li>Besides the use of 請 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> above (meaning "to ask someone to do something"), 請 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can also be used to mean "to invite":
<blockquote><dl><dt>我們請他來吃晚飯。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%bd%d0%a5L%a8%d3%a6Y%b1%df%b6%ba%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>We invited him to dinner.</dd>
<dt>你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%bd%d0%a5L%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?</dd></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p><li>To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> <i>before the first verb</i>:
<blockquote><dl><dt>我的大夫不讓我喝酒。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%a4j%a4%d2%a4%a3%c5%fd%a7%da%b3%dc%b0s%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.</dd><br>
<dt>他們不叫我去看電影。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%a5s%a7%da%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>They did not invite me to go to the pictures.</dd></dl></blockquote>
</li></ol>

<h2>Word usage: 別 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 不要 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

別 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 不要 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> both mean "do not".  They can be used in negative <i>imperative</i> sentences with or without a subject.  They are placed between the subject (if present) and the verb or adjective:

<blockquote>(你 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 別 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (or 不要 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 告訴他﹗ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D%a5L%a1T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
別喝酒﹗ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O%b3%dc%b0s%a1T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 別去那兒﹗ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O%a5h%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
不要吸煙﹗ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn%a7l%b7%cf%a1T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 下午不要去﹗ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%a4%c8%a4%a3%adn%a5h%a1T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>

<p>Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative sentences.  It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他走 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%a8%aa%a8%a7O%bd%d0%a5L%a8%ab&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  One can say instead 爸爸不請他走 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%a8%aa%a8%a4%a3%bd%d0%a5L%a8%ab&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.


</p><h2>Expressions for the date, week, month and year</h2>

<ol><li>年 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, year

<ol type="a"><li>去年 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a6~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = last year; 今年 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = this year; 明年 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a6~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = next year</li><p>

</p><li>一九九七年 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4E%a4E%a4C%a6~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 一九九八年 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4E%a4E%a4K%a6~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, ...</li><p>

</p><li>一年 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = one year; 兩年 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a6~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = two years (not 二年 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a6~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>); 三年 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a6~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> =  three years<br>
每年 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a6~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = every year; 五年半 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a6~%a5b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = five-and-a-half years</li><p>

</p><p></p></ol>

</li><li>月 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%eb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, month

<ol type="a"><li>上個月 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W%ad%d3%a4%eb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>= last month; 這個月 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%a4%eb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = this month; 下個月 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%ad%d3%a4%eb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = next month</li><p>

</p><li>一月 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4%eb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = January; 二月 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4%eb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = February (not 兩月 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a4%eb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>); ... 二十月 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4%eb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = December</li><p>
</p></ol>

</li><li>星期 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, week

<ol type="a"><li>上 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (個 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 星期 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = last week; 這 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (個 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 星期 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = this week; 下 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (個 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 星期 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = next week</li><p>

</p><li>星期一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = Monday; 星期二 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4G&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = Tuesday; ... 星期六 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%bb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = Saturday; 星期日 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%e9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 星期天 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = Sunday</li><p>

</p><li>一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (個 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 星期 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = one week; 兩 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (個 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 星期 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = two weeks (not 二 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (個 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 星期 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>); 三 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (個 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 星期 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = three weeks; 四個半星期 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%ad%d3%a5b%acP%b4%c1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = four-and-a-half weeks; ... 每 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (個 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 星期 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = every week

</li><p></p></ol>

</li><li>日 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%e9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> / 號 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%b9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> / 天 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> date

<p>Use 日 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%e9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 號 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%b9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> for a <i>specific</i> date.  Usually 日 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%e9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is used in written and formal language and 號 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%b9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is used in conversation.  The word 天 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> should be used in <i>counting</i> the number of days:

</p><ol type="a"><li>作天 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7@%a4%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = yesterday; 今天 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = today; 明天 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = tomorrow</li><p>

</p><li>一號 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b8%b9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>; 二號 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%b8%b9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (not 兩號 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%b8%b9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>); ... 三十一號 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a4Q%a4@%b8%b9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
四月六號 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%a4%eb%a4%bb%b8%b9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>; 十月二十五日 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4%eb%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%e9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>; ...</li><p>

</p><li>一天 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = one day; 兩天 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a4%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = two days (not 二天 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>); ... 半天 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5b%a4%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = half a day; 每天 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a4%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = every day</li></ol>

</li></ol>

<p>Some notes:

</p><ol><li>When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the calendar date comes before the day of the week:
<blockquote>一九九六年十一月二十五號星期一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4E%a4E%a4%bb%a6~%a4Q%a4@%a4%eb%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad%b8%b9%acP%b4%c1%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
一七八九年七月十四日 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4C%a4K%a4E%a6~%a4C%a4%eb%a4Q%a5|%a4%e9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month:
<blockquote><dl><dt>今年五月 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~%a4%ad%a4%eb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)</dd>
<dt>去年八月 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a6~%a4K%a4%eb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>the August of last year</dd>
<dt>明年二月 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a6~%a4G%a4%eb&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>the February of next year</dd><p>
</p><dt>這 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (個 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 星期五 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%ad&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)</dd>
<dt>上 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (個 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 星期一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>the Monday of last week</dd>
<dt>下 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (個 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 星期四 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a5|&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> </dt><dd>the Thursday of next week</dd></dl></blockquote>
<p>Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as 這個星期一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%acP%b4%c1%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>,
 if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore referring to 
Monday of this week. The same applies for future days, and for months.
</p></li>
</ol>


<h2>Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun</h2>

<p>Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a modified to form a relative clause:

</p><ol><li>Unlike in English, all modifiers go <i>before</i> the element they modify in Chinese:
<blockquote>他喝的水不很乾淨 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b3%dc%aa%ba%a4%f4%a4%a3%ab%dc%b0%ae%b2b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
這是我朋友送我的禮物 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a7%da%aaB%a4%cd%b0e%a7%da%aa%ba%c2%a7%aa%ab&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>

</li><p></p><li>
The word 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> has to be inserted between the modifier and the element it modifies:
<blockquote>
<dl><dt>我下午看的電影很有意思。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%a4%c8%ac%dd%aa%ba%b9q%bcv%ab%dc%a6%b3%b7N%ab%e4%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.</dd>
<dt>給你開門的那個人是我妹妹。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9%a7A%b6}%aa%f9%aa%ba%a8%ba%ad%d3%a4H%acO%a7%da%a9f%a9f%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.</dd>
<dt>跟他跳舞的姑娘是我的同學。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2%a5L%b8%f5%bbR%aa%ba%a9h%aeQ%acO%a7%da%aa%ba%a6P%be%c7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>The girl who danced with him was my classmate.</dd></dl></blockquote>
</li></ol>

<h2>Other grammar notes</h2>

<ol><li>Sentences with an adjectival predicate

<p>The verb 是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence where the main element of the predicate is an adjective:
</p><blockquote>我們今天很高興。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%b5%a4%d1%ab%dc%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
她的絲線衫太小。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%aa%ba%b5%b7%bdu%adm%a4%d3%a4p%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
那個服務員非常年輕。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%ad%d3%aaA%b0%c8%ad%fb%abD%b1`%a6~%bb%b4%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>

<p>In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not preceded by adverbs such as 真 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%afu&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 太 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 非常 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abD%b1`&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 更 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%f3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, it is usually qualified by the adverb 很 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  In such cases, 很 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> does not really mean "very"; 他很忙 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ab%dc%a6%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 他忙 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a6%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> mean virtually the same.

</p><p>Also, adverbs such as 很 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 常 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 也 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 非常 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abD%b1`&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 太 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 更 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%f3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> <i>cannot</i> be used in affirmative-negative sentences of this type:
</p><blockquote>你高興不高興﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b0%aa%bf%b3%a4%a3%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> but not 你很高興不很高興﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ab%dc%b0%aa%bf%b3%a4%a3%ab%dc%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
她年輕不年輕﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6~%bb%b4%a4%a3%a6~%bb%b4%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%abD%b1`%b0%aa%bf%b3%a4%a3%abD%b1`%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
你去不去﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> but not 你也去不去﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4]%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>

</li><p>

</p><li>祝你 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%a7A&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> vs 祝賀你 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%b6P%a7A&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
<p>In general, 祝你 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%a7A&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is used to extend well-wishes <i>in advance</i> whereas 祝賀你 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%b6P%a7A&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is used to congratulate someone on something <i>already accomplished</i>:
</p><blockquote>祝你生日好﹗ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%a7A%a5%cd%a4%e9%a6n%a1T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (One can say this on the day, or in advance.)<br>
祝賀你﹗ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%b6P%a7A%a1T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (Say this only when something has already been accomplished.)</blockquote>

</li><p>

</p><li>Reduplication of verbs

<p>To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften 
the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can be 
repeated:
</p><blockquote>我給你們介紹介紹。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%b6%b2%d0%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (Notice the pattern is ABAB, not AABB.)<br>
你們想去看看她嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%b7Q%a5h%ac%dd%ac%dd%a6o%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
讓我想想。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd%a7%da%b7Q%b7Q%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>
In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be inserted:
<blockquote>讓我想一想。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd%a7%da%b7Q%a4@%b7Q%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
我們都想看一看她。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%b7Q%ac%dd%a4@%ac%dd%a6o%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>
Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> after the verb:
<blockquote>用一下兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 用用 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a5%ce&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 用一用 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a4@%a5%ce&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
看一下兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%dd%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 看看 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%dd%ac%dd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 看一看 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%dd%a4@%ac%dd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
介紹一下兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> = 介紹介紹 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%b6%b2%d0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></blockquote>

</li></ol>


<h2>Position words</h2>

<p>Words such as 上邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 左邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%aa%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 前邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abe%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 中間 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b6%a1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 對面 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9%ef%ad%b1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> are position words.
Some of the basic syllables are:

</p><p></p><center><table border="0">
<tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>上 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>  - up</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td>左 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%aa&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> - left&nbsp;</td><td>中 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> - middle</td><td>&nbsp;右 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5k&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> - right</td></tr>
<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>下 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> - down</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td>前 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abe&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> - front</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;裡 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> - in</td></tr>
<tr><td>後 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> - back</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;外 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> - out</td></tr>
</tbody></table></center>

<p>Usually, add 邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> to make "on the left", "above", "outside" etc. 

