FSI-Chinese-Docbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD8-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD8-Textbook.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    version="5.0">
    <title>Module 8: Travelling in China</title>
    <para>Student Textbook</para>
    <section>
        <title>Preface</title>
        <para>FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 08 TVL - Student Text and Workbook</para>
        <para>Foreign Service Institute</para>
        <para>CM 0310 S</para>
        <para>STANDARD CHINESE A Modular Approach</para>
        <para>MODULE 8: TRAVELING IN CHINA STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK</para>
        <para>SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS</para>
        <para>This publication is to be used primarily in support of training military personnel as
            part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning
            the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:</para>
        <para>Defense Language Institute</para>
        <para>Foreign Language Center</para>
        <para>Nonresident Instruction Division Presidio of Monterey, CA 93940</para>
        <para>Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be
            considered as controversial from some points of view are sometimes included in language
            training for DLIFLC students, since military personnel may find themselves in positions
            where clear understanding of conversations or written material of this nature will be
            essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements—whether real or
            apparent—in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the
            writers, of the Defense Language Institute, or of the Department of Defense.</para>
        <para>In DLIFLC publications, the words ”he,” “him,” and “his” denote both masculine and
            feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language
            texts.</para>
        <para>DRAFT EDITION</para>
        <para>JULY 1982</para>
        <section>
            <title>Maps of Chinese languages</title>
            <para><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                        <imagedata
                            fileref="Images/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-1.png"
                        />
                    </imageobject>
                </inlinemediaobject><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                        <imagedata
                            fileref="Images/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-2.png"
                        />
                    </imageobject>
                </inlinemediaobject></para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section>
        <title>Unit 1</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para>Asking how to address someone: If you are not sure how to address someone,
                        it is usually acceptable to ask the person himself. Most Chinese recognize
                        that they have a complicated system of terms of address, and are happy to
                        answer such questions. </para>
                    <para>chenghu: “to address” or “form of address”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài gàosu
                                                wo, wǒ gāi zěnme chēnghu nǐde fùmǔ
                                                ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Quick tell me: how should I address your
                                            parents?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng “Xiǎo
                                                Wáng,” “Lǎo Zāng” zhèizǒng chēnghu xiànzài hěn
                                                liúxíng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Forms of
                                                address like “Xiǎo Wáng” and “Lǎo Zhāng” are now
                                                very common.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">… hǎo ne?</foreignphrase>: “Would
                        it be best to . . . ?” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zěnme
                            chēnghu nín</foreignphrase> acts as the subject of the verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>. Here is a
                            diagram:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zěnme
                                                chēnghu nín</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>hǎo ne?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>[For] us to address you how</entry>
                                        <entry> [would] be good?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">“How would it be best for us
                                            to address you?”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>For sentences with a similar structure, compare 2A and 8A below. Here sure
                        three further examples: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme zuò
                                                hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What should I do?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme chī
                                                hǎo ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How should it be cooked (lit., “eaten”)? </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēn bù
                                                zhīdào gàosu ta hǎo ne, háishi bú. gàosu ta
                                                hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I really don't know whether I should tell him or
                                            not. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cānguān</foreignphrase>,
                        literally, “enter-look,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fǎngwèn</foreignphrase>. literally, “visit-interview,” are both
                        sometimes translated as “to visit,” but there an important difference in
                        their meaning: you <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >cānguān</foreignphrase> a place (like a museum), but you <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎngwèn</foreignphrase> people. Thus,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānguān</foreignphrase> is
                        translated as “visit and observe,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎngwèn</foreignphrase> as ”visit and talk
                        with.” By extension, you can also <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fǎngwèn</foreignphrase> a place, but this implies a formal visit to a
                        country or visits to factories or offices where the visitors have a chance
                        to talk with the responsible people and workers. In addition, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎngwèn</foreignphrase> also sometimes
                        translates the English verb “to interview.” Examples:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
                                                xǐhuan cānguān zhèiyangde dìfang, wǒ xiāng cānguān
                                                gòngchāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I don’t like to visit this kind of place. I want to
                                            visit a factory. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duìbuqǐ
                                                xiānsheng, zhèli shi jūnshì dìqǔ, bù kéyi
                                                cānguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm sorry, sir. This is a military zone; sightseeing
                                            is not permitted.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián wǒ
                                                zài Zhōngguó fǎngwènle liǎngge gànbu
                                                jiātíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Last year in China I visited tvo cadres’
                                            families.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zài
                                                liǎngge xīngqīlǐ, tāmen fǎngvènle liùge
                                                chéngshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> They visited six cities in two weeks. (Implies that
                                            they talked with city officials.) </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè zhēn
                                                shi yícì yǒu yìside fǎngwèn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This was really an interesting visit. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān
                                                tāmen qù fǎngwènle yíwèi yǒu míngde Zhōngguó
                                                xuézhě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Yesterday they vent to interview a famous Chinese
                                            scholar.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para>The structure of sentence 2A, which is similar to that of 1A, can
                        be</para>
                    <para>diagrammed this way:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
                                                shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">,</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme
                                                ānpái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiǎo
                                                hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>[As for] this matter</entry>
                                        <entry>how arrange</entry>
                                        <entry> [would be] comparatively better?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ānpái</foreignphrase>: “to
                        arrange,” “to set up”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zongshi
                                                bǎ shíjiān ānpáide hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He always arranges his time well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiān bǎ
                                                zhuōzi ānpaihǎo, kèren kuài lái
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>First arrange the tables; the guests will be here
                                            soon.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā Sānyuè
                                                yǐqián jiu bú zài zhèr, bèi ānpái dào biéde dìfang
                                                qu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He had left here even before March, having been
                                            assigned to another location.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiǎo</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase>: </para>
                    <para>
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“Comparatively,” “relatively,” “more” is the meaning in
                                    sentence 2A. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >bǐjiǎo</foreignphrase> also has the following
                                    meanings:</para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para> “to compare”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Yàoshi bījiào zhè li&amp;ngge chéng-shì, w8
                                                  háishi xīhuan Hāngzhōu.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>If you compare these two cities, I prefer
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Hángzhòu</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒmen kéyi bǐjiǎo yixià shéi zuòde
                                                  hǎo.</foreignphrase></para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>We can compare who did it better. </entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para> “fairly,” “rather” <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Jīntiān bǐjiào lěng, duō chuān diǎnr
                                                  yīfú.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry> It’s rather cold today, put on some
                                                  clothing.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>
                    <para>Context will often tell you whether <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiǎo</foreignphrase> as an adverb implies a
                        comparison (in which case it should be translated as “comparatively,”
                        “relatively,” or (in which case it should be translated “more”) or does not
                        imply a comparison as “rather” or “fairly”).<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                bǐjiǎo ài jiǎng huàde rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is a rather talkative person.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
                                                liǎngge bànfa, něige bǐjiǎo yǒu
                                                xiào?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Of these two methods, which is more
                                            effective?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìèrge
                                                bànfa bǐjiǎo yǒu xiào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The second is more effective.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng zhèr
                                                dào chéngli qù, zuò dìtiě bǐjiǎo kùài
                                                yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>To go into the city from here, it’s somewhat faster
                                            by subway.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi
                            fāngmian</foreignphrase>: Literally, “the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghái</foreignphrase> side,” meaning the
                        concerned party in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shànghái</foreignphrase>. In this sentence, the best English
                        translation is simply “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shànghái</foreignphrase>.” For more examples of this use of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngmian</foreignphrase>, see
                        the Society module, Unit 1, Notes on No. 8.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánxì</foreignphrase>: “to
                        contact,” “to get in touch with,” or as a noun, “connection,” “ties.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánxì</foreignphrase> can be
                        between individual people, groups, or phenomena:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                yǐjīng yǒu liǎngsānniān meíyǒu liānxì le, bù zhīdào
                                                tā zuìjìn zěnmeyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We haven’t been in touch for two or three years. I
                                            wonder how he has been lately.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
                                                liǎngge wèntí méiyou shenme
                                            liánxì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There's no connection between these two
                                            questions.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
                                                nián lái, Zhōng-Měi liǎngguóde liánxì yuè lái yuè
                                                guǎng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In the past few years, ties between China and the
                                            U.S. have been getting broader and broader.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánxì yíxià</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíxià</foreignphrase> here is
                        used the same way as in a sentence you learned in the Meeting module, Unit
                        8: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tì nǐ zhuǎngào
                            yíxià</foreignphrase>, “I will pass on the message for you.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíxià</foreignphrase> means
                        “one time,” and simply adds a casual feeling, similar to the effect of
                        reduplicating a verb. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yíxià</foreignphrase> here is not translated as “a while” or “a little
                        bit.”) Reduplicating the verb has about the same meaning: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánxì lianxi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děng , . zài
                            shuō</foreignphrase> literally means “Wait until ... and then talk about
                        it?” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài shuō</foreignphrase> is
                        often better translated as “see about it” or “deal with it.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děng</foreignphrase> can sometimes be
                        translated simply as “when.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān
                                                zài shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We’ll see about that tomorrow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děng tā
                                                láile zài shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We’ll see about that when he gets here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen xiān
                                                shìshi kàn zài shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let’s try it out first and then see about it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: “zone,”
                        “area,” “belt” The original meaning of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase> is a belt or band, as in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pídài</foreignphrase>,
                        “leather belt,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lùyīndài</foreignphrase>, “recording tape,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiédài</foreignphrase>. “shoelaces.” It is
                        easy to see why it has also come to mean “belt” in a geographical sense, and
                        by extension, “zone” or “area.” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Dài</foreignphrase> is used in such words as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rèdài</foreignphrase> (literally “hot-zone”)
                        “the tropics,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dìdài</foreignphrase>. “zone,” “region.” It is also used in the common
                        phrases <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi
                        yídài</foreignphrase>, “this area,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánhǎi yídài</foreignphrase>, “coastal
                        region” (you will learn <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yánhǎi</foreignphrase> in Unit 5 of this module).<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yídài
                                                wǎnshang hěn wēixiǎn. Nǐ yíge rén chūqu děi xiǎoxīn
                                                diǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This area is dangerous at night. You’d better be
                                            careful if you go out alone.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>You can use names of regions in the pattern ... <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídài</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīng nǐ
                                                shuō huà, nǐ dàgài shi Shǎnběi yídài
                                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>From the way you speak, I'd guess you’re from the
                                            area of northern <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shǎnxī</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngyán</foreignphrase>:
                        “dialect” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>-,
                        as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìfāng</foreignphrase>.
                        “place,” here means “local.” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yán</foreignphrase> forms part of the word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǔyán</foreignphrase>, “language,” which is
                        presented in sentence 9B.) In linguistics, the word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngyán</foreignphrase> is used as we use the
                        word “dialect.” In common Chinese usage, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngyán</foreignphrase> also refers to the
                        various Chinese languages (such as Cantonese) which are not intelligible to
                        a speaker of Standard Chinese. See also the note on <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase> under Number
                        5.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>: As a
                        state verb, “to understand,” “to grasp,” “to comprehend,” and as an action
                        verb, “to find out,” “to acquaint oneself with.” As a state verb, it can be
                        used in the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì . . .
                            liǎojiě</foreignphrase> (see the fourth and fifth examples
                        below).</para>
                    <para>
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>As a state verb<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ bù liǎojiě qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>You don’t understand the situation.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā hěn liǎojiě nàlide
                                                  qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He understands the situation there quite
                                                  well.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tāde guòqù, wǒ liǎojiěde fēicháng
                                                  qìngchú.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I am very familiar with his past
                                                  history.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ duì tā hái bù liǎojiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>You still don’t understand him.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Duì Zhōngguó lìshì wǒ liǎojiě bú
                                                  gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I don't know enough about Chinese
                                                  history.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>As an action verb<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Ni dào nàr qù yǐqián zuì hǎo liǎojiě yíxià nàrde
                                                  fēngsú.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Before you go there, you would do well to
                                                  acquaint yourself with the (local)
                                                  customs.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ xiāng liǎojiě liǎojiě rénmín shēnghuōde
                                                  qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I would like to find out about the (daily)
                                                  life of the people.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                                <para>When the word ”know’’ means to understand a person, it must be
                                    translated into Chinese as liǎojiě:<informaltable frame="none"
                                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā àiren zuì liǎojiě ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>His wife knows him best, (or “Her husband
                                                  …”</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                    </para>
                    <para>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rènshi tā</foreignphrase>
                        simply means “to be acquainted with him,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhìdao tā</foreignphrase> means “to know of
                        him.”)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tánbudào</foreignphrase>:
                        “cannot speak of ...” A polite response to flattering comments. After
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tánbudào</foreignphrase>, you
                        usually repeat the words of the first speaker, e.g.,<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duì
                                                Měiguō wénhuà hěn liǎojiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You understand American culture very well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tánbudào
                                                liǎojiě, wǒ zhǐ shi duì zhèifāngmiàn hěn yǒu
                                                xìngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s kind of you to say so (“One cannot speak of
                                            understanding it”), but I’m just very interested in
                                            it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyóu</foreignphrase>:
                        “petroleum,” “oil” (literally, “rock-oil,” which, incidentally, is also the
                        meaning of the English word “petroleum ) Examples: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyóu gōngyè</foreignphrase>. “the oil
                        industry”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyóu
                            huàxué</foreignphrase>, “petrochemistry.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàbùfen</foreignphrase>: “the
                        most part,” “for the most part,” “mostly.” The stress in this word is on the
                        syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà</foreignphrase>-, and
                        in conversation, the middle syllable, -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase>-, is often neutral tone
                        (you may even hear what sounds like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàbfen</foreignphrase>, with the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">u</foreignphrase> sound
                        missing).</para>
                    <para>Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàbùfen</foreignphrase> to
                        modify a verb or a noun:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguō rén
                                                dàbùfen dōu yǒu , zìjǐde
                                            chē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">Most Americans have
                                            their own car.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàbùfen
                                                Měiguō rén dōu yǒu zìjǐde
                                            chē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì ba?</foreignphrase>: “isn’t
                        that correct?” “isn't that so?” You have already learned to ask for the
                        listener’s confirmation by using <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì bu shì?</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì ma?</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì bu duì?</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì ma?</foreignphrase> at the end of a
                        sentence. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì ba?</foreignphrase>
                        and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì ba?</foreignphrase> are
                        also used in the same sentence position to ask for confirmation, but because
                        of the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ba</foreignphrase>,
                        they imply that the speaker is fairly sure that his information is
                        correct.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quánbù</foreignphrase>:
                        “entire,” “whole,” ”all”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē shū
                                                wǒ quánbù dōu kànguo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ve read all of these books.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde qián
                                                quánbù yōòg zài 1ǚxíngshang
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His money was all used up by the trip, (“used on the
                                            trip”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gěi wǒde
                                                gōngzuò, wǒ hái méi quánbù zuòwán
                                                ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I haven't finished all of the work he gave me
                                            yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuōde
                                                huà quánbù méi yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Everything he said is nonsense (worthless,
                                            useless).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bù
                                                zhīdào tāde quánbù qíngkuàng zěnme néng hé ta
                                                jiēhǔn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How can you marry him without knowing his whole
                                            situation?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bēifāng</foreignphrase>, “the
                        north” of a country, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nánfāng</foreignphrase>. “the south” of a country: When used with
                        reference to China, these terms usually mean the area north of the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng Hé</foreignphrase>
                        (Yellow River) and the area south of the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chángjiāng</foreignphrase> (Yangtze River),
                        respectively. The area between the rivers is usually considered central
                            China.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Béifāng rén xǐhuan chī miànshí, nánfāng rén xǐhuan
                                            chī mǐfàn.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Northerners like to eat foods made from wheat, and
                                            southerners like to eat rice.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                Zhōngguó huà yǒu nánfāng
                                            kǒuyīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His Chinese has a southern accent, </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>: ”the
                        common speech,” the usual designation in the PRC for what we have called in
                        this course ”Standard Chinese.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase> is officially defined as consisting of the
                        sound system of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase> speech, the vocabulary and idiom of northern
                        speech, and the grammar of exemplary modem vernacular writings. </para>
                    <para>It would be inaccurate to equate <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase> with either <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běifāng huà</foreignphrase> (“northern
                        speech”) or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng
                            huà</foreignphrase> (“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase> speech”), because <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase> has absorbed many
                        elements from other dialects, contributing to its richness. Conversely, such
                        things as purely regional expressions (including those of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> itself) and
                        non-standard pronunciations are not considered <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>. </para>
                    <para>Before the PRC, the term <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase> already existed, but referred to the
                        approximations of Mandarin spoken by the common people of northern China.
                        (In Taiwan, the term <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guóyǔ</foreignphrase>. “the national language,” is used for the
                        officially promoted standard language.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù zhǐ shi běifāng
                            rén</foreignphrase>: “not Just northerners” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù zhǐ shi</foreignphrase>, “not only,” can
                        be followed by a noun, verb, or clause. Sometimes you may hear
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú jiù shi</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú dàn shi</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù guāng shi</foreignphrase>,
                        or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù jǐn shi
                        </foreignphrase>(which you will learn in the Life in China module), with the
                        same meaning. The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shi</foreignphrase> is necessary before a noun but may be omitted
                        before a verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                bàngōngshì bù zhǐ (shi) yǒu Méiguo rén, hái yǒu jǐge
                                                Zhōngguó rén bāng wǒmen gōngzuò.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> In our office, there are not only Americans, but
                                            also some Chinese who help us.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēnzhèn</foreignphrase>,
                        formerly known by its Cantonese pronunciation, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shumchun</foreignphrase>, is the border stop
                        on the railroad from Hong Kong to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase> (Canton).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lí jìng</foreignphrase>: “leave
                        a country,” literally, “leave-boundary” You can also say <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chū jìng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐwéi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        mistakenly think” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xiǎng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >rènwéi</foreignphrase>, which you will learn in the next unit, both
                        mean “to think that ...” Yīwéi adds the meaning that the subject's
                        impression was wrong.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yǐwéi wǒ
                                                bù zhīdào?! Wǒ zǎo Jiu tīngshuō
                                            le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You thought I didn't know?! I heard about it a long
                                            time ago!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐwéi wǒ
                                                yíge rén kéyi nádedòng, shéi zhīdào nàme
                                                zhòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I thought I could carry it by myself; who would have
                                            thought It was so heavy?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái yǐwéi</foreignphrase>: “I
                        thought (mistakenly)” You have learned <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> as “still” and as “also,
                        additionally.” This <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hái</foreignphrase> has a different meaning and is not translated. It
                        emphasizes that the subject was under a wrong impression.</para>
                    <para>This meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hái</foreignphrase> is most clearly seen with the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái xiǎng</foreignphrase> means “I
                        mistakenly thought,” whereas <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                            xiǎng</foreignphrase> does not specify whether the judgment was right or
                            wrong.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, shì nǐ
                                                ya! Wǒ hái xiǎng (OR yǐwéi) shi biérén
                                                ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Oh, it's you! I thought It was someone else.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                tīngshuōle ma? Tā shēngle ge
                                            érzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Have you heard? She had a baby boy.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ
                                                hái bù zhīdào ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Oh, I didn't know! (Here, it is not a mistaken
                                            impression but the previous lack of any information on
                                            the subject which <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>
                                            emphasizes)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōngběi</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīběl</foreignphrase>:
                        Although you learned this is in the Directions module, it bears repeating
                        that combined direction names (“northwest,” “southeast,” etc.) are said in
                        the reverse order from English:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xíběi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">(west-north) northwest</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xīnán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">(west-south) southwest</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dōngběi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">(east-north) northeast</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dōngnán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">(east-south) southeast</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōngběi</foreignphrase>: “the
                        Northeast,” “Manchuria” The northeastern region of China, consisting of the
                        three provinces of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Liáoníng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Jílín</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Hēilóngjiāng</foreignphrase>, is sometimes called Manchuria because the
                        largest indigenous minority is the Manchu, or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase>, nationality. Of China's
                        2.6 million <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase>,
                        most live scattered throughout these three provinces and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Héběi</foreignphrase>; there are also smaller
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase>
                        populations in the cities of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Chéngdū</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xi'ān</foreignphrase>, and Hohhot. The <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase>, and before them their
                        ancestors the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Nǚzhēn</foreignphrase> (Nuchen or Juchen, an ancient nationality of the
                        same region), were a major force in Chinese history from the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīn</foreignphrase> Dynasty, in which the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚzhēn</foreignphrase> ruled
                        northern China for over a century (1115-1234), to the Manchu-run
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīng</foreignphrase> Dynasty
                        (1644-1911). After the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Qīng</foreignphrase> dynasty established its capital in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, great numbers of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase> filtered
                        south through <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shānhǎi</foreignphrase> Pass in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Héběi</foreignphrase> and intermixed with the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàn</foreignphrase> Chinese.
                        To this century, large-scale <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Hàn</foreignphrase> migration to the Northeast (hundreds of thousands
                        every year) has caused the region’s population to swell to 99.4 million
                        (1976 estimate), of which only 2.4 million are of the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase> nationality. Although
                        their ethnic origins are distinct from the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàn</foreignphrase> Chinese, the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase> today are
                        virtually assimilated with the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Hàn</foreignphrase> racially, culturally, and linguistically. Most, for
                        example, speak only Chinese; the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Mǎn</foreignphrase> language, which in the last dynasty was still used
                        alongside Chinese in official court documents, is well on its way to
                        extinction (some <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Mǎn</foreignphrase> speakers remain in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Àihuī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùyù</foreignphrase> counties in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >Hēilóngjiāng</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <mediaobject>
                        <imageobject>
                            <imagedata
                                fileref="Images/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-3.png"
                            />
                        </imageobject>
                        <caption><para>The three provinces of the Northeast</para></caption>
                    </mediaobject>

                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīběi</foreignphrase>: “the
                        Northwest,” a region which includes <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Níngxià</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīnghǎi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǎnxī</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gānsù</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qùguo le</foreignphrase>: “have
                        gone to” Notice that new-situation <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> may follow a verb phrase with the ending
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase>. Here are
                        some other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                chīguo fàn le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Have you eaten yet?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chīguò
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Yes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zuì
                                                xīnde diànyǐng nǐ kànguo le
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Have you seen his latest movie yet?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kànguo
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Yes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng</foreignphrase>: An
                        oil-producing center (recently given the statue of a city) in the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sǒng-Nèn</foreignphrase> Plain
                        of southern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Héilóngjiāng</foreignphrase> province. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng</foreignphrase> is the nation’s
                        leading producer of crude oil, accounting for more than one third of the
                        crude oil volume. China’s oil industry has only developed since 1949, and it
                        was the monumental exploration and drilling at <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng</foreignphrase>, under extremely
                        adverse conditions, that in large part enabled China to meet her own oil
                        needs by 1963. In 1961:, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo
                            Zédōng</foreignphrase> called on the whole nation to learn from
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng</foreignphrase> in
                        industry (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngyè xué
                            Dàqìng</foreignphrase>), a slogan which continued to be heard through
                        the Cultural Revolution.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...hǎo le</foreignphrase>: The
                        ending <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo le</foreignphrase>,
                        literally “and then it will be okay,” has a special meaning; the translation
                        varies with the context. It is used when the speaker (1) agrees to
                        something, permits someone to do something, or suggests that someone do
                        something, or (2) gives in to something, doesn’t care if something
                        happens.</para>
                    <para><orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>
                                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ qù hǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I’ll go. (AGREEING TO DO SOMETHING)</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhào nǐ shuōde bàn hǎo
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>We’ll do it your way, then. (AGREEING TO DO
                                                  SOMETHING)</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ shuō Zhōngwén hǎo le, wǒ
                                                  tīngdedōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Go ahead and speak Chinese. I understand.
                                                  (SUGGESTING)</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ náqu hǎo le, wǒ yòngwán
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Go ahead and take it. I'm finished with it.
                                                  (PERMITTING)</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable>
                                </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                  bú qù hǎo le, wǒ bù
                                                  gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>So don't go, then. But I'm not happy about
                                                  it.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Ràng tā shuō hǎo le, wǒ bù
                                                  guǎn!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>Let him say what he wants to; I don't
                                                  care!</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huí tóu(r)
                            jiàn</foreignphrase>: “See you later This is a <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> expression.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huí tóu</foreignphrase>,
                        literally, “turn one’s head,” is used colloquially to mean “later,” as
                            in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huí tóu
                                                wǒmen zài tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We'll talk it over later.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huí tóu
                                                jiù lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll be there in a minute.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huí tóu(r)
                            jiàn</foreignphrase> when you expect to see the other person
                        shortly.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuézhé</foreignphrase>:
                        “scholar” You will find the ending -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhě</foreignphrase> in a number of words
                        where it means -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de
                            rén</foreignphrase>, “a person who....” In Unit 4, you will learn
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuòzhé</foreignphrase>.
