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FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText.htm

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  26. <body>
    27. 

  27. <p><span class="font1">CM 0180 S</span></p><a name="caption1"></a>
    28. 

  28. <h1><a name="bookmark0"></a><span class="font7" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark1"></a>STANDARD CHINESE</span></h1>
    29. 

  29. <p><span class="font5">A MODULAR APPROACH</span></p>
    30. 

  30. <p><span class="font6" style="font-weight:bold;">STUDENT TEXT</span></p>
    31. 

  31. <p><span class="font5">MODULE 1: ORIENTATION</span></p>
    32. 

  32. <p><span class="font5">MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION</span></p>
    33. 

  33. <p><span class="font3">SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE</span></p>
    34. 

  34. <p><span class="font3">UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS</span></p>
    35. 

  35. <p><span class="font2">This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:</span></p>
    36. 

  36. <p><span class="font2">Defense Language Institute</span></p>
    37. 

  37. <p><span class="font2">Foreign Language Center</span></p>
    38. 

  38. <p><span class="font2">NonresidentTraining Division</span></p>
    39. 

  39. <p><span class="font2">Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006</span></p>
    40. 

  40. <p><span class="font2">Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of view, are sometimes included in the language instruction for DLIFLC students since military personnel may find themselves in positions where a clear understanding of conversations or written materials of this nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements-whether real ōr apparent-in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense.</span></p>
    41. 

  41. <p><span class="font2">Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based solely on their value for instruction in the language. It does not constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise, nor is it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses not mentioned.</span></p>
    42. 

  42. <p><span class="font2">In DLIFLC publications, the words </span><span class="font2" style="font-style:italic;">he, him,</span><span class="font2"> and/or </span><span class="font2" style="font-style:italic;">his</span><span class="font2"> denote both masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language texts.</span></p>
    43. 

  43. <p><span class="font2">The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces. Purchase by the customer does net constitute authorization for reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit setting without prior approval from the DLIFLC.</span></p>
    44. 

  44. <h4><a name="bookmark2"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark3"></a>PREFACE</span></h4>
    45. 

  45. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font9"> originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials, to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.</span></p>
    46. 

  46. <p><span class="font9">The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.</span></p>
    47. 

  47. <p><span class="font9">A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later Joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).</span></p>
    48. 

  48. <p><span class="font9">The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197<sup>1</sup>* in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.</span></p>
    49. 

  49. <p><span class="font9">Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O'Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977* Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.</span></p>
    50. 

  50. <p><span class="font9">Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had Joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.</span></p>
    51. 

  51. <p><span class="font9">All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.</span></p>
    52. 

  52. <p><span class="font9">Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.</span></p>
    53. 

  53. <p><span class="font9">The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.</span></p>
    54. 

  54. <p><span class="font9">The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.</span></p>
    55. 

  55. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font9"> was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.</span></p>
    56. 

  56. <p><span class="font9">Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course materials. This support included coordination, graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry out these tasks.</span></p>
    57. 

  57. <p><span class="font9">James R. Frith, Chairman</span></p>
    58. 

  58. <p><span class="font9">Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board</span></p>
    59. 

  59. <h3><a name="bookmark4"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark5"></a>CONTENTS</span></h3>
    60. 

  60. <p><a href="#bookmark2"><span class="font9">Preface</span></a></p>
    61. 

  61. <p><a href="#bookmark6"><span class="font9">Introduction Section I: &nbsp;About the Course </span></a></p>
    62. 

  62. <p><a href="#bookmark7"><span class="font9">Section II: &nbsp;Background Notes </span></a></p>
    63. 

  63. <p><a href="#bookmark8"><span class="font9">MODULE 1: ORIENTATION Objectives ....................... .....</span></a></p>
    64. 

  64. <p><a href="#bookmark9"><span class="font9">List of Tapes</span></a></p>
    65. 

  65. <p><a href="#bookmark10"><span class="font9">Target Lists </span></a></p>
    66. 

  66. <p><a href="#bookmark11"><span class="font9">UNIT 1 Introduction</span></a></p>
    67. 

  67. <p><a href="#bookmark12"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    68. 

  68. <p><a href="#bookmark13"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    69. 

  69. <p><span class="font9">Reference Notes ......... . ......... ..... 28</span></p>
    70. 

  70. <p><a href="#bookmark14"><span class="font9">Full names and surnames Titles and terms of address Drills</span></a></p>
    71. 

  71. <p><a href="#bookmark15"><span class="font9">UNIT 2 Introduction *</span></a></p>
    72. 

  72. <p><a href="#bookmark16"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    73. 

  73. <p><a href="#bookmark17"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    74. 

  74. <p><a href="#bookmark18"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    75. 

  75. <p><span class="font9">Given names</span></p>
    76. 

  76. <p><span class="font9">Yes/no questions</span></p>
    77. 

  77. <p><span class="font9">Negative statements</span></p>
    78. 

  78. <p><a href="#bookmark19"><span class="font9">Greetings Drills</span></a></p>
    79. 

  79. <p><a href="#bookmark20"><span class="font9">UNIT 3 Introduction . .</span></a></p>
    80. 

  80. <p><a href="#bookmark21"><span class="font9">Reference List ....</span></a></p>
    81. 

  81. <p><a href="#bookmark22"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    82. 

  82. <p><a href="#bookmark23"><span class="font9">Unit Map</span></a></p>
    83. 

  83. <p><a href="#bookmark24"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    84. 

  84. <p><span class="font9">Nationality</span></p>
    85. 

  85. <p><a href="#bookmark25"><span class="font9">Home state, province, and city Drills</span></a></p>
    86. 

  86. <p><a href="#bookmark26"><span class="font9">UNIT U Introduction </span></a></p>
    87. 

  87. <p><a href="#bookmark27"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    88. 

  88. <p><a href="#bookmark28"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    89. 

  89. <p><a href="#bookmark29"><span class="font9">Unit Map</span></a></p>
    90. 

  90. <p><a href="#bookmark30"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    91. 

  91. <p><span class="font9">Location of people and places Where people’s families are from</span></p>
    92. 

  92. <p><a href="#bookmark31"><span class="font9">Drills</span></a></p>
    93. 

  93. <p><a href="#bookmark32"><span class="font9">Criterion Test Sample</span></a></p>
    94. 

  94. <p><span class="font9">Appendices</span></p>
    95. 

  95. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    96. 

  96. <p><a href="#bookmark33"><span class="font9">I. Map of China</span></a></p></li></ul>
    97. 

  97. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    98. 

  98. <p><a href="#bookmark34"><span class="font9">II. Map of Taiwan</span></a></p></li></ul>
    99. 

  99. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    100. 

  100. <p><a href="#bookmark35"><span class="font9">III. Countries and Regions</span></a></p></li></ul>
    101. 

  101. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    102. 

  102. <p><a href="#bookmark36"><span class="font9">IV. American States</span></a></p></li></ul>
    103. 

  103. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    104. 

  104. <p><a href="#bookmark37"><span class="font9">V. Canadian Provinces</span></a></p></li></ul>
    105. 

  105. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    106. 

  106. <p><a href="#bookmark38"><span class="font9">VI. Common Chinese Names</span></a></p></li></ul>
    107. 

  107. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    108. 

  108. <p><a href="#bookmark39"><span class="font9">VII. Chinese Provinces </span></a></p></li></ul>
    109. 

  109. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    110. 

  110. <p><a href="#bookmark40"><span class="font9">VIII. &nbsp;Chinese Cities</span></a></p></li></ul>
    111. 

  111. <p><a href="#bookmark41"><span class="font9">MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Objectives</span></a></p>
    112. 

  112. <p><a href="#bookmark42"><span class="font9">List of Tapes</span></a></p>
    113. 

  113. <p><a href="#bookmark43"><span class="font9">Target Lists </span></a></p>
    114. 

  114. <p><a href="#bookmark44"><span class="font9">UNIT 1 Introduction</span></a></p>
    115. 

  115. <p><a href="#bookmark45"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    116. 

  116. <p><a href="#bookmark46"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    117. 

  117. <p><a href="#bookmark47"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    118. 

  118. <p><span class="font9">Where people are staying (hotels) Short answers The question word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">něige</span><span class="font9"> &quot;which?&quot; Drills............... &nbsp;105</span></p>
    119. 

  119. <p><a href="#bookmark48"><span class="font9">UNIT 2 Introduction ...</span></a></p>
    120. 

  120. <p><a href="#bookmark49"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    121. 

  121. <p><a href="#bookmark50"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    122. 

  122. <p><a href="#bookmark51"><span class="font9">Reference Notes .</span></a></p>
    123. 

  123. <p><span class="font9">Where people are staying (houses) Where people are working Addresses The marker de The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">ba </span><span class="font9">The prepositional verb </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài </span><span class="font9">Drills..........................120</span></p>
    124. 

  124. <p><a href="#bookmark52"><span class="font9">UNIT 3 Introduction</span></a></p>
    125. 

  125. <p><a href="#bookmark53"><span class="font9">Reference List </span></a></p>
    126. 

  126. <p><a href="#bookmark54"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    127. 

  127. <p><a href="#bookmark55"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    128. 

  128. <p><span class="font9">Members of a family The plural ending -</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">men </span><span class="font9">The question word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">jl-</span><span class="font9"> &quot;how many&quot;</span></p>
    129. 

  129. <p><span class="font9">The adverb </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font9"> ’’all&quot;</span></p>
    130. 

  130. <p><a href="#bookmark56"><span class="font9">Several ways to express &quot;and&quot; Drills . . .</span></a></p>
    131. 

  131. <p><a href="#bookmark57"><span class="font9">UNIT U Introduction</span></a></p>
    132. 

  132. <p><a href="#bookmark58"><span class="font9">Reference List.....'</span></a></p>
    133. 

  133. <p><a href="#bookmark59"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    134. 

  134. <p><a href="#bookmark60"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    135. 

  135. <p><span class="font9">Arrival and departure times</span></p>
    136. 

  136. <p><span class="font9">The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span></p>
    137. 

  137. <p><a href="#bookmark61"><span class="font9">The </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font9"> construction Drills</span></a></p>
    138. 

  138. <p><a href="#bookmark62"><span class="font9">UNIT 5 Introduction </span></a></p>
    139. 

  139. <p><a href="#bookmark63"><span class="font9">Reference List............</span></a></p>
    140. 

  140. <p><a href="#bookmark64"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    141. 

  141. <p><a href="#bookmark65"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    142. 

  142. <p><span class="font9">Date and place of birth</span></p>
    143. 

  143. <p><span class="font9">Days of the week</span></p>
    144. 

  144. <p><span class="font9">Ages</span></p>
    145. 

  145. <p><a href="#bookmark66"><span class="font9">The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font9"> for new situations Drills</span></a></p>
    146. 

  146. <p><a href="#bookmark67"><span class="font9">UNIT 6 Introduction .....</span></a></p>
    147. 

  147. <p><a href="#bookmark68"><span class="font9">Reference List .... .......... ..........</span></a></p>
    148. 

  148. <p><a href="#bookmark69"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    149. 

  149. <p><a href="#bookmark70"><span class="font9">Reference Notes ................ .......</span></a></p>
    150. 

  150. <p><span class="font9">Duration phrases</span></p>
    151. 

  151. <p><span class="font9">The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font9"> for completion</span></p>
    152. 

  152. <p><span class="font9">The &quot;double le&quot; construction</span></p>
    153. 

  153. <p><span class="font9">The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span></p>
    154. 

  154. <p><span class="font9">Action verbs</span></p>
    155. 

  155. <p><a href="#bookmark71"><span class="font9">State verbs Drills</span></a></p>
    156. 

  156. <p><a href="#bookmark72"><span class="font9">UNIT 7 Introduction..</span></a></p>
    157. 

  157. <p><a href="#bookmark73"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    158. 

  158. <p><a href="#bookmark74"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    159. 

  159. <p><a href="#bookmark75"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    160. 

  160. <div>
    161. 

  161. <p><span class="font9">Where someone works</span></p>
    162. 

  162. <p><span class="font9">Where and what someone has studied What languages someone can speak Auxiliary verbs General objects</span></p>
    163. 

  163. </div><br clear="all">
    164. 

  164. <p><a href="#bookmark76"><span class="font9">Drills</span></a></p>
    165. 

  165. <p><a href="#bookmark77"><span class="font9">UNIT 8 Introduction </span></a></p>
    166. 

  166. <p><a href="#bookmark78"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    167. 

  167. <p><a href="#bookmark79"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    168. 

  168. <p><a href="#bookmark80"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    169. 

  169. <p><span class="font9">More on duration phrases The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font9"> for new situations in negative sentences Military titles and branches of service The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne </span><span class="font9">Process verbs Drills............................223</span></p>
    170. 

  170. <h3><a name="bookmark81"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark82"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
    171. 

  171. <h4><a name="bookmark6"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark83"></a>SECTION I: ABOUT THE COURSE .</span></h4>
    172. 

  172. <p><span class="font9">This course is designed to give you a practical command of spoken Standard Chinese. You will learn both to understand and to speak it. Although Standard Chinese is one language, there are differences between the particular form it takes in Beijing and the form it takes in the rest of the country. There are also, of course, significant nonlinguistic differences between regions of the country. Reflecting these regional differences, the settings for most conversations are Beijing and Taipei.</span></p>
    173. 

  173. <p><span class="font9">This course represents a new approach to the teaching of foreign languages. In many ways it redefines the roles of teacher and student, of classwork and homework, and of text and tape. Here is what you should expect:</span></p>
    174. 

  174. <p><span class="font9">The focus is on communicating in Chinese in practical situations—the obvious ones you will encounter upon arriving in China. You will be communicating in Chinese most of the time you are in class. You will not always be talking about real situations, but you will almost always be purposefully exchanging information in Chinese.</span></p>
    175. 

  175. <p><span class="font9">This focus on conimunicating means that the teacher is first of all your conversational partner. Anything that forces him<a name="footnote1"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark84">1</a></sup> back into the traditional roles of lecturer and drillmaster limits your opportunity to interact with a speaker of the Chinese language and to experience the language in its full spontaneity, flexibility, and responsiveness.</span></p>
    176. 

  176. <p><span class="font9">Using class time for communicating, you will complete other course activities out of class whenever possible. This is what the tapes are for. They introduce the new material of each unit and give you as much additional practice as possible without a conversational partner.</span></p>
    177. 

  177. <p><span class="font9">The texts summarize and supplement the tapes, which take you through new material step by step and then give you intensive practice on what you have covered. In this course you will spend almost all your time listening to Chinese and saying things in Chinese, either with the tapes or in class.</span></p>
    178. 

  178. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">How the Course Is Organized</span></p>
    179. 

  179. <p><span class="font9">The subtitle of this course, &quot;A Modular Approach,” refers to overall organization of the materials into MODULES which focus on particular situations or language topics and which allow a certain amount of choice as to what is taught and in what order. To highlight equally significant features of the course, the subtitle could just as well have been &quot;A Situational Approach,&quot; &quot;A Taped-Input Approach,&quot; or &quot;A Communicative Approach.&quot;</span></p>
    180. 

  180. <div>
    181. 

  181. <p><span class="font9">Ten situational modules form the</span></p>
    182. 

  182. <p><span class="font9">ORIENTATION (ORN)</span></p>
    183. 

  183. <p><span class="font9">BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (BIO)</span></p>
    184. 

  184. <p><span class="font9">MONEY (MON)</span></p>
    185. 

  185. <p><span class="font9">DIRECTIONS (DIR)</span></p>
    186. 

  186. <p><span class="font9">TRANSPORTATION (TRN)</span></p>
    187. 

  187. <p><span class="font9">ARRANGING A MEETING (MTG)</span></p>
    188. 

  188. <p><span class="font9">SOCIETY (SOC)</span></p>
    189. 

  189. <p><span class="font9">TRAVELING IN CHINA (TRL)</span></p>
    190. 

  190. <p><span class="font9">LIFE IN CHINA (LIC)</span></p>
    191. 

  191. <p><span class="font9">TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS (TAN)</span></p>
    192. 

  192. <p><span class="font9">Each core module consists of tapes,</span></p>
    193. 

  193. </div><br clear="all">
    194. 

  194. <div>
    195. 

  195. <p><span class="font9">core of the course:</span></p>
    196. 

  196. <p><span class="font9">Talking about who you are and where you are from.</span></p>
    197. 

  197. <p><span class="font9">Talking about your background, family, studies, and occupation and about your visit to China.</span></p>
    198. 

  198. <p><span class="font9">Making purchases and changing money.</span></p>
    199. 

  199. <p><span class="font9">Asking directions in a city or in a building.</span></p>
    200. 

  200. <p><span class="font9">Taking buses, taxis, trains, and planes, including finding out schedule information, buying tickets, and making reservations.</span></p>
    201. 

  201. <p><span class="font9">Arranging a business meeting or a social get-together, changing the time of an appointment, and declining an invitation.</span></p>
    202. 

  202. <p><span class="font9">Talking about families, relationships between people, cultural roles in traditional society, and cultural trends in modern society.</span></p>
    203. 

  203. <p><span class="font9">Making travel arrangements and visiting a kindergarten, the Great Wall, the Ming Tombs, a commune, and a factory.</span></p>
    204. 

  204. <p><span class="font9">Talking about daily life in Beijing street committees, leisure activities, traffic and transportation, buying and rationing, housing.</span></p>
    205. 

  205. <p><span class="font9">Talking about government and party policy changes described in newspapers: the educational system,-agricultural policy, international policy, ideological policy, and policy in the arts.</span></p>
    206. 

  206. <p><span class="font9">student textbook, and a workbook.</span></p>
    207. 

  207. </div><br clear="all">
    208. 

  208. <p><span class="font9">In addition to the ten CORE modules, there are also RESOURCE modules and OPTIONAL modules’. Resource modules teach particular systems in the language, such as numbers and dates. As you proceed through a situational core module, you will occasionally take time out to study part of a resource module. (You will begin the first’ three of these while studying the Orientation Module.)</span></p>
    209. 

  209. <p><span class="font9">PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION (P&amp;R) The sound system of Chinese and the Pinyin system of romanization.</span></p>
    210. 

  210. <p><span class="font9">NUMBERS (NUM) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Numbers up to five digits.</span></p>
    211. 

  211. <p><span class="font9">CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expressions basic to the classroom</span></p>
    212. 

  212. <p><span class="font9">learning situation.</span></p>
    213. 

  213. <p><span class="font9">TIME AND DATES (T&amp;D) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dates, days of the week, clock time,</span></p>
    214. 

  214. <p><span class="font9">parts of the day.</span></p>
    215. 

  215. <p><span class="font9">GRAMMAR &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Aspect and verb types, word order,</span></p>
    216. 

  216. <p><span class="font9">multisyllabic verbs and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎ</span><span class="font9">, auxiliary verbs, complex sentences, adverbial expressions.</span></p>
    217. 

  217. <p><span class="font9">Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook.</span></p>
    218. 

  218. <p><span class="font9">The eight optional modules focus on particular situations:</span></p>
    219. 

  219. <p><span class="font9">RESTAURANT (RST)</span></p>
    220. 

  220. <p><span class="font9">HOTEL (HTL)</span></p>
    221. 

  221. <p><span class="font9">PERSONAL WELFARE (WLF)</span></p>
    222. 

  222. <p><span class="font9">POST OFFICE AND TELEPHONE (PST/TEL)</span></p>
    223. 

  223. <p><span class="font9">CAR (CAR)</span></p>
    224. 

  224. <p><span class="font9">CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH, AND DEATH (MBD)</span></p>
    225. 

  225. <p><span class="font9">NEW YEAR’S CELEBRATION (NYR)</span></p>
    226. 

  226. <p><span class="font9">INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS (l&amp;O)</span></p>
    227. 

  227. <p><span class="font9">Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook. These optional modules may be used at any time after certain core modules.</span></p>
    228. 

  228. <p><span class="font9">The diagram on page shows how the core modules, optional modules, and resource modules fit together in the course. Resource modules are shown where study should begin. Optional modules are shown where they may be introduced.</span></p>
    229. 

  229. <p><span class="font0" style="font-weight:bold;">STANDARD CHINESE : A MODULAR APPROACH</span></p>
    230. 

  230. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-1.png" alt="" style="width:382pt;height:150pt;">
    231. 

  231. </div><br clear="all">
    232. 

  232. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-2.png" alt="" style="width:382pt;height:207pt;">
    233. 

  233. </div><br clear="all">
    234. 

  234. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-3.png" alt="" style="width:256pt;height:189pt;">
    235. 

  235. </div><br clear="all">
    236. 

  236. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-4.png" alt="" style="width:27pt;height:19pt;">
    237. 

  237. </div><br clear="all">
    238. 

  238. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-5.png" alt="" style="width:26pt;height:42pt;">
    239. 

  239. </div><br clear="all">
    240. 

  240. <div>
    241. 

  241. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">KEY</span></p>
    242. 

  242. </div><br clear="all">
    243. 

  243. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-6.png" alt="" style="width:21pt;height:41pt;">
    244. 

  244. </div><br clear="all">
    245. 

  245. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Inside a Core Module</span></p>
    246. 

  246. <p><span class="font9">Each core module has from four to eight units. A module also includes</span></p>
    247. 

  247. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Objectives</span><span class="font9">: The module objectives are listed at the beginning of the text for each module. Read these before starting work on the first unit to fix in your mind what you are trying to accomplish and what you will have to do to pass the test at the end of the module.</span></p>
    248. 

  248. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Target Lists</span><span class="font9">: These follow the objectives in the text. They summarize the language content of each unit in the form of typical questions and answers on the topic of that unit. Each sentence is given both in roman-ized Chinese and in English. Turn to the appropriate Target List before, during, or after your work on a unit, whenever you need to pull together what is in the unit.</span></p>
    249. 

  249. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Review Tapes (R-l)</span><span class="font9">: The Target List sentences are given on these tapes. Except in the short Orientation Module, there are two R-l tapes for each module.</span></p>
    250. 

  250. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Criterion Test</span><span class="font9">: After studying each module, you will take a Criterion Test to find out which module objectives you have met and which you need to work on before beginning to study another module.</span></p>
    251. 

  251. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Inside a Unit</span></p>
    252. 

  252. <p><span class="font9">Here is what you will be doing in each unit. First, you will work through two tapes:</span></p>
    253. 

  253. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    254. 

  254. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Comprehension Tape 1 (C-l)</span><span class="font9">: This tape introduces all the new words and structures in the unit and lets you hear them in the context of short conversational exchanges. It then works them into other short conversations and longer passages for listening practice, and finally reviews them in the Target List sentences. Your goal when using the tape is to understand all the Target List sentences for the unit.</span></p></li>
    255. 

  255. <li>
    256. 

  256. <p><span class="font9">2.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Production Tape 1 (P-1)</span><span class="font9">: This tape gives you practice in pronouncing the new words and in saying the sentences you learned to understand on the C-l tape. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to be able to produce any of the Target List sentences in Chine<sup>e</sup>? when given the English equivalent.</span></p></li></ul>
    257. 

  257. <p><span class="font9">The C-l and P-1 tapes, not accompanied by workbooks, are &quot;portable&quot; in the sense that they do not tie you down to your desk. However, there are some written materials for each unit which you will need to work into your study routine. A text </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Reference List</span><span class="font9"> at the beginning of each unit contains the sentences from the C-l and P-1 tapes. It includes both the Chinese sentences and their English equivalents. The text </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Reference Notes</span><span class="font9"> restate and expand the comments made on the C-l and P-1 tapes concerning grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and culture.</span></p>
    258. 

  258. <p><span class="font9">After you have worked with the C-l and P-1 tapes, you go on to two class activities:</span></p>
    259. 

  259. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    260. 

  260. <p><span class="font9">3.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Target List Review</span><span class="font9">: In this first class activity of the unit, you find out how well you learned the C-l and P-1 sentences. The teacher checks your understanding and production of the Target List sentences. He also presents any additional required vocabulary items, found at the end of the Target List, which were not on the C-l and P-1 tapes.</span></p></li></ul>
    261. 

  261. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    262. 

  262. <p><span class="font9">U. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Structural Buildup</span><span class="font9">: During this class activity, you work on your understanding and control of the new structures in the unit. You respond to questions from your teacher about situations illustrated on a chalkboard or explained in other ways.</span></p></li></ul>
    263. 

  263. <p><span class="font9">After these activities, your teacher may want you to spend some time working on the drills for the unit.</span></p>
    264. 

  264. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    265. 

  265. <p><span class="font9">5.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Drill Tape</span><span class="font9">: This tape takes you through various types of drills based on the Target List sentences and on the additional required vocabulary.</span></p></li>
    266. 

  266. <li>
    267. 

  267. <p><span class="font9">6.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Drills</span><span class="font9">: The teacher may have you go over some or all of the drills in class, either to prepare for work with the tape, to review the tape, or to replace it.</span></p></li></ul>
    268. 

  268. <p><span class="font9">Next, you use two more tapes. These tapes will give you as much additional practice as possible outside of class.</span></p>
    269. 

  269. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    270. 

  270. <p><span class="font9">7.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Comprehension Tape 2 (C-2)</span><span class="font9">: This tape provides advanced listening practice with exercises containing long, varied passages which fully exploit the possibilities of the material covered. In the C-2 Workbook you answer questions about the passages.</span></p></li>
    271. 

  271. <li>
    272. 

  272. <p><span class="font9">8.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Production Tape 2 (P-2)</span><span class="font9">: This tape resembles the Structural Buildup in that you practice using the new structures of the unit in various situations. The P-2 Workbook provides instructions and displays of information for each exercise.</span></p></li></ul>
    273. 

  273. <p><span class="font9">Following work on these two tapes, you take part in two class activities:</span></p>
    274. 

  274. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    275. 

  275. <p><span class="font9">9.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Exercise Review</span><span class="font9">: The teacher reviews the exercises of the C-2 tape by reading or playing passages from the tape and questioning you on them. He reviews the exercises of the P-2 tape by questioning you on information displays in the P-2 Workbook.</span></p></li>
    276. 

  276. <li>
    277. 

  277. <p><span class="font9">10.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Communication Activities</span><span class="font9">: Here you use what you have learned in the unit for the purposeful exchange of information. Both fictitious situations (in Communication Games) and real-world situations involving you and your classmates (in &quot;interviews”) are used.</span></p>
    278. 

  278. <div>
    279. 

  279. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials and Activities for a Unit</span></p>
    280. 

  280. </div><br clear="all">
    281. 

  281. <div>
    282. 

  282. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">TAPED MATERIALS</span></p>
    283. 

  283. <p><span class="font9">C-l, P-1 Tapes</span></p>
    284. 

  284. </div><br clear="all">
    285. 

  285. <div>
    286. 

  286. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">WRITTEN MATERIALS</span></p>
    287. 

  287. <p><span class="font9">Target List Reference List Reference Notes</span></p>
    288. 

  288. </div><br clear="all">
    289. 

  289. <div>
    290. 

  290. <p><span class="font9">D-l Tapes</span></p>
    291. 

  291. <p><span class="font9">C-2, P-2 Tapes</span></p>
    292. 

  292. </div><br clear="all">
    293. 

  293. <div>
    294. 

  294. <p><span class="font9">Drills</span></p>
    295. 

  295. <p><span class="font9">Reference Notes C-2, P-2 Workbooks</span></p>
    296. 

  296. </div><br clear="all">
    297. 

  297. <div>
    298. 

  298. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">CLASS ACTIVITIES</span></p>
    299. 

  299. <p><span class="font9">Target List Review</span></p>
    300. 

  300. <p><span class="font9">Structural Buildup Drills</span></p>
    301. 

  301. <p><span class="font9">Exercise Review</span></p>
    302. 

  302. <p><span class="font9">Communication Activities</span></p>
    303. 

  303. </div><br clear="all">
    304. 

  304. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-7.png" alt="" style="width:285pt;height:189pt;">
    305. 

  305. </div><br clear="all">
    306. 

  306. <div>
    307. 

  307. <p><span class="font9">Wen wǔ Temple in central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</span></p>
    308. 

  308. </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
    309. 

  309. <h4><a name="bookmark85"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark86"></a>SECTION II</span><br><br><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark87"></a>BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE</span></h4>
    310. 

  310. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">The Chinese Languages</span></p>
    311. 

  311. <p><span class="font9">We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called ’’Chinese. ’’ We say, for example, that the people of China speak different dialects of Chinese, and that Confucius wrote in an ancient form of Chinese. On the other hand, we would never think of saying that the people of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal speak dialects of one language, and that Julius Caesar wrote in an ancient form of that language. But the facts are almost exactly parallel.</span></p>
    312. 

  312. <p><span class="font9">Therefore, in terms of what we think of as a language when closer to home, ’’Chinese” is not one language, but a family of languages. The language of Confucius is partway up the trunk of the family tree. Like Latin, it lived on as a literary language long after its death as a spoken language in popular use. The seven modern languages of China, traditionally known as the &quot;dialects,&quot; are the branches of the tree. They share as strong a family resemblance as do Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, and are about as different from one another.</span></p>
    313. 

  313. <p><span class="font9">The predominant language of China is now known as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Putonghua</span><span class="font9">, or &quot;Standard Chinese&quot; (literally &quot;the common speech&quot;). The more traditional term, still used in Taiwan, is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guoyǔ</span><span class="font9">, or &quot;Mandarin&quot; (literally &quot;the national language&quot;). Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost two-thirds of the population of China and throughout the greater part of the country.</span></p>
    314. 

  314. <p><span class="font9">The term &quot;Standard Chinese&quot; is often used more narrowly to refer to the true national language which is emerging. This language, which is already the language of all national broadcasting, is based primarily on the 'Peking dialect, but takes in elements from other dialects of Standard Chinese and even from other Chinese languages. Like many national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken, and is often spoken with some concessions to local speech, particularly in pronunciation.</span></p>
    315. 

  315. <p><span class="font9">The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in pronunciation than in grammar and vocabulary. What distinguishes Standard Chinese most from the other Chinese languages, for example, is that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final consonants.</span></p>
    316. 

  316. <p><span class="font9">The remaining six Chinese languages, spoken by approximately a quarter of the population of China, are tightly grouped in the southeast, below the Yangtze River. The six are: the Wu group (Wu), which includes the &quot;Shanghai dialect&quot;; Hunanese (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiāng</span><span class="font9">); the &quot;Kiangsi dialect&quot; (Gan); Cantonese (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yuè</span><span class="font9">), the language of Guāngdōng, widely spoken in Chinese communities in the United States; Fukienese (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Min</span><span class="font9">), a variant of which is spoken by a majority on Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and Hakka (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kèjiā</span><span class="font9">). spoken in a belt above the Cantonese area, as well as by a minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka are also widely spoken throughout Southeast Asia.</span></p>
    317. 

  317. <p><span class="font9">There are minority ethnic groups in China who speak non-Chinese languages. Some of these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related to the Chinese languages. Others, such as Mongolian, are entirely unrelated.</span></p>
    318. 

  318. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Some Characteristics of Chinese</span></p>
    319. 

  319. <p><span class="font9">To us, perhaps the most striking feature of spoken Chinese is the use of variation in tone (&quot;tones&quot;) to distinguish the different meanings of syllables which would otherwise sound alike. All languages, and Chinese is no exception, make use of sentence intonation to indicate how whole sentences are to be understood. In English, for example, the rising pattern in &quot;He’s gone?&quot; tells us that the sentence is meant as a question. The Chinese tones, however, are quite a different matter. They belong to individual syllables, not to the sentence as a whole. An inherent part of each Standard Chinese syllable is one of four distinctive tones. The tone does just as much to distinguish the syllable as do the consonants and vowels. For example, the only difference between the verb &quot;to buy,&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">m&amp;i, </span><span class="font9">and the verb &quot;to sell,&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">mài</span><span class="font9">, is the Low tone (<sup>w</sup>) and the Falling tone (-). And yet these words are just as distinguishable as our words &quot;buy&quot; and &quot;guy,&quot; or &quot;buy&quot; and &quot;boy.&quot; Apart from the tones, the sound system of Standard Chinese is no more different from English than French is.</span></p>
    320. 

  320. <p><span class="font9">Word formation in Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one thing, there are no conjugations such as are found in many European languages. Chinese verbs have fewer forms than English verbs, and nowhere near as many irregularities. Chinese grammar relies heavily on word order and often the word order is the same as in English. For these reasons Chinese is not as difficult for Americans to learn to speak as one might think.</span></p>
    321. 

  321. <p><span class="font9">It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This notion contains a good deal of truth. It has been found that, on the average, every other word in ordinary conversation is a single-syllable word. Moreover, although most words in the dictionary have two syllables, and some have more, these words can almost always be broken down into singlesyllable units of meaning, many of which can stand alone as words.</span></p>
    322. 

  322. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Written Chinese</span></p>
    323. 

  323. <p><span class="font9">Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an alphabet. The letters may be different from ours, as in the Greek alphabet, but the principle is the same: one letter for each consonant or vowel sound, more or less. Chinese, however, is written with &quot;characters&quot; which stand for whole syllables—in fact, for whole syllables with particular meanings. Although there are only about thirteen hundred phonetically distitìct syllables in standard Chinese, there are several thousand Chinese characters in everyday use, essentially one for each single-syllable unit of meaning. This means that many words have the same pronunciation but are written with different characters, as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān,</span><span class="font9"> &quot;sky,&quot; X, and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān,</span><span class="font9"> &quot;to add,&quot; &quot;to increase,&quot;</span></p>
    324. 

  324. <p><span class="font9">Chinese characters are often referred to as &quot;ideographs,&quot; which suggests that they stand directly for ideas. But this is misleading. It is better to think of them as standing for the meaningful syllables of the spoken language.</span></p>
    325. 

  325. <p><span class="font9">Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand characters. These thousand characters, in combination, give a reading vocabulary of several thousand words. Full literacy calls for knowing some three thousand characters. In order to reduce the amount of time needed to learn characters, there has been a vast extension in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) of the principle of character simplification, which has reduced the average number of strokes per character by half.</span></p>
    326. 

  326. <p><span class="font9">During the past century, various systems have been proposed for representing the sounds of Chinese with letters of the Roman alphabet. One of these romanizations, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hànyu Pinyin</span><span class="font9"> (literally &quot;Chinese Language Spelling,&quot; generally called &quot;Pinyin&quot; in English), has been adopted officially in the PRC, with the short-term goal of teaching all students the Standard Chinese pronunciation of characters. A long-range goal is the use of Pinyin for written communication throughout the country. This is not possible, of course, until speakers across the nation have uniform pronunciations of Standard Chinese. For the time being, characters, which represent meaning, not pronunciation, are still the most widely accepted way of communicating in writing.</span></p>
    327. 

  327. <p><span class="font9">Pinyin uses all of the letters in our alphabet except v, and adds the letter u. The spellings of some of the consonant sounds are rather arbitrary from our point of view, but for every consonant sound there is only one letter or one combination of letters, and vice versa. You will find that each vowel letter can stand for different vowel sounds, depending on what letters precede or follow it in the syllable. The four tones are indicated by accent marks over the vowels, and the Neutral tone by the absence of an accent mark:</span></p>
    328. 

  328. <p><a href="#bookmark88"><span class="font9">High: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">mā</span><span class="font9"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Falling:</span></a></p>
    329. 

  329. <p><a href="#bookmark89"><span class="font9">Rising: &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font9"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Neutral:</span></a></p>
    330. 

  330. <p><a href="#bookmark90"><span class="font9">Low:</span></a></p>
    331. 

  331. <p><span class="font9">One reason often given for the retention of characters is that they can be read, with the local pronunciation, by speakers of all the Chinese languages. Probably a stronger reason for retaining them is that the characters help keep alive distinctions of meaning between words, and connections of meaning between words, which are fading in the spoken language. On the other hand, a Cantonese could learn to speak Standard Chinese, and read it alphabetically, at least as easily as he can learn several thousand characters.</span></p>
    332. 

  332. <p><span class="font9">Pinyin is used throughout this course to provide a simple written representation of pronunciation. The characters, which are chiefly responsible for the reputation of Chinese as a difficult language, are taught separately.</span></p>
    333. 

  333. <h4><a name="bookmark91"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark92"></a>BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE CHARACTERS</span></h4>
    334. 

  334. <p><span class="font9">Each Chinese character is written as a fixed sequence of strokes. There are very few basic types of strokes, each with its own prescribed direction, length, and contour. The dynamics of these strokes as written with a brush, the classical writing instrument, show up clearly even in printed characters. You can tell from the varying thickness of the stroke how the brush met the paper, how it swooped, and how it lifted; these effects are largely lost in characters written with a ball-point pen.</span></p>
    335. 

  335. <p><span class="font9">The sequence of strokes is of particular importance. Let’s take the character for &quot;mouth,&quot; pronounced </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">kou</span><span class="font9">. Here it is as normally written, with the order and directions of the strokes indicated.</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-8.png" alt="" style="width:66pt;height:60pt;">
    336. 

  336. <p><span class="font9">If the character is written rapidly, in &quot;running-style writing,&quot; one stroke glides into the next, like this.</span></p>
    337. 

  337. <p><span class="font9">If the strokes were written in any but the proper order, quite different distortions would take place as each stroke reflected the last and anticipated the next, and the character would be illegible.</span></p>
    338. 

  338. <p><span class="font9">The earliest surviving Chinese characters, inscribed on the Shang Dynasty &quot;oracle bones&quot; of about 1500 B.C., already included characters that went beyond simple pictorial representation. There are some characters in use today which are pictorial, like the character for &quot;mouth.&quot; There are also some which are directly symbolic, like our Roman numerals I, II, and III. (The characters for these numbers—the first numbers you learn in this course—are like the Roman numerals turned on their sides.) There are some which are indirectly symbolic, like our Arabic numerals 1, </span><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">2,</span><span class="font9"> and 3. But the most common type of character is complex, consisting of two parts: a &quot;phonetic,&quot; which suggests the pronunciation, and a &quot;radical,&quot; which broadly characterizes the meaning. Let’s take the following character as an example.</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-9.png" alt="" style="width:59pt;height:69pt;">
    339. 

  339. <p><span class="font9">This character means &quot;ocean&quot; and is pronounced </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font9">. The left side of the character, the three short strokes, is an abbreviation of a character which means &quot;water&quot; and is pronounced </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shul</span><span class="font9">. This is the &quot;radical.&quot; It has been borrowed only for its meaning, &quot;water.&quot; The right side of the character above is a character which means &quot;sheep&quot; and is pronounced </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font9">. This is the &quot;phonetic.&quot; It has been borrowed only for its sound value, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font9">. A speaker of Chinese encountering the above character for the first time could probably figure out that the only Chinese word that sounds like </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang </span><span class="font9">and means something like &quot;water&quot; is the word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font9"> meaning &quot;ocean.&quot; We, as speakers of English, might not be able to figure it out. Moreover, phonetics and radicals seldom work as neatly as in this example. But we can still learn to make good use of these hints at sound and sense.</span></p>
    340. 

  340. <p><span class="font9">Many dictionaries classify characters in terms of the radicals. According to one of the two dictionary systems used, there are 1?6 radicals; in the other system, there are 21U. There are over a thousand phonetics.</span></p>
    341. 

  341. <p><span class="font9">Chinese has traditionally been written vertically, from top to bottom of the page, starting on the right-hand side, with the pages bound so that the first page is where we would expect the last page to be. Nowadays, however, many Chinese publications paginate like Western publications, and the characters are written horizontally, from left to right.</span></p>
    342. 

  342. <h4><a name="bookmark93"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark94"></a>BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE PERSONAL NAMES AND TITLES</span></h4>
    343. 

  343. <p><span class="font9">A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a given name. There is no middle name. The order is the reverse of ours: surname first, given name last.</span></p>
    344. 

  344. <p><span class="font9">The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable surname followed by a two-syllable given name:<a name="footnote2"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark95">2</a></sup></span></p>
    345. 

  345. <p><span class="font9">Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)</span></p>
    346. 

  346. <p><span class="font9">Zhōu Ēnlái (Chou En-lai)</span></p>
    347. 

  347. <p><span class="font9">Jiang Jièshí (Chiang Kai-shek)</span></p>
    348. 

  348. <p><span class="font9">Song Qìnglíng (Soong Ch’ing-ling—Mme Sun Yat-sen)</span></p>
    349. 

  349. <p><span class="font9">Song Měilíng (Soong Mei-ling—Mme Chiang Kai-shek)</span></p>
    350. 

  350. <p><span class="font9">It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a single syllable:</span></p>
    351. 

  351. <p><span class="font9">Zhū De (Chu Teh)</span></p>
    352. 

  352. <p><span class="font9">Lin Biāo (Lin Piao)</span></p>
    353. 

  353. <p><span class="font9">Hú Shi (Hu Shih)</span></p>
    354. 

  354. <p><span class="font9">Jiāng Qīng (Chiang Ch’ing—Mme Mao Tse-tung)</span></p>
    355. 

  355. <p><span class="font9">There are a few two-syllable surnames. These are usually followed by single-syllable given names:</span></p>
    356. 

  356. <p><span class="font9">Sīmǎ Guāng (Ssu-ma Kuang) Ōuyáng Xiū (Ou-yang Hsiu) ZhūgS Liang (Chu-ke Liang)</span></p>
    357. 

  357. <p><span class="font9">But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable given names:</span></p>
    358. 

  358. <p><span class="font9">Sīmǎ Xiāngrú (Ssu-ma Hsiang-Ju)</span></p>
    359. 

  359. <p><span class="font9">An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred written with a single character and several dozen written with two characters. Some single-syllable surnames sound exactly alike although written with different characters, and to distinguish them, the Chinese may occasionally have to describe the character or &quot;write&quot; it with a finger on the palm of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely to encounter are fewer than a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that they account for a good majority of China’s population.</span></p>
    360. 

  360. <p><span class="font9">Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a limited list of characters. Men's names are often but not always distinguishable from women’s; the difference, however, usually lies in the meaning of the characters and so is not readily apparent to the beginning student with a limited knowledge of characters.</span></p>
    361. 

  361. <p><span class="font9">Outside the People’s Republic the traditional system of titles is still in use. These titles closely parallel our own &quot;Mr.,&quot; &quot;Mrs.,&quot; and &quot;Miss.&quot; Notice, however, that all Chinese titles follow the name—either the full name or the surname alone—rather than preceding it.</span></p>
    362. 

  362. <p><span class="font9">The title &quot;Mr.&quot; is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    363. 

  363. <p><span class="font9">MS Xiānsheng</span></p>
    364. 

  364. <p><span class="font9">JIS Mínglī Xiānsheng</span></p>
    365. 

  365. <p><span class="font9">The title &quot;Mrs.&quot; is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font9">. It follows the husband’s full name or surname alone.</span></p>
    366. 

  366. <p><span class="font9">MS Tàitai</span></p>
    367. 

  367. <p><span class="font9">MS Mínglī Tàitai</span></p>
    368. 

  368. <p><span class="font9">The title &quot;Miss&quot; is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎojiě</span><span class="font9">. The MS family’s grown daughter, Défēn, would be</span></p>
    369. 

  369. <p><span class="font9">MS XiSojiě</span></p>
    370. 

  370. <p><span class="font9">Mǎ Défēn XiSojiě</span></p>
    371. 

  371. <p><span class="font9">Even traditionally, outside the People’s Republic, a married woman does not take her husband’s name in the same sense as in our culture. If Miss Fāng Bǎolán marries Mr. MS Mínglī, she becomes Mrs. MS Mínglī, but at the same time she remains Fāng BSolán. She does not become MS BSolán; there is no equivalent of &quot;Mrs. Mary Smith.&quot; She may, however, add her husband’s surname to her own full name and refer to herself as MS Fāng Bǎolán. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss Fāng.</span></p>
    372. 

  372. <p><span class="font9">These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese today in various parts of the world. The titles carry certain connotations, however, when used in the PRC today: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font9"> should not be used because it designates that woman as a member of the leisure class. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">XiSojiě</span><span class="font9"> should not be used because it carries the connotation of being from a rich family.</span></p>
    373. 

  373. <p><span class="font9">In the People’s Republic, the title &quot;Comrade,&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tóngzhì</span><span class="font9">, is used in place of the titles </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font9">, and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">XiSojiě</span><span class="font9">. MS Mínglī would be</span></p>
    374. 

  374. <p><span class="font9">MS Tóngzhì</span></p>
    375. 

  375. <p><span class="font9">MS Mínglī Tóngzhì</span></p>
    376. 

  376. <p><span class="font9">The title ’’Comrade&quot; is applied to all, regardless of sex or marital status. A married'-woman does not take her husband’s name in any sense. MS Mínglī’s wife would be</span></p>
    377. 

  377. <p><span class="font9">Fāng Tóngzhì</span></p>
    378. 