</p><p>Position words can be used in two ways.  Compare:

</p><ol><li>Noun (+ 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) + position word:
<blockquote>
<dl><dt>車 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ae&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)外邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>outside the car</dd>
<dt>房子 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%d0%a4l&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)後邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>behind the house</dd>
<dt>桌子 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae%e0%a4l&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)對面 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9%ef%ad%b1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>opposite the table</dd>
</dl></blockquote></li><p>

</p><li>Position word + 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + noun (here the 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is <i>mandatory</i>).

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>外邊的車 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~%c3%e4%aa%ba%a8%ae&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)</dd>
<dt>後邊的房子 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4%aa%ba%a9%d0%a4l&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>the house behind (the house which is behind)</dd>
<dt>對面的桌子 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9%ef%ad%b1%aa%ba%ae%e0%a4l&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the way)</dd>
</dl></blockquote></li>
</ol>

<p>Notes:</p>
<ol>
<li>When 上邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 下邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 裡邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 外邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> are modified by other nouns, the character 邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be omitted:
<blockquote><dl><dt>房子 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%d0%a4l&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)裡 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)</dt><dd>inside the house</dd>
<dt>桌子 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae%e0%a4l&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)上 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)</dt><dd>on the table</dd>
<dt>教室 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0%ab%c7&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)外 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)</dt><dd>outside the classroom</dd></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>Do <i>not</i> use 裡邊 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc%c3%e4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in the following two cases:<p>
</p><ol>
<li>After geographical names such as 中國 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b0%ea&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 北京 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5_%a8%ca&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> etc:
<blockquote><dl><dt>她在北京學習漢語。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5_%a8%ca%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>She studies Chinese in Beijing.</dd>
<dt>but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5_%a8%ca%b8%cc%c3%e4%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><p>
</p><dt>美國有很多大學。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%fc%b0%ea%a6%b3%ab%dc%a6h%a4j%be%c7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>There are many universities in America.</dd>
<dt>but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%fc%b0%ea%b8%cc%c3%e4%a6%b3%ab%dc%a6h%a4j%be%c7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl>
</blockquote></li><p>

</p><li>In a phrase of the form "在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + place, building or organisation":
<blockquote><dl><dt>我在銀行工作。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a4u%a7@%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>I work in a bank.</dd>
<dt>but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%b8%cc%c3%e4%a4u%a7@%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><p>
</p><dt>他們在閱覽室看書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6b%be%5c%c4%fd%ab%c7%ac%dd%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>They are reading books in the reading-room.</dd>
<dt>but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6b%be%5c%c4%fd%ab%c7%b8%cc%c3%e4%ac%dd%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li></ol>
</li></ol>

<h2>Patterns for Location</h2>

<p>There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> respectively and with different meanings:

</p><ol>
<li>To show that there is something in a certain place: 有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
<p>Position word + 有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + indefinite noun:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>後邊有什麼﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4%a6%b3%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>What is behind?</dd>
<dt>後邊有一個車房。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%a8%ae%a9%d0%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>There is a garage behind.</dd>
<dt>我們家對面有一個公園。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%aea%b9%ef%ad%b1%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%a4%bd%b6%e9%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Across from our home, there is a park.</dd>
</dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
<p>Definite noun + 在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + position word:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>花園在哪兒﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%e1%b6%e9%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Where is the garden?</dd>
<dt>花園在我們家後邊。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%e1%b6%e9%a6b%a7%da%ad%cc%aea%ab%e1%c3%e4%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>The garden is behind our house.</dd>
<dt>花園在車房 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%e1%b6%e9%a6b%a8%ae%a9%d0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 右邊。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5k%c3%e4%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>The garden is to the right of the garage.</dd>
</dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
<p>Position word + 是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + definite/indefinite noun:
</p><blockquote><dl><dt>你們家後邊是什麼﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%aea%ab%e1%c3%e4%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>What's behind your house?</dd>
<dt>我們家後邊是一個花園。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%aea%ab%e1%c3%e4%acO%a4@%ad%d3%aa%e1%b6%e9%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Behind our house is a garden.</dd>
<dt>他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%aea%abe%c3%e4%acO%be%c7%b0|%aa%ba%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>In front of their house is the college library.</dd>
</dl></blockquote>
</li>
</ol>


<h2>Progressive aspect of an action</h2>

<p>To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the following patterns:

</p><blockquote><dl>
<dt>她在休息。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>She is resting.</dd>
<dt>她正休息。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>她正在休息。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><p>

</p><dt>她休息呢。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>她在休息呢。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>她正休息呢。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>她正在休息呢。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

<p>Notes:
</p><ol>
<li>All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted.
</li><p>

</p><li>The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but also to past and future actions:
<blockquote>
<dl><dt>她現在正在休息。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b2{%a6b%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>She is resting now. <i>present progressive</i></dd>
<dt>我去的時候﹐她正在休息。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5h%aa%ba%ae%c9%ad%d4%a1M%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>When I went there, she was resting. <i>past progressive</i></dd>
<dt>我明天去看她的時候﹐她一定正在休息。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9%fa%a4%d1%a5h%ac%dd%a6o%aa%ba%ae%c9%ad%d4%a1M%a6o%a4@%a9w%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting.  <i>future progressive</i></dd>
</dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>As shown above, either 在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 正 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 正在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be placed before a verb to indicate the progressive aspect of an action.
</li><p>

</p><li>Alternatively, 呢 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be placed at the end of the sentence to perform the same function.  Sometimes 呢 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be used together with 在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 正 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 正在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.
</li><p>

</p><li>The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, not 不 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer.  Otherwise the full form of 沒有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> must be used:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>她沒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)休息﹐她在看報。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1M%a6o%a6b%ac%dd%b3%f8%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%b6%dc%a1S%a8S%a6%b3%a1M%a6o%a6b%ac%dd%b3%f8%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(or simply 沒有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)</dt>
</dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>If both the 在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> of the progressive aspect and the 在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> of location exist in a sentence, only one should be used:
<blockquote>
<dt>她正在房間里休息。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a9%d0%b6%a1%a8%bd%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>but not 她正在在房間里休息。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a6b%a9%d0%b6%a1%a8%bd%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ol>

<h2>Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers</h2>

<p>An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as 我給她打電話 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 他今天買 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%b5%a4%d1%b6R&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 我們去北京參觀 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a5h%a5_%a8%ca%b0%d1%c6[&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be used as a modifier for a noun.  When used this way, there must be a 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> inserted between the construction and the noun it modifies:

</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃飯。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc%aa%ba%ae%c9%ad%d4%a1M%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a6Y%b6%ba%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>When I called her, she was eating.</dd>
<dt>他今天買的花兒很漂亮。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%b5%a4%d1%b6R%aa%ba%aa%e1%a8%e0%ab%dc%ba}%abG%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>The flowers he bought today are very pretty.</dd>
<dt>請你們看我們去北京參觀的照片。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%a7A%ad%cc%ac%dd%a7%da%ad%cc%a5h%a5_%a8%ca%b0%d1%c6[%aa%ba%b7%d3%a4%f9%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.</dd>
<dt>這是誰給你寫的信﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%bd%d6%b5%b9%a7A%bcg%aa%ba%abH%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Who wrote this letter to you?</dd>
</dl></blockquote>

<p>The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.</p>

<h2>Word usage: 參觀 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> vs. 訪問 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English.  However, while 參觀 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> implies 觀 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c6[&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (to see), 訪問 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> stresses 問 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%dd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (to ask).  Hence 參觀 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> really implies observation while visiting and 訪問 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> means to visit people with specific purpose such as interviews.  參觀 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be followed by places but not people; whereas 訪問 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can take either, but most commonly people.

