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@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
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they have children.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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- <para>Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant’s health, appetite,
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+ <para>Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant's health, appetite,
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and weight, and describe the baby in terms of traditional values.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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@@ -80,10 +80,9 @@
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</section>
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</section>
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<section>
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- <title>Unit 1: Weather and Terrain</title>
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- <para/>
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+ <title>Unit 1</title>
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<section>
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- <title>Part 1: Winter and Summer</title>
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+ <title>Part 1</title>
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<section>
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<title>Reference List</title>
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</section>
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@@ -91,13 +90,15 @@
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<title>Reference Notes</title>
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<section>
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<title>Notes on Part 1</title>
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- <para>tíchàng: “to advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to
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- encourage”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíchàng</foreignphrase>: “to
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+ advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to encourage”<informaltable
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+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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- <entry>Zhè shi shéi tíchàngde?</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè shi
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+ shéi tíchàngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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@@ -108,32 +109,39 @@
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable></para>
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- <para>nianqīng: “to be young” (literally “years-light” or “years green”. There
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- are two different characters with the same sound used for the second
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- syllable.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng</foreignphrase>: “to be
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+ young” (literally “years-light” or “years green”. There are two different
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+ characters with the same sound used for the second syllable.)</para>
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+ <para>
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+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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- <entry>Tā zhènme niánqīng, zhènme piàoliang!</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhènme
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+ niánqīng, zhènme piàoliang!</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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</row>
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<row>
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- <entry>She’s so young and so beautiful!</entry>
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+ <entry>She's so young and so beautiful!</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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- <entry>Wǒ niánqīngde shíhou, bù xǐhuan kàn shū.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
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+ niánqīngde shíhou, bù xǐhuan kàn
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+ shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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</row>
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<row>
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- <entry>When I was young, I didn’t like to read.</entry>
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+ <entry>When I was young, I didn't like to read.</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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- <entry>Zhèixiē niǎnqīng rén dōu ài kàn diànyǐng.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
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+ niánqīng rén dōu ài kàn
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+ diànyǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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@@ -143,8 +151,9 @@
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movies.</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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- <entry>Nèige niánqǐngde Zhōngguo rén, Yīngwén shuōde bú
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- cuò.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
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+ niánqīngde Zhōngguo rén, Yīngwén shuōde bú
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+ cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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@@ -155,27 +164,36 @@
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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- </informaltable></para>
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- <para>jiéhūn: “to get married”, also pronounced jiēhūn. Notice that in Chinese
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- you talk of “getting married”, while in English we talk of “being married”.
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- And it follows grammatically that jiéhūn is a process verb, not a state
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- verb. Jiéhūn will always be seen with an aspect marker such as le or will be
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- negated with méi.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ </informaltable>
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+ </para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: “to get
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+ married”, also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >jiēhūn</foreignphrase>. Notice that in Chinese you talk of “getting
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+ married”, while in English we talk of “being married”. And it follows
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+ grammatically that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a process verb, not a state verb.
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn</foreignphrase> will
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+ always be seen with an aspect marker such as <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or will be negated with
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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- <entry>Tāmen jiéhūnle méiyou?</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
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+ jiéhūnle méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>Have they gotten married yet? (This is the equivalent
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- of ’Are they married?)</entry>
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+ of 'Are they married?)</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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- <entry>Nǐ jiéhūn duó jiǔ le?</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiéhūn
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+ duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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@@ -186,15 +204,21 @@
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable></para>
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- <para>Jiéhūn is a verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage”.
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- Jié and hūn can be separated by aspect markers, such as de or
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- guo.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a
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+ verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage”. <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jié</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūn</foreignphrase> can be separated by
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+ aspect markers, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >de</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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- <entry>Nǐ shi shénme shíhou jiéde hūn? OR Nǐ shi shénme
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- shíhou jiéhūnde?</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
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+ shénme shíhou jiéde hūn?</foreignphrase> OR
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
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+ shénme shíhou jiéhūnde?</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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@@ -203,24 +227,29 @@
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<entry>When did you get married?</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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- <entry>Wang Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
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+ Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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</row>
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<row>
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- <entry>Mr. Wang has been married three times.</entry>
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+ <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >Wáng</foreignphrase> has been married three
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+ times.</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable></para>
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- <para>To say “get married to someone” use the pattern gēn ...
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- jiéhūn.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <para>To say “get married to someone” use the pattern <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn ... jiéhūn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
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+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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- <entry>Tā gēn shéi jiéhūn le?</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēn shéi
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+ jiéhūn le?</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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@@ -234,24 +263,34 @@
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<section>
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<title>Notes on №2</title>
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- <para>wǎnliàn wǎnhūn: “late involvement and late marriage”. Wǎnliàn is an
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- abbreviation for wan liàn’ài, “mature love”, (liàn’ài means “romantic
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- love, courtship”), and wǎnhūn is an abbreviation for wǎn jiéhūn, “late
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnliàn
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+ wǎnhūn</foreignphrase>: “late involvement and late marriage”.