  378. <p><span class="font9">Fāng Bǎolán Tóngzhì</span></p>
    379. 

  379. <p><span class="font9">Children may be given either the mother’s or the father’s surname at birth. In some families one child has the father's surname, and another child has the mother’s surname. MS Mínglī’s and Fāng Bǎolán*s grown daughter could be</span></p>
    380. 

  380. <p><span class="font9">MS Tóngzhì</span></p>
    381. 

  381. <p><span class="font9">MS Défēn Tóngzhì</span></p>
    382. 

  382. <p><span class="font9">Their grown son could be</span></p>
    383. 

  383. <p><span class="font9">Fāng Tóngzhì</span></p>
    384. 

  384. <p><span class="font9">Fāng Zìqiáng Tóngzhì</span></p>
    385. 

  385. <p><span class="font9">Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official titles and titles of respect in addition to the common titles we have discussed here. Several of these will be introduced later in the course.</span></p>
    386. 

  386. <p><span class="font9">The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for special consideration. In the People’s Republic the policy is to assign Chinese phonetic equivalents to foreign names. These approximations are often not as close phonetically as they might be, since the choice of appropriate written characters may bring in nonphonetic considerations. (An attempt is usually made when transliterating to use characters with attractive meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names do not at all resemble Chinese names. For example, the official version of &quot;David Anderson&quot; is Dàiwéi Āndésēn.</span></p>
    387. 

  387. <p><span class="font9">An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct a valid Chinese name that suggests the foreign name phonetically. For example, &quot;David Anderson&quot; might be in Dàwèi.</span></p>
    388. 

  388. <p><span class="font9">Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a Chinese surname, semantic suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic suggestiveness. For example, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wáng</span><span class="font9">, a common Chinese surname, means &quot;king,&quot; so &quot;Daniel King&quot; might be rendered Wáng Dànián.</span></p>
    389. 

  389. <p><span class="font9">Students in this course will be given both the official PRC phonetic equivalents of their names and Chinese-style names.</span></p>
    390. 

  390. <h2><a name="bookmark96"></a><span class="font4" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark97"></a>MODULE 1: ORIENTATION</span></h2>
    391. 

  391. <p><span class="font9">The Orientation Module and associated resource modules provide the linguistic tools needed to begin the study of Chinese. The materials also introduce the teaching procedures used in this course.</span></p>
    392. 

  392. <p><span class="font9">The Orientation Module is not a typical course module in several respects. First, it does not have a situational topic of its own, but rather leads into the situational topic of the following module—Biographic Information. Second, it teaches only a little Chinese grammar and vocabulary. Third, two of the associated resource modules (Pronunciation and Romanization, Numbers) are not optional; together with the Orientation Module, they are prerequisite to the rest of the course.</span></p>
    393. 

  393. <h4><a name="bookmark98"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark99"></a>OBJECTIVES</span></h4>
    394. 

  394. <p><span class="font9">Upon successful completion of this module and the two associated resource modules, the student should</span></p>
    395. 

  395. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    396. 

  396. <p><span class="font9">1. Distinguish the sounds and tones of Chinese well enough to be able to write the </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hànyǔ Pinyin</span><span class="font9"> romanization for a syllable after hearing the syllable.</span></p></li>
    397. 

  397. <li>
    398. 

  398. <p><span class="font9">2. Be able to pronounce any combination of sounds found in the words of the Target Lists when given a romanized syllable to read. (Although the entire sound system of Chinese is introduced in the module, the student is responsible for producing only sounds used in the Target Sentences for ORN. Producing the remaining sounds is included in the Objectives for Biographic Information.)</span></p></li>
    399. 

  399. <li>
    400. 

  400. <p><span class="font9">3. Know the names and locations of five cities and five provinces of China well enough to point out their locations on a map, and pronounce the names well enough to be understood by a Chinese.</span></p></li></ul>
    401. 

  401. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    402. 

  402. <p><span class="font9">U. Comprehend the numbers 1 through 99 well enough to write them down when dictated, and be able to say them in Chinese when given English equivalents.</span></p></li></ul>
    403. 

  403. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    404. 

  404. <p><span class="font9">5. Understand the Chinese system of using personal names, including the use of titles equivalent to &quot;Mr.,&quot; &quot;Mrs.,&quot; &quot;Miss,&quot; and &quot;Comrade.&quot;</span></p></li>
    405. 

  405. <li>
    406. 

  406. <p><span class="font9">6. Be able to ask. and understand questions about where someone is from.</span></p></li>
    407. 

  407. <li>
    408. 

  408. <p><span class="font9">7. Be able to ask and understand questions about where someone is.</span></p></li>
    409. 

  409. <li>
    410. 

  410. <p><span class="font9">8. Be able to give the English equivalents for all the Chinese expressions in the Target Lists.</span></p></li>
    411. 

  411. <li>
    412. 

  412. <p><span class="font9">9. Be able to say all the Chinese expressions in the Target Lists when cued with English equivalents.<sup>1</sup></span></p></li>
    413. 

  413. <li>
    414. 

  414. <p><span class="font9">10. Be able to take part in short Chinese conversations, based on the Target Lists, about how he is, who he is, and where he is from.</span></p></li></ul>
    415. 

  415. <h3><a name="bookmark100"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark101"></a>TAPES FOR ORN AND ASSOCIATED RESOURCE MODULES</span></h3>
    416. 

  416. <p><span class="font9">Orientation (ORN)</span></p>
    417. 

  417. <table border="1">
    418. 

  418. <tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    419. 

  419. <p><span class="font9">Unit 1:</span></p>
    420. 

  420. <p><span class="font9">Unit 2:</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    421. 

  421. <p><span class="font9">1 C-l</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    422. 

  422. <p><span class="font9">1 P-1</span></p></td></tr>
    423. 

  423. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    424. 

  424. <p><span class="font9">2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    425. 

  425. <p><span class="font9">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    426. 

  426. <p><span class="font9">2 P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    427. 

  427. <p><span class="font9">1&amp;2 D-l</span></p></td></tr>
    428. 

  428. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    429. 

  429. <p><span class="font9">Unit 3:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    430. 

  430. <p><span class="font9">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    431. 

  431. <p><span class="font9">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    432. 

  432. <p><span class="font9">3 P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    433. 

  433. <p><span class="font9">3 D-l &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3 C-2 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3 P-2</span></p></td></tr>
    434. 

  434. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    435. 

  435. <p><span class="font9">Unit U:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    436. 

  436. <p><span class="font9">1»</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    437. 

  437. <p><span class="font9">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    438. 

  438. <p><span class="font9">h P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    439. 

  439. <p><span class="font9">h D-l &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U C-2 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U P-2</span></p></td></tr>
    440. 

  440. </table>
    441. 

  441. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Pronunciation and Romanization (P&amp;R)</span></p>
    442. 

  442. <table border="1">
    443. 

  443. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    444. 

  444. <p><span class="font9">P&amp;R 1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    445. 

  445. <p><span class="font9">P&amp;R 2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    446. 

  446. <p><span class="font9">P&amp;R 3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    447. 

  447. <p><span class="font9">P&amp;R U</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    448. 

  448. <p><span class="font9">P&amp;R 5</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    449. 

  449. <p><span class="font9">P&amp;R 6</span></p></td></tr>
    450. 

  450. </table>
    451. 

  451. <p><span class="font9">Numbers (NUM)</span></p>
    452. 

  452. <table border="1">
    453. 

  453. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    454. 

  454. <p><span class="font9">NUM 1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;NUM 2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    455. 

  455. <p><span class="font9">NUM 3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    456. 

  456. <p><span class="font9">NUM U</span></p></td></tr>
    457. 

  457. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    458. 

  458. <p><span class="font9">Classroom Expressions</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    459. 

  459. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">(CE)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    460. 

  460. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    461. 

  461. <p><span class="font9">CE 1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    462. 

  462. </table>
    463. 

  463. <h3><a name="bookmark102"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark103"></a>UNIT 1 TARGET LIST</span></h3>
    464. 

  464. <table border="1">
    465. 

  465. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    466. 

  466. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    467. 

  467. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    468. 

  468. <p><span class="font9">NX shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    469. 

  469. <p><span class="font9">Who are you?</span></p></td></tr>
    470. 

  470. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    471. 

  471. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    472. 

  472. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Wang Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    473. 

  473. <p><span class="font9">I am Wang Dànián (Daniel King).</span></p></td></tr>
    474. 

  474. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    475. 

  475. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    476. 

  476. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Hú Měilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    477. 

  477. <p><span class="font9">I am Hú Měilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
    478. 

  478. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    479. 

  479. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    480. 

  480. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    481. 

  481. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    482. 

  482. <p><span class="font9">What is. your surname?</span></p></td></tr>
    483. 

  483. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    484. 

  484. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    485. 

  485. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    486. 

  486. <p><span class="font9">My surname is Wáng (King).</span></p></td></tr>
    487. 

  487. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    488. 

  488. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    489. 

  489. <p><span class="font9">WS xìng Hú.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    490. 

  490. <p><span class="font9">My surname is Hú.</span></p></td></tr>
    491. 

  491. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    492. 

  492. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    493. 

  493. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    494. 

  494. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    495. 

  495. <p><span class="font9">Who is he/she?</span></p></td></tr>
    496. 

  496. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    497. 

  497. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    498. 

  498. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglī.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    499. 

  499. <p><span class="font9">He is Mǎ Mínglī.</span></p></td></tr>
    500. 

  500. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    501. 

  501. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    502. 

  502. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    503. 

  503. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. MS.</span></p></td></tr>
    504. 

  504. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    505. 

  505. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    506. 

  506. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    507. 

  507. <p><span class="font9">She is Mrs. Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    508. 

  508. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    509. 

  509. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    510. 

  510. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Xiǎojiě.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    511. 

  511. <p><span class="font9">She is Miss Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    512. 

  512. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    513. 

  513. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    514. 

  514. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Tóngzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    515. 

  515. <p><span class="font9">He/she is Comrade Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    516. 

  516. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    517. 

  517. <p><span class="font9">h.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    518. 

  518. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    519. 

  519. <p><span class="font9">Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    520. 

  520. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wáng, who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
    521. 

  521. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    522. 

  522. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    523. 

  523. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglī Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    524. 

  524. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglī.</span></p></td></tr>
    525. 

  525. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    526. 

  526. <p><span class="font9">5-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    527. 

  527. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    528. 

  528. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    529. 

  529. <p><span class="font9">Sir, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
    530. 

  530. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    531. 

  531. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    532. 

  532. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglī Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    533. 

  533. <p><span class="font9">She is Mrs. Mǎ Mínglī.</span></p></td></tr>
    534. 

  534. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    535. 

  535. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    536. 

  536. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    537. 

  537. <p><span class="font9">Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    538. 

  538. <p><span class="font9">Comrade, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
    539. 

  539. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    540. 

  540. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    541. 

  541. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Fāng Bǎolán Tóngzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    542. 

  542. <p><span class="font9">She is Comrade Fāng Bǎolán.</span></p></td></tr>
    543. 

  543. </table>
    544. 

  544. <h3><a name="bookmark104"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark105"></a>UNIT 2 TARGET LIST</span></h3>
    545. 

  545. <table border="1">
    546. 

  546. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    547. 

  547. <p><span class="font9">1. A:</span></p>
    548. 

  548. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p>
    549. 

  549. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    550. 

  550. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?</span></p>
    551. 

  551. <p><span class="font9">W5 shi Wang Dànián.</span></p>
    552. 

  552. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ bú shi Wáng Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    553. 

  553. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Wáng? I am Wang Dànián. I’m not Mr. Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
    554. 

  554. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    555. 

  555. <p><span class="font9">2. A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    556. 

  556. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Wáng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    557. 

  557. <p><span class="font9">Is your surname Wáng?</span></p></td></tr>
    558. 

  558. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    559. 

  559. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    560. 

  560. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    561. 

  561. <p><span class="font9">My surname is Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    562. 

  562. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    563. 

  563. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    564. 

  564. <p><span class="font9">Wo bú xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    565. 

  565. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn't Wang,</span></p></td></tr>
    566. 

  566. </table>
    567. 

  567. <table border="1">
    568. 

  568. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    569. 

  569. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    570. 

  570. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    571. 

  571. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    572. 

  572. <p><span class="font9">NÍn guìxìng?</span></p>
    573. 

  573. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ xìng Wang.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    574. 

  574. <p><span class="font9">Your surname? (POLITE) My surname is Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
    575. 

  575. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    576. 

  576. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    577. 

  577. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    578. 

  578. <p><span class="font9">Nl Jiao shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    579. 

  579. <p><span class="font9">What is your given name?</span></p></td></tr>
    580. 

  580. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    581. 

  581. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    582. 

  582. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ Jiao Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    583. 

  583. <p><span class="font9">My given name is Dànián (Daniel).</span></p></td></tr>
    584. 

  584. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    585. 

  585. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    586. 

  586. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    587. 

  587. <p><span class="font9">Nl hǎo a?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    588. 

  588. <p><span class="font9">How are you?</span></p></td></tr>
    589. 

  589. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    590. 

  590. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    591. 

  591. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ hǎo. Nī ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    592. 

  592. <p><span class="font9">I’m fine. And you?</span></p></td></tr>
    593. 

  593. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    594. 

  594. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    595. 

  595. <p><span class="font9">Hǎo. Xièxie.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    596. 

  596. <p><span class="font9">Fine, thank you.</span></p></td></tr>
    597. 

  597. </table>
    598. 

  598. <p><span class="font9">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
    599. 

  599. <p><span class="font9">6. míngzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;given name</span></p>
    600. 

  600. <h3><a name="bookmark106"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark107"></a>UNIT 3 TARGET LIST</span></h3>
    601. 

  601. <table border="1">
    602. 

  602. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    603. 

  603. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    604. 

  604. <p><span class="font9">1. A: Nī shi Mǎiguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    605. 

  605. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    606. 

  606. <p><span class="font9">B: Shì.</span></p></li>
    607. 

  607. <li>
    608. 

  608. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi.</span></p></li></ul>
    609. 

  609. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    610. 

  610. <p><span class="font9">2. A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    611. 

  611. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    612. 

  612. <p><span class="font9">B: Shì, wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li>
    613. 

  613. <li>
    614. 

  614. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi, wǒ bú shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    615. 

  615. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    616. 

  616. <p><span class="font9">3. A: &nbsp;Nī shi nǎlguo rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    617. 

  617. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    618. 

  618. <p><span class="font9">B: Wǒ shi Mǎiguo rén.</span></p></li>
    619. 

  619. <li>
    620. 

  620. <p><span class="font9">B: Wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li>
    621. 

  621. <li>
    622. 

  622. <p><span class="font9">B: Wǒ shi Yingguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    623. 

  623. <p><span class="font9">h. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Nī shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    624. 

  624. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu rén.</span></p>
    625. 

  625. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Wǒ shi Shànghāi rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    626. 

  626. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American?</span></p>
    627. 

  627. <p><span class="font9">Yes (I am).</span></p>
    628. 

  628. <p><span class="font9">No (I'm not).</span></p>
    629. 

  629. <p><span class="font9">Are you Chinese?</span></p>
    630. 

  630. <p><span class="font9">Yes, I'm Chinese.</span></p>
    631. 

  631. <p><span class="font9">No, I'm not Chinese.</span></p>
    632. 

  632. <p><span class="font9">What's your nationality? I'm an American.</span></p>
    633. 

  633. <p><span class="font9">I’m Chinese.</span></p>
    634. 

  634. <p><span class="font9">I'm English.</span></p>
    635. 

  635. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from? I'm a Californian. I'm from Shanghai.</span></p></td></tr>
    636. 

  636. </table>
    637. 

  637. <p><span class="font9">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
    638. 

  638. <table border="1">
    639. 

  639. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    640. 

  640. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    641. 

  641. <p><span class="font9">Déguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    642. 

  642. <p><span class="font9">Germany</span></p></td></tr>
    643. 

  643. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    644. 

  644. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    645. 

  645. <p><span class="font9">Eguō (Eguo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    646. 

  646. <p><span class="font9">Russia</span></p></td></tr>
    647. 

  647. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    648. 

  648. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    649. 

  649. <p><span class="font9">Fàguō (Fāguó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    650. 

  650. <p><span class="font9">France</span></p></td></tr>
    651. 

  651. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    652. 

  652. <p><span class="font9">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    653. 

  653. <p><span class="font9">Rìběn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    654. 

  654. <p><span class="font9">Japan</span></p></td></tr>
    655. 

  655. </table>
    656. 

  656. <h3><a name="bookmark108"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark109"></a>UNIT 4 TARGET LIST</span></h3>
    657. 

  657. <div>
    658. 

  658. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    659. 

  659. <p><span class="font9">1. A: Andésén Xiānsheng, nī shi nārde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    660. 

  660. <p><span class="font9">B; Wǒ shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p>
    661. 

  661. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    662. 

  662. <p><span class="font9">A: Andésén Fūren ne?</span></p></li>
    663. 

  663. <li>
    664. 

  664. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā yě shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    665. 

  665. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    666. 

  666. <p><span class="font9">2. A: Tā shi Yīngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    667. 

  667. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    668. 

  668. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p></li>
    669. 

  669. <li>
    670. 

  670. <p><span class="font9">A: Tā àiren ne?</span></p></li>
    671. 

  671. <li>
    672. 

  672. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā yě bú shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    673. 

  673. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    674. 

  674. <p><span class="font9">3. A: Qīngwèn, nī lāojiā zài nār?</span></p></li></ul>
    675. 

  675. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    676. 

  676. <p><span class="font9">B: Wǒ lāojiā zài Shāndōng.</span></p></li></ul>
    677. 

  677. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    678. 

  678. <p><span class="font9">U. A: Qīngdāo zài zhèr ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    679. 

  679. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    680. 

  680. <p><span class="font9">B: Qīngdāo bú zài nàr, zài zhèr.</span></p></li></ul>
    681. 

  681. <p><span class="font9">5. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nār?</span></p>
    682. 

  682. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā xiànzài zài Jiānádà.</span></p>
    683. 

  683. </div><br clear="all">
    684. 

  684. <div>
    685. 

  685. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from, Mr. Anderson?</span></p>
    686. 

  686. <p><span class="font9">I’m from Texas.</span></p>
    687. 

  687. <p><span class="font9">And Mrs. Anderson?</span></p>
    688. 

  688. <p><span class="font9">She is from Texas too.</span></p>
    689. 

  689. <p><span class="font9">Is he English?</span></p>
    690. 

  690. <p><span class="font9">No, he is not English.</span></p>
    691. 

  691. <p><span class="font9">And his wife?</span></p>
    692. 

  692. <p><span class="font9">She isn’t English either.</span></p>
    693. 

  693. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is your family from?</span></p>
    694. 

  694. <p><span class="font9">My family is from Shāndōng.</span></p>
    695. 

  695. <p><span class="font9">Is Qingdāo here? (pointing to a map)</span></p>
    696. 

  696. <p><span class="font9">Qīngdāo isn't there; it’s here (pointing to a map;</span></p>
    697. 

  697. <p><span class="font9">Where is your spouse now?</span></p>
    698. 

  698. <p><span class="font9">He/she is in Canada now.</span></p>
    699. 

  699. </div><br clear="all">
    700. 

  700. <p><span class="font9">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</span></p>
    701. 

  701. <p><span class="font9">(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
    702. 

  702. <p><span class="font9">6. Learn the pronunciation and .location of any five cities and five provinces of China found on the maps on pages 30-81.</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-10.png" alt="" style="width:261pt;height:204pt;">
    703. 

  703. <p><span class="font9">On a Běijīng street (courtesy of Pat Fox)</span></p>
    704. 

  704. <h3><a name="bookmark110"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark111"></a>UNIT 1</span></h3>
    705. 

  705. <h4><a name="bookmark112"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark113"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h4>
    706. 

  706. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
    707. 

  707. <p><span class="font9">1. Questions and answers about full names and surnames.</span></p>
    708. 

  708. <p><span class="font9">2. Titles and terms of address (&quot;Mr.,” &quot;Mrs.,&quot; etc.).</span></p>
    709. 

  709. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Prerequisites to the Unit</span></p>
    710. 

  710. <p><span class="font9">(Be sure to complete these before starting the unit.)</span></p>
    711. 

  711. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    712. 

  712. <p><span class="font9">1. Background Notes.</span></p></li>
    713. 

  713. <li>
    714. 

  714. <p><span class="font9">2. PiR 1 (Tape 1 of the resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization), the tones.</span></p></li>
    715. 

  715. <li>
    716. 

  716. <p><span class="font9">3. P&amp;R 2 (Tape 2 of the resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization), the tones.</span></p></li></ul>
    717. 

  717. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need </span><span class="font9">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p>
    718. 

  718. <p><span class="font9">2. The drill tape (1D-1).</span></p>
    719. 

  719. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">About the C-l and P-1 Tapes</span></p>
    720. 

  720. <p><span class="font9">The C-l and P-1 tapes are your introduction to the Chinese words and structures presented in each unit. The tapes give you explanations and practice on the new material. By the time you have worked through these two tapes, you will be competent in understanding and producing the expressions introduced in the unit.</span></p>
    721. 

  721. <p><span class="font9">With the C-l tape, you learn to understand the new words and structures. The material is presented in short conversational exchanges, first with English translations and later with pauses which allow you to translate. Try to give a complete English translation for each Chinese expression. Your goal when using the C-l tape is to learn the meanings of all the words and structures as they are used in the sentences.</span></p>
    722. 

  722. <p><span class="font9">With the P-1 tape, you learn to put together these sentences. You learn to pronounce each new word and use each new structure. When the recorded instructions direct you to pronounce a word or say a sentence, do so out loud. It is important fop you to hear yourself speaking Chinese, so that you will know whether you are pronouncing the words correctly. Making the effort to say the expression is a big part of learning it. It is one thing to think about how a sentence should be put together or how it should sound. It is another thing to put it together that way or make it sound that way. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to produce the Target List expressions in Chinese when given English equivalents. At the end of each P-1 tape is a review of the Target List which you can go over until you have mastered the expressions.</span></p>
    723. 

  723. <p><span class="font9">At times, you may feel that the material on a tape is being presented too fast. You may find that there is not enough time allowed for working out the meaning of a sentence or saying a sentence the way you want to. When this happens, stop the tape. If you want to, rewind.' Use the control buttons on your machine to make the tape manageable for you and to get the most out of it.</span></p>
    724. 

  724. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">About the Reference List and the Reference Notes</span></p>
    725. 

  725. <p><span class="font9">The Reference List and the Reference Notes are designed to be used before, during, or directly after work with the C-l and P-1 tapes.</span></p>
    726. 

  726. <p><span class="font9">The Reference List is a summary of the C-l and P-1 tapes. It contains all sentences which introduce new material, showing you both the Chinese sentences written in romanization and their English equivalents. You will find that the list is printed so that either the Chinese or the English can be covered to allow you to test yourself on comprehension, production, or romanization of the sentences.</span></p>
    727. 

  727. <p><span class="font9">The Reference Notes give you information about grammar, pronunciation, and cultural usage. Some of these explanations duplicate what you hear on the C-l and P-1 tapes. Other explanations contain new information.</span></p>
    728. 

  728. <p><span class="font9">You may use the Reference List and Reference Notes in various ways. For example, you may follow the Reference Notes as you listen to a tape, glancing at an exchange or stopping to read a comment whenever you want to. Or you may look through the Reference Notes before listening to a tape, and then use the Reference List while you listen, to help you keep track of where you are. Whichever way you decide to use these parts of a unit, remember that they are reference materials. Don’t rely on the translations and romanizations as subtitles for the C-l tape or as cue cards for the P-1 tape, for this would rob you of your chance to develop listening and responding skills.</span></p>
    729. 

  729. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">About the Drills</span></p>
    730. 

  730. <p><span class="font9">The drills help you develop fluency, ease of response, and confidence. You can go through the drills on your own, with the drill tapes, and the teacher may take you through them in class as well.</span></p>
    731. 

  731. <p><span class="font9">Allow more than half an hour for a half-hour drill tape, since you will usually need to go over all or parts of the tape more than once to get full benefit from it.</span></p>
    732. 

  732. <p><span class="font9">The drills include many personal names, providing you with valuable pronunciation practice. However, if you find the names more than you can handle the first time through the tape, replace them with the pronoun </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā </span><span class="font9">whenever possible. Similar substitutions are often possible with place names.</span></p>
    733. 

  733. <p><span class="font9">Some of the drills involve sentences which you may find too long to understand or produce on your first try, and you will need to rewind for another try. Often, particularly the first time through a tape, you will find the pauses too short, and you will need to stop the tape to give yourself more time. The performance you should aim for with these tapes, however, is full comprehension and full, fluent, and accurate production while the tape rolls.</span></p>
    734. 

  734. <p><span class="font9">The five basic types of drills are described below.</span></p>
    735. 

  735. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drills</span><span class="font9">; The teacher (T) gives a pattern sentence which the student (S) repeats. Then the teacher gives a word or phrase (a </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) which the student substitutes appropriately in the original sentence. The teacher follows immediately with a new cue.</span></p>
    736. 

  736. <p><span class="font9">Here is an English example of a substitution drill:</span></p>
    737. 

  737. <p><span class="font9">T: Are you an American?</span></p>
    738. 

  738. <p><span class="font9">S: Are you an American?</span></p>
    739. 

  739. <p><span class="font9">T: (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) English</span></p>
    740. 

  740. <p><span class="font9">S: Are you English?</span></p>
    741. 

  741. <p><span class="font9">T: (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) French</span></p>
    742. 

  742. <p><span class="font9">S: Are you French?</span></p>
    743. 

  743. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drills</span><span class="font9">: On the basis of a model provided at the beginning of the drill, the student makes a certain change in each sentence the teacher says.</span></p>
    744. 

  744. <p><span class="font9">Here is an English example of a transformation drill, in which the student is changing affirmative sentences into negative ones: '</span></p>
    745. 

  745. <p><span class="font9">T: I’m going to the bank.</span></p>
    746. 

  746. <p><span class="font9">S: I’m not going to the bank.</span></p>
    747. 

  747. <p><span class="font9">T: I’m going to the store.</span></p>
    748. 

  748. <p><span class="font9">S: I’m not going to the store.</span></p>
    749. 

  749. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drills</span><span class="font9">: On the basis of a model given at the beginning of the drill, the student responds to questions or remarks by the teacher as cued by the teacher.</span></p>
    750. 

  750. <p><span class="font9">Here is an English example of-a response drill:</span></p>
    751. 

  751. <p><span class="font9">T: What is his name? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Harris</span></p>
    752. 

  752. <p><span class="font9">S: His name is Harris.</span></p>
    753. 

  753. <p><span class="font9">T: What is her name? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Noss</span></p>
    754. 

  754. <p><span class="font9">S: Her name is Noss.</span></p>
    755. 

  755. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drills</span><span class="font9">: The student adds something to a pattern sentence as cued by the teacher.</span></p>
    756. 

  756. <p><span class="font9">Here is an English example of an expansion drill</span></p>
    757. 

  757. <div>
    758. 

  758. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Japanese He's Japanese.</span></p>
    759. 

  759. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) French She's French.</span></p>
    760. 

  760. </div><br clear="all">
    761. 

  761. <p><span class="font9">T: He isn’t Chinese. S: He isn't Chinese. T: She isn’t German. S: She isn’t German.</span></p>
    762. 

  762. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Combination Drills</span><span class="font9">: On the basis of a model given at the beginning of the drill, the student combines two phrases or sentences given by the teacher into a single utterance.</span></p>
    763. 

  763. <p><span class="font9">Here is an English example of a combination drill:</span></p>
    764. 

  764. <p><span class="font9">T: I am reading a book. John gave me the book.</span></p>
    765. 

  765. <p><span class="font9">S: I am reading a book which John gave me.</span></p>
    766. 

  766. <p><span class="font9">T: Mary bought a picture. I like the picture.</span></p>
    767. 

  767. <p><span class="font9">S: Mary bought a picture which I like.</span></p>
    768. 

  768. <h4><a name="bookmark12"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark114"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h4>
    769. 

  769. <table border="1">
    770. 

  770. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    771. 

  771. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    772. 

  772. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    773. 

  773. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    774. 

  774. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi shéi?</span></p>
    775. 

  775. <p><span class="font9">W3 shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    776. 

  776. <p><span class="font9">Who are you?</span></p>
    777. 

  777. <p><span class="font9">I am Wang Danián.</span></p></td></tr>
    778. 

  778. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    779. 

  779. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    780. 

  780. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    781. 

  781. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    782. 

  782. <p><span class="font9">NX shi shéi?</span></p>
    783. 

  783. <p><span class="font9">W8 shi Hú Měilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    784. 

  784. <p><span class="font9">Who are you?</span></p>
    785. 

  785. <p><span class="font9">I am Hu Měilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
    786. 

  786. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    787. 

  787. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    788. 

  788. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    789. 

  789. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    790. 

  790. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    791. 

  791. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglī.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    792. 

  792. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p>
    793. 

  793. <p><span class="font9">He is MS Mínglī.</span></p></td></tr>
    794. 

  794. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    795. 

  795. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    796. 

  796. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    797. 

  797. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    798. 

  798. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglī.</span></p>
    799. 

  799. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hú Měilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    800. 

  800. <p><span class="font9">He is Mǎ Mínglī.</span></p>
    801. 

  801. <p><span class="font9">She is Hu Měilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
    802. 

  802. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    803. 

  803. <p><span class="font9">5-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    804. 

  804. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    805. 

  805. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    806. 

  806. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng shénme?</span></p>
    807. 

  807. <p><span class="font9">W8 xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    808. 

  808. <p><span class="font9">What is your surname? My surname is Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
    809. 

  809. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    810. 

  810. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    811. 

  811. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    812. 

  812. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    813. 

  813. <p><span class="font9">Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    814. 

  814. <p><span class="font9">Tā xìng MS.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    815. 

  815. <p><span class="font9">What is his surname?</span></p>
    816. 

  816. <p><span class="font9">His surname is Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    817. 

  817. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    818. 

  818. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    819. 

  819. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    820. 

  820. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    821. 

  821. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    822. 

  822. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    823. 

  823. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p>
    824. 

  824. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. Ma.</span></p></td></tr>
    825. 

  825. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    826. 

  826. <p><span class="font9">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    827. 

  827. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    828. 

  828. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    829. 

  829. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    830. 

  830. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Mǎ Mínglī Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    831. 

  831. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p>
    832. 

  832. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglī.</span></p></td></tr>
    833. 

  833. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    834. 

  834. <p><span class="font9">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    835. 

  835. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    836. 

  836. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    837. 

  837. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wáng, who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
    838. 

  838. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    839. 

  839. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    840. 

  840. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglī Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    841. 

  841. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. MS Mínglī.</span></p></td></tr>
    842. 

  842. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    843. 

  843. <p><span class="font9">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    844. 

  844. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    845. 

  845. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    846. 

  846. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    847. 

  847. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    848. 

  848. <p><span class="font9">Sir, who is he?</span></p>
    849. 

  849. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. MS.</span></p></td></tr>
    850. 

  850. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    851. 

  851. <p><span class="font9">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    852. 

  852. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    853. 

  853. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    854. 

  854. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    855. 

  855. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    856. 

  856. <p><span class="font9">Sir, who is she?</span></p>
    857. 

  857. <p><span class="font9">She is Mrs. Ma.</span></p></td></tr>
    858. 

  858. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    859. 

  859. <p><span class="font9">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    860. 

  860. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    861. 

  861. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    862. 

  862. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS Mínglī Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    863. 

  863. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wáng, who is she?</span></p>
    864. 

  864. <p><span class="font9">She is Mrs. MS Mínglī.</span></p></td></tr>
    865. 

  865. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    866. 

  866. <p><span class="font9">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    867. 

  867. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    868. 

  868. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    869. 

  869. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS Xiǎojiě.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    870. 

  870. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wang, who is she?</span></p>
    871. 

  871. <p><span class="font9">She is Miss Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    872. 

  872. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    873. 

  873. <p><span class="font9">1U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    874. 

  874. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    875. 

  875. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    876. 

  876. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    877. 

  877. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglī Tongzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    878. 

  878. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p>
    879. 

  879. <p><span class="font9">He is Comrade Mǎ Mínglī.</span></p></td></tr>
    880. 

  880. </table>
    881. 

  881. <p><span class="font9">15. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Comrade, who is she?</span></p>
    882. 

  882. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Tā shi Fāng Bǎolán. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is Fang Bǎolán.</span></p>
    883. 

  883. <p><span class="font9">16. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Comrade, who is she?</span></p>
    884. 

  884. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Tā shi Fāng Bǎolán Tóngzhì. She is Comrade Fāng Bǎolán.</span></p>
    885. 

  885. <h4><a name="bookmark13"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark115"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h4>
    886. 

  886. <table border="1">
    887. 

  887. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    888. 

  888. <p><span class="font9">nl</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    889. 

  889. <p><span class="font9">you</span></p></td></tr>
    890. 

  890. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    891. 

  891. <p><span class="font9">shéi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    892. 

  892. <p><span class="font9">who</span></p></td></tr>
    893. 

  893. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    894. 

  894. <p><span class="font9">shénme</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    895. 

  895. <p><span class="font9">what</span></p></td></tr>
    896. 

  896. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    897. 

  897. <p><span class="font9">shì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    898. 

  898. <p><span class="font9">to be</span></p></td></tr>
    899. 

  899. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    900. 

  900. <p><span class="font9">tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    901. 

  901. <p><span class="font9">he, she</span></p></td></tr>
    902. 

  902. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    903. 

  903. <p><span class="font9">tàitai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    904. 

  904. <p><span class="font9">Mrs.</span></p></td></tr>
    905. 

  905. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    906. 

  906. <p><span class="font9">tóngzhì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    907. 

  907. <p><span class="font9">Comrade</span></p></td></tr>
    908. 

  908. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    909. 

  909. <p><span class="font9">wS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    910. 

  910. <p><span class="font9">I</span></p></td></tr>
    911. 

  911. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    912. 

  912. <p><span class="font9">xiānsheng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    913. 

  913. <p><span class="font9">Mr.; sir</span></p></td></tr>
    914. 

  914. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    915. 

  915. <p><span class="font9">xiǎojiǎ (xiáojie)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    916. 

  916. <p><span class="font9">Miss</span></p></td></tr>
    917. 

  917. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    918. 

  918. <p><span class="font9">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    919. 

  919. <p><span class="font9">to be sumamed</span></p></td></tr>
    920. 

  920. </table>
    921. 

  921. <h4><a name="bookmark47"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark116"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h4>
    922. 

  922. <table border="1">
    923. 

  923. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    924. 

  924. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    925. 

  925. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    926. 

  926. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    927. 

  927. <p><span class="font9">NX shi shéi?</span></p>
    928. 

  928. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Wang Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    929. 

  929. <p><span class="font9">Who are you?</span></p>
    930. 

  930. <p><span class="font9">I am Wang Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    931. 

  931. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    932. 

  932. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    933. 

  933. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    934. 

  934. <p><span class="font9">NX shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    935. 

  935. <p><span class="font9">Who are you?</span></p></td></tr>
    936. 

  936. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    937. 

  937. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    938. 

  938. <p><span class="font9">W5 shi Hú MSilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    939. 

  939. <p><span class="font9">I am Hú MSilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
    940. 

  940. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    941. 

  941. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    942. 

  942. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    943. 

  943. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    944. 

  944. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
    945. 

  945. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    946. 

  946. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    947. 

  947. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS MínglX.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    948. 

  948. <p><span class="font9">He is MS MínglX.</span></p></td></tr>
    949. 

  949. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    950. 

  950. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    951. 

  951. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    952. 

  952. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS MínglX.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    953. 

  953. <p><span class="font9">He is MS Míngll.</span></p></td></tr>
    954. 

  954. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    955. 

  955. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    956. 

  956. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hú MSilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    957. 

  957. <p><span class="font9">She is Hú MSilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
    958. 

  958. </table>
    959. 

  959. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 1-b</span></p>
    960. 

  960. <p><span class="font9">The verb </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9"> means &quot;to be&quot; in the sense of &quot;to be someone or something,&quot; as in &quot;I am Daniel King.&quot; It expresses identity. (In Unit U you will learn a verb which means &quot;to be&quot; in another sense, &quot;to be somewhere,&quot; as in &quot;I am in BSijīng.&quot; That verb expresses location.) The verb </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9"> is in the Neutral tone (with no accent mark) except when emphasized.</span></p>
    961. 

  961. <p><span class="font9">Unlike verbs in European languages, Chinese verbs do not distinguish first, second, and third persons. A single form serves for all three persons.</span></p>
    962. 

  962. <table border="1">
    963. 

  963. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    964. 

  964. <p><span class="font9">W8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    965. 

  965. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    966. 

  966. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    967. 

  967. <p><span class="font9">(I am Wang Dànián.)</span></p></td></tr>
    968. 

  968. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    969. 

  969. <p><span class="font9">NX</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    970. 

  970. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    971. 

  971. <p><span class="font9">Hú MSilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    972. 

  972. <p><span class="font9">(You </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">are</span><span class="font9"> Hú MSilíng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    973. 

  973. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    974. 

  974. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    975. 

  975. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    976. 

  976. <p><span class="font9">MS Míngll.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    977. 

  977. <p><span class="font9">(He is MS MínglX.)</span></p></td></tr>
    978. 

  978. </table>
    979. 

  979. <p><span class="font9">Later you will find that Chinese verbs do not distinguish singular and plural, either, and that they dó not distinguish past, present, and future as such. You need to learn only one form for each verb.</span></p>
    980. 

  980. <p><span class="font9">The pronoun </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font9"> is equivalent to both &quot;he&quot; and &quot;she.&quot;</span></p>
    981. 

  981. <p><span class="font9">The question </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">NX shi shéi?</span><span class="font9"> is actually too direct for most situations, although it is all right from teacher to student or from student to student. (A more polite question is introduced in Unit 2.)</span></p>
    982. 

  982. <p><span class="font9">Unlike English, Chinese uses the same word order in questions as in statements.</span></p>
    983. 

  983. <table border="1">
    984. 

  984. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    985. 

  985. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    986. 

  986. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    987. 

  987. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    988. 

  988. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Who</span><span class="font9"> is he?)</span></p></td></tr>
    989. 

  989. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    990. 

  990. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    991. 

  991. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    992. 

  992. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">MS Mínglī</span><span class="font9">?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    993. 

  993. <p><span class="font9">(He is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mǎ Mínglī</span><span class="font9">.)</span></p></td></tr>
    994. 

  994. </table>
    995. 

  995. <p><span class="font9">When you answer a question containing a question word like </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi.</span><span class="font9"> &quot;who,” simply replace the question word with the information it asks for.</span></p>
    996. 

  996. <div>
    997. 

  997. <p><span class="font9">5. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;NX xìng shénme?</span></p>
    998. 

  998. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Wǒ xìng Wáng.</span></p>
    999. 

  999. <p><span class="font9">6. &nbsp;a: &nbsp;Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    1000. 

  1000. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Tā xìng MS.</span></p>
    1001. 

  1001. </div><br clear="all">
    1002. 

  1002. <div>
    1003. 

  1003. <p><span class="font9">What is your surname? My surname is Wang.</span></p>
    1004. 

  1004. <p><span class="font9">What is his surname? His surname is Mǎ.</span></p>
    1005. 

  1005. </div><br clear="all">
    1006. 

  1006. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">■Notes on Nos. 5-6</span></p>
    1007. 

  1007. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xìng</span><span class="font9"> is a verb, &quot;to be surnamed.” It is in the same position in the sentence as shi, &quot;to be.&quot;</span></p>
    1008. 

  1008. <table border="1">
    1009. 

  1009. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1010. 

  1010. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1011. 

  1011. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1012. 

  1012. <p><span class="font9">Wang Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    1013. 

  1013. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1014. 

  1014. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1015. 

  1015. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1016. 

  1016. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Dànián.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1017. 

  1017. </table>
    1018. 

  1018. <table border="1">
    1019. 

  1019. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1020. 

  1020. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1021. 

  1021. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1022. 

  1022. <p><span class="font9">Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1023. 

  1023. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1024. 

  1024. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1025. 

  1025. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">am surnamed</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1026. 

  1026. <p><span class="font9">Wang.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1027. 

  1027. </table>
    1028. 

  1028. <p><span class="font9">Notice that the question word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shénme</span><span class="font9">. &quot;what,&quot; takes the same position as the question word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi</span><span class="font9">, &quot;who.&quot;</span></p>
    1029. 

  1029. <table border="1">
    1030. 

  1030. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1031. 

  1031. <p><span class="font9">Nī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1032. 

  1032. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1033. 

  1033. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi?</span></p></td></tr>
    1034. 

  1034. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1035. 

  1035. <p><span class="font9">(You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1036. 

  1036. <p><span class="font9">are</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1037. 

  1037. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">who?</span><span class="font9">)</span></p></td></tr>
    1038. 

  1038. </table>
    1039. 

  1039. <table border="1">
    1040. 

  1040. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1041. 

  1041. <p><span class="font9">Nī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1042. 

  1042. <p><span class="font9">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1043. 

  1043. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shénme?</span></p></td></tr>
    1044. 

  1044. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1045. 

  1045. <p><span class="font9">(You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1046. 

  1046. <p><span class="font9">are surnamed</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1047. 

  1047. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">what?</span><span class="font9">)</span></p></td></tr>
    1048. 

  1048. </table>
    1049. 

  1049. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shénme</span><span class="font9"> is the official spelling. However, the word is pronounced as if it were spelled shémma, or even </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéma</span><span class="font9"> (often with a single rise in pitch extending over &quot;both syllables'^ Before another word which begins with a consonant sound, it is usually pronounced as if it were spelled </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shěm</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    1050. 

  1050. <table border="1">
    1051. 

  1051. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1052. 

  1052. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1053. 

  1053. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    1054. 

  1054. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1055. 

  1055. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    1056. 

  1056. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1057. 

  1057. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p>
    1058. 

  1058. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    1059. 

  1059. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1060. 

  1060. <p><span class="font9">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1061. 

  1061. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1062. 

  1062. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1063. 

  1063. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
    1064. 

  1064. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1065. 

  1065. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1066. 

  1066. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Mǎ Mínglī Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1067. 

  1067. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. Ma MÍnglī</span></p></td></tr>
    1068. 

  1068. </table>
    1069. 

  1069. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 7-8</span></p>
    1070. 

  1070. <p><span class="font9">After the verb </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì</span><span class="font9"> you may have the full name alone, the surname plus title, or the full name plus title.</span></p>
    1071. 

  1071. <table border="1">
    1072. 

  1072. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1073. 

  1073. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1074. 

  1074. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1075. 

  1075. <p><span class="font9">Mǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1076. 

  1076. <p><span class="font9">Mínglī.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    1077. 

  1077. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1078. 

  1078. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1079. 

  1079. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1080. 

  1080. <p><span class="font9">Mǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1081. 

  1081. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1082. 

  1082. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1083. 

  1083. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1084. 

  1084. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1085. 

  1085. <p><span class="font9">Mǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1086. 

  1086. <p><span class="font9">Mínglī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1087. 

  1087. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1088. 

  1088. </table>
    1089. 

  1089. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">. literally ’’first-born,&quot; has more of a connotation of respectfulness than &quot;Mr.&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9"> is usually applied only to people other than oneself. Do not use the title </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9"> (or any other respectful title, such as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiàoshòu</span><span class="font9">, &quot;Professor&quot;) when giving your own name. If you want to say &quot;I am Mr. Jones,&quot; you may say </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">W5 xìng Jones</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    1090. 

  1090. <p><span class="font9">When a name and title are said together, logically enough it is the name which gets the heavy stress: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">WANG Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">. You will often hear the title pronounced with no full tones: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">WĀNG Xiansheng</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    1091. 

  1091. <p><span class="font9">9. A: Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    1092. 

  1092. <div>
    1093. 

  1093. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wang, who is he? He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglī.</span></p>
    1094. 

  1094. </div><br clear="all">
    1095. 

  1095. <div>
    1096. 

  1096. <p><span class="font9">Sir, who is he? He is Mr. Ma.</span></p>
    1097. 

  1097. </div><br clear="all">
    1098. 

  1098. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā shi Mǎ Mínglī Xiānsheng.</span></p>
    1099. 

  1099. <p><span class="font9">10. A: Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? B: Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p>
    1100. 

  1100. <table border="1">
    1101. 

  1101. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1102. 

  1102. <p><span class="font9">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1103. 

  1103. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    1104. 

  1104. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1105. 

  1105. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng,- tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1106. 

  1106. <p><span class="font9">Sir, who is she? She is Mrs. MS.</span></p></td></tr>
    1107. 