</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>參觀 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>/訪問學校 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd%be%c7%ae%d5&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>訪問他 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd%a5L&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>/這個國家的總統 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%b0%ea%aea%aa%ba%c1`%b2%ce&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

<h2>Grammar Notes</h2>

<ol>
<li>Measure word 些 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%c7&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>

<p>些 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%c7&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is a measure word showing indefinite quantity.  It is usually used after demonstrative pronouns such as 這 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 那 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 哪 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and after the numeral 一 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>:
</p><blockquote>
<dl>
<dt>一些 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a8%c7&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>some</dd>
<dt>這些 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%c7&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>these</dd>
<dt>那些 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%c7&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>those</dd>
<dt>哪些 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%a8%c7&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>which (plural)</dd>
</dl>
</blockquote>
<p>Don't attempt to mix 些 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%c7&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> with definite measures.  It is wrong to say 這些三本詞典 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%c7%a4T%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這三本詞典 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a4T%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.
</p></li><p>

</p><li>是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> . . . 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> construction

<p>Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or adjectives:
</p><blockquote>
<dl>
<dt>這本書是中文的。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a4%a4%a4%e5%aa%ba%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>= 這本書中文的書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%a4%a4%a4%e5%aa%ba%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>那條裙子是妹妹的。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%acO%a9f%a9f%aa%ba%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>= 那條裙子是妹妹的裙子。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%acO%a9f%a9f%aa%ba%b8%c8%a4l%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>姐姐的大衣是黑的。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9j%a9j%aa%ba%a4j%a6%e7%acO%b6%c2%aa%ba%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>= 姐姐的大衣是黑的大衣。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9j%a9j%aa%ba%a4j%a6%e7%acO%b6%c2%aa%ba%a4j%a6%e7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

But the 是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> . . . 的 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> construction can also be used with prepositional phrases and even whole verbal constructions:

<blockquote>
<dl>
<dt>那些點心是給丁雲的。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%c7%c2I%a4%df%acO%b5%b9%a4B%b6%b3%aa%ba%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>= 那些點心是丁雲的點心。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%c7%c2I%a4%df%acO%a4B%b6%b3%aa%ba%c2I%a4%df%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dd>Those pastries are for Ding Yun.</dd>
<dt>這束花兒是我給她買的。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a7%f4%aa%e1%a8%e0%acO%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%b6R%aa%ba%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>= 這束花兒我給她買的花兒。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a7%f4%aa%e1%a8%e0%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%b6R%aa%ba%aa%e1%a8%e0%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dd>This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.</dd>
<dt>這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a7%da%a6b%a4j%be%c7%aa%ba%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%ad%c9%aa%ba%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>= 這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a7%da%a6b%a4j%be%c7%aa%ba%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%ad%c9%aa%ba%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dd>This book is the one I borrowed from the university library.</dd>
</dl></blockquote>
</li></ol>

<h2>The use of the Complement of Degree</h2>

<h3>What is a complement?</h3>

<p>A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain
or complete the meaning of the action.  Complements are used to show
duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility
of an action.  Complements always appear <b>after</b> the verbs they
modify.

</p><p>We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the
words they modify; so why do complements appear after?  It's because
Chinese word order often observes the time sequence in which an action
occurs.  Notice, for example:

</p><blockquote>
<dl>
<dt>昨天晚上我們從書店去電影院。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acQ%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a7%da%ad%cc%b1q%ae%d1%a9%b1%a5h%b9q%bcv%b0|%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dd>Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop.</dd>
</dl></blockquote>

Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
Chinese sentence follows this time sequence.  Similarly, since a
verbal action has to take place first, before one can see its extent
or result, the complement placed after the verb observes this time
sequence.

<h3>The complement of degree</h3>

<p>This is used to show the extent or degree of an action.  Normally
adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle 得 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
is used to connect the verb and its complement:

</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>他學習得怎麼樣﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%be%c7%b2%df%b1o%ab%e7%bb%f2%bc%cb%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>How is he studying?</dd>
<dt>他學習得很好。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%be%c7%b2%df%b1o%ab%dc%a6n%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>He's studying very well.</dd></dl>
</blockquote>
The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:

<p></p><ol start="1"><li>Verb without object: V + 得 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + adjective
<blockquote><dl><dt>你工作得不錯。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4u%a7@%b1o%a4%a3%bf%f9%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + adjective
<blockquote><dl><dt>我妹妹唱民歌唱得很好。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9f%a9f%b0%db%a5%c1%baq%b0%db%b1o%ab%dc%a6n%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + adjective
<blockquote><dl><dt>他們中文學得很好。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a4%a4%e5%be%c7%b1o%ab%dc%a6n%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p></p></ol>

Place 不 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> <i>before the adjective</i> to make the negative:

<p></p><ol start="4">
<li>V + 得 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + 不 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + adjective
<blockquote><dl><dt>她歌唱得不好﹐ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%baq%b0%db%b1o%a4%a3%a6n%a1M&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 舞也跳得不好。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bbR%a4]%b8%f5%b1o%a4%a3%a6n%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote></li><p></p></ol>

Questions are formed as follows:

<p></p><ol start="1">
<li> . . . 得 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> adjective 不 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> adjective?
<blockquote><dl><dt>你開車開得快不快﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6}%a8%ae%b6}%b1o%a7%d6%a4%a3%a7%d6%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li> . . . 得怎麼樣﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o%ab%e7%bb%f2%bc%cb%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
<blockquote><dl><dt>你中文學得怎麼樣﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a4%a4%e5%be%c7%b1o%ab%e7%bb%f2%bc%cb%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li> . . . 得 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> adjective 嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
<blockquote><dl><dt>你游泳游得好嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b4%e5%aaa%b4%e5%b1o%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p></p></ol>

Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as
有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 在 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, since those verbs normally do not denote actions.

<h2>The difference between 呢 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 吧 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7a&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> as sentence-ending particles</h2>

<p>Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end
of a question.  However, they differ in usage.

</p><h3>In questions</h3>

<p>呢 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry.  It may appear
in questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 哪兒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%a8%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>;
affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖好吃不好吃呢﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3%a9O%a1S%a6n%a6Y%a4%a3%a6n%a6Y%a9O%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>; or
alternative questions with 還是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, such as 吃面包還是火腿呢﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6Y%ad%b1%a5]%c1%d9%acO%a4%f5%bbL%a9O%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>

</p><p>吧 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7a&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to
indicate a mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the
speaker: 在這兒停車吧﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%b0%b1%a8%ae%a7a%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 你不知道吧﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%aa%be%b9D%a7a%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>

</p><h3>In affirmative statements</h3>

<p>呢 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an
action (e.g. 她學中文呢 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%be%c7%a4%a4%a4%e5%a9O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with
exaggeration (e.g. 晚上電影九點才開始呢。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%b9q%bcv%a4E%c2I%a4~%b6}%a9l%a9O%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 從這兒去要走三天呢。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q%b3o%a8%e0%a5h%adn%a8%ab%a4T%a4%d1%a9O%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)

</p><p>吧 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7a&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften
the tone, as in 我們走吧。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a8%ab%a7a%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 你再想想吧。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6A%b7Q%b7Q%a7a%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>

</p><h2>The use of optative verbs</h2>

Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to express
intention, wishes, possibility etc.

<ol>
<li>To express <i>subjective wish</i>, <i>desire</i> or <i>request</i>:
<p></p><ol type="a">
<li>要 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%adn&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = to want to
<blockquote><dl><dt>我要喝橘子水。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%adn%b3%dc%be%ef%a4l%a4%f4%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p></p><li>
想 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = would like to
<blockquote><dl><dt>你想看電影嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li></ol></li><p>

</p><li>To express <i>objective necessity</i>:
<p></p><ol type="a">
<li>要 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%adn&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = to have to (especially in questions)
<blockquote><dl><dt>我明天要來嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9%fa%a4%d1%adn%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Do I have to come tomorrow?</dd>
<dt>我們要去了。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%adn%a5h%a4F%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>We have to go.</dd>
</dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p><li>不用 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%a5%ce&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = don't have to
<blockquote><dl><dt>你明天不用來。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%a4%a3%a5%ce%a8%d3%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>You don't have to come tomorrow.</dd></dl></blockquote>
</li></ol></li><p>

</p><li>To express <i>ability</i> or <i>skill acquired</i>:
<p></p><ol type="a">
<li>能 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = can, be able to
<blockquote><dl><dt>你現在能看中文報紙嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b2{%a6b%af%e0%ac%dd%a4%a4%a4%e5%b3%f8%af%c8%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p><li>可以 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5i%a5H&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = can, be able to
<blockquote><dl><dt>你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%a4@%ad%d3%acP%b4%c1%a5i%a5H%be%c7%b4X%bd%d2%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p><li>會 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7|&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = can, be able to
<blockquote><dl><dt>他們都會游泳嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%b3%a3%b7|%b4%e5%aaa%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p></ol></li><p>

</p><li>To express <i>ability depending on circumstances</i>:
<p></p><ol type="a">
<li>能 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = can, be able to
<blockquote><dl><dt>你明天能來嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%af%e0%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p><li>可以 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5i%a5H&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = can, be able to
<blockquote><dl><dt>你今天晚上可以 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a5i%a5H&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>1給他打電話嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9%a5L%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li></ol>
Note, in both cases use 不能 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%af%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> for negative sentences.
</li><p>

</p><li>To express <i>permission</i>:
<p></p><ol type="a">
<li>能 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = may, be permitted to
<blockquote><dl><dt>我能在這兒停車嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%af%e0%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%b0%b1%a8%ae%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>你不能 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%af%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (or 不可以 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%a5i%a5H&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 在這兒停車。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%b0%b1%a8%ae%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>可以 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5i%a5H&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = may, be permitted to
<blockquote><dl><dt>我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5i%a5H%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a7l%b7%cf%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>你不可以 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%a5i%a5H&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (or 不能 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%af%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 在這兒吸煙。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a7l%b7%cf%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li>
</ol>

</li><p>

</p><li>To express <i>possibility</i> or <i>probability</i>:
<p></p><ol type="a">
<li>會 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7|&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = be likely to, will probably
<blockquote><dl><dt>你明天會再來嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%b7|%a6A%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>今天晚上不會下雨。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a4%a3%b7|%a4U%abB%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
</dt></dl></blockquote>
</li></ol></li><p>

</p><li>To express <i>need arising from moral or factual necessity</i>:
<p></p><ol type="a">
<li>應該 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c0%b3%b8%d3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb = should, ought to
<blockquote><dl><dt>你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%be%c7%b1o%a4%a3%bf%f9%a1M%c0%b3%b8%d3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>他們不應該翻譯那本書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%c0%b3%b8%d3%c2%bd%c4%b6%a8%ba%a5%bb%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li></ol>
</li><p></p>
</ol>

