FSI-Chinese-Docbook/OptionalModule-RST/FSI-OptionalModule-RST.xml

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    version="5.1">
    <title>Restaurant</title>
    <para/>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <section>
            <title>General</title>
            <para>The purpose of the Restaurant Module (RST) is to acquaint you with Chinese cuisine
                and eating customs and to provide you with the linguistic skills you need to be able
                to order food in a restaurant or to dine at home.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Specific</title>
            <para>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</para>
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Name four foods or dishes suitable as a snack or as an in-between
                        meal.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Name four dishes in Chinese you might order for dinner.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Name 5 types of meat, fish or fowl.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Translate the names of 10 Chinese dishes (either soups, main courses, or
                        desserts) into English.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>List the food which accompanies various main courses: rice, noodles,
                        pancakes, steamed bread, flower rolls.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Order a Western-style breakfast.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Order one of the "fixed meals" offered in small restaurants.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Order Mongolian Barbecue or Mongolian Hot Pot.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Discuss with a friend what to order for a snack.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask for a menu and for help in reading it. Discuss with the waiter or
                        waitress what the various dishes are. Ask for suggestions in ordering the
                        meal.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Comment on the meal: how the dishes were made, which were most pleasing,
                        and when you’ve had enough.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask for the check and ask to have the tip figured into the total.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Call to make reservations for a dinner party. Discuss the menu and cost of
                        the dinner.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>List the different types of courses which go to make up a banquet: cold
                        dishes, main courses, soups, and desserts.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Partake in a formal banquet: toasting friends, wishing them well, and
                        responding to the host's hospitality.</para>
                </listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1</title>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>


                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes</title>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase>: “to
                            eat”. The verb “to eat” is often expressed using a general object
                            compound, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī
                                fàn</foreignphrase>, instead of the simple verb <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase>. <informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chī
                                                  fàn le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                  >你吃饭了马？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Have you eaten? </entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái
                                                  méi chī fàn. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                  >我还没吃饭。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry> I haven't eaten yet.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suíbiàn</foreignphrase>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">随便</foreignphrase>: This word meaning
                            “as you please”, or more literally “following convenience”, has a
                            variety of uses.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Nǐ
                                                  suíbiàn mǎi ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                  >你随便买吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Buy what you want. </entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù
                                                  bu qu? Suí nǐde biàn ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                  >你去不去？随你的便吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Are you going? Do what you like. </entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guōtiē</foreignphrase>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">锅贴</foreignphrase>: This has been
                            translated here as “fried dumpling”, but actually a <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guōtiē</foreignphrase> differs from a
                            dumpling in several respects. We usually think of a dumpling as a solid
                            lump of leavened dough dropped in soup to cook. A <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guōtiē</foreignphrase>, however, is made
                            of thin, unleavened dough, which serves as a wrapper for a filling. This
                            filling may be Chinese cabbage, port, beef, lamb, or any combination,
                            thereof. Secondly, a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >guōtiē</foreignphrase> is not dropped in soup, but is steamed and
                            fried, so that the bottom is crisp and the top is soft. </para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāozi</foreignphrase>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">包子</foreignphrase>: This is a round
                            of steamed bread filled with salty stuffing (cabbage, pork, beef,
                            shrimp, etc.) or sweet stuffing (red bean puree, walnuts, almonds,
                            etc.). The steamed bread is made from a raised dough and forms a thick
                            bun, somewhat similar in concept to a hamburger. </para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suān là tāng</foreignphrase>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">酸辣汤</foreignphrase>: A thick spicy
                            soup made of pork, white bean curd, “red bean curd” (actually dried
                            chicken or pork blood), dried tiger lily flowers, mushrooms, bamboo
                            shoots and egg.</para>
                        <para>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngwǎn...</foreignphrase>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">两碗酸。。。</foreignphrase>: The word for
                            “bowl”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎn</foreignphrase>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">碗</foreignphrase>, is used as a
                            counter here.</para>
                        <section>
                            <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                            <para>A conversation in a small restaurant.</para>
                            <para/>
                        </section>
                        <section>
                            <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yào jige bāozi,
                                    zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase>: The toneless syllable <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ji-</foreignphrase> means “a few” or
                                “several”. It may be difficult to distinguish between <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jige</foreignphrase>. “a few”, from
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐge</foreignphrase>,
                                “how many” in rapid speech. Usually there will be other clues such
                                as intonation and context to help you distinguish them. This is
                                discussed again in Unit 3 of the Directions Module. </para>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào diǎn tài duō
                                    le.</foreignphrase>: The phrase <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yào</foreignphrase> is used to
                                mean “don't” in sentences expressing a command. You'll learn more
                                about this in the Transportation Module. The marker le for new
                                situation is used here to reinforce the idea of “excessive”.
                                Whenever a speaker says something is excessive, he is actually
                                saying that it has BECOME excessive. </para>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen diǎn dian
                                    shénme?</foreignphrase>: The first word <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diǎn</foreignphrase> is the verb “to
                                order”. The second word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >diǎn</foreignphrase> (from <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, “a little”)
                                means “some”. </para>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Èrshige guōtiē, sìge
                                    bāozi</foreignphrase>: You can tell from the amount ordered that
                                the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guōtiē</foreignphrase>
                                are more or less bite-sized, while the <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāozi</foreignphrase> are
                                larger.</para>
                        </section>
                        <section>
                            <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                            <para>A conversation between an American student and a Chinese friend in
                                front of a small restaurant.</para>
                            <para/>
                        </section>
                        <section>
                            <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >xiǎochìdiàn</foreignphrase>: This is a small place where you
                                can grab something to eat. (<foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎochī</foreignphrase> means
                                “snack”.) If you are in a city in China, you are probably not far
                                from one. A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >xiǎochīdiàn</foreignphrase> is often run by one or two people.