                        “worker (in a certain field).” Other examples:</para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dúzhě</foreignphrase>
                                reader (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >dú</foreignphrase>, “read,” will be presented in the next
                                module)</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìzhě</foreignphrase>
                                reporter, Journalist (lit., “one who records things”)</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huòdézhé</foreignphrase>
                                recipient of a prize, etc. (<foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huòdé</foreignphrase> means “to
                                obtain”) </para>
                        </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔyào</foreignphrase>: As an
                        adjective, “major/main/essential,” and as an adverb, “mainly,
                            “essentially”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qù Xīběi,
                                                zhǔyàode mùdi shi xiǎng liǎojiě yidiǎnr guǎnyú nàrde
                                                nóngyè shěngchǎn qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The main reason for going to the Northwest is to find
                                            out about agricultural production there.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zhèr
                                                zhǔyàode wèntí shi méi qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Our main problem here is that we have no
                                            money.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàr zhǔyào
                                                zhǎnlǎn xiē shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What are the main things they exhibit there? (”What
                                            mainly do they exhibit there?”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Néng bu
                                                néng qù, zhǔyào kàn shíjiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Whether or not we can go depends mainly on
                                            time.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhǔyào
                                                jjiǎngde shi Zhōngguóde shíyóu shēngchǎn
                                                qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He spoke mainly about China's oil production.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>There are times when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhǔyào</foreignphrase> must be translated as “essentially” rather than
                        as “mainly,” for example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
                                                lái, zhǔyào shi yīnwei wǒde péngyou dōu lái
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I came today essentially because all my friends
                                            came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>This sentence does not imply that there are any other reasons of lesser
                        importance.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǔyán</foreignphrase> “language”
                        The counter for a language is usually -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǒng</foreignphrase>. “kind”:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xué yìzhǒng
                                                yǔyán bú shi yìtiān liǎngtiānde
                                            shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> Learning a language isn't something you can do
                                            overnight (”in a day or two”).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén
                                                shi yìzhǒng bǐjiǎo nán xuéde
                                            yùyán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Chinese is a rather difficult language to
                                            learn.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                chángcháng jiāo tamen yìxiē bù yīnggāi jiāode
                                                yùyán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He often teaches them language (words and phrases)
                                            that shouldn't be taught.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǔ</foreignphrase> can be used
                        as the ending for the names of languages:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Yīngyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">English</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Xībānyáyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Spanish</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Hànyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Chinese</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Déyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">German</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Rìyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Japanese</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Fǎyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">French</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Ālābōyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Arabic</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Éyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Russian</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mǎnyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Manchurian</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Yìndìyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Hindi</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >wàiyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">foreign language</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The ending </para>
                    <para>
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huà</foreignphrase>
                                    (as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                        huà</foreignphrase>) refers to just the spoken
                                    language.</para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wén</foreignphrase>
                                    can refer to </para>
                                <orderedlist>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>the written, or </para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>the written plus the spoken.</para>
                                    </listitem>
                                </orderedlist>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǔ</foreignphrase>
                                    does not differentiate spoken and written.</para>
                            </listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                    </para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>:
                        Formerly spelled Sinkiang in English. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>, an autonomous
                        region (not a province) in northwest China, has the largest area of all
                        China's provinces and autonomous regions. Population: 12 million (1981
                        est.), of which about 6 million are of the Uygur nationality. For a
                        description of the region and its people, see Unit 6 Reference Notes.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiměng</foreignphrase>: Also
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi Měnggǔ</foreignphrase>.
                        Inner Mongolia (also called Nei Monggol) is an autonomous region in north
                        central China, population 9 million. About twenty percent of the population
                        are Mongols. The capital is Hohhot (in Chinese, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hūhéháotè</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <note>
                        <para>The facts as represented in exchange 10 need to be qualified. It is
                            true that the minority nationality languages are still the most widely
                            used in the vast rural areas of <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>, Inner Mongolia,
                            and other minority nationality regions. The larger cities in these
                            regions, however, now have substantial <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàn</foreignphrase> Chinese populations,
                            and in some cities the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Hàn</foreignphrase> are even in the majority.</para>
                    </note>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎoshù</foreignphrase>:
                        “minority” or “a minority of,” “a small number of” This is the opposite of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshù</foreignphrase>.
                        “majority,” which you learned in the Society module.</para>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen shi
                                            shǎoshù. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>They are in the minority.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yǒu shǎoshù
                                            Mǎn rén hái néng shuō Mǎnyú.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>There are only a ^mall number of Manchurians who can
                                        still speak the Manchu language.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mínzú</foreignphrase>:
                        “nationality,” “a people,” or “nation” in the non-governmental sense: a
                        people who share common origins, history, customs, and language. Examples:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōnghuá
                        mínzú</foreignphrase>, “the Chinese nation”; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ālābó mínzú</foreignphrase>, “the Arab
                        nation”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mínzú
                            dúlì</foreignphrase>, “national independence.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mèiguó shi
                                                yíge duō mínzúde guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>America is a nation of many ethnic groups.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǎoshù mínzú</foreignphrase> is
                        “minority nationality,” often translated as “national minority.” In the
                        U.S., we more often speak of “ethnic minorities,” but the Chinese prefer the
                        translation “minority nationalities.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàn</foreignphrase>: (1) “to
                        occupy” a space, area, or position, (2) “to make up,” ”to constitute,” a
                        proportion of an amount, or (3) “to take up” an amount of time<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme hái
                                                yǒu rén zhànzhe zhèige fángjiān? Gāi wǒmen yòng
                                                le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Why are there still people occupying this room? It's
                                            our turn to use it!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhāng
                                                zhuōzi tài zhàn dìfang le, bǎ ta
                                                bānchuqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This table takes up too much space. Let’s move it
                                            out.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                fángzi zhànde dìfang yǒu duō
                                            dà?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How much space does this building take up?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài wǒmen
                                                xuéxiàode xuéshēngzhōng, shǎoshù mínzú xuéshěng zhàn
                                                yíbàn zuǒyòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Minority nationality students make up about half of
                                            the students in our school.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xianzài
                                                fùnǚ zài shèhuìshang zhàn yuè lái yuè zhòngyàode
                                                dìwei le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Now women are occupying a more and more important
                                            position in society.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhen
                                                duìbuqlǐ zhànle nǐ bù shǎo
                                            shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please excuse me for taking up so much of your
                                            time.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №11</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìqū</foreignphrase>: “region,”
                        œdistrict,” “area”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng
                                                dìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Běijīng</foreignphrase> area</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáběi
                                                dìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>the north China region</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō shān
                                                dìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>a mountainous district</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quán</foreignphrase>: (1) “to be
                        complete,” (2) “whole,” œentire,” (3) “entirely,“completely”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèitào shū
                                                bù quán, dìsìběn méiyǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This set of books is incomplete; the fourth volume is
                                            missing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Quán shìjiè
                                                yígòng yǒu duōshǎo zhǒng
                                            yùyán?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How many languages are there in the whole
                                            world?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Liǎngsānnián méi shuō Zhǒngwén le, chàbuduō quán
                                                wàng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>After not speaking Chinese for two or three years,
                                                (I) have almost completely forgotten it.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
                                                  nèi jǐjiàn yīfu quán gěi tā
                                                le.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I gave all those articles of clothing to him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǚxínghè</foreignphrase>: Short
                            for<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zhōngguó
                            Lǚxínghè</foreignphrase> China Travel Service (CTS), or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó Guójì Lǚxíngshè</foreignphrase>,
                        China International Travel Service (CITS). These are the two government
                        agencies through witch all travel arrangements in China are handled.
                        Representatives from CITS accompany tour groups in China.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo</foreignphrase>: “to do,”
                        “to carry on,” “to engage in,” “to work in” a certain field or
                            endeavor.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǎo shénme
                                                ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What are you doing? OR What are you up to?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
                                                shì wǒ gǎolai gǎoqù
                                            gǎobuhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've tried doing this all different ways and I just
                                            can't get it right.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo
                                                wèishēng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> to do cleanup</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo
                                                shēngchǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to engage in
                                            production</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo
                                                shèhuìzhǔyì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> to practice
                                            socialism</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">a task or
                                            endeavor</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo Sìge
                                                Xiàndàihuà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> to carry on the Four
                                            Modernizations</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shigǎo
                                                fānyìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He's a translator. (”He works in
                                            translation.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shigǎo
                                                wénxuěde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He works in literature.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shigǎo
                                                xīnwénde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He's a Journalist/reporter/etc.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">a line of work</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shigǎo
                                                nonyède.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He works in agriculture.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǎohǎo</foreignphrase>, which is
                        especially common in political talk, means “to make a good job of
                        (something), “or ”to handle (something) well”:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǎohǎo
                                                shēngchǎn shi vǒmen zuì zhòngyàode
                                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Handling production well is our most Important
                                            job.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǎo</foreignphrase> is used with
                        many resultative verb endings (in the following two examples</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo</foreignphrase> is
                        interchangeable with no <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nòng</foreignphrase>, “to do”):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi bǎ
                                                wǒde chē gǎohuài le? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who broke my bicycle/car?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hài, nǐ yòu
                                                gǎocuò le, zhèige zì bú shi “niǎo,” shi
                                                “wū.”</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No, you’ve got it wrong again. This character isn’t
                                                “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >niǎo</foreignphrase>,” it’s “<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >wū</foreignphrase>.”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme gǎode</foreignphrase> is an
                        idiom, used as follows:</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
                                                gǎode?!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>What went wrong?! </para>
                                            <para>OR What’s wrong?! </para>
                                            <para>OR Jíhat the ... ?!</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuō
                                                tā bù lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Nov he says he isn't coming. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
                                                gǎode?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>How come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
                                                shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He isn't feeling well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zěnme
                                                gǎode?!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>What’s with you? </para>
                                            <para>OR What's the matter with you? </para>
                                            <para>OR What the heck are you doing?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎnyǐ</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        pleased, “to be satisfied” This is often used with the prepositional verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì</foreignphrase>, “toward,”
                        equivalent to English “pleased with”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn duō rén
                                                duì Dǎngde yìxiē zhèngcè bù
                                            mǎnyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Many people are dissatisfied with some of the Party's
                                            policies.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde huídá,
                                                nǐ mǎnyì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Are you satisfied with my answer?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì nǐ
                                                zhème hǎo, nǐ wèishénme hái bù
                                                mǎnyì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He's so good to you; why are you still
                                            dissatisfied?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge mǎnyìde
                            huídá</foreignphrase> is an idiom for “a satisfactory
                            answer.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xīwàng
                                                néng géi nǐ yíge mǎnyìde
                                            huídá.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I hope I can give you a satisfactory answer.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2</title>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènwéi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        think (that),” “to consider (that),” “to believe (that)” This is typically
                        used for considered opinions and judgments, as opposed to <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, “to think,” which can
                        be used for mere impressions and guesses. Also contrast <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐwéi</foreignphrase>. “to think
                            mistakenly.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ rènwéi
                                                tā shuōde shi duìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I consider what he said correct <emphasis role="bold"
                                                >OR</emphasis> I believe that what he said is
                                            right</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rènwéi
                                                zhèijiàn shì bù yīnggāi ràng wǒmen
                                                zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He does not think we should be allowed to do
                                            this.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mùqián</foreignphrase>: “the
                        present” or “at present.” Although both <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mùqián</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiànzài</foreignphrase>, “now,” refer to the
                        present, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiànzài</foreignphrase>
                        may mean “right now,” whereas <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >mùqián</foreignphrase> must refer to a broader period of
                            time.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mùqián
                                                wo3men chǎngde shēngchǎn shuǐpíng hái bú gòu
                                                gāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>At present our factory's production level isn't high
                                            enough.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mùqián
                                                  tāde jīngjì qíngkuàng bú tài
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>At present his financial situation isn't too
                                            great.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà</foreignphrase>-,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhōng</foreignphrase>-,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxué</foreignphrase>: Short
                        for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàxué</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhōngxué</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >xiǎoxué</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gémìng</foreignphrase>:
                        “evolution,” “revolutionary,” “to revolt.” In ancient China, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gémìng</foreignphrase>, literally, “to change
                        the mandate of heaven,” referred to the changing of dynasties, since the
                        monarch was held to be ordained by heaven. The pattern <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gé X-de mìng</foreignphrase>, literally, “to
                        change X's mandate of heaven,” means “to revolt against X.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wénhuà Gémìng</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wénhuà Dà
                            Gémìng</foreignphrase>; The common terms for the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wúchǎn Jiējí Wénhuà Dà
                        Géming</foreignphrase>. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” (1966-1977).
                        An even shorter abbreviation is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Wéngé</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuǐpíng</foreignphrase>;
                        “level,” “standard”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìběnde
                                                gōngyè shēngchǎn shuǐpíng zhēn
                                            gǎo!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Japan's industrial production level is really
                                            high!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo
                                                rénde shēnghuó shuǐpíng hěn
                                            gāo!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Americans have a very high standard of
                                            living!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde Déyú
                                                shuǐpíng bú gòu gāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Hi» level in German isn't high enough.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tígào</foreignphrase>: “to raise,”
                        “to improve”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào
                                                Zhōngguó qù, kéyi tígào duì Zhōngguéde
                                                rènshi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>By going to China, you can increase your
                                            understanding of China.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiěfàng
                                                yǐhòu, fùnǚde dìwei tígào
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Since liberation, the status of women has
                                            improved.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǎoshù
                                                mínzú shuō pùtōnghuàde shuǐpíng tígàole bù
                                                shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The level of the minority nationalities in Standard
                                            Chinese has improved quite a bit.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bùfen</foreignphrase>: “part,”
                            “section”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng bǎ zhè
                                                yíbùfen fānchéng Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please translate this part into Chinese.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiěde
                                                nèibén shū, yǒude bùfen hǎo, yǒude bùfen bù
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Some sections of the book he wrote are good, and some
                                            aren't.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbùfen</foreignphrase>: “a
                        part,” “a portion,” “some”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuōde
                                                huà, yíbùfen shi duìde, yíbùfen shi
                                                cuòde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Part of what he said is right, and part is
                                            wrong.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùde rén,
                                                yǒu yíbùfen hái xiǎng zài qù, yǒu yíbùfen bù xiǎng
                                                qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Of the people who went, some would like to go back
                                            again, and some do not want to.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>: “to divide”
                        As you learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fēnkāi</foreignphrase>. “to split up,” in the Society module, this word
                        is not entirely new to you, but here you see it with the ending
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase>,
                        “into.” Here's another example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
                                                píngguó fēnchéng sìkuài, wǒmen yìrén
                                                yíkuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>I'll divide the apple into four pieces, one piece
                                                for each of us.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lèi</foreignphrase>:
                            “category”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài lái
                                                Měiguóde Zhōngguo rén dàgài kéyi fēn
                                                liǎnglèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The Chinese who are coming to the U.S. now can be
                                            roughly divided into tvo categories.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèilèi
                                                wèntí zuì hǎo hé Lǚxíngshèdm rén
                                                tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You had best talk with the Travel Service people
                                            about this sort of question.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">“Hēi
                                                Wǚlèi,” “Hóng Wúlèi,” shi Wénhuà Dà Gémìng shíhoude
                                                shuōfǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>The “Five Black Categories and the “Five Red
                                                Categories” were terns used during the time of the
                                                Cultural Revolution.<footnote>
                                                  <para>‘These terms, which arose la the first years
                                                  of the Cultural Revolution (and are now obsolete),
                                                  referred to the two ideologically “irreconcilable
                                                  camps.” In effect, they were used to classify
                                                  people by their family backgrounds. The Five Black
                                                  Categories, or “bad” backgrounds, were landlords,
                                                  rich peasants, counterrevolutionaries, bad
                                                  elements, sad bourgeois rightists. The Five Red
                                                  (“good”) Categories were workers, poor peasants,
                                                  lover-middle peasants, revolutionary army-men, and
                                                  revolutionary cadres.</para>
                                                </footnote></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jiù shi... -de
                            yuányín</foreignphrase>: “This is the reason that...” Here is another
                        example of this useful pattern:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jiù
                                                shi tā méi qùde yuānyīn. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is the reason he didn’t go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jiù shi... -de yuányīn
                            le</foreignphrase>: This sentence exemplifies a use of new-situation le
                        to emphasize the speaker's newly-reached understanding. You can think of
                        this le as meaning “How I get it.*”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ò, nǐ
                                                yǐqián shuōguode Hóu Xiānsheng jiù shi tā
                                                le.!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Oh, the Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Hóu</foreignphrase> you spoke of before is
                                            him!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">À! Suǒiyi
                                                nǐ nàne xiǎng qù le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> Oh! That's why you want so much to go!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Related uses of new-situation le include drawing a new inference,
                            e.g.,<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàme, nǐ
                                                yídìng rènshi Chén Kēzhǎng
                                            le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Then, you must know Section Chief <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén</foreignphrase>, I
                                            suppose?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>and settling on a course of action or reaching a decision:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                zhīdao wǒde diànhuà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Does he know my telephone number?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Zhīdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Yes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Nà wǒ
                                                jiù děng tāde diànhuà le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Then I'll wait for his call.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para>jiàoshī: “teacher,” “schoolteacher” <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi yíge
                                                xiǎoxué jiàoshī. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm an elementary school teacher.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
                                                xuéxiào yígòng yǒu duōshǎo Yīngwén jiàoshī?
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How many English teachers are there in your
                                            school?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shùliang</foreignphrase>:
                        “quantity,” “number,” “amount”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ néng bu
                                                néng shuōchū tāmende shùliang yǒu duōshǎo?
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Can you give an exact idea of their numbers?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng
                                                shùliangshang kàn, zhèige xuéxiàode nánshéng zhàn
                                                zhǔyàode dìwei.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> From the point of view of numbers, the male students
                                            occupy the main position in the school.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔbiàn</foreignphrase>: “to be
                            universal/widespread/common”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguó,
                                                yíge jiātíng yǒu sānliàng qìchē shi hěn pǔbiànde
                                                shi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> In America it is very common for one family to have
                                            three cars.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                  Zhōngguó, zuìjìn sānshinián, rénmende wénhuà
                                                  jiàoyu shuǐping pǔbiàn
                                                tígāole.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>During the last thirty years, people's educational
                                                level in China has seen widespread
                                                improvement.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para>tiáojiàn: “conditions),” “circumstances”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèrde
                                                gōngzuó tiáojiàn bú cuò. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Working conditions here are pretty good.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīběide
                                                shēnghuó tiáojiàn bù zěnmeǎ
                                            ho.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Living conditions are not so good in the
                                            Northwest.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                mùqiánde tiáojiànxià, wǒmen méiyou bànfǎ zài
                                                kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Under the present circumstances, we are unable to go
                                            any faster.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hé tāmen
                                                zuò shēngyì zhēn bù róngyi, tāmen zǒngshi yào jiǎng
                                                hěn duō tiáojiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's really hard to do business with them. They are
                                            always insisting on a lot of conditions.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                rènwéi tā méiyǒu tiáojiàn zuò zhèige
                                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>They don't think he's competent to do this
                                            job.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīběn</foreignphrase>: “basic,”
                        “fundamental,” “elementary” (For the first example, you need to know
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǔfǎ</foreignphrase>,
                        “grammar,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >cíhuì</foreignphrase>. “vocabulary.”)<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xué
                                                liǎngnián Zhōngwén, jīběnde yǔfǎ hé cíhuì dōu zhīdao
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>After studying two years of Chinese, (one) knows the
                                            basic grammar and vocabulary.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige dìqū
                                                gǎo nóngyède jīběn tiáojiàn bú
                                            gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The basic conditions for farming are not good enough
                                            in this area.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jībenshang</foreignphrase>.,
                        “basically,” is often used in the PRC to mean “in the main,” “on the whole?”