Note:
<ol>
<li type="i">To make a negation, put the negative word 不 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> or 沒有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> before the optative verb:
<blockquote>
<dl><dt>他們不想給圖書館打電話。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%b7Q%b5%b9%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
<blockquote>
<dl><dt>你會不會唱中國民歌﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7|%a4%a3%b7|%b0%db%a4%a4%b0%ea%a5%c1%baq%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7|%b0%db%a4%a3%b0%db%a4%a4%b0%ea%a5%c1%baq%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
<blockquote><dl><dt>你是北京人﹐應該會唱京劇。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%acO%a5_%a8%ca%a4H%a1M%c0%b3%b8%d3%b7|%b0%db%a8%ca%bc@%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p></ol>

<h2>The use of adverbs 就 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 才 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

就 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 才 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
 are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's attitude 
as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier (就 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) or later (才 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) than expected:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>他們三點就來了﹐可是你們現在才來。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4T%c2I%b4N%a8%d3%a4F%a1M%a5i%acO%a7A%ad%cc%b2{%a6b%a4~%a8%d3%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dd>They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.</dd>
<dt>我們是老朋友﹐我們十年前就認識了。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%acO%a6%d1%aaB%a4%cd%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%a4Q%a6~%abe%b4N%bb{%c3%d1%a4F%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dd>We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as ten years ago.</dd>
<dt>她不是我的同學﹐我上個星期才認識她。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a4%a3%acO%a7%da%aa%ba%a6P%be%c7%a1M%a7%da%a4W%ad%d3%acP%b4%c1%a4~%bb{%c3%d1%a6o%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dd>She is not a classmate of mine.  I just got to know her a week ago.</dd>
</dl></blockquote>

Compare the following sentences:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>今年我們就想去中國學習。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~%a7%da%ad%cc%b4N%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%be%c7%b2%df%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dd>(The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon as this year.)</dd>
<dt>今年我們才想去中國學習。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~%a7%da%ad%cc%a4~%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%be%c7%b2%df%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dd>(The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year, they should have gone earlier.)
</dd></dl></blockquote>

As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a sentence, 就 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 才 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
should be placed after it; when there is an optative verb, on the other hand, 就 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 才 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
should be placed before it.  Here is the pattern:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>Time-word + 就 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>/才 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + optative verb + main verb</dt>
<dt>她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a4%b5%a6~%b4N%a5i%a5H%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1M%a7%da%a9%fa%a6~%a4~%a5i%a5H%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>他們今天下午三點就能出發﹐我們要晚上八點才能走。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%b5%a4%d1%a4U%a4%c8%a4T%c2I%b4N%af%e0%a5X%b5o%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%adn%b1%df%a4W%a4K%c2I%a4~%af%e0%a8%ab%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

<h2>Word usage: 或者 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 還是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but they differ in usage: in general, 或者 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is used in non-interrogative sentences to indicate a choice:

<blockquote><dl><dt>我妹妹想研究音樂或者文學。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9f%a9f%b7Q%ac%e3%a8s%ad%b5%bc%d6%a9%ce%aa%cc%a4%e5%be%c7%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>

還是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative questions:

<blockquote><dl><dt>你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4W%a4%c8%a5h%a1M%c1%d9%acO%a4U%a4%c8%a5h%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>

It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as 知道 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 告訴 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> etc:

<hlockquote><dl><dt>請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%a7i%b6D%a7%da%b3o%ad%d3%a4H%acO%a6%d1%aev%c1%d9%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>我不知道她是老師還是學生。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%aa%be%b9D%a6o%acO%a6%d1%aev%c1%d9%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl>

In cases in which both 或者 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 還是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can appear in questions, there are some subtle differences in their anticipations and tones:

<blockquote><ol><li>A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%c1%d9%acO%a4%e9%a5%bb%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
B: 我想去中國。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></li><p>
</p><li>A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a9%ce%aa%cc%a4%e9%a5%bb%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a><br>
B: 我想去﹐我兩個地方都想去。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h%a1M%a7%da%a8%e2%ad%d3%a6a%a4%e8%b3%a3%b7Q%a5h%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></li></ol></blockquote>

In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice from the answer.  The two terms with 還是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> are mutually exclusive.  In dialogue 2, the question is a general one using 嗎 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> at the end.  It does not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B can give a
general answer: 我想去 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought: 我兩個地方都想去 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a8%e2%ad%d3%a6a%a4%e8%b3%a3%b7Q%a5h&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  The two items with 或者 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in the question are therefore not mutually exclusive.

<p>Sometimes, however, 還是 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can also be used in a non-interrogative sentence.  For instance:

</p><blockquote><dl><dt>去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一時 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%ac%dd%aaB%a4%cd%a1M%c1%d9%acO%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1M%a5L%a4@%ae%c9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(??)不定主意。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%a9w%a5D%b7N%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl>
</blockquote>

Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative, compelling 他 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> to make a choice.  In contrast, 或者 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in this case can only convey a sort of explanatory note:

<blockquote><dl><dt>你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一定要作決定。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a1M%c1%d9%acO%a6o%a8%d3%a1M%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%a4@%a9w%adn%a7@%a8M%a9w%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
(interrogative)</dt>
<dt>或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其他選擇。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc%a7A%a5h%a1M%a9%ce%aa%cc%a6o%a8%d3%a1M%a8S%a6%b3%a8%e4%a5L%bf%ef%be%dc%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (explanatory)</dt></dl></blockquote>

<h2>了解 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 知道 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 認識 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb{%c3%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 懂 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c0%b4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>The meanings of the four terms here overlap.

</p><p>Both 了解 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 知道 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can mean "to know".  However, 了解 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> implies some level of understanding and comprehension of what one knows.  Therefore 了解 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  Compare:

</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>你了解 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4F%b8%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (or 知道 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 這個學校嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%be%c7%ae%d5%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>我不知道他是誰的孩子。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%aa%be%b9D%a5L%acO%bd%d6%aa%ba%ab%c4%a4l%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(Here one can not use 了解 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.)</dt>
</dl></blockquote>

<p>認識 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb{%c3%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
 is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not others.
  It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability.

</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>A: 哦﹐我認識她﹗ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae@%a1M%a7%da%bb{%c3%d1%a6o%a1T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Oh, I know her!</dd>
<dt>B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%acO%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%bb{%c3%d1%a6o%aa%ba%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt><dd>Where did you get to know her?</dd>
</dl></blockquote>

<p>懂 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c0%b4&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its definition is not as broad as that of 了解 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (to know and understand) and is different from that of 知道 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (to know).

</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>1. 你懂他說的漢語嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%c0%b4%a5L%bb%a1%aa%ba%ba~%bby%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>2. 你知道他叫甚麼名字嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%be%b9D%a5L%a5s%ac%c6%bb%f2%a6W%a6r%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>3. 你了解他嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4F%b8%d1%a5L%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him 
than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than 
sentence 1.


<h2>The use of the Perfect Aspect</h2>

<h3>Basic concept</h3>

<p>The aspect particle 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>
 is added to the end of a verb to indicate the completion of
an action.  In general, Chinese perfect aspect is equivalent to perfect 
tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future perfect) in English.  
So, the completion of an action can take place in the past or in the 
future.  For instance:

</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4U%a4F%bd%d2%a5h%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>B: 我下了課去圖書館。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%a4F%bd%d2%a5h%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect particle 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need to emphasise its completion:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>去年他常常去書店。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a6~%a5L%b1`%b1`%a5h%ae%d1%a9%b1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>以前我住在學生宿舍。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe%a7%da%a6%ed%a6b%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

<h3>Basic patterns</h3>

<ol>
<li>Affirmative sentence
<blockquote>
<dl><dt>Subject + verb + 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (+ object)</dt>
<dt>e.g. 電影開始了。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9q%bcv%b6}%a9l%a4F%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 我買了兩本書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6R%a4F%a8%e2%a5%bb%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl>
</blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>Negative sentence (note 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is dropped here)
<blockquote>
<dl><dt>Subject + 沒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) + verb (+ object)</dt>
<dt>or subject + 還沒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%a8S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) + verb (+ 呢 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)</dt>
<dt>e.g. 我沒有買書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a8S%a6%b3%b6R%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 電影還沒開始呢。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9q%bcv%c1%d9%a8S%b6}%a9l%a9O%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>Interrogative sentence
<blockquote>
<dl><dt>Subject + verb + 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (+ object) + 沒有﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>or Subject + verb + 沒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb (+ object)﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (here the verb is usually monosyllabic)</dt>
<dt>e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%b5%a4%d1%b6R%a4F%b5%fc%a8%e5%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 她來了嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%d3%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 你們談沒談這個問題﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%bd%cd%a8S%bd%cd%b3o%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

</li><p></p></ol>

<h3>Notes</h3>
<ol>
<li>If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence,
the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral + measure-word or other
attributives).  Otherwise the sentence sounds incomplete:
<blockquote>
<dl><dt>我買了三本書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6R%a4F%a4T%a5%bb%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>我在書店里買了書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%ae%d1%a9%b1%a8%bd%b6R%a4F%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>

<dt>but not simply 我買了書。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6R%a4F%ae%d1%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by those
verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is usually placed after
the <i>last</i> verb.
<blockquote>
<dl><dt>a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5%ce%a4%a4%a4%e5%b5%b9%b6%fd%b6%fd%bcg%a4F%a4@%ab%ca%abH%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>b. 他們昨天進城買了一些中文詞典。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%acQ%a4%d1%b6i%ab%b0%b6R%a4F%a4@%a8%c7%a4%a4%a4%e5%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl>
</blockquote>