                                It may be arranged so that the cooking area faces the street, in
                                which case you'll probably walk through the kitchen as you head for
                                a table. Putting the kitchen at the front, facing the street, makes
                                for better ventilation and allows people on the street to see and
                                smell what is being cooked. Inside you are likely to find small
                                tables without tablecloths, and stools. There is generally no menu,
                                but some of the dishes may be written on a blackboard or on red
                                pieces of paper which are hung on the wall. Since the <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎochīdiàn</foreignphrase> is often
                                a small operation, it may only offer a few things or it may
                                specialize in serving one type of food, such as noodles or
                                dumplings. The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >xiǎo</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎochīdiàn</foreignphrase>, refers
                                not to the size of the establishment, but to the types of food
                                offered.</para>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu yǒu
                                    shénme?</foreignphrase>: The word <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> in this sentence
                                refers to the object, not the subject. In other words, the sentence
                                is translated as “What all do they have?” in this context. In
                                another conversation the same sentence might mean “What do they all
                                have?”.</para>
                            <para>This type of question with <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> expects an answer
                                with more than one item mentioned. The <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> may be thought to
                                refer to the object in the answer.<informaltable frame="none"
                                    rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                  dōu mǎi shénme le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>What all did you buy?</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  mǎile shíge bāozi, sānjīn píngguo, liùpíng
                                                  qìshuǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>I bought ten bāozi, three catties of apples,
                                                  six bottles of soda.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable></para>
                            <para>But notice that in the answer <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is NOT used even
                                though the object is plural in number or a series of items.</para>
                        </section>
                    </section>


                </section>

            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List </title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēng jiǎo</foreignphrase>:
                        These are crescent-shaped dumplings filled with cabbage and meat which are
                        steam cooked. The steaming is done by-placing the dumplings in a bamboo
                        basket, which is one layer in a stack of bamboo baskets called a
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēng lóng</foreignphrase>,
                        and then placing the whole stack over a container of boiling water.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi wo lái ...</foreignphrase>:
                        The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> here
                        means not “to come” but “to bring” since it is followed by a noun. The word
                        gěi is the prepositional verb “for”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìlóng zhēng
                            jiǎo</foreignphrase>: Steamed dumplings are sold by the basket and
                        served in the basket that they are steamed in. The word for one tier of such
                        baskets is used as a counter, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-lòng</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yìlòng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >liànglòng</foreignphrase>. etc.).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāng miàn</foreignphrase>: This
                        is the name for a class of dishes made of noodles and soup. Unlike the
                        Western idea of soup with some noodles, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāng miàn</foreignphrase> is basically
                        noodles with some soup added. Because Northern China is a wheat growing
                        area, noodles are a staple in the diet of that region. A bowl of noodles can
                        be used to make a side dish for a large meal, or, with a little soup and
                        meat added, can be a meal in itself. Noodles are commonly made in
                        six-to-ten-foot lengths in China, and are regarded as a symbol of
                        longevity.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo miàn</foreignphrase>: One
                        of the verbs translated “to fry” is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo</foreignphrase>. It is also sometimes
                        translated as “stir fry”. The Chinese language has several verbs meaning “to
                        fry”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chǎo</foreignphrase> means
                        to fry in a little oil, stirring rapidly and constantly, not unlike
                        sautéing.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niúròu miàn</foreignphrase>:
                        This dish consists of noodles in soup with pieces of beef. The word for
                        “beef” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niúròu</foreignphrase>,
                        literally “cow”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >niú</foreignphrase> and “meat”, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ròu</foreignphrase>. In the names of Chinese
                        dishes, the thing the dish is primarily composed of, in this case noodles,
                        is at the end of the phrase. Those words coming before describe the
                        additional foods with which the dish is prepared or the style in which it is
                        prepared.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎozi</foreignphrase>: A
                        crescent-shaped dumpling, made of white dough and stuffed with a mixture of
                        meat and scallions or mixed vegetables. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎozi</foreignphrase> may be served steamed,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēng jiǎo</foreignphrase> or
                        boiled, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuǐ jiǎo</foreignphrase>.
                        It is said that Marco Polo took the idea of these dumplings back to Italy
                        inspiring the creation of ravioli.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ròusī miàn</foreignphrase>: This
                        is noodles in soup with shreds of pork and vegetables. Actually, the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ròu</foreignphrase> means
                        simply “meat”, not “pork”. But the basic meat of China has always been pork,
                        and therefore <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ròu</foreignphrase>
                        on a menu refers to pork unless otherwise specified.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénmede</foreignphrase>: This
                        word, used after a series of nouns, means “and so on” or
                            “etcetera”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qìshuǐ,
                                                píjiǔ, shénmede dōu děi mǎi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We need to buy soda, beer, and so on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para>A conversation between a waiter and a customer at a small eatery.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshaoge</foreignphrase>: The
                        word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshao</foreignphrase> may
                        be used either with or without a counter.</para>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānxiān</foreignphrase>: This
                        word occurs in the names of rice dishes, noodle dishes and soups. It can be
                        roughly translated as “three delicacies”, more literally, “three fresh”. It
                        means that the dish is made with two different meats, such as chicken and
                        pork, and a seafood, such as shrimp, in addition to the vegetables.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para>A conversation at another small eatery.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>

            </section>

        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo jīdàn</foreignphrase>: This
                        is literally translated as “fried eggs”. Since <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo</foreignphrase> means “to stir fry”,
                        however, it actually refers to scrambled eggs.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎo miànbāo</foreignphrase>:
                        “Toast”. This phrase is the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kǎo</foreignphrase> “to roast” and the word for “bread”, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miànbāo</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng zài lái...</foreignphrase>:
                        Here again you see the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lái</foreignphrase> used to mean “bring”. The word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> is the adverb “again”.