                        “by and large.” (This usage is not common in Taiwan, however.)<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jībenshang
                                                tā shi yíge hǎo tóngzhí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>On the whole, he is a good comrade,</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jībenshang
                                                méiyou wèntí le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>By and large, there are no more problems.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
                                                Yīngwén jībenshang wǒ dōu
                                                tīngdedǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>For the most part, I can understand all your
                                            English.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">měi... yǒu...</foreignphrase>:
                        “There is... for every...” Examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měi sānge
                                                rén yǒu yíge shi Měiguo rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There is an American for every three persons. (One of
                                            every three people is an American.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měi sāntiān
                                                yǒu yíge rén lái. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>(There is) one person (who) comes every three
                                            days.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                            ordinary/common/regular”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                liǎngge zhǐ shi pǔtōng péngyou, méi shenme tèbiéde
                                                guānxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>The two of them are just ordinary friends; they
                                                don't have any special relationship.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiù shi
                                                yíge pǔtōng rén, hé nǐ hé wǒ
                                            yíyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is just an ordinary person, like you or
                                            me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pǔtǒngde
                                                hùzhào hé zhèige yǒu shénme
                                            qūbié?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What's the difference between an ordinary passport
                                            and this?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòngdiǎn</foreignphrase>:
                        “heavy-point”—“emphasis,” “focal point” or in some phrases, “key.” Also used
                            adverbially.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yánjiūde
                                                zhòngdiǎn dōu yǒu něixiē
                                            fāngmiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What are the focal points of your research?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yào
                                                cānguānde zhòngdiǎn shi
                                            něifāngmiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is to be the focus of your visit?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yào
                                                zhòngdiǎn fāzhǎnde dìqū yǒu
                                            jǐge?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How many regions do you intend to focus on
                                            developing?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒnen
                                                yīnggāi bǎ zhòngdiǎn fàng zai
                                                jiàoyushàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We should put the emphasis on education.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmende
                                                gōngzuò zhòngdiǎn shi gǎo wénhuà
                                                jiàoyu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The focus of their work is on culture and
                                            education.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chābié</foreignphrase>:
                        “difference,” “discrepancy,” “disparity” Contrast the word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qūbié</foreignphrase> (additional required
                        vocabulary), ”difference,” ”distinction.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chābié</foreignphrase> stresses the idea of a
                        distance, gap, or inequality between the things compared. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qūbié</foreignphrase> refers to differences,
                        determined by inspection, between otherwise similar things.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiyang
                                                zuò hé nèiyang zuò yǒu shénme
                                                chābié?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is the difference between doing it this way and
                                            doing it that way?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chéngshì hé
                                                néngcūn chābié hěn dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There's a big difference between the city and the
                                            country.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōshuo
                                                zhèi liǎngge shōuyīnjīde qūbié zài
                                                nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tell me what the differences are between these two
                                            radios.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
                                                liǎngběn zìdiǎn yǒu shénme
                                            qūbié?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What's the difference between these two
                                            dictionaries?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǒuxiān</foreignphrase>:
                        “first,” meaning before doing something else. This is a movable adverb (can
                        come either before or after the subject of the sentence, but always before
                        the verb).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rúguǒ nǐ
                                                yào dào Zhōngguó qù,shǒuxiān yào xué yidiǎn
                                                Zhòngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> If you want to go to China, you should learn a
                                            little Chinese first.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shòuxiān bǎ
                                                yào mǎide dōngxi kāi yìzhāng dānsi, rénhòu zài qǐng
                                                tā qù mǎi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>First make a list of the things you want bought, and
                                            then ask him to go buy then.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǒuxiān</foreignphrase> can
                        also mean “first of all,” “in the first place”:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǒuxiān
                                                vǒmen yào tántan nǐde cānguān fǎngwèn
                                                jìhuà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>First of all we should discuss your sightseeing
                                            plans.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In sentence 5B, s<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǒuxiān
                            zhàogu</foreignphrase>, “first of all give consideration to,” can be
                        idiomatically translated as “give first consideration to.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìrán</foreignphrase>:
                        “natural,” “naturally” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Dàzìrén</foreignphrase> means “nature” in the sense of the physical
                            world.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn
                                                  xǐhuan dàzìrén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is very fond of nature.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ruìshìde
                                                zìrán huánjìng hěn tebié.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Switzerland’s natural environment is very
                                            different.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                shǎoshù mínzú dìqūde zìrán tiáojiàn bù
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The natural conditions in this minority nationality
                                            region are poor.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde yàngzi
                                                hěn zìrán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Her appearance is very natural.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚér líkāi
                                                jiā, fùmǔ nánguò shi
                                            zìránde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When a daughter leaves heme, it is natural for her
                                            parents to be sad.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuéle bú
                                                yòng, zìrán huì wàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If you don’t use something after you learn it, you’re
                                            bound to forget it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yòng
                                                guǎn, zìrán huì guòqude.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don’t worry about it; it will pass by itself.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kēxué</foreignphrase>:
                        “science.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Kēxuéjiā</foreignphrase> is a “scientist.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó shi
                                                ge kēxué jìnbùde guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The U.S. is a scientifically advanced
                                            country.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nóngcǔn rén
                                                cóngqián méiyǒu shénme kēxué
                                            zhīshi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In the past, people in rural areas did not have any
                                            knowledge of science.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kēxué</foreignphrase> is also
                        used for “to be scientific”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
                                                zuòfǎ hěn kēxué.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This method is very scientific.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Nǐ nèizhǒng xiǎngfǎ bù kēxué! </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That’s a very unscientific idea.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìshu</foreignphrase>:
                        “technique,” “skill,” “technology”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kāi
                                                chēde jìshu hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He's a good driver.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè shi wǒ
                                                zuòde Mápó Dòufu, nǐ kàn wǒde jìshu
                                                zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I made this <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mápó</foreignphrase> Beancurd. How do rate my
                                            technique?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguéde
                                                cháyè shēngchǎn jìshu fāshǎn dàole bǐjiǎo gāode
                                                shuǐpíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>China*a tea production technology is rather highly
                                            developed.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎ shi ge
                                                jìshu gōngren.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is a skilled worker.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chū guó</foreignphrase>: “to go
                        abroad” <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                nǎinián chū guóde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In what year did he go abroad?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chū guó
                                                liúxuéde yánjiūshēng nǚde duō bu
                                                duō?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Are there many women among the graduate students who
                                            go abroad to study?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānrèn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        assume,” “to take up” a job or post<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài zhèr
                                                dānrèn shénme gonzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is your job title here?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuìjìn
                                                yào qù Ōuzhōu dānrèn lǐngshì
                                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He will soon be going to Europe to do consular
                                            work.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                dānrènguo Měidàsí sīzhǎng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has been the chief of the Department of American
                                            and Oceanic Affairs.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dānrèn līngdǎo
                            gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. as in sentence 7B, is an often used phrase for
                        “to take on leadership work,” “to take up a leading post” (that is, to be in
                        a job in which one is in charge of others).</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para>
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jīngguò</foreignphrase> “to pass,” to go
                                        through”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèilù chī jīngguò Dōngdān
                                                  ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Does this bus go through <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Dōngd1n</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nèige dìfang wǒ méi qùguo, dànshì
                                                  jīngguòguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I’ve never been there, but I’ve passed
                                                  through (OR passed by).</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèi shi wǒ dìyīcì jīngguò zhèiyangde
                                                  kǎoshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>This is the first time I’ve ever taken a
                                                  test like this.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“as a result of,” “after,” “through.” This is the way
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jīngguò</foreignphrase> is used in sentence 8A. (For the
                                    second example you need to know <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhànzhēng</foreignphrase>,
                                        “war.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                                  Jīngguò tǎolùn, wǒmen juéding xià Xīngqīsì qù
                                                  yěcān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>After discussion, we have decided to hold
                                                  the picnic next Thursday</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā yě bù jīngguó kǎolǜ jiù hé tǎ jiéhūn
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He married her without even giving it any
                                                  consideration.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Jīngguò hěn cháng shiJiande zhànzhēng, zhèige
                                                  dìqū yǐjíng biànde bú rènshi
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>As a result of the lengthy war, this area
                                                  has become unrecognizable,</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“course (of events); what has happened”<informaltable
                                        frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  huílal bǎ quánbù jīngguò gǎosule
                                                  wǒ.</foreignphrase></para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry> When he returned, he told me the whole
                                                  story of what happened.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Shìqingde jīngguò shi zěnmeyàngde, nǐ zhīdao
                                                  ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry> Do you know how the whole thing
                                                  went?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>
                    <para> null: “to make great efforts,” “to try hard,” “to exert
                            oneself”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā gōngzuò
                                                hěn nǔlì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He works very hard.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú dàn
                                                nǔlì gōngzuò, rén yě hěn
                                            rèxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Not only does he work very hard, but he is also a
                                            warmhearted person.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǔlì
                            gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, “work hard,” with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yònggōng</foreignphrase>, “study hard.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cáiliào</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“material”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèige fángzide cáiliào kànqǐlái hǎoxiǎng bú
                                                  cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>This house looks like it's made of pretty
                                                  good material.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“data,” “material”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā gěile wǒ hěn duō cáiliào, wǒ sāntiān yě
                                                  kànbuwán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He gave me a lot of data (material). Even
                                                  three days wouldn't be enough time for me to
                                                  finish reading it.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ nádào xīnde xuéxí cáiliào le ma? Míngtiān yào
                                                  shàng xīn kè le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Have you picked up the new study materials
                                                  yet? We start the new lesson tomorrow.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“makings,” “material”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tà bú shi zuò jiàoshòude
                                                  cáiliào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He doesn't have the makings of a
                                                  professor.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxiàn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        realize/achieve/bring about/accomplish/come true” Besides being used to talk
                        about the Four Modernizations, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shíxiàn</foreignphrase> is also used for realizing a wish, an ideal, a
                        goal, self-sufficiency, a reform, industrialization, etc. Note that
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxiàn</foreignphrase> can be
                        used in a causal sense (i.e., “cause to come about”): ”They realized their
                        wish” [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen shíxiànle tāmende
                            yuànvàng</foreignphrase>]; or in a non-causal sense (i.e., “come
                        about”): ”Their wish came about” [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Tǎmende yuànwàng shíxiànle</foreignphrase>].<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Xīfāng,
                                                shíxiàn gōngyèhuà yǐjīng shi yìbǎinián qiánde shì
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In. the West, achieving industrialization is
                                            something which was done a century ago.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng
                                                jībenshang shíxiànle lǜhuà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nánjīng</foreignphrase> has basically accomplished
                                            “greenification” (making the city green by planting
                                            trees, flowers, etc.).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàndài</foreignphrase>: “modern
                        times” or “modern,” “contemporary”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàndài
                                                rénde xiǎngfǎ dōu shi hěn
                                            kēxuéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Modern man's ideas are all scientific.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huà</foreignphrase>: “-ize,”
                        “-ify” </para>
                    <para>Examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gōngyèhuà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to industrialize</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lǜhuà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to make green (by
                                            planting trees, etc.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Jia3nhuà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to simplify (JiZn is
                                            mZihuà short for jiZndàn)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méihuà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to beautify</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Méiguóhuà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to Americanize</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >èhuà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to worsen (_è is a
                                            literary word for ”bad”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Xīfānghuà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to Westernize</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàndàihuà</foreignphrase>: “to
                        become modernized”; “modernized/sophisticated/modern” Caution: This is an
                            <emphasis role="bold">intransitive</emphasis> verb (cannot take an
                        object). Therefore, to say “modernize our country” you must phrase it as
                        “make our country become modernized”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yào
                                                shǐ wǒmende guójiā
                                            xiàndàihuà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We must modernize our country.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
                                                  xiàndàihuà yǔyán bú shi měige rén dōu
                                                  zhīdaode.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Not everyone knows these modern terms.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sìge Xiàndàihuà</foreignphrase>:
                        “the Four Modernizations” These are the modernization of agriculture,
                        industry, national defense, and science and technology. Comprehensive
                        development in these areas by the end of the century was called for at the
                        Eleventh National Party Congress in 1977, and again by Communist Party
                        Chairman <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huà
                            Guófēng</foreignphrase> at the Fifth National People's Congress in 1978.
                        (This theme had been enunciated twice before, in 1965 and 1975, by
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu Ēnlái</foreignphrase>.)
                        Since 1979, the drive for the “socialist Four Modernizations” has been at
                        the root of the Chinese government's domestic policy and have also had a
                        broad influence on its foreign policy.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhěnggè(r)</foreignphrase>: As
                        an adjective (before a noun), “whole,” “entire,” referring to a single
                            item.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhěnggè
                                                shàngwǔ nǐ dōu zuò shénme
                                            le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What did you do the whole morning?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào mǎi
                                                zhènggède huǒtuǐ, bú yào
                                            bàngede.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I want to buy a whole ham, not a half one.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhěnggè
                                                jìhuà dōu shi tā yíge rén
                                                xiǎngchūláide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The entire plan was his idea.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As an adverb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhěnggè(r)</foreignphrase> means “completely,” “in its
                            entirety”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijù
                                                huàde yìsi nǐ zhěnggè nòngcuò
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You completely misunderstood the meaning of that
                                            sentence.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                mótuōchē zhěnggè bèi zhuànghuài
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His motorcycle was completely ruined in the
                                            collision.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                fángzi zhěnggè dōu shi mùtou
                                            zuòde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This house is made completely of wood.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎoshàngqù</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shàngqu</foreignphrase>, “to
                        go up,” may be used figuratively to say that production “goes up” or work
                        ”moves forward.” The resultative compound <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎoshàngqù</foreignphrase>. therefore, means
                        “to cause to go up,” “to cause to move forward.” We have translated it here
                        as “to push ahead” the economy.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tí</foreignphrase>: One meaning
                        of the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tí</foreignphrase> is
                        “to lift,” “to raise.” In a more abstract sense, it can mean <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“mention,” “refer to,” “bring up” (a subject). <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tí wèntí</foreignphrase> is “to
                                    ask questions.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ tí ge wèntí kéyi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>May I ask a question?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Qǐng dàjiā tí yíjian. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Please give us your comments,
                                                  everyone.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Bié zài tí nèijiàn shì le, hǎo
                                                  ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Don't mention that again, okay?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tí měicì tídao zhèijiàn shì, wǒ jiu
                                                  shēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Every time he mentions that, I get
                                                  angry.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>”to raise,” “to bring up,” “to put forward” (questions,
                                    comments, demands,etc.):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā tiíe nèi liǎngge tiáojiàn, wǒ méi bànfǎ
                                                  shíxiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>There's no way I can satisfy (fulfill) the
                                                  conditions he put forward.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ juéde wǒde bànfǎ bù xíng, kéyiū tích nǐde
                                                  bànfǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>If you don't think my way (of handling it)
                                                  will do, you can propose a way of your
                                                  own.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā tíchū ràng Zhāng Tóngzhì zuò
                                                  lǐngdǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He proposed having Comrade <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>
                                                  be the leader.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā tíchǔ yào dào Nánjīng qù yítàng yǐhòu cái néng
                                                  xiě zhèipiān wénzhāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He said that he had to go to <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng</foreignphrase>
                                                  before he could write this article.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākuài</foreignphrase></foreignphrase>:
                        “to quicken,” “to speed up” (one's step, a process, the pace of doing
                            something)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rúguǒ
                                                jiākuài zuò, sāntiān jiu xíng
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> If we speed up, we can finish in three days.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sùdù</foreignphrase>: (literally
                        “fast-degree”) “speed,” “pace,” “tempo”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānshinián
                                                lái, Rìběn jīngjì fāzhǎnde sùdù hěn
                                                kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>For the past thirty years, Japan's rate of economic
                                            development has been very fast.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākuài... sùdù</foreignphrase>,
                        “to quicken the pace of...,” “to speed up”:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yào
                                                jiākuài gōngzuòde sùdù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We must speed up our work.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                yào jiākuài shíxiàn Sìge Xiàndàihuàde
                                                sùdù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>China wants to speed up the Four
                                            Modernizations.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>[The opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākuài...
                            sùdù</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fàngmàn sùdù</foreignphrase>.]</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes Additional Vocabulary</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīliàng</foreignphrase>:
                        “quality” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhíliàng</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhǐliàng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shùliàng
                                                  duō, zhìliàng yě bú cuò.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>They are plentiful and of good quality.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In some contexts, you can use the syllable <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhì</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhí</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase> to stand for
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhìliàng</foreignphrase> and
                        the syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàng</foreignphrase>
                        to stand for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shùliàng</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ, liàng,
                                                dōu bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The quality and quantity are both good.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3</title>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎn...jiào...</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎn A jiaò B</foreignphrase>
                        means “to call A B.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngdōng
                                                rén guǎn qípáo jiào “chángshān.”
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Cantonese call <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qípáo</foreignphrase> (a
                                            kind of dress) “<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >chángshān</foreignphrase>.”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngshè</foreignphrase>:
                        “commune” This is short for remain <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gōngshè</foreignphrase>, “people's commune” (the word remain is taught
                        in exchange 6). <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Gōng</foreignphrase> means “public.” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shè</foreignphrase> is an “organized
                        body.”</para>
                    <para>People's communes, of which there are now over 52,000 in China, are the
                        administrative units of the countryside. There are three levels of commune
                        organization: the production team, with from eleven to over one hundred
                        households; the production brigade, with from twenty to over one thousand
                        households; and the commune itself, with from six to seventeen brigades or
                        from fifty-six to 275 teams. A typical commune might have a population of
                        22,500 people, broken down into fifteen production brigades of three hundred
                        families each, and each brigade would in turn be composed of ten production
                        teams of thirty families. (Of course, no actual commune would be divided up
                        so evenly.) A typical county might be made up of thirteen communes of this
                        size.</para>
                    <para>The people's communes were formed after a long series of changes in the
                        organization of the countryside, beginning with the Land Reform Movement of
                        1950. This movement distributed the land to the peasants; the next step was
                        to begin the coordination of their efforts in production. They did this in
                        1951 by forming mutual aid teams, also called work exchange teams. The
                        peasants still owned their own land, plows, and livestock, but they pooled
                        their manpower, tools, and other resources to get the work done.</para>
                    <para>In 1953* elementary agricultural cooperatives were organized by merging
                        several mutual aid teams. The land, tools, and livestock became the property
                        of the cooperative, but the profits from the land were distributed, not
                        retained by the commune for investment. In 1956, when advanced agricultural
                        cooperatives were established, the distribution of profits was
                        abolished.</para>
                    <para>In 1958, the last step to communize China was taken. The people's communes
                        were formed by the merging of several advanced agricultural cooperatives.
                        What was formerly an advanced agricultural cooperative became, a production
                        brigade. The original plan for communization had called for completion in
                        1967. Since no major problems were encountered, the plan was completed nine
                        years ahead of tine.</para>
                    <para>Today, commune members still live in individual houses. All the land,
                        buildings, shops, clinics, large machinery, electrical power stations,
                        factories, and so on, belong to the commune. However, the planning of the
                        production and the payment of the members, which depends on the amount of
                        production, is done on the production team level. All the teams have their
                        own livestock, but they take turns borrowing large machines such as planters
                        or tractors from the commune. Production teams often specialize in one type
                        of activity, such as crop raising, machinery repair, or animal husbandry.
                        Production brigades handle tasks which are beyond the capacity of a team,
                        such as irrigation or the purchasing of a tractor. Truly large projects like
                        road construction or the establishment of a large, well-equipped hospital,
                        must be taken on by the commune.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu méiyou
                            xiězhe</foreignphrase>: -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhe</foreignphrase> is the marker of duration. Together with a verb, it
                        describes a STATE, for example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                                kāizhe.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The door is
                                            open.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">The door is in the state of
                                            having been opened.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >guānzhe.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The door is
                                            closed.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">The door is in the state of
                                            having been closed.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>Thus, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiězhe</foreignphrase>, in
                        exchange 1, means literally “in the state of having been written.”</para>
                    <para>To make a verb plus -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhe</foreignphrase> negative, use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi(you)</foreignphrase> (not <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>):<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén méi
                                                kāizhe.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> The door is not open.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén méi
                                                guānzhe. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The door is not closed.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dānzishang
                                                méi xiězhe. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It isn't written on the list.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>To make a question, use one of the following patterns:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén kāizhe
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="5" valign="middle">Is the door
                                            open?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén yǒu
                                                méiyou kāizhe?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén kāizhe
                                                meiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>He is often added onto the end of a sentence with -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén kāizhe
                                                ne ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> Is the door open?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kāizhe ne.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Yes, it's open.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Many speakers of standard Chinese do not use this -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>; they would replace it hy
                        phrasing such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén
                            kāile</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Dānzishang yǒu méiyou xiě</foreignphrase> (or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě le méiyou</foreignphrase>). These
                        sentences are also perfectly good Chinese.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sìjìqīng</foreignphrase>: A
                        commune in rural <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>. Literally, the name means
                        “four-seasons-green,” in other words, “green all year round.”</para>
                    <para>Half the population of the municipality of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> lives in rural areas,
                        in 272 people’s communes. The principal crops are wheat, rice, and
                        vegetables, including cabbage, eggplants, cucumbers, and tomatoes. There are
                        also orchards producing apples, pears, peaches, and persimmons. About half
                        the vegetables grown in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>'s communes supply the city's needs completely
                        and half are shipped elsewhere.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàduì</foreignphrase>:
                        “(production) brigade,” short for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shēngchǎn dàduì</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnliàng</foreignphrase>:
                        “output, yield,” literally, “production-amount.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāndì</foreignphrase>:
                        “mountainous region; hilly area; hilly country,” literally,
                            “mountain-land.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Aěrbā'níyà
                                                shi shāndì guójiā. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Albania is a mountainous country.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài shān
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Output is somewhat lower in mountainous
                                            regions.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                dìfang shi shān , kāi chè bú tài
                                                fāngbian.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> That's hilly country; it isn’t easy to drive
                                            there.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāoqū</foreignphrase>:
                        “suburbs, outskirts” The bound form <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāo</foreignphrase> means “suburbs,” as in
                        in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng xījiāo</foreignphrase>.
                        “the western suburbs of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yuǎnjiào</foreignphrase>. “the outer suburbs.” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnjiāo</foreignphrase>, “the close suburbs.”
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qū</foreignphrase>, “area,
                        district,” will be introduced separately in Unit 5 of this
                            module.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng
                                                jiāoqū yígòng yǒu èrbáiqīshièrge
                                                gōngshè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Altogether, there are 272 communes in the suburbs of
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sìjìqīng
                                                gōngshè zài Běijīngde jìn
                                            jiāoqū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The commune <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Sìjìqīng</foreignphrase> is in the close suburbs of
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàozi</foreignphrase>: “rice” in
                        the paddy or after harvesting but before hulling. (After hulling, it is
                        called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǐ</foreignphrase>, and
                        when cooked it is called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fàn</foreignphrase>.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngxīdào</foreignphrase>:
                        “Capital-West Rice,” a variety famous for its good taste.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīngde jīng</foreignphrase>:
                            “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīng</foreignphrase> as in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>” In
                        conversation, you identify a word or character by giving a common phrase in
                        which it is used. The pattern for doing this is <informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Phrase</entry>
                                        <entry>-de</entry>
                                        <entry>Word</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yí
                                                èr sān sì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry> -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >sì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry> “’four’ as in ’one two three four’”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>This pattern can be especially useful when you tell someone your Chinese
                        name. If you were called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén
                            Dìngwén</foreignphrase>. ( ), for example, you could identify the
                        characters of your first name by saying <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yídìngde dìng, wénxuéde wén</foreignphrase>,
                            “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìng</foreignphrase> as in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase>
                        (’certainly’), and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wén</foreignphrase> as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wénxué</foreignphrase> ('literature').”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng-xí-nán-běi:</foreignphrase>
                        While in English we usually name the directions of the compass in the order
                        “north, south, east, west,” in Chinese they are usually named in the
                            order<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng xí nán
                                                běi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng nán xī
                                                běi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>or</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>east west south north</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>east south west north </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quánguó</foreignphrase>: “the
                        whole country”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wú Zuòrénde
                                                huà zài quánguó hěn yǒu
                                            míng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The paintings of <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wú Zuòrén</foreignphrase>
                                            are famous throughout the country.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Quánguó
                                                chǎnliàng zuì gāode dìqū shi
                                                Sìchuān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The area of the country with the highest output is
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Sìchuān.</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng
                                                Yāo-líng-yào Zhōngxuéde jiàoyu zhìliàng quánguó
                                                dìyī. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The educational quality of <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>'s
                                            No. 101 Middle School is first in the country.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miànji</foreignphrase>;
                        “(surface) area” (For the second example, you need to know <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngfāng gōnglǐ</foreignphrase>, ”square
                            kilometer.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                gōngshède miànji duó dà?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is the area of this commune?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguode
                                                miànji shi jiǔbǎi liùshiwàn píngfāng
                                                gōnglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">China's
                                                area is 9.6 million square
                                                kilometers.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miànji bǐjiǎo dàde yǒu
                            sìge</foreignphrase>: This is a useful structure with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="5*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Miànji
                                                bǐjiǎo dàde (píngyuán)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >sìge.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As for the ones [flatlands] with a relatively large
                                            area,</entry>
                                        <entry>there are </entry>
                                        <entry>four.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">There are four with a
                                            relatively large area.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="5*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú
                                                yuànyi qù Zhōngguóde yuányīn
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔyào
                                                yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >liǎngge.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As for the reasons why he doesn't want to go to
                                            China,</entry>
                                        <entry>there are mainly</entry>
                                        <entry>two.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">There are mainly two reasons
                                            why he doesn't want to go to China.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="5*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótia1n
                                                mei2 la2ide (rén)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >duōsha3o?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As for those [people] who didn't come
                                            yesterday,</entry>
                                        <entry>there were</entry>
                                        <entry>how many?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">How many people were there
                                            who didn't come yesterday?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="5*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén
                                                shuōde nàme hǎode Méiguo rén
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jǐge.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As for Americans who speak Chinese that well, </entry>
                                        <entry>there aren't</entry>
                                        <entry>a few.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3"> There aren't but a few
                                            Americans who speak Chinese that well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liángshi</foreignphrase>;
                        “grain, cereals,” but in Chinese terminology this can also include other
                        staples like beans and sweet potatoes.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hù(r)</foreignphrase>:
                        “household, family” The original meaning of this word, was “door.” Now it
                        has become the counter for households. Besides its use in exchange 5,
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hù</foreignphrase> can also
                        be followed by the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >rénjiā</foreignphrase>, “people-home,” that is, “family”:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                dàduì yǒu duōshao hù rénjiā?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How many households are there in this
                                            brigade?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguó,
                                                chàbuduō měihù dōu yǒu
                                            diànshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In American, almost every family has a
                                            television.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǒu</foreignphrase>: Literally,
                        “mouth,” this is the counter for people considered as making up a family as
                            in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiā yǒu
                                                jǐkǒu rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How many people are there in your family?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mài gěi guójiā</foreignphrase>:
                        “sell to the state.” Every year, a production team must give a certain
                        percentage (usually from five to seven percent) of its produce and cash
                        income in taxes to the state. In addition, they must sell a quota of grain
                        to the state, the quantity being established according to the population of
                        the team, and the area and productivity of the land. If the team is left
                        with additional grain after fulfilling their quota, they decide for
                        themselves how much of it they will sell for cash to the state at a higher
                        price and how much will be put into the team's grain reserves. The state
                        sets quotas for grains; fruit and vegetable supply and demand are
                        coordinated by local government authorities.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...bù shǎode cài
                            na!</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Ha</foreignphrase> is not a new word for you; it is just a contraction
                        of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">a</foreignphrase>. You have
                        learned that ne is the marker of absence of change. Here it has a special
                        function: to show that the speaker is trying to convince the listener of the
                        greatness of an amount, the great extent of a condition, or a fact which
                        surpasses ordinary expectations. Examples:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shōurù
                                                bù shǎo ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His income is not small (i.e., more than you would
                                            suspect)!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuōle
                                                yào zuò dao hěn wǎn ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She said she was going to work until very
                                            late.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo
                                                rè'naode dìfang na!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What a lively place!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàn tā
                                                  nàme niánqīng, hái néng qù zuò jiàoshòu
                                                  ne!</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Isn't it something that someone as young as he can be
                                            a professor!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yào cānguān
                                                nàme duō dìfang, yíge xīngqī nǎr gòu? Liǎngge xīngqī
                                                hái bú gòu ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How could one week be long enough to visit so many
                                            places? Two weeks wouldn't even be enough!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhème dàde
                                                rén hái kū na!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Imagine, such a grown-up person crying!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiànshè</foreignphrase>: “to
                        construct, to build up; construction” This is mostly used in a special
                        sense: to construct or build up a country. The Jargon “socialist
                        construction,” “the construction of China,” or “China reconstructs” conveys
                        an attitude toward the “mission” facing the country: to build China from the
                        ruins left by a semi-feudal, semi-colonial society into a socialist power
                        and to create the conditions for the transition to Communism. “Socialist
                        construction” includes the reform of the superstructure as well as the
                        development of the national economy.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yào
                                                bǎ Zhōngguó jiànshèchéng yíge xiàndàihuàde
                                                shèhuizhǔyì guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>We want to build China into a a modem socialist
                                                nation.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rénmín</foreignphrase> ? “the
                        people” You have seen this word already in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénmínbì</foreignphrase>. “People’s
                        currency.” Distinguish between remain and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rénmín</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénmen</foreignphrase> (with the plural
                        ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">men</foreignphrase>)
                        refers to any and all people, without class implications. It has
                        approximately the same scope as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dàjiā</foreignphrase>, “everyone.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rémnín</foreignphrase>, on the other hand,
                        refers to the broad masses and lower-level cadres, and excludes state and
                        class enemies.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                rémnín xīwàng néng shēnghuóde
                                                āndìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The Chinese people hope to be able live peaceful and
                                            settled lives.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Quánguó
                                                yígòng yǒu wǔwàn èrqiānduō rénmín
                                                gōngshè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There are over 52,000 people’s communes in the whole
                                            country.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāzhǎn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        develop, to grow.” In the Society module, you learned the adjectival verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fādá</foreignphrase>. “to be
                        developed.” Now you see the action verb for “to develop.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
                                                èrshinián lái, Rìběnde qìchē gōngyè fāzhǎnde bǐjiǎo
                                                kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Over the past twenty years, Japan’s automobile
                                            industry has developed rather quickly.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                zhèngfǔ zài nǔlì fāzhǎn
                                            gōngyè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The Chinese government is working hard to develop
                                            industry.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yánjiū
                                                fāzhǎnzhōng guó'iāde jīngji
                                                qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He studies the economic situation of developing
                                            countries.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">càidì</foreignphrase>:
                        “vegetable plots” or “vegetable fields” (large or small). </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǒu</foreignphrase>; “to
                            harvest”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wángde
                                                càidì měinián shǒude fānqié dōu hěn
                                                duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo
                                                Wáng</foreignphrase> harvests a lot of tomatoes from
                                            his vegetable plots every year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shōubudào
                                                liángshi, zěnme chī fàn ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If we can't harvest any grain, how will we eat?