  1107. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1108. 

  1108. <p><span class="font9">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1109. 

  1109. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1110. 

  1110. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1111. 

  1111. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wang, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
    1112. 

  1112. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1113. 

  1113. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1114. 

  1114. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Míngll Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1115. 

  1115. <p><span class="font9">She is Mrs. MS Míngll.</span></p></td></tr>
    1116. 

  1116. </table>
    1117. 

  1117. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 9-12</span></p>
    1118. 

  1118. <p><span class="font9">When you address someone directly, use either the name plus the title or the title alone. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9"> must be translated as &quot;sir&quot; when it is used alone, since &quot;Mr.&quot; would not capture its respectful tone. (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font9">, however, is less respectful when used alone. You should address Mrs. MS as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">MS TÌitai</span><span class="font9">.)</span></p>
    1119. 

  1119. <table border="1">
    1120. 

  1120. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1121. 

  1121. <p><span class="font9">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1122. 

  1122. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    1123. 

  1123. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1124. 

  1124. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS XiSojiS.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1125. 

  1125. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wang, who is she? She is Miss MS.</span></p></td></tr>
    1126. 

  1126. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1127. 

  1127. <p><span class="font9">Ih.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1128. 

  1128. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1129. 

  1129. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1130. 

  1130. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
    1131. 

  1131. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1132. 

  1132. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1133. 

  1133. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Míngll Tóngzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1134. 

  1134. <p><span class="font9">He is Comrade Mǎ Míngll.</span></p></td></tr>
    1135. 

  1135. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1136. 

  1136. <p><span class="font9">15.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1137. 

  1137. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1138. 

  1138. <p><span class="font9">Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1139. 

  1139. <p><span class="font9">Comrade, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
    1140. 

  1140. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1141. 

  1141. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1142. 

  1142. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Fāng Baolán.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1143. 

  1143. <p><span class="font9">She is Fāng Baolan.</span></p></td></tr>
    1144. 

  1144. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1145. 

  1145. <p><span class="font9">16.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1146. 

  1146. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1147. 

  1147. <p><span class="font9">Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1148. 

  1148. <p><span class="font9">Comrade, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
    1149. 

  1149. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1150. 

  1150. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1151. 

  1151. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Fāng BSolán Tóngzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1152. 

  1152. <p><span class="font9">She is Comrade Fāng Baolan.</span></p></td></tr>
    1153. 

  1153. </table>
    1154. 

  1154. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 13-16</span></p>
    1155. 

  1155. <p><span class="font9">See the Background Notes on Chinese Personal Names and Titles for </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tóngzhì</span><span class="font9">, &quot;Comrade,&quot; and the use of maiden names.</span></p>
    1156. 

  1156. <h4><a name="bookmark76"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark117"></a>DRILLS</span></h4>
    1157. 

  1157. <p><span class="font9">A. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drill</span></p>
    1158. 

  1158. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1159. 

  1159. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: MS Mínglī</span></p></li>
    1160. 

  1160. <li>
    1161. 

  1161. <p><span class="font9">2. Hú Měilíng</span></p></li>
    1162. 

  1162. <li>
    1163. 

  1163. <p><span class="font9">3. Wang Dànián</span></p></li></ul>
    1164. 

  1164. <p><span class="font9">U. Li Shìmín</span></p>
    1165. 

  1165. <p><span class="font9">5. Liú Lìróng</span></p>
    1166. 

  1166. <p><span class="font9">6. Zhāng Bǎolán.</span></p>
    1167. 

  1167. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi MS Mínglī.</span></p>
    1168. 

  1168. <p><span class="font9">(He is Mǎ Mínglī.)</span></p>
    1169. 

  1169. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hú MSilíng. (She is Hu Meiling.)</span></p>
    1170. 

  1170. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p>
    1171. 

  1171. <p><span class="font9">(He is Wang Dànián.)</span></p>
    1172. 

  1172. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi LI Shìmín.</span></p>
    1173. 

  1173. <p><span class="font9">(He is Li Shìmín.)</span></p>
    1174. 

  1174. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Liú Lìróng. (She is Liú Lìróng.)</span></p>
    1175. 

  1175. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhāng Bǎolán.</span></p>
    1176. 

  1176. <p><span class="font9">(She is Zhāng BSolán.)</span></p>
    1177. 

  1177. <p><span class="font9">B. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    1178. 

  1178. <p><span class="font9">When the cue is given by a male speaker, male students should respond.</span></p>
    1179. 

  1179. <p><span class="font9">When the cue is given by a female speaker, female students should respond.</span></p>
    1180. 

  1180. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1181. 

  1181. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Nī shi shéi?</span></p></li></ul>
    1182. 

  1182. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Wáng Dànián (Who are you?)</span></p>
    1183. 

  1183. <p><span class="font9">OR Nī shi shéi?</span></p>
    1184. 

  1184. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Hú MSilíng</span></p>
    1185. 

  1185. <p><span class="font9">(Who are you?)</span></p>
    1186. 

  1186. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1187. 

  1187. <p><span class="font9">2. Nī shi shéi? Liú Shìmín (Who are you?)</span></p></li>
    1188. 

  1188. <li>
    1189. 

  1189. <p><span class="font9">3. Nī shi shéi? Chén Huìrán (Who are you?)</span></p></li></ul>
    1190. 

  1190. <p><span class="font9">k. Nī shi shéi? Huáng Déxián (Who are you?)</span></p>
    1191. 

  1191. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1192. 

  1192. <p><span class="font9">5. Nī shi shéi? Zhào Wǎnrú (Who are you?)</span></p>
    1193. 

  1193. <div>
    1194. 

  1194. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Wǒ shi Wáng Dànián. (I am Wang Dànián.)</span></p>
    1195. 

  1195. </div><br clear="all">
    1196. 

  1196. <div>
    1197. 

  1197. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ shi Hú Měilíng. (I am Hú Měilíng.)</span></p>
    1198. 

  1198. </div><br clear="all">
    1199. 

  1199. <div>
    1200. 

  1200. <table border="1">
    1201. 

  1201. <tr><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
    1202. 

  1202. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ shi Liú Shìmín. (I am Liú Shìmín.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1203. 

  1203. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1204. 

  1204. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1205. 

  1205. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1206. 

  1206. <p><span class="font9">Chén Huìrán.</span></p></td></tr>
    1207. 

  1207. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1208. 

  1208. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1209. 

  1209. <p><span class="font9">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1210. 

  1210. <p><span class="font9">Chén Huìrán.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1211. 

  1211. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1212. 

  1212. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1213. 

  1213. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1214. 

  1214. <p><span class="font9">Huáng Déxián.</span></p></td></tr>
    1215. 

  1215. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1216. 

  1216. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1217. 

  1217. <p><span class="font9">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1218. 

  1218. <p><span class="font9">Huáng Déxián.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1219. 

  1219. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1220. 

  1220. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1221. 

  1221. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1222. 

  1222. <p><span class="font9">Zhào Wǎnrú.</span></p></td></tr>
    1223. 

  1223. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1224. 

  1224. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1225. 

  1225. <p><span class="font9">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1226. 

  1226. <p><span class="font9">Zhào Wǎnrú.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1227. 

  1227. </table>
    1228. 

  1228. </div><br clear="all"></li>
    1229. 

  1229. <li>
    1230. 

  1230. <p><span class="font9">6. Nl shi shéi? Jiang Bīngyíng (Who are you?)</span></p></li>
    1231. 

  1231. <li>
    1232. 

  1232. <p><span class="font9">7. Nī shi shéi? Gāo Yǒngpíng (Who are you?)</span></p></li></ul>
    1233. 

  1233. <p><span class="font9">C. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    1234. 

  1234. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    1235. 

  1235. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) MS Xiānsheng</span></p>
    1236. 

  1236. <p><span class="font9">(Who is he?)</span></p>
    1237. 

  1237. <div>
    1238. 

  1238. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ shi Jiang Bīngyíng. (I am Jiang Bīngyíng.)</span></p>
    1239. 

  1239. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ shi Gāo Yǒngpíng. (I am Gāo Yǒngpíng.)</span></p>
    1240. 

  1240. </div><br clear="all">
    1241. 

  1241. <div>
    1242. 

  1242. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi MS Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. MS.)</span></p>
    1243. 

  1243. </div><br clear="all">
    1244. 

  1244. <table border="1">
    1245. 

  1245. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1246. 

  1246. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1247. 

  1247. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    1248. 

  1248. <p><span class="font9">(Who is she?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1249. 

  1249. <p><span class="font9">Hú Tàitai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1250. 

  1250. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hú Tàitai. (She is Mrs. Hú.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1251. 

  1251. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1252. 

  1252. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1253. 

  1253. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1254. 

  1254. <p><span class="font9">Máo Xiānsheng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1255. 

  1255. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. Máo.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1256. 

  1256. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1257. 

  1257. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1258. 

  1258. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1259. 

  1259. <p><span class="font9">Zhāng Tongzhì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1260. 

  1260. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhāng Tóngzhì. (He is Comrade Zhāng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1261. 

  1261. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1262. 

  1262. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1263. 

  1263. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi? (Who is she?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1264. 

  1264. <p><span class="font9">Liú XiSojiS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1265. 

  1265. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Liú XiSojiS. (She is Miss Liú.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1266. 

  1266. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1267. 

  1267. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1268. 

  1268. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1269. 

  1269. <p><span class="font9">MS Xiānsheng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1270. 

  1270. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. Mǎ.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1271. 

  1271. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1272. 

  1272. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1273. 

  1273. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi? (Who is she?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1274. 

  1274. <p><span class="font9">Zhào Tàitai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1275. 

  1275. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (She is Mrs. Zhàò.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1276. 

  1276. </table>
    1277. 

  1277. <h3><a name="bookmark118"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark119"></a>UNIT 2</span></h3>
    1278. 

  1278. <h4><a name="bookmark120"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark121"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h4>
    1279. 

  1279. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
    1280. 

  1280. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1281. 

  1281. <p><span class="font9">1. Questions and answers about given names.</span></p></li>
    1282. 

  1282. <li>
    1283. 

  1283. <p><span class="font9">2. Yes/no questions.</span></p></li>
    1284. 

  1284. <li>
    1285. 

  1285. <p><span class="font9">3. Negative statements.</span></p></li></ul>
    1286. 

  1286. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1287. 

  1287. <p><span class="font9">U. Greetings.</span></p></li></ul>
    1288. 

  1288. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Prerequisites to the Unit</span></p>
    1289. 

  1289. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1290. 

  1290. <p><span class="font9">1. P&amp;R 3 and P&amp;R U (Tapes 3 and U of the resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization).</span></p></li></ul>
    1291. 

  1291. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
    1292. 

  1292. <p><span class="font9">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p>
    1293. 

  1293. <p><span class="font9">2. The 2D-1 tape.</span></p>
    1294. 

  1294. <h4><a name="bookmark16"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark122"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h4>
    1295. 

  1295. <table border="1">
    1296. 

  1296. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1297. 

  1297. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1298. 

  1298. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    1299. 

  1299. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1300. 

  1300. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wáng Tàitai ma?</span></p>
    1301. 

  1301. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wáng Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1302. 

  1302. <p><span class="font9" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ib she Mrs. Wang? She is Mrs. Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
    1303. 

  1303. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1304. 

  1304. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1305. 

  1305. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1306. 

  1306. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1307. 

  1307. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Wang?</span></p></td></tr>
    1308. 

  1308. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1309. 

  1309. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1310. 

  1310. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1311. 

  1311. <p><span class="font9">I am Wang Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    1312. 

  1312. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1313. 

  1313. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1314. 

  1314. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1315. 

  1315. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Mā Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1316. 

  1316. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Mǎ?</span></p></td></tr>
    1317. 

  1317. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1318. 

  1318. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1319. 

  1319. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1320. 

  1320. <p><span class="font9">I am Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    1321. 

  1321. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1322. 

  1322. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1323. 

  1323. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1324. 

  1324. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1325. 

  1325. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Mǎ?</span></p></td></tr>
    1326. 

  1326. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1327. 

  1327. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1328. 

  1328. <p><span class="font9">WS bú shi MS Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1329. 

  1329. <p><span class="font9">I’m not Mr. Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    1330. 

  1330. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1331. 

  1331. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1332. 

  1332. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1333. 

  1333. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1334. 

  1334. <p><span class="font9">I am Wáng Danián.</span></p></td></tr>
    1335. 

  1335. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1336. 

  1336. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1337. 

  1337. <p><span class="font9">WS bú shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1338. 

  1338. <p><span class="font9">I'm not Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    1339. 

  1339. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1340. 

  1340. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1341. 

  1341. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1342. 

  1342. <p><span class="font9">Ní xìng Fāng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1343. 

  1343. <p><span class="font9">Is your surname Fāng?</span></p></td></tr>
    1344. 

  1344. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1345. 

  1345. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1346. 

  1346. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Fāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1347. 

  1347. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn’t Fāng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1348. 

  1348. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1349. 

  1349. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1350. 

  1350. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1351. 

  1351. <p><span class="font9">WS xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1352. 

  1352. <p><span class="font9">My surname is Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1353. 

  1353. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1354. 

  1354. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1355. 

  1355. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1356. 

  1356. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn't Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1357. 

  1357. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1358. 

  1358. <p><span class="font9">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1359. 

  1359. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1360. 

  1360. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng MS ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1361. 

  1361. <p><span class="font9">Is your surname Mǎ?</span></p></td></tr>
    1362. 

  1362. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1363. 

  1363. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1364. 

  1364. <p><span class="font9">Bú xìng MS. Xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1365. 

  1365. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn't Mǎ. It's Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1366. 

  1366. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1367. 

  1367. <p><span class="font9">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1368. 

  1368. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1369. 

  1369. <p><span class="font9">Nín guìxìng?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1370. 

  1370. <p><span class="font9">Your surname? (POLITE)</span></p></td></tr>
    1371. 

  1371. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1372. 

  1372. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1373. 

  1373. <p><span class="font9">WS xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1374. 

  1374. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">My</span><span class="font9"> surname is Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1375. 

  1375. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1376. 

  1376. <p><span class="font9">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1377. 

  1377. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1378. 

  1378. <p><span class="font9">Nī jiào shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1379. 

  1379. <p><span class="font9">What is your given name?</span></p></td></tr>
    1380. 

  1380. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1381. 

  1381. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1382. 

  1382. <p><span class="font9">WS jiào Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1383. 

  1383. <p><span class="font9">My given name is Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    1384. 

  1384. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1385. 

  1385. <p><span class="font9">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1386. 

  1386. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1387. 

  1387. <p><span class="font9">Nī hSo a?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1388. 

  1388. <p><span class="font9">How are you?</span></p></td></tr>
    1389. 

  1389. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1390. 

  1390. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1391. 

  1391. <p><span class="font9">WS hSo.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1392. 

  1392. <p><span class="font9">I'm fine.</span></p></td></tr>
    1393. 

  1393. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1394. 

  1394. <p><span class="font9">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1395. 

  1395. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1396. 

  1396. <p><span class="font9">Nī hSo a?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1397. 

  1397. <p><span class="font9">How are you?</span></p></td></tr>
    1398. 

  1398. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1399. 

  1399. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1400. 

  1400. <p><span class="font9">WS hSo. Nī ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1401. 

  1401. <p><span class="font9">I'm fine. And you?</span></p></td></tr>
    1402. 

  1402. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1403. 

  1403. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1404. 

  1404. <p><span class="font9">HSo, xièxie.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1405. 

  1405. <p><span class="font9">Fine, thanks.</span></p></td></tr>
    1406. 

  1406. </table>
    1407. 

  1407. <p><span class="font9">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
    1408. 

  1408. <p><span class="font9">13* míngzi</span></p>
    1409. 

  1409. <div>
    1410. 

  1410. <p><span class="font9">given name</span></p>
    1411. 

  1411. </div><br clear="all">
    1412. 

  1412. <table border="1">
    1413. 

  1413. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1414. 

  1414. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">VOCABULARY</span></p></td></tr>
    1415. 

  1415. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1416. 

  1416. <p><span class="font9">a</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1417. 

  1417. <p><span class="font9">(question marker)</span></p></td></tr>
    1418. 

  1418. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1419. 

  1419. <p><span class="font9">bù/bú bú shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1420. 

  1420. <p><span class="font9">not not to be</span></p></td></tr>
    1421. 

  1421. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1422. 

  1422. <p><span class="font9">guìxìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1423. 

  1423. <p><span class="font9">(honorable) surname</span></p></td></tr>
    1424. 

  1424. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1425. 

  1425. <p><span class="font9">hSo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1426. 

  1426. <p><span class="font9">to be fine, to be well</span></p></td></tr>
    1427. 

  1427. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1428. 

  1428. <p><span class="font9">Jiào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1429. 

  1429. <p><span class="font9">to be called</span></p></td></tr>
    1430. 

  1430. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1431. 

  1431. <p><span class="font9">ma míngzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1432. 

  1432. <p><span class="font9">(question marker) given name</span></p></td></tr>
    1433. 

  1433. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1434. 

  1434. <p><span class="font9">ne</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1435. 

  1435. <p><span class="font9">(question marker)</span></p></td></tr>
    1436. 

  1436. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1437. 

  1437. <p><span class="font9">xièxie</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1438. 

  1438. <p><span class="font9">thank you</span></p></td></tr>
    1439. 

  1439. </table>
    1440. 

  1440. <h4><a name="bookmark18"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark123"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h4>
    1441. 

  1441. <table border="1">
    1442. 

  1442. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1443. 

  1443. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1444. 

  1444. <p><span class="font9">At</span></p>
    1445. 

  1445. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1446. 

  1446. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wáng Tàitai ma? Tā shi Wáng Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1447. 

  1447. <p><span class="font9">Is she Mrs. Wang? She is Mrs. Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1448. 

  1448. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1449. 

  1449. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1450. 

  1450. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1451. 

  1451. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1452. 

  1452. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Wang?</span></p></td></tr>
    1453. 

  1453. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1454. 

  1454. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1455. 

  1455. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1456. 

  1456. <p><span class="font9">I am Wang Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    1457. 

  1457. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1458. 

  1458. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1459. 

  1459. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1460. 

  1460. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1461. 

  1461. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Mǎ?</span></p></td></tr>
    1462. 

  1462. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1463. 

  1463. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1464. 

  1464. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1465. 

  1465. <p><span class="font9">I am Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    1466. 

  1466. </table>
    1467. 

  1467. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes cn Nos. 1-3</span></p>
    1468. 

  1468. <div>
    1469. 

  1469. <p><span class="font9">&quot;.he marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font9"> may be added to any which may be answered ’’yes’’ or ’’no.’’</span></p>
    1470. 

  1470. </div><br clear="all">
    1471. 

  1471. <div>
    1472. 

  1472. <p><span class="font9">statement to turn it into a question</span></p>
    1473. 

  1473. </div><br clear="all">
    1474. 

  1474. <table border="1">
    1475. 

  1475. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1476. 

  1476. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1477. 

  1477. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1478. 

  1478. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1479. 

  1479. <p><span class="font9">(She is Mrs. Wáng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1480. 

  1480. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1481. 

  1481. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1482. 

  1482. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1483. 

  1483. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Tàitai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1484. 

  1484. <p><span class="font9">ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1485. 

  1485. <p><span class="font9">(Is she Mrs. Wáng?)</span></p></td></tr>
    1486. 

  1486. </table>
    1487. 

  1487. <p><span class="font9">The reply to a yes/no question is commonly a complete affirmative or negative statement, although, as you will see later, the statement may be stripped down considerably.</span></p>
    1488. 

  1488. <p><span class="font9">h. A: Nī shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?</span></p>
    1489. 

  1489. <div>
    1490. 

  1490. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Mǎ? I'm not Mr. Ma.</span></p>
    1491. 

  1491. <p><span class="font9">I am Wang Dànián.</span></p>
    1492. 

  1492. <p><span class="font9">I'm not Wang Dànián.</span></p>
    1493. 

  1493. </div><br clear="all">
    1494. 

  1494. <p><span class="font9">B: WS bú shi MS Xiānsheng.</span></p>
    1495. 

  1495. <p><span class="font9">5. A: WS shi Wang Dànián.</span></p>
    1496. 

  1496. <p><span class="font9">B: Wǒ bú shi Wang Dànián.</span></p>
    1497. 

  1497. <p><span class="font9">Notes on Nos,</span></p>
    1498. 

  1498. <p><span class="font9">The negative of the verb </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì</span><span class="font9">, ’’to be,’’ is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font9">, ’’not to be.’’ The equivalent of &quot;not&quot; is the syllable </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù.</span><span class="font9"> The tone for the syllable </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù </span><span class="font9">depends on the tone of the following syllable. When followed by a syllable with a High, Rising, or Low tone, a Falling tone is used (bù). When followed by a syllable with a Falling or Neutral tone, a Rising tone is used (bú).</span></p>
    1499. 

  1499. <p><span class="font9">bù fēi (not to fly) bù féi (not to be fat) bù féi (not to slander) bú fèi (not to waste)</span></p>
    1500. 

  1500. <p><span class="font9">Almost all of the first few verbs you learn happen to be in the Falling tone, and so take </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú</span><span class="font9">. But remember that </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font9"> is the basic form. That is the form the syllable takes when it stands alone as a short &quot;no” answer—</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù</span><span class="font9">— and when it is discussed, as in &quot;Bù means 'not'.”</span></p>
    1501. 

  1501. <p><span class="font9">Notice that even though </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9">, &quot;to be,” is usually pronounced in the Neutral tone in the phrase </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font9">, the original Falling tone of </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9"> still causes </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font9"> to be pronounced with a Rising tone: bú.</span></p>
    1502. 

  1502. <div>
    1503. 

  1503. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1504. 

  1504. <p><span class="font9">6. A: NX xìng Fāng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    1505. 

  1505. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1506. 

  1506. <p><span class="font9">B: WS bú xìng Fāng.</span></p></li></ul>
    1507. 

  1507. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1508. 

  1508. <p><span class="font9">7. A: WS xìng Wāng.</span></p></li></ul>
    1509. 

  1509. <p><span class="font9">B: WS bú xìng Wang.</span></p>
    1510. 

  1510. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1511. 

  1511. <p><span class="font9">8. A: NX xìng MS ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    1512. 

  1512. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1513. 

  1513. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú xìng MS. Xìng Wang.</span></p></li></ul>
    1514. 

  1514. </div><br clear="all">
    1515. 

  1515. <div>
    1516. 

  1516. <p><span class="font9">Is your surname Fāng?</span></p>
    1517. 

  1517. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn't Fāng.</span></p>
    1518. 

  1518. <p><span class="font9">My surname is Wang.</span></p>
    1519. 

  1519. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn't Wang.</span></p>
    1520. 

  1520. <p><span class="font9">Is your surname Mǎ?</span></p>
    1521. 

  1521. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn't Mǎ. It's Wang.</span></p>
    1522. 

  1522. </div><br clear="all">
    1523. 

  1523. <table border="1">
    1524. 

  1524. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1525. 

  1525. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">WS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1526. 

  1526. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1527. 

  1527. <p><span class="font9">Wang Dānián.</span></p></td></tr>
    1528. 

  1528. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1529. 

  1529. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1530. 

  1530. <p><span class="font9">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1531. 

  1531. <p><span class="font9">Wang Danián.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1532. 

  1532. </table>
    1533. 

  1533. <table border="1">
    1534. 

  1534. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1535. 

  1535. <p><span class="font9">WS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1536. 

  1536. <p><span class="font9">bú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1537. 

  1537. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1538. 

  1538. <p><span class="font9">MS Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1539. 

  1539. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1540. 

  1540. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1541. 

  1541. <p><span class="font9">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1542. 

  1542. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">not</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1543. 

  1543. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Mǎ.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1544. 

  1544. </table>
    1545. 

  1545. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 8</span></p>
    1546. 

  1546. <p><span class="font9">It is quite common in Chinese—much commoner than in English--to omit the subject of a sentence when it is clear from the context.</span></p>
    1547. 

  1547. <div>
    1548. 

  1548. <p><span class="font9">9. A: Nín guìxìng?</span></p>
    1549. 

  1549. <p><span class="font9">B: Wo xìng Wáng.</span></p>
    1550. 

  1550. </div><br clear="all">
    1551. 

  1551. <p><span class="font9">Your surname? (POLITE) My surname is Wáng.</span></p>
    1552. 

  1552. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notea on No. 9</span></p>
    1553. 

  1553. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín</span><span class="font9"> is the polite equivalent of </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī</span><span class="font9">, &quot;you.&quot;</span></p>
    1554. 

  1554. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guìxìng</span><span class="font9"> is a polite noun, &quot;surname.&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guì</span><span class="font9"> means &quot;honorable.&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xìng</span><span class="font9">, which you have learned as the verb &quot;to be sumamed,&quot; is in this case a noun, &quot;surname.&quot;</span></p>
    1555. 

  1555. <p><span class="font9">Literally, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín guìxìng?</span><span class="font9"> is &quot;Your surname?&quot; The implied question is understood, and the &quot;sentence&quot; consists of the subject alone.</span></p>
    1556. 

  1556. <div>
    1557. 

  1557. <p><span class="font9">10. A: Nī jiào shénme?</span></p>
    1558. 

  1558. <p><span class="font9">B: Wǒ jiào Dànián.</span></p>
    1559. 

  1559. </div><br clear="all">
    1560. 

  1560. <div>
    1561. 

  1561. <p><span class="font9">What is your given name? My given name is Dànián.</span></p>
    1562. 

  1562. </div><br clear="all">
    1563. 

  1563. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 10</span></p>
    1564. 

  1564. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiào</span><span class="font9"> is a verb meaning &quot;to be called.&quot; In a discussion of personal names, we can say that it means &quot;to be given-named.&quot;</span></p>
    1565. 

  1565. <div>
    1566. 

  1566. <p><span class="font9">11.</span></p>
    1567. 

  1567. </div><br clear="all">
    1568. 

  1568. <div>
    1569. 

  1569. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    1570. 

  1570. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p>
    1571. 

  1571. </div><br clear="all">
    1572. 

  1572. <div>
    1573. 

  1573. <p><span class="font9">Nī hǎo a? Wǒ hǎo.</span></p>
    1574. 

  1574. </div><br clear="all">
    1575. 

  1575. <div>
    1576. 

  1576. <p><span class="font9">How are you? I’m fine.</span></p>
    1577. 

  1577. </div><br clear="all">
    1578. 

  1578. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
    1579. 

  1579. <p><span class="font9">Notice that the Low tones of wo and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī</span><span class="font9"> change to Rising tones before the Low tone of </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo</span><span class="font9">: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">NÍ hǎo a? W§*hǎo</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    1580. 

  1580. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hǎo</span><span class="font9"> is a verb—&quot;to be good,&quot; &quot;to be well,&quot; &quot;to be fine.&quot; Since it functions like the verb &quot;to be&quot; plus an adjective in English, we will call it an adjectival verb.</span></p>
    1581. 

  1581. <table border="1">
    1582. 

  1582. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1583. 

  1583. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1584. 

  1584. <p><span class="font9">hǎo.</span></p></td></tr>
    1585. 

  1585. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1586. 

  1586. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1587. 

  1587. <p><span class="font9">am fine.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1588. 

  1588. </table>
    1589. 

  1589. <table border="1">
    1590. 

  1590. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1591. 

  1591. <p><span class="font9">Nī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1592. 

  1592. <p><span class="font9">hǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1593. 

  1593. <p><span class="font9">a?</span></p></td></tr>
    1594. 

  1594. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1595. 

  1595. <p><span class="font9">(You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1596. 

  1596. <p><span class="font9">are fine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1597. 

  1597. <p><span class="font9">?)</span></p></td></tr>
    1598. 

  1598. </table>
    1599. 

  1599. <p><span class="font9">12. A: Nī hào a?</span></p>
    1600. 

  1600. <div>
    1601. 

  1601. <p><span class="font9">How are you?</span></p>
    1602. 

  1602. <p><span class="font9">I’m fine. And you?</span></p>
    1603. 

  1603. <p><span class="font9">Fine, thanks.</span></p>
    1604. 

  1604. </div><br clear="all">
    1605. 

  1605. <p><span class="font9">B: W3 hSo. Nī ne?</span></p>
    1606. 

  1606. <p><span class="font9">A: H&amp;o, xièxie.</span></p>
    1607. 

  1607. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 12</span></p>
    1608. 

  1608. <p><span class="font9">The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font9"> makes a question out of the single word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī</span><span class="font9">, ’’you&quot;: ’’And you?” or ”How about you?&quot;</span></p>
    1609. 

  1609. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiè</span><span class="font9"> is the verb &quot;to thank.&quot; &quot;I thank you&quot; would be </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">W8 xièxie nī</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    1610. 

  1610. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xièxie</span><span class="font9"> is often repeated: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xièxie, xièxie</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    1611. 

  1611. <p><span class="font9">13. míngzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;given name</span></p>
    1612. 

  1612. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 13</span></p>
    1613. 

  1613. <p><span class="font9">One way to ask what someone’s given name is: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nī jiào shénme míngzi?</span></p>
    1614. 

  1614. <h4><a name="bookmark124"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark125"></a>DRILLS</span></h4>
    1615. 

  1615. <p><span class="font9">A. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    1616. 

  1616. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1617. 

  1617. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng* (He is Mr. Wang.)</span></p></li>
    1618. 

  1618. <li>
    1619. 

  1619. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi Hú Tàitai.</span></p></li></ul>
    1620. 

  1620. <p><span class="font9">(She is Mrs. Hu.)</span></p>
    1621. 

  1621. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1622. 

  1622. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Liú Tóngzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
    1623. 

  1623. <p><span class="font9">(He is Comrade Liú.)</span></p>
    1624. 

  1624. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā shi Zhāng XiǎojiS.</span></p>
    1625. 

  1625. <p><span class="font9">(She is Miss Zhāng.)</span></p>
    1626. 

  1626. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">J.</span><span class="font9"> Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng.</span></p>
    1627. 

  1627. <p><span class="font9">(He is Mr. Ma.)</span></p>
    1628. 

  1628. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1629. 

  1629. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Fāng XiSojiS.</span></p></li></ul>
    1630. 

  1630. <p><span class="font9">(She is Miss Fāng.)</span></p>
    1631. 

  1631. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1632. 

  1632. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā shi LÍn Tóngzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
    1633. 

  1633. <p><span class="font9">(He is Comrade LÍn.)</span></p>
    1634. 

  1634. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Wáng?)</span></p>
    1635. 

  1635. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hú Tàitai ma?</span></p>
    1636. 

  1636. <p><span class="font9">(Is she Mrs. Hú?)</span></p>
    1637. 

  1637. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Liú Tóngzhì ma?</span></p>
    1638. 

  1638. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Comrade Liú?)</span></p>
    1639. 

  1639. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhāng Xiǎojiě ma?</span></p>
    1640. 

  1640. <p><span class="font9">(Is she Miss Zhāng?)</span></p>
    1641. 

  1641. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Xiānsheng ma?</span></p>
    1642. 

  1642. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Mr. Ma?)</span></p>
    1643. 

  1643. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Fāng XiSojiě ma?</span></p>
    1644. 

  1644. <p><span class="font9">(Is she Miss Fāng?)</span></p>
    1645. 

  1645. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi LÍn Tóngzhì ma?</span></p>
    1646. 

  1646. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Comrade LÍn?)</span></p>
    1647. 

  1647. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1648. 

  1648. <p><span class="font9">B.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p>
    1649. 

  1649. <div>
    1650. 

  1650. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1651. 

  1651. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Wang?)</span></p></li></ul>
    1652. 

  1652. </div><br clear="all">
    1653. 

  1653. <div>
    1654. 

  1654. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1655. 

  1655. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Zhào?)</span></p></li></ul>
    1656. 

  1656. </div><br clear="all">
    1657. 

  1657. <div>
    1658. 

  1658. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1659. 

  1659. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Chén Tóngzhì ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    1660. 

  1660. <p><span class="font9">(Is she Comrade Chén?)</span></p>
    1661. 

  1661. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1662. 

  1662. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā shi Liú XiǎojiS ma? (Is she Miss Liú?)</span></p></li></ul>
    1663. 

  1663. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1664. 

  1664. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā shi Song Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    1665. 

  1665. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Mr. Song?)</span></p>
    1666. 

  1666. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1667. 

  1667. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Sūn Tàitai ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    1668. 

  1668. <p><span class="font9">(Is she Mrs. Sūn?)</span></p>
    1669. 

  1669. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1670. 

  1670. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    1671. 

  1671. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Mr. Zhāng?)</span></p>
    1672. 

  1672. </div><br clear="all">
    1673. 

  1673. <div>
    1674. 

  1674. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)</span></p>
    1675. 

  1675. <p><span class="font9">Shi. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (Yes. She is Mrs. Zhào.)</span></p>
    1676. 

  1676. <p><span class="font9">Shi. Tā shi Chén Tóngzhì.</span></p>
    1677. 

  1677. <p><span class="font9">(Yes. She is Comrade Chén.)</span></p>
    1678. 

  1678. <p><span class="font9">Shi. Tā shi Liú Xiāojiā. (Yes. She is Miss Liú.)</span></p>
    1679. 

  1679. <p><span class="font9">Shi. Tā shi Sòng Xiānsheng.</span></p>
    1680. 

  1680. <p><span class="font9">(Yes. He is Mr. Song.)</span></p>
    1681. 

  1681. <p><span class="font9">Shi. Tā shi Sūn Tàitai.</span></p>
    1682. 

  1682. <p><span class="font9">(Yes. She is Mrs. Sun.)</span></p>
    1683. 

  1683. <p><span class="font9">Shi. Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Zhāng.)</span></p>
    1684. 

  1684. </div><br clear="all"></li>
    1685. 

  1685. <li>
    1686. 

  1686. <p><span class="font9">C.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
    1687. 

  1687. <p><span class="font9">All of your answers will be negative. Give the correct name according to the cue.</span></p>
    1688. 

  1688. <table border="1">
    1689. 

  1689. <tr><td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
    1690. 

  1690. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
    1691. 

  1691. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Liú (Is he Mr. Wang?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1692. 

  1692. <p><span class="font9">You: Bú shi. Tā shi Liú Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1693. 

  1693. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1694. 

  1694. <p><span class="font9">(No. He is Mr. Liú,)</span></p></td></tr>
    1695. 

  1695. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    1696. 

  1696. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1697. 

  1697. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1698. 

  1698. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Gāo Xiǎojiě ma? (Is she Miss Gāo?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1699. 

  1699. <p><span class="font9">Zhao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1700. 

  1700. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Xiǎojiě. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1701. 

  1701. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1702. 

  1702. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1703. 

  1703. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Huáng Tóngzhì ma? (Is she Comrade Huáng?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1704. 

  1704. <p><span class="font9">Wáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1705. 

  1705. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Wáng Tóngzhì. (No. She is Comrade Wang.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1706. 

  1706. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1707. 

  1707. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1708. 

  1708. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Yáng Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Yang?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1709. 

  1709. <p><span class="font9">Jiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1710. 

  1710. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Jiang Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs. Jiang.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1711. 

  1711. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1712. 

  1712. <p><span class="font9">5-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1713. 

  1713. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Ma?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1714. 

  1714. <p><span class="font9">Máo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1715. 

  1715. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi, Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. &gt;&amp;o.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1716. 

  1716. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1717. 

  1717. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1718. 

  1718. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhōu Xiǎojiě ma? (Is she Miss Zhōu?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1719. 

  1719. <p><span class="font9">Zhào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1720. 

  1720. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Xiǎojiě. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1721. 

  1721. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1722. 

  1722. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1723. 

  1723. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Jiāng Xiānsheng ma? Jiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1724. 

  1724. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi JiSng Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. Jiāng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1725. 

  1725. </table>
    1726. 

  1726. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Mr. Jiāng?)</span></p>
    1727. 

  1727. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1728. 

  1728. <p><span class="font9">D.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
    1729. 

  1729. <p><span class="font9">This drill is a combination of the two previous drills. Give an affirmative or a negative answer according to the cue.</span></p>
    1730. 

  1730. <table border="1">
    1731. 

  1731. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1732. 

  1732. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1733. 

  1733. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Liú Tàitai ma? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Liú</span></p></li></ul>
    1734. 

  1734. <p><span class="font9">(is she Mrs. Liú?)</span></p>
    1735. 

  1735. <p><span class="font9">OR &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā shi Liú Tàitai ma?</span></p>
    1736. 

  1736. <p><span class="font9">Huáng (Is she Mrs. Liú?)</span></p>
    1737. 

  1737. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1738. 

  1738. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? Wáng (is he Mr. Wang?)</span></p></li>
    1739. 

  1739. <li>
    1740. 

  1740. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Gāo Tàitai ma? Zhào (Is she Mrs. Gāo?)</span></p></li></ul>
    1741. 

  1741. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā shi Táng Xiǎojiě ma? Táng (Is she Miss Tang?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1742. 

  1742. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Shì. Tā shi Liú Tàitai. (Yes. She is Mrs. Liú.)</span></p>
    1743. 

  1743. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Huáng Tàitai.</span></p>
    1744. 

  1744. <p><span class="font9">(No. She is Mrs. Huáng.)</span></p>
    1745. 

  1745. <p><span class="font9">Shì. Tā shi Wáng Xiāpsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)</span></p>
    1746. 

  1746. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs. Zhào.)</span></p>
    1747. 

  1747. <p><span class="font9">Shì. Tā shi Táng Xiǎojiě.</span></p>
    1748. 

  1748. <p><span class="font9">(Yes. She is Miss Táng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1749. 

  1749. </table>
    1750. 

  1750. <table border="1">
    1751. 

  1751. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1752. 

  1752. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā shi Huang Xiānsheng ma?</span></p>
    1753. 

  1753. <p><span class="font9">Wang</span></p>
    1754. 

  1754. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Mr. Huáng?)</span></p>
    1755. 

  1755. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Zhang Tàitai ma? Jiāng (Is she Mrs. Zhāng?)</span></p>
    1756. 

  1756. <p><span class="font9">E. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    1757. 

  1757. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1758. 

  1758. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Nī shi Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    1759. 

  1759. <p><span class="font9">(Are you Mr. Zhāng?)</span></p>
    1760. 

  1760. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1761. 

  1761. <p><span class="font9">2. Nī shi Zhào Tàitai ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    1762. 

  1762. <p><span class="font9">(Are you Mrs. Zhào?)</span></p>
    1763. 

  1763. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1764. 

  1764. <p><span class="font9">3. Nī shi Jiāng XiSojlě ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    1765. 

  1765. <p><span class="font9">(Are you Miss Jiāng?)</span></p>
    1766. 

  1766. <p><span class="font9">U. Nī shi Liú Tóngzhì ma?</span></p>
    1767. 

  1767. <p><span class="font9">(Are you Comrade Liú?)</span></p>
    1768. 

  1768. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1769. 

  1769. <p><span class="font9">5. - Nī shi Sdng Tàitai ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    1770. 

  1770. <p><span class="font9">(Are you Mrs. Song?)</span></p>
    1771. 

  1771. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1772. 

  1772. <p><span class="font9">6. Nī shi Lī Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    1773. 

  1773. <p><span class="font9">(Are you Mr. Lī?)</span></p>
    1774. 

  1774. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1775. 

  1775. <p><span class="font9">7. Nī shi Sun Tóngzhì ma? (Are you Comrade Sun?)</span></p></li></ul>
    1776. 

  1776. <p><span class="font9">F. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    1777. 

  1777. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1778. 

  1778. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: WS king Zhāng.</span></p></li></ul>
    1779. 

  1779. <p><span class="font9">(My surname is Zhāng.)</span></p>
    1780. 

  1780. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1781. 

  1781. <p><span class="font9">2. W3 xìng Chén.</span></p></li>
    1782. 

  1782. <li>
    1783. 

  1783. <p><span class="font9">3. W5 xìng Huáng.</span></p></li></ul>
    1784. 

  1784. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1785. 

  1785. <p><span class="font9">U. W3 xìng Gāo.</span></p></li></ul>
    1786. 

  1786. <p><span class="font9">5. W3 xìng Sūn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1787. 

  1787. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. Wáng.)</span></p>
    1788. 

  1788. <p><span class="font9">Bú.shi. Tā shi Jiāng Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs. Jiāng.)</span></p>
    1789. 

  1789. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Nī xìng Zhāng ma?</span></p>
    1790. 

  1790. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname Zhāng?)</span></p>
    1791. 

  1791. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Zhào ma?</span></p>
    1792. 

  1792. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname Zhào?)</span></p>
    1793. 

  1793. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Jiāng ma?</span></p>
    1794. 

  1794. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname Jiāng?)</span></p>
    1795. 

  1795. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Liú ma?</span></p>
    1796. 

  1796. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname Liú?)</span></p>
    1797. 

  1797. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Sdng ma?</span></p>
    1798. 

  1798. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname Sdng?)</span></p>
    1799. 

  1799. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Lī ma?</span></p>
    1800. 

  1800. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname LI?)</span></p>
    1801. 

  1801. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Sūn ma?</span></p>
    1802. 

  1802. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname Sūn?)</span></p>
    1803. 

  1803. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: W3 bú xìng Zhāng.</span></p>
    1804. 

  1804. <p><span class="font9">(My surname is not Zhāng.)</span></p>
    1805. 

  1805. <p><span class="font9">W3 bú xìng Chén.</span></p>
    1806. 

  1806. <p><span class="font9">W3 bú xìng Huáng.</span></p>
    1807. 

  1807. <p><span class="font9">W3 bú xìng Gāo.</span></p>
    1808. 

  1808. <p><span class="font9">W6 bú xìng Sūn.</span></p></td></tr>
    1809. 

  1809. </table>
    1810. 

  1810. <table border="1">
    1811. 

  1811. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1812. 

  1812. <p><span class="font9">6. W3 xìng Zhāng.</span></p>
    1813. 

  1813. <p><span class="font9">7. WS xìng Zhōu.</span></p>
    1814. 

  1814. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1815. 

  1815. <p><span class="font9">G. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
    1816. 

  1816. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1817. 

  1817. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: WS bú shi LI Xiānsheng. (I am not Mr. LI.)</span></p></li>
    1818. 

  1818. <li>
    1819. 

  1819. <p><span class="font9">2. WS bú shi Wáng Tàitai.</span></p></li>
    1820. 

  1820. <li>
    1821. 

  1821. <p><span class="font9">3. WS bú shi Chán Xiānsheng.</span></p></li></ul>
    1822. 

  1822. <p><span class="font9">h. WS bú shi LÍn Tóngzhì.</span></p>
    1823. 

  1823. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1824. 

  1824. <p><span class="font9">5. WS bú shi Zhōu Xiāojiā.</span></p></li>
    1825. 

  1825. <li>
    1826. 

  1826. <p><span class="font9">6. Wō bú shi Jiāng Xiānsheng.</span></p></li>
    1827. 

  1827. <li>
    1828. 

  1828. <p><span class="font9">7. WS bú shi Sōng Tàitai.</span></p></li></ul>
    1829. 

  1829. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1830. 

  1830. <p><span class="font9">H.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Expansion Drill</span></p></li>
    1831. 

  1831. <li>
    1832. 

  1832. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā bú shi Wang Xiānsheng. (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Huang</span></p></li></ul>
    1833. 

  1833. <p><span class="font9">(He is not Mr. Wáng.)</span></p>
    1834. 

  1834. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1835. 

  1835. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā bú shi Jiāng Tàitai. Jiāng</span></p></li>
    1836. 

  1836. <li>
    1837. 

  1837. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā bú shi Liú Tóngzhì. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;LÍn</span></p></li></ul>
    1838. 

  1838. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā bú shi Song XiāojiS. Sun</span></p>
    1839. 

  1839. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font9"> Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng. Zhōu</span></p>
    1840. 

  1840. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì.</span></p>
    1841. 

  1841. <p><span class="font9">Zhāng.</span></p>
    1842. 

  1842. <p><span class="font9">7« Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1843. 

  1843. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ bú xìng Zhāng.</span></p>
    1844. 

  1844. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Zhōu.</span></p>
    1845. 

  1845. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: WS bú xìng Li.</span></p>
    1846. 

  1846. <p><span class="font9">(My surname is not Li.)</span></p>
    1847. 

  1847. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Wang.</span></p>
    1848. 

  1848. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Chén.</span></p>
    1849. 

  1849. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng LÍn.</span></p>
    1850. 

  1850. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Zhōu.</span></p>
    1851. 

  1851. <p><span class="font9">Wo bú xìng Jiāng.</span></p>
    1852. 

  1852. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Sōng.</span></p>
    1853. 

  1853. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā bú shi Wang Xiānsheng, tā xìng Huang.</span></p>
    1854. 