                        Literally translated, this phrase means something like “Please again
                        bring...”. This is the standard way to ask someone to bring more of
                        something.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāobing</foreignphrase>: This
                        is a baked roll with layers of dough and covered with sesame seeds. It comes
                        in two shapes, one oblong and the other round like an English muffin, only
                        not as thick. It is usually eaten at breakfast.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎnggēn
                        yóutiáo</foreignphrase>: This is a long, twisted, puffy roll which is
                        deep-fried. It resembles a cruller, but it is not sweet. Literally, the name
                        means “oil stick”. It is usually eaten at breakfast, along with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòujiāng</foreignphrase> and
                        perhaps a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >shǎobing</foreignphrase>. The counter for long, thin objects, like
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóutiáo</foreignphrase> is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-gēn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòujiāng</foreignphrase>: This
                        is a liquid produced when bean curd, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòufu</foreignphrase>, is made from soybeans.
                        It is white, resembling milk, and high in protein. It may be flavored so
                        that it is sweet or salty. It is sometimes called soybean milk.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiánde/xiānde</foreignphrase>:
                        Many foods in China such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bāozi</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dòujiāng</foreignphrase> come in two sorts: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiánde</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānde</foreignphrase>. Although the Chinese
                        categorize foods as either salty or sweet, this does not mean that food
                        which is labeled “salty” is terribly salty. Sometimes the label “salty”
                        simply means “not sweet”.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                <para>A conversation at the Peking Hotel.</para>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                <para>Breakfast at the Peking Hotel: The Peking Hotel is said to have the best
                    Western style food in the city. While they serve both Western and Chinese style
                    lunches and dinners, they are not always prepared to serve certain kinds of
                    Chinese breakfast foods, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >shāobing</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >yóutiáo</foreignphrase>. If you would like to eat these typical Chinese
                    breakfast foods you should ask in advance.</para>
                <para/>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīfàn</foreignphrase>: This is
                    another breakfast food. It is a white porridge made of rice and water. In the
                    northern parts of China it is eaten along with salted pickles, ham, salted
                    vegetables, salted eggs or peanuts.</para>
                <para/>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mántou</foreignphrase>: “Steamed
                    bread”. While the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >miànbāo</foreignphrase> refers to Western style bread, <foreignphrase
                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mántou</foreignphrase> refers to a Chinese
                    version of bread, a large steamed roll made of white dough. It is heavy and
                    moist with no crust.</para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2</title>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèfàn</foreignphrase>: This refers
                    to a type of meal in which soup, a main dish, rice and tea are all served for
                    one price. Much of the meal is prepared ahead of time, which makes it quick,
                    convenient and inexpensive for the customer. It is referred to here as a “fixed
                    meal”. Other translations are “fixed dinner”, “blue plate special” and
                    “combination plate”.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kèfàn jiù yǒu yìzhǒng
                        ma?</foreignphrase>: When you ask this question, the person you are speaking
                    to might think you are asking about the different price categories that
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèfàn</foreignphrase> is available
                    in. Restaurants which offer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >kèfàn</foreignphrase> often have an inexpensive, a moderate and a
                    top-of-the-line <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèfàn</foreignphrase>
                    each day.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cài</foreignphrase>: This is the
                    word for any dish which is not soup, rice or noodles.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng</foreignphrase>: Like the word
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>, “to give”,
                    the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng</foreignphrase> can act
                    as either a full verb or a prepositional verb. As a full verb, it means “to
                    use”. As a prepositional verb, it means “with”. Here are some examples of both
                        usages.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kéyi yòng
                                            wǒde diànshàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>You can use my electric fan.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yòng kuàizi
                                            chī fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>He eats with chopsticks.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable></para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jī</foreignphrase>: While often the
                    word for a type of meat, such as “beef”, <foreignphrase
                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niúròu</foreignphrase>, contains the syllable
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ròu</foreignphrase>, “meat”, the
                    word for chicken does not.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàcì</foreignphrase>: The words for
                    “last time”, “this time” and “next time” are formed according to the same
                    principle as you've learned for other time words, like “last week” and “last
                    month”.</para>
                <para>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >shàngcì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>last time</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngge
                                            xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>last week</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngge
                                            yuè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>last month</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >zhècì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>this time</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhège
                                            xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>this week</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhège
                                            yuè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>this month</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xiàcì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>next time</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàge
                                            xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>next week</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàge
                                            yuè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>next month</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                <para>A conversation between an American woman and a Chinese friend, who are out to
                    eat on their lunch hour.</para>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà</foreignphrase>: At the beginning
                    of the sentence, nà means “then” or “well then”.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu sān-sìzhǒng</foreignphrase>:
                    “three or four kinds”. Two consecutive numbers may be used together to give the
                    idea of an approximate figure. The exception to this rule is that 10 and
                    multiples of 10 can not combine with the number coming immediately before or
                    after them. You will learn this in more detail in the Transportation
                    Module.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo. Nǐ yào yíge qīngjiāo
                        niúròu.</foreignphrase>: While at an informal meal each person at the table
                    may choose one of the dishes, everyone at a Chinese meal eats from all the
                    dishes, which are put in the center of the table.</para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                <para>A conversation in a small restaurant.</para>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo bu hǎochī?</foreignphrase>: The
                    compound <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎochī</foreignphrase>, “to