                                            (rhetorical question said by farmers when working in the
                                            fields)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǔ</foreignphrase>: A Chinese
                        unit of area equal to 1/15 hectare. In English this is simply written “mu”
                        (or sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >mou</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dì</foreignphrase>: “land,”
                        “ground,” or “fields<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèikuài dì
                                                yǐqián shi wǒ fùqinde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This piece of land used to belong to my
                                            father.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cóng
                                                dìshang zhǎodàole nèizhī bǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He found that pen on the ground.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuì
                                                dìshang ba! Lián jiàoshòu dōu shuì nàr
                                                ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Sleep on the ground! Even professors sleep
                                            there!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhème zlǎ
                                                nǐmen jiù dào dìli qù gōngzuó
                                            la!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You're going to work in the fields so early!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōude bù shǎo</foreignphrase>:
                        “harvested quite a lot” Here are some more examples of the pattern “Verb
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>
                            Quantity:”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chīde
                                                tài shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You're eating too little.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
                                                zhèige, wǒ zhīdaode bù duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't know much about this.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kàn
                                                xiǎoshuō kànde bǐ wǒ duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He reads more fiction than I.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shi
                                                jiào nǐ shǎo mǎi yidiǎnr ma? Nǐ mǎide tài duō
                                                le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Didn't I tell you not to buy very much? You bought
                                            too much!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīxièhuà</foreignphrase>: “to
                        mechanize; mechanization” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Jīxiè</foreignphrase> means “machinery,” “mechanics,” or “mechanical.”
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huà</foreignphrase> is the
                        syllable which corresponds to “-ize” (make into), which you learned in the
                        previous unit in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiàndàihuà</foreignphrase>. “to modernize.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nóngyè
                                                jīxièhuà xiànzài shi nóngcūnde zhòngdiàn
                                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Agricultural mechanization is now the key task in
                                            rural' areas.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
                                                dàduìde jīxièhuà shuǐpíng xiāngdāng gāo
                                                a.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The level of mechanization in your ' brigade is quite
                                            high!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbàn duō
                        yidiǎn</foreignphrase>: “a little more than half” [The opposite, “ a little
                        less than half,” could be said as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >chàyidiǎnr yíbàn, yíbàn shǎo yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>, or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbàn bú dào yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎifēnzhī
                            wǔshiyī</foreignphrase>: “fifty-one percent”- Chinese does not have a
                        separate word for “percent,” expressing percentages with the same pattern
                        used for all fractions. First, therefore, you should learn how to express
                        fractions. In Chinese, the two parts of a fraction are stated in the reverse
                        order from English, with the word -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhī</foreignphrase> in between. (-<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhī</foreignphrase> is a literary word with
                        the same use as -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase>: possessive or modification marker.)<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānfēn
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >èr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>3 parts</entry>
                                        <entry>'s</entry>
                                        <entry>2</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol3">“two parts out of
                                            three,” i.e., “two thirds”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Here are a few more examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="8" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol5" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol6" colnum="6" colwidth="2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol7" colnum="7" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol8" colnum="8" colwidth="2*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1">1/2</entry>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >èrfēnzhī yī</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para>Normally, of course, you would say
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >yíbàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">1/3</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānfēnzhī
                                                yī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">1/4</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sìfēnzhī
                                                yī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">1/20</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èrshifēnzhī
                                                yī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1">5/4</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sìfēnzhī
                                                wù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">5/8</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāfēnzhī
                                                wǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">17/19</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shíjiúfēnzhī shíqī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry namest="newCol7" nameend="newCol8" morerows="1"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Percentages (hundredths) are expressed like this:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bǎifēn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >wǔshiyī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>100 parts</entry>
                                        <entry>’s</entry>
                                        <entry>51</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">“fifty-one parts out of one
                                            hundred,” i.e., “fifty-one one hundredths” or “fifty-one
                                            percent”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>“One hundred percent,” therefore, is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāifēnzhī bǎi</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                bǎifénzhì bǎide Méiguo rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is one hundred percent American.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biéde jǐge...</foreignphrase>:
                        “the other few” Compare:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiù
                                                cānguān gōngshè ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You're only visiting communes?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù cānguān
                                                biéde shenme dìfang? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You're not going to visit any other kinds of
                                            places?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānjìn</foreignphrase>:
                        “advanced” This is used to describe people, work units, or methods of a high
                        level, worthy of emulation. Individuals may be designated as advanced
                        workers (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānjìn
                            gōngzuòzhé</foreignphrase>) by their unit leaders or elected by their
                        fellow workers, and units such as factories and communes may be designated
                        as advanced by government authorities. To qualify as advanced, a unit must
                        have carried out all political movements successfully, successfully put into
                        effect each policy directive, and completely met the quota for its product
                        under the national plan.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guò jitiān</foreignphrase>: “in
                        a few days” (literally, “pass a few days”)<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng nǐ guò
                                                yihuǐr zài dǎlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please call back in a while. (In this case,
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guò
                                                yihuǐr</foreignphrase> means <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng
                                                yihuìr</foreignphrase>.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài guò
                                                jìge xīngqī, tǎmen jiù yào shōu dàozi
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In another few weeks, they are going to harvest the
                                            rice.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bàba māma
                                                xiān dào le. Yòu guòle yihuǐr, dìdi mèimei yě lái
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Mother and father arrived first. Then after a while,
                                            younger brother and sister came too.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuānjiā</foreignphrase>:
                        “specialist, expert” The ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiā</foreignphrase> enters into many words describing people. It has a
                        slightly different meaning from -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhě</foreignphrase>, which you learned in unit. 1. -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhě</foreignphrase> is only added to verbs;
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> can be
                        added to nouns as well as verbs. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhě</foreignphrase> means simply “a person who...,” but -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> is used for professionals
                        or specialists in some activity. Thus, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòjiā</foreignphrase> is “professional
                        writer, author,” but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zuòzhě</foreignphrase> is just “writer” (not specifying whether writing
                        is the person's career).</para>
                    <para>The ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>
                        is added to subjects of study, as in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngzhixuéjiā</foreignphrase>, “political
                        scientist,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jīngjixuéjiā</foreignphrase>, “economist.” In the PRC, some words with
                        the ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>
                        carry elitist overtones and are sometimes replaced by other terms.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu shénme tèdiǎn
                            ma?</foreignphrase>: “does... have any distinctive points?” is here
                        translated more idiomatically as “is there anything distinctive
                        about...?”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìzhe
                            zǔzhile...</foreignphrase>: “trying-ly organized...” i.e., “organized on
                        a trial basis”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shìzhe
                                                nèiyang zuò xíng bu xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Try doing it that way and see íf it works.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèishuāng
                                                xié wǒ shìzhe chuān,
                                            chuānbushàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I tried to put these shoes on, but couldn't get them
                                            on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Do not overuse <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shìzhe</foreignphrase>; there are other more common ways to express
                        English “try.” Sometimes the idea of trying is implicit in the verb itself,
                        as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipiān
                                                wénzhāng wǒ kànle, kànbuxiàqù.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I tried to read this article, but I
                                            couldn't.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěile,
                                                tā bú yào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I tried to give it to him, but he didn't want it
                                            (wouldn't take it).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Sometimes, “try” can be expressed by reduplicating the verb:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                chuānchuan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Try it on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chuānle
                                                chuān, chuānbushàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I tried to put it on, but couldn't get it on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kāile
                                                kāi, kāibukāi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I tried to open it, but couldn't get it open.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>or by a reduplicated verb plus <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kàn</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
                                                zuòguo jiǎozi, zuòzuo kàn
                                            ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've never made <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎozi</foreignphrase>
                                            (dumplings), but I can try.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔzhi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        organize; organization”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipiān
                                                wénzhāng zǔzhide hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This article is well organized.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                zǔzhile yíge lǚxíngtuán, xiǎng dào Ōuzhōu qù
                                                wánrwanr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We organized a tour group; we want to go on a trip to
                                            Europe.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                zǔzhi yǐjīng yǒu wǔshiwàn rén
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This organization already has 500,000 people.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuānyè</foreignphrase>:
                        “special line/field/discipline; specialization” This is used in the PRC for
                        one's “major” subject in college, or for one's professional
                            specialization.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài
                                                dàxué xuéde zhuānyè shi
                                            zhèngzhixué.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My major in college was political science.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shùxué
                                                zhuānyè zhēn méi yìsi, nǐ wèishénme hái yào xué
                                                ta?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Majoring in math is really boring; why do (did) you
                                            want to take it?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                zhuānyè zài Zhōngguó hèn shǎo yǒu rén
                                                xué.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Very few people study this specialization in
                                            China.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuānyèhuà</foreignphrase>;
                        “specialized; specialization”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngchǎngde
                                                zhuānyèhuà yuè lái yuè pǔbiàn
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The specialization of factories is becoming more and
                                            more connon.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Zhuānyèhuà(de) rémnín gōngshè yǒu tāde
                                                hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Specialized communes have their advantages.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №11</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuōlājī</foreignphrase>:
                        “tractor” This word may be a sound borrowing from the English word
                        ”tractor,” but it also makes good sense in Chinese, since the parts mean
                        literally, “drag-pull-machine.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngjūn</foreignphrase>;
                        “average” This can be used as an adjective, an adverb, or a
                            verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                gōngrénde píngjūn shōurù bù
                                            duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The average salary of Chinese workers is not
                                            much.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Píngjūn
                                                yíge rén shíge jiǎozi zěnme
                                            gòu.'</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How could an average of ten <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎozi</foreignphrase>
                                            (dumplings) per person be enough!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Píngjūnqilai wǒmen mèige rén yǒu shíkuāi qián.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When you average it out, each of us has ten
                                            dollars.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tái</foreignphrase>: Literally,
                        ’“platform” (as you learned in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhàntái</foreignphrase>, “station platform”), this 1s the counter for
                        machines. (The word for “machine,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jīqì</foreignphrase>. is number 14 on this reference list.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">měige dàduì
                            èrshitái</foreignphrase>: “twenty for each brigade” No verb is necessary
                        here.</para>
                    <para> Compare:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge rén
                                                yíkuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>One piece (e.g., of cake) per person.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mèige
                                                xīngqī yícì </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>once every week</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                  xuéxiào píngjūn wùge xuésheng yíge
                                                  lǎoshī.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In our school, there is one teacher for every five
                                            students on the average.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái xiǎng duō mǎi
                            jǐtái</foreignphrase>: “still want to buy a few more” English “more”
                        sometimes contains' the meaning of “still, additionally” (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>), so the word “still” is
                        not absolutely necessary in the English translation for US. Look at other
                        examples of the common pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hái... duō...</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige xiǎo
                                                nánháizi hái xǎáng duō chī yíge píngguǒ, kèshi tā
                                                mama bù gěi!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This little boy (still) wanted to have another apple,
                                            but his mother wouldn't give it to him!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái
                                                xīwàng duō xué jǐge yuè
                                            Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I would like to study Chinese for another few
                                            months.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái děi
                                                duō děng jǐtiān cái néng
                                            zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He still has to wait another few days before he can
                                            leave.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №12</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">túpiàn</foreignphrase>:
                        “picture, photograph” This is usually used for photographs, as in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">túpiàn
                        zhǎnlǎn</foreignphrase>, “photo exhibition” (but some people use it for any
                        kind of illustration).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnkù</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        arduous, tiring, hard” (literally, “pungent-bitter”)<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā báitiān
                                                zuò shì, wǎnshang niàn shù, tài xīnkǔ
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's too tiring for her, working during the daytime
                                            and studying at night.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhème
                                                xīnkù yào lèibìngde. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You're going to get sick from fatigue by working so
                                            hard.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        plant” or “to grow” things:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèikuài dì
                                                zhòng shénme yě bu shōu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You don't harvest anything you plant on this
                                            land!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèng
                                                liángshi shi nóngmínde shi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Growing-grain is the business of the
                                            peasants.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                shǎoshù mínzú zèi shānshang zhòngle bù shǎo qíguàide
                                                dōngxi lái chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This minority nationality grows a lot of strange
                                            things on the mountain to eat.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №13-14</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuānyè</foreignphrase> special
                        line/field/discipline (See Notes on No. 10)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jíqì</foreignphrase>
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīqi</foreignphrase>)
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìtái</foreignphrase>)
                        machine</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4</title>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase>: A Chinese
                        unit of length, equal to one-half kilometer. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> is often used to measure
                        the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lù</foreignphrase>
                        (“road,” but here meaning simply “walking or riding
                            distance”):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng nǐ jiā
                                                dào xuéxiào yǒu jǐlǐ lù?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How many 11 is it from your house to the
                                            school?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The unit of distance <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lǐ</foreignphrase> is often used in rural areas, but rarely in the
                        city.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wànlǐ
                        Chángchéng</foreignphrase>: You learned <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chángchéng</foreignphrase>, “the Great Wall,”
                        in the Meeting module. The descriptive term <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wànlǐ Chángchéng</foreignphrase> comes from
                        the fact that the wall is over twelve thousand <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> in total length
                        (approximately 6,700 kilometers).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yívàn lǐ
                            cháng</foreignphrase>: “is ten thousand <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> long” Use the verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> (not
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>) in
                        sentences telling or asking length, height, area, time, age, etc. In such
                        sentences, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> has
                        the special meaning “to attain, to come up to (a certain
                            level).”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Cóng zhèr
                                                dào huǒchēzhàn !</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu duō
                                                yuǎn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">How far is it from here to
                                            the train station?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Chàbuduō</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìlī
                                                lù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"> It’s about one
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ǐde
                                                háizi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu duō
                                                dà?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">How old is your
                                            child?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu sānsui
                                                duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">He is over three years
                                            old.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Nǐ</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu duō
                                                gāo? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">How tall are you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Wǒ</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìmǐ
                                                bā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">I’m one meter eighty
                                            (cm).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎide
                                                dōngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> zhǐ yǒu
                                                liǎngge yuè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">Winter in <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>
                                            is only two months (long).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>The negative of such sentences uses <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyǒu</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào
                                                huǒchēzhàn zhēn yǒu wǔlǐ lù
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is it really five <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> to the
                                            train station?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Méiyǒu
                                                wǔlǐ, hěn jìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No, it isn’t. It’s very close.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méiyǒu
                                                wǔsilsuì, tā cái sìshijǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He isn’t (as old as) fifty years old; he’s only
                                            forty-something.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngguòle hǎojǐge
                            shěng</foreignphrase>: “goes through many provinces.” This sentence
                        illustrates well that completion -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> is completely different from English past tense.
                        Eves with completion -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase>, the verb still means “goes through,” not “went
                        through.” The completion of an event in the past can result in a present
                        state (for example, the Great Wall was built in the past and is still
                        standing), and so -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> must sometimes be translated into English with the
                        present tense. Other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài
                                                dǒngle tā wèishénme méi gēn tā
                                                jiéhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Now I understand why he didn’t marry her.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dàile
                                                  yǎnjìng, nī dōu bú rènshi wǒ le, shì
                                                  ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You don’t recognize me with glasses on, eh? (I am
                                            wearing glasses.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū
                                                jièshàole Mèiguóde zhèngzhi
                                                qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This book introduces the American political
                                            situation.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>shěng: “province” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shěng</foreignphrase> takes the counter -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase>. or is sometimes used
                        without a counter.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                yígòng yǒu èrshièrge shěng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>China has twenty-two provinces altogether.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para>xiū: “to repair” roads, structures, cars, radios, shoes, etc. Also, “to
                        trim” hair, fingernails, or ”to prune” trees, shrubbery, etc. Also, “to
                        build, to construct” reservoirs, railroads, roads, irrigation ditches,
                        etc.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiūguo hǎo jǐcì
                            le</foreignphrase>: “has been repaired a great many times” The
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> at the end
                        of the sentence adds on the meaning “so far.” Here are other examples of the
                        pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...-guo
                            ...-le</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                diànyǐng tā kànguo liǎngcì le, hái bù zhīdào zěnme
                                                huí shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has seen this movie twice, and he still doesn’t
                                            know what it’s all about.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kǎoguo
                                                liǎngcì le, dōu bù xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has taken the exam twice, but didn’t make it
                                            either time.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qíncháo</foreignphrase>: “the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qín</foreignphrase> Dynasty”
                        (221-207 B.C.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhí zài xiū</foreignphrase>:
                        Literally, “all-along in-process-of repair,” i.e., “it has been being
                        repaired all along.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bādálǐng</foreignphrase>: A
                        mountain seventy-five kilometers northwest of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, over which passes a
                        section of the Great Wall dating from the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). This is
                        the usual spot to which tourists are taken to see the Great Wall. (Some
                        people pronounce this with different tones: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bádàlǐng</foreignphrase>.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        seem,” but here meaning “it seems to me,” as in<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎoxiàng
                                                zài nǎr jiànguo zhèige rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It seems to me I’ve seen this man somewhere
                                            before.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                  hǎoxiàng gàosuguo wǒ zhèijiàn
                                                shi.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It seems to me you’ve told me this before.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiànzhù</foreignphrase>: As a
                        verb, “to build, to construct”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                dàlóu shi něinián jiànzhùde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When was this building constructed?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As a noun, “a structure” or “architecture”:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
                                                Qíncháode jiànzhù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is a structure from the Qin Dynasty.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi xué
                                                jiànzhùde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He studied architecture.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> chóngxīn: “again, afresh, anew” </para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
                                                pánziwǎn xǐde bù gānjing, qǐng nǐ chóngxīn xǐ
                                                yícì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>These dishes were not washed clean; please wash them
                                            again.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chóngxīn</foreignphrase> is
                        often followed by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase>, “again”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuòde bù
                                                hǎode huà, chóngxīn zài zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If (we) don’t do it well, we’ll do it all over
                                            again.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài lìshǐshang</foreignphrase>:
                        “in history, down through history” Chinese often uses -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shang</foreignphrase>, “on,” where English
                        would use “in,” especially for the meaning “in such-and-such a field or
                        area”: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                            jíngjishang</foreignphrase>, “in economy, eco“omically”; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài xuéxíshang</foreignphrase>, “in (one’s)
                        studies”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                            shēngchǎnshang</foreignphrase>, ”in production”; and, of course,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bàozhǐshang</foreignphrase>,
                        “in the newspaper,” etc.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng... zuò...</foreignphrase>:
                        ”“o use... as...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yòng
                                                tāmen jiāde kètíng zuò bàngōngshì.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He uses their living room as an office.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qínlüè</foreignphrase>: As a
                        verb, “to invade”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sūlián
                                                wèishénme qīnluè Āfùhàn? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Why did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As a noun, “invasion” or “aggression”:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen bìxū
                                                fángbèi Sūliánde qinlüè. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We must guard against Soviet aggression.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běifāng láide</foreignphrase>:
                        “coming from the north” The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >cóng</foreignphrase>, “’from,” is often omitted from phrases such as
                        the following:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                xuéxiàode Zhōngguo xuésheng dōu shi Táiwān láide
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Are the Chinese students in that school all from
                                            Taiwan?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi,
                                                yě yǒu dàlù láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No, there are also some from the mainland.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng
                                                Shànghǎi qù Xīběi zhùde rén hěn duō, Běijīng qùde yě
                                                yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There are many people who have gone to live in the
                                            Northwest from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>, and there are also some
                                            who have gone there from <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rén shi
                                                hóuzi biànde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Man came (“changed”) from the monkey.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒulǎn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        sightsee,” “to tour”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào
                                                Běijīngde wàiguo rén dōu xiǎng qù Shísānlíng
                                                yóulǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Foreigners who go to Beijing all want to go to the
                                            Thirteen Tombs to sightsee.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào
                                                Chángchéng qùde yóulǎnchē měitiān
                                                sìbān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There are four tour buses to the Great Wall every
                                            day.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shísānlíng</foreignphrase>; “the
                        Thirteen Tombs,” also called “the Ming Tombs,” because they date from the
                        Ming Dynasty. These are located outside of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuòzhě</foreignphrase>:
                        “worker” in a particular field, e.g., <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàoyu gōngzuòzhě</foreignphrase>,
                        “educational worker,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnwén
                            gōngzuòzhě</foreignphrase>, “journalist,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǔyán gōngzuòzhě</foreignphrase>, “language
                        worker.” Such terms are PRC usage, sometimes created to replace titles with
                        elitist connotations.</para>
                    <para>Do not confuse this with the general term for “worker,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngren</foreignphrase>, which will be
                        introduced in Unit 6.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǔdài</foreignphrase>:
                        “ancient,” the opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiàndài</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Gǔ</foreignphrase>-, “ancient,” is used mainly in compound
                            words:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng shi
                                                yíge gǔchéng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Běijīng</foreignphrase> is an ancient city.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǔrén yǒu
                                                yíjù huà, “Jiāozhě bì bài.”</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>The ancients had a saying, “Pride goeth before the
                                                fall.”</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                gǔshíhòu zhèige guōjiāde wénhuà yǐjīng hěn fādá
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This country’s culture was already well developed in
                                            ancient times.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǔdài</foreignphrase> is also
                        used as a noun meaning “ancient times, antiquity.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìshu</foreignphrase>: “art,”
                        meaning either “the arts” or “skill.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìshujiā</foreignphrase> is an
                            “artist.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tīngshuō
                                                nǐ zài zhèr xué yìshu, nǐ shi xué xiàndài yìshu
                                                háishi gǔdài yìshu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I understand you study art here; do you study modern
                                            art or ancient art?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāo shū
                                                shi yìzhōng yìshu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Teaching is an art.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiàotáng</foreignphrase>:
                        “church,” literally, ”religion-hall”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>: Notice that
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>, “indeed,
                        certainly, really,” is often accompanied by <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> at the end of the
                            sentence:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài
                                                zài kàn tā zuì xīnde shū, kě yǒu yìsi
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm reading his latest book now. It's really
                                            interesting.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gài</foreignphrase>: “to build,”
                        only used for buildings. (Another common use of this word is as the verb “to
                        cover,” which was the original meaning.)<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                fángzi gàile duōshǎo nián
                                            le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How old is this house/building? (lit., “How many
                                            years has it been since this house was built?”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shí Dà Jiànzhù</foreignphrase>;
                        The “Ten Great Structures” in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase> were designed and built in the 1950s by the
                        Chinese themselves. The authorities wanted to modernize the layout of the
                        capital and at the same time to commemorate the revolutionary victory and
                        its heroes. The architectural styles include Western as well as traditional
                        Chinese. The buildings are as follows: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> Railroad Station,
                        Museum of Art, Museum of History, Great Hall of the People, Revolutionary
                        Military Museum, Telegraph Building, Nationalities Cultural Palace,
                        Agricultural Exhibition Hall, Workers Stadium, and the Monument to the
                        People's Heroes.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juédìng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        decide” a course of action, or a “decision”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                juédìng yào bàn dào Niǔ Yuē qù zhù
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>They decided to move to New York.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juédìng
                                                míngtiān zài zuò zhèijiàn
                                            shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ve decided not to do this until tomorrow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juédìng
                                                qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ve decided to go. (Note that <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is not
                                            attached to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >juédìng</foreignphrase> here even though “decided”
                                            is a completed action. The verb which follows
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >juédìng</foreignphrase> prevents this.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào hé
                                                Huáshèngdùn fāngmian shāngliang yíxià cái néng zuò
                                                juédìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>I have to discuss this with Washington before I
                                                can make a decision.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuānguò</foreignphrase>: “to
                        cross through”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng zhèr
                                                chuānguoqu jiù dào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We Just cross through here and then we’re
                                            there.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎngchǎng</foreignphrase>:
                        “square” in a city (the literal meaning is “wide-field”)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №11</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gùgōng</foreignphrase>: The full
                        name is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gùgōng
                            Bōwùyuàn</foreignphrase>, “the Former Imperial Palace Museum.” This was
                        the palace of the ruling families of the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīng</foreignphrase> dynasties. It is located
                        in the center of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijìng</foreignphrase>. In conversation it is usually referred to
                        simply as the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Gùgōng</foreignphrase> (literally, “Former-palace”).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndewán
                            kànbuwán?</foreignphrase>: “can (one) finish seeing (it)?” This is the
                        compound verb of result <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kànwán</foreignphrase>, “finish seeing,” with the syllables
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>- and
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase>- inserted
                        between the action and the result. Notice that in the question form, the
                        affirmative choice is given first and the negative choice second, just as in
                        simple questions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù bu
                            qù</foreignphrase> (which means <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù háishi bú qù</foreignphrase>). In some
                        varieties of Standard Chinese, the question form of verbs like
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndewán</foreignphrase>
                        follows the pattern Action <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bu</foreignphrase> Action-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase>-Result: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Kàn bu kàndeván?</foreignphrase> This pattern is increasingly
                        common.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gùgōng yìtiānkàndewán
                            kànbuwán?</foreignphrase>: Note the placement of the time expression
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìtiān</foreignphrase>, “one
                        day,” BEFORE the verb<footnote>
                            <para>Remember: Time expressions referring to POINTS in time, including
                                ones like “in (by the end of) two days,” go BEFORE; those describing
                                the CONTINUATION of time go AFTER. (Review the note on placement of
                                time phrases in the Meeting module, Unit 1, Notes on No. 6.)</para>
                        </footnote>. Expressions telling that something is done WITHIN a certain
                        period of time (usually translated as “in” a certain period) come BEFORE the
                        verb. Other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yìtiān
                                                néng huílai ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Can you get back in one day?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi wèntí,
                                                bàntiān jiù huílai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No problem. I’ll be back in half a day.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yìhuǐr
                                                yào chūqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I’ll be going out in a while.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yíge
                                                zhōngtóu jiù xuéhuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He learned it in just an hour.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ liǎngge
                                                yuè qù yícì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I go once in two months.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase>: The word
                        for “where” is used here to make a rhetorical question (one to which no
                        answer is expected) implying the negative of what it says. Other
                            examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr yòu
                                                nàme róngyì! </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Since when is it that easy. (It isn’t at all so
                                            easy.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ nǎr
                                                  zhīdào tā yǐjīng jiéhūn lei</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How was I to know that she was already married!