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǎnliàn</foreignphrase> is
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+ an abbreviation for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎn
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+ liàn'ài</foreignphrase>, “mature love”, (<foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàn'ài</foreignphrase> means “romantic
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+ love, courtship”), and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >wǎnhūn</foreignphrase> is an abbreviation for <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎn jiéhūn</foreignphrase>, “late
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marriage”. This policy has been promoted since the 1960s, but only
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actively enforced since the 1970s. It is difficult to generalize about
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the required minimum marriage ages, as they differ from city to city and
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- might be nonexistant in certain rural and national minority areas, where
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- the government is trying to increase the population. The minimum age has
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- been progressively raised over the years, until 1978 when the rules were
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- eased a bit. In general, if the combined ages of the couple exceeds
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- fifty years (or the female’s age exceeds the male’s), then the marriage
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- is allowable.</para>
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+ might be non-existent in certain rural and national minority areas,
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+ where the government is trying to increase the population. The minimum
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+ age has been progressively raised over the years, until 1978 when the
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+ rules were eased a bit. In general, if the combined ages of the couple
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+ exceeds fifty years (or the female's age exceeds the male's), then the
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+ marriage is allowable.</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Notes on №3</title>
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- <para>qīngnián: “youth, young person”. Do not confuse this noun with the
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- adjectival verb niánqīng, “to be young”. (See Notes on No. 1)</para>
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- <para>In this sentence, the noun qīngnián is used to modify the noun lǎoshī,
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngnián</foreignphrase>:
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+ “youth, young person”. Do not confuse this noun with the adjectival verb
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng</foreignphrase>,
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+ “to be young”. (See Notes on No. 1)</para>
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+ <para>In this sentence, the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >qīngnián</foreignphrase> is used to modify the noun <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase>,
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“teacher”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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<tgroup cols="2" align="center">
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<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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@@ -259,8 +298,9 @@
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry>A:</entry>
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- <entry>Wǒ jìde sānshinián yīqián nǐ tèbié ài chī
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- táng.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jìde
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+ sānshinián yǐqián nǐ tèbié ài chī
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+ táng.</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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@@ -273,8 +313,9 @@
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>B:</entry>
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- <entry>Shì a, nèi shíhou wǒmen dōu háishi qīngnián.
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- Xiànzài lǎo le, yá bù xíng le.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a,
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+ nèi shíhou wǒmen dōu háishi qīngnián. Xiànzài lǎo
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+ le, yá bù xíng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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@@ -282,22 +323,35 @@
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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- <entry>Yes. Back then we were all young people. Now I’m
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- old, and my teeth aren’t good any more.</entry>
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+ <entry>Yes. Back then we were all young people. Now I'm
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+ old, and my teeth aren't good any more.</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable></para>
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- <para>nǔlì: “to be hardworking, to diligent”, or as an adverb,
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- “diligently,be hard”.</para>
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- <para>Tā suīrán hen nǔlì, kěshi tāde Yīngwen háishi bù xíng. Although he’s
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- very hardworking, his English is still not good enough.<informaltable
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- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǔlì</foreignphrase>: “to be
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+ hardworking, to diligent”, or as an adverb, “diligently,be hard”.</para>
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+ <para>
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+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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- <entry>Wǒ děi nǔlì xué Zhōngwén.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
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+ suīrán hěn nǔlì, kěshi tāde Yīngwen háishi bù
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+ xíng.</foreignphrase>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Although he's very hardworking, his English is
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+ still not good enough.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi
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+ nǔlì xué Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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@@ -307,17 +361,21 @@
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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- </informaltable></para>
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+ </informaltable>
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+ </para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Notes on №4</title>
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- <para>nongcūn: “rural areas, countryside, village”.<informaltable
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- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn</foreignphrase>:
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+ “rural areas, countryside, village”.<informaltable frame="none"
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+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Nóngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō le.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nóngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
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</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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<entry/>
|
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|
@@ -327,7 +385,8 @@
|
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|
city.</entry>
|
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|
</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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|
- <entry>Tāmen Jiā zài nongcūn zhù.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
|
|
|
+ jiā zài nóngcūn zhù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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<entry/>
|
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|
@@ -338,32 +397,35 @@
|
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</tbody>
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
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|
</informaltable></para>
|
|
|
- <para>shíxíng: “to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan,
|
|
|
- reform)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxíng</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, reform)”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Nǐ zhèige jìhua hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ xiǎng bù néng
|
|
|
- shíxíng.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
|
|
|
+ zhèige jìhua hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ xiǎng bù néng
|
|
|
+ shíxíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
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|
</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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<entry/>
|
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|
</row>
|
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<row>
|
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|
- <entry>This plan of yours is very good, but I don’t
|
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|
+ <entry>This plan of yours is very good, but I don't
|
|
|
think it can be carried out.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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|
- <entry>Zhèige bànfa yǐjīng shíxíngle sānge xīngqīle,
|
|
|
- kěshi jiéguǒ bù hǎo.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
|
|
|
+ bànfa yǐjīng shíxíngle sānge xīngqīle, kěshi
|
|
|
+ jiéguǒ bù hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
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|
<entry>This method has been in practice for three weeks,
|
|
|
- but the results aren’t good.</entry>
|
|
|
+ but the results aren't good.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
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|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
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|
@@ -371,26 +433,29 @@
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Notes on №5</title>
|
|
|
- <para>chéng: “to constitute, to make, to become”.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ constitute, to make, to become”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Tǎde xuéxí yìzhí hěn hǎo, bìyè yǐhòu ānpai
|
|
|
- gōngzuò bù chéng wèntí.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎde
|
|
|
+ xuéxí yìzhí hěn hǎo, bìyè yǐhòu ānpai gōngzuò bù
|
|
|
+ chéng wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry>His studies have been good all along, so after he
|
|
|
- graduates, setting up a job for him won’t constitute
|
|
|
+ graduates, setting up a job for him won't constitute
|
|
|
a problem.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Wǒde nǚer xiànzài chéngle jiějie, tǎ zhēn xǐhuan
|
|
|
- tāde xiǎo mèimei.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
|
|
|
+ nǚer xiànzài chéngle jiějie, tǎ zhēn xǐhuan tāde
|
|
|
+ xiǎo mèimei.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
@@ -402,27 +467,30 @@
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
|
</informaltable></para>
|
|
|
- <para>fēngqì: “established practice, custom; general mood”.<informaltable
|
|
|
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngqì</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “established practice, custom; general mood”.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Xiànzài yǒu bù shǎo qīngnián bú yào zài
|
|
|
- shāngdiànli mài dōngxi, zhèizhǒng fēngqì zhēn bù
|
|
|
- hǎo.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
|
|
|
+ yǒu bù shǎo qīngnián bú yào zài shāngdiànli mài
|
|
|
+ dōngxi, zhèizhǒng fēngqì zhēn bù
|
|
|
+ hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>There are a lot of young people now who don’t
|
|
|
+ <entry>There are a lot of young people now who don't
|
|
|
want to sell things in shops. This practice is
|
|
|
really bad.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Xiànzài zài Zhōngguo, yòu yǒule niàn shūde
|
|
|
- fēngqì.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
|
|
|
+ zài Zhōngguo, yòu yǒule niàn shūde
|
|
|
+ fēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
@@ -434,73 +502,91 @@
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
|
</informaltable></para>
|
|
|
- <para/>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Notes on №6</title>
|
|
|
- <para>hé: “with”. You have seen he used between two nouns or pronouns as a
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase>: “with”.