In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is written
 by using Chinese;
in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related to "enter the city" because 
the purpose of entering the city is to buy the dictionaries.  Compare 
the above sentences with the following, with a different structure:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>我下了課去圖書館。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%a4F%bd%d2%a5h%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

Here "class is over" (下課 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%bd%d2&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)
 and "go to the library" are unrelated.  They are contained in the 
sentence simply to indicate their sequence.  Hence it is wrong to say

<blockquote><dl><dt>
我下課去了圖書館。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%bd%d2%a5h%a4F%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

</li><p>

</p><li>When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is placed <i>before</i> the reduplicated verb:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>
我試了試那條裙子﹐真漂亮﹗ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b8%d5%a4F%b8%d5%a8%ba%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%a1M%afu%ba}%abG%a1T&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p></ol>

<h2>又 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, 再 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> and 還 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like the English "again".  They differ in usage, however:

</p><p>Whereas 又 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken place, 再 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> implies a
repetition of an action in the future.  Also, 再 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is only used in <i>declarative</i> sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n%b6%dc&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>:

</p><blockquote>
<dl><dt>昨天他來晚了﹐今天他又來晚了。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acQ%a4%d1%a5L%a8%d3%b1%df%a4F%a1M%a4%b5%a4%d1%a5L%a4S%a8%d3%b1%df%a4F%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dd>(repetition in the past)</dd>
<dt>你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進來了。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%b5%a4%d1%a8%d3%b1%df%a4F%a1Q%a9%fa%a4%d1%a6A%a8%d3%b1%df%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%b4N%a4%a3%c5%fd%a7A%b6i%a8%d3%a4F%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dd>(repetition in the future)</dd>
<dt>你再喝一點兒橘子水﹐好嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6A%b3%dc%a4@%c2I%a8%e0%be%ef%a4l%a4%f4%a1M%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

Also, 又 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or occurrence,
even though it has not yet taken place:

<blockquote><dl><dt>明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%a4S%acO%acP%b4%c1%a4@%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%a4S%adn%a4W%bd%d2%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>
新年又要來了。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7s%a6~%a4S%adn%a8%d3%a4F%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

還 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>你明天還來嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%c1%d9%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>

It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an
optative verb.  In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb and an
optional 再 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can be placed after:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>A: 你明年還能 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a6~%c1%d9%af%e0&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(再 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)教我們嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>B: 我明年還可以 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9%fa%a6~%c1%d9%a5i%a5H&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(再 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)教你們。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0%a7A%ad%cc%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>


<h2>Use of the modal particle 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></h2>

<p>
</p><h3>Basic concept</h3>

<p>The modal particle 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is placed at the end of a sentence to
indicate that the event referred to took place in the past.  The
difference between 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> as modal particle and 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> to indicate perfect
aspect is that the latter only shows the completion of the verb,
whereas the former shows the completion of the whole sentence or
event, implying some <i>change of situation</i>.

</p><blockquote><dl><dt>他買了書了。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b6R%a4F%ae%d1%a4F%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>

The first 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> in the sentence above indicates only the completion of
the action of 買書 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6R%ae%d1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>, whereas the second 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> marks some change of
situation on the part of 他 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> as a result of the completion of the
book-buying process: originally he did not have the book, but now he
has.

<h3>Basic patterns</h3>

<p>(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
previous section.)

</p><ol><li>Affirmative sentence

<blockquote><dl><dt>Subject + verb (+ object) + 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>e.g. 他們看足球賽了。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a4F%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>Negative sentence (note 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> is dropped here)

<blockquote><dl><dt>Subject + 沒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (有 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) + verb (+ object)</dt>
<dt>e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a8S%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote><p>

</p></li><li>Interrogative sentence

<blockquote><dl><dt>Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>or Subject + verb + 沒 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb + object﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (here the verb is usually monosyllabic)</dt>
<dt>e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a4F%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>他們看足球賽了嗎﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>他們看沒看足球賽﹖ <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8S%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a1S&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>
</p></ol>

<h3>Notes</h3>

<ol><li>As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the
perfect aspect 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> from the modal particle 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>.  In such a case, 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> can
be regarded as fulfilling both functions:

<blockquote><dl><dt>她來了。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%d3%a4F%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> 我們懂了。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%c0%b4%a4F%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>
</li><p>

</p><li>A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
require a 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> at the end of the sentence:

<blockquote><dl><dt>我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出去。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%acQ%a4%d1%a4U%a4%c8%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a1M%b1%df%a4W%a8S%a5X%a5h%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt></dl></blockquote>

</li><p></p></ol>

<h2>Sequential actions</h2>

To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the other,
we use the pattern

<blockquote><dl><dt>Subject + verb + 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> (以後 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>) 就 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> + verb ...</dt>
<dt>e.g. 我們辦了簽証 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%bf%ec%a4F%c3%b1%b5%fd&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(以後 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)就回家。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N%a6^%aea%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>明天吃了早飯 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%a6Y%a4F%a6%ad%b6%ba&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>(以後 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a>)我們就出發。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b4N%a5X%b5o%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

The above pattern can be used for <i>future</i> actions as well.  To
indicate that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a> has
to be inserted at the end of the sentence:

<blockquote>
<dl><dt>我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%bf%ec%a4F%c3%b1%b5%fd%a5H%ab%e1%b4N%a6^%aea%a4F%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
<dt>他們早上沒吃早飯就走了。 <a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6%ad%a4W%a8S%a6Y%a6%ad%b6%ba%b4N%a8%ab%a4F%a1C&amp;rate=slow&amp;audio=.wav"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/audio.gif" alt="[.wav]" hspace="2" border="0"></a></dt>
</dl></blockquote>

<!--

<h2>Useful patterns and expressions</h2>

<ol><li>A 跟 <A HREF="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav"><IMG SRC="http://www.all-day-breakfast.com/chinese/audio.gif" ALT="[.wav]" BORDER=0 HSPACE=2></A> B 賽 <A HREF="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%c9&rate=slow&audio=.wav"><IMG SRC="http://www.all-day-breakfast.com/chinese/audio.gif" ALT="[.wav]" BORDER=0 HSPACE=2></A> = A competes against B
<blockquote><dl><dt>我們的游泳隊跟那個大學的游泳隊賽。我們贏了。 <A HREF="http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%aa%ba%b4%e5%aaa%b6%a4%b8%f2%a8%ba%ad%d3%a4j%be%c7%aa%ba%b4%e5%aaa%b6%a4%c1%c9%a1C%a7%da%ad%cc%c4%b9%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav"><IMG SRC="http://www.all-day-breakfast.com/chinese/audio.gif" ALT="[.wav]" BORDER=0 HSPACE=2></A></dt></dl>
</blockquote>
</li><p>