                    be tasty”, can be broken apart to form a question.</para>
                <para>Kèfàn dōu yǒu shénme yàngde cài<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >?</foreignphrase>: The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >dōu</foreignphrase> in this sentence refers to the plural subject
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèfàn</foreignphrase>, “fixed
                    dinners”.</para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiārén</foreignphrase>: This
                        word refers to small shrimp without shells.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòufu</foreignphrase>: “Bean
                        curd”. This is a soft white substance made from soybeans, with the
                        consistency of jello or custard. It has only a faint taste, but is rich in
                        protein and minerals. It is a staple found all over the Orient and may be
                        found in everyday food as well as festive foods.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú cuò</foreignphrase>: This
                        phrase is used for “not bad”, in the sense of “pretty good”, “pretty well”,
                        “all right”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié kèqi</foreignphrase>:
                        Because this phrase is one of the most basic phrases in the system of
                        Chinese customs and manner, it is difficult to translate. Here, it may be
                        translated as “Don't be formal.” or “Don't stand on ceremony.” But it should
                        be viewed in context to determine its full meaning.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎo</foreignphrase>: This is an
                        adjectival verb meaning “to be satisfied”, literally “to be full”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō chī
                            yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>: Notice the word order of this sentence. The word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> is used as
                        an adverb, and therefore precedes the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase>. The word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> is used as the object
                        of the action and therefore follows the verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài chī</foreignphrase>: The
                        word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> can be
                        used as a marker of ongoing action. You’ll learn more about this in the
                        Meeting Module.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī zài diǎn yíge
                            ba.</foreignphrase>: The word zài here means “additionally” or
                        “more”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tài duō le, Bú yào cài
                            le ba.</foreignphrase>; Here are two examples of the marker le for new
                        situations. In the first sentence it is necessary to use le to indicate that
                        the food order has now become too much. In the second sentence, it is
                        necessary to use the marker le to indicate that the meat and vegetable is
                        not wanted anymore.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para>At another small restaurant.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài lai yíge tāng,
                            zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase>: Here you see another example of the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>. meaning
                        “additionally” or “more”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng bu xiang chī dian
                            tiǎnde dōngxi?</foreignphrase>: The Chinese are not accustomed to eating
                        desserts as are some other cultures. While they have invented some rather
                        delicious desserts, these are usually served only at more formal dinners. At
                        a modest meal or in a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiǎochīdiàn</foreignphrase>, the only dessert available is probably
                        fruit.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīdao</foreignphrase>: The verb
                        “to know”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīdao</foreignphrase>
                        is a state verb and therefore can be negated, only with the syllable
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuótian
                                                bù zhīdao tā zài nār.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Yesterday I didn’t know where he was.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice also that the verb “to know, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīdao</foreignphrase>, has a neutral tone on
                        the last syllable. But when it is negated, the verb “to know” has tones on
                        all syllables,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> bù
                            zhīdào</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiàode tài duō
                            le.</foreignphrase>: “You've ordered too much.” A more literal
                        translation might be “What you’ve ordered is too much. The phrase
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiàode</foreignphrase> is a
                        modifying phrase with the modified noun (perhaps “food” or “dishes”)
                        deleted.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mápó dòufu</foreignphrase>: This
                        is a peppery hot dish made of bean curd, finely chopped beef or pork and hot
                        bean paste. This dish is typical of the Szechuan style of cooking, which is
                        noted for hot spicy dishes.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yúxiāng qiézi</foreignphrase>:
                        This name literally means “fragrant-fish eggplant”. However, there is no
                        fish used in the preparation of the dish. It is made with scallions, ginger,
                        garlic, hot bean paste, vinegar and soy sauce. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yúxiāng</foreignphrase> refers to a famous
                        Szechuan manner of preparation which was originally used to make fish
                        dishes, but was later applied to other foods, such as pork, beef, and
                        eggplant.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīdīng</foreignphrase>: Earlier
                        you saw the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jīpiān</foreignphrase>, “chicken slices”, now you see the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīdīng</foreignphrase>, which
                        means “chicken cubes” or “diced chicken. Both are commonly used in the names
                        of dishes.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngbǎo jīdīng</foreignphrase>:
                        This is a famous dish which originated in Szechuan. It is made with diced
                        chicken, bamboo shoots, scallions, red peppers, soy sauce, and
                        garlic.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiārén guōba
                            tāng</foreignphrase>: This is a shrimp and tomato soup into which
                        squares of dried crispy rice are dropped. These squares of rice bear some
                        resemblance to “rice crisps”. They are the crisp browned part of the rice
                        left at the bottom of the pot. As the crispy rice squares are poured into
                        the hot soup, a sizzling, crackling sound is given off.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">básī píngguo</foreignphrase>:
                        This is a dessert made of apple slices Which are covered with a light batter
                        and deep fried. The fried apples are then dipped in a hot mixture of
                        sugar-syrup and sesame seeds. The apples are coated much in the same way
                        taffy apples are. These hot sugar-coated apples are then dropped into a bowl
                        of ice water, which hardens the sugar syrup covering into a crisp candy
                        coating. The result is a dessert which combines a number of textures and
                        tastes. The name for this dessert is translated many ways: “spun taffy
                        apples”, “caramel apple fritters”, “pulled silk apples”. Bananas can also be
                        prepared in this way.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para>A conversation between two Chinese friends who are out to dinner in a
                        Szechwan restaurant.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para>Dinner in a Szechuan Restaurant; China has a rich and varied tradition of
                        cooking, due to the size of the country, the many different foods available,
                        and the long history of its culture. The numerous styles of cooking may be
                        grouped into the following schools: The Northern School (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīng cài</foreignphrase>), The Sichuan School
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuān Cài</foreignphrase>),
                        The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húnán</foreignphrase> School
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāng Cài</foreignphrase>),
                        The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>
                        School (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hù Cài</foreignphrase>).