  1854. <p><span class="font9">(He is not Mr. Wáng; his surname is Huáng.)</span></p>
    1855. 

  1855. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Jiāng Tàitai, tā xìng Jiāng.</span></p>
    1856. 

  1856. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Liú Tóngzhì, tā xìng LÍn.</span></p>
    1857. 

  1857. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Sōng Xiāojiā, tā xìng Sūn.</span></p>
    1858. 

  1858. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng, tā xìng Zhōu.</span></p>
    1859. 

  1859. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì, tā xìng Zhāng.</span></p>
    1860. 

  1860. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai, tā xìng Sōng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1861. 

  1861. </table>
    1862. 

  1862. <table border="1">
    1863. 

  1863. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1864. 

  1864. <p><span class="font9">I.</span></p></td><td colspan="4" style="vertical-align:top;">
    1865. 

  1865. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drill</span></p></td></tr>
    1866. 

  1866. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    1867. 

  1867. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1868. 

  1868. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: W3 bú xìng Fang.</span></p>
    1869. 

  1869. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Hú</span></p>
    1870. 

  1870. <p><span class="font9">(My surname is not Fang.)</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1871. 

  1871. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Wō bú xìng Fāng, xìng Hú. (My surname is not Fāng;</span></p>
    1872. 

  1872. <p><span class="font9">it’s Éú.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1873. 

  1873. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1874. 

  1874. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1875. 

  1875. <p><span class="font9">W8 bú xìng Sun.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1876. 

  1876. <p><span class="font9">Song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1877. 

  1877. <p><span class="font9">Wō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1878. 

  1878. <p><span class="font9">bú xìng Sun, xìng Sōng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1879. 

  1879. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1880. 

  1880. <p><span class="font9">3-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1881. 

  1881. <p><span class="font9">Wō &quot;bú xìng Yang.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1882. 

  1882. <p><span class="font9">Tang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1883. 

  1883. <p><span class="font9">Wō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1884. 

  1884. <p><span class="font9">bú xìng Yáng, xìng Táng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1885. 

  1885. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1886. 

  1886. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1887. 

  1887. <p><span class="font9">W8 bú xìng Jiāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1888. 

  1888. <p><span class="font9">Zhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1889. 

  1889. <p><span class="font9">Wō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1890. 

  1890. <p><span class="font9">bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Zhāng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1891. 

  1891. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1892. 

  1892. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1893. 

  1893. <p><span class="font9">W8 bú xìng Zhōu.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1894. 

  1894. <p><span class="font9">Zhāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1895. 

  1895. <p><span class="font9">Wō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1896. 

  1896. <p><span class="font9">bú xìng Zhōu, xìng Zhāo.</span></p></td></tr>
    1897. 

  1897. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1898. 

  1898. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1899. 

  1899. <p><span class="font9">W8 bú xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1900. 

  1900. <p><span class="font9">Huang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1901. 

  1901. <p><span class="font9">Wō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1902. 

  1902. <p><span class="font9">bú xìng Wang, xìng Huáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1903. 

  1903. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1904. 

  1904. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1905. 

  1905. <p><span class="font9">W8 bú xìng Jiāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1906. 

  1906. <p><span class="font9">Jiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1907. 

  1907. <p><span class="font9">wō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1908. 

  1908. <p><span class="font9">bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Jiāng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1909. 

  1909. </table>
    1910. 

  1910. <p><span class="font9">J. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    1911. 

  1911. <table border="1">
    1912. 

  1912. <tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    1913. 

  1913. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td colspan="4" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1914. 

  1914. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (cue) Wáng</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    1915. 

  1915. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Shì. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)</span></p>
    1916. 

  1916. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Wáng Xiānsheng.</span></p>
    1917. 

  1917. <p><span class="font9">Tā xìng Huáng.</span></p>
    1918. 

  1918. <p><span class="font9">(He is not Mr. Wang. His surname is Huáng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    1919. 

  1919. <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    1920. 

  1920. <p><span class="font9">OR</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    1921. 

  1921. <p><span class="font9">(is he Mr. Wáng?)</span></p>
    1922. 

  1922. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? Huáng</span></p>
    1923. 

  1923. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Mr. Wang?)</span></p></td></tr>
    1924. 

  1924. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1925. 

  1925. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1926. 

  1926. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1927. 

  1927. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1928. 

  1928. <p><span class="font9">Liú Tàitai ma? Lin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1929. 

  1929. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Liú Tàitai. Tā xìng Lin.</span></p></td></tr>
    1930. 

  1930. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1931. 

  1931. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1932. 

  1932. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1933. 

  1933. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1934. 

  1934. <p><span class="font9">Chen Xiāojiā ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1935. 

  1935. <p><span class="font9">Chen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1936. 

  1936. <p><span class="font9">Shì. Tā shi Chen Xiāojiā.</span></p></td></tr>
    1937. 

  1937. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1938. 

  1938. <p><span class="font9">1*.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1939. 

  1939. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1940. 

  1940. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1941. 

  1941. <p><span class="font9">Mao Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1942. 

  1942. <p><span class="font9">Máo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1943. 

  1943. <p><span class="font9">Shì. Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1944. 

  1944. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1945. 

  1945. <p><span class="font9">5-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1946. 

  1946. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1947. 

  1947. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1948. 

  1948. <p><span class="font9">Jiāng Tóngzhì ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1949. 

  1949. <p><span class="font9">Zhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1950. 

  1950. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì. Tā xìng Zhāng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1951. 

  1951. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1952. 

  1952. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1953. 

  1953. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1954. 

  1954. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1955. 

  1955. <p><span class="font9">Sōng Tàitai ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1956. 

  1956. <p><span class="font9">Sōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1957. 

  1957. <p><span class="font9">Shì. Tā shi Sdng Tàitai.</span></p></td></tr>
    1958. 

  1958. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1959. 

  1959. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1960. 

  1960. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1961. 

  1961. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1962. 

  1962. <p><span class="font9">Li Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    1963. 

  1963. <p><span class="font9">Wáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1964. 

  1964. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Lī Xiānsheng. Tā xìng Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    1965. 

  1965. </table>
    1966. 

  1966. <p><span class="font9">K. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    1967. 

  1967. <table border="1">
    1968. 

  1968. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1969. 

  1969. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1970. 

  1970. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: W3 xìng Wang.</span></p></li></ul>
    1971. 

  1971. <p><span class="font9">(My surname is Wang.)</span></p>
    1972. 

  1972. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1973. 

  1973. <p><span class="font9">2. W3 xìng Chén.</span></p></li>
    1974. 

  1974. <li>
    1975. 

  1975. <p><span class="font9">3. WS xìng Liú.</span></p></li></ul>
    1976. 

  1976. <p><span class="font9">U. W3 xìng Huáng.</span></p>
    1977. 

  1977. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1978. 

  1978. <p><span class="font9">5. W8 xìng Song.</span></p></li>
    1979. 

  1979. <li>
    1980. 

  1980. <p><span class="font9">6. WS xìng Li.</span></p></li>
    1981. 

  1981. <li>
    1982. 

  1982. <p><span class="font9">7. W3 xìng Wáng.</span></p></li></ul>
    1983. 

  1983. <p><span class="font9">L. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    1984. 

  1984. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1985. 

  1985. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: W5 xìng Wáng jiao Dànián.</span></p></li></ul>
    1986. 

  1986. <p><span class="font9">(My surname is Wáng, and my given name is Dànián.)</span></p>
    1987. 

  1987. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1988. 

  1988. <p><span class="font9">2. W3 xìng Hú jiao MSilíng.</span></p></li>
    1989. 

  1989. <li>
    1990. 

  1990. <p><span class="font9">3. W3 xìng Lī jiao Shìyīng.</span></p></li></ul>
    1991. 

  1991. <p><span class="font9">U. W3 xìng Fang Jiao Baolán.</span></p>
    1992. 

  1992. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    1993. 

  1993. <p><span class="font9">5. W3 xìng Sun jiao Déxián.</span></p></li>
    1994. 

  1994. <li>
    1995. 

  1995. <p><span class="font9">6. W3 xìng Chén jiao Huìrán.</span></p></li>
    1996. 

  1996. <li>
    1997. 

  1997. <p><span class="font9">7. W5 xìng Zhang jiao Zhènhàn.</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    1998. 

  1998. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Student 1</span><span class="font9">: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    1999. 

  1999. <p><span class="font9">(What is his surname?)</span></p>
    2000. 

  2000. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Student 2</span><span class="font9">; Tā xìng Wáng.</span></p>
    2001. 

  2001. <p><span class="font9">(His surname is Wang.)</span></p>
    2002. 

  2002. <p><span class="font9">SI: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    2003. 

  2003. <p><span class="font9">S2: Tā xìng Chén.</span></p>
    2004. 

  2004. <p><span class="font9">SI: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    2005. 

  2005. <p><span class="font9">S2: Tā xìng Liú.</span></p>
    2006. 

  2006. <p><span class="font9">SI: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    2007. 

  2007. <p><span class="font9">S2: Tā xìng Huáng.</span></p>
    2008. 

  2008. <p><span class="font9">SI: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    2009. 

  2009. <p><span class="font9">S2: Tā xìng Song.</span></p>
    2010. 

  2010. <p><span class="font9">SI: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    2011. 

  2011. <p><span class="font9">S2: Tā xìng Lī.</span></p>
    2012. 

  2012. <p><span class="font9">SI: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    2013. 

  2013. <p><span class="font9">S2: Tā xìng Wáng.</span></p>
    2014. 

  2014. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Nī xìng Wang jiào shénme?</span></p>
    2015. 

  2015. <p><span class="font9">(Your surname is Wáng, and what is your given name?)</span></p>
    2016. 

  2016. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Dànián.</span></p>
    2017. 

  2017. <p><span class="font9">(Dànián.)</span></p>
    2018. 

  2018. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Hú jiào shénme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Milling.</span></p>
    2019. 

  2019. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Lī jiào shénme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shìyīng.</span></p>
    2020. 

  2020. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Fāng Jiào shénme? Baolán.</span></p>
    2021. 

  2021. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Sun jiào shénme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Déxián.</span></p>
    2022. 

  2022. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Chén jiào shénme? Huìrán.</span></p>
    2023. 

  2023. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Zhang jiào shénme? Zhènhàn.</span></p></td></tr>
    2024. 

  2024. </table>
    2025. 

  2025. <table border="1">
    2026. 

  2026. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2027. 

  2027. <p><span class="font9">M.</span></p></td><td colspan="4" style="vertical-align:top;">
    2028. 

  2028. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Combination Drill</span></p></td></tr>
    2029. 

  2029. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2030. 

  2030. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2031. 

  2031. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā xìng Chén. Tā Jiào Bāolán.</span></p>
    2032. 

  2032. <p><span class="font9">(Her surname is Chén*. Her given name is Baolan.)</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    2033. 

  2033. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">; Tā xìng Chén, Jiào Bāolán.</span></p>
    2034. 

  2034. <p><span class="font9">(Her surname is Chén, given name Bāolán.)</span></p></td></tr>
    2035. 

  2035. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2036. 

  2036. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2037. 

  2037. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2038. 

  2038. <p><span class="font9">xìng LI. Tā Jiào Mínglī.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2039. 

  2039. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2040. 

  2040. <p><span class="font9">xìng LX, Jiào Mínglí.</span></p></td></tr>
    2041. 

  2041. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2042. 

  2042. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2043. 

  2043. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2044. 

  2044. <p><span class="font9">xìng Hú. Tā jiao Bāolān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2045. 

  2045. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2046. 

  2046. <p><span class="font9">xìng Hú, Jiào Bāolán.</span></p></td></tr>
    2047. 

  2047. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2048. 

  2048. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">k.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2049. 

  2049. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2050. 

  2050. <p><span class="font9">xìng Jiāng, Tā Jiào Dexián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2051. 

  2051. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2052. 

  2052. <p><span class="font9">xìng Jiāng, jiào Déxián.</span></p></td></tr>
    2053. 

  2053. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2054. 

  2054. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2055. 

  2055. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2056. 

  2056. <p><span class="font9">xìng Zhōu. Tā jiào Zīyàn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2057. 

  2057. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2058. 

  2058. <p><span class="font9">xìng Zhōu, Jiào Zīyàn.</span></p></td></tr>
    2059. 

  2059. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2060. 

  2060. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2061. 

  2061. <p><span class="font9"><sup>r</sup>.'ā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2062. 

  2062. <p><span class="font9">xìng Zhāng. Tā jiào Tíngfēng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2063. 

  2063. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2064. 

  2064. <p><span class="font9">xìng Zhāng, Jiào Tíngfēng.</span></p></td></tr>
    2065. 

  2065. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2066. 

  2066. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2067. 

  2067. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2068. 

  2068. <p><span class="font9">xìng Chén. Tā jiào Huìrán.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2069. 

  2069. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2070. 

  2070. <p><span class="font9">xìng Chén, Jiào Huìrán.</span></p></td></tr>
    2071. 

  2071. </table>
    2072. 

  2072. <h3><a name="bookmark126"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark127"></a>UNIT 3</span></h3>
    2073. 

  2073. <h4><a name="bookmark128"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark129"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h4>
    2074. 

  2074. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
    2075. 

  2075. <p><span class="font9">1. Nationality.</span></p>
    2076. 

  2076. <p><span class="font9">2. Home state, province, and city.</span></p>
    2077. 

  2077. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Prerequisites to the Unit</span></p>
    2078. 

  2078. <p><span class="font9">1. PSR 5 and P&amp;R 6 (Tapes 5 and 6 of the resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization).</span></p>
    2079. 

  2079. <p><span class="font9">2. NUM 1 and NUM 2 (Tapes 1 and 2 of the resource module on Numbers), the numbers from 1 to 10.</span></p>
    2080. 

  2080. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
    2081. 

  2081. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2082. 

  2082. <p><span class="font9">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
    2083. 

  2083. <li>
    2084. 

  2084. <p><span class="font9">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
    2085. 

  2085. <li>
    2086. 

  2086. <p><span class="font9">3. The 3D-1 tape.</span></p></li></ul>
    2087. 

  2087. <h4><a name="bookmark21"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark130"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h4>
    2088. 

  2088. <div>
    2089. 

  2089. <table border="1">
    2090. 

  2090. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2091. 

  2091. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2092. 

  2092. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    2093. 

  2093. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2094. 

  2094. <p><span class="font9">Nl shi MSiguo rén ma? Wō shi MSiguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2095. 

  2095. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2096. 

  2096. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2097. 

  2097. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    2098. 

  2098. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2099. 

  2099. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma? Wō shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2100. 

  2100. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2101. 

  2101. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2102. 

  2102. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2103. 

  2103. <p><span class="font9">Wang Xiānsheng, nī shi</span></p></td></tr>
    2104. 

  2104. </table>
    2105. 

  2105. <p><span class="font9">Yingguo rén ma?</span></p>
    2106. 

  2106. <p><span class="font9">B: Wō bú shi Yingguo rén.</span></p>
    2107. 

  2107. </div><br clear="all">
    2108. 

  2108. <div>
    2109. 

  2109. <p><span class="font9">1». A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p>
    2110. 

  2110. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2111. 

  2111. <p><span class="font9">B. Bú shi.</span></p></li></ul>
    2112. 

  2112. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2113. 

  2113. <p><span class="font9">A: Nī shi MSiguo rén ma?</span></p></li>
    2114. 

  2114. <li>
    2115. 

  2115. <p><span class="font9">B: Shì.</span></p></li></ul>
    2116. 

  2116. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2117. 

  2117. <p><span class="font9">5. A: Mā Xiāojiā shi MSiguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    2118. 

  2118. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi, tā bú shi MSiguo rén.</span></p>
    2119. 

  2119. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2120. 

  2120. <p><span class="font9">A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></li>
    2121. 

  2121. <li>
    2122. 

  2122. <p><span class="font9">B: Shì, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2123. 

  2123. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2124. 

  2124. <p><span class="font9">6. A: mt shi nSiguo rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    2125. 

  2125. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2126. 

  2126. <p><span class="font9">B: W3 shi MSiguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2127. 

  2127. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2128. 

  2128. <p><span class="font9">7. A: Tā shi nSiguo rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    2129. 

  2129. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2130. 

  2130. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā shi Yingguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2131. 

  2131. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2132. 

  2132. <p><span class="font9">8. A: Nī shi nārde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    2133. 

  2133. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2134. 

  2134. <p><span class="font9">B: Wō shi Shànghāi rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2135. 

  2135. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2136. 

  2136. <p><span class="font9">9. A: Tā shi Fang Bāolánde xiānsheng.</span></p></li>
    2137. 

  2137. <li>
    2138. 

  2138. <p><span class="font9">10. A: Tā shi nārde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    2139. 

  2139. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2140. 

  2140. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2141. 

  2141. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2142. 

  2142. <p><span class="font9">11. A: Nl shi nārde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    2143. 

  2143. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2144. 

  2144. <p><span class="font9">B: W5 shi Jiāzhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2145. 

  2145. </div><br clear="all">
    2146. 

  2146. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American?</span></p>
    2147. 

  2147. <p><span class="font9">I’m an American.</span></p>
    2148. 

  2148. <p><span class="font9">Are you Chinese?</span></p>
    2149. 

  2149. <p><span class="font9">I’m Chinese.</span></p>
    2150. 

  2150. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wáng, are you English?</span></p>
    2151. 

  2151. <p><span class="font9">I’m not English.</span></p>
    2152. 

  2152. <p><span class="font9">Are you Chinese? No.</span></p>
    2153. 

  2153. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American?</span></p>
    2154. 

  2154. <p><span class="font9">Yes, I am.</span></p>
    2155. 

  2155. <p><span class="font9">Is Miss MS an American?</span></p>
    2156. 

  2156. <p><span class="font9">No, she is not American.</span></p>
    2157. 

  2157. <p><span class="font9">Is she Chinese?</span></p>
    2158. 

  2158. <p><span class="font9">Yes, she is Chinese.</span></p>
    2159. 

  2159. <p><span class="font9">What is your nationality? I'm American.</span></p>
    2160. 

  2160. <p><span class="font9">What is his nationality?</span></p>
    2161. 

  2161. <p><span class="font9">He is English.</span></p>
    2162. 

  2162. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from? I'm from Shànghāi.</span></p>
    2163. 

  2163. <p><span class="font9">He is Fang Bāólān's husband.</span></p>
    2164. 

  2164. <p><span class="font9">Where is he from?</span></p>
    2165. 

  2165. <p><span class="font9">He's from Shāndōng.</span></p>
    2166. 

  2166. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from?</span></p>
    2167. 

  2167. <p><span class="font9">I'm a Californian.</span></p>
    2168. 

  2168. <p><span class="font9">12. A: NX shi Méiguo rén ma? A: NX shi něiguo rén? A: NX shi nSrde rén?</span></p>
    2169. 

  2169. <p><span class="font9">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
    2170. 

  2170. <p><span class="font9">13. Déguó</span></p>
    2171. 

  2171. <p><span class="font9">1U. èguó (ègu6)</span></p>
    2172. 

  2172. <p><span class="font9">15. Fàgufi (F&amp;guó)</span></p>
    2173. 

  2173. <p><span class="font9">16. Rìhén</span></p>
    2174. 

  2174. <div>
    2175. 

  2175. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American?</span></p>
    2176. 

  2176. <p><span class="font9">What’s your nationality?</span></p>
    2177. 

  2177. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from?</span></p>
    2178. 

  2178. </div><br clear="all">
    2179. 

  2179. <div>
    2180. 

  2180. <p><span class="font9">Germany Russia</span></p>
    2181. 

  2181. <p><span class="font9">France</span></p>
    2182. 

  2182. <p><span class="font9">Japan</span></p>
    2183. 

  2183. </div><br clear="all">
    2184. 

  2184. <h4><a name="bookmark22"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark131"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h4>
    2185. 

  2185. <table border="1">
    2186. 

  2186. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2187. 

  2187. <p><span class="font9">-de</span></p>
    2188. 

  2188. <p><span class="font9">Déguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2189. 

  2189. <p><span class="font9">(possessive marker) Germany</span></p></td></tr>
    2190. 

  2190. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2191. 

  2191. <p><span class="font9">Eguó (Eguó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2192. 

  2192. <p><span class="font9">Russia</span></p></td></tr>
    2193. 

  2193. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2194. 

  2194. <p><span class="font9">Fàguó (Faguó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2195. 

  2195. <p><span class="font9">France</span></p></td></tr>
    2196. 

  2196. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2197. 

  2197. <p><span class="font9">-guō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2198. 

  2198. <p><span class="font9">country</span></p></td></tr>
    2199. 

  2199. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2200. 

  2200. <p><span class="font9">Jiāzhōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2201. 

  2201. <p><span class="font9">California</span></p></td></tr>
    2202. 

  2202. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2203. 

  2203. <p><span class="font9">MSiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2204. 

  2204. <p><span class="font9">America, United States</span></p></td></tr>
    2205. 

  2205. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2206. 

  2206. <p><span class="font9">nǎr nSi- * nSiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2207. 

  2207. <p><span class="font9">where?</span></p>
    2208. 

  2208. <p><span class="font9">which?</span></p>
    2209. 

  2209. <p><span class="font9">which country</span></p></td></tr>
    2210. 

  2210. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2211. 

  2211. <p><span class="font9">rén RìbSn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2212. 

  2212. <p><span class="font9">person Japan</span></p></td></tr>
    2213. 

  2213. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2214. 

  2214. <p><span class="font9">Shāndōng Shànghǎi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2215. 

  2215. <p><span class="font9">(a province name) (a city name)</span></p></td></tr>
    2216. 

  2216. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2217. 

  2217. <p><span class="font9">Yīngguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2218. 

  2218. <p><span class="font9">England</span></p></td></tr>
    2219. 

  2219. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2220. 

  2220. <p><span class="font9">Zhōngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2221. 

  2221. <p><span class="font9">China</span></p></td></tr>
    2222. 

  2222. </table><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-11.png" alt="" style="width:431pt;height:547pt;">
    2223. 

  2223. <h4><a name="bookmark24"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark132"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h4>
    2224. 

  2224. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2225. 

  2225. <p><span class="font9">1. A: Ní shi MSiguo rén ma?</span></p>
    2226. 

  2226. <div>
    2227. 

  2227. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American?</span></p>
    2228. 

  2228. <p><span class="font9">I’m an American.</span></p>
    2229. 

  2229. <p><span class="font9">Are you Chinese?</span></p>
    2230. 

  2230. <p><span class="font9">I'm Chinese.</span></p>
    2231. 

  2231. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wang, are you English?</span></p>
    2232. 

  2232. <p><span class="font9">I'm not English.</span></p>
    2233. 

  2233. </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
    2234. 

  2234. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2235. 

  2235. <p><span class="font9">B: W3 shi MSiguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2236. 

  2236. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2237. 

  2237. <p><span class="font9">2. A: NX shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    2238. 

  2238. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2239. 

  2239. <p><span class="font9">B: W5 shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2240. 

  2240. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2241. 

  2241. <p><span class="font9">3. A: Wang Xiānsheng, nl shi Yingguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    2242. 

  2242. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2243. 

  2243. <p><span class="font9">B: W5 bú shi Yingguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2244. 

  2244. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 1-3</span></p>
    2245. 

  2245. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Rén</span><span class="font9"> is a noun, &quot;person&quot; or &quot;persons&quot;; so </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">MSiguo rén</span><span class="font9"> is a noun phrase, literally &quot;America person.&quot; Sometimes, however, it is preferable or necessary to translate expressions of this sort as adjectives or prepositional</span></p>
    2246. 

  2246. <table border="1">
    2247. 

  2247. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2248. 

  2248. <p><span class="font9">phrases.</span></p></td></tr>
    2249. 

  2249. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2250. 

  2250. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MSiguo rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is an American.</span></p></td></tr>
    2251. 

  2251. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2252. 

  2252. <p><span class="font9">(noun phrase)</span></p></td></tr>
    2253. 

  2253. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2254. 

  2254. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is Chinese.</span></p></td></tr>
    2255. 

  2255. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2256. 

  2256. <p><span class="font9">(adjective)</span></p></td></tr>
    2257. 

  2257. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2258. 

  2258. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Shāndōng rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is from Shāndōng.</span></p></td></tr>
    2259. 

  2259. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2260. 

  2260. <p><span class="font9">(prepositional phrase)</span></p></td></tr>
    2261. 

  2261. </table>
    2262. 

  2262. <p><span class="font9">Although </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">MSiguo rén</span><span class="font9"> is translated here as &quot;an American,&quot; in other contexts it may be translated as &quot;the American,&quot; &quot;American,&quot; or &quot;the Americans.&quot; Later you will learn the various ways to indicate in Chinese whether a noun is definite or indefinite, singular or plural.</span></p>
    2263. 

  2263. <p><span class="font9">The syllable -</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">guō</span><span class="font9"> usually loses its tone in expressions like </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">MSiguo rén</span><span class="font9">. (Some speakers drop the tone when the word stands alone: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">MSiguo</span><span class="font9">.)</span></p>
    2264. 

  2264. <p><span class="font9">h. A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p>
    2265. 

  2265. <div>
    2266. 

  2266. <p><span class="font9">Are you Chinese?</span></p>
    2267. 

  2267. <p><span class="font9">No.</span></p>
    2268. 

  2268. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American?</span></p>
    2269. 

  2269. <p><span class="font9">Yes, I am.</span></p>
    2270. 

  2270. <p><span class="font9">Is Miss Mā an American?</span></p>
    2271. 

  2271. <p><span class="font9">No, she is not American</span></p>
    2272. 

  2272. <p><span class="font9">Is she Chinese?</span></p>
    2273. 

  2273. <p><span class="font9">Yes, she is Chinese.</span></p>
    2274. 

  2274. </div><br clear="all">
    2275. 

  2275. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi.</span></p>
    2276. 

  2276. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2277. 

  2277. <p><span class="font9">A: Nl shi MSiguo rén ma?</span></p></li>
    2278. 

  2278. <li>
    2279. 

  2279. <p><span class="font9">B: Shì.</span></p></li></ul>
    2280. 

  2280. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2281. 

  2281. <p><span class="font9">5. A: MS XiaoJiS shi MSiguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    2282. 

  2282. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi, tā bú shi MSiguo rén.</span></p>
    2283. 

  2283. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2284. 

  2284. <p><span class="font9">A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></li>
    2285. 

  2285. <li>
    2286. 

  2286. <p><span class="font9">B: Shì, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2287. 

  2287. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. U-5</span></p>
    2288. 

  2288. <p><span class="font9">The short &quot;yes&quot; answer </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9"> is really the verb &quot;am&quot; of the longer, more complete answer. The short &quot;no&quot; answer </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font9"> is really the &quot;am not&quot; of the longer answer.</span></p>
    2289. 

  2289. <p><span class="font9">It is possible to reduce a &quot;no&quot; answer to </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font9"> (note the Falling tone), but polite usage requires that you follow it up with a more complete answer. Both the short answers </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9"> and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font9"> are commonly followed by complete answers.</span></p>
    2290. 

  2290. <div>
    2291. 

  2291. <p><span class="font9">6. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Nī shi nSiguo rén?</span></p>
    2292. 

  2292. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;W8 shi MSiguo rén.</span></p>
    2293. 

  2293. <p><span class="font9">7. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Tā shi nSiguo rén?</span></p>
    2294. 

  2294. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Tā shi Yingguo rén.</span></p>
    2295. 

  2295. </div><br clear="all">
    2296. 

  2296. <div>
    2297. 

  2297. <p><span class="font9">What is your nationality? I'm American.</span></p>
    2298. 

  2298. <p><span class="font9">What is his nationality? He is English.</span></p>
    2299. 

  2299. </div><br clear="all">
    2300. 

  2300. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 6-7</span></p>
    2301. 

  2301. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">NSi-</span><span class="font9"> is the question word &quot;which.&quot; It is a bound word—a word which cannot stand alone—not a free word.</span></p>
    2302. 

  2302. <table border="1">
    2303. 

  2303. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2304. 

  2304. <p><span class="font9">nSi-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2305. 

  2305. <p><span class="font9">guo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2306. 

  2306. <p><span class="font9">rén</span></p></td></tr>
    2307. 

  2307. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2308. 

  2308. <p><span class="font9">(which</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2309. 

  2309. <p><span class="font9">country</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2310. 

  2310. <p><span class="font9">person)</span></p></td></tr>
    2311. 

  2311. </table>
    2312. 

  2312. <p><span class="font9">Notice that the syllable -</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">guó</span><span class="font9">, &quot;country,&quot; in the phrase </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nSiguo rén</span><span class="font9"> may lose its Rising tone.</span></p>
    2313. 

  2313. <table border="1">
    2314. 

  2314. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2315. 

  2315. <p><span class="font9">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2316. 

  2316. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    2317. 

  2317. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2318. 

  2318. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
    2319. 

  2319. <p><span class="font9">W3 shi Shànghǎi rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2320. 

  2320. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from? I'm from Shànghǎi.</span></p></td></tr>
    2321. 

  2321. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2322. 

  2322. <p><span class="font9">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2323. 

  2323. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2324. 

  2324. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Fāng Bǎolánde xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2325. 

  2325. <p><span class="font9">He is Fāng Bǎolán's husband.</span></p></td></tr>
    2326. 

  2326. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2327. 

  2327. <p><span class="font9">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2328. 

  2328. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2329. 

  2329. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2330. 

  2330. <p><span class="font9">Where is he from?</span></p></td></tr>
    2331. 

  2331. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2332. 

  2332. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2333. 

  2333. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2334. 

  2334. <p><span class="font9">He's from Shāndōng.</span></p></td></tr>
    2335. 

  2335. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2336. 

  2336. <p><span class="font9">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2337. 

  2337. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2338. 

  2338. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2339. 

  2339. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from?</span></p></td></tr>
    2340. 

  2340. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2341. 

  2341. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2342. 

  2342. <p><span class="font9">W3 shi Jiāzhōu rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2343. 

  2343. <p><span class="font9">I'm a Californian.</span></p></td></tr>
    2344. 

  2344. </table>
    2345. 

  2345. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 8-11</span><span class="font9"> .</span></p>
    2346. 

  2346. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nār</span><span class="font9"> is the question word &quot;where.&quot; The syllable -de is the possessive marker; it functions like the English possessive ending -*£.</span></p>
    2347. 

  2347. <table border="1">
    2348. 

  2348. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2349. 

  2349. <p><span class="font9">nār</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2350. 

  2350. <p><span class="font9">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2351. 

  2351. <p><span class="font9">rén</span></p></td></tr>
    2352. 

  2352. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2353. 

  2353. <p><span class="font9">(where</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2354. 

  2354. <p><span class="font9">*s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2355. 

  2355. <p><span class="font9">person)</span></p></td></tr>
    2356. 

  2356. </table>
    2357. 

  2357. <p><span class="font9">By reversing the word order, a slightly more idiomatic translation is possible: &quot;a person of where.&quot; The closest English equivalent is &quot;a person from where.&quot; To clarity the role of </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font9"> in this expression, the tape gives the following example of -</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font9"> functioning like the English possessive ending -’s:</span></p>
    2358. 

  2358. <table border="1">
    2359. 

  2359. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2360. 

  2360. <p><span class="font9">Fang B&amp;olán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2361. 

  2361. <p><span class="font9">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2362. 

  2362. <p><span class="font9">xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
    2363. 

  2363. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2364. 

  2364. <p><span class="font9">(Fang Bāolén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2365. 

  2365. <p><span class="font1">*8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2366. 

  2366. <p><span class="font9">husband)</span></p></td></tr>
    2367. 

  2367. </table>
    2368. 

  2368. <p><span class="font9">12. A: NX shi MSiguo rén ma? A: NX shi nSiguo rén? A: NX shi n&amp;rde rén?</span></p>
    2369. 

  2369. <div>
    2370. 

  2370. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American? What's your nationality? Where are you from?</span></p>
    2371. 

  2371. </div><br clear="all">
    2372. 

  2372. <h4><a name="bookmark133"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark134"></a>DRILLS</span></h4>
    2373. 

  2373. <table border="1">
    2374. 

  2374. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2375. 

  2375. <p><span class="font9">A.</span></p></td><td colspan="6" style="vertical-align:top;">
    2376. 

  2376. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    2377. 

  2377. <p><span class="font9">All responses will be affirmative.</span></p></td></tr>
    2378. 

  2378. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2379. 

  2379. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2380. 

  2380. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speakei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2381. 

  2381. <p><span class="font9">:: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma? (Is he Chinese?)</span></p></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2382. 

  2382. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)</span></p></td></tr>
    2383. 

  2383. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2384. 

  2384. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2385. 

  2385. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2386. 

  2386. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2387. 

  2387. <p><span class="font9">RibSn rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2388. 

  2388. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2389. 

  2389. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2390. 

  2390. <p><span class="font9">RibSn rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2391. 

  2391. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2392. 

  2392. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2393. 

  2393. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2394. 

  2394. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2395. 

  2395. <p><span class="font9">Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2396. 

  2396. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2397. 

  2397. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2398. 

  2398. <p><span class="font9">Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2399. 

  2399. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2400. 

  2400. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2401. 

  2401. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2402. 

  2402. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2403. 

  2403. <p><span class="font9">MSiguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2404. 

  2404. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2405. 

  2405. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2406. 

  2406. <p><span class="font9">MSiguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2407. 

  2407. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2408. 

  2408. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2409. 

  2409. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2410. 

  2410. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2411. 

  2411. <p><span class="font9">Déguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2412. 

  2412. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2413. 

  2413. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2414. 

  2414. <p><span class="font9">Déguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2415. 

  2415. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2416. 

  2416. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2417. 

  2417. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2418. 

  2418. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2419. 

  2419. <p><span class="font9">Jiānādà rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2420. 

  2420. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2421. 

  2421. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2422. 

  2422. <p><span class="font9">Jiānādà rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2423. 

  2423. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2424. 

  2424. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2425. 

  2425. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2426. 

  2426. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2427. 

  2427. <p><span class="font9">Fàguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2428. 

  2428. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2429. 

  2429. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2430. 

  2430. <p><span class="font9">Fàguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2431. 

  2431. </table>
    2432. 

  2432. <p><span class="font9">B. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    2433. 

  2433. <div>
    2434. 

  2434. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2435. 

  2435. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Jiānádà ren ma? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Yingguo</span></p></li></ul>
    2436. 

  2436. <p><span class="font9">(Is he a Canadian?)</span></p>
    2437. 

  2437. </div><br clear="all">
    2438. 

  2438. <div>
    2439. 

  2439. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
    2440. 

  2440. <p><span class="font9">Yingguo rén.</span></p>
    2441. 

  2441. <p><span class="font9">(He is not Canadian.</span></p>
    2442. 

  2442. </div><br clear="all">
    2443. 

  2443. <div>
    2444. 

  2444. <p><span class="font9">English.)</span></p>
    2445. 

  2445. </div><br clear="all">
    2446. 

  2446. <div>
    2447. 

  2447. <p><span class="font9">Shi</span></p>
    2448. 

  2448. <p><span class="font9">He is</span></p>
    2449. 

  2449. </div><br clear="all">
    2450. 

  2450. <div>
    2451. 

  2451. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2452. 

  2452. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi RibSn rén ma? Zhōngguo</span></p></li>
    2453. 

  2453. <li>
    2454. 

  2454. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Yingguo rén ma? MSiguō</span></p></li></ul>
    2455. 

  2455. <p><span class="font9">h. Tā shi MSiguo rén ma? J iānádà</span></p>
    2456. 

  2456. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2457. 

  2457. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā shi Èguo rén ma? Déguō</span></p></li>
    2458. 

  2458. <li>
    2459. 

  2459. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Yuènán rén ma? Zhōngguō</span></p></li>
    2460. 

  2460. <li>
    2461. 

  2461. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā shi Fàguo rén ma? Yingguo</span></p></li></ul>
    2462. 

  2462. </div><br clear="all">
    2463. 

  2463. <div>
    2464. 

  2464. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi RibSn rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p>
    2465. 

  2465. </div><br clear="all">
    2466. 

  2466. <div>
    2467. 

  2467. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Yingguo rén. Shi MSiguo rén.</span></p>
    2468. 

  2468. </div><br clear="all">
    2469. 

  2469. <div>
    2470. 

  2470. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi MSiguo rén. Shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
    2471. 

  2471. </div><br clear="all">
    2472. 

  2472. <div>
    2473. 

  2473. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Èguo rén. Shi Déguo rén.</span></p>
    2474. 

  2474. </div><br clear="all">
    2475. 

  2475. <div>
    2476. 

  2476. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Yuènán rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p>
    2477. 

  2477. </div><br clear="all">
    2478. 

  2478. <div>
    2479. 

  2479. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Fàguo rén. Shi Yingguo rén.</span></p>
    2480. 

  2480. </div><br clear="all">
    2481. 

  2481. <p><span class="font9">C. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    2482. 

  2482. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi něiguo rén? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Fàguo rén.</span></p>
    2483. 

  2483. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Fàguō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(He is French.)</span></p>
    2484. 

  2484. <p><span class="font9">(What is his nationality?)</span></p>
    2485. 

  2485. <table border="1">
    2486. 

  2486. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2487. 

  2487. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2488. 

  2488. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nSiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2489. 

  2489. <p><span class="font9">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2490. 

  2490. <p><span class="font9">Zhōngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2491. 

  2491. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2492. 

  2492. <p><span class="font9">Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2493. 

  2493. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2494. 

  2494. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2495. 

  2495. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nSiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2496. 

  2496. <p><span class="font9">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2497. 

  2497. <p><span class="font9">MSiguō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2498. 

  2498. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2499. 

  2499. <p><span class="font9">MSiguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2500. 

  2500. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2501. 

  2501. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2502. 

  2502. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nSiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2503. 

  2503. <p><span class="font9">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2504. 

  2504. <p><span class="font9">Jiānádā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2505. 

  2505. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2506. 

  2506. <p><span class="font9">Jiānádà rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2507. 

  2507. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2508. 

  2508. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2509. 

  2509. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nSiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2510. 

  2510. <p><span class="font9">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2511. 

  2511. <p><span class="font9">RìbSn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2512. 

  2512. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2513. 

  2513. <p><span class="font9">RìbSn rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2514. 

  2514. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2515. 

  2515. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2516. 

  2516. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nSiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2517. 

  2517. <p><span class="font9">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2518. 

  2518. <p><span class="font9">Eguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2519. 

  2519. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2520. 

  2520. <p><span class="font9">èguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2521. 

  2521. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2522. 

  2522. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2523. 

  2523. <p><span class="font9">Tā s'.ii nSiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2524. 

  2524. <p><span class="font9">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2525. 

  2525. <p><span class="font9">Déguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2526. 

  2526. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2527. 

  2527. <p><span class="font9">Déguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2528. 

  2528. </table>
    2529. 

  2529. <p><span class="font9">D. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    2530. 

  2530. <div>
    2531. 

  2531. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi nǎrde rén? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) BSiJīng (Where is he from?)</span></p>
    2532. 

  2532. </div><br clear="all">
    2533. 

  2533. <div>
    2534. 

  2534. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi BSiJīng rén.</span></p>
    2535. 

  2535. <p><span class="font9">(He is from BSiJīng.)</span></p>
    2536. 

  2536. </div><br clear="all">
    2537. 

  2537. <table border="1">
    2538. 

  2538. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2539. 

  2539. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2540. 

  2540. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2541. 

  2541. <p><span class="font9">shi nSrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2542. 

  2542. <p><span class="font9">Shanghai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2543. 

  2543. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi ShānghSi rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2544. 

  2544. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2545. 

  2545. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2546. 

  2546. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2547. 

  2547. <p><span class="font9">shi nSrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2548. 

  2548. <p><span class="font9">Chángshā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2549. 

  2549. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Chángshā rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2550. 

  2550. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2551. 

  2551. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2552. 

  2552. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2553. 

  2553. <p><span class="font9">shi nSrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2554. 

  2554. <p><span class="font9">Táizhōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2555. 

  2555. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Táizhōng rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2556. 

  2556. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2557. 

  2557. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2558. 

  2558. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2559. 

  2559. <p><span class="font9">shi nSrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2560. 

  2560. <p><span class="font9">TáibSi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2561. 

  2561. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi TáibSi rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2562. 

  2562. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2563. 

  2563. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2564. 

  2564. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2565. 

  2565. <p><span class="font9">shi nSrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2566. 

  2566. <p><span class="font9">Tiānjīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2567. 

  2567. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Tiānjīng rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2568. 

  2568. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2569. 

  2569. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2570. 

  2570. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2571. 

  2571. <p><span class="font9">shi nSrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2572. 

  2572. <p><span class="font9">BSiJīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2573. 

  2573. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi BSiJīng rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    2574. 

  2574. </table>
    2575. 

  2575. <table border="1">
    2576. 

  2576. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2577. 

  2577. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
    2578. 

  2578. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Táiběi rén.</span></p>
    2579. 

  2579. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā shi Shànghǎi rén.</span></p>
    2580. 

  2580. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2581. 

  2581. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font9"> Tā shi Ylngguo rén.</span></p></li>
    2582. 

  2582. <li>
    2583. 

  2583. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi MSiguo rén.</span></p></li>
    2584. 

  2584. <li>
    2585. 

  2585. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā shi Táizhōng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2586. 

  2586. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2587. 

  2587. <p><span class="font9">F. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
    2588. 

  2588. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2589. 

  2589. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Lī Tàitai. (She is Mrs. Li.)</span></p></li>
    2590. 

  2590. <li>
    2591. 

  2591. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā xìng Gāo.</span></p></li>
    2592. 

  2592. <li>
    2593. 

  2593. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Táiběi rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2594. 

  2594. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā xìng Liú.</span></p>
    2595. 

  2595. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā shi MSiguo rén.</span></p>
    2596. 

  2596. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
    2597. 

  2597. <p><span class="font9">G. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    2598. 

  2598. <p><span class="font9">Ask the appropriate </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font9"> question.</span></p>
    2599. 

  2599. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2600. 

  2600. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā xìng Hú.</span></p></li></ul>
    2601. 

  2601. <p><span class="font9">(His surname is Hú.)</span></p>
    2602. 

  2602. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2603. 

  2603. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi Běijīng rén.</span></p></li>
    2604. 

  2604. <li>
    2605. 

  2605. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Wang Dànián.</span></p></li></ul>
    2606. 

  2606. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2607. 

  2607. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā xìng LÍn.</span></p></li></ul>
    2608. 

  2608. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2609. 

  2609. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nSiguo rén?</span></p>
    2610. 

  2610. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    2611. 

  2611. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    2612. 

  2612. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nSiguo rén?</span></p>
    2613. 

  2613. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nSiguo rén?</span></p>
    2614. 

  2614. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
    2615. 

  2615. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā bú shi Lī Tàitai.</span></p>
    2616. 

  2616. <p><span class="font9">(She is not Mrs. LI.)</span></p>
    2617. 

  2617. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú xìng Gāo.</span></p>
    2618. 

  2618. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Táiběi rén.</span></p>
    2619. 

  2619. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú xìng Liú.</span></p>
    2620. 

  2620. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi MSiguo rén.</span></p>
    2621. 

  2621. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
    2622. 

  2622. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā xìng Hú ma?</span></p>
    2623. 

  2623. <p><span class="font9">(is his surname Hú?)</span></p>
    2624. 

  2624. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Běijīng rén ma?</span></p>
    2625. 

  2625. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wáng Dànián ma?</span></p>
    2626. 

  2626. <p><span class="font9">Tā xìng Lin ma?</span></p>
    2627. 

  2627. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></td></tr>
    2628. 

  2628. </table>
    2629. 

  2629. <p><span class="font9">H. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Brill</span></p>
    2630. 

  2630. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā xìng Zhāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    2631. 

  2631. <p><span class="font9">(His surname is Zhāng.) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(What’s his surname?)</span></p>
    2632. 

  2632. <table border="1">
    2633. 

  2633. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2634. 

  2634. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2635. 

  2635. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Běijīng rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2636. 

  2636. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén?</span></p></td></tr>
    2637. 

  2637. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2638. 

  2638. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2639. 

  2639. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wang Dānián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2640. 

  2640. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td></tr>
    2641. 

  2641. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2642. 

  2642. <p><span class="font9">It.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2643. 

  2643. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Rìběn rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2644. 

  2644. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi něiguo rén?</span></p></td></tr>
    2645. 

  2645. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2646. 

  2646. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2647. 

  2647. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2648. 

  2648. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén?</span></p></td></tr>
    2649. 

  2649. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2650. 

  2650. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2651. 

  2651. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Chen Tóngzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2652. 

  2652. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td></tr>
    2653. 

  2653. </table>
    2654. 