|
|
|
+ You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hé</foreignphrase> used between two nouns or pronouns as a
|
|
|
conjunction meaning “and”. Here you see it used as a prepositional verb
|
|
|
- meaning “with”. The word gēn, which you have seen, also has both
|
|
|
- meanings, “and” and “with”.</para>
|
|
|
- <para>Formerly, gēn was the most frequently used word for “with” or “and” in
|
|
|
- the Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often written. But
|
|
|
- he has come into wide conversational use in pùtōnghuà. In addition to
|
|
|
+ meaning “with”. The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gēn</foreignphrase>, which you have seen, also has both meanings,
|
|
|
+ “and” and “with”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Formerly, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gēn</foreignphrase> was the most frequently used word for “with” or
|
|
|
+ “and” in the Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often
|
|
|
+ written. But he has come into wide conversational use in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>. In addition to
|
|
|
this variation, school children in Taiwan are sometimes taught to say
|
|
|
- hàn instead of he, which is the same character with another
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hàn</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ instead of he, which is the same character with another
|
|
|
pronunciation.</para>
|
|
|
- <para>Generally speaking, if you use hé or gēn you should not have any
|
|
|
- problem being understood by any speaker of Standard Chinese.</para>
|
|
|
- <para>liàn'ài: “to fall in love, to be in love; romantic love, courtship”.
|
|
|
- This is the socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship
|
|
|
- between two people. Notice that liàn'ài can be used both as noun and as
|
|
|
- a verb. (Liàn’ài is written with an apostrophe to show where the
|
|
|
- syllable division is: liàn ài, not lià nài.)<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <para>Generally speaking, if you use <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn</foreignphrase> you should not have
|
|
|
+ any problem being understood by any speaker of Standard Chinese.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàn'ài</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ fall in love, to be in love; romantic love, courtship”. This is the
|
|
|
+ socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship between two
|
|
|
+ people. Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >liàn'ài</foreignphrase> can be used both as noun and as a verb.
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liàn'ài</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ is written with an apostrophe to show where the syllable division
|
|
|
+ is:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> liàn
|
|
|
+ ài</foreignphrase>, not <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lià nài</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Tǎmen liàn’àile hǎojinián le.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
|
|
|
+ liàn'àile hǎojinián le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>They’ve been in love for quite a few years
|
|
|
+ <entry>They've been in love for quite a few years
|
|
|
now.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Tǎmen xiànzài kǎishǐ liàn’ài le.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
|
|
|
+ xiànzài kāishǐ liàn'ài le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>They’ve just started to fall in love.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>They've just started to fall in love.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Womende liàn’ài zhī you sāntiǎn, jiù bù xíng
|
|
|
- le.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmende
|
|
|
+ liàn'ài zhǐ yǒu sāntiān, jiù bù xíng
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Our love is only three days old and already it’s
|
|
|
+ <entry>Our love is only three days old and already it's
|
|
|
over.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
|
</informaltable></para>
|
|
|
- <para>The noun liàn’ài is often used in the phrase tán liàn’ài, “to be
|
|
|
+ <para>The noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >liàn'ài</foreignphrase> is often used in the phrase <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán liàn'ài</foreignphrase>, “to be
|
|
|
romantically involved” or more literally “to talk of
|
|
|
love”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Tāmen liāngge tán liàn’ài yǐjīng tánle hěn jiǔ
|
|
|
- le.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
|
|
|
+ liǎngge tán liàn'ài yǐjīng tánle hěn jiǔ
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
@@ -510,13 +596,14 @@
|
|
|
while now.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Wǒ méiyou hé tā tán liàn’ài.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
|
|
|
+ méiyou hé tā tán liàn'ài.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>I’m not in love with her.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm not in love with her.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
|
@@ -527,14 +614,16 @@
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Notes on №7</title>
|
|
|
- <para>kě: “really, certainly”. This is an adverb which intensifies state
|
|
|
- verbs. Kě can be used before a negative.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>: “really,
|
|
|
+ certainly”. This is an adverb which intensifies state verbs.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě</foreignphrase> can be
|
|
|
+ used before a negative.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Tāmen liǎngge kě hǎo le!</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
|
|
|
+ liǎngge kě hǎo le!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
@@ -543,46 +632,51 @@
|
|
|
<entry>The two of them are very good friends.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Kě bú shi ma!</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú
|
|
|
+ shì ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Isn’t that so! (Really! or No kidding!)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Isn't that so! (Really! or No kidding!)</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Nà kě bù xíng!</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà kě
|
|
|
+ bù xíng!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>That really won’t do!</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That really won't do!</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Nà kě bú shì yíjiàn hǎo shi.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà kě
|
|
|
+ bú shì yíjiàn hǎo shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>That’s really not a good thing.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That's really not a good thing.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Nǐ kě yào xiǎoxīn!</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kě
|
|
|
+ yào xiǎoxīn!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>You’ve got to be careful!</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You've got to be careful!</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
|
</informaltable></para>
|
|
|
- <para>Although some Chinese are fond of using the word kě, to other Chinese
|
|
|
- it may sound too full of local color with which they do not
|
|
|
+ <para>Although some Chinese are fond of using the word <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>, to other Chinese it
|
|
|
+ may sound too full of local color with which they do not
|
|
|
identify.</para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
@@ -594,16 +688,17 @@
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
- <para>...zài èrshiwǔliǔsuì yǐhòu cái jiéhūn: This is quite a change from
|
|
|
- Imperial times, when females might be married off at age thirteen and males
|
|
|
- at age six so as to insure the family fortunes or fend off economic
|
|
|
- difficulties later. Nontheless, regulations are less strict in the
|
|
|
- countryside today, where one can marry perhaps at age twenty.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...zài èrshiwǔliùsuì yǐhòu cái
|
|
|
+ jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: This is quite a change from Imperial times, when
|
|
|
+ females might be married off at age thirteen and males at age six so as to
|
|
|
+ insure the family fortunes or fend off economic difficulties later.