                                            (i.e., I had no way of knowing)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №12</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi... shéi
                            jiù...</foreignphrase>: “whoever...” You can use an interrogative
                        pronoun— <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >náli</foreignphrase>,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> shénme
                            shíhou</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >duōshào</foreignphrase>, etc. in a dependent clause and then repeat it
                        in the main clause to get meanings like “whoever,” “whatever,” “however,”
                        “wherever,” “whenever,” “however much,” etc. The adverb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">s</foreignphrase>, “then,” is often used in
                        the main clause.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xūyào
                                                shénme, wǒ jiù gěi nǐ
                                            shénme.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ll give you whatever you need.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli duì
                                                nlǐzuì fàngbian wǒmen jiù zài náli Jiàn miàn.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We’ll meet wherever is most convenient for
                                            you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi xiǎng
                                                qù, shéi jiù qù. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Whoever wants to go, goes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Here are some examples in which <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiù</foreignphrase> is not used:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ ài
                                                zěnmeyàng zěnmeyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do whatever you like.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                  shénme shíhou fāngbian, shénme shíhou
                                                  lái.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Come whenever it’s convenient for you</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Táiwān,
                                                xiāngjiāo zǒngshi yǒu; yào duōshǎo, yǒu
                                                duōshào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>They always have bananas in Taiwan; there are as many
                                            as one could want (i.e., there are plenty).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎngzhe</foreignphrase>: “be
                        thinking of, have on one’s mind” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhe</foreignphrase> on the end of an action verb like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> shows the prolonging of
                        the action over a period of time. Compare these examples:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié
                                                zhànzhe, zuòxia ba! </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don’t stay standing; sit down’.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                tīngzhe!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Listen!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ mànmàn
                                                chī, wǒ děngzhe nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Take your time eating; I’ll wait for you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèr
                                                kānzhe ta, nǐ qù jiào liàng
                                                jiùhùchē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ll stay here and watch him; you go call an
                                            ambulance.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №13: Additional Vocabulary</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháodài</foreignphrase>: The
                        bound form -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháo</foreignphrase>
                        must be preceded by a name (as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Qíncháo</foreignphrase>, ’“the Qin Dynasty”). <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cháodài</foreignphrase> can be used alone, as
                        in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige gōngdiàn shi zài neige
                            cháodài jiànzhude?</foreignphrase>, ’“In which dynasty was this palace
                        constructed?”</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 5</title>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méitàn</foreignphrase>: ’“coal’’
                        In daily life (for coal is still used as a fuel in many homes in China),
                        this is usually called simply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >méi</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Tàn</foreignphrase> by itself means ’“charcoal” (charcoal is also
                        called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mùtàn</foreignphrase>,
                        literally, “wood-charcoal”).</para>
                    <para>Another word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >tàn</foreignphrase>, written with a different character but pronounced
                        exactly the same, means the element “carbon.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                dìfangde méitàn shēngchǎn qíngkuàng bú cuò.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> Coal production is doing very well in this
                                            place.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zīyuán</foreignphrase>:
                        “resources” This is used in such phrases as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìrán zīyuán</foreignphrase>. “natural
                        resources,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìxià
                            zīyuán</foreignphrase>, “underground resources.**<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìběn yōu
                                                zīyuánde wèntí. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Japan has a problem of resources, (refers to lack of
                                            resources)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù shǎo</foreignphrase>: “not
                        few,” i.e., “many,” “large” Remember that Chinese often uses <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> to express the opposite of
                            adjectives:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shíjiān bù
                                                zǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s getting late.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhēn bù
                                                cōngmíng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You’re really dumb.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                guōjiāde jīngJi fāzhǎnde
                                            búmàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That country’s economy is developing quite
                                            fast.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìsānwèi</foreignphrase>: “third
                        place” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèi</foreignphrase> is the
                        same word you learned in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi
                            shi Gāo Tongzhì?</foreignphrase>, but here it means “place” or
                        “position” in a statistical ranking, -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèi</foreignphrase> also means “place” in
                        mathematics: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >gèwèi</foreignphrase>, “the units place”; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíwèi</foreignphrase>, “the tens place”;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎiwèi</foreignphrase>, “the
                        hundreds place”; etc.</para>
                    <para>Use the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàn
                            dì-...-wèi</foreignphrase> for “to rank in ... position”:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                rénkǒu zhàn shìjiè dìyǐwèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>China’s population ranks first in the world.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìndù dàozi
                                                chǎnliàng zài shìjièshang zhàn
                                                dìjǐwèi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How does India’s rice production rank in the
                                            world?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biānjìng</foreignphrase>:
                        ’“(national) border”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                biānjìng dìqū shēnghuó, gōngzuòde rén, yídìng yào
                                                tebié xiǎoxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>People who live and work in the border areas must be
                                            especially careful.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                chéngshì lí biānjìng hěn
                                            jìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This city is very near the border.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài lí biānjìng bù yuǎnde
                            dìfang</foreignphrase>: “was in places near the border” The main verb of
                        the sentence is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase>, “was in.” The phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lí biānjìng bù yuǎn</foreignphrase> goes with
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> and
                        describes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìfang</foreignphrase>.
                        Heóre is a diagram of the structure:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōnggude
                                                shíyóu </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lí biānjìng
                                                bù yuǎn -de </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dìfang.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>China’s oil</entry>
                                        <entry>was in</entry>
                                        <entry>not far from the border</entry>
                                        <entry> places.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánhǎi</foreignphrase>: “along the
                        coast,” “coastal” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yán</foreignphrase>, which you will learn in Unit 7, means
                            “along.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
                                                dōngxi shi yánhǎi dìqū cái
                                            yǒude.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This kind of thing is found only in the coastal
                                            regions.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèijǐge
                                                yánhǎi chéngshì jiànshède hěn
                                            kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Those few coastal cities have been built up very
                                            quickly.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yánhǎi yídài</foreignphrase> is
                        a very common way of saying “coastal region.” You should also memorize the
                        expressions <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánhǎi
                            gèshěng</foreignphrase><footnote>
                            <para>0n the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >gè</foreignphrase> “various,” see the Notes on No. 6.</para>
                        </footnote> , “the (various) coastal provinces,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánhǎi zīyuán</foreignphrase>, “coastal
                        resources.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuàngqū</foreignphrase>: “mining
                        area/region” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuàng</foreignphrase>
                        is the word for “mine,” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >méikuàng</foreignphrase>, “coal mine.” -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qū</foreignphrase> means “area,” “region,” as
                        in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìqū</foreignphrase>, “region,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāoqū</foreignphrase>,
                        “suburbs,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shìqū</foreignphrase>, “urban area.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                jìhua shi guǎnyú kuàngqū
                                            jiànshède.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This plan has to do with the development of mining
                                            regions.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnshú</foreignphrase>: “metal,”
                        literally, “metal-category”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
                                                jīnshúde ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is this (made of) metal?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                wǒmen zuò zhèizhǒng dōngxi bú yòng jinshú, dōu yòng
                                                zhǐ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Now we no longer make this kind of thing out of
                                            metal, we make it out of paper.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niándài</foreignphrase>: This
                        has two meanings: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>(as used in 3B) “a decade of a century,” e.g., <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èrshi niándài</foreignphrase>, “the
                                twenties”; </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>“period,” “era”</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                gùshi xiěde shi shénme niándàide
                                                shi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What period is this story about?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipíng
                                                jiu3 shi shénme niándàide?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What vintage is this wine/liquor?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīxiè</foreignphrase>:
                        “machine,” œmachinery,” “mechanical”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                zhèlide shēngchǎn zhǔyào kào
                                            jīxiè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Most of our production here is by machine.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīxiè</foreignphrase> is also
                        pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >jījiè</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīqì</foreignphrase>, “machine,”
                        which you learned in Unit 3, is different from <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīqì</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīqì</foreignphrase> refers to individual
                        machines; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīxiè</foreignphrase> is
                        machines in general—machinery. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Jīqì</foreignphrase> virtually- always translates as“”machine(s).”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīxiè</foreignphrase> is
                        basically “machinery,” but may translate as “machine” in certain phrases,
                        like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīxiè
                        gōngrén</foreignphrase>, “machine worker,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīxiè gōngyè</foreignphrase>, “machine
                        industry,” etc.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài guò shínián</foreignphrase>:
                        “in another ten years,” “after another ten years have passed” Here are some
                        more examples of the use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(zài)
                            guò</foreignphrase> (Amount of Time):<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài guò
                                                jǐnián wǒ jiù xíguàn zhèrde shēnghuó
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ll get used to life here in another few
                                            years.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guò jǐtiān
                                                tā jiù yào qù Yìdàlì zuò lǐngshì
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> In a few days, he will be going to Italy to be
                                            consul.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chū</foreignphrase>: “at the
                        beginning of” a time period<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngniánchū
                                                wǒ qù Shànghǎi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>At the beginning of next year I’m going to
                                            Shanghai.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuèchū zài
                                                shuō ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We’ll see about it at the beginning of (next)
                                            month!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige yuè
                                                chū tiānqi kāishǐ nuǎnhuo
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The weather started to get warmer at the beginning of
                                            this month.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wénhuà Dà
                                                Gémìng chū wǒmen shéi dōu hái bù zhīdào shi zěnme
                                                huí shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, none of
                                            us knew what it was all about yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiángguó</foreignphrase>:
                        “strong-country,” i.e., “a (world) power”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐmǎ</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“at least”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā xué Zhōngwén qǐmǎ yǒu wǔnián le, dànshi hái
                                                  shuōde bù hāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He has been studying Chinese for at least
                                                  five years, but he still doesn't speak
                                                  well.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Měitiān wǎnshang wǒ qǐmǎ yào kàn liǎngge zhōngtóu
                                                  shū cái néng shuì jiào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Every evening I have to read at least two
                                                  hours before I can go to sleep.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèige rén zhēn néng pǎo, měitiān qǐmǎ pǎo shíèr
                                                  yīnglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>This guy can really run. Every day he runs
                                                  at least twelve miles. acceptable), most basic,
                                                  rudimentary”</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“minimum, lowest (required to be acceptable,) most basic,
                                        rudimentary”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèige rén! Lián qǐmǎde lǐmào dōu bù
                                                  dǒng!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>This guy! He doesn’t even understand the
                                                  most basic manners!</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ lián zhè qǐmǎde dàolǐ dōu bù
                                                  dǒng?!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>You don’t even understand this basic
                                                  principle (of conduct, life, etc.)?!</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para>
                    <para>Similar expressions include <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qǐmǎde tiáojiàn</foreignphrase>, “the most basic conditions”;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐmǎde
                            huánjìng</foreignphrase>, “the most basic environment(al conditions)”;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐmǎde zhīshi</foreignphrase>,
                        “the most rudimentary knowledge”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qǐmǎde shuǐpíng</foreignphrase>, “the minimum level.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnmeyàng la?</foreignphrase>:
                        “what happened (to him)” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >La</foreignphrase> is just a contraction of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">a</foreignphrase>. Here are more examples of
                        the extremely useful word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zěnmeyàng</foreignphrase>, “how is...,” “what happened (to)...,” or “do
                            what”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ránhòu ne?
                                                Ránhòu zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>And then? Then what happened?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Éi, hǎo
                                                jǐnián méi kànjian Xiǎo Wú le, tā zěnmeyàng
                                                le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Say, I haven’t seen <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Wú</foreignphrase>
                                            for many years. What ever became of her?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge rén bù
                                                néng xiǎng zěnmeyàng jiu
                                            zěnmeyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A person cannot just do anything they feel like
                                            doing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yàoshi
                                                bú gàosu ta, tā huì duì nǐ zěnmeyàng
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If you don’t tell him, will he try to do anything to
                                            you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú huì
                                                zěnmeyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He won’t do anything.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Nǐ
                                                dǎsuan zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What are you going to do?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                xiǎng wǒ yīnggāi zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What do you think I should do?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
                                                zhīdào, nǐ yào zěnmeyàng jiu
                                                zěnmeyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don’t know. Do whatever you want to do.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        heavy,” in several senses:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige jīqì
                                                yǒu duó zhòng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How heavy is this machine?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngkè tài
                                                zhòng, zhēn lèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have too much homework; I’m really tired.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào bǎ
                                                huà shuōde tài zhòng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don’t put it too strongly.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shòule
                                                zhòng shāng, xiànzài zài
                                            yīyuànli.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He was badly injured and is now in the
                                            hospital.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhòngliàng</foreignphrase> means
                        “weight” (compare <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >chǎnliàng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhìliàng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shùliàng</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <para>The opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhòng</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qīng</foreignphrase>, “to be light,” which is introduced in No. 7,
                        below.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gèguó</foreignphrase>: “various
                        countries” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gè</foreignphrase>-,
                        “each and every, various,” is a specifier like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>-, “this,” or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi</foreignphrase>-, “that.”
                        You can prefix it to counters and to some nouns. Here are some
                            examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zài
                                                quánguǒ gèdì cānguān youlǎnle yíge
                                                yuè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We visited and toured all over the country for one
                                            month. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Gèdì</foreignphrase> is “each place,” “various
                                            places.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                gèrén zuò gèrénde, sìdiǎn zài kāi
                                                huí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>For now, everyone can do what they want. We will have
                                            the meeting at four. (<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gèrén</foreignphrase> is
                                            “everybody.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gèwèi rúguǒ
                                                yǒu shénme wèntí, qǐng xiànzài
                                                tíchulai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>If you all have any questions, please bring them
                                                up now. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Gèwèi</foreignphrase> is a polite form of address
                                                for a group of people, e.g., an audience.
                                                  -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wèi</foreignphrase> is the polite counter' for
                                                people.)</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yòng
                                                gèzhǒng xiàndàihuàde jīqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>They use all kinds of modem machines. (<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gèzhǒng</foreignphrase>
                                            is “various kinds.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gè</foreignphrase>-
                        phrase is followed in the sentence by <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>, “all,” it takes on the
                        meaning “every,” “all.” Thus <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gèguó</foreignphrase> in sentence 6A is translated as “all
                        countries.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānxīn</foreignphrase>; “to be
                        concerned about,” “to care about,” “to be interested in” the welfare of
                            something.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèrde
                                                lǎoshī hěn guānxīn xuésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The teachers here are very concerned about (care
                                            about) the students.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn
                                                guānxīn kuàngqūde jiànshè, sānge yuèli lái kànguo
                                                hǎo jǐcì. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> He cares a great deal about the building up of the
                                            mining region; he came to see it many times in three
                                            months.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase>: “many,”
                        “a great deal (of),” “lots (of)” This is a synonym of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn duō</foreignphrase>, and used in the same
                        ways.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chénglì</foreignphrase>: “to
                        establish,” œto found,” “to set up”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
                                                Diànhuà Diànbào Gōngsī shi nǎinián
                                                chénglìde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In what year was AT&amp;T established?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qū</foreignphrase>: ’“area,”
                        œregion,” œdistrict” This word, which you have already seen in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìqū</foreignphrase>, œarea,”
                        “region,” and in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kuàngqū</foreignphrase>, “mining region,” can combine with many other
                        words, for example <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gōngyèqū</foreignphrase>, “industrial region,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngyèqū</foreignphrase>, “agricultural
                        region” or “fanning region,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shāngyèqū</foreignphrase>, “usiness district (of a city),”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngjǐngqū</foreignphrase>,
                        “scenic spot,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shānqū</foreignphrase>, “mountainous district.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìliàng</foreignphrase>:
                        “power,” “force,” “strength” In 7A, this is translated idiomatically as
                        “capability.” Another example would be <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jingji lìliàng</foreignphrase>. “economic
                        capability.” Here are more examples (for the third one, you need to know
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuánjié</foreignphrase>,
                            “unity”):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo3mende
                                                lìliàng bú gòu, méiyou bànfǎ bāngzhu
                                                ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Our power is insufficient;, there is no way we can
                                            help you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dà zìde
                                                shíhou, bù néng yòng tài dà
                                            lìliàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When typing, one should not hit too hard.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tuánjié jiù
                                                shi lìliàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Unity is strength.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme
                                                lìliàng yě bù néng bǎ wǒmen
                                            fēnkāi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No force can separate us.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìn...lái</foreignphrase>:
                        “during the last...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jìn sāntiān
                                                lái, Xiǎo Huá hǎoxiàng xīnli hěn bù
                                                gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>For the last three days, <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Huá</foreignphrase>
                                            has seemed very unhappy.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jìn jǐnián
                                                lái, tā biànhuà hěn dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In recent years, she has changed a great
                                            deal.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jin bǎinián
                                                láide Zhōngguō lìshǐ hěn yǒu
                                            yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Chinese history of the past hundred years is very
                                            interesting.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        light” in weight<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāngzi bú
                                                zhòng, hěn qīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The suitcase isn’t heavy; it’s light</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīng gōngyè
                                                gōngren méiyou zhòng gōngyè gōngrende shōurù
                                                duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Light industrial workers do not have as high wages as
                                            heavy industrial workers.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èrshinián qián</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qián</foreignphrase> is a
                        short form of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǐqián</foreignphrase>. You can often substitute <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiàn</foreignphrase> for <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐqián</foreignphrase> when it comes at the
                        end of a time phrase. Both words are commonly used in conversation and
                        writing. More examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái
                                                Měiguó qián, shénme yě méi
                                            zhǔnbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Before I came to America, I didn’t prepare
                                            anything.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge yuè
                                                qián, zhèige dàlóu hái méi gàiwán, xiànzài yǐjìng
                                                zhù rén le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A month ago, this building wasn't even finished yet,
                                            and now there are already people living in it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qióng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                            poor”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qióng bú
                                                shi wèntí, lǎn cái shi
                                            wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Being poor isn't a problem; it’s being lazy that’s a
                                            problem.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàngxìn</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        unworried,” “to be at ease,” “to put one’s mind at ease” (literally, “put
                        down the heart”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bàn shì,
                                                wǒ fàngxìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>With you in charge (literally, “[if] you handle
                                            affairs”), I am at ease, (reportedly said by
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo
                                                Zédōng</foreignphrase> to <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huà
                                                Guófēng</foreignphrase> before <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo</foreignphrase> died
                                            in 1976)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fàngxìn
                                                hǎo le, wǒ huì xiǎng
                                            bànfade.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> Don’t you worry. I’ll think of a way.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yíge rén
                                                qù, wǒ bú fàngxìn. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ll worry if you go alone.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suàn</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        counted as,” “to be considered as,” “can be regarded as” This verb is used
                        much more often than these English translations would seem to indicate. To
                        really get the feel of what <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >suàn</foreignphrase> means, you have to look at it in context. Here are
                        some examples (the translations attempt to be idiomatic):<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hángzhōu
                                                suàn bu suan gōngyè
                                            chéngshì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Would you say that Hangzhou is an industrial
                                            city?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú suàn,
                                                suàn yóulàn chéngshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> No, it's a tourist city.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme duō
                                                cài, sānshikuài qián bú suàn
                                            guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Thirty dollars isn't expensive for so much
                                            food.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ děi zìjī
                                                huì shuō nǐ xiǎngde dōngxi cái suàn huì shuō
                                                Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You have to be able to say what you want to say
                                            before you can be considered to speak Chinese.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ti
                                                xiàèxie le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Thank you so much!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Nà suàn
                                                shénme! Péngyōu ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s nothing (literally, “What can that be
                                            considered’’)! We’re friends, after all!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāzhǎn
                                                bǐjiǎo kuàide yào suàn méitàn gōngyè hé jīxiè
                                                gōngyè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>One would have to say the coal industry and the
                                            machine industry are the most rapidly developing
                                            industries.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānjīn
                                                  suīrán bú suàn zuì yǒu míngde chéngshì, dànshi
                                                  měinián yě yǒu bù shǎo rén qù
                                                  cānguān.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Although one would not call <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānjīn</foreignphrase> a
                                            very famous city, quite a few people go there to visit
                                            every year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō
                                                zhèizhōng huà hái suàn shi
                                                wàijiāoguān!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What kind of diplomat talks like that! (literally,
                                            (In view of the fact that he) says such things, can he
                                            still be considered a diplomat?!)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yě
                                                suàn Běijīng kǎoyā ma? bú duì
                                            ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>They call this Peking duck? The flavor is all
                                            wrong!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài zhèi
                                                jīge xuéshenglǐ, tā hái suàn shi hǎode ne, kěshi dōu
                                                bú tài hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Of these students, I suppose he’s the best, but none
                                            of them is very good.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒngde lái shuō</foreignphrase>:
                        “generally speaking,’’ “on the whole’’<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒngde lái
                                                shuō, wǒmen xuéxiào xuéshēngde shuǐpíng dōu shi hěn
                                                gāode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Generally speaking, our school’s students are of a
                                            very high caliber.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒngde lái
                                                shuō, nǐmende gōngzuò gǎode bú
                                            cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>On the whole, you did a good job.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>A similar phrase using the pattern <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...lái shuō</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbān lái shuō</foreignphrase>, which means
                        “generally speaking,” “ordinarily”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìbān lái
                                                shuō, wǒ měige yuè qù kàn ta
                                            yícì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Generally speaking I go see him once a month.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìbān lái
                                                shuō, Huáshèngdùnde chūntiān hěn
                                                shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Generally speaking, spring in Washington is very
                                            comfortable.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìbān lái
                                                shuō, Zhōngguō rén zǒngshi hěn
                                            kèqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Generally speaking, Chinese people are always
                                            polite.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ba</foreignphrase>: This is a
                        new use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ba</foreignphrase> for
                        you. It is used in colloquial speech to mark a pause in the sentence,
                        setting off the topic which precedes it (in this case, zǒngde lái
                            shuō).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige rén
                                                ba, bú shi zuò wàijiāoguānde
                                                cáiliào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This guy— he isn’t foreign service officer
                                            material.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biànhuà</foreignphrase>:
                        “change(s)” This is only used as a noun.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shínián bú
                                                jiàn, tā biànhuà hǎo dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He hadn’t seen her in ten years, and she had changed
                                            a great deal.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>: “city,”
                        “municipality” Used mostly in reference to the official city level of
                        government, e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng
                            shì</foreignphrase>, “the city of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng</foreignphrase>,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng shì</foreignphrase>, “<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> municipality,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì bànde</foreignphrase>,
                        “city-run,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánhǎi gèshěng,
                            shì</foreignphrase>, “the coastal provinces and cities.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì</foreignphrase> is also used in a few set
                        phrases like shi zhōngxīn, “center of the city,” ”downtown.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhōngxīn</foreignphrase>:
                        “center,” “heart,” “core,” “hub”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng shi
                                                Zhōngguōde zhèngzhi, wénhuà
                                                zhōngxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Běijīng</foreignphrase> is the political and
                                            cultural center of China.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngzhōu
                                                shi yíge shāngyè zhōngxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase> is a commercial
                                            center</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen hái
                                                méiyou tándao wèntíde
                                            zhōngxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We haven’t yet touched on the core of the
                                            question.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngxīn</foreignphrase> can
                        also be used before a noun to modify it. It then translates as
                            ”central”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
                                                niánde zhōngxīn gōngzuò shi gǎo jīngji jiànshè.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The central task now and in the coming years is to
                                            engage in economic construction.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ruò</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        weak” (people or countries)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnxiè</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        grateful (for)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                zhèngfǔ hěn gǎnxiè wàiguó zhuānjiā duì Zhōngguóde
                                                bāngzhu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The Chinese government is very grateful for the help
                                            foreign experts give to China.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā feicháng
                                                gǎnxiè péngyoumen duì tāde
                                            guānxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is very grateful for his friends’ concern.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fēicháng
                                                gǎnxiè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Thank you so much, (formal)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“to help, to assist” This is a less formal synonym of
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >bāngzhu</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none"
                                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Bié jí, wǒ lái bāng ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Take it easy, I'll help you.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“for (someone),” “as a help to (someone)”<informaltable
                                        frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ qù bāng wǒ ná xìn, hǎo ma?