                        The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fújiàn</foreignphrase> School
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǐn Cài</foreignphrase>), The
                        Canton School (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuè
                            Cài</foreignphrase>), each with its own distinct style and famous
                        dishes. It is common to find restaurants representing most of these schools
                        of cooking in many cities in China.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dāngrán hái yào yíge
                            tāng</foreignphrase>: The speaker says “Naturally we'll also want a
                        soup.” because soup is a part of every Chinese meal, from the simplest lunch
                        to the most elaborate dinner. The reason for this is that, unless toasts are
                        being drunk, the Chinese do not drink beverages along with their meal. The
                        soup, which is served at the end of the meal, is the main liquid of the
                        meal.</para>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sháor
                            (sháozi)/tiáogēng</foreignphrase>: The word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sháor</foreignphrase> is used more in Peking,
                        while <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiáogēng</foreignphrase> is
                        used in other parts of the country, too.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāndedǒng</foreignphrase>: This
                        is a compound verb of result meaning “can read and understand (it)”. Its
                        negative counterpart is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kànbudǒng</foreignphrase>, “can’t read and understand (it)”. See
                        Meeting Module. Reference Notes for Unit 1 for a discussion of compound
                        verbs of result.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiěde
                                                zì, wǒ kānbudǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can't read (understand) his writing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huánghuā Yú</foreignphrase>: The
                        Seiaena Schelegelì is translated here as “yellow fish”. It is sometimes
                        referred to in Chinese as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huáng
                            yú</foreignphrase>. In English, it is also called croaker, drum fish, or
                        China Bass. Since the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huánghuā
                            yú</foreignphrase> is a fish native to China, any American fish name
                        given to it, such as croaker, is at best only a rough equivalent.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hóngshāo Yú</foreignphrase>: The
                        “red-cooked” style of cooking involves stewing the meat, or in this case,
                        the fish, in soy sauce, sherry and water. It is called “red-cooked” because
                        of the reddish-brown color the soy sauce gives the dish.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cōngbào Niúròu</foreignphrase>:
                        Beef with Spring Onions. Literally, this means “spring onions-fried beef”.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bào</foreignphrase> is another
                        method of cooking. It is similar to <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo</foreignphrase> “sauté”, but uses less
                        oil and highest heat.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhàci Ròusī
                        Tāng</foreignphrase>: Although translated here as “Szechuan Hot Pickled
                        Cabbage,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàci</foreignphrase> is
                        properly made from mustard green roots preserved with salt and hot pepper.
                        It can be used to flavor foods or it can be eaten by itself.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǐfǎn</foreignphrase>: This word
                        refers to cooked rice. It can also refer to rice dishes, such as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo
                        fàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huājuǎr</foreignphrase>:
                        Flower-rolls are made of steamed bread, which has been shaped into layers
                        resembling petals.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suàn yíxià
                        zhàng</foreignphrase>: The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >suàn</foreignphrase> means “to figure, to calculate”. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suàn zhàng </foreignphrase>means “to figure
                        accounts”, “to calculate the bill”. Here the word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíxià</foreignphrase> follows the verb. The
                        use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíxià</foreignphrase> after
                        a verb has an effect similar to reduplicating the verb, that is it makes the
                        action more casual.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài hēibǎnshang xiězhe
                            ne</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-Zhe</foreignphrase> is the marker of DURATION of actions and states.
