eric
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Chinese-comet.cls.yale.edu-grammar


			
				
					
						
						
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  <title>Contents</title>
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<body>
  <div class="sgc-toc-title">
    Table of Contents
  </div>

  <div class="sgc-toc-level-1">
    <a href="../Text/Section0100.xhtml">Measure Words For Nouns</a> 

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0110.xhtml">What are measure words?</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0120.xhtml">When and where to use measure words</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0130.xhtml">Creating an emphasis on each individual</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0140.xhtml">Measure words substituting for nouns to avoid repetition</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0150.xhtml">Some commonly used measure words</a>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="sgc-toc-level-1">
    <a href="../Text/Section0200.xhtml">Change of State le 了</a> 

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0210.xhtml">What is the change-of-state le 了?</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0220.xhtml">Change-of-state le 了 used in sentences with different predicates</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0230.xhtml">The change-of-state le 了 in negative sentences</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0240.xhtml">Question forms</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0250.xhtml">Change vs. no change</a>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="sgc-toc-level-1">
    <a href="../Text/Section0300.xhtml">Perfective – le 了 Vs Particle le 了</a> 

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0310.xhtml">Aspect versus tense</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0320.xhtml">Perfective aspect particle le 了 (or verb-suffix le 了)</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0330.xhtml">Modal particle le 了(or sentence-end le 了)</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0340.xhtml">Aspect particle le了 and modal particle le了 used together with a quantified object or duration (so far, up to now)</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0350.xhtml">Aspect particle le了 and modal particle le了 used together without a quantified object or duration between them</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0360.xhtml">Where verb suffix –le 了 is not used</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0361.xhtml">VI. Where verb suffix - le 了 is not used</a>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="sgc-toc-level-1">
    <a href="../Text/Section0400.xhtml">‘Shì ... de ' (是 ... 的) Construction</a> 

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0410.xhtml">What is the'sh 是 ... de 的 ' construction and when is it used?</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0420.xhtml">The structure of the'shì 是 ... de 的 ' construction</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0430.xhtml">Circumstantial elements that the'shì 是 ... de 的 ' construction highlights.</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0440.xhtml">The negative form of the'shì 是 ... de 的 ' construction</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0450.xhtml">The placement of adverbs</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0460.xhtml">Stress</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0470.xhtml">The omission of shì 是</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0480.xhtml">Other question forms of the'shì 是 ... de 的 ' construction</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0490.xhtml">The'shì 是 ... de 的 ' construction and sentences with le 了</a>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="sgc-toc-level-1">
    <a href="../Text/Section0500.xhtml">Directional Complements</a> 

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0510.xhtml">Simple Directional Complements</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0520.xhtml">Compound Directional Complements</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0530.xhtml">Extended meaning of some directional complements</a>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="sgc-toc-level-1">
    <a href="../Text/Section0600.xhtml">The Complement Of Degree</a> 

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0610.xhtml">What is the complement of degree?</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0620.xhtml">The structure of the complement of degree</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0630.xhtml">The negative forms</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0640.xhtml">The question forms</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0650.xhtml">When to use the complement of degree?</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0660.xhtml">Complement of degree vs. potential complement</a>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="sgc-toc-level-1">
    <a href="../Text/Section0700.xhtml">The Complement Of Result</a> 

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0710.xhtml">What are resultative complements?</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0720.xhtml">What can serve as a complement of result?</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0730.xhtml">Sentence structures with resultative complements</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0740.xhtml">Declarative sentences</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0750.xhtml">Negative sentences</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0760.xhtml">Interrogative sentences</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0770.xhtml">The complement of result used in bǎ 把 sentences</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0780.xhtml"> Stative verbs as complements</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0790.xhtml">Verbs as complements</a>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="sgc-toc-level-1">
    <a href="../Text/Section0800.xhtml">The Potential Complement</a> 

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0810.xhtml">What is the potential complement?</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0820.xhtml">The structure and features of the potential complement</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0830.xhtml">The potential complement and the complement of degree in contrast</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0840.xhtml">The potential complement in idiomatic expressions</a>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="sgc-toc-level-1">
    <a href="../Text/Section0900.xhtml">Bǎ “把” Construction</a> 

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0910.xhtml"> What is the bǎ 把construction?</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0920.xhtml">When to use the bǎ把 construction</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0930.xhtml">The object after bǎ把</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0940.xhtml">The elements after the predicate verb</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0950.xhtml">Modal verbs and adverbials in bǎ 把sentences.</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0960.xhtml">Verbs which may not be used as the predicate verb in a bǎ把 sentence.</a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0970.xhtml">Potential complements cannot be used in the bǎ把 construction </a>
    </div>

    <div class="sgc-toc-level-2">
      <a href="../Text/Section0980.xhtml">The structure of bǎ 把 sentences</a>
    </div>
  </div>
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