                                                  </foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>Would you go get the mail for me,
                                                  please?</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Bāng wǒ ná yíxià hǎo ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Would you please hold this for me a
                                                  second?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para>
                    <para>In most cases, the context will clarify whether <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng</foreignphrase> is meant as “to help
                        someone do something” or as “to do something for someone,” but ambiguity may
                            arise:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bāng wǒ zuò
                                                fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol3"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She helps me cook. </entry>
                                        <entry>OR</entry>
                                        <entry>She cooks for me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Using <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìqǐ</foreignphrase>,
                        “together,” can remove the ambiguity: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bāng wǒ yìqī zuò fàn </foreignphrase>can
                        only mean “She helps me cook,” meaning that the two people make dinner
                        together; it could <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> possibly mean “She
                        cooks for me.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qítā</foreignphrase>: “other,”
                        “else,” “the rest”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē shū
                                                wǒ jiù kànle liǎngběn, qítā hái méi
                                                kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ve only read two of these books, I haven’t read the
                                            others yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù
                                                Shànghǎi, qítā rén ne? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You’re going to <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>;
                                            what about the others?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Nǐ hái
                                                xiǎng qù shénme qítāde dìfang, wǒmen zài zuò
                                                ānpái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If you want to go to any other places, we'll make
                                            more arrangements.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chúle
                                                zhèige shi zhǔyào wèntí, qítā dōu méi
                                                guānxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Besides this, which is the main issue, the rest
                                            doesn’t matter.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhǐ
                                                  juéde bù hao yìsi, qítà méiyou
                                                  shénme.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I just feel embarrassed, nothing else,.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 6</title>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hànyǔ</foreignphrase>: ’“Chinese
                        language” This is more formal than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhōngwén</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō
                                                Zhōngguó huà bú tài nán, kěshi yào xuéhǎo Hànyú jiu
                                                bǐjiào nán le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It isn't too hard to speak Chinese, but if you want
                                            to master the Chinese language, it is more
                                            difficult.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                liǎngdiǎn zhōng yǒu Hànyǔ
                                            kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have Chinese class at two.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǔzá</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        complicated, to be complex” Also pronounced <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùzá</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi yíge
                                                fǔzáde wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That's a complicated question.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxìn</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“to believe in, to have faith in”<informaltable frame="none"
                                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā xiāngxìn yíge hǎn qíguàide
                                                  zōngjiào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He believes in a very strange
                                                  religion.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ bù xiāngxìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I don’t believe it!</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Yǐqián rénmen bù xiāngxìn zhèizhǒng shuōfǎ,
                                                  xiànzài xiāngxìn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>People didn't used to believe in this
                                                  explanation, but now they do.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>(as used in 1B) “to be convinced, to be certain, to trust
                                        that...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ xiāngxìn tā yídìng zuòde
                                                  hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I’m certain that he will do a good
                                                  Job.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para>Zhōngdōng: “the Middle East”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngdōng
                                                dìqū yǒu hěn duō guōjiā dōu dúlì
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The Middle East region has many countries which have
                                            become independent.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīsīlánjiào</foreignphrase>:
                        “Islam” -Jiao, “religion,” goes on the end of words for different religions.
                        The following examples are for comparison, not for
                            memorisation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tiānzhǔjiào</foreignphrase>
                                            (“heaven-lord-religion”)</entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Catholicism</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Xīnjiào</foreignphrase> (“New-religion”)</entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Protestantism</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Yóutàijiào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Judaism</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Fójiào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Buddhism</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Dàojiào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Taoism (the popular
                                            religion, not the philosophy)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>: The
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> Uygur
                        Autonomous Region, formerly known as Sinkiang or Chinese Turkestan, is
                        China's westernmost area. The largest of the country's autonomous regions
                        and provinces, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> makes up one sixth of China's total area. In
                        this vast land of great natural beauty and sharp geographical contrasts,
                        plentiful resources make conditions ideal for the development of industry,
                        agriculture, and livestock farming.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> has
                        held an important place in China's politics and economy since ancient times.
                        In the days before the large-scale navigation of the seas, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> was crossed by the
                        famous “Silk Road,” by which economic and cultural ties were maintained
                        between China and other Asian and European countries. During the Western
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàn</foreignphrase> period
                        over two thousand years ago, incursions by the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiōngnú</foreignphrase> (Hsiungnu) led the
                        Chinese central government to a policy of occupying the oasis cities of
                        southern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>
                        as garrison posts. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> has been intimately connected with China ever
                        since that time, although their relations have often been turbulent. The
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīng</foreignphrase> dynasty
                        made a province of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> (the name means “the New Dominion”) in 1884.
                        From the Chinese revolution in 1911 until 1949, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> remained under
                        authoritarian Chinese control at the same time that local nationalist forces
                        were also at work. Communist Chinese forces “liberated” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> from late 1949 until
                        the spring of 1950. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> became an autonomous region on October 1,
                        1955.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> is
                        surrounded by mountains: the Altay in the north; the Kunlun in the south and
                        vest; and the Tianshan Range, over 200 kilometers wide, which cuts across
                        the center from east to west. Between these mountain ranges cure basins of
                        varying sizes. Southern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> has the Tarim Basin and northern
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> the
                        Dzungarian Basin. In addition there are smaller basins such as the Hami and
                        Turfan Basins. All cure well-suited to agriculture and livestock farming.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>
                        fine-wool sheep and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yīlí</foreignphrase> horses are famous throughout China. Despite a
                        harsh seven-month winter, the north has its herdsmen who put their horses
                        and sheep to graze on the wide grasslands for the brief summer. In the arid
                        south, too, livestock herding is a major occupation. In agricultural areas,
                        the dry climate makes irrigation indispensable; a full ninety percent of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>'s
                        farmland is irrigated. The areas around Turpan and Hami are famous for their
                        “karez” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎnrjǐng</foreignphrase>)
                        irrigation, a system for conveying water from sources under mountain slopes
                        to farmland by means of man-made underground channels. Crops include winter
                        and spring wheat, cotton, com, rice and silkworms. But <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> is most celebrated
                        for its fruits— cantaloupe, melons (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hāmìguǎ</foreignphrase>) from <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànshàn</foreignphrase> and seedless grapes
                        from Turpan are available in season in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>'s markets. The
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānshān</foreignphrase> and
                        Altay Mountains, covered with evergreen forests, are rich in wildlife and in
                        precious herbs which go into the making of Chinese medicines. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> has important
                        deposits of petroleum (especially at Karamay [<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kèlāmǎyī</foreignphrase>], coal, iron, gold,
                        jade, and uranium (in the Altay Mountains). The main industries are
                        petroleum, metallurgy, coal, electric power, chemicals, construction
                        materials, textiles, and sugar refining.</para>
                    <para>About half the population of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> is of the Uygur (Uighur) nationality (see the
                        note on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wéiwúěr</foreignphrase>.
                        “Uygur,” under number 7), and over forty percent are <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàn</foreignphrase> Chinese. The rest of the
                        population belongs to one of these ethnic groups: Kazak (Kazakh), Hui
                        (Chinese Moslem), Mongol, Kergez (Kirghiz), Xibo (Sibo), Tajik (Tadzhik),
                        Uzbek, Manchu, Daur (Tahur), and Tartar (Tatar). There are also several
                        hundred Russians. In the north of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> there is a <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàn</foreignphrase> majority, and in the
                        south, a Uygur majority. The capital <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ürümqi</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wúlǔmùqí</foreignphrase>), with a population
                        of 800,000 (1980, est.), is the region's center for industry, commerce, and
                        transportation. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> University in (Ürümqi has departments of
                        Chinese, government, history, foreign languages, math, physics, chemistry,
                        biology, and geography. Kashgar (Chinese <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kāshi</foreignphrase>). ancient gateway of
                        the silk trade, is still a commercial and craft center. Kuldja (Chinese
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīníng</foreignphrase>) is a
                        commercial center which produces leather and tobacco, and also has
                        metallurgical and textile industry. Other cities of note are Kuytun (Chinese
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuítún</foreignphrase>). Hotan
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hétìán</foreignphrase>),
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shíhézi</foreignphrase>, and
                        Yarkand (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >Shāchē</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎolùn</foreignphrase>: A verb,
                        “to discuss,” or a noun, ’“discussion.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénmen
                                                chángcháng tǎolùn shìjièshang yìxiē yǒu yìside
                                                wèntí, kěshi shéi yě bù zhīdào zhèizhǒng tǎolùn yǒu
                                                shénme yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>People often discuss some very interesting questions
                                            about the world, but no one knows of what use this kind
                                            of discussion is.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Nèige rén bú ài shuō huà, cónglái bù cānjiā
                                            tǎolùn.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That person doesn't like to talk. He never takes part
                                            in discussion.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎolùnhuì</foreignphrase>
                        (“discussion-meeting”) is a “symposium.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèidì</foreignphrase>: “the
                        interior” of a country; modifying a noun, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèidì</foreignphrase> can be translated as
                        “inland.” e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèidì
                            chéngshì</foreignphrase>, “inland city.”</para>
                    <para>From the point of view of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>, a border region, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèidì</foreignphrase> refers to China proper;
                        but from the point of view of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>, or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase>,</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèidì</foreignphrase> refers to
                        inland regions such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Sìchuān</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                dàbùfen nèidì chéngshìde gōngyè méiyou yánhǎi
                                                chéngshìde nàme fādá.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In most inland cities of China, industry is not as
                                            developed as in the coastal cities.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǒngyī</foreignphrase>: As a
                        process verb, ’“to become united’’:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuènán
                                                xiànzài tǒngyī le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Vietnam has now been united.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As an action verb, “to unite, to unify, to integrate”:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qín
                                                Shǐhuáng tǒngyīle Zhōngguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qín
                                                  Shīhuáng</foreignphrase> united China.<footnote>
                                                  <para>in 221 B.C.</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuán</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuán qián</foreignphrase>:
                        “A.D.” and “B.C.” Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gōngyuán</foreignphrase> is ’’common era” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuán qián</foreignphrase> “before the
                        common era.’’<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuán
                                                qián èrbǎièrshiènián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>222 B.C.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuán
                                                sìbǎisānshiliùnián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A.D. U36</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuán
                                                chū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>the beginning of the Christian era</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiěfàngjūn</foreignphrase>: “the
                        Liberation Army,” short for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn</foreignphrase>, the Chinese People's
                        Liberation Army, which in English is usually called the FLA.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hépíng</foreignphrase>: “peace”
                        (For the first example, you need to know <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǔ</foreignphrase>, a formal word for
                            “and.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhànzhēng
                                                yǔ Hépíng shi yìběn hěn hǎode
                                                xiǎoshuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>War and Peace is a very good novel.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìjiè
                                                hépíngde wèntí shi gèguó rénmín guānxīnde
                                                wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>World peace is a question of concern to the people of
                                            all nations.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In some idioms, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hépíng</foreignphrase> can be used to modify a noun or a verb.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hépíng jiéfàng</foreignphrase>
                        “peacefully liberate,” is an example.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìzhìqū</foreignphrase>:
                        “autonomous region”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                dàlù yǒu wǔge zìzhìqū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The Chinese mainland has five autonomous
                                            regions.²</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zìzhìqūde
                                                rénmín dàbùfen shi shǎoshù
                                            mínzú.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The people of the autonomous regions are mostly
                                            minority nationalities.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chà</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>(as used in 5A) “to differ,” as in<informaltable frame="none"
                                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Běijīng shíjiān gēn Niǔ Yuē shíjiān chà shísānge
                                                  zhōngtóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Běijīng</foreignphrase> time and New York time
                                                  differ by thirteen hours.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>(as used in 5B) “to be inferior, to be poor, to be not up to
                                        standard”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒde Hànyǔ fāyīn bǐ tāde fāyīn chà
                                                  yidiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>My Chinese pronunciation is a little worse
                                                  than his.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhìliàng chà yidiǎn, bú shi wǒmende
                                                  zérèn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>It’s not our responsibility that the
                                                  quality is inferior.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nèige dìfangde qíngkuàng bǐ zhèr chàde
                                                  duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Conditions in that place are much worse
                                                  than here.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒmende gōngzuò hái chàde yuǎn
                                                  ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Our work is a long way from what it should
                                                  be.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“to lack”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Bú gòu, hái chà sānge.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>There aren’t enough. There are still three
                                                  too few.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para>
                    <para>The five autonomous regions are:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiměnggǔ
                                                Zìshìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>the Inner Mongolia (or Nei Monggol) AR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Níngxià
                                                Huízú Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Níngxià</foreignphrase> Hui AR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng
                                                Wéiwǘěr Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> Uygur AR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngxī
                                                Zhuàng Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngxī
                                                Zhuàng</foreignphrase> AR </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīzàng
                                                Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>the Tibet AR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāotōng</foreignphrase>:
                        “traffic,” “transportation”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèlide
                                                jiāotōng bù ānquán, qìchē tài duō, kāide tài
                                                kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The traffic here isn’t safe. There are too many cars,
                                            and they go too fast.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng nǐ
                                                zhǎo yíge jiāotōng jǐngchá
                                            lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please go get a traffic officer.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔyào shi...</foreignphrase>:
                        “it’s mainly that...,” or “it’s mainly because...”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǔyào shi
                                                Zhōngguóde lǐngdǎo rén bù dǒng jīngji, gōngyè fāzhǎn
                                                cái nàme màn. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s mainly because China's leaders do not understand
                                            economics that industrial development has been so
                                            slow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">me</foreignphrase> (also
                        pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma</foreignphrase>):
                        “as for,” ”...well, … .” This colloquial word marks a pause and sets off the
                        topic of a sentence. It is often used when the speaker is hesitating about
                        exactly what to comment on the topic.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
                                                wénxué fǎngmiàn me... kéyi shuō hén bú cuò, kěshi
                                                shùxué fāngmiàn kě zhēn chà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In the area of literature... he can be said to be
                                            quite good, but he's really poor in mathematics.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguóde
                                                zhòng gōngyè jiànshè me... zhèi jǐnián hái suàn kéyi
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As for China's heavy industrial construction... it
                                            has not been too bad the past few years.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rúguǒ tā bú
                                                yuànyì me, nà jiù suàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If he’s unwilling, well, then let the matter
                                            drop.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chū chāi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        go/be away on official business” (For this example, you need to know
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sū-Háng</foreignphrase>. an
                        abbreviation for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Sūzhōu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Hángzhōu</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàjiā dōu
                                                xīhuan chū chāi qù Sū-Háng yídài, kéyi duō yixie
                                                jīhui yǒulǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Everyone likes to go on business to the
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Sūzhōu-Hángzhōu </foreignphrase>region, (because)
                                            one can have more opportunities to do
                                            sightseeing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàng jià</foreignphrase>: “to
                        let out for vacation” or “to have vacation, to be on vacation” Here are
                        examples of the first meaning:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
                                                xuéxiào něitiān fàng jià? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What day does your school let out for
                                            vacation?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàng jià
                                                le, nǐ zěnme hái qù shàng
                                            bān?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Vacation has started; why are you still going to
                                            work?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Here are examples referring to the state of being on
                            vacation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                ǐlbài wǒmen zài fàng jià ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This week we are on vacation</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàng jiàde
                                                shíhou wǒmen cái néng zài
                                            yìqǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We can only he together when we are on
                                            vacation.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The length of time the vacation lasts is expressed by a time phrase
                        modifying the object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jià</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián
                                                wǒmen fàngle sānge lǐbàide jià, jīnnián zhǐ fàng
                                                liǎngge lǐbài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Last year we had three weeks of vacation, but this
                                            year we only have two weeks.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shíyuè
                                                yīhào, xuéxiào fàng yìtiǎn
                                            jià.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Schools have one day of vacation on October
                                            1.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi... ma?</foreignphrase>:
                        This has both a literal and a rhetorical use. In 6B you see the rhetorical
                        use.</para>
                    <para>
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Literal use: “isn’t...?, don’t...?,” etc.</para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Rhetorical use: “you know, you will recall, remember” Use this
                                    to remind the listener of a fact you know he is aware of
                                    (although he may have forgotten it).</para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>
                    <para>Contrast the literal and rhetorical use of this pattern:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">LITERAL</entry>
                                        <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú shi yǒu yíge mèimei
                                                zài Shànghǎi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3">Don’t you have a younger
                                            sister in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>? (CHECKING
                                            INFORMATION)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">RHETORICAL</entry>
                                        <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shi yǒu yíge mèimei
                                                zài Shànghǎi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3">You’ll recall that I have a
                                            younger sister in <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.
                                            (REMINDING)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Further examples:</para>
                    <para>
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>LITERAL<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ bú shi shuō yào qù ma? Zěnme yǒu bú qù le
                                                  ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Didn’t you say you were going to go? How
                                                  come you aren’t going now?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>RHETORICAL<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ bú shi yǐjīng xiěwánle ma? Wèishénme hái ràng
                                                  wo xiě?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I’ve finished writing it, you know. Why do
                                                  you still want me to write?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ bú shi gēn nǐ shuōguo ma? Wǒ xiàwú yào kāi
                                                  huì, méi shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Haven’t I told you? I have a meeting this
                                                  afternoon and don’t have time.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Xiàle diàntī, wàng yòu zǒu, bú shi yǒu ge
                                                  cāntīng ma? Wǒmen jiù zài nàr jiàn miàn, hǎo bu
                                                  hǎo?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>When you get off the elevator and go to the
                                                  right, there’s a restaurant, you know? We’ll meet
                                                  there, okay?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi ma?</foreignphrase> may
                        also be put onto the end of a sentence:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen fàng
                                                jià le, bú shi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We’re on vacation, remember?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tz!</foreignphrase>: This sound
                        is just like the clicking of the tongue sometimes written in English as
                            “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tsk</foreignphrase>.” As in
                        English, it can be used to express disappointment or chiding, but in Chinese
                        it can also be used to express admiration, as when describing a beautiful
                        house, a dish of food, or a smartly dressed person.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">měi</foreignphrase>: ”to be
                            beautiful”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià dà xué
                                                le, nǐ kàn wàibian duō měi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> It has snowed a lot. Look at how beautiful it is
                                            outside.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Zhàopiànshang tā zhēn měi. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She looks beautiful in the photograph.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wěiwúěr</foreignphrase>: The
                        Uygur, or Uighur, a Turkic people who, with a population of six million,
                        constitute one of China's largest national minorities. Their early history,
                        like that of other peoples of central Asia, is unrecorded. Some scholars
                        have hypothesized that their origins were Indo-European rather than Turkic.
                        At any rate, they emerge into the light of history in the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng</foreignphrase> dynasty. At that time,
                        they were a nomadic people well known to the Chinese; in fact, they helped
                        the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng</foreignphrase> overthrow
                        a hostile Turkic empire in Mongolia in 7UU. The Uygur, in turn, established
                        an empire in the area, but this lasted only until 840, when the wild Kirghiz
                        sacked their capital and killed their khan. A portion of their population
                        then migrated westward to the oases of the Tarim Basin. There, they mixed
                        with the local Turkic population, and although the Uygur racial strain
                        dominated, they adopted the Turkic language and no longer called themselves
                        Uygur. Gradually, their occupation shifted from nomadic herding to farming.
                        The resulting stability allowed a great development in their literature and
                        arts, especially song and dance. In the tenth century, closer contact with
                        merchants, travelers, and settlers from the Middle East stimulated their
                        conversion to Islam, a process which took several centuries to complete. </para>
                    <para>Modern times have witnessed the emergence of Uygur nationalism, reflected
                        in their official re-adoption of the historical name “Uygur” earlier in this
                        century. Uygur leaders have often resisted control by outside powers, and
                        even attempted to establish an independent republic in the region. Under
                        Chinese authority today, the Uygur, who remain for the most part a farming
                        people living and marrying within the village unit, have a limited degree of
                        regional autonomy and are guaranteed cultural freedom and linguistic rights
                        by the PRC Constitution.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        bright, to be light” or “to be shiny”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige dēng
                                                bú liàng le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This light won't go on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde xīn
                                                chēzi zhēn liàng a! </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Your new car is really shiny!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān liàng</foreignphrase> means
                        “to get light out” or “daybreak, dawn”:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān liàng
                                                yihòu, jiēshang jiu rè'naoqilai le.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>After it got light out, the streets started to liven
                                            up.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān liàng
                                                yǐqián néng dào ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Can we get there before dawn?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāng... jiù...</foreignphrase>:
                        “just (hardly)... and already...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gāng
                                                dàxué bìyè jiù dào Xīběi qù
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He went to the Northwest when he had just graduated
                                            from college.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                  háizi gāng lái Méiguō sānge yuè, jiù huì shuō bù
                                                  shǎo Yíngwén le.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It has been barely three months since this child name
                                            to the U.S., and already she can speak a lot of
                                            English.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                xuéqī gāng kāishī, wǒmen jiù juéde hǎoxiàng guòle
                                                hén cháng shíjiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The semester had barely started when we felt as if a
                                            long time had already passed.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngmín</foreignphrase>:
                        “peasant,” as contrasted with non-ideological terms like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngfū</foreignphrase>, “farmer,” or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngyè
                        gōngren</foreignphrase>, “agricultural worker.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguóde
                                                nóngmín zhàn quánguó rénkǒude bǎifēnzhī
                                                bāshí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>China's peasants make up 80 percent of the population
                                            of the whole country.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zú</foreignphrase>:
                        “nationality,” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Wěiwúěrzú</foreignphrase>, “the Uygur nationality,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hànzú</foreignphrase>, “the Han nationality,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měnggǔzú</foreignphrase>, “the
                        Monggol (Mongolian) nationality.”</para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔyì</foreignphrase>:
                        “doctrine” or “-ism,” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Gòngchànzhǔyì</foreignphrase>, “Communism”; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hépíngzhǔyì</foreignphrase>. “pacifism”;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mínzúzhǔyì</foreignphrase>,
                        “nationalism”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Dáěrwénzhǔyì</foreignphrase>, “Darwinism.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà gǎo
                            shèhuizhǔyì</foreignphrase>: “go all out with socialism; engage in
                        socialism in a big way” The adjectival verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà</foreignphrase>, “to be large,” is used
                        here as an adverb. [Adverbs modify verbs or other adverbs.] When so used, it
                        means “in a big way” or “go all out with (doing something)”:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiēhūnde
                                                shíhou yě bú yào dà chī dà
                                            hē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Even when one gets married, one shouldn’t put on a
                                            great feast</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">”Dà Bàn
                                                Nóngyè.”</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>”Make Great Efforts to Develop Agriculture.”
                                            (slogan)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngren</foreignphrase>: This is
                        the general term for “worker” in the sense of a wage-earning laborer.
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngzuòzhě</foreignphrase>,
                        which you learned in Unit 4, does not imply manual labor; it simply means
                        someone who works in a particular field, such as education or archeology.)
