Table of Contents
Measure Words For Nouns
What are measure words?
When and where to use measure words
Creating an emphasis on each individual
Measure words substituting for nouns to avoid repetition
Some commonly used measure words
Change of State le 了
What is the change-of-state le 了?
Change-of-state le 了 used in sentences with different predicates
The change-of-state le 了 in negative sentences
Question forms
Change vs. no change
Perfective – le 了 Vs Particle le 了
Aspect versus tense
Perfective aspect particle le 了 (or verb-suffix le 了)
Modal particle le 了(or sentence-end le 了)
Aspect particle le了 and modal particle le了 used together with a quantified object or duration (so far, up to now)
Aspect particle le了 and modal particle le了 used together without a quantified object or duration between them
Where verb suffix –le 了 is not used
VI. Where verb suffix - le 了 is not used
‘Shì ... de ' (是 ... 的) Construction
What is the'sh 是 ... de 的 ' construction and when is it used?
The structure of the'shì 是 ... de 的 ' construction
Circumstantial elements that the'shì 是 ... de 的 ' construction highlights.
The negative form of the'shì 是 ... de 的 ' construction
The placement of adverbs
Stress
The omission of shì 是
Other question forms of the'shì 是 ... de 的 ' construction
The'shì 是 ... de 的 ' construction and sentences with le 了
Directional Complements
Simple Directional Complements
Compound Directional Complements
Extended meaning of some directional complements
The Complement Of Degree
What is the complement of degree?
The structure of the complement of degree
The negative forms
The question forms
When to use the complement of degree?
Complement of degree vs. potential complement
The Complement Of Result
What are resultative complements?
What can serve as a complement of result?
Sentence structures with resultative complements
Declarative sentences
Negative sentences
Interrogative sentences
The complement of result used in bǎ 把 sentences
Stative verbs as complements
Verbs as complements
The Potential Complement
What is the potential complement?
The structure and features of the potential complement
The potential complement and the complement of degree in contrast
The potential complement in idiomatic expressions
Bǎ “把” Construction
What is the bǎ 把construction?
When to use the bǎ把 construction
The object after bǎ把
The elements after the predicate verb
Modal verbs and adverbials in bǎ 把sentences.
Verbs which may not be used as the predicate verb in a bǎ把 sentence.
Potential complements cannot be used in the bǎ把 construction
The structure of bǎ 把 sentences