<li>

-->
<p><br></p><center><p><table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td colspan="4"><b>Word list</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/dc.gif" alt="" vspace="0" hspace="50"></td><td colspan="3"><img src="Chapters%201-28%20all%20in%20one%20big%20page_fichiers/dc.gif" alt="" vspace="0"></td></tr><tr><td valign="TOP">嗎&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ma3 / ma5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">morphine / (question tag)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">你好&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ni3hao3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hello, how are you</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">你&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ni3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">you</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">呢&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ne5 / ni2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(question particle) / woolen material</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">我&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wo3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">I, me, myself</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">很好&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hen3hao3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">well</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">忙&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mang2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">busy</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不忙&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4mang2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">theres no hurry, take ones time</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">很&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hen3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">very, extremely</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">也&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ye3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">also, too</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">都&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dou1 / du1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">all, both (if two things are involved), entirely (due to)each, even, already / (surname), metropolis, capital city</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">好&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hao3 / hao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">good, well / be fond of</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">我們&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wo3men5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">we, us, ourselves</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">他們&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ta1men5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">they</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">他們都&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ta1men5dou1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">all of them</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(negative prefix), not, no</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不是&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu2shi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(n) blame or fault</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">大夫&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dai4fu5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">doctor</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">是&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">is, are, am, yes, to be</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">的&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">de5 / di2 / di4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(possessive particle), of / really and truly / aim, clear</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">我的&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wo3de5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">my, mine</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">書&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shu1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">book, letter</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">媽媽&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ma1ma5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mama, mommy</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">車&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">che1 / ju1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">car, a vehicle, machine, to shape with a lathe / vehicle on land</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">弟弟&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">di4di5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">younger brother</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">爸爸&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ba4ba5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(informal) father</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">他&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ta1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">he, him</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">朋友&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">peng2you5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">friend</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">她&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ta1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">she</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">哥哥&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ge1ge5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">older brother</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">誰&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shei2 / shui2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">who / who</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">哪&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">na3 / na5 / nei3 / nei3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">how, which / (final part. preceded by N) / which (followed by M or Num) / which (followed by M or Num)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">什&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tenth</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">麼&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">me5 / mo2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(interrog. suff.) / dimi.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">老師&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">lao3shi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">teacher</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">你們&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ni3men5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">you (plural)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">中國人&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhong1guo2ren2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Chinese person, Chinese people</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">國&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">guo2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">country, state, nation</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">人&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ren2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">man, person, people</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">這&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhe4 / zhei4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">this, these / this, these</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">中國&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhong1guo2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">China, Chinese</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">地圖&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">di4tu2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">map</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">那&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">na3 / na4 / nei4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">how, which / that, those / that, those</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">您&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">nin2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">you (formal)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">貴姓&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">gui4xing4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">what is your name?</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">姓&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xing4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">surname, family name, name</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">丁&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ding1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(surname), 4th heavenly stem, a Chinese surname</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">叫&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jiao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to (be) call(ed)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">請問&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qing3wen4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">may I ask...</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">學習&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xue2xi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to learn, to study</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">學&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xue2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">learn, study, science, -ology</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">習&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to practice, to study, habit</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">漢語&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">han4yu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Chinese language</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">法語&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fa3yu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">French (language)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不學&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4xue2wu2shu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">have neither learning nor skill, be ignorant and incompetent</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">在&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(located) at, in, exist</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">哪兒&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">na3er5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">where</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">那兒&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">nar3 / nar4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">where / there</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">古波&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">gu3bo1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Gubo (a personal name)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不在&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4zai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">not be in, be out</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">學生&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xue2sheng5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">student</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">宿舍&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">su4she4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dormitory, living quarters</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">這兒&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zher4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">here</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">住&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to live, to dwell, to reside, to stop</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">學&#65533; / &nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xue2yuan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">college, educational institute, school, faculty</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">&#65533; / &nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">si4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">four</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">層&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ceng2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">a measure word for layers, laminated, repeated, floor, story (of a building), layer</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">二&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">er4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">two</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">三&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">san1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">three</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">號&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hao2 / hao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">roar, cry / day of a month, (suffix used after) name of a ship, (ordinal) number</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">在這&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zai4zhe4qi1jian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">during time, in this time</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">兒&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">er2 / er5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">son / non-syllabic dimi. suff.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">one, single, a(n)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">五&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">five, 5</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">二號&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">er4hao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">2nd day of the month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">還&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hai2 / huan2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">also, in addition, more, still, else, still, yet, (not) yet / (surname), pay back, return</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">畫報&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hua4bao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">pictorial (magazine)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">云&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yun2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">say</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">日本&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ri4ben3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Japan, Japanese</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">用&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yong4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to use</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一下兒&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi2xiar4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">a little bit, a little while</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">現在&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xian4zai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">modern, current, present, at present, now, nowadays</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">去&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to go, to leave, to remove</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">常&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">chang2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">always, ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">常常&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">chang2chang2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">frequently, usually, often</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">喝&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">he1 / he4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">my goodness, to drink / shout applause</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">茶&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">cha2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tea, tea plant</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">看&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">kan1 / kan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to look after, to take care of, to watch, to guard / it depends, think, to see, to look at</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">是不是&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi4bu4shi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">is or isnt, yes or no, whether or not</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">認識&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ren4shi5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">be acquainted with (a person), to know, to be familiar with, to recognize</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">介紹&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jie4shao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to present, introduction, to introduce</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">咖啡&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ka1fei1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">coffee</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">商店&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shang1dian4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">store, shop</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">買&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mai3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">buy</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">紙&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhi3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">paper</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">歡迎&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">huan1ying2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to welcome, welcome</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">來&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">lai2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to come</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不歡&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4huan1er2san4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">part on bad terms, (of a meeting, etc, ) break up in discord</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">迎&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ying2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to welcome</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">和&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">he2 / he4 / huo2 / huo4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">and, together with, with, peace, harmony, union / cap (a poem), respond in singing / soft, warm / mix together, to blend</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">美國&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mei3guo2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">America, American, United States, USA</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">英語&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ying1yu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">English (language)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">有&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">you3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to have, there is, there are, to exist, to be</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">詞典&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ci2dian3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dictionary</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">多&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">duo1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">many, much, a lot of, numerous, multi-</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">外國&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wai4guo2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">foreign (country)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">沒&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mei2 / mo4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(negative prefix for verbs), have not, not / drowned, to end, to die, to inundate</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">沒有&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mei2you3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">havent, hasnt, doesnt exist, to not have, to not be</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">姐姐&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jie3jie5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">older sister</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">筆&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bi3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">pen, pencil, writing brush, to write or compose, the strokes of Chinese characters</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">妹妹&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mei4mei4 / mei4mei5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(informal) younger sister / younger sister</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">沒有人&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mei2you3ren2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">nobody</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">有人&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">you3ren2qing2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">humane</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">給&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">gei3 / ji3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to, for, for the benefit of, to give, to allow, to do sth (for sb), (passive particle) / to supply, provide</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">銀行&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yin2hang2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bank</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">工作&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">gong1zuo4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">job, work, construction, work, task</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">信&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xin4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">letter, true, to believe, sign, evidence</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">寫信&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xie3xin4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to write a letter</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">想&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xiang3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to think, to believe, to suppose, to wish, to want, to miss</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">丁雲&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ding1yun2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Ding Yun (a personal name)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">想家&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xiang3jia1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">homesick</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">男朋友&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">nan2peng2you5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">male friend, boyfriend</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">告訴&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">gao4su5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to tell, to inform, to let know</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">好朋友&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hao3peng2you5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">good friend</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">請&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qing3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to ask, to invite, please (do sth), to treat (to a meal, etc), to request</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">零&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ling2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">remnant, zero</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">六&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">liu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">six</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">七&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">seven, 7</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">八&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ba1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">eight, 8</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">九&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jiu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">nine, 9</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">十&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ten</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">十一&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi2yi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">eleven</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">十二&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi2er4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">12, twelve</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">十九&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi2jiu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">nineteen</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">二十&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">er4shi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">twenty, 20</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">二十一&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">er4shi2yi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">twenty-one</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">二十八&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">er4shi2ba1hao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">28th day of the month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">三十&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">san1shi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">thirty, 30</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">&#65533; / 十&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">si4shi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">forty, 40</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">九十&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jiu3shi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ninety</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一百&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1bai3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">a hundred</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">三百&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">san1bai3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">three hundred</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">二十七&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">er4shi2qi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">twenty-seven</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">百&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bai3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hundred</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一千&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1qian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">one thousand</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一千零&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">105 billion</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">五千&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wu3qian1dun1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">5000 tons</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">八千&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ba1qian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">eight thousand, 8000</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">七百&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qi1bai3wan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">seven million</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">二十五&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">er4shi2wu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">twenty five</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一萬&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1wan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ten thousand</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">萬&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(surname), ten thousand, a great number</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一億&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1yi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">1 00 million</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">十五&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi2wu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fifteen</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">三千&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">san1qian1wu3bai3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">3 500</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">幾&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ji1 / ji3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">almost / how much, how many, several, a few</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">本&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ben3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">roots or stems of plants, origin, source, this, the current, root, foundation, basis, (a measure word)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">個&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ge4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(a measure word), individual</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">那個&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">nei4ge4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">that one</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">哪個&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">na3ge5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">which, who</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">圖書館&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tu2shu1guan3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">library</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">多少&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">duo1shao3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">how much, how many, which (number)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">大學&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">da4xue2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">university</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">家&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jia1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">-ist, -er, -ian, home, family, a person engaged in a certain art or profession</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">幾個&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ji3ge5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">several</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">王&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wang2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">king, Wang (proper name)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">教&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jiao1 / jiao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">teach / religion, teaching</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">語法&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yu3fa3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">grammar</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">問&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wen4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to ask</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">寫&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xie3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to write</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">封&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">feng1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to confer, to grant, to seal, (a measure word)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">新書&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xin1shu1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">new book</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">新&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xin1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">meso- (chem.), new, newly</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">有一&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">you3yi1xie1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">somewhat, rather</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">問題&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wen4ti2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">problem, issue, topic</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">漢字&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">han4zi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Chinese character</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">口語&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">kou3yu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">spoken language</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">條&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tiao2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">measure word for long, thin things (i.e. ribbon, river, etc.), a strip, item, article</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">裙子&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qun2zi5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">skirt</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">白&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bai2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">white, snowy, empty, blank, bright, clear, plain, pure, gratuitous</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">從&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">cong1 / cong2 / zong4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">lax, yielding, unhurried / from, obey, observe, follow / second cousin</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">晚上&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wan3shang5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">in the evening</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">劇場&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ju4chang3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">theater</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">找&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhao3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to try to find, to look for, to call on (sb), to find, to seek, to return, to look for</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">太&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">highest, greatest, too (much), very, extremely</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">了&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">le5 / liao3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(modal particle intensifying preceding clause), (past tense marker) / to know, to understand, to know</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">太忙&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tai4mang2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">too busy</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">大&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">da4 / dai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">big, huge, large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest, eldest / doctor</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">太好了&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tai4hao3le5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">very good</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">兩&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">liang3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">both, two, ounce, some, a few, tael</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">兩個&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">liang3ge4zhong1guo2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">two-China (policy)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">增加&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zeng1jia1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to raise, to increase</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">倍&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bei4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(two, three, etc) -fold, times (multiplier), double, to increase or multiply</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">兩次&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">liang3ci4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">twice</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">二十二&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">er4shi2er4hao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">22nd day of a month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">二次&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">er4ci4da4zhan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">World War Two</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">個人&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ge4ren2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">individual, personal, oneself</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">六十&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">liu4shi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">sixty, 60</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">元&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yuan2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(dynasty), dollar, primary, first</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">二百&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">er4bai3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">two hundred, 200</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">五十&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wu3shi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fifty</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">兩百&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">liang3bai3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">two hundred</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">千&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">thousand</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">億&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">a hundred million, calculate</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">兩千&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">liang3qian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">two thousand</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">人口&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ren2kou3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">population</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">千萬&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qian1wan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ten million, millions and millions, very many</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">三萬&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">san1wan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">30 thousand</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">點&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dian3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(downwards-right convex character stroke), oclock, (a measure word), point, dot, (decimal) point)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">兩點&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">2 :1 9 (time of day)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">半&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ban4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">half, semi-, incomplete, (after a number) and a half, half</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">分&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fen1 / fen4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to divide, minute, (a measure word), (a unit of length = 0.33 centimeter) / part</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">刻&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ke4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">quarter (hour), (a measure word), to carve, to engrave, to cut, oppressive</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">五分&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wu3fen1mei3jin1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">nickel</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">差&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">cha1 / cha4 / chai1 / ci1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">difference,
 error, discrepancy, to differ, to err, to make a mistake, to lack / 
different, short of, poor, to lack / send, a messenger, a mission, to 
commission / uneven</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">六點&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">liu4dian3liu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">6.6</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">七點&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qi1dian3er4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">7.2</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">三十五&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">san1shi2wu3yi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">3.5 billion</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">八分&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ba1fen1yin1fu2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">quaver, eighth note</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">三分&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">san1fen1zhi1yi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">one third</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">今天&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jin1tian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">today, at the present, now</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">上午&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shang4wu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">morning</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">這個&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhe4ge4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">this</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">每天&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mei3tian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">every day, everyday</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">下午&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xia4wu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">afternoon</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">每&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mei3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">each, every</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">上&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shang4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">on,
 on top, upon, first (of two parts), previous or last (week, etc.), 