                        Examples: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyóu
                            gōngren</foreignphrase>, “oil worker”; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngyè gōngren</foreignphrase>, “agricultural
                        worker,” for example, a wage-earning worker on a state farm; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiělǔ gōngren</foreignphrase>, “railroad
                        worker.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāo</foreignphrase>: “to hand
                        over, to give” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāo
                            qián</foreignphrase> is “to pay” (a fee or bill, especially one which is
                        due regularly).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái méi
                                                jiào zhèige yuède fángzū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I haven’t paid this month’s rent yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiào gài
                                                wǒmen ba! Nǐ fàngxīn hǎo le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> Leave it to us! Don’t worry about it! (Here
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jiào</foreignphrase> refers to turning over a task
                                            to someone.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǒngzú</foreignphrase>: “race”
                        or “racial” Examples’ are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Huángzhǒngrén</foreignphrase>, “people of the yellow (Oriental) race,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hēizhǒngrén</foreignphrase>,
                        “people of the black race,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Báizhǒng-rén</foreignphrase>, “people of the white race?’</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suóyi...</foreignphrase> :
                        Notice that when stressed at the beginning of a sentence, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suóyi</foreignphrase> is translated as
                        ’“That’s why... .”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎng</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngchǎng</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǒngchǎng</foreignphrase>
                        (introduced in No. 7 above) is the generic term for a factory or plant. If
                        you were talking about the installations in an area and wanted to say that
                        there were schools, factories, and hospitals, you would use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǒngchǎng</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chǎng</foreignphrase>. on the other hand, is
                        only used in specific contexts. If you are talking about a specific factory,
                        you can say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >chǎnglǐ</foreignphrase> for “in the factory.” A worker can say
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒmen chǎng</foreignphrase>
                        for “our factory.” You can also use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎng</foreignphrase> in certain compound
                        nouns which specify what the factory makes, as in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìtǎnchǎng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №11</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénzì</foreignphrase>:
                        “writing,” “written language,” “script,” “system of writing” For example, a
                        member of China’s Committee for Reform of the Written Language would be a
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénzì
                            gōngzuòzhě</foreignphrase>. “written language worker.” </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāoliú</foreignphrase>: “to
                        exchange” or “an exchange,” “interchange” This is only used to refer to a
                        back-and-forth flow of culture, technology, experience, thought, and so
                        forth. “To exchange” one thing for another is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huàn</foreignphrase> [or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāohuàn</foreignphrase> in formal contexts
                        such as the exchange of views or of prisoners].</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi shuōde</foreignphrase>:
                        “Says who!” This is strictly informal and could be taken as impolite if used
                        in an inappropriate context.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài gǎi</foreignphrase>: “in the
                        process of changing”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi... ma?</foreignphrase>:
                        This is another example of the rhetorical use of this pattern (see the Notes
                        on No. 6): “We’re changing our writing, aren’t we?!”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Additional Vocabulary</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biānjiing</foreignphrase> border
                        area; borderland; frontier; frontier region</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biānjiāng</foreignphrase>:
                        “frontier region, border region” This refers to the area inside the border.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Biānjiè</foreignphrase> refers
                        more specifically to the border or boundary itself.</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 7</title>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái zhēn yuǎn</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>, ’“still,”
                        in this sentence may go untranslated; it expresses surprise at how far it is
                        into town. In this meaning, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hái</foreignphrase> is often used before <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēn</foreignphrase>, “really.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái zhēn
                                                bú pà lěng, zhème lěngde tiān chuān zhème shǎo!
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You really don’t mind (“aren’t afraid of’’) the cold;
                                            you wear so little in such cold weather!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shèyuán</foreignphrase>,
                        “commune member,” includes working members and their non-working family
                        members. The ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yuán</foreignphrase> is used in various compound words to mean
                            ’“member”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Dǎngyuán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">Party member</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tuányuán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">(Communist Youth) League member</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >huìyuán</foreignphrase> OR <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >chéngyuán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">member</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu diǎnr bú tài
                            fāngbian</foreignphrase>: “a little inconvenient, kind of inconvenient”
                        You are familiar with the phrasing <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu diǎnr bù fāngbian</foreignphrase>. Here you see that use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú tài</foreignphrase> instead
                        of just <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yánzhe</foreignphrase>, “along,
                        alongside,” is used for longer distances than <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pángbiān</foreignphrase>,
                            “side?’<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qìchē
                                                yánzhe zhèitiáo lù kāile hěn jiǔ cái kànjian yíge
                                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The car drove along this road a long time before they
                                            saw a person.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yánzhe
                                                fángzi sìbiānr zhòngle hǎoduō
                                            huā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A lot of flowers were planted along the four sides of
                                            the house (i.e., all around the house).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>BUT:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fángzi
                                                pángbiān zhòngle hǎoduō huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A lot of flowers were planted alongside the house (on
                                            the side or sides).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōnglù</foreignphrase>:
                        “public-road,” i.e., “highway” “Expressway” is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāosù gōnglù</foreignphrase>, “high-speed
                        public-road.” (As of this writing, mainland China has no expressways; Taiwan
                        has one, which goes from the north to the south of the island.) .</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái suàn</foreignphrase>: “can
                        still be considered to be...” This is an idiom for “fairly.” Compare the use
                        of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> for
                        “fairly” which you learned in the Society module, for example,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái hǎo</foreignphrase>,
                        “Fairly good.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái suàn
                                                wèntí shǎode xuéshēng, biéde rén wèntí gèng duō.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He can be considered a student with relatively few
                                            problems; the others have even more problems.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà hái suàn
                                                xiǎo shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That's not a big thing (“a small matter”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiělù</foreignphrase>:
                        “railroad,” literally, “iron-road”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīběide
                                                tiělù bù duō, érqiě yǒu bù shǎo shi gāng
                                                xiūde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There aren’t many railroads in the Northwest, and
                                            many of them were just built.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǒu yíge
                                                gēge zài tiělùshang gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have an older brother who works on the
                                            railroad.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāshēng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        happen,” “to occur” The event which happens often follows <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāshēng</foreignphrase> in the sentence (just
                        as in sentences with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu</foreignphrase>, “there is,” the thing that exists often follows
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu</foreignphrase>):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù zhīdào
                                                fāshēngle shénme shìqing, láile zhème duō
                                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I wonder what has happened that so many people have
                                            come here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jǐtiān
                                                fāshēngle hǎojǐjiàn qíguàide
                                            shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The last few days, a lot of strange things have been
                                            happening.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi shíhou
                                                fāshāngde shì, wǒ dōu bù zěnme qīngchǔ
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The things that happened then aren’t very clear in my
                                            mind anymore.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi dōu bú
                                                jìde zhèijiàn shì shi shénme shíhou fāshēngde
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No one remembers when that event took place
                                            anymore.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐ mànchē hái
                            màn</foreignphrase>: “even slower tan a slow train” Here, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> is used as
                            even.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān
                                                lěng, jīntiān, bǐ zuótiǎn hái
                                            lěng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> It was cold yesterday, (but) today is even colder
                                            than yesterday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐnzhāng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        nervous,” “to be tense”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài zhèli
                                                kāi chē zhēn jǐnzhāng, bù zhídào shénme shíhou huì
                                                zhuàngdao rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s really nerve-racking to drive here. You don’t
                                            know when you might run into someone.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wènwenqīngchǔ</foreignphrase>:
                        “to inquire until clear,” i.e., “to try to find out the true situation.”
                        Notice that you can reduplicate a verb (here, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèn</foreignphrase>) even when the verb is
                        followed by a resultative ending (here, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngchǔ</foreignphrase>). Other examples:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng nǐ bǎ shìqing
                            shuōshuoqīngchǔ</foreignphrase>, “Please explain this more clearly”;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ zhuōzi
                            cācagānjing</foreignphrase>, “Wipe the table clean.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài máng...
                            yě...</foreignphrase> : “no matter how busy...” The <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> in this pattern (meaning
                        literally, “more, additionally”) must be given extra-heavy stress:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ZÀI máng wǒ ye děi
                            huíqu</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yě</foreignphrase> here means “still, even so.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén
                                                ZÀI nán wǒ yě yào xué. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No matter how hard Chinese is, I’m still going to
                                            study it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng</foreignphrase>: This
                        counter for trips need not be translated here. Used with verbs like
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huílai</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huíqu</foreignphrase>, etc.,
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng</foreignphrase> simply
                        counts the number of times someone goes someplace. Other
                            examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shàngge
                                                xīngqī dào Shànghǎi qùle
                                            yítàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Last week he made a trip to <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
                                                yǐjìng wǎng tā nàr pǎole liǎngtàng
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ve already made two trips to his place
                                            today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàng</foreignphrase>: “kind,
                        sort” You have learned the word -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhǒng</foreignphrase>, “kind, sort, type.” These words are slightly
                        different in usage; sometimes -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yàng</foreignphrase> should not be translated literally as “kind,” but
                        Just left out of the translation (see the third, fourth, and fifth
                            examples).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jǐyàng
                                                dōngxi wǒ dōu méi kànjianguo, hěn
                                                qíguài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ve never seen these kinds of things. They’re very
                                            strange.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                kàndechūlái zhèi liǎnryàng dōngxi yǒu shénme bù
                                                yíyàng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Can you tell what’s different about these two kinds
                                            of things?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                jīntiān wǎnshàng yǒu jǐyàng
                                            cài?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Hew many dishes are we having tonight [for
                                            dinner]?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dào
                                                shāngdiàn qùle jǐcì yě méi mǎihui yíyàng dōngxi
                                                lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He went to the store several times, but didn’t come
                                            back with a single thing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhèr hái
                                                yǒu liǎngyàng shuǐguǒ... yíge píngguǒ yíge
                                                júzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I still have two fruits here... one apple and one
                                            tangerine/orange.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">háishi</foreignphrase>; “it
                        would be better to... .“ This is another meaning for the word which you
                        first learned as meaning “still.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
                                                shūfu, háishi shǎo chī diǎnr
                                            ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm not feeling well. I'd better not eat too
                                            much.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háishi
                                                Ōuyáng Lǎoshī yíge rén qù, nǐmen dōu liú zài zhèr
                                                ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It would be better if Teacher Ouyang went alone; the
                                            rest of you just stay here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Also used in the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >háishi... hǎo</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háishi nǐ
                                                qù háo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It would be better if you went.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐn</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        tight,” in both literal and figurative senses.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèishuāng
                                                xié tài jǐn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> These shoes are too tight.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ mén
                                                guānjǐn. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Shut the door tight.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
                                                shíjiān ānpaide hěn jǐn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I have a very tight schedule.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐfang shuō...
                            ba</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Ba</foreignphrase> can be used at the end of a <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐfang shuō</foreignphrase> phrase. Compare
                        the use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase>
                        shown in unit 5.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòuéryuán</foreignphrase>:
                        “kindergarten,” literally, “young-child-garden” In Taiwan, the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòuzhìyuán</foreignphrase> is
                        used instead.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuǎn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        choose,” “to select”; “to elect”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                  xuǎn wǒ zuò dàibiǎode shíhou, wǒ hěn bù hào
                                                  yìsī.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dàibiào</foreignphrase>. ”representative,
                                                  delegate” (TVL, Unit 8)</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>When they elected me as representative, I was very
                                                embarrassed.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
                                                  shāngdiànli zǒule bàntián yě méi xuǎndào tā
                                                  xǐhuande dōngxi.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She walked around the store for a long time but
                                            didn’t find anything she liked.. (<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuǎn</foreignphrase> is
                                            often used for “selecting”—buying—items at a
                                            store.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng chǎnliàngshang
                            kàn</foreignphrase>: “from the point of view of yield” Other examples of
                        this pattern: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng shùliangshang
                            kàn</foreignphrase>, “from the point of view of numbers/quantity”;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng fàzhàn jīngjishang
                            kàn</foreignphrase>, “from the point of view of developing the
                        economy?”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chángjiāng</foreignphrase>:
                        “Long-River,” the Yangtze, now called the Changjiang in PRC publications.
                        China’s longest river (6,300 kilometers), the Changjiang is an important
                        artery of water transportation, passing through the cities of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chōngqìng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >...yǐnán</foreignphrase>: to the south of...</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐběi</foreignphrase> is
                                to the north of.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Júzi zhòng
                                                zai Chángjiāng yǐnán shi tiāánde, dàole Chángjing
                                                yǐběi jiù chéngle kǚde le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Tangerines grown south of the Changjiang are
                                                sweet, but north of the Changjiang, they become
                                                bitter.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù shi...yě...</foreignphrase>
                        : <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“even...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Jiù shi wǒ yě zhīdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Even <emphasis role="bold">I</emphasis>
                                                  know that.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Jiù shi xuézhě yě bù dǒng zhèige
                                                  wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Even scholars do not understand this
                                                  problem.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèige dà píngguǒ shi wǒ tèbié xuǎnchulai gěi
                                                  nǐde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I picked this big apple out especially for
                                                  you.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“even if ... ”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  shuō jiùshi nǐ qù zuò yě
                                                  zuòbuhǎo.</foreignphrase></para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He said that even if you did it, you
                                                  wouldn’t do it right.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ jiùshi mǎile wǒ yě bù
                                                  chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry> Even if you bought it I wouldn’t eat
                                                  it.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yòng shuō X, jiù shi Y
                            yě...</foreignphrase>: This three-part pattern means “For X, that goes
                        without saying, but even Y is....” Sometimes in English we mention the parts
                        X and Y in the reverse order: “Even Y is . . . , not to mention
                            X.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                dìfang zhēn hǎowánr, bú yòng shuō xiǎoháir, jiù shi
                                                dàren yě zài nàr wánrde hěn
                                            gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That place is really fun. Even grown-ups have a great
                                            time there, not to mention children,</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>For <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yòng
                        shuō</foreignphrase>, you can often substitute <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yào shuō</foreignphrase>. For
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù shi</foreignphrase>, you
                        can substitute <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >1ián</foreignphrase>. For <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yě</foreignphrase>, you can substitute <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>When the clause after <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yě</foreignphrase> has <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >méi</foreignphrase>, you can translate <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yòng shuō</foreignphrase> as “much
                            less”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yòng
                                                shuō zhōngxuéshēng, jiù shi yánjiùshēng yě kànbudǒng
                                                zhèiplān wénzhāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Even graduate students cannot understand this
                                            article, much less high school students.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú yòng
                                                shuō xiě, lián tīng yě
                                            láibují.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I couldn’t even keep up listening to it, much less
                                            write it down.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào shuō
                                                qù kàn diànyǐng, wǒ lián chī fànde shíjiān dōu
                                                méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don’t even have time to eat, much less go to the
                                            movies.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnshanglai</foreignphrase>: “to
                        catch up” by hurrying (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gǎn</foreignphrase> means “to hurry”)<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā suīrán
                                                bìngle hǎojǐtiān, kěshi xuéxí háishi gǎnshanglai
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Although he has been sick for quite a few days, he
                                            has caught up with his schoolwork.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǒu
                                                diǎnr shì, nǐmen xiān zǒu ba! Děng yihuǐr wǒ jiu
                                                gǎnshanglai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have something I have to do. You go on ahead. I’ll
                                            catch up with you in a minute.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāngtiě</foreignphrase>:
                        Literally, “steel-iron,” but usually translated as “iron and steel” (The
                        usual order of paired words in Chinese and English is often the same, but
                        sometimes differs. Other examples are <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bàba</foreignphrase>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">māma</foreignphrase>, “mom and
                        dad”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yéye</foreignphrase>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎinai</foreignphrase>. “grandma
                        and grandpa.”)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shítáng</foreignphrase>: “dining
                        hall,” “cafeteria,” “mess hall”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhígōng</foreignphrase>: “staff
                        and workers”; “staff member or worker”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                chǎngde zhígōng dàbùfen shi
                                            nǚde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The staff and workers of this factory are mostly
                                            women.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                zhígōng xuéxiào yǒu bù shǎo hèn hǎode lǎoshī, tāmen
                                                dōu duì zhígōng jiàoyu hěn
                                            rèxín.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This staff and worker school has a lot of good
                                            teachers who are very interested and enthusiastic toward
                                            staff and worker education.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhígōng
                                                shítáng chángcháng mài lěng
                                            fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Staff and worker dining halls often sell cold
                                            food.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāshǔ</foreignphrase>: “family
                        members,” “(family) dependents”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gànbude
                                                  jiàshǔ chángcháng shòudao tèbiéde
                                                  zhàogu.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> The families of cadres often receive special
                                            care.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìngde
                                                gōngren jiāshǔ hěn duō dōu shi nóngmín.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Many families of workers at <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng</foreignphrase>
                                            are peasants.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>NOTE: Although in context, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiāshǔ</foreignphrase> may be translated as “family” as in the sentence
                        above, it is different from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiātíng</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Jiātíng</foreignphrase> refers to the family unit, the household.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāshǔ</foreignphrase> refers
                        collectively to the family members other than the head of household.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu bù shàode dàshítáng
                            ne!</foreignphrase>: On this use of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>, see Unit 3 Reference
                        Notes, Notes on No. 5.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhìzào</foreignphrase>: “to
                        manufacture,” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                            zhìzào</foreignphrase>, “Made in China.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhìzàochǎng</foreignphrase>,
                        “plant,” “factory”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài nǎr jiànguo
                            ta</foreignphrase>: “have seen him somewhere” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr</foreignphrase>, like other question
                        words used in statements, becomes an indefinite pronoun here:
                            “somewhere.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jìde wǒ
                                                zài nǎr chīguo zhèige cài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I remember having this dish 'somewhere
                                            before.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎocuò</foreignphrase>: “to get
                        (something) wrong” or “to do (something) wrong”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié gǎocuò
                                                le, zhèige zì hěn fǚzá ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't get it wrong; this character is very
                                            complicated!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ò, wǒ
                                                gǎocuò le, tā bú shi wǒ yào zhǎode nèige
                                                nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Oh, I'm mistaken. She isn't the young woman I'm
                                            looking for.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                bāǎzhèige wèntí gǎocuò le, méiyou nàme
                                                fǚzá.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has misunderstood this problem. It's not that
                                            complicated.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Compare other verbs that have the resultative ending -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cuò</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàncuò
                                                le ba, zhèige zì hǎoxiàng bú niàn lǜè, niàn
                                                liè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You've read it wrong, haven't you? I don't think this
                                            character is read lǜè; it's read <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >liè</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǎāoxīn, bú
                                                yào zǒucuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Careful, don't go the wrong way.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rényuán</foreignphrase>:
                        “personnel,” “staff.” Often used in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò rényuán</foreignphrase>. “working
                        personnel,” “staff member.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèli
                                                suǒyǒude gōngzuò rényuán dōu shàngguo
                                                dàxué.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>All the personnel here have attended college.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                xiànzài xūyào hěn duō dǒng Yīngyǚde kējì
                                                rényuán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We now need a lot of scientific and technical
                                            personnel who understand English.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbàn yǐshàng</foreignphrase>:
                        “over half” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yǐshàng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǐxià</foreignphrase> are used after quantities to mean, respectively,
                        “over” and “under” an amount.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèrde
                                                yánjiúshēng, sānshisuì yǐxiàde bú tài
                                                duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Not many of the graduate students here are under
                                            thirty.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                Běijīng, wǔcéng lōu yīǐhàngde dàlóu cái yǒu
                                                diàntī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Běijīng</foreignphrase>, only buildings over five
                                            stories high have elevators.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎifēn zhī
                                                bāshíwǔ yǐshàngde Zhōngguó rénkǒu shi
                                                nóngmín.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Over eighty-five percent of the population of China
                                            is made up of peasants.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sùshè</foreignphrase>: ’“living
                        quarters’’; ’“dormitory” This can either refer to the kind of quarters we
                        think of as dormitories, with many people living and sleeping in each large
                        room, or it can mean housing provided by an institution for its workers,
                        with each family living in separate quarters.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
                                                dìfangr shi gāngtiěchàngde gōngren
                                                sùshè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This place is the workers’ quarters of the iron and
                                            steel plant.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wàijiāobùde
                                                sùshè bǐ biéde bùde sùshè dōu
                                                piàoliang.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> The Foreign Ministry living quarters are
                                            better-looking than those of any other ministry.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi jǐnián</foreignphrase>:
                        ’“those few years” This is currently a way of referring to the period of the
                        Cultural Revolution.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>: This is a
                        prepositional verb which indicates the <emphasis role="bold">DOER</emphasis>
                        of the action, similar to the English “by” in passive sentences (like ’“John
                        was hit by Bill”). In sentences with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>, the subject of the
                        sentence is the receiver of the action and the object of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase> is the <emphasis
                            role="bold">doer</emphasis> of the action:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde zìdiǎn
                                                bèi rén jièzǒu le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My dictionary was borrowed by someone.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi jǐnián,
                                                zhěnggè shèhui bèi jǐge rén gǎode luànqībāzāo, zhēn
                                                méi bànfǎ shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Those few years, the whole society was messed up by a
                                            few people; it is really sad.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Unlike most prepositional verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bèi</foreignphrase> can be used without an object, as in sentence 8B.
                        Here is another example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde xīn
                                                qìchē bèi zhuàng le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My new car was hit.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái!</foreignphrase>: Notice
                        that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> does not
                        necessarily mean “come here,” but can also mean “come on” and do some
                            action.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái, zánmen
                                                gān yibēi!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Come on, let’s empty a glass together!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái ba,
                                                wǒmen shàng kè ba, bù shuō biéde
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Come on, let’s get on with class and stop talking
                                            about other things.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái lái
                                                lái, wǒ lái gěi nǐmen jièshào wǒ gēn nǐmen shuōguode
                                                Liáng Jiàoshòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Now everyone, let me introduce Professor
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Liáng</foreignphrase>, whom I’ve told you about
                                            before.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāomiè</foreignphrase>: “to
                        exterminate/eliminate/wipe out/stamp out” bad things such as landlords, the
                        enemy, illness, poverty, illiteracy, rats, flies, etc. In sentence 9, it is
                        used humorously.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ... xiāomiè
                            le!</foreignphrase>: You long ago learned <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, the marker of completion.
                        Here, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> indicates
                        that the action of the verb gets rid of something in one fell swoop. Here
                        are other examples for comparison:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ zhèige
                                                zhuōzi màile ba, méi yòng
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Sell this table. It’s of no use anymore.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ diànshì
                                                guānle, wǒ bú kàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Turn off the T.V. I don’t want to watch any
                                            more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ yīfu
                                                tuōle ba, zhèr tài rè. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Take off your coat; it’s too hot here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>This use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
                        is especially frequent with the adverb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>, “all”:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu mǎile
                                                ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Why not buy all of them!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dǒu hēle
                                                ba! </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Drink the whole thing!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>: “yet,
                        nevertheless, on the contrary” This is a very common adverb with one basic
                        idea to it—the idea of contrasting one element with another. Depending on
                        the context, the translation into English will differ. Here are examples of
                        the main contexts in which you will encounter <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>:</para>
                    <para>
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>One particular element in the sentence is contrasted with
                                    something previously mentioned, about to be mentioned, or
                                    understood. (The contrasted elements are underlined in the
                                    following examples.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry> A: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng hē diǎn
                                                  shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>What would you like to drink?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >B: Wǒ bù xiǎng hē shénme, wǒ dào xiǎng chī diǎn
                                                  shénme.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I don’t feel like having anything to drink.
                                                  I would like something to eat, though.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                                  Xià yǚde shihou nǐ bú dài sǎn, jīntiān bú xià yǔ
                                                  nǐ dào dài sàn!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>On rainy days you don’t take an umbrella
                                                  with you, but today, when it isn’t raining, you do
                                                  take one with you!</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>The whole situation expressed by the sentence contrasts with
                                    another particular set of circumstances previously mentioned,
                                    about to be mentioned, or understood.<informaltable frame="none"
                                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Bānshang zuì hǎode xuéshēng zhèicì dào kǎode zuì
                                                  bù hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>The best student in the class did the worst
                                                  on the exam this time.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>A: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnnián dōngtiān zhēn
                                                  lěng!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>It’s really cold this winter!</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>B: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēng bìngde rén dào
                                                  shǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Fewer people have been getting sick,
                                                  though.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>A: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè fángzi nàme xiǎo,
                                                  yòu nàme guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>This house/apartment is so small, and so
                                                  expensive.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>B: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěshi nǐ shàng bān duǒ
                                                  fángbian!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>But it’s so convenient for you to go to
                                                  work.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>A: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà dào
                                                  shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Well, that’s true.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ dàoshi xiǎng bāng máng, jiù shi méi
                                                  shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I did want to help, it’s Just that I didn’t
                                                  have the time.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Shìqing dàoshi guòqu le, hěn cháng shíjiān
                                                  yě wàngbuliǎo.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>It was over with, but we couldn’t forget
                                                  about it for a long time.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nà dào méi guānxi, zhǐ yào tā bú jièyi jiù suàn
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>That doesn’t matter. As long as he doesn’t
                                                  mind, then let it go at that.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>The whole sentence contrasts with expectations. In these
                                    cases, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >dào</foreignphrase> sometimes implies satisfaction with the
                                    state of affairs, sometimes dissatisfaction, and sometimes is
                                    neutral. In addition, it sometimes has an ironic meaning, as in
                                    the last three examples below.<informaltable frame="none"
                                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                                  Yǒu zhèiyangde shì! Wǒ dào bù
                                                  zhīdào!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry> Is that so! Why, I didn’t know!</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                                  Āiyà! Wǒ dào bǎ zhèijiàn shì wàng
                                                  le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Oh no! I forgot about <emphasis role="bold"
                                                  >that</emphasis>!</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Sānshíkuài? Nà dào bú
                                                  guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry> Thirty dollars? That’s not so expensive.
                                                  (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Dào</foreignphrase> implies “I would have
                                                  expected it to be more.”)</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Rúguǒ zhēn shi zhèiyang, dào hái yǒu
                                                  xīwàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry> If that’s really true, then there's still
                                                  hope after all.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Hng, nǐ dào zhēn jiǎng chī
                                                  a!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Well! Quite the gourmet aren’t you!