|
|
|
+ Nonetheless, regulations are less strict in the countryside today, where one
|
|
|
+ can marry perhaps at age twenty.</para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
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|
</section>
|
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|
</section>
|
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|
<section>
|
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|
- <title>Part 2: Spring and Fall</title>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
@@ -611,13 +706,14 @@
|
|
|
<title>Reference Notes</title>
|
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|
<section>
|
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|
<title>Notes on Part 2</title>
|
|
|
- <para>yíshì: ’ceremony, function’ This can be used to refer to a range of
|
|
|
- different ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement to the
|
|
|
- taking of marital vows.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíshì</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “ceremony, function” This can be used to refer to a range of different
|
|
|
+ ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement to the taking of
|
|
|
+ marital vows.</para>
|
|
|
<para>In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not uncommon
|
|
|
to find families going into debt because of the joyous occasion, which
|
|
|
marked a new generation added to the family line. This elaborate ritual
|
|
|
- served to strengthen familial bonds and the newlyweds’ feeling of obligation
|
|
|
+ served to strengthen familial bonds and the newlyweds' feeling of obligation
|
|
|
owed to the family.</para>
|
|
|
<para>In PRC cities of today, lack of extra money and coupons to purchase food
|
|
|
for guests, celebration space, and free time for preparation limit the
|
|
|
@@ -626,16 +722,20 @@
|
|
|
where there are fewer restrictions on time and food.</para>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Notes on №9</title>
|
|
|
- <para>qǐnqi: ’relatives* Qǐnqi is slightly different from the English word
|
|
|
- ’relatives’ in that it does not include one’s immediate family, that is
|
|
|
- parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One’s
|
|
|
- immediate family are called Jiāli rén.)<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīnqi</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “relatives” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Qīnqi</foreignphrase> is slightly different from the English word
|
|
|
+ “relatives” in that it does not include one's immediate family, that is
|
|
|
+ parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One's
|
|
|
+ immediate family are called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiāli rén</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Nǐmen Jiā qīnqi duō ma?</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
|
|
|
+ jiā qīnqi duō ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
@@ -645,7 +745,8 @@
|
|
|
family?</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Wǒmen Jiā qinqi kě duō le!</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
|
|
|
+ jiā qīnqi kě duō le!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
@@ -656,21 +757,31 @@
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
|
</informaltable></para>
|
|
|
- <para>sǒnggei: ’give (a gift) to ...’ The verb song has several meanings.
|
|
|
- One is ’to send’, as in Wǒ bā nǐde xíngli sòngshangqu le, ’I sent your
|
|
|
- luggage upstairs.’ Another is to give someone something as a
|
|
|
- present.</para>
|
|
|
- <para>Here you see song with the prepositional verb gěi ’for, to’ after it.
|
|
|
- You have also seen Jiāogei, ’to hand over to ..., to submit to...’. When
|
|
|
- gěi is used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must be
|
|
|
- followed by the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom
|
|
|
- something is given. Gěi can also be used this way with jì ’to send’, and
|
|
|
- mǎi ’to sell’.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sònggei</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “give (a gift) to …” The verb song has several meanings. One is “to
|
|
|
+ send”, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ nǐde xíngli
|
|
|
+ sòngshangqu le</foreignphrase>, “I sent your luggage upstairs.”
|
|
|
+ Another is to give someone something as a present.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Here you see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >sòng</foreignphrase> with the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> “for, to” after it.
|
|
|
+ You have also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiāogei</foreignphrase>, “to hand over to ..., to submit to...”.