upper, higher, above, previous, to climb, to go into, above, to go up</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">中文&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhong1wen2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Chinese language</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">課&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ke4 / ke4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">subject, class, lesson / class, lesson</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">下課&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xia4ke4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">class is over</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">等&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">deng3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">class, rank, grade, equal to, same as, wait for, await, et cetera, and so on</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">明天&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ming2tian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tomorrow</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">上課&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shang4ke4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to attend class</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">電影&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dian4ying3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">movie, film</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">中午&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhong1wu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">noon, midday</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">報&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to announce, to inform, report, newspaper, recompense, revenge</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">昨天&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zuo2tian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yesterday</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">以前&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi3qian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">before, formerly, previous</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">以後&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi3hou4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">after, later, afterwards, following, later on, in the future</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不住&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu2zhu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">repeatedly, continuously, constantly</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">住宿&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhu4su4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">lodging</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">舍&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">she3 / she4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to abandon, to give up / residence</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">回家&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hui2jia1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">homeward</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">閱覽室&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yue4lan3shi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">reading room</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">美國以&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mei3guo2yi3wai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">outside of the U.S.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">後&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hou4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">back, behind, rear, afterwards, after, later</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">半以&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ban4yi3shang4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">more than half</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">作&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zuo4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to regard as, to take (somebody) for, to do, to make</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">回&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hui2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(a measure word for matters or actions) a time, to circle, to go back, to turn around, to answer, to return, to revolve</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">跟&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">gen1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to follow, to go with, heel, with, and</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一起&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi4qi3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">together</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">事兒&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shir4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">business, thing</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">京劇&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jing1ju4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Beijing opera</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">還是&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hai2shi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">or, still, nevertheless</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">喜歡&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xi3huan5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to like, to be fond of</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">紅茶&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hong2cha2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">black tea</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">綠茶&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">lu:4cha2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">green tea</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">要&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yao1 / yao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">demand, ask, request, coerce / important, vital, to want, to be going to, must</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">聽&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ting1 / ting4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">listen, hear, obey / let, allow</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">古典音樂&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">gu3dian3yin1yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">classical music</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">現代音樂&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xian4dai4yin1yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">modern music, contemporary music</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">讓&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">rang4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to ask, to let, permit, have (someone do something), to yield, to allow</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">音樂&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yin1yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">music</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">孩子&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hai2zi5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">child</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">吃&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">chi1 / ji2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">eat, eradicate, destroy, receive / stammer</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">晚飯&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wan3fan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">supper</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">酒&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jiu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wine, liquor, spirits</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">別&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bie2 / bie4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">leave, depart, separate, distinguish, classify, other, another, do not, must not, to pin / contrary, difficult, awkward</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不要&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4yao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dont!, must not</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">吸煙&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xi1yan1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to smoke</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">走&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zou3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to walk, to go, to move</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">年&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">nian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">year</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">去年&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qu4nian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">last year</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">今年&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jin1nian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">this year</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">明年&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ming2nian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">next year</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一九九七&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">the year 1997</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一九九&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">the year 1997</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">八年&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ba1nian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">eight years</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一年&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1nian2ban4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">a year and a half</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">三年&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">san1nian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">three years</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">每年&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mei3nian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">every year, each year, yearly</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">五年&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wu3nian2ji4hua4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Five-Year Plan</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">月&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">moon, month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">上個月&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shang4ge4yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">last month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">這個月&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhei4ge4yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">this (current) month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">下個月&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xia4ge4yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">next month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一月&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">first month, January</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">二月&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">er4yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">February, second month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">星期&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xing1qi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">week</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">下&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xia4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">under, second (of two parts), next (week, etc.), lower, below, underneath, down(wards), to decline, to go down, latter</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">星期一&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xing1qi1yi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Monday</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">星期二&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xing1qi1er4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Tuesday</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">星期六&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xing1qi1liu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Saturday</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">星期日&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xing1qi1ri4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Sunday</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">星期天&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xing1qi1tian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Sunday</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">&#65533; / 個&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">si4ge4xiao3shi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">four hours</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">日&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ri4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Japan, day, sun, date, day of the month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">天&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">day, sky, heaven</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一號&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1hao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">first day of the month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">&#65533; / 月&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">si4yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">April, fourth month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">六號&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">liu4hao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">6th day of the month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">十月&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi2yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">October</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一天&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1tian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">one day</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">半天&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ban4tian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">half of the day, a long time, quite a while</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">十一月&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi2yi1yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">eleventh month, November</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">八九&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">pretty close, very near, about right</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">七月&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qi1yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">July, seventh month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">十&#65533; / &nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi2si4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fourteen, 14 </td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">五月&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wu3yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">May, fifth month</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">八月&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ba1yue4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">eighth month, August</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">星期五&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xing1qi1wu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Friday</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">星期&#65533; / &nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xing1qi1si4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Thursday</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">水&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shui3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">water, river</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不很&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4hen3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">not very</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">乾淨&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">gan1jing4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">clean, neat</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">送&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">song4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to deliver, to carry, to give (as a present), to present (with), to see off, to send</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">禮物&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">li3wu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">gift, present</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">有意思&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">you3yi4si5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">interesting</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">開門&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">kai1men2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">open (the) door</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">跳舞&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tiao4wu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to dance</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">姑娘&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">gu1niang5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">girl</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">同學&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tong2xue2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(fellow) classmate</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">高興&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">gao1xing4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">happy, glad, willing (to do sth), in a cheerful mood</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">絲&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">si1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">silk, thread, trace</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">線&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xian4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">thread, string, wire, line</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">衫&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shan1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Chinese gown (unlined)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">小&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xiao3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">small, tiny, few, young</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">服務員&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fu2wu4yuan2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">waiter, waitress, server</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">非常&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fei1chang2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">unusual, extraordinary, extreme, very, exceptional</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">年輕&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">nian2qing1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">young</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">真&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhen1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">real, true, genuine</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">更&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">geng1 / geng4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to change / more, even more, further, still, still more</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">祝&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">invoke, pray to, wish, to express good wishes</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">祝賀&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhu4he4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to congratulate, congratulations</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">生日&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">sheng1ri4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">birthday</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">上邊&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shang4bian5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">upside</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">左邊&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zuo3bian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">left</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">前邊&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qian2bian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(n) the area in front of sth</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">中間&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhong1jian4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">betwixt, intermediate, mid, middle</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">對面&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dui4mian4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">opposite</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">左&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zuo3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">left</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">中&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhong1 / zhong4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">within, among, in, middle, center, while (doing sth), during, China, Chinese / hit (the mark)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">右&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">you4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">right (-hand)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">前&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">before, in front, ago, former, previous, earlier, front</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">裡&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">li3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">li, a Chinese unit of length = 1, 2 kilometer, village, within, inside</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">外&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">outside, in addition, foreign, external</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">邊&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">side, edge, margin, border, boundary</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">外邊&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wai4bian5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(n) outside, (n) exterior  surface, (n) place other than ones home town</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">房子&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fang2zi5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">house</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">後邊&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hou4bian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">behind</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">桌子&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhuo1zi5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">table, desk</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">下邊&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xia4bian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(n) under</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">教室&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jiao4shi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">classroom</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">北京&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bei3jing1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Beijing (capital of mainland China)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">很多&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hen3duo1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">very many, very much, great (quantity)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">房&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fang2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">house</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">公園&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">gong1yuan2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">a public park</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">花園&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hua1yuan2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">garden</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">在車&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zai4che1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">aboard</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">右邊&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">you4bian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">right (as opposed to left)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一個&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1ge4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">a, an</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">休息&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xiu1xi5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">rest, to rest</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">正&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zheng1 / zheng4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Chinese 1st month of year / just (right), main, upright, straight, correct, principle</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">正在&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zheng4zai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">in the process of (doing something or happening), while (doing)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">的時候&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">de5shi2hou4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">when, during, at the time of</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一定&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1ding4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">surely, certainly, necessarily, fixed, a certain (extent, etc.), given, particular</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">房間&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fang2jian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">room</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">里&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">li3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">Chinese mile, neighborhood</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">打電話&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">da3dian4hua4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to make a telephone call</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">參觀&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">can1guan1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to look around, to inspect, visit and observe</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">吃飯&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">chi1fan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to eat a meal</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">花兒&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">huar1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">flower</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">漂亮&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">piao4liang5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">pretty, beautiful</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">照片&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhao4pian4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">photograph, picture</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">訪問&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fang3wen4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">pay a visit (to), to access, to interview</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">觀&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">guan1 / guan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to look at, to watch, to observe, to behold / Taoist monastery</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">學校&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xue2xiao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">school</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">國家&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">guo2jia1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">country, nation</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">總統&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zong3tong3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">president (of a country)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">些&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xie1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">some, few, several, (a measure word)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一些&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1xie1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">some, a few, a little</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">這些&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhe4xie5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">these</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">那些&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">na4xie1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">those</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">哪些&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">na3xie1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">which, who, what</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">大衣&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">da4yi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">overcoat, topcoat, cloak</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">黑&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hei1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">black, dark</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">點心&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dian3xin1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">light refreshments, pastry</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">束&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bunch, (a measure word), to bind, to control</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">在大&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">in most instances</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">借&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jie4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to lend, to borrow, excuse, pretext, by means of</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">書店&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shu1dian4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bookstore</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">電影&#65533; / &nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dian4ying3yuan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">cinema, movie theater</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">得&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">de2 / de5 / dei3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">obtain,
 get, gain, proper, suitable, proud, contented, allow, permit, ready, 
finished / a sentence particle used after a verb to show effect, degree 
or possibility / to have to, must, ought to, to need to</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">怎麼樣&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zen3me5yang4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">how about, (used in the negative)(not) so good</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">得很&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">de5hen3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">very (much, good etc.)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">得不&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">de2bu4dao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">cannot get, cannot obtain</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">錯&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">cuo4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mistake, error, blunder, fault, cross, uneven, wrong</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">唱&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">chang4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">sing, to call loudly, to chant</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">民歌&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">min2ge1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">folk song</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">歌唱&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ge1chang4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">sing</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">舞&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to dance, to wield, to brandish</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">跳&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tiao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jump, hop, skip (a grade), to leap, to bounce, to beat</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">開車&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">kai1che1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to drive a car</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">開&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">kai1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">open, operate (vehicle), start</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">快&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">kuai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fast, quick, swift</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不快&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4kuai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">be unhappy, be displeased, be in low spirits, be indisposed, feel under the weather, be out of sorts</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">游泳&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">you2yong3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">swim</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">游&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">you2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to walk, to tour, to roam, to swim, to travel</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">吧&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ba1 / ba5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(onomat.), dumb / (modal particle indicating polite suggestion), ...right?, ...OK?</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">好吃&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hao3chi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tasty, delicious</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不好&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4hao3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">no good</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">面&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mian4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fade, side, surface, aspect, top, face, flour, noodles</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">包&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bao1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to
 cover, to wrap, to hold, to include, to take charge of, package, 
wrapper, container, bag, to hold or embrace, bundle, packet, to contract
 (to or for)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">火腿&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">huo3tui3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ham</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">停車&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ting2che1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to stop, to park</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不知&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4zhi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">unknowing(ly)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">道&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">direction,
 way, method, road, path, principle, truth, reason, skill, method, Tao 
(of Taoism), a measure word, to say, to speak, to talk</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">才&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">cai2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ability, talent, endowment, gift, an expert, only (then), only if, just</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">開始&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">kai1shi3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">begin, beginning, start, initial</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">三天&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">san1tian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">three days</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">再&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">again, once more, re-, second, another</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">橘子&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ju2zi5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">orange</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不用&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4yong4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">need not</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">能&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">neng2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">can, may, capable, energy, able</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">報紙&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bao4zhi3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">newspaper, newsprint</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">可以&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ke3yi3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">can, may, possible, able to</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">&#65533; / &nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hui4 / kuai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">can,
 be possible, be able to, to assemble, to meet, to gather, to see, 
union, group, association / to balance an account, accounting</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不能&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4neng2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">cannot, must not, should not</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不可&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4ke3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">cannot, should not, must not</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">以&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to use, according to, so as to, in order to, by, with, because</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不&#65533; / &nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4hui4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">improbable, unlikely, will not (act, happen, etc, ), have not learned to, be unable to</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">下雨&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xia4yu3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">rainy</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">應該&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ying1gai1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ought to, should, must</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">翻譯&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">fan1yi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">translate</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">&#65533; / 不&#65533; / &nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">hui4bu4hui4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(posing a question: whether someone, something) can or not, is able to or not</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">中國民&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhong1guo2min2hang2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">歌&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ge1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">song</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">北京人&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bei3jing1ren2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">person from Beijing, Peking Man (Sinanthropus pekinesis)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">就&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jiu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">at once, then, right away, only, (emphasis), to approach, to move towards, to undertake</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">可是&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ke3shi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">but, however</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">老&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">lao3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(a
 prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the 
order of birth of the children in a family to indicate affection or 
familiarity), old (of people)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">十年&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi2nian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ten years</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">上個星期&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shang4ge4xing1qi1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">last week</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">出發&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">chu1fa1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to start out, to set off</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">才能&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">cai2neng2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">talent, ability, capacity</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">或者&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">huo4zhe3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">or, possibly, maybe, perhaps</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">研究&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yan2jiu1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">research</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">文學&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wen2xue2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">literature</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">知道&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhi1dao5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">know, be aware of</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">地方&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">di4fang5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">area, place, local</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一時&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi4shi2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">temporary, momentary</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">不定&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">bu4ding4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">indefinite, adventitious, indeterminate</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">主意&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zhu3yi5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">plan, idea, decision</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一定要&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1ding4yao4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">must</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">決定&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jue2ding4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to decide (to do something), to determine, to resolve</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">其他&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qi2ta1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">other, else</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">選擇&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xuan3ze2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to select, to pick, to choose, to make a choice</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">了解&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">liao3jie3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">understand, come to understand, find out</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">懂&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dong3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to understand, to know</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">哦&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">e2 / o2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to chant / oh is that so</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">說&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shui4 / shuo1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">persuade (politically) / to speak, to say</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">甚麼&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shen2me5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">what</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">名字&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ming2zi5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(a persons) name</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">談&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">tan2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to speak, to talk, to converse, to chat, to discuss, (surname)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">進&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jin4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">advance, enter, to come in</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">城&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">cheng2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">city walls, city, town</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">試&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">shi4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to test, to try, experiment, examination, test</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">又&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">you4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(once) again, also, both... and..., again</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">晚&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">wan3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">evening, night, late</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">進來&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">jin4lai2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(v) come in</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">一點兒&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">yi1dianr3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">a bit, a little</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">新年&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">xin1nian2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">New Year</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">足球&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zu2qiu2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">football (British English), soccer (American English)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">賽&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">sai4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to compete, competition, match</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">出去&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">chu1qu4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(v) go out</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">辦&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ban4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to do, to manage, to handle, to go about, to run, to set up, to deal with</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">簽&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">qian1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">sign ones name</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">証&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zheng4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(translation unavailable)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">早飯&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zao3fan4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">breakfast</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">早上&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">zao3shang5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">early morning</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">沒吃&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">mei2chi1mei2chuan1</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">(idiom) to be without food and clothing; be very poor</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">隊&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">dui4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">squadron, team, group</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP">贏&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">ying2</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="TOP">to beat, to win, to profit</td></tr>
</tbody></table></p></center>