  2654. <div>
    2655. 

  2655. <p><span class="font9">E. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    2656. 

  2656. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi BSiJīng rén. (He is from BSiJīng.)</span></p>
    2657. 

  2657. <p><span class="font9">OR Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)</span></p>
    2658. 

  2658. </div><br clear="all">
    2659. 

  2659. <div>
    2660. 

  2660. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi nSrde rén? (Where is he from?) Tā shi nSiguo rén? (What's his nationality?)</span></p>
    2661. 

  2661. </div><br clear="all">
    2662. 

  2662. <h3><a name="bookmark135"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark136"></a>UNIT 4</span></h3>
    2663. 

  2663. <h4><a name="bookmark137"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark138"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h4>
    2664. 

  2664. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
    2665. 

  2665. <p><span class="font9">1. Location of people and places.</span></p>
    2666. 

  2666. <p><span class="font9">2. Where people's families are from.</span></p>
    2667. 

  2667. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Prerequisites to the Unit</span></p>
    2668. 

  2668. <p><span class="font9">1. NUM 3 and NUM h (Tapes 3 and U of the resource module on Numbers).</span></p>
    2669. 

  2669. <p><span class="font9">2. CE 1, on Classroom Expressions.</span></p>
    2670. 

  2670. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
    2671. 

  2671. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2672. 

  2672. <p><span class="font9">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
    2673. 

  2673. <li>
    2674. 

  2674. <p><span class="font9">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
    2675. 

  2675. <li>
    2676. 

  2676. <p><span class="font9">3. The HD-1 tape.</span></p></li></ul>
    2677. 

  2677. <h4><a name="bookmark27"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark139"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h4>
    2678. 

  2678. <p><span class="font9">(in Bǎijīng)</span></p>
    2679. 

  2679. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2680. 

  2680. <p><span class="font9">1. A: Qīngwèn, nī shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    2681. 

  2681. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2682. 

  2682. <p><span class="font9">B: W5 shi Dezhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2683. 

  2683. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2684. 

  2684. <p><span class="font9">2. A: Qīngwèn, Āndésēn Fūren shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    2685. 

  2685. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2686. 

  2686. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā yǎ shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2687. 

  2687. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2688. 

  2688. <p><span class="font9">3. A: Tǎ shi Yīngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    2689. 

  2689. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2690. 

  2690. <p><span class="font9">B: Bū shi, tā bū shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2691. 

  2691. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2692. 

  2692. <p><span class="font9">A: Tā àiren ne?</span></p></li>
    2693. 

  2693. <li>
    2694. 

  2694. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā yé bū shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2695. 

  2695. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2696. 

  2696. <p><span class="font9">A: Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?</span></p></li>
    2697. 

  2697. <li>
    2698. 

  2698. <p><span class="font9">B: Qīngdǎo zài Shāndōng.</span></p></li></ul>
    2699. 

  2699. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2700. 

  2700. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font9"> A: Qīngwèn, nī lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    2701. 

  2701. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2702. 

  2702. <p><span class="font9">B: WS lǎojiā zài Āndàlūè.</span></p></li>
    2703. 

  2703. <li>
    2704. 

  2704. <p><span class="font9">C: W5 lǎojiā zài Shāndōng.</span></p></li></ul>
    2705. 

  2705. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2706. 

  2706. <p><span class="font9">6. A: Chén Shìmín Tongzhì zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    2707. 

  2707. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2708. 

  2708. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā zài nàr.</span></p></li></ul>
    2709. 

  2709. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2710. 

  2710. <p><span class="font9">7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    2711. 

  2711. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2712. 

  2712. <p><span class="font9">B: Zài zhèr.</span></p></li></ul>
    2713. 

  2713. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2714. 

  2714. <p><span class="font9">8. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    2715. 

  2715. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2716. 

  2716. <p><span class="font9">B: Wō àiren xiànzài zài Jiānédà.</span></p></li></ul>
    2717. 

  2717. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where are you from? I'm from Texas.</span></p>
    2718. 

  2718. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is Mrs.</span></p>
    2719. 

  2719. <p><span class="font9">Anderson from?</span></p>
    2720. 

  2720. <p><span class="font9">She is from Texas too.</span></p>
    2721. 

  2721. <p><span class="font9">Is he English?</span></p>
    2722. 

  2722. <p><span class="font9">No, he is not English.</span></p>
    2723. 

  2723. <p><span class="font9">And his wife?’</span></p>
    2724. 

  2724. <p><span class="font9">She isn't English either.</span></p>
    2725. 

  2725. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo? Qīngdǎo is in Shāndōng.</span></p>
    2726. 

  2726. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is your family from?</span></p>
    2727. 

  2727. <p><span class="font9">My family is from Ontario.</span></p>
    2728. 

  2728. <p><span class="font9">My family is from Shāndōng.</span></p>
    2729. 

  2729. <p><span class="font9">Where is Comrade Chén Shìmín?</span></p>
    2730. 

  2730. <p><span class="font9">He's there.</span></p>
    2731. 

  2731. <p><span class="font9">Where is Qīngdǎo?</span></p>
    2732. 

  2732. <p><span class="font9">It's here.</span></p>
    2733. 

  2733. <p><span class="font9">Where is your wife now? My wife is in Canada now.</span></p>
    2734. 

  2734. <p><span class="font9">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</span></p>
    2735. 

  2735. <p><span class="font9">(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
    2736. 

  2736. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2737. 

  2737. <p><span class="font9">9. Learn the pronunciation and locations of any five cities and five provinces of China found on the maps on pages 80-81.</span></p>
    2738. 

  2738. <table border="1">
    2739. 

  2739. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2740. 

  2740. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">VOCABULARY</span></p></td></tr>
    2741. 

  2741. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2742. 

  2742. <p><span class="font9">àiren Āndàlūè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2743. 

  2743. <p><span class="font9">spouse Ontario</span></p></td></tr>
    2744. 

  2744. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2745. 

  2745. <p><span class="font9">Dezhōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2746. 

  2746. <p><span class="font9">Texas</span></p></td></tr>
    2747. 

  2747. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2748. 

  2748. <p><span class="font9">fūren</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2749. 

  2749. <p><span class="font9">Lady, Madame, Mrs.; wife (of a high-ranking person)</span></p></td></tr>
    2750. 

  2750. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2751. 

  2751. <p><span class="font9">Jiānádà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2752. 

  2752. <p><span class="font9">Canada</span></p></td></tr>
    2753. 

  2753. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2754. 

  2754. <p><span class="font9">iSojiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2755. 

  2755. <p><span class="font9">&quot;original home&quot;</span></p></td></tr>
    2756. 

  2756. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2757. 

  2757. <p><span class="font9">nàr (nèr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2758. 

  2758. <p><span class="font9">there</span></p></td></tr>
    2759. 

  2759. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2760. 

  2760. <p><span class="font9">Qīngdào</span></p>
    2761. 

  2761. <p><span class="font9">Qingwèn . . .</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2762. 

  2762. <p><span class="font9">(a city name) May I ask . . .</span></p></td></tr>
    2763. 

  2763. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2764. 

  2764. <p><span class="font9">xiànzài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2765. 

  2765. <p><span class="font9">now</span></p></td></tr>
    2766. 

  2766. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2767. 

  2767. <p><span class="font9">y«</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2768. 

  2768. <p><span class="font9">also, too, either</span></p></td></tr>
    2769. 

  2769. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2770. 

  2770. <p><span class="font9">zài zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2771. 

  2771. <p><span class="font9">to be in/at/on here</span></p></td></tr>
    2772. 

  2772. </table>
    2773. 

  2773. <div>
    2774. 

  2774. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">cn</span></p>
    2775. 

  2775. </div><br clear="all">
    2776. 

  2776. <div style="border:solid;"><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-12.png" alt="" style="width:546pt;height:433pt;">
    2777. 

  2777. </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
    2778. 

  2778. <h4><a name="bookmark30"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark140"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h4>
    2779. 

  2779. <p><span class="font9">1. A: Qīngwèn, nī shi nSrde rén? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;May I ask, where are you from?</span></p>
    2780. 

  2780. <p><span class="font9">B: W3 shi Dézhōu rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m from Texas.</span></p>
    2781. 

  2781. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 1</span></p>
    2782. 

  2782. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qīngwèn</span><span class="font9">: Literally, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">qīng</span><span class="font9"> means ’’request,” and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèn</span><span class="font9"> means &quot;ask (for information).’’ </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qīngwèn</span><span class="font9"> is used as English speakers use &quot;excuse me,&quot; to get someone's attention in order to ask him a question.<a name="footnote3"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark141">3</a></sup></span></p>
    2783. 

  2783. <p><span class="font9">2. A: Qīngwèn, Āndésēn Fūren shi nSrde rén?</span></p>
    2784. 

  2784. <div>
    2785. 

  2785. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is Mrs. Anderson from?</span></p>
    2786. 

  2786. <p><span class="font9">She is from Texas too.</span></p>
    2787. 

  2787. </div><br clear="all">
    2788. 

  2788. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā yě shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p>
    2789. 

  2789. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
    2790. 

  2790. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Names</span><span class="font9">: In the People’s Republic, a foreigner is known by the standard phonetic equivalent of his full name. His given name is followed by his surname, which is followed by the appropriate title. Mr. David Anderson will be called </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dàiwéi Āndésēn Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">. In Taiwan, there is no set way of giving names to foreigners. Sometimes, as in the PRC, a phonetic equivalent of the full name is used (though there are no standard versions). Sometimes, the equivalent is based entirely on the surname. Mr. Anderson, for instance, might be </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ān Désēn Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">. The surname may also be translated, as when &quot;King&quot; is translated into </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wáng</span><span class="font9">. It is also common to base the Chinese surname on the first syllable of the original surname, and the Chinese given name on something else (often the original given name). In Taiwan, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dàwèi</span><span class="font9"> is a common phonetic equivalent for &quot;David.&quot; &quot;Mr. David Anderson,&quot; therefore, might be </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ān Dàwèi Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">. Here is a chart of SOME of the Chinese names that might be given to Mr. David Anderson.</span></p>
    2791. 

  2791. <table border="1">
    2792. 

  2792. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2793. 

  2793. <p><span class="font9">PRC:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2794. 

  2794. <p><span class="font9">Dàiwéi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2795. 

  2795. <p><span class="font9">Āndésēn | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
    2796. 

  2796. </table>
    2797. 

  2797. <table border="1">
    2798. 

  2798. <tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    2799. 

  2799. <p><span class="font9">TAIWAN:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2800. 

  2800. <p><span class="font9">Ān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2801. 

  2801. <p><span class="font9">Désēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2802. 

  2802. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
    2803. 

  2803. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2804. 

  2804. <p><span class="font9">Ān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2805. 

  2805. <p><span class="font9">Dàwèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2806. 

  2806. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
    2807. 

  2807. </table>
    2808. 

  2808. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Titles</span><span class="font9">: In the PRC, a foreign man is addressed as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">. and a married woman as either </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fūren</span><span class="font9"> or </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font9">, depending on her status. The term </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fūren</span><span class="font9"> is an expecially respectful term used to address the wife of a high-ranking official or businessman. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fūren</span><span class="font9"> is also used this way on Taiwan. An unmarried foreign woman in the PRC may be addressed as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiāojlě</span><span class="font9">, ”Miss.&quot; Married or unmarried women may be addressed as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nushì</span><span class="font9">, ’’Ms.” or &quot;Ma’am.” </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nushì</span><span class="font9"> will be introduced in BIO, Unit 1.</span></p>
    2809. 

  2809. <p><span class="font9">The term </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tóngzhì</span><span class="font9">, ’’Comrade,&quot; was originally used only by members of the Communist Party to address other members. It is now the general term of address used by all Chinese adults in the PRC. It should be remembered, though, that </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tóngzhì</span><span class="font9"> does carry a distinct political implication. Visitors in the People’s Republic, who are not citizens and who do not take part in efforts to realize Communist ideals, will not be addressed as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tóngzhì</span><span class="font9"> and should not feel obliged to address anyone else as such.</span></p>
    2810. 

  2810. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yě</span><span class="font9"> is an adverb meaning &quot;also&quot; or &quot;too.&quot; It always comes before the verb.</span></p>
    2811. 

  2811. <div>
    2812. 

  2812. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2813. 

  2813. <p><span class="font9">3. A: Tā shi Yingguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    2814. 

  2814. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yingguo rén.</span></p>
    2815. 

  2815. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2816. 

  2816. <p><span class="font9">A: Tā àiren ne?</span></p></li>
    2817. 

  2817. <li>
    2818. 

  2818. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā yě bú shi Yingguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2819. 

  2819. </div><br clear="all">
    2820. 

  2820. <div>
    2821. 

  2821. <p><span class="font9">Is he English?</span></p>
    2822. 

  2822. <p><span class="font9">No, he is not English.</span></p>
    2823. 

  2823. <p><span class="font9">And his wife?</span></p>
    2824. 

  2824. <p><span class="font9">She isn't English either</span></p>
    2825. 

  2825. </div><br clear="all">
    2826. 

  2826. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
    2827. 

  2827. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Àiren</span><span class="font9">, which originally meant &quot;loved one,&quot; &quot;sweetheart,&quot; or &quot;lover,&quot; is used in the PRC for either &quot;husband&quot; or &quot;wife,” i.e., for &quot;spouse.&quot;</span></p>
    2828. 

  2828. <p><span class="font9">The possessive phrase </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā àiren</span><span class="font9">. &quot;his wife&quot; (or &quot;her husband&quot;), is formed by putting the words for &quot;he&quot; (or &quot;she&quot;) and &quot;spouse&quot; together. The marker -</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font9"> (which you have seen in </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nārde rén</span><span class="font9">) is not needed when the possessive relationship is felt to be very close. (See also the notes on No. 5.)</span></p>
    2829. 

  2829. <p><span class="font9">Yě in a negative sentence is usually translated as &quot;either.&quot; In this case, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font9"> comes between </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font9"> and the verb. Possible English translations for yě, in both affirmative and negative sentences, are</span></p>
    2830. 

  2830. <p><span class="font9">Tā </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font9"> shi Yingguo rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is English </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">too</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    2831. 

  2831. <p><span class="font9">She is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">also</span><span class="font9"> English.</span></p>
    2832. 

  2832. <p><span class="font9" style="font-weight:bold;">Tā </span><span class="font9" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font9" style="font-weight:bold;"> bú shi Yingguo rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is not English either.</span></p>
    2833. 

  2833. <p><span class="font9">She is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">also</span><span class="font9"> not English.</span></p>
    2834. 

  2834. <div>
    2835. 

  2835. <p><span class="font9">U. A: Qíngwèn, Qīngdāo zài nǎr? B: Qīngdāo zài Shāndōng.</span></p>
    2836. 

  2836. </div><br clear="all">
    2837. 

  2837. <div>
    2838. 

  2838. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is Qingdao? Qingdao is in Shāndōng.</span></p>
    2839. 

  2839. </div><br clear="all">
    2840. 

  2840. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. U</span></p>
    2841. 

  2841. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài</span><span class="font9"> is the verb &quot;to be in/at/on,&quot; that is, &quot;to be somewhere.&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài </span><span class="font9">involves location, while </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9"> involves identity, &quot;to be someone/something.&quot;</span></p>
    2842. 

  2842. <div>
    2843. 

  2843. <table border="1">
    2844. 

  2844. <tr><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2845. 

  2845. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">identity</span></p></td></tr>
    2846. 

  2846. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2847. 

  2847. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ</span></p>
    2848. 

  2848. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2849. 

  2849. <p><span class="font9">shi am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2850. 

  2850. <p><span class="font9">Māiguo rén.</span></p>
    2851. 

  2851. <p><span class="font9">an American.)</span></p></td></tr>
    2852. 

  2852. </table>
    2853. 

  2853. </div><br clear="all">
    2854. 

  2854. <div>
    2855. 

  2855. <table border="1">
    2856. 

  2856. <tr><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2857. 

  2857. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">location</span></p></td></tr>
    2858. 

  2858. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2859. 

  2859. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ</span></p>
    2860. 

  2860. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2861. 

  2861. <p><span class="font9">zài am in</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2862. 

  2862. <p><span class="font9">Zhōngguo.</span></p>
    2863. 

  2863. <p><span class="font9">China.)</span></p></td></tr>
    2864. 

  2864. </table>
    2865. 

  2865. </div><br clear="all">
    2866. 

  2866. <div>
    2867. 

  2867. <p><span class="font9">5. A: Qingwèn, nī laojiā zài nǎr?</span></p>
    2868. 

  2868. </div><br clear="all">
    2869. 

  2869. <div>
    2870. 

  2870. <p><span class="font9">B: Wǒ laojiā zài Āndàluè.</span></p>
    2871. 

  2871. <p><span class="font9">C: Wǒ lāojiā zài Shāndōng.</span></p>
    2872. 

  2872. </div><br clear="all">
    2873. 

  2873. <div>
    2874. 

  2874. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is your family from?</span></p>
    2875. 

  2875. <p><span class="font9">My family is from Ontario.</span></p>
    2876. 

  2876. <p><span class="font9">My family is from Shāndōng.</span></p>
    2877. 

  2877. </div><br clear="all">
    2878. 

  2878. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
    2879. 

  2879. <p><span class="font9">Literally, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">lāojiā</span><span class="font9"> is &quot;old home&quot; (&quot;original home,&quot; &quot;ancestral home,&quot; &quot;native place&quot;), that is, the place you and your family are from. When a Chinese asks you about your </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">laojiā</span><span class="font9">, he probably wants to know about your hometown, the place where you grew up. When you ask a Chinese about his </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">lāojiā</span><span class="font9">, however, he will tell you where his family came from originally. A Chinese whose grandparents came from the province of Guangdong will give that as his </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">lāojiā</span><span class="font9">, even if he and his parents have spent all of their lives in Sìchuān.</span></p>
    2880. 

  2880. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">NI lāojiā zài nār?</span><span class="font9"> (literally &quot;Where is your original home?&quot;) asks for</span></p>
    2881. 

  2881. <p><span class="font9">the LOCATION of the town you come from. &nbsp;The question is answered with </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span></p>
    2882. 

  2882. <p><span class="font9">plus the name of the province (or state) that the town is located in: &nbsp;</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">W5</span></p>
    2883. 

  2883. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">lāojiā zài Dézhōu</span><span class="font9"> (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Āndàluè</span><span class="font9">, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shāndōng</span><span class="font9">). </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nl lāojiā shi nǎr?</span><span class="font9"> (translated into English as &quot;What is your original home?&quot;) asks about the IDENTITY of the town you come from. That question is answered with </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9"> plus the name of the town (or city): </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ lāojiā shi JiùJInshān</span><span class="font9"> (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qīngdāo</span><span class="font9">, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shànghǎi</span><span class="font9">). Compare:</span></p>
    2884. 

  2884. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ lāojiā </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font9"> Guāngdōng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My original home </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">is in</span><span class="font9"> Guāngdōng.</span></p>
    2885. 

  2885. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ lāojiā </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9"> Guāngzhōu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My original home </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span><span class="font9"> Guangzhou.</span></p>
    2886. 

  2886. <p><span class="font9">The possessive </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī lǎojiā</span><span class="font9">, like </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā àiren</span><span class="font9">, does not require a possessive marker. However, if more than one word must be used to indicate the possessor, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font9"> is often inserted after the last word: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī àirende lǎojiā</span><span class="font9">, &quot;your spouse’s original home&quot; or &quot;where your spouse’s family comes from.”</span></p>
    2887. 

  2887. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2888. 

  2888. <p><span class="font9">6. A: Chén Shìmín Tongzhì zài nǎr?</span></p>
    2889. 

  2889. <div>
    2890. 

  2890. <p><span class="font9">Where is Comrade Chén Shìmín? He’s there.</span></p>
    2891. 

  2891. <p><span class="font9">Where is Qīngdǎo?</span></p>
    2892. 

  2892. <p><span class="font9">It’s here.</span></p>
    2893. 

  2893. <p><span class="font9">Where is your wife now? tyy wife is in Canada now.</span></p>
    2894. 

  2894. </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
    2895. 

  2895. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2896. 

  2896. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā zài nàr.</span></p></li></ul>
    2897. 

  2897. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2898. 

  2898. <p><span class="font9">7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    2899. 

  2899. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2900. 

  2900. <p><span class="font9">B: Zài zhèr.</span></p></li></ul>
    2901. 

  2901. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2902. 

  2902. <p><span class="font9">8. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    2903. 

  2903. <p><span class="font9">B WS àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà.</span></p>
    2904. 

  2904. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 6-8</span></p>
    2905. 

  2905. <p><span class="font9">You have learned three words for asking and telling about locations.</span></p>
    2906. 

  2906. <table border="1">
    2907. 

  2907. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2908. 

  2908. <p><span class="font9">nǎr?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2909. 

  2909. <p><span class="font9">(where?)</span></p></td></tr>
    2910. 

  2910. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2911. 

  2911. <p><span class="font9">nàr (nèr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2912. 

  2912. <p><span class="font9">(there)</span></p></td></tr>
    2913. 

  2913. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2914. 

  2914. <p><span class="font9">zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2915. 

  2915. <p><span class="font9">(here)</span></p></td></tr>
    2916. 

  2916. </table>
    2917. 

  2917. <p><span class="font9">Notice that the question word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font9"> is in the Low tone, while the answer words </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font9"> and zhèr are both in the Falling tone. Also notice that the vowel sound in </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèr</span><span class="font9"> is different from that in </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font9"> and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font9">. (Some speakers prefer </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèr</span><span class="font9"> to </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font9">.)</span></p>
    2918. 

  2918. <p><span class="font9">When you are talking about movable things and people that you presume are not nearby (&quot;nearby&quot; being approximately within pointing range), you usually ask where they are NOW. The &quot;present time&quot; word may be omitted if the time has been established earlier in the conversation.</span></p>
    2919. 

  2919. <p><span class="font9">Nī àiren </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiànzài</span><span class="font9"> zài nǎr? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where is your wife </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">now?</span></p>
    2920. 

  2920. <p><span class="font9">Tā zài Bǎijīng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She's in Bǎijīng (now).</span></p>
    2921. 

  2921. <p><span class="font9">If you ask about someone or something you presume to be nearby (a pair of scissors in a drawer, for instance, or a person in a group across the room), you do not use </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiànzài</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    2922. 

  2922. <p><span class="font9">In English, the words &quot;here&quot; and &quot;there&quot; are used to refer to locations of any size. In Chinese, however, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèr</span><span class="font9"> and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font9"> are usually not used for cities, provinces, and countries (with the exception that you may use </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhěr </span><span class="font9">to refer to the city you are in). Instead, you repeat the name of the place. Compare these two exchanges in Běijīng:</span></p>
    2923. 

  2923. <p><span class="font9">COUNTRY: Mǎdīng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo</span><span class="font9"> ma?</span></p>
    2924. 

  2924. <p><span class="font9">Tā xiànzài zài </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo</span><span class="font9">. (He’s </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">here</span><span class="font9"> now.)</span></p>
    2925. 

  2925. <div>
    2926. 

  2926. <p><span class="font9">CITY:</span></p>
    2927. 

  2927. </div><br clear="all">
    2928. 

  2928. <p><span class="font9">MSdīng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shànghǎi</span><span class="font9"> ma?</span></p>
    2929. 

  2929. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú zài </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shànghǎi</span><span class="font9">; tā zài zhěr. (He’s not </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">there;</span><span class="font9"> he’s here.)</span></p>
    2930. 

  2930. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiānádà</span><span class="font9">. &quot;Canada&quot;: Although the middle syllable of this word is marked with the Rising tone, at a normal rate of speech you will probably hear </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiànādà</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    2931. 

  2931. <h4><a name="bookmark31"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark142"></a>DRILLS</span></h4>
    2932. 

  2932. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2933. 

  2933. <p><span class="font9">A.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
    2934. 

  2934. <p><span class="font9">Respond to the question &quot;Where is he/she from?&quot; according to the cue.</span></p>
    2935. 

  2935. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2936. 

  2936. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi nārde rén? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Hunan rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2937. 

  2937. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Hunan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(He/she is from Hunan.)</span></p>
    2938. 

  2938. <p><span class="font9">(Where is he/she from?)</span></p>
    2939. 

  2939. <table border="1">
    2940. 

  2940. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2941. 

  2941. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">p</span><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2942. 

  2942. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shāndōng</span></p>
    2943. 

  2943. <p><span class="font9">(Where is he/she from?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2944. 

  2944. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p>
    2945. 

  2945. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Shāndōng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    2946. 

  2946. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2947. 

  2947. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2948. 

  2948. <p><span class="font9">Tā sbi nārde rén? Héběi (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2949. 

  2949. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Héběi rén.</span></p>
    2950. 

  2950. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Héběi.)</span></p></td></tr>
    2951. 

  2951. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2952. 

  2952. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2953. 

  2953. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén? Jiāngsū (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2954. 

  2954. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p>
    2955. 

  2955. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Jiāngsū.)</span></p></td></tr>
    2956. 

  2956. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2957. 

  2957. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2958. 

  2958. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén? Guāngdōng (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2959. 

  2959. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Guāngdōng rén.</span></p>
    2960. 

  2960. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Guāngdōng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    2961. 

  2961. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    2962. 

  2962. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2963. 

  2963. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén? Hūběi (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2964. 

  2964. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hūběi rén.</span></p>
    2965. 

  2965. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Huběi.)</span></p></td></tr>
    2966. 

  2966. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    2967. 

  2967. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2968. 

  2968. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén? Sìchuān (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    2969. 

  2969. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Sìchuān rén.</span></p>
    2970. 

  2970. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Sìchuān.)</span></p></td></tr>
    2971. 

  2971. </table>
    2972. 

  2972. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2973. 

  2973. <p><span class="font9">B.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
    2974. 

  2974. <p><span class="font9">Ask the appropriate &quot;where&quot; question</span></p>
    2975. 

  2975. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2976. 

  2976. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Zhāng Tóngzhì Fūren shi Běijīng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2977. 

  2977. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Zhang’s wife is from Běijīng.)</span></p>
    2978. 

  2978. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2979. 

  2979. <p><span class="font9">2. Huang Tongzhì Fūren shi Shanghai rén.</span></p></li>
    2980. 

  2980. <li>
    2981. 

  2981. <p><span class="font9">3. Wang Tóngzhì Fūren shi Nánjīng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2982. 

  2982. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2983. 

  2983. <p><span class="font9">U. Lī Tóngzhì Fūren shi Guāngzhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    2984. 

  2984. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    2985. 

  2985. <p><span class="font9">5. Zhāo Tóngzhì Fūren shi Xiānggāng rén.</span></p>
    2986. 

  2986. <div>
    2987. 

  2987. <p><span class="font9">as in the example.</span></p>
    2988. 

  2988. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Qīngwèn, Zhāng Fūren shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    2989. 

  2989. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Mrs. Zhāng from?)</span></p>
    2990. 

  2990. <p><span class="font9">Qīngwèn, Huang Fūren shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    2991. 

  2991. <p><span class="font9">Qīngwèn, Wang Fūren shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    2992. 

  2992. <p><span class="font9">Qīngwèn, Lī Fūren shi narde rén?</span></p>
    2993. 

  2993. </div><br clear="all">
    2994. 

  2994. <div>
    2995. 

  2995. <p><span class="font9">Qīngwèn, Zhāo Fūren shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    2996. 

  2996. </div><br clear="all"></li>
    2997. 

  2997. <li>
    2998. 

  2998. <p><span class="font9">6. Mao Tóngzhì Fūren shi Qingdǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Qingwèn, Máo Fūren shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    2999. 

  2999. <p><span class="font9">rén.</span></p>
    3000. 

  3000. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3001. 

  3001. <p><span class="font9">7. Chén Tóngzhì Fūren shi Běijīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Qīngwèn, Chén Fūren shi nǎrde</span></p></li></ul>
    3002. 

  3002. <p><span class="font9">rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rén?</span></p>
    3003. 

  3003. <p><span class="font9">C. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    3004. 

  3004. <p><span class="font9">Change affirmative statements to negative statements.</span></p>
    3005. 

  3005. <table border="1">
    3006. 

  3006. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3007. 

  3007. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3008. 

  3008. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi HébSi rén. (He/she is from Hebei.)</span></p></li>
    3009. 

  3009. <li>
    3010. 

  3010. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi Shandong rén.</span></p></li>
    3011. 

  3011. <li>
    3012. 

  3012. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3013. 

  3013. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā shi Fūjiàn rén.</span></p>
    3014. 

  3014. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3015. 

  3015. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font9"> Tā shi Zhèjiāng rén.</span></p></li>
    3016. 

  3016. <li>
    3017. 

  3017. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Hūnǎn rén.</span></p></li>
    3018. 

  3018. <li>
    3019. 

  3019. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā shi Sichuan rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3020. 

  3020. <p><span class="font9">D. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    3021. 

  3021. <p><span class="font9">Add </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font9"> to the statements.</span></p>
    3022. 

  3022. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3023. 

  3023. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Héběi rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3024. 

  3024. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Hebei.)</span></p>
    3025. 

  3025. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3026. 

  3026. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi Zhèjiāng rén.</span></p></li>
    3027. 

  3027. <li>
    3028. 

  3028. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Fūjiàn rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3029. 

  3029. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā shi Hūnǎn rén.</span></p>
    3030. 

  3030. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3031. 

  3031. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p></li>
    3032. 

  3032. <li>
    3033. 

  3033. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Shandong rén.</span></p></li>
    3034. 

  3034. <li>
    3035. 

  3035. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā shi Henan rén.</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3036. 

  3036. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā bū shi Héběi rén.</span></p>
    3037. 

  3037. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Héběi.)</span></p>
    3038. 

  3038. <p><span class="font9">Tā bū shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p>
    3039. 

  3039. <p><span class="font9">Tā bū shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p>
    3040. 

  3040. <p><span class="font9">Tā bū shi Fūjiàn rén.</span></p>
    3041. 

  3041. <p><span class="font9">Tā bū shi Zhèjiāng rén.</span></p>
    3042. 

  3042. <p><span class="font9">Tā bū shi Hūnǎn rén.</span></p>
    3043. 

  3043. <p><span class="font9">Tā bū shi Sìchuān rén.</span></p>
    3044. 

  3044. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā yě shi Héběi rén.</span></p>
    3045. 

  3045. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Héběi too.)</span></p>
    3046. 

  3046. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě shi Zhèjiāng rén.</span></p>
    3047. 

  3047. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě shi Fūjiàn rén.</span></p>
    3048. 

  3048. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě shi Hūnǎn rén.</span></p>
    3049. 

  3049. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p>
    3050. 

  3050. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p>
    3051. 

  3051. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě shi Hénan rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    3052. 

  3052. </table>
    3053. 

  3053. <div>
    3054. 

  3054. <p><span class="font9">E. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    3055. 

  3055. <p><span class="font9">Add </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font9"> to the statements.</span></p>
    3056. 

  3056. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3057. 

  3057. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Zhao Xiānsheng bú shi' Taiwan rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3058. 

  3058. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Zhao isn’t from Taiwan.)</span></p>
    3059. 

  3059. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3060. 

  3060. <p><span class="font9">2. Li Xiānsheng bú shi Táiběi rén. (Mr. Li isn’t from Taiběi.)</span></p></li></ul>
    3061. 

  3061. </div><br clear="all">
    3062. 

  3062. <div>
    3063. 

  3063. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3064. 

  3064. <p><span class="font9">3. Wang Xiānsheng bú shi Táizhōng rér..</span></p></li></ul>
    3065. 

  3065. <p><span class="font9">(Mr Wáng isn’t from Taizhōng.)</span></p>
    3066. 

  3066. </div><br clear="all">
    3067. 

  3067. <div>
    3068. 

  3068. <p><span class="font9">U. Huang Xiānsheng bú shi Tainan rén.</span></p>
    3069. 

  3069. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Huáng isn’t from Tainan.)</span></p>
    3070. 

  3070. </div><br clear="all">
    3071. 

  3071. <div>
    3072. 

  3072. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3073. 

  3073. <p><span class="font9">5. Liú Xiānsheng bú shi Táidōng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3074. 

  3074. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng.)</span></p>
    3075. 

  3075. </div><br clear="all">
    3076. 

  3076. <div>
    3077. 

  3077. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3078. 

  3078. <p><span class="font9">6. Hú Xiānsheng bú shi Jīlōng rén. (Mr. Hu isn’t from Jīlong.)</span></p></li></ul>
    3079. 

  3079. </div><br clear="all">
    3080. 

  3080. <div>
    3081. 

  3081. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3082. 

  3082. <p><span class="font9">7. Chén Xiānsheng bú shi Gǎoxiong rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3083. 

  3083. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Chén isn’t from Gǎoxiong.)</span></p>
    3084. 

  3084. </div><br clear="all">
    3085. 

  3085. <div>
    3086. 

  3086. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Zhao Xiānsheng yě bú shi Taiwan rén.</span></p>
    3087. 

  3087. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Zhao isn’t from Taiwan either.)</span></p>
    3088. 

  3088. <p><span class="font9">Li Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táiběi rén.</span></p>
    3089. 

  3089. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Lī isn’t from Taiběi either.)</span></p>
    3090. 

  3090. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táizhōng rén.</span></p>
    3091. 

  3091. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Wáng isn’t from Táizhōng either.)</span></p>
    3092. 

  3092. <p><span class="font9">Huáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táinán rén.</span></p>
    3093. 

  3093. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Huang isn’t from Tainan either.)</span></p>
    3094. 

  3094. <p><span class="font9">Liú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táidōng rén.</span></p>
    3095. 

  3095. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng either.)</span></p>
    3096. 

  3096. <p><span class="font9">Hú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Jīlong rén. (Mr. HÚ isn’t from Jīlong either.)</span></p>
    3097. 

  3097. <p><span class="font9">Chén Xiānsheng yě bú shi Gǎoxiong rén.</span></p>
    3098. 

  3098. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Chén isn’t from Gǎoxiong either.)</span></p>
    3099. 

  3099. </div><br clear="all">
    3100. 

  3100. <p><span class="font9">F. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    3101. 

  3101. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3102. 

  3102. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Mǎ Tongzhì shi Běijīng rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    3103. 

  3103. <p><span class="font9">(Is Comrade Ma from Běijīng?)</span></p>
    3104. 

  3104. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    3105. 

  3105. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    3106. 

  3106. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā bú shi Běijīng rén.</span></p>
    3107. 

  3107. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Běijīng.)</span></p>
    3108. 

  3108. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren yě bú shi Běijīng rén.</span></p>
    3109. 

  3109. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Běijīng either.)</span></p>
    3110. 

  3110. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3111. 

  3111. <p><span class="font9">2. Zhāng Tóngzhì shi Shanghai rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    3112. 

  3112. <p><span class="font9">(Is Comrade Zhāng from Shanghai?)</span></p>
    3113. 

  3113. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    3114. 

  3114. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    3115. 

  3115. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3116. 

  3116. <p><span class="font9">3. Jiāng Tóngzhì shi Nánjīng rén ma? (Is Comrade Jiāng from Nanjing?)</span></p></li></ul>
    3117. 

  3117. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    3118. 

  3118. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    3119. 

  3119. <p><span class="font9">U. Chen Tóngzhì shi Guāngzhōu rén ma?</span></p>
    3120. 

  3120. <p><span class="font9">(Is Comrade Chén from Guāngzhōu?)</span></p>
    3121. 

  3121. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    3122. 

  3122. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    3123. 

  3123. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3124. 

  3124. <p><span class="font9">5. Sun Tongzhì bú shi Chéngdū rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    3125. 

  3125. <p><span class="font9">(Is Comrade Sūn from Chéngdū?)</span></p>
    3126. 

  3126. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    3127. 

  3127. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    3128. 

  3128. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3129. 

  3129. <p><span class="font9">6. Máo Tóngzhì shi Qingdao rén ma? (Is Comrade Máo from Qīngdāo?)</span></p></li></ul>
    3130. 

  3130. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    3131. 

  3131. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    3132. 

  3132. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3133. 

  3133. <p><span class="font9">7. Yang Tóngzhì shi Běijīng rén ma? (Is Comrade Yáng from Beijing?)</span></p></li></ul>
    3134. 

  3134. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    3135. 

  3135. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    3136. 

  3136. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Shanghai rén.</span></p>
    3137. 

  3137. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Shànghāi.)</span></p>
    3138. 

  3138. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren yě bú shi Shànghāi rén. (He/she isn’t from Shànghāi either.)</span></p>
    3139. 

  3139. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Nánjīng rén.</span></p>
    3140. 

  3140. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Nánjīng.)</span></p>
    3141. 

  3141. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren yě bú shi Nánjīng rén.</span></p>
    3142. 

  3142. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Nánjīng either.)</span></p>
    3143. 

  3143. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Guāngzhōu rén.</span></p>
    3144. 

  3144. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Guāngzhōu.)</span></p>
    3145. 

  3145. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě bú shi Guāngzhōu rén.</span></p>
    3146. 

  3146. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Guāngzhōu either.)</span></p>
    3147. 

  3147. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Chéngdū rén.</span></p>
    3148. 

  3148. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn't from Chéngdū.)</span></p>
    3149. 

  3149. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren yě bú shi Chéngdū rén. (He/she isn’t from Chéngdū either.)</span></p>
    3150. 

  3150. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Qīngdāo rén.</span></p>
    3151. 

  3151. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn't from Qīngdāo.)</span></p>
    3152. 

  3152. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren yě bú shi Qingdao rén.</span></p>
    3153. 

  3153. <p><span class="font9">(His/her spouse isn’t from</span></p>
    3154. 

  3154. <p><span class="font9">Qingdāo either.)</span></p>
    3155. 

  3155. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Beijing rén.</span></p>
    3156. 

  3156. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn't from Beijing.)</span></p>
    3157. 

  3157. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren yě bú shi Beijing rén.</span></p>
    3158. 

  3158. <p><span class="font9">(His/her spouse isn't from</span></p>
    3159. 

  3159. <p><span class="font9">Beijing either.)</span></p>
    3160. 

  3160. <p><span class="font9">G. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    3161. 

  3161. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Qīngwèn, Qīngdāo zài nār? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Shāndōng</span></p>
    3162. 

  3162. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Qīngdāo?)</span></p>
    3163. 

  3163. <div>
    3164. 

  3164. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Qīngdāo zài Shandong.</span></p>
    3165. 

  3165. <p><span class="font9">(Qīngdāo is in Shāndōng.)</span></p>
    3166. 

  3166. </div><br clear="all">
    3167. 

  3167. <div>
    3168. 

  3168. <p><span class="font9">2. Qīngwèn, Nánjīng zài nǎr?</span></p>
    3169. 

  3169. <p><span class="font9">Jiāngsū</span></p>
    3170. 

  3170. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Nánjīng?)</span></p>
    3171. 

  3171. <p><span class="font9">3. Qīngwèn, Guangzhou zài nǎr? Guangdong</span></p>
    3172. 

  3172. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Guǎngzhōu?)</span></p>
    3173. 

  3173. <p><span class="font9">U. Qīngwèn, Shanghai zài nǎr?</span></p>
    3174. 

  3174. <p><span class="font9">Jiāngsū</span></p>
    3175. 

  3175. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Shànghǎi?)</span></p>
    3176. 

  3176. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3177. 

  3177. <p><span class="font9">5. Qīngwèn, Bǎijīng zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    3178. 

  3178. <p><span class="font9">Hebei</span></p>
    3179. 

  3179. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Bǎijīng?)</span></p>
    3180. 

  3180. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3181. 

  3181. <p><span class="font9">6. Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    3182. 

  3182. <p><span class="font9">Shandong</span></p>
    3183. 

  3183. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo?)</span></p>
    3184. 

  3184. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3185. 

  3185. <p><span class="font9">7. Qīngwèn, Shànghǎi zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    3186. 

  3186. <p><span class="font9">Jiāngsū</span></p>
    3187. 

  3187. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Shanghai?)</span></p>
    3188. 

  3188. </div><br clear="all">
    3189. 

  3189. <div>
    3190. 

  3190. <p><span class="font9">Nánjīng zài Jiāngsū.</span></p>
    3191. 

  3191. <p><span class="font9">(Nánjīng is in Jiāngsū.)</span></p>
    3192. 

  3192. </div><br clear="all">
    3193. 

  3193. <div>
    3194. 

  3194. <p><span class="font9">Guǎngzhōu zài Guǎngdōng.) (Guǎngzhōu is in Guǎngdōng.)</span></p>
    3195. 

  3195. <p><span class="font9">Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.</span></p>
    3196. 

  3196. <p><span class="font9">(Shànghǎi is in Jiāngsū.)<a name="footnote4"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark143">4</a></sup></span></p>
    3197. 

  3197. </div><br clear="all">
    3198. 

  3198. <div>
    3199. 

  3199. <p><span class="font9">Bǎijīng zài Hébǎi.</span></p>
    3200. 

  3200. <p><span class="font9">(BSijīng is in HébSi.)</span></p>
    3201. 

  3201. </div><br clear="all">
    3202. 

  3202. <div>
    3203. 

  3203. <p><span class="font9">Qīngdǎo zài Shandong.</span></p>
    3204. 

  3204. <p><span class="font9">(Qīngdǎo is in Shandong.)</span></p>
    3205. 

  3205. </div><br clear="all">
    3206. 

  3206. <div>
    3207. 

  3207. <p><span class="font9">Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.</span></p>
    3208. 

  3208. <p><span class="font9">(Shànghǎi is in Jiāngsū.)</span></p>
    3209. 

  3209. </div><br clear="all">
    3210. 

  3210. <table border="1">
    3211. 

  3211. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3212. 

  3212. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3213. 

  3213. <p><span class="font9">5. Li Tóngzhì shi Sìchuān rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3214. 

  3214. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Li is from Sìchuān.)</span></p>
    3215. 

  3215. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3216. 

  3216. <p><span class="font9">6. Zhōu Tongzhì shi Zhejiang rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3217. 

  3217. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Zhōu is from Zhejiang.)</span></p>
    3218. 

  3218. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3219. 

  3219. <p><span class="font9">7. Mao Tongzhì shi Hunan rén. (Comrade Mao is from Hunan.)</span></p></li></ul>
    3220. 

  3220. <p><span class="font9">I. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    3221. 

  3221. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3222. 

  3222. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā àiren zài nār? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Měiguo</span></p></li></ul>
    3223. 

  3223. <p><span class="font9">(Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    3224. 

  3224. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3225. 

  3225. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā àiren zài nār? Jiānádà (Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p></li>
    3226. 

  3226. <li>
    3227. 

  3227. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā àiren zài nār? YIngguó (Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p></li></ul>
    3228. 

  3228. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3229. 

  3229. <p><span class="font9">h. Tā àiren zài nār? Déguo</span></p></li></ul>
    3230. 

  3230. <p><span class="font9">(Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    3231. 

  3231. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3232. 

  3232. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā àiren zài nār? Měiguó (Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p></li>
    3233. 

  3233. <li>
    3234. 

  3234. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā àiren zài nār? Fàguō (Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p></li>
    3235. 

  3235. <li>
    3236. 

  3236. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā àiren zài nār? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Eguó</span></p></li></ul>
    3237. 

  3237. <p><span class="font9">(Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3238. 

  3238. <p><span class="font9">Li Tóngzhìde lāojiā zài Sìchuān.</span></p>
    3239. 

  3239. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Li’s family is from Sìchuān.)</span></p>
    3240. 

  3240. <p><span class="font9">Zhōu Tóngzhìde lāojiā zài Zhèjiāng.</span></p>
    3241. 

  3241. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Zhou's family is from Zhèjiāng.)</span></p>
    3242. 

  3242. <p><span class="font9">Mao Tóngzhìde lāojiā zài Húnán.</span></p>
    3243. 

  3243. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Mao's family is from Hunan.)</span></p>
    3244. 

  3244. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā àiren xiànzài zài Měiguo. (His/her spouse is in</span></p>
    3245. 

  3245. <p><span class="font9">America now.)</span></p>
    3246. 

  3246. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà. (His/her spouse is in Canada now.</span></p>
    3247. 

  3247. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Yīngguó.</span></p>
    3248. 

  3248. <p><span class="font9">(His/her spouse is in England now.)</span></p>
    3249. 

  3249. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Déguo. (His/her spouse is in Germany now.)</span></p>
    3250. 

  3250. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Faguó.</span></p>
    3251. 

  3251. <p><span class="font9">(His/her spouse is in America now.)</span></p>
    3252. 

  3252. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Fàguó. (His/her spouse is in France now.</span></p>
    3253. 

  3253. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Èguó. (His/her spouse is in Russia now.</span></p></td></tr>
    3254. 