|
|
|
+ When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must be followed by
|
|
|
+ the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom something is
|
|
|
+ given. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gěi</foreignphrase> can
|
|
|
+ also be used this way with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jì</foreignphrase> “to send”, and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mài</foreignphrase> “to
|
|
|
+ sell”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Wǒ bǎ zhèijiǎn yīfu Jìgei wǒ mèimei le.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
|
|
|
+ zhèijiàn yīfu jìgei wǒ mèimei
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
@@ -680,7 +791,8 @@
|
|
|
sister.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Tā bǎ fángzi màigei wǒ le.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ
|
|
|
+ fángzi màigei wǒ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
@@ -692,16 +804,20 @@
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
|
</informaltable></para>
|
|
|
<para>In these examples the direct object, clothing or house, is up front in
|
|
|
- the sentence, making it necessary to use gěi to put the indirect object
|
|
|
- after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the object
|
|
|
- is specific and the bǎ construction is preferred. When song is followed
|
|
|
- by an indirect object, however, the gěi is usually
|
|
|
+ the sentence, making it necessary to use <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> to put the indirect
|
|
|
+ object after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the
|
|
|
+ object is specific and the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bǎ</foreignphrase> construction is preferred. When song is followed
|
|
|
+ by an indirect object, however, the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is usually
|
|
|
optional.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Wǒ yǎo song ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
|
|
|
+ sòng ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
@@ -710,7 +826,8 @@
|
|
|
<entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Wǒ yǎo sǒnggei ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
|
|
|
+ sònggei ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
@@ -721,174 +838,4200 @@
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
|
</informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...sònggei ni shénme
|
|
|
+ lǐwù?</foreignphrase>: Wedding gifts for friends and relatives in
|
|
|
+ the PRC are generally “useful” items. Common among these are
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nuǎnpíng</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ hot water jugs; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >huāpíng</foreignphrase>, vases; <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">táidēng</foreignphrase>, table lamps;
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐ</foreignphrase>, pens;
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánpěn</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ wash basins; or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >cānjù</foreignphrase>, kitchen items.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>: “to act
|
|
|
+ as, to serve as”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
|
|
|
+ sònggei wo yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù zuǒ jìniàn.</foreignphrase> is literally
|
|
|
+ “They gave me a few small presents to serve as mementos.”<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
|
|
|
+ xuéxiǎo bìyède xuésheng, hěn duō dōu zuò lǎoshī
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para> A lot of students who graduated from this
|
|
|
+ school have become teachers.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yòng
|
|
|
+ zhèiběn xīn shū zuò lǐwù, hǎo bu
|
|
|
+ hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Would it be okay to use this new book as a
|
|
|
+ present?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò</foreignphrase>, “to act
|
|
|
+ as, to serve as” is often seen used with <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng</foreignphrase>, “to use” as in the
|
|
|
+ example above, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng ... zuò
|
|
|
+ ...</foreignphrase>, “to use (something) as (something)
|
|
|
+ else”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìniàn</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “memento, remembrance; to commemorate”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi ta
|
|
|
+ yìzhāng zhàopiàn zuò jìniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'l give him a photo as a memento.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Part 3: Terrain</title>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit 2: Clothing</title>
|
|
|
- <para/>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Part 1: Buying Clothes</title>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Part 2: Buying Clothes</title>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Having Clothes made</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title>
|
|
|
- <para/>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Part 1: At the Barber</title>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Part 2: At the Hairdresser</title>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit 4: In the Home</title>
|
|
|
- <para/>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Part 1: Personal Belongings</title>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Part 2: Parts of the Home</title>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Taking Care of Children</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complains</title>
|
|
|
- <para/>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Part 1: Colds and Fevers</title>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Part 2: Stomach Ailments</title>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Taking Temperature and Blood Pressure</title>
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|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties</title>
|
|
|
- <para/>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Part 1: Losing a Driver's license</title>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Part 2: A Motorcycle Accident</title>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Crossing into a Restricted Area</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Appendix</title>
|
|
|
- <subtitle>Unit Vocabulary Characters</subtitle>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Parts of the Body</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Medical Conditions and Illness</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Furniture and Household Items</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Parts of the House</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №10</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>xǔduō: “many; a great deal (of), lots (of)”. Xǔduō is used as a number
|
|
|
+ (it can be followed by a counter) to modify other nouns. <informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu duōshao
|
|
|
+ qián?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">How much money
|
|
|
+ is there left?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu
|
|
|
+ xǔduō.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">There's still
|
|
|
+ a lot left, or There's a lot more.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ mǎile xǔduō (zhāng) huàr.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He bought a lot of paintings.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǔduō</foreignphrase> has
|
|
|
+ several things in common with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hěn duō</foreignphrase>, in addition to similarity of meaning. Used
|
|
|
+ as modifiers in front of nouns, both <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn duō</foreignphrase> can (1) be used
|
|
|
+ alone, (2) be used with de, and (3) be followed by a counter, but not
|
|
|
+ usually -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >ge</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ rènshi xǔduō rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ rènshi hěn duō rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He knows a lot of people.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ jiànle xǔduō(de) rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ jiànle hen duō(de) rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He saw (met with) a lot of people.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìchǔli
|
|
|
+ yǒu hěn duō (jiàn) dàyī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There are a lot of overcoats in the
|
|
|
+ closet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ xiěle xǔduō (běn) shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He wrote a lot of books.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn duō</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ probably more common than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xǔduō</foreignphrase>. Some speakers feel that they do not use
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase> in
|
|
|
+ conversation; many speakers, however, do not feel any restriction about
|
|
|
+ using it in conversation.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...zhùdao nǚjiār
|
|
|
+ qu</foreignphrase>: “to go live with the wife's family” You've seen
|
|
|
+ the prepositional verb dào used after main verbs, as in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nádao lóushàng qu</foreignphrase>, “take
|
|
|
+ it upstairs”. Following verbs expressing some kind of motion, the use of
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ fairly straightforward. But in the above example from the Reference
|
|
|
+ List, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ used with a verb which is not usually thought of as expressing motion,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>, “to
|
|
|
+ live, to inhabit”. Here is another example of <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> used in a phrase
|
|
|
+ expressing motion:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
|
|
|
+ zuótiān zhùjinlaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He moved in yesterday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The verbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhàn</foreignphrase> “to stand” and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase> “to sit” can also be
|
|
|
+ used in phrases expressing motion.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
|
|
|
+ zhàndao nèibianr qu, hǎo bu
|
|
|
+ hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Would you please go stand over there.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
|
|
|
+ zuòdao qiǎnbianr qu, hǎo bu
|
|
|
+ hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Would you please go sit up front.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Due to the lack of housing, which might involve a wait of from one to
|
|
|
+ three years for newlyweds, it is not infrequent now to find the groom
|
|
|
+ join the household of his new bride. This is in contrast to former
|
|
|
+ tradition, which stated that the woman became part of the man's family,
|
|
|
+ and of course, moved into his family's house.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the past, for the groom to join the household of his new bride
|
|
|
+ carried special significance. It was called rù zhuì and might take place
|
|
|
+ when a family had only female children and the father wanted his
|
|
|
+ daughter's husband to take his last name in order to carry on the family
|
|
|
+ line.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qūbié</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “difference” When expressing the difference between two things, use
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">... gēn ... yǒu
|
|
|
+ qūbié</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
|
|
|
+ zìdiǎn gēn nèiběn yǒu hěn dàde
|
|
|
+ qūbié.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There is a big difference between this dictionary
|
|
|
+ and that one.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
|
|
|
+ xuéxiào gēn nèige xuéxiào yǒu shénme
|
|
|
+ qūbié?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is the difference between this school and
|
|
|
+ that one?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhèiliǎngge bànfǎde qūbié zài
|
|
|
+ nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is the difference between these two
|
|
|
+ methods?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú shì
|
|
|
+ ma!</foreignphrase>. : “Yes, indeed!, I'll say!”, or more literally,
|
|
|
+ “Isn't it so! <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú shì ma!