                        It indicates that an action or state lasted for an amount of time. The
                        marker ne, on the other hand, marks ONGOING (and therefore present) actions
                        or states. In this expression the marker <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase> tells us that at some
                        time the dishes CONTINUE in the state of being written on the blackboard,
                        and the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
                        tells us that state is GOING ON now. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Zhe</foreignphrase> is used in sentences to
                        describe activities which last over a period of time, whether that time is
                        past, present or future. A verb plus <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase> in Chinese often
                        corresponds to the “-ing” form of the verb in English.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒuzhe qù
                                                kéyi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Can you get there by walking?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                zuòzhe shuō huà, hǎo bu hao?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let's sit awhile and talk, okay?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtian
                                                wǎnshang, wǒmen shi zuòzhe chī, háishi zhànzhe
                                                chī?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tomorrow night will it be a sit-down dinner or will
                                            we eat standing up?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái
                                                bìngzhe ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is still sick.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngnóngbíng</foreignphrase>:
                        This expression is a conglomeration of the words for “worker”,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngren</foreignphrase>,
                        “farmer”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngmín</foreignphrase>,
                        and “soldier”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bìng</foreignphrase>. Notice that the first syllable (or only syllable)
                        of each is used to make this abbreviated form.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chīdelái</foreignphrase>: This
                        is a compound verb of result with the syllable -de- inserted between the
                        action verb and the ending verb. This pattern is used to express the meaning
                        “able to ____”. Usually the second verb of the compound expresses the
                        specific result of the action, but here the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> expresses only the
                        general idea of result. (The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lái</foreignphrase> in this position has been called a “dummy result
                        ending”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qù</foreignphrase> can
                        also be used this way.) Although no specific result is expressed here, the
                        pattern is still used because it expresses the idea of “can” or “able
                            to”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo cài,
                                                wǒ zuòdelúi; Zhōngguo cài, wǒ
                                                zuòbulái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can cook American food, I can't cook Chinese
                                            food.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo cài,
                                                wǒ huì zuò; Zhōngguo cài, wǒ bú huì
                                                zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can cook American food, I can't cook Chinese
                                            food.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                    <para>Three American women, who have spent the morning sightseeing, enter a
                        cafeteria in a park. It is lunchtime and there are many people. As the women
                        get in line to order, an attendant in the cafeteria comes up to them.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 1</title>
                    <para>Notice that in this situation the cafeteria attendant does not let the
                        foreigners stand in line for their food. Instead he waits on them getting
                        them special food when possible. The Chinese feel that foreigners are their
                        guests and should be treated accordingly.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù dōu
                            kàndedǒng</foreignphrase>: Notice that the American woman chooses a
                        rather indirect way of letting the Chinese attendant know that she cannot
                        read. In the lines following, the attendant answers back simply suggesting
                        some of the more tasty dishes, a courteous and face-saving response.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì yòng, kěshi yòngde bú tài
                            hǎo</foreignphrase>: This is another courteous response. Here the
                        American lets it be known that they can handle chopsticks, but does so
                        modestly.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chīdelái ba?</foreignphrase>:
                        Literally, “Was it edible?” or “Could you eat it?”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>Three friends enter a restaurant in downtown Taipei at lunchtime. A waiter
                        comes up to them.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen gāng cóng Mèiguo
                            lái</foreignphrase>: In this sentence and the ones which follow the
                        American modestly explains their situation and then asks for help. The
                        waiter replies in a friendly and polite manner.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒumíng</foreignphrase>: “To be
                        famous”, literally, “to have a name”, is always negated with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kǎo Yángròu</foreignphrase>:
                        This is Mongolian Barbecued Lamb. It is thin slices of lamb dipped in a
                        sauce of soy sauce, scallions, Chinese parsley, sugar, and sherry, and other
                        condiments you can mix to your own taste, then grilled quickly over high
                        heat. This meal is prepared at specialty restaurants which usually serve
                        little else.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuàn Yángròu</foreignphrase>:
                        This meal requires that a pot with a source of heat beneath it
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huǒguō</foreignphrase>,
                        literally “fire pot”) be placed in the middle of the table. Usually the pot
                        is shaped in a ring with a chimney containing the heat source in the center.
                        Each guest cooks his meat and vegetables in the boiling water of the fire
                        pot, often with four or five people simultaneously keeping track of their
                        food as it is cooking. After his meat is cooked he then dips it into various
                        sauces and eats it. By the end of the meal, the water in the pot has become
                        a highly flavored soup. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Fěnsī</foreignphrase> (see below) and vegetables are then dropped into
                        it, and it is eaten.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chúle...yǐwài</foreignphrase>:
                        This pattern is used to express the idea “except for...”, “besides...”, or
                        “aside from...”. The second part, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǐwài</foreignphrase>, is sometimes omitted.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chúle
                                                mǎi yìběn shū, hái yào mǎi yìběn
                                                zázhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In addition to buying one book, I also want to buy
                                            one magazine.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fěnsī</foreignphrase>: These are
                        called “cellophane noodles” because their appearance is clear and
                        glass-like. They are made from pea-starch and are sometimes called
                        pea-starch noodles.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuóliào</foreignphrase>: This
                        refers to various sauces used to dip the lamb in, and therefore translates
                        as “condiment”. In other contexts, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zuóliào</foreignphrase> can mean “ingredient”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuōde wǒ dōu è
                            le</foreignphrase>: Here you see a verb, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō</foreignphrase>, the syllable de, and
                        the result of the action of talking (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ dōu è le.</foreignphrase>) A literal
                        translation of the expression might be “Talk to (the point that) I'm already
                        hungry.” The marker de carries the meaning “to the point of”, “to the extent
                        that” in this expression.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāng cài</foreignphrase>: A
                        coarse, leafy, strong tasting type of parsley.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para>This conversation takes place in late spring in Peking. A foreign student
                        talks with a few of his Chinese classmates.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>This conversation takes place in winter in Taipei. A foreign student and
                        some of his Chinese classmates are in a northern Chinese restaurant, waiting
                        for the food to come.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běifāng cài</foreignphrase>: The
                        syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-fāng</foreignphrase>
                        means “place” or “region”. It is added to direction words to form the name
                        of a place. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běifāng
                            cài</foreignphrase> refers to Northern Chinese cuisine. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánfāng cài</foreignphrase> refers to cuisine
                        south of the Yangtze river, including the Shanghai school of cooking and the
                        Cantonese school of cooking. </para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes in Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">báobǐng</foreignphrase>: These
                        are thin, wheat cakes, usually rolled out and cooked in pairs that are
                        separated before use. They resemble thin, French crepes in appearance. They