  3254. </table>
    3255. 

  3255. <h3><a name="bookmark32"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark144"></a>CRITERION TEST SAMPLE</span></h3>
    3256. 

  3256. <p><span class="font9">The purpose of the Criterion Test at the end of each module is to show you not only how much of the material you have learned, hut also what points you need to work on before beginning to study smother module.</span></p>
    3257. 

  3257. <p><span class="font9">Since the primary goal of ORN is to introduce the sound system of Standard Chinese, this test focuses on your ability to discriminate and produce tones, vowels, and consonants. Additionally, there are sections which test your ability to comprehend and produce numbers from 1 through 99 and the material in the ORN Target Lists. Your knowledge of personal names and titles and the romanization system is also tested. Read the Objectives at the beginning of the module for a description of exactly what the test covers. Note: Although the entire sound system is introduced in the Pronunciation and Romanization Module, you will be tested here only on those sounds which occur in the Target Sentences. Other sounds will be included in Criterion Tests for later modules.</span></p>
    3258. 

  3258. <p><span class="font9">Following is a sample of the Criterion Test for this module. Each section of the test, with directions and a sample question, is represented here so that you may know exactly what is expected of you after studying the ORN Module.</span></p>
    3259. 

  3259. <p><span class="font9">Minimum scores are suggested for each section of the test. Achieving thesescores means that you are adequately prepared for the next module. If you fall below the minimum criterion on any section, you should review relevant study materials.</span></p>
    3260. 

  3260. <p><span class="font9">You will use a tape to complete Part I of the test. Part II is written, and you will complete Part III with your instructor. Part IV of the test (Diagnostics) indicates the passing score for each section and review materials for each section.</span></p>
    3261. 

  3261. <div>
    3262. 

  3262. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3263. 

  3263. <p><span class="font9">H.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li>
    3264. 

  3264. <li>
    3265. 

  3265. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Lin Tóngzhì shi Hūbǎi rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3266. 

  3266. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade LÍn is from Hubei. )</span></p>
    3267. 

  3267. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3268. 

  3268. <p><span class="font9">2. Wáng Tóngzhì shi Shānxī rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3269. 

  3269. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Wang is from Shānxī.)</span></p>
    3270. 

  3270. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3271. 

  3271. <p><span class="font9">3. Huang Tóngzhì shi Shānxī rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3272. 

  3272. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Huang is from Shanxī.)</span></p>
    3273. 

  3273. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3274. 

  3274. <p><span class="font9">U. Gāo Tóngzhì shi Fūjiàn rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    3275. 

  3275. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Gāo is from Fūjiàn.)</span></p>
    3276. 

  3276. </div><br clear="all">
    3277. 

  3277. <div>
    3278. 

  3278. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: LÍn Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Hūbǎi.</span></p>
    3279. 

  3279. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Lin's family is from Hubei.)</span></p>
    3280. 

  3280. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī.</span></p>
    3281. 

  3281. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Wang’s family is from Shānxī.)</span></p>
    3282. 

  3282. <p><span class="font9">Huang Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī (Comrade Huang’s family is from Shānxī.)</span></p>
    3283. 

  3283. <p><span class="font9">Gāo Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Fūjiàn.</span></p>
    3284. 

  3284. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Gao’s family is from Fūjiàn.)</span></p>
    3285. 

  3285. </div><br clear="all">
    3286. 

  3286. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Part I</span></p>
    3287. 

  3287. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3288. 

  3288. <p><span class="font9">1. This section tests your ability to distinguish the four tones. In your test booklet you will see two syllables after each letter. The speaker will pronounce both syllables, and then say one of them again. You are to decide which syllable was repeated, and circle the appropriate one to indicate your choice. The syllables may occur in any of the four tones, regardless of which tone was used previously in the module. The same syllable may occur more than once in this section.</span></p></li></ul>
    3289. 

  3289. <p><span class="font9">For example, the speaker might say. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēi</span><span class="font9">...</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fSi</span><span class="font9"> and then repeat </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēi</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    3290. 

  3290. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3291. 

  3291. <p><span class="font9">2. This section tests your ability to recognize the four tones in isolated syllables. The speaker will pronounce a syllable twice; you add to the written syllable the tone that you hear. Again, the syllables may occur in any of the four tones, regardless of which tone was used previously in the module.</span></p></li></ul>
    3292. 

  3292. <p><span class="font9">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fěi</span><span class="font9">...</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fSi</span></p>
    3293. 

  3293. <p><span class="font9">a.</span></p>
    3294. 

  3294. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3295. 

  3295. <p><span class="font9">3. This section tests your ability to recognize the four tones in two-syllable combinations. The speaker pronounces each two-syllable item twice and then pauses a moment for you to mark tones on the written syllables. For the first ten items, one of the two tones is already marked. For the last ten items, you must fill in both tones.</span></p></li></ul>
    3296. 

  3296. <p><span class="font9">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">chábei</span><span class="font9">...</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">chábei</span></p>
    3297. 

  3297. <p><span class="font9">chabei</span></p>
    3298. 

  3298. <p><span class="font9">U. In this section, you are tested on syllables which differ minimally in sound. The speaker will pronounce each syllable in an item once; then he will pronounce one of the syllables again. Decide which of the syllables was repeated, and indicate your choice by circling that written syllable in your test booklet. The syllables in this test do not necessarily correspond in every way to syllables in the Target Lists. They may vary in tone, for example.</span></p>
    3299. 

  3299. <p><span class="font9">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fan</span><span class="font9">...</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fang</span><span class="font9"> and then repeat </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fang</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    3300. 

  3300. <div>
    3301. 

  3301. <p><span class="font9">a. fan</span></p>
    3302. 

  3302. </div><br clear="all">
    3303. 

  3303. <div>
    3304. 

  3304. <p><span class="font9">fang</span></p>
    3305. 

  3305. </div><br clear="all">
    3306. 

  3306. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3307. 

  3307. <p><span class="font9">5. In this section, you complete the romanization for the syllables that you hear. As the speaker says a syllable, write the appropriate vowel or consonant letter(s) in the blank. This tests your ability to recognize the sounds of a syllable and to use the romanization system correctly. The speaker will say each syllable twice.</span></p></li></ul>
    3308. 

  3308. <p><span class="font9">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">pang</span><span class="font9">...</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">pang</span><span class="font9">; then you would write</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-13.png" alt="" style="width:65pt;height:22pt;">
    3309. 

  3309. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3310. 

  3310. <p><span class="font9">6. This section tests your ability to understand the numbers 1 through 99 in Chinese. For each item, the speaker will say a number, and you write down the numerals for that number.</span></p></li></ul>
    3311. 

  3311. <p><span class="font9">For example, you might hear: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shí-sān</span></p>
    3312. 

  3312. <p><span class="font9">a- ____</span></p>
    3313. 

  3313. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3314. 

  3314. <p><span class="font9">7. This section tests your ability to understand questions and answers about where someone is from and where he is now. Listen to a conversation between Mr. Johnson and Comrade Zhao, who have Just met. You will hear the conversation three times. The third time you hear it, a pause will follow each line. You may use these pauses to fill in the boxes in your booklet with appropriate information. (You do not have to wait for the second repetition of the conversation to. fill in the answers, of course.)</span></p></li></ul>
    3315. 

  3315. <p><span class="font9">For example: CYou will hear a conversation similar to conversations you heard on the C-2 tapes in this module.!</span></p>
    3316. 

  3316. <table border="1">
    3317. 

  3317. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3318. 

  3318. <p><span class="font9">Home State or Province</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3319. 

  3319. <p><span class="font9">Present Location</span></p></td></tr>
    3320. 

  3320. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3321. 

  3321. <p><span class="font9">Comrade Zhào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    3322. 

  3322. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3323. 

  3323. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Johnson (Yuēhànsūn)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    3324. 

  3324. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3325. 

  3325. <p><span class="font9">Comrade Zhao’s husband</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    3326. 

  3326. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3327. 

  3327. <p><span class="font9">Mrs. Johnson</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    3328. 

  3328. </table>
    3329. 

  3329. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3330. 

  3330. <p><span class="font9">8. This section tests your ability to comprehend Chinese utterances by asking you for the English equivalents. For each item, the speaker will say a sentence from the Target List twice. You indicate your understanding of the sentence by circling the letter of the English sentence which most closely matches the meaning of the Chinese sentence.</span></p></li></ul>
    3331. 

  3331. <p><span class="font9">For example, you might hear: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nī shi shéi</span><span class="font9">?...</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nī shi shéi</span><span class="font9">?</span></p>
    3332. 

  3332. <p><span class="font9">1. a. Who is she?</span></p>
    3333. 

  3333. <p><span class="font9">b. Who is he?</span></p>
    3334. 

  3334. <p><span class="font9">*cN Who are you?</span></p>
    3335. 

  3335. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Part II</span></p>
    3336. 

  3336. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3337. 

  3337. <p><span class="font9">9. This section tests your general understanding of the Chinese system of personal names and titles. Read the family histories in your test booklet, and answer the questions.</span></p></li></ul>
    3338. 

  3338. <p><span class="font9">For example,</span></p>
    3339. 

  3339. <p><span class="font9">Yang TÍngfèng is the Chinese name used by an American, Timothy Young, now that he is living in Taipei. His Chinese surname is:</span></p>
    3340. 

  3340. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">(a}</span><span class="font9"> Yang b. Tíngfēng c. Yang Tíngfēng</span></p>
    3341. 

  3341. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Part III</span></p>
    3342. 

  3342. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3343. 

  3343. <p><span class="font9">10. This section tests your ability to pronounce the four tones. Simple sound combinations have been chosen so that special attention may be given to tone production. For each item, choose one syllable and read it aloud. As you do so, put a circle around the one you choose. The instructor will note the syllable he hears. Be sure to choose a fair sampling of all four tones, and select them in random order.</span></p></li></ul>
    3344. 

  3344. <p><span class="font9">For example, you might say: ma</span></p>
    3345. 

  3345. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3346. 

  3346. <p><span class="font9">11. This section tests your ability to pronounce Chinese sounds from the Target Lists, as well as your ability to read romanization. For each item, choose one syllable and read it aloud. As you do so, put a circle around the one you choose. The instructor will note the syllable he hears. Be sure to choose syllables from each column as you go through this section of the test.</span></p></li></ul>
    3347. 

  3347. <p><span class="font9">For example, you might say: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nín</span></p>
    3348. 

  3348. <p><span class="font9">a. (nín</span></p>
    3349. 

  3349. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    3350. 

  3350. <p><span class="font9">12. This section tests your ability to locate and name main cities and provinces in China. Using the map in your booklet, point out to your instructor five cities and five provinces and name them. Pronunciation is of secondary importance here.</span></p></li>
    3351. 

  3351. <li>
    3352. 

  3352. <p><span class="font9">13- This section tests your ability to produce sentences in Chinese. Your instructor will say an English sentence from the Target Lists, and you translate it into Chinese. Your Chinese sentence must be correct both in grammar and in content.</span></p></li></ul>
    3353. 

  3353. <p><span class="font9">1U. This section tests your ability to make conversational use of the material covered in this module. Although limited in scope, this conversation between you and your instructor represents a situation which you are likely to encounter in the real world. As in any conversation, you are free to ask for a repetition or rephrasing of a sentence, or you may volunteer information on the subject. It is not so much the correctness of your pronunciation and grammar that is being tested as it is your ability to communicate effectively.</span></p>
    3354. 

  3354. <div>
    3355. 

  3355. <p><span class="font10">CD o</span></p>
    3356. 

  3356. </div><br clear="all">
    3357. 

  3357. <div style="border:solid;"><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-14.png" alt="" style="width:536pt;height:421pt;">
    3358. 

  3358. </div><br clear="all">
    3359. 

  3359. <div>
    3360. 

  3360. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX I: MAP OF CHINA</span></p>
    3361. 

  3361. </div><br clear="all"><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-15.png" alt="" style="width:430pt;height:551pt;">
    3362. 

  3362. <h3><a name="bookmark35"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark145"></a>APPENDIX III: COUNTRIES AND REGIONS</span></h3>
    3363. 

  3363. <table border="1">
    3364. 

  3364. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3365. 

  3365. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Afghanistan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3366. 

  3366. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āfùhàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3367. 

  3367. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Germany, West</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3368. 

  3368. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xldé</span></p></td></tr>
    3369. 

  3369. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3370. 

  3370. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Albania</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3371. 

  3371. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āěrbāníyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3372. 

  3372. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ghana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3373. 

  3373. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiānà</span></p></td></tr>
    3374. 

  3374. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3375. 

  3375. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Algeria</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3376. 

  3376. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āǎrjílìyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3377. 

  3377. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gibraltar</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3378. 

  3378. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhíbùluótuó</span></p></td></tr>
    3379. 

  3379. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3380. 

  3380. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Andorra</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3381. 

  3381. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Andàoěr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3382. 

  3382. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Great Britain</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3383. 

  3383. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dà Búlièdiān</span></p></td></tr>
    3384. 

  3384. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3385. 

  3385. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Angola</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3386. 

  3386. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ān'gēlā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3387. 

  3387. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Greece</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3388. 

  3388. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xílà</span></p></td></tr>
    3389. 

  3389. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3390. 

  3390. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Argentina</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3391. 

  3391. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Agenting</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3392. 

  3392. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Greenland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3393. 

  3393. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gélínglán</span></p></td></tr>
    3394. 

  3394. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3395. 

  3395. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Australia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3396. 

  3396. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Aodàlìyà^</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3397. 

  3397. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Grenada</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3398. 

  3398. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gélínnàdá</span></p></td></tr>
    3399. 

  3399. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3400. 

  3400. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Austria</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3401. 

  3401. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Aodìlì (Aoguó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3402. 

  3402. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guam</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3403. 

  3403. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guándǎo</span></p></td></tr>
    3404. 

  3404. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3405. 

  3405. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bahama Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3406. 

  3406. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BāhāmS Qúndǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3407. 

  3407. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guatemala</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3408. 

  3408. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guādìmǎlā</span></p></td></tr>
    3409. 

  3409. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3410. 

  3410. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bahrain</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3411. 

  3411. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bālín(guá)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3412. 

  3412. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guinea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3413. 

  3413. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jīnèiyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3414. 

  3414. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3415. 

  3415. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bangladesh</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3416. 

  3416. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mèngjiālā(guó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3417. 

  3417. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guinea-Bissau</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3418. 

  3418. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jīnèiyà Bīshào</span></p></td></tr>
    3419. 

  3419. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3420. 

  3420. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Barbados</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3421. 

  3421. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bābāduōsl</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3422. 

  3422. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guyana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3423. 

  3423. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guīyànà</span></p></td></tr>
    3424. 

  3424. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3425. 

  3425. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Belgium</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3426. 

  3426. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bílìshí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3427. 

  3427. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Haiti</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3428. 

  3428. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hǎidì</span></p></td></tr>
    3429. 

  3429. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3430. 

  3430. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Belize</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3431. 

  3431. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bólìzl</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3432. 

  3432. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Honduras</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3433. 

  3433. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hóngdūlǎsī</span></p></td></tr>
    3434. 

  3434. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3435. 

  3435. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Benin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3436. 

  3436. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bèiníng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3437. 

  3437. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hungary.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3438. 

  3438. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xiōngyálì</span></p></td></tr>
    3439. 

  3439. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3440. 

  3440. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bermuda</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3441. 

  3441. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bǎimùdá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3442. 

  3442. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Iceland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3443. 

  3443. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bíngdǎo</span></p></td></tr>
    3444. 

  3444. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3445. 

  3445. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bhutan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3446. 

  3446. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bùdān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3447. 

  3447. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">India</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3448. 

  3448. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yìndù</span></p></td></tr>
    3449. 

  3449. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3450. 

  3450. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bolivia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3451. 

  3451. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bōllwéiyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3452. 

  3452. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Indonesia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3453. 

  3453. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīnní (Yìndùníxīyà)</span></p></td></tr>
    3454. 

  3454. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3455. 

  3455. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Botswana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3456. 

  3456. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bocíwǎnà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3457. 

  3457. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Iran</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3458. 

  3458. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīlǎng</span></p></td></tr>
    3459. 

  3459. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3460. 

  3460. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Brazil</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3461. 

  3461. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bāxí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3462. 

  3462. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Iraq</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3463. 

  3463. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīlākè</span></p></td></tr>
    3464. 

  3464. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3465. 

  3465. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Britain</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3466. 

  3466. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīnggué</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3467. 

  3467. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ireland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3468. 

  3468. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Àiérlǎn</span></p></td></tr>
    3469. 

  3469. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3470. 

  3470. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bulgaria</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3471. 

  3471. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bǎojiālìyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3472. 

  3472. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Israel</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3473. 

  3473. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīsèliè</span></p></td></tr>
    3474. 

  3474. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3475. 

  3475. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Burma</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3476. 

  3476. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Miǎndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3477. 

  3477. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Italy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3478. 

  3478. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīdàlì</span></p></td></tr>
    3479. 

  3479. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3480. 

  3480. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Burundi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3481. 

  3481. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bùlóngdí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3482. 

  3482. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ivory Coast</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3483. 

  3483. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xiàngyá Hǎiàn</span></p></td></tr>
    3484. 

  3484. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3485. 

  3485. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Cabinda</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3486. 

  3486. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kǎbēndǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3487. 

  3487. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jamaica</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3488. 

  3488. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yámǎijiā</span></p></td></tr>
    3489. 

  3489. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3490. 

  3490. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Cameroun</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3491. 

  3491. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kāmǎiláng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3492. 

  3492. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Japan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3493. 

  3493. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Rfbǎn</span></p></td></tr>
    3494. 

  3494. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3495. 

  3495. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Canada</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3496. 

  3496. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiānádà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3497. 

  3497. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Java</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3498. 

  3498. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhǎowā</span></p></td></tr>
    3499. 

  3499. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3500. 

  3500. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Cape Verde Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3501. 

  3501. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fódé Jiao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3502. 

  3502. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jordan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3503. 

  3503. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yuēdàn</span></p></td></tr>
    3504. 

  3504. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3505. 

  3505. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Africa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3506. 

  3506. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhōngfēi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3507. 

  3507. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kampuchea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3508. 

  3508. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiǎnbǔzhài</span></p></td></tr>
    3509. 

  3509. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3510. 

  3510. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chad</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3511. 

  3511. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhàdé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3512. 

  3512. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kenya</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3513. 

  3513. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kǎnníyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3514. 

  3514. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3515. 

  3515. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chile</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3516. 

  3516. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhìlì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3517. 

  3517. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Korea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3518. 

  3518. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chaoxian (Béijīng),</span></p></td></tr>
    3519. 

  3519. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3520. 

  3520. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">China</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3521. 

  3521. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhōngguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3522. 

  3522. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hánguó (Taiwan)</span></p></td></tr>
    3523. 

  3523. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3524. 

  3524. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Colombia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3525. 

  3525. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gělúnbíyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3526. 

  3526. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kuwait</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3527. 

  3527. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kēwēitè</span></p></td></tr>
    3528. 

  3528. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3529. 

  3529. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Comoro Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3530. 

  3530. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kēmóluó Qúndǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3531. 

  3531. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Laos</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3532. 

  3532. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lǎowō (Bǎijīng),</span></p></td></tr>
    3533. 

  3533. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3534. 

  3534. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Congo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3535. 

  3535. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gāngguǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3536. 

  3536. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Liáoguo (Taiwan)</span></p></td></tr>
    3537. 

  3537. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3538. 

  3538. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Costa Rica</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3539. 

  3539. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gēsīdálíjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3540. 

  3540. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Latvia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3541. 

  3541. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lātuōwéiyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3542. 

  3542. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3543. 

  3543. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Cuba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3544. 

  3544. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gǔbā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3545. 

  3545. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lebanon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3546. 

  3546. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Líbánèn</span></p></td></tr>
    3547. 

  3547. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3548. 

  3548. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Cyprus</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3549. 

  3549. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sàipǔlùsí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3550. 

  3550. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lesotho</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3551. 

  3551. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Láisuǒtuō</span></p></td></tr>
    3552. 

  3552. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3553. 

  3553. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Czechoslovakia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3554. 

  3554. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiékè (Jiékèsīluáfíkè)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3555. 

  3555. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Liberia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3556. 

  3556. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lìbīliyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3557. 

  3557. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3558. 

  3558. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Democratic Yemen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3559. 

  3559. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mínzhǔ Yemen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3560. 

  3560. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Libya</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3561. 

  3561. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lìbiyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3562. 

  3562. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3563. 

  3563. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Denmark</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3564. 

  3564. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dānmài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3565. 

  3565. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Liechtenstein</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3566. 

  3566. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lièzhīdūnshìdēng</span></p></td></tr>
    3567. 

  3567. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3568. 

  3568. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Djibouti</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3569. 

  3569. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jibuti</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3570. 

  3570. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lithuania</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3571. 

  3571. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lìtáowǎn</span></p></td></tr>
    3572. 

  3572. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3573. 

  3573. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dominican Republic</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3574. 

  3574. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Duōmíníjiā (Gòngheguú)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3575. 

  3575. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Luxemburg</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3576. 

  3576. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lúsēnbǎo</span></p></td></tr>
    3577. 

  3577. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3578. 

  3578. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">East Timor</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3579. 

  3579. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dong Dtwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3580. 

  3580. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Madagascar</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3581. 

  3581. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MǎdájiǎsTjiā,</span></p></td></tr>
    3582. 

  3582. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3583. 

  3583. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ecuador</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3584. 

  3584. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Eguāduōěr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3585. 

  3585. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mǎěrjiāshí</span></p></td></tr>
    3586. 

  3586. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3587. 

  3587. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Egypt</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3588. 

  3588. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āijí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3589. 

  3589. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Malawi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3590. 

  3590. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mǎlāwéi</span></p></td></tr>
    3591. 

  3591. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3592. 

  3592. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">El Salvador</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3593. 

  3593. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sàǎrwǎduō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3594. 

  3594. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Malays}a</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3595. 

  3595. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mǎláixiyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3596. 

  3596. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3597. 

  3597. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">England</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3598. 

  3598. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīngguá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3599. 

  3599. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Maldi’^e Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3600. 

  3600. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MǎSrdàirū</span></p></td></tr>
    3601. 

  3601. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3602. 

  3602. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Equatorial Guinea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3603. 

  3603. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chìdào Jīnèiyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3604. 

  3604. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mali</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3605. 

  3605. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mali</span></p></td></tr>
    3606. 

  3606. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3607. 

  3607. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Estonia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3608. 

  3608. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Aishāníyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3609. 

  3609. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Malta</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3610. 

  3610. <p><span class="font8">Mǎěrtā</span></p></td></tr>
    3611. 

  3611. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3612. 

  3612. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ethiopia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3613. 

  3613. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āisàiébīyà (Beijing),</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3614. 

  3614. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mauritania</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3615. 

  3615. <p><span class="font8">Máolitǎníyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3616. 

  3616. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3617. 

  3617. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīsuǒbíyà (Taiwan)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3618. 

  3618. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mauritius</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3619. 

  3619. <p><span class="font8">Máolīqiúsi</span></p></td></tr>
    3620. 

  3620. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3621. 

  3621. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fiji</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3622. 

  3622. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fěijì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3623. 

  3623. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mexico</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3624. 

  3624. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mòxlgē</span></p></td></tr>
    3625. 

  3625. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3626. 

  3626. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Finland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3627. 

  3627. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fēnlán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3628. 

  3628. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Monaco</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3629. 

  3629. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mónàgē</span></p></td></tr>
    3630. 

  3630. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3631. 

  3631. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">France</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3632. 

  3632. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fǎguo, Fàguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3633. 

  3633. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mongolia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3634. 

  3634. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Měnggǔ</span></p></td></tr>
    3635. 

  3635. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3636. 

  3636. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">French Polynesia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3637. 

  3637. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fǎshǔ Bōlìníxīyè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3638. 

  3638. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Morocco</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3639. 

  3639. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Móluògē</span></p></td></tr>
    3640. 

  3640. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3641. 

  3641. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gabon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3642. 

  3642. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiāpéng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3643. 

  3643. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mozambique</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3644. 

  3644. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mòsāngblkè</span></p></td></tr>
    3645. 

  3645. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3646. 

  3646. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gambia, The</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3647. 

  3647. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gāngbiyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3648. 

  3648. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Namibia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3649. 

  3649. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nàmíbíyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3650. 

  3650. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3651. 

  3651. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Germany</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3652. 

  3652. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Déguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3653. 

  3653. <p><span class="font8">Nauru</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3654. 

  3654. <p><span class="font8">Nǎolǔ</span></p></td></tr>
    3655. 

  3655. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3656. 

  3656. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Germany, East</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3657. 

  3657. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dōngdé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3658. 

  3658. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nepal</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3659. 

  3659. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Níbóěr</span></p></td></tr>
    3660. 

  3660. </table>
    3661. 

  3661. <table border="1">
    3662. 

  3662. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3663. 

  3663. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Netherlands</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3664. 

  3664. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hélán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3665. 

  3665. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">United States</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3666. 

  3666. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Méiguó</span></p></td></tr>
    3667. 

  3667. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3668. 

  3668. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Netherlands Antilles</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3669. 

  3669. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āndīlièsī Qúnd&amp;o</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3670. 

  3670. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Upper Volta</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3671. 

  3671. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Shāng Wdārtā</span></p></td></tr>
    3672. 

  3672. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3673. 

  3673. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">New Zealand</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3674. 

  3674. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xīn Xīlán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3675. 

  3675. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Uruguay</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3676. 

  3676. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wūlāguī</span></p></td></tr>
    3677. 

  3677. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3678. 

  3678. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nicaragua</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3679. 

  3679. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Níjiālāguā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3680. 

  3680. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Venezuela</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3681. 

  3681. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wéinèiruìlā</span></p></td></tr>
    3682. 

  3682. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3683. 

  3683. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Niger</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3684. 

  3684. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nírìér</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3685. 

  3685. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Vietnam</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3686. 

  3686. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yuènén</span></p></td></tr>
    3687. 

  3687. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3688. 

  3688. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nigeria</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3689. 

  3689. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nírilìyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3690. 

  3690. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Virgin Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3691. 

  3691. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Weiérjīng QúndSo</span></p></td></tr>
    3692. 

  3692. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3693. 

  3693. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Norway</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3694. 

  3694. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nuówēi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3695. 

  3695. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wales</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3696. 

  3696. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wēiěrsī</span></p></td></tr>
    3697. 

  3697. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3698. 

  3698. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Okinawa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3699. 

  3699. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chōngshéng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3700. 

  3700. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Western Sahara</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3701. 

  3701. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">XI Sāhālā</span></p></td></tr>
    3702. 

  3702. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3703. 

  3703. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Oman</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3704. 

  3704. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Àmàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3705. 

  3705. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Western Samoa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3706. 

  3706. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xi Sāmóyā</span></p></td></tr>
    3707. 

  3707. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3708. 

  3708. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Pakistan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3709. 

  3709. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BājīsītSn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3710. 

  3710. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">White Russia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3711. 

  3711. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bài Ěluósī</span></p></td></tr>
    3712. 

  3712. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3713. 

  3713. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Palestine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3714. 

  3714. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BālēsitSn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3715. 

  3715. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yemen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3716. 

  3716. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yémén</span></p></td></tr>
    3717. 

  3717. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3718. 

  3718. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Panama</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3719. 

  3719. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BānámS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3720. 

  3720. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yugoslavia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3721. 

  3721. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nánsīlǎfū</span></p></td></tr>
    3722. 

  3722. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3723. 

  3723. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Papua New Guinea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3724. 

  3724. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bābùyà Xīn Jīnèiyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3725. 

  3725. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zaire</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3726. 

  3726. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">ZhāyīSr</span></p></td></tr>
    3727. 

  3727. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3728. 

  3728. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Paraguay</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3729. 

  3729. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bāliguī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3730. 

  3730. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zambia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3731. 

  3731. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zànbiyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3732. 

  3732. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3733. 

  3733. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Peru Philippines Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Réunion Rhodesia Romania Russia Rwanda San Marino SSo Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia</span></p>
    3734. 

  3734. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Scotland Senegal Seychelles Xs. Siberia Sierra Leone Sikkim Singapore Solomon Is. Somalia South Africa Soviet Russia Soviet Union Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Surinam Swaziland</span></p>
    3735. 

  3735. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sweden Switzerland Syria Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine</span></p>
    3736. 

  3736. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">United Arab Itairates</span></p>
    3737. 

  3737. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">United Kingdom</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3738. 

  3738. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mìlǔ</span></p>
    3739. 

  3739. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fēilùbīn</span></p>
    3740. 

  3740. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Pútáoyá Bōduōlígè KStSSr Liúníwāng(dSo) Luódéxīyà LuómXníyà Éguó, Eguó Lúwàngdà Shèng MSlìnud Shèng Duōméi hé</span></p>
    3741. 

  3741. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Pǔlínxībí</span></p>
    3742. 

  3742. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Shātè Ālàbó (Bèijīng), Shāwūdí Álābó (Taiwan)</span></p>
    3743. 

  3743. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sūgélán</span></p>
    3744. 

  3744. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sàinèijiāér</span></p>
    3745. 

  3745. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sàishéěr Qúndāo Xībólìyà</span></p>
    3746. 

  3746. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sàilā Liang XI jin Xīnjiāpō Suóluómén QúndSo SuSmSlī</span></p>
    3747. 

  3747. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nánfēi</span></p>
    3748. 

  3748. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sūè (Taiwan) Sūlién Xibinyé SīlīlānkS Sudan Sūlinán Sīwèishìlán (Béijīng), Shīw&amp;jilán (Taiwan)</span></p>
    3749. 

  3749. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">RuìdiSn Ruìshi Xùlìyà Tlnsāngníyā Tàiguó Duōgē Tāngj iā</span></p>
    3750. 

  3750. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tèlìnídá he Duōbāgē Túnísī</span></p>
    3751. 

  3751. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tǔěrqí Wūgāndá Wūkèlán Alābó Liànhé</span></p>
    3752. 

  3752. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">QiúzhSngguó Liànhé Wàngguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3753. 

  3753. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zimbabwe</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3754. 

  3754. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jīnbābùwéi</span></p></td></tr>
    3755. 

  3755. </table>
    3756. 

  3756. <h3><a name="bookmark146"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark147"></a>APPENDIX IV: AMERICAN STATES</span></h3>
    3757. 

  3757. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">All the names of átates may be followed by the word </span><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zhōu</span><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;"> &quot;state,” for example, </span><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Ālābāmā zhōu</span><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">.</span></p>
    3758. 

  3758. <table border="1">
    3759. 

  3759. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3760. 

  3760. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Alabama</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3761. 

  3761. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Alabama</span></p></td></tr>
    3762. 

  3762. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3763. 

  3763. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Alaska</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3764. 

  3764. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ālāsljiā</span></p></td></tr>
    3765. 

  3765. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3766. 

  3766. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Arizona</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3767. 

  3767. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yàlìsāngnà</span></p></td></tr>
    3768. 

  3768. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3769. 

  3769. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Arkansas</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3770. 

  3770. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ākènsè, Akānsàsí <a name="footnote5"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark148">5</a></sup></span></p></td></tr>
    3771. 

  3771. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3772. 

  3772. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">California</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3773. 

  3773. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiāzhōu, Jiālìfóníyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3774. 

  3774. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3775. 

  3775. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Colorado</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3776. 

  3776. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kēluólāduō</span></p></td></tr>
    3777. 

  3777. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3778. 

  3778. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Connecticut</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3779. 

  3779. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kāngnièdígé, KāngnSidígé</span></p></td></tr>
    3780. 

  3780. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3781. 

  3781. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Delaware</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3782. 

  3782. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tèlāhuá, Délāwēi(Sr)</span></p></td></tr>
    3783. 

  3783. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3784. 

  3784. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Florida</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3785. 

  3785. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fóluólídá</span></p></td></tr>
    3786. 

  3786. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3787. 

  3787. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Georgia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3788. 

  3788. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Qiáozhìyà, Zuōzhìyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3789. 

  3789. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3790. 

  3790. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hawaii</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3791. 

  3791. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xiàwēiyí</span></p></td></tr>
    3792. 

  3792. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3793. 

  3793. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Idaho</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3794. 

  3794. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Àidáhé</span></p></td></tr>
    3795. 

  3795. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3796. 

  3796. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Illinois</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3797. 

  3797. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">YīlìnuS(sI)</span></p></td></tr>
    3798. 

  3798. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3799. 

  3799. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Indiana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3800. 

  3800. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yìndìānnà</span></p></td></tr>
    3801. 

  3801. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3802. 

  3802. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Iowa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3803. 

  3803. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīāhuá, Àiāhuá</span></p></td></tr>
    3804. 

  3804. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3805. 

  3805. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kansas</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3806. 

  3806. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kansas!</span></p></td></tr>
    3807. 

  3807. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3808. 

  3808. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kentucky</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3809. 

  3809. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">KSntājī</span></p></td></tr>
    3810. 

  3810. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3811. 

  3811. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Louisiana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3812. 

  3812. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lùytsīānnà</span></p></td></tr>
    3813. 

  3813. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3814. 

  3814. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Maine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3815. 

  3815. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MiSnyln</span></p></td></tr>
    3816. 

  3816. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3817. 

  3817. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Maryland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3818. 

  3818. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mǎlílán</span></p></td></tr>
    3819. 

  3819. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3820. 

  3820. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Massachusetts</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3821. 

  3821. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MSsāzhūsài, MSshēng</span></p></td></tr>
    3822. 

  3822. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3823. 

  3823. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Michigan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3824. 

  3824. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mìxígēn, Mìxiěgēn, Mìzhíān</span></p></td></tr>
    3825. 

  3825. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3826. 

  3826. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Minnesota</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3827. 

  3827. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Míngnísūdá</span></p></td></tr>
    3828. 

  3828. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3829. 

  3829. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mississippi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3830. 

  3830. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Míxíxíbl</span></p></td></tr>
    3831. 

  3831. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3832. 

  3832. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Missouri</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3833. 

  3833. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mìsūlī</span></p></td></tr>
    3834. 

  3834. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3835. 

  3835. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Montana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3836. 

  3836. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Méngdànà</span></p></td></tr>
    3837. 

  3837. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3838. 

  3838. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nebraska</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3839. 

  3839. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nèibùlāsījiā</span></p></td></tr>
    3840. 

  3840. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3841. 

  3841. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nevada</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3842. 

  3842. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nèihuádá</span></p></td></tr>
    3843. 

  3843. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3844. 

  3844. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">New Hampshire</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3845. 

  3845. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xín HānbushíSr, Xín Hānbùxià</span></p></td></tr>
    3846. 

  3846. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3847. 

  3847. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">New Jersey</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3848. 

  3848. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xín Zéxí</span></p></td></tr>
    3849. 

  3849. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3850. 

  3850. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">New Mexico</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3851. 

  3851. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xín Mdxīgē</span></p></td></tr>
    3852. 

  3852. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3853. 

  3853. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">New York</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3854. 

  3854. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Niǔyuē</span></p></td></tr>
    3855. 

  3855. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3856. 

  3856. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">North Carolina</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3857. 

  3857. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BSi KKluSláinà, Bēi Kāluólínnà</span></p></td></tr>
    3858. 

  3858. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3859. 

  3859. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">North Dakota</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3860. 

  3860. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bēi Dákētā, Bēi Dákēdá</span></p></td></tr>
    3861. 

  3861. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3862. 

  3862. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ohio</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3863. 

  3863. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">ÉhàiS</span></p></td></tr>
    3864. 

  3864. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3865. 

  3865. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Oklahoma</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3866. 

  3866. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">èkèlāhémǎ, Àkèlāhémā</span></p></td></tr>
    3867. 

  3867. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3868. 

  3868. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Oregon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3869. 

  3869. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">èlègāng</span></p></td></tr>
    3870. 

  3870. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3871. 

  3871. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Pennsylvania</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3872. 

  3872. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bīnzhōu, Bínxífāníyà, Bīnxífánníyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3873. 

  3873. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3874. 

  3874. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Rhode Island</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3875. 

  3875. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Luádé Dāo, Luōdéàilán</span></p></td></tr>
    3876. 

  3876. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3877. 

  3877. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">South Carolina</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3878. 

  3878. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nán Kǎluoláinà, Nán KSluólínnà</span></p></td></tr>
    3879. 

  3879. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3880. 

  3880. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">South Dakota</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3881. 

  3881. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nan Dákētā</span></p></td></tr>
    3882. 

  3882. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3883. 

  3883. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tennessee</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3884. 

  3884. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tiánnāx!</span></p></td></tr>
    3885. 

  3885. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3886. 

  3886. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Texas</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3887. 

  3887. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dézhōu, Děkèsàsi</span></p></td></tr>
    3888. 

  3888. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3889. 

  3889. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Utah</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3890. 

  3890. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">YSutā, Yōuta</span></p></td></tr>
    3891. 

  3891. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3892. 

  3892. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Vermont</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3893. 

  3893. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wēiméngtè, Fóméngtè</span></p></td></tr>
    3894. 

  3894. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3895. 

  3895. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Virginia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3896. 

  3896. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wéijíníyā, FSjíníyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3897. 

  3897. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3898. 

  3898. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Washington</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3899. 

  3899. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huáshèngdùn</span></p></td></tr>
    3900. 

  3900. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3901. 

  3901. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">West Virginia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3902. 

  3902. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">XI Fójíníyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3903. 

  3903. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3904. 

  3904. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wisconsin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3905. 

  3905. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wēislkāngxín(g)</span></p></td></tr>
    3906. 

  3906. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3907. 

  3907. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wyoming</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3908. 

  3908. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huáiémíng</span></p></td></tr>
    3909. 

  3909. </table>
    3910. 

  3910. <h3><a name="bookmark37"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark149"></a>APPENDIX V: CANADIAN PROVINCES</span></h3>
    3911. 

  3911. <table border="1">
    3912. 

  3912. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3913. 

  3913. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Alberta</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3914. 

  3914. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">YSbódá</span></p></td></tr>
    3915. 

  3915. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3916. 

  3916. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">British Columbia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3917. 

  3917. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yíngshtt Gēlúriblyà</span></p></td></tr>
    3918. 

  3918. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3919. 

  3919. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Manitoba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3920. 

  3920. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mànnítuōbā</span></p></td></tr>
    3921. 

  3921. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3922. 

  3922. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nev Brunswick</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3923. 

  3923. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xín Bùlúnzīvéikè</span></p></td></tr>
    3924. 

  3924. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3925. 

  3925. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Newfoundland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3926. 

  3926. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Niǔfēnl&amp;ndlo</span></p></td></tr>
    3927. 

  3927. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3928. 

  3928. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Northwest Territories</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3929. 

  3929. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">XíbèilíngdI</span></p></td></tr>
    3930. 

  3930. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3931. 

  3931. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nova Scotia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3932. 

  3932. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xin Sīkèshè</span></p></td></tr>
    3933. 

  3933. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3934. 

  3934. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ontario</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3935. 

  3935. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āndàluè</span></p></td></tr>
    3936. 

  3936. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3937. 

  3937. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Prince Edvard Island</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3938. 

  3938. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Àidéhuádio</span></p></td></tr>
    3939. 

  3939. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3940. 

  3940. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Quebec</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3941. 

  3941. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">KuíbSikè</span></p></td></tr>
    3942. 

  3942. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3943. 

  3943. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Saskatchewan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3944. 

  3944. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sakèqíwàn</span></p></td></tr>
    3945. 

  3945. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3946. 

  3946. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yukon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3947. 

  3947. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yùkōng</span></p></td></tr>
    3948. 

  3948. </table>
    3949. 

  3949. <div>
    3950. 

  3950. <h3><a name="bookmark38"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark150"></a>APPENDIX VI: COMMON CHINESE NAMES</span></h3>
    3951. 

  3951. </div><br clear="all">
    3952. 

  3952. <div>
    3953. 

  3953. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Surnames</span></p>
    3954. 

  3954. <table border="1">
    3955. 

  3955. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3956. 

  3956. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3957. 

  3957. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhōu</span></p></td></tr>
    3958. 

  3958. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3959. 

  3959. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3960. 

  3960. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiang</span></p></td></tr>
    3961. 

  3961. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3962. 

  3962. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3963. 

  3963. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">JiSng</span></p></td></tr>
    3964. 

  3964. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3965. 

  3965. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">II</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3966. 

  3966. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gāo</span></p></td></tr>
    3967. 

  3967. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3968. 

  3968. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3969. 

  3969. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lin</span></p></td></tr>
    3970. 

  3970. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3971. 

  3971. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3972. 

  3972. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sun</span></p></td></tr>
    3973. 

  3973. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3974. 

  3974. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Táng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3975. 

  3975. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Song</span></p></td></tr>
    3976. 

  3976. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3977. 

  3977. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3978. 

  3978. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fang</span></p></td></tr>
    3979. 

  3979. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    3980. 

  3980. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Given Kames (male)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    3981. 

  3981. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3982. 

  3982. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dáll</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3983. 

  3983. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">YSngpíng</span></p></td></tr>
    3984. 

  3984. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3985. 

  3985. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mínglī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3986. 

  3986. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ziqiáng</span></p></td></tr>
    3987. 

  3987. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3988. 

  3988. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dànián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3989. 

  3989. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jié</span></p></td></tr>
    3990. 

  3990. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3991. 

  3991. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Shìmín</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3992. 

  3992. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">ZhīyuSn</span></p></td></tr>
    3993. 

  3993. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3994. 

  3994. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    3995. 

  3995. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">GuSquán</span></p></td></tr>
    3996. 

  3996. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    3997. 

  3997. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Déxián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    3998. 

  3998. </table>
    3999. 

  3999. </div><br clear="all">
    4000. 

  4000. <div>
    4001. 

  4001. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Liú Chen Yang SīmS Ouyáng Hú WG Liáng</span></p>
    4002. 

  4002. </div><br clear="all">
    4003. 

  4003. <div>
    4004. 

  4004. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Shàowén Shìyīng Tíngfēng</span></p>
    4005. 

  4005. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Cheng Zhènhàn</span></p>
    4006. 

  4006. </div><br clear="all">
    4007. 

  4007. <div>
    4008. 

  4008. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Given Kames (female)</span></p>
    4009. 

  4009. <table border="1">
    4010. 

  4010. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4011. 

  4011. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Juān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4012. 

  4012. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huìvén</span></p></td></tr>
    4013. 

  4013. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4014. 

  4014. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Liróng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4015. 

  4015. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Défēn</span></p></td></tr>
    4016. 

  4016. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4017. 

  4017. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">W&amp;nrG</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4018. 

  4018. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lù</span></p></td></tr>
    4019. 

  4019. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4020. 

  4020. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MSiling</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4021. 

  4021. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BSolán</span></p></td></tr>
    4022. 

  4022. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4023. 

  4023. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xiùfèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4024. 

  4024. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yùzhēn</span></p></td></tr>
    4025. 

  4025. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4026. 

  4026. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Qi&amp;oyún</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4027. 

  4027. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Méilì</span></p></td></tr>
    4028. 

  4028. </table>
    4029. 

  4029. </div><br clear="all">
    4030. 

  4030. <div>
    4031. 

  4031. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mlnzhēn Huiran Bīngyíng Qīng Ziyàn</span></p>
    4032. 

  4032. </div><br clear="all">
    4033. 

  4033. <table border="1">
    4034. 

  4034. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4035. 

  4035. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Pinyin Spelling</span></p>
    4036. 

  4036. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ānbui Fújiàn Gānsù Gu&amp;ngdōng GuSngxī Guizhou</span></p>
    4037. 

  4037. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Héběi</span></p>
    4038. 

  4038. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Heilongjiang Hénán</span></p>
    4039. 

  4039. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Húběi Húnán Jiangsu Jiangxi Jílín Liáonfng Nèimínggǔ Níngxià Qingh&amp;i Shāndōng Shanxi Sh&amp;ixí Sichuan</span></p>
    4040. 

  4040. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Taiwan Xinjiang Xizàng Yunnán ZhèJiang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4041. 

  4041. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Map Spelling</span></p>
    4042. 

  4042. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Anhwei Fukien Kansu Kwangtung Kwangsi Kweichou</span></p>
    4043. 

  4043. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hopeh Heilungkiang Honan Hupeh Hunan Kiangsu Kiangsi Kirin Liaoning</span></p>
    4044. 

  4044. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Inner Mongolia Ningsia Tsinghai Shantung Shansi Shensi Szechuan Taiwan Sinkiang Tibet Yunnan Chekiang</span></p></td></tr>
    4045. 

  4045. </table>
    4046. 

  4046. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Pinyin Spelling</span></p>
    4047. 

  4047. <table border="1">
    4048. 