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase>is often used in northern China to indicate hearty
|
|
|
+ agreement, or to indicate that something makes perfect sense to the
|
|
|
+ speaker, something like English “Well, of course!” or “Really!”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù shǎo</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ Literally “not a little”, in other words, “quite a lot”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu bù
|
|
|
+ shǎo huà yào gēn ni shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has a lot he wants to say to you.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguo
|
|
|
+ bù shǎo rén yǒu qìchē.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>In America a lot of people have cars.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érqiě</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “furthermore, moreover”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiǎn
|
|
|
+ tiānqi bù hǎo, érqiě hǎoxiàng yào xià
|
|
|
+ xuě.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The weather is bad today, and furthermore it
|
|
|
+ looks as if it's going to snow.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ěrqiě</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ often used in the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
|
|
|
+ dan...érqiě</foreignphrase> “not only ... but also...” or “not only
|
|
|
+ ... moreover...”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhèizhěng huǎr hú dàn hǎo kàn, érqiě fēicháng
|
|
|
+ xiāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This kind of flower is not only pretty, but it's
|
|
|
+ also very fragrant.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú
|
|
|
+ dàn ài chī táng, érqiě shénme tián dōngxi dōu ài
|
|
|
+ chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I not only like to eat candy, (moreover) I like
|
|
|
+ to eat anything sweet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú
|
|
|
+ dàn xuéguo Zhōngwén, érqiě xuéde bú
|
|
|
+ cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Not only has he studied Chinese, but moreover he
|
|
|
+ has learned it quite well.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
|
|
|
+ dàn méiyou hé tā tán liàn'ài, érqiě wǒ yě bú dà
|
|
|
+ xǐhuan ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Not only am I not in love with her, moreover I
|
|
|
+ don't like her very much.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>The American exchange student and her language teacher continue their
|
|
|
+ conversation:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №12</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuāngfāng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “both sides, both parties”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhèijiàn shìqing shi Zhōngguo hé Měiguo
|
|
|
+ shuāngfāng dōu zhīdaode.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This matter is known to both America and
|
|
|
+ China.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐcǐ</foreignphrase>: “the
|
|
|
+ one and the other; each other, mutually”<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suīrán
|
|
|
+ wǒmen méiyou shuō huà, kěshi bǐcǐ dōu zhīdao, tāde
|
|
|
+ bìng méiyou bànfa le. </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Although we didn't say anything, we both knew.
|
|
|
+ There was nothing that could be done for his
|
|
|
+ illness.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōumō
|
|
|
+ hǎo!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Have a nice weekend.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǐcǐ,
|
|
|
+ bǐcǐ!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You too!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ understand; to acquaint oneself with, to try to
|
|
|
+ understand”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhèijiàn shì, wǒ bù dǒng, hái děi qù liǎojiě
|
|
|
+ yíxià.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't understand this, I have to go back and
|
|
|
+ try to understand it again.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
|
|
|
+ liǎojiě ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I understand her.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ juéde tā méiyou yíge péngyou zhēnde liǎojiě
|
|
|
+ tā.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He feels that he doesn't have a single friend who
|
|
|
+ really knows him. </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that when you want to say “to know someone” meaning “to
|
|
|
+ understand someone”, the Chinese word to use is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>, not
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènshi</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ (which simply means to have made someone's acquaintance)</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №13</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...líhūnde bú tài
|
|
|
+ duō</foreignphrase>: “There aren't many people getting divorced …;”
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Líhūnde</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “those (people) who get divorced”, is a noun phrase in which <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">líhūn</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nominalized</foreignphrase> by
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №14</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fūfù</foreignphrase>: “husband
|
|
|
+ and wife, married couple”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen fūfù
|
|
|
+ liǎngge dōu fēicháng hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Those two (that couple) are both very nice.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú zài yíge dìqū
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò</foreignphrase>: “do not work in the same region”.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge</foreignphrase>, “one”,
|
|
|
+ is frequently used to mean “one and the same”. Here are some more
|
|
|
+ examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen dōu
|
|
|
+ zài yíge xuéxiào niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>All of us go to the same school.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
|
|
|
+ liǎngge dōu shi yíge lǎoshī
|
|
|
+ jiāochulaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>They are both the product of the same
|
|
|
+ teacher.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №15</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tànqǐnjià</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “leave for visiting family”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàn
|
|
|
+ qīn</foreignphrase> means to visit one's closest relatives, usually
|
|
|
+ parents, a spouse, or children.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān tā
|
|
|
+ jiù qù Shànghǎi tàn qīn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tomorrow he's going to Shanghai to visit his
|
|
|
+ family.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №16</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒngshi</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “always, all the time”. This adverb may also occur as zǒng.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒngshi
|
|
|
+ ài qù Huáměi kāfēitīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He always loves to go to the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáměi</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ Coffeehouse.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nénggòu</foreignphrase>: “can,