                                                  (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Jiǎng</foreignphrase> = to be meticulous
                                                  about)</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                                  Hng! Nǐ dào shuōde hǎotīng! Nǐ zuòzuo
                                                  kan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Hmph! You make it sound easy! Let's see you
                                                  do it!</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                                  Tā shuō wǒ bù gāi zhème zuò, wǒ dào xiǎng zhīdao
                                                  tā shi wǒ zěnme zuò!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry> He says I shouldn’t have done this, but
                                                  I’d like to know what he would have done if he
                                                  were me!</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        discover,” “to find out”; “discovery”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dàole
                                                yóujú cái fāxiàn wàng dài xìn
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I didn't discover I had forgotten to bring the
                                            letters with me until I was at the post office.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn duō
                                                yīxué dà fāxiàn dōu fāshēng zài gongyè gémìng
                                                yihòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Many great medical discoveries were made after the
                                            industrial revolution</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> The phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wō
                            fāxiàn...</foreignphrase> is often used to preface an observation made
                        about a person, or a fact that has just come to one's
                            attention:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāxiàn
                                                nǐ hén néng chī! </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I see you have quite a big appetite!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnxíng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        carry on,” “to conduct,” “to proceed”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèlide
                                                tǎolùn jìnxíngde bú cuò, wèntí kuài shānglianghǎo
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> The discussion here is proceeding well; the problem
                                            has almost been resolved.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yèyú</foreignphrase>:
                        “spare-time,” “after hours,” “amateur” NOTE: “Spare time” as a noun must be
                        translated as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yèyú
                            shíjiān</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yèyú
                                                shíjiān wǒ xǐhuān kàn
                                            xiǎoshuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I like to read fiction in my spare time.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yèyú
                                                yǔyánxuéjiā. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is an amateur linguist.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №11</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàozhāo</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hàozhào</foreignphrase> means
                        to issue an official appeal to engage in some activity:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zhèngfǔ
                                                hàozhāo niánqīng rén nǚlí xuéxí kēxué zhīshi.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The government calls on young people to work hard to
                                            acquire scientific knowledge.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Yīnggāi
                                                hàozhāo dàjiā xiàng tā
                                            xuéxí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> We should call on everyone to learn from
                                            her.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Chūntiān
                                                lai le, yòu hàozhāo zhòng shù
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> Spring is here; they're issuing calls to plant trees
                                            again.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐngdǎode
                                                hàozhāo zǒng shi yì kāishǐ hěn duō rén tīng, hòulái
                                                jiù méi rén zhùyì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Appeals from the leaders are always followed by many
                                            people in the beginning, then later people stop paying
                                            attention to them.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>: This is an
                        extremely common and useful counter. It is used for cars, buses, machines,
                        movies, and long books.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zhèi shi
                                                yíbù jiǎng huàxué zhànzhēngde diànyǐng.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is a movie about chemical warfare.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">déngyú</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        equal to”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Èr jiā èr
                                                děngyú sì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Two plus two equals four.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děngyú</foreignphrase> is more
                        often used in a non-mathematical sense:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā
                                                zhèiyang zuò, děngyú bǎ nǐ zuòde quán dōu gǎi
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> By doing this, he is in effect changing everything
                                            you have done. (Literally, “For him to do this is equal
                                            to changing all you have done.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>: “times,”
                        “-fold,” as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >sānbèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">three
                                            times/threefold</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shíbèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">ten
                                            times/tenfold</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >yìbǎibèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">one hundred
                                            times/hundredfold </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Amounts with -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bèi</foreignphrase> can be used in two different patterns, and the type
                        of pattern used influences the meaning, as follows:</para>
                    <para>EQUIVALENCE PATTERN (A = x times y)</para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>expresses equivalence between two amounts</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>uses the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >shì</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >yǒu</foreignphrase>, or <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děngyú</foreignphrase></para>
                        </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>Examples: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liù shi
                                                èrde sānbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> Six is three times two.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shū
                                                yǒu wǒde sìbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has four times as many books as I.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnniánde
                                                shōurù děngyú qùniánde
                                            liǎngbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This year's income is twice last year's.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> COMPARISON PATTERN (A is x times more than y)</para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>expresses comparison between two amounts</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>uses <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐ</foreignphrase>,
                                “compared to,” “than'’</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>the number before -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >bèi</foreignphrase> must be translated into English as one more
                                than the Chinese number</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>EXAMPLES:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liù bǐ èr
                                                duō liǎngbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Six is three times as much as two.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shū bǐ
                                                wǒde duō sānbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has four times as many books as I.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnniánde
                                                shōurù bǐ qùnián duō yíbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> This year’s income is twice last year's.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As you see, if you use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >liǎngbèi</foreignphrase>, “two times,” in a comparison sentence, the
                        meaning comes out to “the base amount plus two times the base amount,” i.e.,
                        three times the base amount. Likewise, if you use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbèi</foreignphrase>, “one time,” the
                        meaning is “the base amount plus one time the base amount,” or in other
                        words, twice the base amount.</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 8</title>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāoyìhuì</foreignphrase>:
                        “trade fair” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Jiāoyì</foreignphrase> means “business, trade, transaction,” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is the
                        same word you know from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi
                            huì</foreignphrase>, “to have a meeting.” The full name of the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase>
                        Trade Fair is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">i</foreignphrase>,
                        the Chinese Export Commodities Fair (CECF).Since the first CECF in 957,
                        every spring and autumn <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase> is inundated with businessmen and people of
                        all walks of life connected with trade—more than 25,000 at each Fair.
                        Chinese agricultural and industrial products are displayed in the Fairground
                        buildings and open areas, located on <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎizhū Guǎngchǎng</foreignphrase> (Haizhu
                        Square) between the railroad station and the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōngfāng Bīnguán</foreignphrase> (Dongfang
                        Hotel). The Fair is held from April 15 to May 15 and from October 15 to
                        November 15.</para>
                    <para>As the name implies, the CECF’s main purpose is to assist China's state
                        trading corporations in exporting goods, but some large import contracts are
                        signed there each year as well.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chùkǒu</foreignphrase>, “to
                        export” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >jìnkǒu</foreignphrase>, “to import”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìběn
                                                měinián chùkǒu hěn duōqìchē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> Japan exports a lot of cars every year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēn bù
                                                dǒng wèishénme Zhōngguó chūkǒude dōngxi zǒng shi bǐ
                                                guónèi màide hǎo. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I really don’t understand why the China exports are
                                            always better than those it sells domestically.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màoyi</foreignphrase>: “trade,”
                        as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guónèi
                        màoyi</foreignphrase>, “domestic trade”; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màoyi zhōngxīn</foreignphrase>, “trade
                        center”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màoyi
                            fēng</foreignphrase>, “trade wind.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiliǎngge
                                                guójiā zuìjìn jǐnián cái kāishǐ jìnxíng
                                                màoyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It is only in the past few years that these two
                                            countries have started have trade (with each
                                            other).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tán</foreignphrase> is used in
                        the sense of “negotiate” in such phrases as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán màoyi</foreignphrase>, “do trade
                        (negotiating),” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán
                            shēngyì</foreignphrase>, “do business,” etc.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngji tèqǔ</foreignphrase>:
                        Literally, “economic special-district,” translated as “special economic
                        zones,” and abbreviated as SEZ. SEZs are designated areas similar to the
                        export processing zones (EPZs) which have been extremely successful in
                        places such as Taiwan. China established SEZs to bring in the foreign
                        capital needed to create jobs and modernize the national economy. In these
                        zones, foreign investors’ assets, profits, and other rights and interests
                        are legally protected, and their operations enjoy tax and duty exemptions.
                        Proposed investment projects are examined and approved by the Provincial
                        administration of the SEZ, which also draws up its own development plans and
                        organizes their implementation. The SEZs compete with each other for foreign
                        Investment As of 1981» <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Guǎngdōng</foreignphrase> province had three SEZs—<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēnzhèn</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhūhǎi</foreignphrase> (near Macao), and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shàntóu</foreignphrase>—and
                        other SEZs had been established in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Fújiàn</foreignphrase> province and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎinán</foreignphrase> Island. A wide variety
                        of enterprises have already been set up.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fánróng</foreignphrase>; “to be
                            flourishing/prosperous/booming”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìběnde
                                                shàngyè hěn fánrōng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Japan’s commerce is flourishing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shínián
                                                yǐhòu, zhèige dìfang huì biànde gèng fánróng
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Ten years from now, this place will become even more
                                            prosperous.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng zhèige
                                                zhǎnlǎnhuìshangde dōngxi, nǐ kéyi kàndao fánróngde
                                                Měiguó wénhuà. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>From the things in this exhibition, you can see the
                                            flourishing American culture.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fánróng</foreignphrase> can also
                        mean “to make something prosper”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bàn
                                                jiàoyìhuìde mùdi jiù shi yào fánrōng
                                                jīngji.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The purpose of holding trade fairs is to promote
                                            economic prosperity.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāgōng</foreignphrase>: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>“to finish” a product, i.e., to work on a half-finished or
                                finished article to make it more perfect or finer; </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>“to process” a raw material into a finished product.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngjiāohuì</foreignphrase>:
                        This is an abbreviation of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Guǎngzhōu Jiāoyìhuì</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàqian</foreignphrase>:
                            “price”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                píngguǒ shénme jiàqian?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How much are these apples?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmende
                                                dōngxi hén hǎo, jiàqian yě bú
                                            cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Their things are very good, and the prices are pretty
                                            good, too.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng jiàqian</foreignphrase>
                        means “to bargain, to haggle”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                Zhōngguóde shāngdiànli, bù kéyi jiǎng jiàqian,
                                                dànshi zài zìyóu shìchàngshang
                                            kéyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You cannot bargain in stores in China, but you can in
                                            the free markets.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kōngshōu</foreignphrase>:
                        “empty-handed” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Kōng</foreignphrase> means “to be empty,” as in<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                xiāngziō shi kōngde. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This case is empty.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kōngshǒu</foreignphrase> is
                        used, adverbially:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù hǎo
                                                yìsi kōngshǒu dào tā jià qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I would be embarrassed to go to his house
                                            empty-handed.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūxiàn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        appear” As with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fāshēng</foreignphrase>, “to happen,” which you learned in the previous
                        unit, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūxiàn</foreignphrase> is
                        often followed in the sentence by the thing that appears, whereas in English
                        the thing usually precedes “appear” (“Will a new class
                            appear?”).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                wèntí zài gāng chúxiànde shíhou, méiyou rén fāxiàn,
                                                xiànzài zhīdao yǐjīng tài wǎn
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>When this problem first appeared, no one
                                                discovered it. Now that we’ve found out about it,
                                                it’s too late.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàiyang
                                                chūxiàn zài dōngfàngde shíhou, jiù shi xīnde yìtiān
                                                kāishlǐ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When the sun appears in the east, it means that a new
                                            day is beginning. [<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàiyang</foreignphrase>,
                                            “sun”]</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                shíhou, qiánmian chūxiàn yìtiáo dà hé, shi wǒ méi
                                                xiǎngdàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>At this moment, a large river appeared up ahead,
                                            something I had not expected.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiēji</foreignphrase>; “(social)
                        class” In the PRC, this word enters into many special phrases such as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiēji jiàoyu</foreignphrase>,
                        “class education” (which consists of recounting the difficult past to
                        schoolchildren and younger workers).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìjièshang
                                                méiyou yíge méiyou jiējide
                                            shèhuì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There is no society in the world which is without
                                            classes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánzhòng</foreignphrase>; “to be
                        serious, to be grave”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                qíngkuàng xiāngdāng
                                            yánzhòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This situation is quite serious.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                yǒu yánzhòngde rénkǒu wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>China has a serious population problem.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                wèntí bú shi yánzhòng dào yídìng yào qǐng lìngdǎo
                                                lái juédìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This problem is not so serious that we have to ask
                                            our leader to decide it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái méi
                                                kànchū zhèige wèntíde
                                            yánzhòngxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You still haven’t discerned the seriousness of this
                                            problem.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jí</foreignphrase>: “level,
                        rank, stage, grade, degree”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yijí
                                                lǐngdào hái bù néng juédìng zěnme bàn, nǐ děi zhǎo
                                                shàngjí lǐngdǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This level leader cannot decide what to do. You must
                                            go to an upper-level leader.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gànbu
                                                yígòng yǒu èrshiliù jí, shíjí yǐshàngde kéyi kàn
                                                yìzhǒng pǔtōng rén kànbudàode
                                                bàozhǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Altogether, there are twenty-six grades of cadres.
                                            Those above grade ten may read a newspaper that ordinary
                                            people cannot read. (The <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cānkǎo
                                                Zīliào</foreignphrase>, “Reference
                                            Materials”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhè xié
                                                zhēn gāojí!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>These shoes of yours are really classy!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiànzhi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        restrict, to limit” or “restriction, limitation”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ àiren
                                                xiànzhi wǒ měige yuè chōu qíkuài qiánde
                                                yān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My spouse limits me to smoking seven dollars' worth
                                            of cigarettes a month.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile
                                                xiànzhi rénmínde zìyóu, zhèngfǚ dìngle bù shǎo
                                                guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The government has set up a lot of rules to restrict
                                            the people's freedom.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                  gāosù gōnglùshang, bǎ qìchēde sùdu xiànzhi zài
                                                  wǔshiwǔyīnglǐ yíxià shi bǐjiào
                                                  héshìde.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It is rather appropriate to limit the speed of cars
                                            on the expressway to fifty-five miles an hour.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu bù shǎo
                                                xiànzhi zhēn ràng rén gǎobudǒng wèishénme yào zhème
                                                zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>There are many restrictions that leave one at a
                                                loss as to why one has to do it that way.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīnwèi
                                                shíjiánde xiànzhi, wǒ méi néng zuòdao wǒ kéyi zuòde
                                                nàme hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Because of time restrictions, I was not able to do as
                                            well as I could have.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzhi</foreignphrase> is often
                        used in the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu
                            xiànzhi</foreignphrase>, “to be restricted” (literally, “to receive
                            restriction”):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nèige
                                                guójiā, wàiguo rén lǚxíng shòudao hěn dà
                                                xiànzhi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>in that country, foreigners are very restricted when
                                            they travel.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāofèi</foreignphrase>: “to
                            consume”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                gōngchǎng yìtiān xiāofèi duíshǎo
                                                méitàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How much coal does this factory consume a
                                            day?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐqián
                                                Běijīng jiù shi yíge xiāofèi chéngshì, shénme yě bù
                                                shēngchǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Bèijīng</foreignphrase> used to be just a consumer
                                            city; it didn't produce a thing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāofèizhě</foreignphrase> is a
                        “consumer.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāihuǐr</foreignphrase>: A
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                        expression equivalent to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng
                            yihuīr</foreignphrase> in the sense of “in (after) a
                            while”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dāihuír wǒ
                                                sòng ni huiqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In a little while, I'll take you back.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài
                                                xiān qù yǒu diǎnr shì, dāihuǐr jiù
                                                lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let me first go and take care of something I have to
                                            do; I’ll be back in a minute.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī... jiù...</foreignphrase>:
                        “as soon as...” You already know that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> means ’“then” in the
                        sense of immediately thereafter, e.g.,<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuōwán
                                                jiù zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He left right after he finished speaking.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When using the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yī</foreignphrase>, “as soon as,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> is often used in the
                        following clause.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yí dào,
                                                wǒmen jiù kéyi zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We can leave as soon as he gets here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān yí
                                                liàng, tā jiù qǐlai kāishǐ
                                            gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As soon as it gets light out, he gets up and starts
                                            to work.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yí kàn
                                                jiù míngbai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I understood as soon as I looked at it (OR read
                                            it).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yì tīng
                                                zhèijù huà jiù jí le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He got anxious (upset) as soon as he heard this
                                            sentence.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yì
                                                fāxiàn hùzhào diū le, mǎshàng jiù dào lǐngshìguǎn qù
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As soon as I discovered that I had lost my passport,
                                            I immediately went to the consulate.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zěnme yí
                                                qù jiù shi bàntiān?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What’s taking him so long?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī...
                            jiù...</foreignphrase> is used in the sense of “every time,” or
                        “whenever” (i.e., once certain conditions come about, something is sure to
                            happen):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ duì
                                                zhèrde lù hái bù shú, yì bú zhùyì jiù huì
                                                zǒucuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m still not very familiar with the roads here. I go
                                            the wrong way whenever I’m not paying attention.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Píngcháng
                                                tā hěn máng, kěshi yí dào Xīngqītiān, tā jiù yào kāi
                                                chē chūqu wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Usually he is very busy, but when Sunday comes he
                                            always goes out in his car to have fun.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yì hē
                                                  jiǔ jiù tóu yūn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I get dizzy whenever I drink.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā měicì yì
                                                yǒu wèntí jiù xiǎngdào wǒ, méi wèntíde shíhou
                                                cóngláij bú ìzhe wǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He thinks of me whenever he has a problem, but never
                                            remembers me when he doesn’t have any problems.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yī</foreignphrase> is sometimes
                        used without <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>
                        in a following clause, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gāng yì
                                                tīng hǎoxiàng bú duì, hòulái yì xiǎng, duì
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When I first heard it, it didn’t sound right but then
                                            after I thought about it, CI realized! it was right.
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàolǜ</foreignphrase>:
                            “efficiency”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde xuéxí
                                                xiàolū hěn gāo, yìtiān néng kàn bù shǎo shū, hái
                                                néng jìzhu bù shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is very efficient in his studies. He can read a
                                            lot in one day and can remember a great deal
                                            too.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile tígāo
                                                shíjián xiàolǜ, wǒmen bìxū jízhong
                                                lìliàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We must pool our forces in order to increase our
                                            efficiency. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Shíjiān xiàolǜ</foreignphrase> just means
                                            efficiency within a certain period of time.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>; You have
                        seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> meaning
                        “only when, not until” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                            míngtiān cái dào</foreignphrase>, “He isn’t coming until tomorrow”) and
                        meaning “only in that case, not unless” (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèióyang Zhōnggu wénhuà cái néng
                            bǎochíxiàqù</foreignphrase>, “Only in this way can Chinese culture be
                        preserved”). In sentence 6A, the necessary condition is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò xiàolū gāo</foreignphrase>. Since
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> is an
                        adverb, it must always precede the verb (here, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase>), whereas in English,
                        “only” precedes whatever it refers to (here, the noun phrase “workers with
                        high efficiency”).</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huānsòng</foreignphrase>:
                        Literally, “joyously send off,” this is a formal word for “to give someone a
                        send-off.” The ordinary word is just <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sòng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàibiǎo</foreignphrase>: “to
                        represent, to stand for or a ”representative, delegate”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen bù
                                                néng dōu qù. Nǐ dàibiǎo, hǎo bu
                                            hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We can’t all go. Why don’t you stand in,
                                            okay?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dàibiǎo
                                                shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Whom do you represent?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dàibiǎo
                                                tā gōngsī qù cānjiā nèige
                                                jiāooyìhuì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He vent to the trade fair representing his
                                            company.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As a prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dàibiǎo</foreignphrase> can be translated as “on behalf of” or “in the
                        name of”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dàibiǎo
                                                Lǚxíngshède tóngzhì xièxie
                                            ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I thank you on behalf of the comrades at the China
                                            Travel Service.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎiyùn tiáoyuē</foreignphrase>:
                        “sea transportation treaty” The word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiáoyuē</foreignphrase>. “treaty,” “pact,” is
                        used loosely here, for it was technically an ”agreement” (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiédìng</foreignphrase>) which was signed
                        between the U.S. and China on September 17, 1980. The maritime transport
                        agreement stipulates that the U.S. open all its ports to China and China
                        open specified ports to the U.S. (some Chinese ports do not have sufficient
                        facilities). One third of the commercial shipping is to be handled by
                        Chinese or American vessels.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guīmó</foreignphrase>: “scope,
                            scale”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                gōngchǎngde guīmó bù xiǎo, jiù shi jìshu lìliang tài
                                                ruò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The scope of this factory is quite large, it's Just
                                            that its technical capability is too weak.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó dà
                                                guīmóde gài gōngyù dàlóu, zhèijǐnián háishi
                                                dìyícì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It is only in the past few years that China has
                                            started to build high-rise apartment buildings on a
                                            large scale.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāoxi</foreignphrase>: “news”
                        This has a few meanings: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>“news” between people— “tidings”; </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>“news” reported in a newspaper, news periodical, or newscast (this
                                meaning is shared in common with <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnwén</foreignphrase>); </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>“information” in the sense of “intelligence,” “news” about someone
                                or something (e.g., “Is this information reliable?”).</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu shénme
                                                xiāoxi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> What information is there?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gàosu nǐ
                                                ge hǎo xiāoxi!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let me give you some good news!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn cháng
                                                shíjiān méiyou tāde xiāoxi
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We haven’t heard from him (OR about him) for a long
                                            time.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qjānwàn</foreignphrase>; “under
                        any circumstances; by no means; be sure”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qiānwàn yào
                                                xiǎoxīn, tiān hēi le, lù bu hǎo
                                            zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Be sure to be careful. It’s dark out, so it’s
                                            difficult to travel.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dàole
                                                yǐhòu qiānwàn lái ge
                                            diànhuà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When you arrive, be sure to call.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qiānwàn bú
                                                yào wàngji bǎ nèiběn shū dàilai, wǒ míngtiān yào
                                                yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Make sure you don’t forget to bring that book; I need
                                            it for tomorrow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijàn
                                                shì, qiānwàn bù néng ràng tā
                                            zhīdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He must absolutely not find out about this.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shèbèi</foreignphrase>:
                        “equipment; facilities; installation”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒude chǎng
                                                suīrán shèbèi hěn hǎo, dànshi shēngchǎn háishi
                                                gǎobuhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In some factories, although the equipment is very
                                            good, production is still poor.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng Déguō
                                                jìnkǒude zhèixiē shèbèi dàbùfen shi yīxué
                                                fāngmiànde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Most of this equipment imported from Germany is for
                                            use in medicine.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                gōngyùde shèbèi bǐ zhè fǔjìnde biéde gōngyù dōu
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> The facilities in this apartment building are better
                                            than those of any other in the area.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jízhōng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        concentrate; to centralize; to put together”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ lìliàng
                                                jízhōng zài xué Zhōngwénshang shi bù xíngde, yīnwei
                                                hái yǒu xǔduō biéde shì yào
                                            zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> It won’t do to concentrate all your effort on
                                                studying Chinese, because you have many other things
                                                to do.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipiān
                                                  wénzhāng jízhōngle jǐge rénde kànfā, suóyi
                                                  kànqilai hěn yǒu yìsi.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This article assembles the opinions of several
                                            people, so it is very interesting to read.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài rénkòu
                                                jízhōngde dà chéngshì zhù hěn yǒu
                                                yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It is very interesting to live in a big city with a
                                            concentrated population.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǎnhuìshang
                                                xūyàode dòngxi dòu yào jízhōng
                                                fànghǎode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The things that will be needed at‘ the evening party
                                            should all be put together in one place.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
                                                dōngxi fàng zài zhèli jízhōng xie bù hǎo
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Wouldn’t it be better to put those things here, all
                                            together in one place?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №11</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōng-Měi
                            liǎngguó</foreignphrase>: “China and America, the two countries” This is
                        a formal way of saying <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguò hé
                            Měiguò</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hézuò</foreignphrase>:
                        “together-do,” i.e., “to cooperate”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen děi
                                                hézuò zhèijiàn shì cái néng bànde
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We must work together on this if we are to do it
                                            well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú yào
                                                gēn wǒ hézuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He doesn’t want to cooperate with me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                Zhōngguò hé wàiguo shǎngrende hézuò yuè lái yuè duō
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>China is having more and more cooperation with
                                            foreign merchants.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Hé- can also be used before other one-syllable verbs for
                            example,<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
                                                shiū shi wǒmen héxiěde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We wrote this book together.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìng</foreignphrase>: “to agree
                        on; to draw up (a plan); to conclude (a treaty)”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zánmen dìng
                                                ge xuéxí jìhuà ba! Zhèiyang xiàqu, shénme yě
                                                xuébudào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let’s put together a study plan! We won’t learn a
                                            thing if we keep on like this.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Yǐbǎiduōnián qián, Qīngcháo zhèngfǔ hé wàiguò
                                                dìngle bù shǎo duì Zhōngguò hěn bù hǎode
                                                tiáoyuē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>More than a century ago, the Qīng Dynasty
                                                government concluded many treaties with foreign
                                                countries that were very bad for China.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn</foreignphrase>: “to carry,
                        to transport”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qù
                                                Zhōngguóde shíhou bǎ tāde qìchē yě yùnqu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When he went to China, he shipped his car over
                                            too.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
                                                dōngxi fēicháng zhòng, yùnqilai bù
                                                fānghian.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>These things are extremely heavy, and are difficult
                                            to transport.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhème duō
                                                dōngxi, hǎiyùn bǐ kōngyùn piányide
                                                duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>With -so many things, it would be much cheaper to
                                            ship them by sea than by air.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
</chapter>