  4048. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4049. 

  4049. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BSijīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4050. 

  4050. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Peking</span></p></td></tr>
    4051. 

  4051. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4052. 

  4052. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Changsha</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4053. 

  4053. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ch'ang-sha</span></p></td></tr>
    4054. 

  4054. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4055. 

  4055. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chengdu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4056. 

  4056. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ch’eng-tu</span></p></td></tr>
    4057. 

  4057. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4058. 

  4058. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dàtáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4059. 

  4059. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ta-t’ung</span></p></td></tr>
    4060. 

  4060. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4061. 

  4061. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gāoxióng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4062. 

  4062. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kao-hsiung</span></p></td></tr>
    4063. 

  4063. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4064. 

  4064. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">GuSngzhōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4065. 

  4065. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Canton</span></p></td></tr>
    4066. 

  4066. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4067. 

  4067. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hangzhou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4068. 

  4068. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hang-chou</span></p></td></tr>
    4069. 

  4069. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4070. 

  4070. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">HànkSu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4071. 

  4071. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">.Han-k’ou</span></p></td></tr>
    4072. 

  4072. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4073. 

  4073. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huáinán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4074. 

  4074. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huai-nan</span></p></td></tr>
    4075. 

  4075. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4076. 

  4076. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jīlóng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4077. 

  4077. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chi-lung</span></p></td></tr>
    4078. 

  4078. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4079. 

  4079. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kāifēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4080. 

  4080. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">K’ai-feng</span></p></td></tr>
    4081. 

  4081. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4082. 

  4082. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nánchāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4083. 

  4083. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nan-ch*ang</span></p></td></tr>
    4084. 

  4084. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4085. 

  4085. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nánjīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4086. 

  4086. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nanking</span></p></td></tr>
    4087. 

  4087. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4088. 

  4088. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">QIngdSo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4089. 

  4089. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tsingtao</span></p></td></tr>
    4090. 

  4090. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4091. 

  4091. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">ShànghXi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4092. 

  4092. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Shanghai</span></p></td></tr>
    4093. 

  4093. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4094. 

  4094. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">TaibSi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4095. 

  4095. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Taipei</span></p></td></tr>
    4096. 

  4096. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4097. 

  4097. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Táidōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4098. 

  4098. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">T’ai-tung</span></p></td></tr>
    4099. 

  4099. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4100. 

  4100. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tainan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4101. 

  4101. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">T’ai-nan</span></p></td></tr>
    4102. 

  4102. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4103. 

  4103. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Táizhōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4104. 

  4104. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">T’ai-chung</span></p></td></tr>
    4105. 

  4105. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4106. 

  4106. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tiānjīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4107. 

  4107. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tientsin</span></p></td></tr>
    4108. 

  4108. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4109. 

  4109. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wǔchāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4110. 

  4110. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wu-ch’ang</span></p></td></tr>
    4111. 

  4111. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4112. 

  4112. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wǔhàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4113. 

  4113. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wu-han</span></p></td></tr>
    4114. 

  4114. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4115. 

  4115. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4116. 

  4116. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sian</span></p></td></tr>
    4117. 

  4117. </table>
    4118. 

  4118. <div>
    4119. 

  4119. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Map Spelling</span></p>
    4120. 

  4120. </div><br clear="all">
    4121. 

  4121. <h1><a name="bookmark151"></a><span class="font7" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark152"></a>STANDARD CHINESE</span></h1>
    4122. 

  4122. <p><span class="font5">A MODULAR APPROACH</span></p>
    4123. 

  4123. <p><span class="font6" style="font-weight:bold;">STUDENT TEXT</span></p>
    4124. 

  4124. <p><span class="font5">MODULE 1: ORIENTATION</span></p>
    4125. 

  4125. <p><span class="font5">MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION</span></p>
    4126. 

  4126. <p><span class="font3">SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE</span></p>
    4127. 

  4127. <p><span class="font3">UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS</span></p>
    4128. 

  4128. <p><span class="font2">This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:</span></p>
    4129. 

  4129. <p><span class="font2">Defense Language Institute</span></p>
    4130. 

  4130. <p><span class="font2">Foreign Language Center</span></p>
    4131. 

  4131. <p><span class="font2">NonresidentTraining Division</span></p>
    4132. 

  4132. <p><span class="font2">Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006</span></p>
    4133. 

  4133. <p><span class="font2">Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of view, are sometimes included in the language instruction for DLIFLC students since military personnel may find themselves in positions where a clear understanding of conversations or written materials of this nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements-whether real ōr apparent-in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense.</span></p>
    4134. 

  4134. <p><span class="font2">Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based solely on their value for instruction in the language. It does not constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise, nor is it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses not mentioned.</span></p>
    4135. 

  4135. <p><span class="font2">In DLIFLC publications, the words </span><span class="font2" style="font-style:italic;">he, him,</span><span class="font2"> and/or </span><span class="font2" style="font-style:italic;">his</span><span class="font2"> denote both masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language texts.</span></p>
    4136. 

  4136. <p><span class="font2">The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces. Purchase by the customer does net constitute authorization for reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit setting without prior approval from the DLIFLC.</span></p>
    4137. 

  4137. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">PREFACE</span></p>
    4138. 

  4138. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font9"> originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials, to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.</span></p>
    4139. 

  4139. <p><span class="font9">The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.</span></p>
    4140. 

  4140. <p><span class="font9">A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later Joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).</span></p>
    4141. 

  4141. <p><span class="font9">The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197<sup>1</sup>* in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.</span></p>
    4142. 

  4142. <p><span class="font9">Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O'Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977* Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.</span></p>
    4143. 

  4143. <p><span class="font9">Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had Joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.</span></p>
    4144. 

  4144. <p><span class="font9">All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.</span></p>
    4145. 

  4145. <p><span class="font9">Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.</span></p>
    4146. 

  4146. <p><span class="font9">The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.</span></p>
    4147. 

  4147. <p><span class="font9">The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.</span></p>
    4148. 

  4148. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font9"> was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.</span></p>
    4149. 

  4149. <p><span class="font9">Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course materials. This support included coordination, graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry out these tasks.</span></p>
    4150. 

  4150. <p><span class="font9">James R. Frith, Chairman</span></p>
    4151. 

  4151. <p><span class="font9">Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board</span></p>
    4152. 

  4152. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">CONTENTS</span></p>
    4153. 

  4153. <p><a href="#bookmark153"><span class="font9">Preface</span></a></p>
    4154. 

  4154. <p><a href="#bookmark154"><span class="font9">Introduction Section I: &nbsp;About the Course </span></a></p>
    4155. 

  4155. <p><a href="#bookmark155"><span class="font9">Section II: &nbsp;Background Notes </span></a></p>
    4156. 

  4156. <p><a href="#bookmark156"><span class="font9">MODULE 1: ORIENTATION Objectives ....................... .....</span></a></p>
    4157. 

  4157. <p><a href="#bookmark157"><span class="font9">List of Tapes</span></a></p>
    4158. 

  4158. <p><a href="#bookmark158"><span class="font9">Target Lists </span></a></p>
    4159. 

  4159. <p><a href="#bookmark159"><span class="font9">UNIT 1 Introduction</span></a></p>
    4160. 

  4160. <p><a href="#bookmark160"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    4161. 

  4161. <p><a href="#bookmark161"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    4162. 

  4162. <p><span class="font9">Reference Notes ......... . ......... ..... 28</span></p>
    4163. 

  4163. <p><a href="#bookmark162"><span class="font9">Full names and surnames Titles and terms of address Drills</span></a></p>
    4164. 

  4164. <p><a href="#bookmark163"><span class="font9">UNIT 2 Introduction *</span></a></p>
    4165. 

  4165. <p><a href="#bookmark164"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    4166. 

  4166. <p><a href="#bookmark165"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    4167. 

  4167. <p><a href="#bookmark166"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    4168. 

  4168. <p><span class="font9">Given names</span></p>
    4169. 

  4169. <p><span class="font9">Yes/no questions</span></p>
    4170. 

  4170. <p><span class="font9">Negative statements</span></p>
    4171. 

  4171. <p><a href="#bookmark167"><span class="font9">Greetings Drills</span></a></p>
    4172. 

  4172. <p><a href="#bookmark168"><span class="font9">UNIT 3 Introduction . .</span></a></p>
    4173. 

  4173. <p><a href="#bookmark169"><span class="font9">Reference List ....</span></a></p>
    4174. 

  4174. <p><a href="#bookmark170"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    4175. 

  4175. <p><a href="#bookmark171"><span class="font9">Unit Map</span></a></p>
    4176. 

  4176. <p><a href="#bookmark172"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    4177. 

  4177. <p><span class="font9">Nationality</span></p>
    4178. 

  4178. <p><a href="#bookmark173"><span class="font9">Home state, province, and city Drills</span></a></p>
    4179. 

  4179. <p><a href="#bookmark174"><span class="font9">UNIT U Introduction </span></a></p>
    4180. 

  4180. <p><a href="#bookmark175"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    4181. 

  4181. <p><a href="#bookmark176"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    4182. 

  4182. <p><a href="#bookmark177"><span class="font9">Unit Map</span></a></p>
    4183. 

  4183. <p><a href="#bookmark178"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    4184. 

  4184. <p><span class="font9">Location of people and places Where people’s families are from</span></p>
    4185. 

  4185. <p><a href="#bookmark179"><span class="font9">Drills</span></a></p>
    4186. 

  4186. <p><a href="#bookmark180"><span class="font9">Criterion Test Sample</span></a></p>
    4187. 

  4187. <p><span class="font9">Appendices</span></p>
    4188. 

  4188. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4189. 

  4189. <p><a href="#bookmark181"><span class="font9">I. Map of China</span></a></p></li></ul>
    4190. 

  4190. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4191. 

  4191. <p><a href="#bookmark182"><span class="font9">II. Map of Taiwan</span></a></p></li></ul>
    4192. 

  4192. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4193. 

  4193. <p><a href="#bookmark183"><span class="font9">III. Countries and Regions</span></a></p></li></ul>
    4194. 

  4194. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4195. 

  4195. <p><a href="#bookmark184"><span class="font9">IV. American States</span></a></p></li></ul>
    4196. 

  4196. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4197. 

  4197. <p><a href="#bookmark185"><span class="font9">V. Canadian Provinces</span></a></p></li></ul>
    4198. 

  4198. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4199. 

  4199. <p><a href="#bookmark186"><span class="font9">VI. Common Chinese Names</span></a></p></li></ul>
    4200. 

  4200. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4201. 

  4201. <p><a href="#bookmark187"><span class="font9">VII. Chinese Provinces </span></a></p></li></ul>
    4202. 

  4202. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4203. 

  4203. <p><a href="#bookmark188"><span class="font9">VIII. &nbsp;Chinese Cities</span></a></p></li></ul>
    4204. 

  4204. <p><a href="#bookmark189"><span class="font9">MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Objectives</span></a></p>
    4205. 

  4205. <p><a href="#bookmark190"><span class="font9">List of Tapes</span></a></p>
    4206. 

  4206. <p><a href="#bookmark191"><span class="font9">Target Lists </span></a></p>
    4207. 

  4207. <p><a href="#bookmark192"><span class="font9">UNIT 1 Introduction</span></a></p>
    4208. 

  4208. <p><a href="#bookmark193"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    4209. 

  4209. <p><a href="#bookmark194"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    4210. 

  4210. <p><a href="#bookmark195"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    4211. 

  4211. <p><span class="font9">Where people are staying (hotels) Short answers The question word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">něige</span><span class="font9"> &quot;which?&quot; Drills............... &nbsp;105</span></p>
    4212. 

  4212. <p><a href="#bookmark196"><span class="font9">UNIT 2 Introduction ...</span></a></p>
    4213. 

  4213. <p><a href="#bookmark197"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    4214. 

  4214. <p><a href="#bookmark198"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    4215. 

  4215. <p><a href="#bookmark199"><span class="font9">Reference Notes .</span></a></p>
    4216. 

  4216. <p><span class="font9">Where people are staying (houses) Where people are working Addresses The marker de The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">ba </span><span class="font9">The prepositional verb </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài </span><span class="font9">Drills..........................120</span></p>
    4217. 

  4217. <p><a href="#bookmark200"><span class="font9">UNIT 3 Introduction</span></a></p>
    4218. 

  4218. <p><a href="#bookmark201"><span class="font9">Reference List </span></a></p>
    4219. 

  4219. <p><a href="#bookmark202"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    4220. 

  4220. <p><a href="#bookmark203"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    4221. 

  4221. <p><span class="font9">Members of a family The plural ending -</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">men </span><span class="font9">The question word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">jl-</span><span class="font9"> &quot;how many&quot;</span></p>
    4222. 

  4222. <p><span class="font9">The adverb </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font9"> ’’all&quot;</span></p>
    4223. 

  4223. <p><a href="#bookmark204"><span class="font9">Several ways to express &quot;and&quot; Drills . . .</span></a></p>
    4224. 

  4224. <p><a href="#bookmark205"><span class="font9">UNIT U Introduction</span></a></p>
    4225. 

  4225. <p><a href="#bookmark206"><span class="font9">Reference List.....'</span></a></p>
    4226. 

  4226. <p><a href="#bookmark207"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    4227. 

  4227. <p><a href="#bookmark208"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    4228. 

  4228. <p><span class="font9">Arrival and departure times</span></p>
    4229. 

  4229. <p><span class="font9">The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span></p>
    4230. 

  4230. <p><a href="#bookmark209"><span class="font9">The </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font9"> construction Drills</span></a></p>
    4231. 

  4231. <p><a href="#bookmark210"><span class="font9">UNIT 5 Introduction </span></a></p>
    4232. 

  4232. <p><a href="#bookmark211"><span class="font9">Reference List............</span></a></p>
    4233. 

  4233. <p><a href="#bookmark212"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    4234. 

  4234. <p><a href="#bookmark213"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    4235. 

  4235. <p><span class="font9">Date and place of birth</span></p>
    4236. 

  4236. <p><span class="font9">Days of the week</span></p>
    4237. 

  4237. <p><span class="font9">Ages</span></p>
    4238. 

  4238. <p><a href="#bookmark214"><span class="font9">The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font9"> for new situations Drills</span></a></p>
    4239. 

  4239. <p><a href="#bookmark215"><span class="font9">UNIT 6 Introduction .....</span></a></p>
    4240. 

  4240. <p><a href="#bookmark216"><span class="font9">Reference List .... .......... ..........</span></a></p>
    4241. 

  4241. <p><a href="#bookmark217"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    4242. 

  4242. <p><a href="#bookmark218"><span class="font9">Reference Notes ................ .......</span></a></p>
    4243. 

  4243. <p><span class="font9">Duration phrases</span></p>
    4244. 

  4244. <p><span class="font9">The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font9"> for completion</span></p>
    4245. 

  4245. <p><span class="font9">The &quot;double le&quot; construction</span></p>
    4246. 

  4246. <p><span class="font9">The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span></p>
    4247. 

  4247. <p><span class="font9">Action verbs</span></p>
    4248. 

  4248. <p><a href="#bookmark219"><span class="font9">State verbs Drills</span></a></p>
    4249. 

  4249. <p><a href="#bookmark220"><span class="font9">UNIT 7 Introduction..</span></a></p>
    4250. 

  4250. <p><a href="#bookmark221"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    4251. 

  4251. <p><a href="#bookmark222"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    4252. 

  4252. <p><a href="#bookmark223"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    4253. 

  4253. <div>
    4254. 

  4254. <p><span class="font9">Where someone works</span></p>
    4255. 

  4255. <p><span class="font9">Where and what someone has studied What languages someone can speak Auxiliary verbs General objects</span></p>
    4256. 

  4256. </div><br clear="all">
    4257. 

  4257. <p><a href="#bookmark224"><span class="font9">Drills</span></a></p>
    4258. 

  4258. <p><a href="#bookmark225"><span class="font9">UNIT 8 Introduction </span></a></p>
    4259. 

  4259. <p><a href="#bookmark226"><span class="font9">Reference List</span></a></p>
    4260. 

  4260. <p><a href="#bookmark227"><span class="font9">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
    4261. 

  4261. <p><a href="#bookmark228"><span class="font9">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
    4262. 

  4262. <p><span class="font9">More on duration phrases The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font9"> for new situations in negative sentences Military titles and branches of service The marker ne Process verbs Drills............................223</span></p>
    4263. 

  4263. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
    4264. 

  4264. <h3><a name="bookmark154"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark229"></a>SECTION I: ABOUT THE COURSE .</span></h3>
    4265. 

  4265. <p><span class="font9">This course is designed to give you a practical command of spoken Standard Chinese. You will learn both to understand and to speak it. Although Standard Chinese is one language, there are differences between the particular form it takes in Beijing and the form it takes in the rest of the country. There are also, of course, significant nonlinguistic differences between regions of the country. Reflecting these regional differences, the settings for most conversations are Beijing and Taipei.</span></p>
    4266. 

  4266. <p><span class="font9">This course represents a new approach to the teaching of foreign languages. In many ways it redefines the roles of teacher and student, of classwork and homework, and of text and tape. Here is what you should expect:</span></p>
    4267. 

  4267. <p><span class="font9">The focus is on communicating in Chinese in practical situations—the obvious ones you will encounter upon arriving in China. You will be communicating in Chinese most of the time you are in class. You will not always be talking about real situations, but you will almost always be purposefully exchanging information in Chinese.</span></p>
    4268. 

  4268. <p><span class="font9">This focus on conimunicating means that the teacher is first of all your conversational partner. Anything that forces him<a name="footnote6"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark230">6</a></sup> back into the traditional roles of lecturer and drillmaster limits your opportunity to interact with a speaker of the Chinese language and to experience the language in its full spontaneity, flexibility, and responsiveness.</span></p>
    4269. 

  4269. <p><span class="font9">Using class time for communicating, you will complete other course activities out of class whenever possible. This is what the tapes are for. They introduce the new material of each unit and give you as much additional practice as possible without a conversational partner.</span></p>
    4270. 

  4270. <p><span class="font9">The texts summarize and supplement the tapes, which take you through new material step by step and then give you intensive practice on what you have covered. In this course you will spend almost all your time listening to Chinese and saying things in Chinese, either with the tapes or in class.</span></p>
    4271. 

  4271. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">How the Course Is Organized</span></p>
    4272. 

  4272. <p><span class="font9">The subtitle of this course, &quot;A Modular Approach,” refers to overall organization of the materials into MODULES which focus on particular situations or language topics and which allow a certain amount of choice as to what is taught and in what order. To highlight equally significant features of the course, the subtitle could just as well have been &quot;A Situational Approach,&quot; &quot;A Taped-Input Approach,&quot; or &quot;A Communicative Approach.&quot;</span></p>
    4273. 

  4273. <div>
    4274. 

  4274. <p><span class="font9">Ten situational modules form the</span></p>
    4275. 

  4275. <p><span class="font9">ORIENTATION (ORN)</span></p>
    4276. 

  4276. <p><span class="font9">BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (BIO)</span></p>
    4277. 

  4277. <p><span class="font9">MONEY (MON)</span></p>
    4278. 

  4278. <p><span class="font9">DIRECTIONS (DIR)</span></p>
    4279. 

  4279. <p><span class="font9">TRANSPORTATION (TRN)</span></p>
    4280. 

  4280. <p><span class="font9">ARRANGING A MEETING (MTG)</span></p>
    4281. 

  4281. <p><span class="font9">SOCIETY (SOC)</span></p>
    4282. 

  4282. <p><span class="font9">TRAVELING IN CHINA (TRL)</span></p>
    4283. 

  4283. <p><span class="font9">LIFE IN CHINA (LIC)</span></p>
    4284. 

  4284. <p><span class="font9">TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS (TAN)</span></p>
    4285. 

  4285. <p><span class="font9">Each core module consists of tapes,</span></p>
    4286. 

  4286. </div><br clear="all">
    4287. 

  4287. <div>
    4288. 

  4288. <p><span class="font9">core of the course:</span></p>
    4289. 

  4289. <p><span class="font9">Talking about who you are and where you are from.</span></p>
    4290. 

  4290. <p><span class="font9">Talking about your background, family, studies, and occupation and about your visit to China.</span></p>
    4291. 

  4291. <p><span class="font9">Making purchases and changing money.</span></p>
    4292. 

  4292. <p><span class="font9">Asking directions in a city or in a building.</span></p>
    4293. 

  4293. <p><span class="font9">Taking buses, taxis, trains, and planes, including finding out schedule information, buying tickets, and making reservations.</span></p>
    4294. 

  4294. <p><span class="font9">Arranging a business meeting or a social get-together, changing the time of an appointment, and declining an invitation.</span></p>
    4295. 

  4295. <p><span class="font9">Talking about families, relationships between people, cultural roles in traditional society, and cultural trends in modern society.</span></p>
    4296. 

  4296. <p><span class="font9">Making travel arrangements and visiting a kindergarten, the Great Wall, the Ming Tombs, a commune, and a factory.</span></p>
    4297. 

  4297. <p><span class="font9">Talking about daily life in Beijing street committees, leisure activities, traffic and transportation, buying and rationing, housing.</span></p>
    4298. 

  4298. <p><span class="font9">Talking about government and party policy changes described in newspapers: the educational system,-agricultural policy, international policy, ideological policy, and policy in the arts.</span></p>
    4299. 

  4299. <p><span class="font9">student textbook, and a workbook.</span></p>
    4300. 

  4300. </div><br clear="all">
    4301. 

  4301. <p><span class="font9">In addition to the ten CORE modules, there are also RESOURCE modules and OPTIONAL modules’. Resource modules teach particular systems in the language, such as numbers and dates. As you proceed through a situational core module, you will occasionally take time out to study part of a resource module. (You will begin the first’ three of these while studying the Orientation Module.)</span></p>
    4302. 

  4302. <p><span class="font9">PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION (P&amp;R) The sound system of Chinese and the Pinyin system of romanization.</span></p>
    4303. 

  4303. <p><span class="font9">NUMBERS (NUM) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Numbers up to five digits.</span></p>
    4304. 

  4304. <p><span class="font9">CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expressions basic to the classroom</span></p>
    4305. 

  4305. <p><span class="font9">learning situation.</span></p>
    4306. 

  4306. <p><span class="font9">TIME AND DATES (T&amp;D) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dates, days of the week, clock time,</span></p>
    4307. 

  4307. <p><span class="font9">parts of the day.</span></p>
    4308. 

  4308. <p><span class="font9">GRAMMAR &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Aspect and verb types, word order,</span></p>
    4309. 

  4309. <p><span class="font9">multisyllabic verbs and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎ</span><span class="font9">, auxiliary verbs, complex sentences, adverbial expressions.</span></p>
    4310. 

  4310. <p><span class="font9">Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook.</span></p>
    4311. 

  4311. <p><span class="font9">The eight optional modules focus on particular situations:</span></p>
    4312. 

  4312. <p><span class="font9">RESTAURANT (RST)</span></p>
    4313. 

  4313. <p><span class="font9">HOTEL (HTL)</span></p>
    4314. 

  4314. <p><span class="font9">PERSONAL WELFARE (WLF)</span></p>
    4315. 

  4315. <p><span class="font9">POST OFFICE AND TELEPHONE (PST/TEL)</span></p>
    4316. 

  4316. <p><span class="font9">CAR (CAR)</span></p>
    4317. 

  4317. <p><span class="font9">CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH, AND DEATH (MBD)</span></p>
    4318. 

  4318. <p><span class="font9">NEW YEAR’S CELEBRATION (NYR)</span></p>
    4319. 

  4319. <p><span class="font9">INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS (l&amp;O)</span></p>
    4320. 

  4320. <p><span class="font9">Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook. These optional modules may be used at any time after certain core modules.</span></p>
    4321. 

  4321. <p><span class="font9">The diagram on page shows how the core modules, optional modules, and resource modules fit together in the course. Resource modules are shown where study should begin. Optional modules are shown where they may be introduced.</span></p>
    4322. 

  4322. <p><span class="font0" style="font-weight:bold;">STANDARD CHINESE : A MODULAR APPROACH</span></p>
    4323. 

  4323. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-16.png" alt="" style="width:382pt;height:150pt;">
    4324. 

  4324. </div><br clear="all">
    4325. 

  4325. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-17.png" alt="" style="width:382pt;height:207pt;">
    4326. 

  4326. </div><br clear="all">
    4327. 

  4327. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-18.png" alt="" style="width:256pt;height:189pt;">
    4328. 

  4328. </div><br clear="all">
    4329. 

  4329. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-19.png" alt="" style="width:27pt;height:19pt;">
    4330. 

  4330. </div><br clear="all">
    4331. 

  4331. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-20.png" alt="" style="width:26pt;height:42pt;">
    4332. 

  4332. </div><br clear="all">
    4333. 

  4333. <div>
    4334. 

  4334. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">KEY</span></p>
    4335. 

  4335. </div><br clear="all">
    4336. 

  4336. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-21.png" alt="" style="width:21pt;height:41pt;">
    4337. 

  4337. </div><br clear="all">
    4338. 

  4338. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Inside a Core Module</span></p>
    4339. 

  4339. <p><span class="font9">Each core module has from four to eight units. A module also includes</span></p>
    4340. 

  4340. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Objectives</span><span class="font9">: The module objectives are listed at the beginning of the text for each module. Read these before starting work on the first unit to fix in your mind what you are trying to accomplish and what you will have to do to pass the test at the end of the module.</span></p>
    4341. 

  4341. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Target Lists</span><span class="font9">: These follow the objectives in the text. They summarize the language content of each unit in the form of typical questions and answers on the topic of that unit. Each sentence is given both in roman-ized Chinese and in English. Turn to the appropriate Target List before, during, or after your work on a unit, whenever you need to pull together what is in the unit.</span></p>
    4342. 

  4342. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Review Tapes (R-l)</span><span class="font9">: The Target List sentences are given on these tapes. Except in the short Orientation Module, there are two R-l tapes for each module.</span></p>
    4343. 

  4343. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Criterion Test</span><span class="font9">: After studying each module, you will take a Criterion Test to find out which module objectives you have met and which you need to work on before beginning to study another module.</span></p>
    4344. 

  4344. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Inside a Unit</span></p>
    4345. 

  4345. <p><span class="font9">Here is what you will be doing in each unit. First, you will work through two tapes:</span></p>
    4346. 

  4346. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4347. 

  4347. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Comprehension Tape 1 (C-l)</span><span class="font9">: This tape introduces all the new words and structures in the unit and lets you hear them in the context of short conversational exchanges. It then works them into other short conversations and longer passages for listening practice, and finally reviews them in the Target List sentences. Your goal when using the tape is to understand all the Target List sentences for the unit.</span></p></li>
    4348. 

  4348. <li>
    4349. 

  4349. <p><span class="font9">2.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Production Tape 1 (P-1)</span><span class="font9">: This tape gives you practice in pronouncing the new words and in saying the sentences you learned to understand on the C-l tape. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to be able to produce any of the Target List sentences in Chine<sup>e</sup>? when given the English equivalent.</span></p></li></ul>
    4350. 

  4350. <p><span class="font9">The C-l and P-1 tapes, not accompanied by workbooks, are &quot;portable&quot; in the sense that they do not tie you down to your desk. However, there are some written materials for each unit which you will need to work into your study routine. A text </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Reference List</span><span class="font9"> at the beginning of each unit contains the sentences from the C-l and P-1 tapes. It includes both the Chinese sentences and their English equivalents. The text </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Reference Notes</span><span class="font9"> restate and expand the comments made on the C-l and P-1 tapes concerning grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and culture.</span></p>
    4351. 

  4351. <p><span class="font9">After you have worked with the C-l and P-1 tapes, you go on to two class activities:</span></p>
    4352. 

  4352. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4353. 

  4353. <p><span class="font9">3.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Target List Review</span><span class="font9">: In this first class activity of the unit, you find out how well you learned the C-l and P-1 sentences. The teacher checks your understanding and production of the Target List sentences. He also presents any additional required vocabulary items, found at the end of the Target List, which were not on the C-l and P-1 tapes.</span></p></li></ul>
    4354. 

  4354. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4355. 

  4355. <p><span class="font9">U. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Structural Buildup</span><span class="font9">: During this class activity, you work on your understanding and control of the new structures in the unit. You respond to questions from your teacher about situations illustrated on a chalkboard or explained in other ways.</span></p></li></ul>
    4356. 

  4356. <p><span class="font9">After these activities, your teacher may want you to spend some time working on the drills for the unit.</span></p>
    4357. 

  4357. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4358. 

  4358. <p><span class="font9">5.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Drill Tape</span><span class="font9">: This tape takes you through various types of drills based on the Target List sentences and on the additional required vocabulary.</span></p></li>
    4359. 

  4359. <li>
    4360. 

  4360. <p><span class="font9">6.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Drills</span><span class="font9">: The teacher may have you go over some or all of the drills in class, either to prepare for work with the tape, to review the tape, or to replace it.</span></p></li></ul>
    4361. 

  4361. <p><span class="font9">Next, you use two more tapes. These tapes will give you as much additional practice as possible outside of class.</span></p>
    4362. 

  4362. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4363. 

  4363. <p><span class="font9">7.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Comprehension Tape 2 (C-2)</span><span class="font9">: This tape provides advanced listening practice with exercises containing long, varied passages which fully exploit the possibilities of the material covered. In the C-2 Workbook you answer questions about the passages.</span></p></li>
    4364. 

  4364. <li>
    4365. 

  4365. <p><span class="font9">8.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Production Tape 2 (P-2)</span><span class="font9">: This tape resembles the Structural Buildup in that you practice using the new structures of the unit in various situations. The P-2 Workbook provides instructions and displays of information for each exercise.</span></p></li></ul>
    4366. 

  4366. <p><span class="font9">Following work on these two tapes, you take part in two class activities:</span></p>
    4367. 

  4367. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4368. 

  4368. <p><span class="font9">9.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Exercise Review</span><span class="font9">: The teacher reviews the exercises of the C-2 tape by reading or playing passages from the tape and questioning you on them. He reviews the exercises of the P-2 tape by questioning you on information displays in the P-2 Workbook.</span></p></li>
    4369. 

  4369. <li>
    4370. 

  4370. <p><span class="font9">10.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Communication Activities</span><span class="font9">: Here you use what you have learned in the unit for the purposeful exchange of information. Both fictitious situations (in Communication Games) and real-world situations involving you and your classmates (in &quot;interviews”) are used.</span></p>
    4371. 

  4371. <div>
    4372. 

  4372. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials and Activities for a Unit</span></p>
    4373. 

  4373. </div><br clear="all">
    4374. 

  4374. <div>
    4375. 

  4375. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">TAPED MATERIALS</span></p>
    4376. 

  4376. <p><span class="font9">C-l, P-1 Tapes</span></p>
    4377. 

  4377. </div><br clear="all">
    4378. 

  4378. <div>
    4379. 

  4379. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">WRITTEN MATERIALS</span></p>
    4380. 

  4380. <p><span class="font9">Target List Reference List Reference Notes</span></p>
    4381. 

  4381. </div><br clear="all">
    4382. 

  4382. <div>
    4383. 

  4383. <p><span class="font9">D-l Tapes</span></p>
    4384. 

  4384. <p><span class="font9">C-2, P-2 Tapes</span></p>
    4385. 

  4385. </div><br clear="all">
    4386. 

  4386. <div>
    4387. 

  4387. <p><span class="font9">Drills</span></p>
    4388. 

  4388. <p><span class="font9">Reference Notes C-2, P-2 Workbooks</span></p>
    4389. 

  4389. </div><br clear="all">
    4390. 

  4390. <div>
    4391. 

  4391. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">CLASS ACTIVITIES</span></p>
    4392. 

  4392. <p><span class="font9">Target List Review</span></p>
    4393. 

  4393. <p><span class="font9">Structural Buildup Drills</span></p>
    4394. 

  4394. <p><span class="font9">Exercise Review</span></p>
    4395. 

  4395. <p><span class="font9">Communication Activities</span></p>
    4396. 

  4396. </div><br clear="all">
    4397. 

  4397. <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-22.png" alt="" style="width:285pt;height:189pt;">
    4398. 

  4398. </div><br clear="all">
    4399. 

  4399. <div>
    4400. 

  4400. <p><span class="font9">Wen wǔ Temple in central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</span></p>
    4401. 

  4401. </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
    4402. 

  4402. <h3><a name="bookmark231"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark232"></a>SECTION II</span><br><br><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark233"></a>BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE</span></h3>
    4403. 

  4403. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">The Chinese Languages</span></p>
    4404. 

  4404. <p><span class="font9">We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called ’’Chinese. ’’ We say, for example, that the people of China speak different dialects of Chinese, and that Confucius wrote in an ancient form of Chinese. On the other hand, we would never think of saying that the people of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal speak dialects of one language, and that Julius Caesar wrote in an ancient form of that language. But the facts are almost exactly parallel.</span></p>
    4405. 

  4405. <p><span class="font9">Therefore, in terms of what we think of as a language when closer to home, ’’Chinese” is not one language, but a family of languages. The language of Confucius is partway up the trunk of the family tree. Like Latin, it lived on as a literary language long after its death as a spoken language in popular use. The seven modern languages of China, traditionally known as the &quot;dialects,&quot; are the branches of the tree. They share as strong a family resemblance as do Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, and are about as different from one another.</span></p>
    4406. 

  4406. <p><span class="font9">The predominant language of China is now known as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Putonghua</span><span class="font9">, or &quot;Standard Chinese&quot; (literally &quot;the common speech&quot;). The more traditional term, still used in Taiwan, is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guoyǔ</span><span class="font9">, or &quot;Mandarin&quot; (literally &quot;the national language&quot;). Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost two-thirds of the population of China and throughout the greater part of the country.</span></p>
    4407. 

  4407. <p><span class="font9">The term &quot;Standard Chinese&quot; is often used more narrowly to refer to the true national language which is emerging. This language, which is already the language of all national broadcasting, is based primarily on the 'Peking dialect, but takes in elements from other dialects of Standard Chinese and even from other Chinese languages. Like many national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken, and is often spoken with some concessions to local speech, particularly in pronunciation.</span></p>
    4408. 

  4408. <p><span class="font9">The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in pronunciation than in grammar and vocabulary. What distinguishes Standard Chinese most from the other Chinese languages, for example, is that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final consonants.</span></p>
    4409. 

  4409. <p><span class="font9">The remaining six Chinese languages, spoken by approximately a quarter of the population of China, are tightly grouped in the southeast, below the Yangtze River. The six are: the Wu group (Wu), which includes the &quot;Shanghai dialect&quot;; Hunanese (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiāng</span><span class="font9">); the &quot;Kiangsi dialect&quot; (Gan); Cantonese (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yuè</span><span class="font9">), the language of Guangdong, widely spoken in Chinese communities in the United States; Fukienese (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Min</span><span class="font9">), a variant of which is spoken by a majority on Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and Hakka (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kèjiā</span><span class="font9">). spoken in a belt above the Cantonese area, as well as by a minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka are also widely spoken throughout Southeast Asia.</span></p>
    4410. 

  4410. <p><span class="font9">There are minority ethnic groups in China who speak non-Chinese languages. Some of these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related to the Chinese languages. Others, such as Mongolian, are entirely unrelated.</span></p>
    4411. 

  4411. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Some Characteristics of Chinese</span></p>
    4412. 

  4412. <p><span class="font9">To us, perhaps the most striking feature of spoken Chinese is the use of variation in tone (&quot;tones&quot;) to distinguish the different meanings of syllables which would otherwise sound alike. All languages, and Chinese is no exception, make use of sentence intonation to indicate how whole sentences are to be understood. In English, for example, the rising pattern in &quot;He’s gone?&quot; tells us that the sentence is meant as a question. The Chinese tones, however, are quite a different matter. They belong to individual syllables, not to the sentence as a whole. An inherent part of each Standard Chinese syllable is one of four distinctive tones. The tone does just as much to distinguish the syllable as do the consonants and vowels. For example, the only difference between the verb &quot;to buy,&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">m&amp;i, </span><span class="font9">and the verb &quot;to sell,&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">mài</span><span class="font9">, is the Low tone (<sup>w</sup>) and the Falling tone (-). And yet these words are just as distinguishable as our words &quot;buy&quot; and &quot;guy,&quot; or &quot;buy&quot; and &quot;boy.&quot; Apart from the tones, the sound system of Standard Chinese is no more different from English than French is.</span></p>
    4413. 

  4413. <p><span class="font9">Word formation in Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one thing, there are no conjugations such as are found in many European languages. Chinese verbs have fewer forms than English verbs, and nowhere near as many irregularities. Chinese grammar relies heavily on word order and often the word order is the same as in English. For these reasons Chinese is not as difficult for Americans to learn to speak as one might think.</span></p>
    4414. 

  4414. <p><span class="font9">It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This notion contains a good deal of truth. It has been found that, on the average, every other word in ordinary conversation is a single-syllable word. Moreover, although most words in the dictionary have two syllables, and some have more, these words can almost always be broken down into singlesyllable units of meaning, many of which can stand alone as words.</span></p>
    4415. 

  4415. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Written Chinese</span></p>
    4416. 

  4416. <p><span class="font9">Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an alphabet. The letters may be different from ours, as in the Greek alphabet, but the principle is the same: one letter for each consonant or vowel sound, more or less. Chinese, however, is written with &quot;characters&quot; which stand for whole syllables—in fact, for whole syllables with particular meanings. Although there are only about thirteen hundred phonetically distitìct syllables in standard Chinese, there are several thousand Chinese characters in everyday use, essentially one for each single-syllable unit of meaning. This means that many words have the same pronunciation but are written with different characters, as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān,</span><span class="font9"> &quot;sky,&quot; X, and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān,</span><span class="font9"> &quot;to add,&quot; &quot;to increase,&quot;</span></p>
    4417. 

  4417. <p><span class="font9">Chinese characters are often referred to as &quot;ideographs,&quot; which suggests that they stand directly for ideas. But this is misleading. It is better to think of them as standing for the meaningful syllables of the spoken language.</span></p>
    4418. 

  4418. <p><span class="font9">Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand characters. These thousand characters, in combination, give a reading vocabulary of several thousand words. Full literacy calls for knowing some three thousand characters. In order to reduce the amount of time needed to learn characters, there has been a vast extension in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) of the principle of character simplification, which has reduced the average number of strokes per character by half.</span></p>
    4419. 

  4419. <p><span class="font9">During the past century, various systems have been proposed for representing the sounds of Chinese with letters of the Roman alphabet. One of these romanizations, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hànyǔ Pinyin</span><span class="font9"> (literally &quot;Chinese Language Spelling,&quot; generally called &quot;Pinyin&quot; in English), has been adopted officially in the PRC, with the short-term goal of teaching all students the Standard Chinese pronunciation of characters. A long-range goal is the use of Pinyin for written communication throughout the country. This is not possible, of course, until speakers across the nation have uniform pronunciations of Standard Chinese. For the time being, characters, which represent meaning, not pronunciation, are still the most widely accepted way of communicating in writing.</span></p>
    4420. 

  4420. <p><span class="font9">Pinyin uses all of the letters in our alphabet except v, and adds the letter u. The spellings of some of the consonant sounds are rather arbitrary from our point of view, but for every consonant sound there is only one letter or one combination of letters, and vice versa. You will find that each vowel letter can stand for different vowel sounds, depending on what letters precede or follow it in the syllable. The four tones are indicated by accent marks over the vowels, and the Neutral tone by the absence of an accent mark:</span></p>
    4421. 

  4421. <p><a href="#bookmark234"><span class="font9">High: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">mā</span><span class="font9"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Falling:</span></a></p>
    4422. 

  4422. <p><a href="#bookmark235"><span class="font9">Rising: &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font9"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Neutral:</span></a></p>
    4423. 

  4423. <p><a href="#bookmark236"><span class="font9">Low:</span></a></p>
    4424. 

  4424. <p><span class="font9">One reason often given for the retention of characters is that they can be read, with the local pronunciation, by speakers of all the Chinese languages. Probably a stronger reason for retaining them is that the characters help keep alive distinctions of meaning between words, and connections of meaning between words, which are fading in the spoken language. On the other hand, a Cantonese could learn to speak Standard Chinese, and read it alphabetically, at least as easily as he can learn several thousand characters.</span></p>
    4425. 

  4425. <p><span class="font9">Pinyin is used throughout this course to provide a simple written representation of pronunciation. The characters, which are chiefly responsible for the reputation of Chinese as a difficult language, are taught separately.</span></p>
    4426. 

  4426. <h3><a name="bookmark237"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark238"></a>BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE CHARACTERS</span></h3>
    4427. 

  4427. <p><span class="font9">Each Chinese character is written as a fixed sequence of strokes. There are very few basic types of strokes, each with its own prescribed direction, length, and contour. The dynamics of these strokes as written with a brush, the classical writing instrument, show up clearly even in printed characters. You can tell from the varying thickness of the stroke how the brush met the paper, how it swooped, and how it lifted; these effects are largely lost in characters written with a ball-point pen.</span></p>
    4428. 

  4428. <p><span class="font9">The sequence of strokes is of particular importance. Let’s take the character for &quot;mouth,&quot; pronounced </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">kou</span><span class="font9">. Here it is as normally written, with the order and directions of the strokes indicated.</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-23.png" alt="" style="width:66pt;height:60pt;">
    4429. 

  4429. <p><span class="font9">If the character is written rapidly, in &quot;running-style writing,&quot; one stroke glides into the next, like this.</span></p>
    4430. 

  4430. <p><span class="font9">If the strokes were written in any but the proper order, quite different distortions would take place as each stroke reflected the last and anticipated the next, and the character would be illegible.</span></p>
    4431. 

  4431. <p><span class="font9">The earliest surviving Chinese characters, inscribed on the Shang Dynasty &quot;oracle bones&quot; of about 1500 B.C., already included characters that went beyond simple pictorial representation. There are some characters in use today which are pictorial, like the character for &quot;mouth.&quot; There are also some which are directly symbolic, like our Roman numerals I, II, and III. (The characters for these numbers—the first numbers you learn in this course—are like the Roman numerals turned on their sides.) There are some which are indirectly symbolic, like our Arabic numerals 1, </span><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">2,</span><span class="font9"> and 3. But the most common type of character is complex, consisting of two parts: a &quot;phonetic,&quot; which suggests the pronunciation, and a &quot;radical,&quot; which broadly characterizes the meaning. Let’s take the following character as an example.</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-24.png" alt="" style="width:59pt;height:69pt;">
    4432. 

  4432. <p><span class="font9">This character means &quot;ocean&quot; and is pronounced </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font9">. The left side of the character, the three short strokes, is an abbreviation of a character which means &quot;water&quot; and is pronounced </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shul</span><span class="font9">. This is the &quot;radical.&quot; It has been borrowed only for its meaning, &quot;water.&quot; The right side of the character above is a character which means &quot;sheep&quot; and is pronounced </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font9">. This is the &quot;phonetic.&quot; It has been borrowed only for its sound value, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font9">. A speaker of Chinese encountering the above character for the first time could probably figure out that the only Chinese word that sounds like </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang </span><span class="font9">and means something like &quot;water&quot; is the word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font9"> meaning &quot;ocean.&quot; We, as speakers of English, might not be able to figure it out. Moreover, phonetics and radicals seldom work as neatly as in this example. But we can still learn to make good use of these hints at sound and sense.</span></p>
    4433. 

  4433. <p><span class="font9">Many dictionaries classify characters in terms of the radicals. According to one of the two dictionary systems used, there are 1?6 radicals; in the other system, there are 21U. There are over a thousand phonetics.</span></p>
    4434. 

  4434. <p><span class="font9">Chinese has traditionally been written vertically, from top to bottom of the page, starting on the right-hand side, with the pages bound so that the first page is where we would expect the last page to be. Nowadays, however, many Chinese publications paginate like Western publications, and the characters are written horizontally, from left to right.</span></p>
    4435. 

  4435. <h3><a name="bookmark239"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark240"></a>BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE PERSONAL NAMES AND TITLES</span></h3>
    4436. 

  4436. <p><span class="font9">A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a given name. There is no middle name. The order is the reverse of ours: surname first, given name last.</span></p>
    4437. 

  4437. <p><span class="font9">The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable surname followed by a two-syllable given name:<a name="footnote7"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark241">7</a></sup></span></p>
    4438. 

  4438. <p><span class="font9">Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)</span></p>
    4439. 

  4439. <p><span class="font9">Zhōu Ēnlái (Chou En-lai)</span></p>
    4440. 

  4440. <p><span class="font9">Jiang Jièshí (Chiang Kai-shek)</span></p>
    4441. 

  4441. <p><span class="font9">Song Qìnglíng (Soong Ch’ing-ling—Mme Sun Yat-sen)</span></p>
    4442. 