|
|
|
+ to be able to”. This is a synonym of <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něng</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №17</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngguo</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ pass by or through, to go through”. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngguo</foreignphrase> can mean 1) to pass
|
|
|
+ by or through something physically, or 2) to go through an
|
|
|
+ experience.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngguo
|
|
|
+ zhèicì xuéxí yǐhòu wǒ kě qīngchu duō
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>As a result of this study, I see things a lot more
|
|
|
+ clearly.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ měitiān
|
|
|
+ xià bān huí jiāde shíhou, dōu jīngguo Bǎihuò
|
|
|
+ Dàlóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Every day on my way home from work I pass by the
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎihuò
|
|
|
+ Dàlóu</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīngguo
|
|
|
+ zhèige wūzide shíhou, nǐ méiyou kànjian wǒmen zài
|
|
|
+ lǐtou gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When you passed by this room, didn't you see us
|
|
|
+ working inside?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngdāng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “quite, pretty (good, degree of'. etc.); considerable, a considerable degree
|
|
|
+ of”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shēntǐ
|
|
|
+ xiāngdāng hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His health is quite good.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ consider; consideration”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng
|
|
|
+ kǎolǜguo le, tā háishi yīnggāi shàng
|
|
|
+ dàxué.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have already given it consideration he should still
|
|
|
+ go to college.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dànshi</foreignphrase>: “but”, a
|
|
|
+ synonym of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >kěshi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng
|
|
|
+ qùguo le, dànshi wǒ méiyou kàndao
|
|
|
+ ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I already went there, but I didn't see her.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №18</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ</foreignphrase>: “male and
|
|
|
+ female”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nānnǚde
|
|
|
+ shìqing zuì nán shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Matters between men and women are the hardest to
|
|
|
+ judge.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīngdāng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “should, ought to”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Yīngdāng</foreignphrase> is a less-frequently heard word for
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīnggāi</foreignphrase>. These
|
|
|
+ two words share in common the following meanings:<orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>“should” in the sense of obligation or duty.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zánmen shi tóngzhì, yīngdāng (or yīnggāi) bǐcǐ
|
|
|
+ bāngmáng. </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We two are comrades, we should help each
|
|
|
+ other.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>“ought to” in the sense of “it would be suitable to”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wàitou lěng, nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) duō chuān
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's cold out, you should put on some more
|
|
|
+ clothing.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>“should” in the sense of “it would be desirable to”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) shìyishi, zhēn hǎo
|
|
|
+ wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You should try this, it's fun.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>“should” in the sense of “it is expected”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shídiǎn zhōng le, tā yīnggāi </foreignphrase>(or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yīngdāng</foreignphrase>) <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài dào
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's ten o'clock, he should be here
|
|
|
+ soon.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tā xué Zhōngwén xuéle sānnián le, yīnggāi xuéde bú
|
|
|
+ cuò le.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry> He's been studying Chinese for three years, he
|
|
|
+ should be pretty good by now.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “relatively, comparatively, by comparison”. Also pronounced <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiǎo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
|
|
|
+ bǐjiào rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's hotter today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
|
|
|
+ yīfu gǎile yǐhòu, bǐjiào hǎo
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>After this article of clothing is altered, it will be
|
|
|
+ better.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
|
|
|
+ liǎngtiān tā bǐjiào shūfu yìdiǎnr, bù zěnme fā shāo
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The past couple of days he's been feeling better, he
|
|
|
+ doesn't have such a high fever any more.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>You may sometimes hear Chinese speakers use <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase> before other adverbial
|
|
|
+ expressions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
|
|
|
+ tài</foreignphrase> “not too”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bù zěnme</foreignphrase> “not so”, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú nàme</foreignphrase> “not so” or hen
|
|
|
+ “very”. Careful speakers, however, feel that <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase> should not be used in
|
|
|
+ such cases.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №19</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>: “will;
|
|
|
+ might; be likely to”. The auxiliary verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is used to express
|
|
|
+ likelihood here.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān tā
|
|
|
+ huì bu hui lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Will he come tomorrow?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù bǎ
|
|
|
+ mén guānhǎo, nǐ huì bu hui juéde tài
|
|
|
+ rè?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>If I go close the door, will you feel too
|
|
|
+ hot?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiějué</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ solve, to settle (a problem), to overcome (a difficulty)”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú yao
|
|
|
+ jí, qiǎnde wèntí yǐjīng jiějué
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Don't get anxious, the problem of money has already
|
|
|
+ been solved.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue in Washington, D. C.</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A graduate student in Chinese studies talks with an exchange student from
|
|
|
+ Peking.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...nánjia hái yào sòng xǔduō
|
|
|
+ lǐwù ma?</foreignphrase>: In traditional China, the groom's family gave
|
|
|
+ gifts to the bride's family to compensate for the loss of their daughter.