                        are eaten with dishes instead of rice.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mùxu Ròu</foreignphrase>: This
                        is a pork dish cooked with egg. It is eaten with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">báobǐng</foreignphrase>. A spoonful of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mùxu Ròu</foreignphrase> is
                        placed in the middle of a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >báobǐng</foreignphrase>. Then it is rolled up and eaten.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sùcài</foreignphrase>: This is a
                        vegetable dish made with no meat sauces or flavorings at all, and is
                        therefore correctly called a vegetarian vegetable dish. Although
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sùcài</foreignphrase> are made
                        without the use of meat sauces or meat flavorings, they are often artfully
                        seasoned and formed in such a way that they resemble meat very
                        closely.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāng</foreignphrase>: This is
                        the adjectival verb “to be fragrant”. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhège sùcài hěn xiāng.</foreignphrase>, could
                        also be translated as “This vegetarian vegetable dish has a good aroma”. The
                        verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāng</foreignphrase> is
                        often used when talking about food to refer to dishes with garlic or
                        ginger.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>Miss Wang invites an American couple, Mr. and Mrs. White to her apartment
                        for dinner. They are just sitting down to dinner.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4</title>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìng yìzhuō xí</foreignphrase>;
                        “To arrange a formal dinner”, more literally “to make arrangements for a one
                        table banquet”. The counter for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xí</foreignphrase>, “a feast or banquet”, is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhuō</foreignphrase>, “table”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshao qiánde
                            biāozhǔn</foreignphrase>: “What price level”. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Biāozhún</foreignphrase> literally means
                        “standard”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duōshao qiánde
                            biāozhǔn</foreignphrase> could also be translated more literally as “a
                        standard costing how much”, where <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >duōshao qián</foreignphrase> “how much does it cost?” modifies
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biāozhǔn</foreignphrase>,
                        “standard'.” You will also hear <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >duōshao qián biāozhǔnde</foreignphrase>, with the marker de placed at
                        the end of the phrase. In this case the whole phrase “what price level”
                        modifies the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiǔxí</foreignphrase>, “banquet”, which has been left out of the
                        sentence because it is understood.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kè</foreignphrase>: This word
                        for guest is interchangeable with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kèren</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōbàn</foreignphrase>: “Most
                        of...”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duōbàn</foreignphrase> is
                        a noun and is used in the subject position.</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                duōbàn dōu bú qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Most of them are not going.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duōbàn shi
                                                niàn Zhōngwén ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Most of them are studying Chinese.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng wǒmen
                            pěi...</foreignphrase>: “Have us select...”, or more literally “allow us
                        to select...”. The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >pěi</foreignphrase> means “to match”. Dishes are matched to make a
                        formal menu in Chinese.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lěngpán</foreignphrase>: “Cold
                        dishes” or appetizers start off the menu in a formal Chinese dinner. Four
                        cold dishes followed by six to eight main courses, a soup and a dessert is
                        one type of menu arrangement used for formal dinners. Four cold dishes, four
                        sautéed dishes and four main dishes, soup and dessert in another type of
                        formal menu.</para>
                    <para>Cold dishes are usually prepared so as to be pleasing to the eye as well
                        as the palate. Cold cooked meats and vegetables are arranged in colorful
                        designs.</para>
                    <para>jiǔ: Literally, this means “liquor”. It is a term referring to any kind of
                        alcoholic beverage from light beers and wine to hard liquor.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Éméi Cāntīng</foreignphrase>:
                        This is the name of a restaurant offering Szechuan style cuisine.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Omei</foreignphrase>
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Émái</foreignphrase>) is the
                        name of a mountain range running through Szechuan.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para>A conversation on the telephone.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes following Dialogue 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yào duōshao qián
                            biāozhǔnde?</foreignphrase>: In restaurants in Peking, dinners for a
                        group of people can be arranged on a price per person basis. The restaurants
                        often have several standard priced menus to choose from.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge dà lěngpán</foreignphrase>:
                        One large cold platter instead of several smaller cold dishes may be used in
                        making up the menu for a dinner. One large cold platter, eight main courses,
                        a soup and a dessert is another type of menu for a dinner.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>12.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hóngshāo
                                                Yúchì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Red-cooked Shark's Fin</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>13.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāngsū
                                                Yā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Fragrant Crispy Duck</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>14.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gānshāo
                                                Míngxiā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Dry-cooked Jumbo Shrimp Szechuan Style</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>15.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùguì
                                                Jī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Beggar's Chicken</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>16.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tángcù
                                                Yú</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Sweet and Sour Fish</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>17.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mìzhī
                                                Huǒtuǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Ham in Honey Sauce</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>18.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōnggua
                                                Zhōng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Winter Melon Soup served in the Carved Melon
                                            Shell</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>19.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bābǎo
                                                Fàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Eight Jewel Rice</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>20.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìngrén
                                                Dòufu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Almond Pudding</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Vocabulary №12-20</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hóngshāo Yúchì</foreignphrase>:
                        Shark’s Fin is considered a delicacy by the Chinese because it is rare,
                        nutritious and has a smooth, chewy texture when cooked. Some people think
                        that it is best prepared in the red-cooked style.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāngsū Yā</foreignphrase>:
                        Fragrant Crispy Duck is marinated and steamed with onions, wine, ginger,
                        pepper and anise, then deep fried quickly for a crispy result. This method
                        of preparing duck is an example of southern style cooking.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùguì Jī</foreignphrase>:
                        “Beggar’s Chicken” is a whole chicken wrapped in wet clay, then roasted
                        until very tender. It is said that this method of preparation was first used
                        by beggars. Originally this dish was called <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎohua Jī</foreignphrase>, literally
                        “Beggar's Chicken”; but as the dish became popular among the upper class,
                        the name changed to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùguì
                            Jī</foreignphrase>, literally “Riches and Honor Chicken”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōnggua Zhōng</foreignphrase>:
                        Winter melon, mushrooms, and ham go into this soup. On festive occasions the
                        melon shell is carved with decorations, such as dragons, and used as a bowl
                        for serving the soup. This is a Cantonese specialty.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìngrěn Dòufu</foreignphrase>:
                        This is translated here as “Almond Pudding”. Because <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìngrén Dòufu</foreignphrase>, with its light
                        consistency, is somewhere between a pudding and a gelatin, “Almond Gelatin”
                        would also be a fitting translation of the name.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bābǎo Fàn</foreignphrase>:
                        “Eight Jewel Rice”. This is sweet sticky rice (nòmǐ) with preserved fruits.