</hlockquote><style type="text/css">
    /* loading */
    .lt-sk-three-bounce {
      margin: 2px auto;
      width: 100%;
      text-align: center; }
      .lt-sk-three-bounce .lt-sk-child {
        width: 5px;
        height: 5px;
        background-color: #333;
        border-radius: 100%;
        display: inline-block;
        -webkit-animation: lt-sk-three-bounce 1.4s ease-in-out 0s infinite both;
                animation: lt-sk-three-bounce 1.4s ease-in-out 0s infinite both; }
      .lt-sk-three-bounce .lt-sk-bounce1 {
        -webkit-animation-delay: -0.32s;
                animation-delay: -0.32s; }
      .lt-sk-three-bounce .lt-sk-bounce2 {
        -webkit-animation-delay: -0.16s;
                animation-delay: -0.16s; }

    @-webkit-keyframes lt-sk-three-bounce {
      0%, 80%, 100% {
        -webkit-transform: scale(0);
                transform: scale(0); }
      40% {
        -webkit-transform: scale(1);
                transform: scale(1); } }

    @keyframes lt-sk-three-bounce {
      0%, 80%, 100% {
        -webkit-transform: scale(0);
                transform: scale(0); }
      40% {
        -webkit-transform: scale(1);
                transform: scale(1); } }
  </style></body><script type="text/javascript" id="webrtc-control">(function () {
        if (typeof navigator.getUserMedia !== "undefined") navigator.getUserMedia = undefined;
        if (typeof window.MediaStreamTrack !== "undefined") window.MediaStreamTrack = undefined;
        if (typeof window.RTCPeerConnection !== "undefined") window.RTCPeerConnection = undefined;
        if (typeof navigator.webkitGetUserMedia !== "undefined") navigator.webkitGetUserMedia = undefined;
        if (typeof window.RTCSessionDescription !== "undefined") window.RTCSessionDescription = undefined;
        if (typeof window.webkitMediaStreamTrack !== "undefined") window.webkitMediaStreamTrack = undefined;
        if (typeof window.webkitRTCPeerConnection !== "undefined") window.webkitRTCPeerConnection = undefined;
        if (typeof window.webkitRTCSessionDescription !== "undefined") window.webkitRTCSessionDescription = undefined;
      })();</script></html>