|
|
|
+ (For the loss of the daughter might also entail a substantial loss of
|
|
|
+ property and servants.) In Taiwan, it is still the man's family who in most
|
|
|
+ cases pays for the wedding arrangements. In the PRC today, these customs no
|
|
|
+ longer exist.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu
|
|
|
+ duō?</foreignphrase>: Although allowed by law with the mutual consent of
|
|
|
+ both parties, it is not easy to obtain a divorce in the PRC. With the
|
|
|
+ exceptions of one party being either politically questionable or terminally
|
|
|
+ ill, the majority of couples are asked to resolve their differences via
|
|
|
+ study and group criticism.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...yǒu yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge
|
|
|
+ dìfang gōngzuò</foreignphrase>: Many couples still have to be split up
|
|
|
+ in order for each to have work. (Jobs are arranged for and assigned by the
|
|
|
+ local government.) This is, of course, a great hardship since it is
|
|
|
+ improbable that either will be able to arrange a transfer of job to the
|
|
|
+ other's work-place. The splits are arranged in order to increase rural
|
|
|
+ population and provide labor for rural jobs. The partner left in the city,
|
|
|
+ usually the woman, can go to the countryside to join her spouse, but rural
|
|
|
+ life is so difficult that this is not likely.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...suǐràn měinián yǒu bànge
|
|
|
+ yuède tànqīnjià</foreignphrase>: There are two types of leave for
|
|
|
+ visiting one's family in the PRC. One is for unmarried children to return
|
|
|
+ home to see their parents, the other is for couples who are assigned to
|
|
|
+ different places for work. These trips are paid for by one's work unit (but
|
|
|
+ communes have no family leave provisions). If the person on leave is working
|
|
|
+ relatively near his home, he is allowed a fifteen day visit once per year
|
|
|
+ and a worker who is located relatively far from home can take a thirty day
|
|
|
+ visit once every two years.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiáojie</foreignphrase>: “daughter”. You have seen
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiáojie</foreignphrase> meaning “Miss” or ”young
|
|
|
+ lady”. Here it is used to mean “daughter”. Note, however, that it is
|
|
|
+ used only in referring to someone else's daughter, not in referring to
|
|
|
+ one's own daughter(s).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu jǐwèi
|
|
|
+ xiáojie?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How many daughters does he have?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xiáojie zhēn
|
|
|
+ piàoliang.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Your daughter is really pretty.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiáojie</foreignphrase>, meaning either “Miss” or
|
|
|
+ “daughter”, is not in current usage in the PRC.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dā xǐde rìzi</foreignphrase>: “wedding day”, literally
|
|
|
+ “big joyful day”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐ</foreignphrase> “to be glad,
|
|
|
+ joyful”, is used in several expressions having to do with weddings. The
|
|
|
+ character for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ</foreignphrase> is often used as a
|
|
|
+ decoration. For weddings, two <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ characters together are used as a decoration.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén hěn lǎoshi</foreignphrase>: “he's very honest”.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rén</foreignphrase>, “person”, can he used to refer to a
|
|
|
+ person's character. It can he used with a noun or pronoun before it, for
|
|
|
+ example <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rén hěn lǎoshi</foreignphrase>, literally “As for
|
|
|
+ him, his person is very honest”. The wording <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ rén</foreignphrase> ... is often used to talk about the way someone
|
|
|
+ truly is:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rén hěn ài bāngzhu bié
|
|
|
+ rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He (is the sort of person who) likes to help
|
|
|
+ others.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng rén hěn tèbié, shénme
|
|
|
+ shìqing dōu yào wèn yige
|
|
|
+ wèishenme.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Mr. Liú is a different sort of person, he has to ask
|
|
|
+ “why” about everything.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rén hén
|
|
|
+ kèqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He's a very polite sort of person.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase> refers to a person's mental
|
|
|
+ state of being:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hēde tài duō, rén hái yǒu diǎnr bu
|
|
|
+ qīSngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I had too much to drink and I'm still a little
|
|
|
+ foggy.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rén</foreignphrase> also sometimes refers to a person's
|
|
|
+ physical self. This meaning is mostly used in situations where a contrast is
|
|
|
+ implied, something like “And as for the person himself, ...”. For
|
|
|
+ example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yìzhí zhǐshi hé tā tōng diànhuà,
|
|
|
+ jīntiān zǎoshang, cái dìyīcì jiàn miàn, tā rén
|
|
|
+ fēicháng piàoliàng.</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>All along I had only talked to her over the phone,
|
|
|
+ but this morning I met her for the first time. She's
|
|
|
+ very beautiful.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tāmen jiéhūn bu dào yíge yuè, xiānsheng jiù dào
|
|
|
+ Jiāzhōu niàn shū qu le, rén zài Měiguo, xīn zài Tǎiwān,
|
|
|
+ shū zěnme niàndehǎo ne?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>They hadn't even been married for one month when her
|
|
|
+ husband went to California to go to school. He was in
|
|
|
+ America, but his heart was in Taiwan, how could he
|
|
|
+ possibly study well?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāowǎng</foreignphrase>: “to associate with, to have
|
|
|
+ dealings with”, often said of boyfriend-girlfriend
|
|
|
+ relationships.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hé tā méiyou shénme tèbiéde
|
|
|
+ jiāowǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There's no special relationship between him and me.
|
|
|
+ (Said by a daughter in explanation to her
|
|
|
+ mother.)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the PRC <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāowǎng</foreignphrase> is not used this way;
|
|
|
+ use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènshi</foreignphrase>, “to know (a person)” or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāo péngyou</foreignphrase>, “to make friends” instead.
|
|
|
+ In the PRC, you will hear <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāowǎng</foreignphrase> used in
|
|
|
+ phrases such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐangguo rénmínde jiāowǎng</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “the contact (association) between the peoples of these two
|
|
|
+ countries”.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №4</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánfāng</foreignphrase>: “the bridegroom's side”, a phrase
|
|
|
+ which often refers to the bridegroom himself, and sometimes refers to the
|
|
|
+ bridegroom's family, relatives, and friends collectively.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánfāng</foreignphrase>, “the bridegroom's side”, happens
|
|
|
+ to be a homonym of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánfāng</foreignphrase>, “the
|
|
|
+ South”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo rén jiéhūnde shíhou, nánfāng
|
|
|
+ dà qǐng kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When Chinese get married, the groom's family hosts a
|
|
|
+ big feast.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn yǐqiǎn nánfāng nǚfāng bǐcǐ sòng
|
|
|
+ lǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Before a marriage, the groom's side and the bride's
|
|
|
+ side give each other gifts.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>[<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚfāng</foreignphrase> means “the bride's side,” referring
|
|
|
+ either to ”the bride” herself, or to “the bride's family, relatives, and
|
|
|
+ friends collectively”.]</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shóu</foreignphrase>: “to be familiar with ...” Also
|
|
|
+ pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shú</foreignphrase>.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shóu</foreignphrase> is used with
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase> for people and with
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì</foreignphrase> for places.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hé tā hen
|
|
|
+ shóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I know him very well.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì Tǎiběi hěn
|
|
|
+ shóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She knows Taipei very well.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shóu</foreignphrase> also means “to be cooked sufficiently”
|
|
|
+ and “to be ripe”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>: You've learned this as the verb “to be
|
|
|
+ early”, now you see it used to mean “long ago”.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎo zhǐdào nǐ bù
|
|
|
+ huílai.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I knew long ago that you wouldn't come back.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎo tīngshuō
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I heard about it long ago.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
Eric Streit