                        The rice is shaped into a mound and decorated with some of the preserved
                        fruit.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>An American woman calls a restaurant in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>

            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔkè</foreignphrase>: At a
                        Chinese banquet the guest of honor sits farthest away from the door, the
                        inner-most place in the room. The host sits nearest the door, on the serving
                        side of the table.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié jǐn gěi wo jiǎn
                            cài</foreignphrase>: This expression is often used at dinner parties. It
                        is good hospitality for the host or hostess to serve the guests individually
                        from time to time, picking out tender morsels for them. Fellow guests may
                        also do this for the guest of honor.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gān yìbēi</foreignphrase>: Drink
                        a glass”, literally “dry a glass” (meaning “o make the glass dry by emptying
                        it”). Since wine cups are small, the usual toast is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gān bēi!</foreignphrase>. “Bottoms up!” For
                        people who don't like to drink too much, the phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suíyì</foreignphrase>, “As you like”, will
                        serve as a reply indicating that the whole cup need not be emptied. See the
                        note on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suíyì</foreignphrase>
                        below.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuì jī</foreignphrase>: “Drunken
                        Chicken”. The name of this dish comes from the way in which it is prepared.
                        The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuì</foreignphrase> “to
                        get drunk”, refers to the fact that the chicken is marinated in wine at
                        least over-night. This dish originates with the Shanghai school of cooking.
                        It is served cold.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú huì hē jiǔ. Dàjiā dōu
                            suíyì ba.</foreignphrase>: Chinese drinking etiquette requires that if
                        someone doesn’t want to participate in the full range of drinking
                        activities, he should so indicate early on.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes following Part 2 Dialogue</title>
                    <para>Most of the entertaining at a Chinese dinner party takes place at the
                        dinner table, although there is some tea drinking and chatting both before
                        and after the meal in other rooms. The dinner is served at a leisurely pace
                        so that each dish may be savored and talked about. A good dish is
                        appreciated for its appearance as much as its taste, texture and aroma. As
                        each dish is eaten, toasts will be made. The host will start off by toasting
                        the guest of honor and then other guests as a group. As the evening
                        progresses he will toast each guest in turn and each guest will probably
                        propose a toast of his own in honor of the host. A strongly flavored liquor
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāoliang
                        jiǔ</foreignphrase>). a milder rice wine (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huáng jiǔ</foreignphrase>). or beer may be
                        served. Guests usually drink only when toasting. If you'd like to take a
                        drink of something you either propose a toast or catch someone's eye and
                        silently toast each other.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmār chī:</foreignphrase> In
                        sentences expressing commands or requests, an adjectival verb describing
                        manner precedes the main verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài yìdiǎr
                                                kāi!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Drive a little faster!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài
                                                lái!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Come here quickly!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In the sentence, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmār
                            chī</foreignphrase>, the adjectival verb coming before the main verb,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màn</foreignphrase>, is
                        reduplicated with the second syllable changing to a high tone. This also
                        happens in a few other instances.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuàikuārde
                                                chī!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Quickly eat!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎohāode
                                                zuò!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do it well!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìng</foreignphrase>: This is
                        the verb “to offer (something) respectfully”. It is used here ceremonially
                        in the phrase “offer her a glass” meaning “to toast her”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎnqilai</foreignphrase>: This
                        compound verb is made of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >juǎn</foreignphrase>. “to roll”, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐ</foreignphrase>, “to rise, go or come up”,
                        and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> “to come”.
                        Both Peking Duck and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mùxu
                            Ròu</foreignphrase> are eaten rolled up in pancakes.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xūn Jī</foreignphrase>: For this
                        dish, chicken is smoked in a vapor from burning tea leaves. This example of
                        Peking cuisine is served as a cold dish or a hot dish.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhá Xiāqiú</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhá</foreignphrase> is the
                        verb “to deep fry”. This is a Shanghai dish of shredded shrimp shaped into
                        balls and then deep fried.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàng</foreignphrase>: “Paste”.
                        The paste which is eaten with Peking Duck is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiánmiànjiàng</foreignphrase>. “sweet bean
                        paste”.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 3</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zìjī lái</foreignphrase>:
                        This is a polite way for a guest to respond when the host has been serving
                        him specially.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià yícì wǒmen kéyi zài lái
                            zhèli chī Kǎo Yā.</foreignphrase>: The use of the phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià yícì</foreignphrase> makes it sound as if
                        they are making definite plans about the next time they come to eat here,
                        when in fact they are Just talking generally about some future time. In
                        English, we use “sometime” rather than “next time”, as in “We'll have to get
                        together again sometime.”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Foods</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
</chapter>