  4442. <p><span class="font9">Song Měilíng (Soong Mei-ling—Mme Chiang Kai-shek)</span></p>
    4443. 

  4443. <p><span class="font9">It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a single syllable:</span></p>
    4444. 

  4444. <p><span class="font9">Zhū De (Chu Teh)</span></p>
    4445. 

  4445. <p><span class="font9">Lin Biāo (Lin Piao)</span></p>
    4446. 

  4446. <p><span class="font9">Hu Shi (Hu Shih)</span></p>
    4447. 

  4447. <p><span class="font9">Jiang Qīng (Chiang Ch’ing—Mme Mao Tse-tung)</span></p>
    4448. 

  4448. <p><span class="font9">There are a few two-syllable surnames. These are usually followed by single-syllable given names:</span></p>
    4449. 

  4449. <p><span class="font9">Sīmǎ Guāng (Ssu-ma Kuang) Ōuyáng Xiū (Ou-yang Hsiu) Zhūgě Liang (Chu-ke Liang)</span></p>
    4450. 

  4450. <p><span class="font9">But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable given names:</span></p>
    4451. 

  4451. <p><span class="font9">Sīmǎ Xiāngrú (Ssu-ma Hsiang-Ju)</span></p>
    4452. 

  4452. <p><span class="font9">An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred written with a single character and several dozen written with two characters. Some single-syllable surnames sound exactly alike although written with different characters, and to distinguish them, the Chinese may occasionally have to describe the character or &quot;write&quot; it with a finger on the palm of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely to encounter are fewer than a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that they account for a good majority of China’s population.</span></p>
    4453. 

  4453. <p><span class="font9">Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a limited list of characters. Men's names are often but not always distinguishable from women’s; the difference, however, usually lies in the meaning of the characters and so is not readily apparent to the beginning student with a limited knowledge of characters.</span></p>
    4454. 

  4454. <p><span class="font9">Outside the People’s Republic the traditional system of titles is still in use. These titles closely parallel our own &quot;Mr.,&quot; &quot;Mrs.,&quot; and &quot;Miss.&quot; Notice, however, that all Chinese titles follow the name—either the full name or the surname alone—rather than preceding it.</span></p>
    4455. 

  4455. <p><span class="font9">The title &quot;Mr.&quot; is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    4456. 

  4456. <p><span class="font9">MS Xiānsheng</span></p>
    4457. 

  4457. <p><span class="font9">JIS Mínglī Xiānsheng</span></p>
    4458. 

  4458. <p><span class="font9">The title &quot;Mrs.&quot; is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font9">. It follows the husband’s full name or surname alone.</span></p>
    4459. 

  4459. <p><span class="font9">MS Tàitai</span></p>
    4460. 

  4460. <p><span class="font9">MS Mínglī Tàitai</span></p>
    4461. 

  4461. <p><span class="font9">The title &quot;Miss&quot; is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎojiě</span><span class="font9">. The MS family’s grown daughter, Défēn, would be</span></p>
    4462. 

  4462. <p><span class="font9">Mǎ Xiǎojiě</span></p>
    4463. 

  4463. <p><span class="font9">MS Défēn XiSojiě</span></p>
    4464. 

  4464. <p><span class="font9">Even traditionally, outside the People’s Republic, a married woman does not take her husband’s name in the same sense as in our culture. If Miss Fang BSolán marries Mr. MS Mínglī, she becomes Mrs. MS Mínglī, but at the same time she remains Fāng BSolán. She does not become MS BSolán; there is no equivalent of &quot;Mrs. Mary Smith.&quot; She may, however, add her husband’s surname to her own full name and refer to herself as Mǎ Fāng BSolán. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss Fāng.</span></p>
    4465. 

  4465. <p><span class="font9">These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese today in various parts of the world. The titles carry certain connotations, however, when used in the PRC today: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font9"> should not be used because it designates that woman as a member of the leisure class. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎojiě</span><span class="font9"> should not be used because it carries the connotation of being from a rich family.</span></p>
    4466. 

  4466. <p><span class="font9">In the People’s Republic, the title &quot;Comrade,&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongzhì</span><span class="font9">, is used in place of the titles </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font9">, and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎojiě</span><span class="font9">. Mǎ Mínglī would be</span></p>
    4467. 

  4467. <p><span class="font9">MS Tongzhì</span></p>
    4468. 

  4468. <p><span class="font9">Mǎ Mínglī Tongzhì</span></p>
    4469. 

  4469. <p><span class="font9">The title ’’Comrade&quot; is applied to all, regardless of sex or marital status. A married'-woman does not take her husband’s name in any sense. MS Mínglí’s wife would be</span></p>
    4470. 

  4470. <p><span class="font9">Fang Tóngzhì</span></p>
    4471. 

  4471. <p><span class="font9">Fang Bǎolán Tóngzhì</span></p>
    4472. 

  4472. <p><span class="font9">Children may be given either the mother’s or the father’s surname at birth. In some families one child has the father's surname, and another child has the mother’s surname. MS MÍnglī’s and Fang BSolán's grown daughter could be</span></p>
    4473. 

  4473. <p><span class="font9">MS Tóngzhì</span></p>
    4474. 

  4474. <p><span class="font9">MS Défēn Tóngzhì</span></p>
    4475. 

  4475. <p><span class="font9">Their grown son could be</span></p>
    4476. 

  4476. <p><span class="font9">Fang Tóngzhì</span></p>
    4477. 

  4477. <p><span class="font9">Fang Zìqiáng Tóngzhì</span></p>
    4478. 

  4478. <p><span class="font9">Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official titles and titles of respect in addition to the common titles we have discussed here. Several of these will be introduced later in the course.</span></p>
    4479. 

  4479. <p><span class="font9">The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for special consideration. In the People’s Republic the policy is to assign Chinese phonetic equivalents to foreign names. These approximations are often not as close phonetically as they might be, since the choice of appropriate written characters may bring in nonphonetic considerations. (An attempt is usually made when transliterating to use characters with attractive meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names do not at all resemble Chinese names. For example, the official version of &quot;David Anderson&quot; is Dàiwéi Andésēn.</span></p>
    4480. 

  4480. <p><span class="font9">An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct a valid Chinese name that suggests the foreign name phonetically. For example, &quot;David Anderson&quot; might be An Dàwèi.</span></p>
    4481. 

  4481. <p><span class="font9">Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a Chinese surname, semantic suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic suggestiveness. For example, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wang</span><span class="font9">, a common Chinese surname, means &quot;king,&quot; so &quot;Daniel King&quot; might be rendered Wang Dànián.</span></p>
    4482. 

  4482. <p><span class="font9">Students in this course will be given both the official PRC phonetic equivalents of their names and Chinese-style names.</span></p>
    4483. 

  4483. <h2><a name="bookmark242"></a><span class="font4" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark243"></a>MODULE 1: ORIENTATION</span></h2>
    4484. 

  4484. <p><span class="font9">The Orientation Module and associated resource modules provide the linguistic tools needed to begin the study of Chinese. The materials also introduce the teaching procedures used in this course.</span></p>
    4485. 

  4485. <p><span class="font9">The Orientation Module is not a typical course module in several respects. First, it does not have a situational topic of its own, but rather leads into the situational topic of the following module—Biographic Information. Second, it teaches only a little Chinese grammar and vocabulary. Third, two of the associated resource modules (Pronunciation and Romanization, Numbers) are not optional; together with the Orientation Module, they are prerequisite to the rest of the course.</span></p>
    4486. 

  4486. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">OBJECTIVES</span></p>
    4487. 

  4487. <p><span class="font9">Upon successful completion of this module and the two associated resource modules, the student should</span></p>
    4488. 

  4488. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4489. 

  4489. <p><span class="font9">1. Distinguish the sounds and tones of Chinese well enough to be able to write the </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hànyǔ Pinyin</span><span class="font9"> romanization for a syllable after hearing the syllable.</span></p></li>
    4490. 

  4490. <li>
    4491. 

  4491. <p><span class="font9">2. Be able to pronounce any combination of sounds found in the words of the Target Lists when given a romanized syllable to read. (Although the entire sound system of Chinese is introduced in the module, the student is responsible for producing only sounds used in the Target Sentences for ORN. Producing the remaining sounds is included in the Objectives for Biographic Information.)</span></p></li>
    4492. 

  4492. <li>
    4493. 

  4493. <p><span class="font9">3. Know the names and locations of five cities and five provinces of China well enough to point out their locations on a map, and pronounce the names well enough to be understood by a Chinese.</span></p></li></ul>
    4494. 

  4494. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4495. 

  4495. <p><span class="font9">U. Comprehend the numbers 1 through 99 well enough to write them down when dictated, and be able to say them in Chinese when given English equivalents.</span></p></li></ul>
    4496. 

  4496. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4497. 

  4497. <p><span class="font9">5. Understand the Chinese system of using personal names, including the use of titles equivalent to &quot;Mr.,&quot; &quot;Mrs.,&quot; &quot;Miss,&quot; and &quot;Comrade.&quot;</span></p></li>
    4498. 

  4498. <li>
    4499. 

  4499. <p><span class="font9">6. Be able to ask. and understand questions about where someone is from.</span></p></li>
    4500. 

  4500. <li>
    4501. 

  4501. <p><span class="font9">7. Be able to ask and understand questions about where someone is.</span></p></li>
    4502. 

  4502. <li>
    4503. 

  4503. <p><span class="font9">8. Be able to give the English equivalents for all the Chinese expressions in the Target Lists.</span></p></li>
    4504. 

  4504. <li>
    4505. 

  4505. <p><span class="font9">9. Be able to say all the Chinese expressions in the Target Lists when cued with English equivalents.<sup>1</sup></span></p></li>
    4506. 

  4506. <li>
    4507. 

  4507. <p><span class="font9">10. Be able to take part in short Chinese conversations, based on the Target Lists, about how he is, who he is, and where he is from.</span></p></li></ul>
    4508. 

  4508. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">TAPES FOR ORN AND ASSOCIATED RESOURCE MODULES</span></p>
    4509. 

  4509. <p><span class="font9">Orientation (ORN)</span></p>
    4510. 

  4510. <table border="1">
    4511. 

  4511. <tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    4512. 

  4512. <p><span class="font9">Unit 1:</span></p>
    4513. 

  4513. <p><span class="font9">Unit 2:</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    4514. 

  4514. <p><span class="font9">1 C-l</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    4515. 

  4515. <p><span class="font9">1 P-1</span></p></td></tr>
    4516. 

  4516. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4517. 

  4517. <p><span class="font9">2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4518. 

  4518. <p><span class="font9">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4519. 

  4519. <p><span class="font9">2 P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4520. 

  4520. <p><span class="font9">1&amp;2 D-l</span></p></td></tr>
    4521. 

  4521. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4522. 

  4522. <p><span class="font9">Unit 3:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4523. 

  4523. <p><span class="font9">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4524. 

  4524. <p><span class="font9">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4525. 

  4525. <p><span class="font9">3 P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4526. 

  4526. <p><span class="font9">3 D-l &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3 C-2 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3 P-2</span></p></td></tr>
    4527. 

  4527. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4528. 

  4528. <p><span class="font9">Unit U:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4529. 

  4529. <p><span class="font9">1»</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4530. 

  4530. <p><span class="font9">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4531. 

  4531. <p><span class="font9">h P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4532. 

  4532. <p><span class="font9">h D-l &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U C-2 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U P-2</span></p></td></tr>
    4533. 

  4533. </table>
    4534. 

  4534. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Pronunciation and Romanization (P&amp;R)</span></p>
    4535. 

  4535. <table border="1">
    4536. 

  4536. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4537. 

  4537. <p><span class="font9">P&amp;R 1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4538. 

  4538. <p><span class="font9">P&amp;R 2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4539. 

  4539. <p><span class="font9">P&amp;R 3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4540. 

  4540. <p><span class="font9">P&amp;R U</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4541. 

  4541. <p><span class="font9">P&amp;R 5</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4542. 

  4542. <p><span class="font9">P&amp;R 6</span></p></td></tr>
    4543. 

  4543. </table>
    4544. 

  4544. <p><span class="font9">Numbers (NUM)</span></p>
    4545. 

  4545. <table border="1">
    4546. 

  4546. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4547. 

  4547. <p><span class="font9">NUM 1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;NUM 2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4548. 

  4548. <p><span class="font9">NUM 3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4549. 

  4549. <p><span class="font9">NUM U</span></p></td></tr>
    4550. 

  4550. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4551. 

  4551. <p><span class="font9">Classroom Expressions</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4552. 

  4552. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">(CE)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    4553. 

  4553. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4554. 

  4554. <p><span class="font9">CE 1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    4555. 

  4555. </table>
    4556. 

  4556. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 1 TARGET LIST</span></p>
    4557. 

  4557. <table border="1">
    4558. 

  4558. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4559. 

  4559. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4560. 

  4560. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4561. 

  4561. <p><span class="font9">NX shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4562. 

  4562. <p><span class="font9">Who are you?</span></p></td></tr>
    4563. 

  4563. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4564. 

  4564. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4565. 

  4565. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Wang Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4566. 

  4566. <p><span class="font9">I am Wang Dànián (Daniel King).</span></p></td></tr>
    4567. 

  4567. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4568. 

  4568. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4569. 

  4569. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Hu Měilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4570. 

  4570. <p><span class="font9">I am Hu Mailing.</span></p></td></tr>
    4571. 

  4571. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4572. 

  4572. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4573. 

  4573. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4574. 

  4574. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng s he nine ?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4575. 

  4575. <p><span class="font9">What is. your surname?</span></p></td></tr>
    4576. 

  4576. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4577. 

  4577. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4578. 

  4578. <p><span class="font9">Wó xìng Wang.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4579. 

  4579. <p><span class="font9">My surname is Wang (King).</span></p></td></tr>
    4580. 

  4580. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4581. 

  4581. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4582. 

  4582. <p><span class="font9">W3 xìng Hu.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4583. 

  4583. <p><span class="font9">My surname is Hu.</span></p></td></tr>
    4584. 

  4584. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4585. 

  4585. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4586. 

  4586. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4587. 

  4587. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4588. 

  4588. <p><span class="font9">Who is he/she?</span></p></td></tr>
    4589. 

  4589. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4590. 

  4590. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4591. 

  4591. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglí.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4592. 

  4592. <p><span class="font9">He is Ma Mínglí.</span></p></td></tr>
    4593. 

  4593. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4594. 

  4594. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4595. 

  4595. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4596. 

  4596. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. MS.</span></p></td></tr>
    4597. 

  4597. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4598. 

  4598. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4599. 

  4599. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4600. 

  4600. <p><span class="font9">She is Mrs. Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    4601. 

  4601. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4602. 

  4602. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4603. 

  4603. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS XiSojié.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4604. 

  4604. <p><span class="font9">She is Miss Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    4605. 

  4605. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4606. 

  4606. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4607. 

  4607. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Tóngzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4608. 

  4608. <p><span class="font9">He/she is Comrade Mā.</span></p></td></tr>
    4609. 

  4609. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4610. 

  4610. <p><span class="font9">h.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4611. 

  4611. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4612. 

  4612. <p><span class="font9">Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4613. 

  4613. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wang, who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
    4614. 

  4614. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4615. 

  4615. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4616. 

  4616. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglí Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4617. 

  4617. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglí.</span></p></td></tr>
    4618. 

  4618. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4619. 

  4619. <p><span class="font9">5-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4620. 

  4620. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4621. 

  4621. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4622. 

  4622. <p><span class="font9">Sir, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
    4623. 

  4623. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4624. 

  4624. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4625. 

  4625. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglí Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4626. 

  4626. <p><span class="font9">She is Mrs. Mǎ Mínglí.</span></p></td></tr>
    4627. 

  4627. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4628. 

  4628. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4629. 

  4629. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4630. 

  4630. <p><span class="font9">Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4631. 

  4631. <p><span class="font9">Comrade, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
    4632. 

  4632. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4633. 

  4633. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4634. 

  4634. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Fang Bǎolán Tóngzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4635. 

  4635. <p><span class="font9">She is Comrade Fang Bǎolán.</span></p></td></tr>
    4636. 

  4636. </table>
    4637. 

  4637. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 2 TARGET LIST</span></p>
    4638. 

  4638. <table border="1">
    4639. 

  4639. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4640. 

  4640. <p><span class="font9">1. A:</span></p>
    4641. 

  4641. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p>
    4642. 

  4642. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4643. 

  4643. <p><span class="font9">Nl shi Wang Xiānsheng ma?</span></p>
    4644. 

  4644. <p><span class="font9">W5 shi Wang Dànián.</span></p>
    4645. 

  4645. <p><span class="font9">Wo bú shi Wang Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4646. 

  4646. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Wang? I am Wang Dànián. I’m not Mr. Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
    4647. 

  4647. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4648. 

  4648. <p><span class="font9">2. A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4649. 

  4649. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Wáng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4650. 

  4650. <p><span class="font9">Is your surname Wáng?</span></p></td></tr>
    4651. 

  4651. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4652. 

  4652. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4653. 

  4653. <p><span class="font9">Wo xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4654. 

  4654. <p><span class="font9">My surname is Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    4655. 

  4655. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4656. 

  4656. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4657. 

  4657. <p><span class="font9">Wo bú xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4658. 

  4658. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn't Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
    4659. 

  4659. </table>
    4660. 

  4660. <table border="1">
    4661. 

  4661. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4662. 

  4662. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4663. 

  4663. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4664. 

  4664. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4665. 

  4665. <p><span class="font9">NÍn guìxìng?</span></p>
    4666. 

  4666. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ xìng Wang.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4667. 

  4667. <p><span class="font9">Your surname? (POLITE) My surname is Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
    4668. 

  4668. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4669. 

  4669. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4670. 

  4670. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4671. 

  4671. <p><span class="font9">Nī Jiao shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4672. 

  4672. <p><span class="font9">What is your given name?</span></p></td></tr>
    4673. 

  4673. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4674. 

  4674. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4675. 

  4675. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ Jiao Dàniǎn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4676. 

  4676. <p><span class="font9">My given name is Dàniǎn (Daniel).</span></p></td></tr>
    4677. 

  4677. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4678. 

  4678. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4679. 

  4679. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4680. 

  4680. <p><span class="font9">Nī hǎo a?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4681. 

  4681. <p><span class="font9">How are you?</span></p></td></tr>
    4682. 

  4682. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4683. 

  4683. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4684. 

  4684. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ hǎo. Nī ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4685. 

  4685. <p><span class="font9">I’m fine. And you?</span></p></td></tr>
    4686. 

  4686. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4687. 

  4687. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4688. 

  4688. <p><span class="font9">Hǎo. Xièxie.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4689. 

  4689. <p><span class="font9">Fine, thank you.</span></p></td></tr>
    4690. 

  4690. </table>
    4691. 

  4691. <p><span class="font9">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
    4692. 

  4692. <p><span class="font9">6. míngzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;given name</span></p>
    4693. 

  4693. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 3 TARGET LIST</span></p>
    4694. 

  4694. <table border="1">
    4695. 

  4695. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4696. 

  4696. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4697. 

  4697. <p><span class="font9">1. A: Nī shi Mǎiguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    4698. 

  4698. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4699. 

  4699. <p><span class="font9">B: Shì.</span></p></li>
    4700. 

  4700. <li>
    4701. 

  4701. <p><span class="font9">B: Bu shi.</span></p></li></ul>
    4702. 

  4702. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4703. 

  4703. <p><span class="font9">2. A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    4704. 

  4704. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4705. 

  4705. <p><span class="font9">B: Shì, wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li>
    4706. 

  4706. <li>
    4707. 

  4707. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi, wǒ bú shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    4708. 

  4708. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4709. 

  4709. <p><span class="font9">3. A: &nbsp;Nī shi nǎlguo rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    4710. 

  4710. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4711. 

  4711. <p><span class="font9">B: Wǒ shi Mǎiguo rén.</span></p></li>
    4712. 

  4712. <li>
    4713. 

  4713. <p><span class="font9">B: Wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li>
    4714. 

  4714. <li>
    4715. 

  4715. <p><span class="font9">B: Wǒ shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    4716. 

  4716. <p><span class="font9">h. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Nī shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
    4717. 

  4717. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu rén.</span></p>
    4718. 

  4718. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Wǒ shi Shànghǎi rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4719. 

  4719. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American?</span></p>
    4720. 

  4720. <p><span class="font9">Yes (I am).</span></p>
    4721. 

  4721. <p><span class="font9">No (I'm not).</span></p>
    4722. 

  4722. <p><span class="font9">Are you Chinese?</span></p>
    4723. 

  4723. <p><span class="font9">Yes, I'm Chinese.</span></p>
    4724. 

  4724. <p><span class="font9">No, I'm not Chinese.</span></p>
    4725. 

  4725. <p><span class="font9">What's your nationality? I'm an American.</span></p>
    4726. 

  4726. <p><span class="font9">I’m Chinese.</span></p>
    4727. 

  4727. <p><span class="font9">I'm English.</span></p>
    4728. 

  4728. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from? I'm a Californian. I'm from Shànghǎi.</span></p></td></tr>
    4729. 

  4729. </table>
    4730. 

  4730. <p><span class="font9">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
    4731. 

  4731. <table border="1">
    4732. 

  4732. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4733. 

  4733. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4734. 

  4734. <p><span class="font9">Déguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4735. 

  4735. <p><span class="font9">Germany</span></p></td></tr>
    4736. 

  4736. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4737. 

  4737. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4738. 

  4738. <p><span class="font9">Eguo (Eguo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4739. 

  4739. <p><span class="font9">Russia</span></p></td></tr>
    4740. 

  4740. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4741. 

  4741. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4742. 

  4742. <p><span class="font9">Fàguō (Fāguó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4743. 

  4743. <p><span class="font9">France</span></p></td></tr>
    4744. 

  4744. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4745. 

  4745. <p><span class="font9">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4746. 

  4746. <p><span class="font9">Rìběn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4747. 

  4747. <p><span class="font9">Japan</span></p></td></tr>
    4748. 

  4748. </table>
    4749. 

  4749. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 4 TARGET LIST</span></p>
    4750. 

  4750. <div>
    4751. 

  4751. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4752. 

  4752. <p><span class="font9">1. A: Andésén Xiānsheng, nī shi nārde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    4753. 

  4753. <p><span class="font9">B; Wo shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p>
    4754. 

  4754. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4755. 

  4755. <p><span class="font9">A: Andésén Fūren ne?</span></p></li>
    4756. 

  4756. <li>
    4757. 

  4757. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā yé shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    4758. 

  4758. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4759. 

  4759. <p><span class="font9">2. A: Tā shi YIngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    4760. 

  4760. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4761. 

  4761. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p></li>
    4762. 

  4762. <li>
    4763. 

  4763. <p><span class="font9">A: Tā àiren ne?</span></p></li>
    4764. 

  4764. <li>
    4765. 

  4765. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā yé bú shi YIngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    4766. 

  4766. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4767. 

  4767. <p><span class="font9">3. A: Qīngwèn, nī lāojiā zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    4768. 

  4768. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4769. 

  4769. <p><span class="font9">B: Wō lāojiā zài Shāndōng.</span></p></li></ul>
    4770. 

  4770. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4771. 

  4771. <p><span class="font9">U. A: Qingdao zài zhèr ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    4772. 

  4772. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4773. 

  4773. <p><span class="font9">B: Qingdao bú zài nàr, zài zhèr.</span></p></li></ul>
    4774. 

  4774. <p><span class="font9">5. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p>
    4775. 

  4775. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā xiànzài zài Jiānādà.</span></p>
    4776. 

  4776. </div><br clear="all">
    4777. 

  4777. <div>
    4778. 

  4778. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from, Mr. Anderson?</span></p>
    4779. 

  4779. <p><span class="font9">I’m from Texas.</span></p>
    4780. 

  4780. <p><span class="font9">And Mrs. Anderson?</span></p>
    4781. 

  4781. <p><span class="font9">She is from Texas too.</span></p>
    4782. 

  4782. <p><span class="font9">Is he English?</span></p>
    4783. 

  4783. <p><span class="font9">No, he is not English.</span></p>
    4784. 

  4784. <p><span class="font9">And his wife?</span></p>
    4785. 

  4785. <p><span class="font9">She isn’t English either.</span></p>
    4786. 

  4786. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is your family from?</span></p>
    4787. 

  4787. <p><span class="font9">My family is from Shāndōng.</span></p>
    4788. 

  4788. <p><span class="font9">Is Qingdao here? (pointing to a map)</span></p>
    4789. 

  4789. <p><span class="font9">Qingdao isn't there; it’s here (pointing to a map;</span></p>
    4790. 

  4790. <p><span class="font9">Where is your spouse now?</span></p>
    4791. 

  4791. <p><span class="font9">He/she is in Canada now.</span></p>
    4792. 

  4792. </div><br clear="all">
    4793. 

  4793. <p><span class="font9">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</span></p>
    4794. 

  4794. <p><span class="font9">(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
    4795. 

  4795. <p><span class="font9">6. Learn the pronunciation and .location of any five cities and five provinces of China found on the maps on pages 30-81.</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-25.png" alt="" style="width:261pt;height:204pt;">
    4796. 

  4796. <p><span class="font9">On a Beijing street (courtesy of Pat Fox)</span></p>
    4797. 

  4797. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 1</span></p>
    4798. 

  4798. <h3><a name="bookmark244"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark245"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
    4799. 

  4799. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
    4800. 

  4800. <p><span class="font9">1. Questions and answers about full names and surnames.</span></p>
    4801. 

  4801. <p><span class="font9">2. Titles and terms of address (&quot;Mr.,” &quot;Mrs.,&quot; etc.).</span></p>
    4802. 

  4802. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Prerequisites to the Unit</span></p>
    4803. 

  4803. <p><span class="font9">(Be sure to complete these before starting the unit.)</span></p>
    4804. 

  4804. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    4805. 

  4805. <p><span class="font9">1. Background Notes.</span></p></li>
    4806. 

  4806. <li>
    4807. 

  4807. <p><span class="font9">2. PiR 1 (Tape 1 of the resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization), the tones.</span></p></li>
    4808. 

  4808. <li>
    4809. 

  4809. <p><span class="font9">3. P&amp;R 2 (Tape 2 of the resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization), the tones.</span></p></li></ul>
    4810. 

  4810. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need </span><span class="font9">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p>
    4811. 

  4811. <p><span class="font9">2. The drill tape (1D-1).</span></p>
    4812. 

  4812. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">About the C-l and P-1 Tapes</span></p>
    4813. 

  4813. <p><span class="font9">The C-l and P-1 tapes are your introduction to the Chinese words and structures presented in each unit. The tapes give you explanations and practice on the new material. By the time you have worked through these two tapes, you will be competent in understanding and producing the expressions introduced in the unit.</span></p>
    4814. 

  4814. <p><span class="font9">With the C-l tape, you learn to understand the new words and structures. The material is presented in short conversational exchanges, first with English translations and later with pauses which allow you to translate. Try to give a complete English translation for each Chinese expression. Your goal when using the C-l tape is to learn the meanings of all the words and structures as they are used in the sentences.</span></p>
    4815. 

  4815. <p><span class="font9">With the P-1 tape, you learn to put together these sentences. You learn to pronounce each new word and use each new structure. When the recorded instructions direct you to pronounce a word or say a sentence, do so out loud. It is important fop you to hear yourself speaking Chinese, so that you will know whether you are pronouncing the words correctly. Making the effort to say the expression is a big part of learning it. It is one thing to think about how a sentence should be put together or how it should sound. It is another thing to put it together that way or make it sound that way. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to produce the Target List expressions in Chinese when given English equivalents. At the end of each P-1 tape is a review of the Target List which you can go over until you have mastered the expressions.</span></p>
    4816. 

  4816. <p><span class="font9">At times, you may feel that the material on a tape is being presented too fast. You may find that there is not enough time allowed for working out the meaning of a sentence or saying a sentence the way you want to. When this happens, stop the tape. If you want to, rewind.' Use the control buttons on your machine to make the tape manageable for you and to get the most out of it.</span></p>
    4817. 

  4817. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">About the Reference List and the Reference Notes</span></p>
    4818. 

  4818. <p><span class="font9">The Reference List and the Reference Notes are designed to be used before, during, or directly after work with the C-l and P-1 tapes.</span></p>
    4819. 

  4819. <p><span class="font9">The Reference List is a summary of the C-l and P-1 tapes. It contains all sentences which introduce new material, showing you both the Chinese sentences written in romanization and their English equivalents. You will find that the list is printed so that either the Chinese or the English can be covered to allow you to test yourself on comprehension, production, or romanization of the sentences.</span></p>
    4820. 

  4820. <p><span class="font9">The Reference Notes give you information about grammar, pronunciation, and cultural usage. Some of these explanations duplicate what you hear on the C-l and P-1 tapes. Other explanations contain new information.</span></p>
    4821. 

  4821. <p><span class="font9">You may use the Reference List and Reference Notes in various ways. For example, you may follow the Reference Notes as you listen to a tape, glancing at an exchange or stopping to read a comment whenever you want to. Or you may look through the Reference Notes before listening to a tape, and then use the Reference List while you listen, to help you keep track of where you are. Whichever way you decide to use these parts of a unit, remember that they are reference materials. Don’t rely on the translations and romanizations as subtitles for the C-l tape or as cue cards for the P-1 tape, for this would rob you of your chance to develop listening and responding skills.</span></p>
    4822. 

  4822. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">About the Drills</span></p>
    4823. 

  4823. <p><span class="font9">The drills help you develop fluency, ease of response, and confidence. You can go through the drills on your own, with the drill tapes, and the teacher may take you through them in class as well.</span></p>
    4824. 

  4824. <p><span class="font9">Allow more than half an hour for a half-hour drill tape, since you will usually need to go over all or parts of the tape more than once to get full benefit from it.</span></p>
    4825. 

  4825. <p><span class="font9">The drills include many personal names, providing you with valuable pronunciation practice. However, if you find the names more than you can handle the first time through the tape, replace them with the pronoun </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā </span><span class="font9">whenever possible. Similar substitutions are often possible with place names.</span></p>
    4826. 

  4826. <p><span class="font9">Some of the drills involve sentences which you may find too long to understand or produce on your first try, and you will need to rewind for another try. Often, particularly the first time through a tape, you will find the pauses too short, and you will need to stop the tape to give yourself more time. The performance you should aim for with these tapes, however, is full comprehension and full, fluent, and accurate production while the tape rolls.</span></p>
    4827. 

  4827. <p><span class="font9">The five basic types of drills are described below.</span></p>
    4828. 

  4828. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drills</span><span class="font9">; The teacher (T) gives a pattern sentence which the student (S) repeats. Then the teacher gives a word or phrase (a </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) which the student substitutes appropriately in the original sentence. The teacher follows immediately with a new cue.</span></p>
    4829. 

  4829. <p><span class="font9">Here is an English example of a substitution drill:</span></p>
    4830. 

  4830. <p><span class="font9">T: Are you an American?</span></p>
    4831. 

  4831. <p><span class="font9">S: Are you an American?</span></p>
    4832. 

  4832. <p><span class="font9">T: (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) English</span></p>
    4833. 

  4833. <p><span class="font9">S: Are you English?</span></p>
    4834. 

  4834. <p><span class="font9">T: (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) French</span></p>
    4835. 

  4835. <p><span class="font9">S: Are you French?</span></p>
    4836. 

  4836. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drills</span><span class="font9">: On the basis of a model provided at the beginning of the drill, the student makes a certain change in each sentence the teacher says.</span></p>
    4837. 

  4837. <p><span class="font9">Here is an English example of a transformation drill, in which the student is changing affirmative sentences into negative ones: '</span></p>
    4838. 

  4838. <p><span class="font9">T: I’m going to the bank.</span></p>
    4839. 

  4839. <p><span class="font9">S: I’m not going to the bank.</span></p>
    4840. 

  4840. <p><span class="font9">T: I’m going to the store.</span></p>
    4841. 

  4841. <p><span class="font9">S: I’m not going to the store.</span></p>
    4842. 

  4842. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drills</span><span class="font9">: On the basis of a model given at the beginning of the drill, the student responds to questions or remarks by the teacher as cued by the teacher.</span></p>
    4843. 

  4843. <p><span class="font9">Here is an English example of-a response drill:</span></p>
    4844. 

  4844. <p><span class="font9">T: What is his name? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Harris</span></p>
    4845. 

  4845. <p><span class="font9">S: His name is Harris.</span></p>
    4846. 

  4846. <p><span class="font9">T: What is her name? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Noss</span></p>
    4847. 

  4847. <p><span class="font9">S: Her name is Noss.</span></p>
    4848. 

  4848. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drills</span><span class="font9">: The student adds something to a pattern sentence as cued by the teacher.</span></p>
    4849. 

  4849. <p><span class="font9">Here is an English example of an expansion drill</span></p>
    4850. 

  4850. <div>
    4851. 

  4851. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Japanese He's Japanese.</span></p>
    4852. 

  4852. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) French She's French.</span></p>
    4853. 

  4853. </div><br clear="all">
    4854. 

  4854. <p><span class="font9">T: He isn’t Chinese. S: He isn't Chinese. T: She isn’t German. S: She isn’t German.</span></p>
    4855. 

  4855. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Combination Drills</span><span class="font9">: On the basis of a model given at the beginning of the drill, the student combines two phrases or sentences given by the teacher into a single utterance.</span></p>
    4856. 

  4856. <p><span class="font9">Here is an English example of a combination drill:</span></p>
    4857. 

  4857. <p><span class="font9">T: I am reading a book. John gave me the book.</span></p>
    4858. 

  4858. <p><span class="font9">S: I am reading a book which John gave me.</span></p>
    4859. 

  4859. <p><span class="font9">T: Mary bought a picture. I like the picture.</span></p>
    4860. 

  4860. <p><span class="font9">S: Mary bought a picture which I like.</span></p>
    4861. 

  4861. <h3><a name="bookmark160"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark246"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
    4862. 

  4862. <table border="1">
    4863. 

  4863. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4864. 

  4864. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4865. 

  4865. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4866. 

  4866. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4867. 

  4867. <p><span class="font9">Ni shi shéi?</span></p>
    4868. 

  4868. <p><span class="font9">W3 shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4869. 

  4869. <p><span class="font9">Who are you?</span></p>
    4870. 

  4870. <p><span class="font9">I am Wang Danián.</span></p></td></tr>
    4871. 

  4871. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4872. 

  4872. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4873. 

  4873. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4874. 

  4874. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4875. 

  4875. <p><span class="font9">NX shi shéi?</span></p>
    4876. 

  4876. <p><span class="font9">W8 shi Hú Mǎilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4877. 

  4877. <p><span class="font9">Who are you?</span></p>
    4878. 

  4878. <p><span class="font9">I am Hu Měilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
    4879. 

  4879. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4880. 

  4880. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4881. 

  4881. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4882. 

  4882. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4883. 

  4883. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    4884. 

  4884. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglí.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4885. 

  4885. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p>
    4886. 

  4886. <p><span class="font9">He is MS Mínglí.</span></p></td></tr>
    4887. 

  4887. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4888. 

  4888. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4889. 

  4889. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4890. 

  4890. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4891. 

  4891. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglí.</span></p>
    4892. 

  4892. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hú Mailing.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4893. 

  4893. <p><span class="font9">He is Mǎ Mínglí.</span></p>
    4894. 

  4894. <p><span class="font9">She is Hu Meilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
    4895. 

  4895. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4896. 

  4896. <p><span class="font9">5-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4897. 

  4897. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4898. 

  4898. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4899. 

  4899. <p><span class="font9">Ní xìng shénme?</span></p>
    4900. 

  4900. <p><span class="font9">W8 xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4901. 

  4901. <p><span class="font9">What is your surname? My surname is Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
    4902. 

  4902. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4903. 

  4903. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4904. 

  4904. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4905. 

  4905. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4906. 

  4906. <p><span class="font9">Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    4907. 

  4907. <p><span class="font9">Tā xìng MS.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4908. 

  4908. <p><span class="font9">What is his surname? His surname is Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    4909. 

  4909. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4910. 

  4910. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4911. 

  4911. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4912. 

  4912. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4913. 

  4913. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    4914. 

  4914. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4915. 

  4915. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p>
    4916. 

  4916. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. Ma.</span></p></td></tr>
    4917. 

  4917. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4918. 

  4918. <p><span class="font9">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4919. 

  4919. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4920. 

  4920. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4921. 

  4921. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    4922. 

  4922. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Mǎ Mínglí Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4923. 

  4923. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p>
    4924. 

  4924. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglí.</span></p></td></tr>
    4925. 

  4925. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4926. 

  4926. <p><span class="font9">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4927. 

  4927. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4928. 

  4928. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4929. 

  4929. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wáng, who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
    4930. 

  4930. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4931. 

  4931. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4932. 

  4932. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglí Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4933. 

  4933. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. MS Mínglí.</span></p></td></tr>
    4934. 

  4934. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4935. 

  4935. <p><span class="font9">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4936. 

  4936. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4937. 

  4937. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4938. 

  4938. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    4939. 

  4939. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4940. 

  4940. <p><span class="font9">Sir, who is he?</span></p>
    4941. 

  4941. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. MS.</span></p></td></tr>
    4942. 

  4942. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4943. 

  4943. <p><span class="font9">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4944. 

  4944. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4945. 

  4945. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4946. 

  4946. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    4947. 

  4947. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4948. 

  4948. <p><span class="font9">Sir, who is she?</span></p>
    4949. 

  4949. <p><span class="font9">She is Mrs. Ma.</span></p></td></tr>
    4950. 

  4950. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4951. 

  4951. <p><span class="font9">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4952. 

  4952. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4953. 

  4953. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4954. 

  4954. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS Mínglí Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4955. 

  4955. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wáng, who is she?</span></p>
    4956. 

  4956. <p><span class="font9">She is Mrs. MS Mínglí.</span></p></td></tr>
    4957. 

  4957. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4958. 

  4958. <p><span class="font9">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4959. 

  4959. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4960. 

  4960. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4961. 

  4961. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS Xiǎojiě.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    4962. 

  4962. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wang, who is she?</span></p>
    4963. 

  4963. <p><span class="font9">She is Miss Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    4964. 

  4964. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4965. 

  4965. <p><span class="font9">1U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4966. 

  4966. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    4967. 

  4967. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4968. 

  4968. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    4969. 

  4969. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglí Tongzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4970. 

  4970. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p>
    4971. 

  4971. <p><span class="font9">He is Comrade Mǎ Mínglí.</span></p></td></tr>
    4972. 

  4972. </table>
    4973. 

  4973. <p><span class="font9">15. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Tongzhì, tā shi shéi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Comrade, who is she?</span></p>
    4974. 

  4974. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Tā shi Fāng BSolán. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is Fāng Baolán.</span></p>
    4975. 

  4975. <p><span class="font9">16. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Tongzhì, tā shi shéi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Comrade, who is she?</span></p>
    4976. 

  4976. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Tā shi Fāng Baolán Tongzhì. She is Comrade Fāng BSolán.</span></p>
    4977. 

  4977. <h3><a name="bookmark161"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark247"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
    4978. 

  4978. <table border="1">
    4979. 

  4979. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4980. 

  4980. <p><span class="font9">nī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4981. 

  4981. <p><span class="font9">you</span></p></td></tr>
    4982. 

  4982. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4983. 

  4983. <p><span class="font9">shéi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4984. 

  4984. <p><span class="font9">who</span></p></td></tr>
    4985. 

  4985. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4986. 

  4986. <p><span class="font9">shénme</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4987. 

  4987. <p><span class="font9">what</span></p></td></tr>
    4988. 

  4988. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4989. 

  4989. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4990. 

  4990. <p><span class="font9">to be</span></p></td></tr>
    4991. 

  4991. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4992. 

  4992. <p><span class="font9">tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    4993. 

  4993. <p><span class="font9">he, she</span></p></td></tr>
    4994. 

  4994. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4995. 

  4995. <p><span class="font9">tàitai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4996. 

  4996. <p><span class="font9">Mrs.</span></p></td></tr>
    4997. 

  4997. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4998. 

  4998. <p><span class="font9">tongzhì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    4999. 

  4999. <p><span class="font9">Comrade</span></p></td></tr>
    5000. 

  5000. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5001. 

  5001. <p><span class="font9">w5</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5002. 

  5002. <p><span class="font9">I</span></p></td></tr>
    5003. 

  5003. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5004. 

  5004. <p><span class="font9">xiānsheng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5005. 

  5005. <p><span class="font9">Mr.; sir</span></p></td></tr>
    5006. 

  5006. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5007. 

  5007. <p><span class="font9">xiSojié (xiáojie)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5008. 

  5008. <p><span class="font9">Miss</span></p></td></tr>
    5009. 

  5009. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5010. 

  5010. <p><span class="font9">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5011. 

  5011. <p><span class="font9">to be sumamed</span></p></td></tr>
    5012. 

  5012. </table>
    5013. 

  5013. <h3><a name="bookmark195"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark248"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
    5014. 

  5014. <table border="1">
    5015. 

  5015. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5016. 

  5016. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5017. 

  5017. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    5018. 

  5018. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5019. 

  5019. <p><span class="font9">NX shi shéi?</span></p>
    5020. 

  5020. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Wang Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5021. 

  5021. <p><span class="font9">Who are you?</span></p>
    5022. 

  5022. <p><span class="font9">I am Wang Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    5023. 

  5023. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5024. 

  5024. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5025. 

  5025. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5026. 

  5026. <p><span class="font9">NX shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5027. 

  5027. <p><span class="font9">Who are you?</span></p></td></tr>
    5028. 

  5028. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5029. 

  5029. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5030. 

  5030. <p><span class="font9">W5 shi Hú MSilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5031. 

  5031. <p><span class="font9">I am Hú MSilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5032. 

  5032. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5033. 

  5033. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5034. 

  5034. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5035. 

  5035. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5036. 

  5036. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
    5037. 

  5037. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5038. 

  5038. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5039. 

  5039. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS MínglX.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5040. 

  5040. <p><span class="font9">He is Mā MínglX.</span></p></td></tr>
    5041. 

  5041. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5042. 

  5042. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5043. 

  5043. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5044. 

  5044. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Mā MínglX.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5045. 

  5045. <p><span class="font9">He is Mā MínglX.</span></p></td></tr>
    5046. 

  5046. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5047. 

  5047. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5048. 

  5048. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hú MSilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5049. 

  5049. <p><span class="font9">She is Hú MSilíng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5050. 

  5050. </table>
    5051. 

  5051. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 1-b</span></p>
    5052. 

  5052. <p><span class="font9">The verb </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì</span><span class="font9"> means &quot;to be&quot; in the sense of &quot;to be someone or something,&quot; as in &quot;I am Daniel King.&quot; It expresses identity. (In Unit U you will learn a verb which means &quot;to be&quot; in another sense, &quot;to be somewhere,&quot; as in &quot;I am in BSijīng.&quot; That verb expresses location.) The verb </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì</span><span class="font9"> is in the Neutral tone (with no accent mark) except when emphasized.</span></p>
    5053. 

  5053. <p><span class="font9">Unlike verbs in European languages, Chinese verbs do not distinguish first, second, and third persons. A single form serves for all three persons.</span></p>
    5054. 

  5054. <table border="1">
    5055. 

  5055. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5056. 

  5056. <p><span class="font9">W8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5057. 

  5057. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5058. 

  5058. <p><span class="font9">Wang Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5059. 

  5059. <p><span class="font9">(I am Wang Dànián.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5060. 

  5060. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5061. 

  5061. <p><span class="font9">NX</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5062. 

  5062. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5063. 

  5063. <p><span class="font9">Hú MSilíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5064. 

  5064. <p><span class="font9">(You </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">are</span><span class="font9"> Hú MSilíng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5065. 

  5065. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5066. 

  5066. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5067. 

  5067. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5068. 

  5068. <p><span class="font9">Mǎ MínglX.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5069. 

  5069. <p><span class="font9">(He is MS MínglX.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5070. 

  5070. </table>
    5071. 

  5071. <p><span class="font9">Later you will find that Chinese verbs do not distinguish singular and plural, either, and that they dó not distinguish past, present, and future as such. You need to learn only one form for each verb.</span></p>
    5072. 

  5072. <p><span class="font9">The pronoun </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font9"> is equivalent to both &quot;he&quot; and &quot;she.&quot;</span></p>
    5073. 

  5073. <p><span class="font9">The question </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nl shi shéi?</span><span class="font9"> is actually too direct for most situations, although it is all right from teacher to student or from student to student. (A more polite question is introduced in Unit 2.)</span></p>
    5074. 

  5074. <p><span class="font9">Unlike English, Chinese uses the same word order in questions as in statements.</span></p>
    5075. 

  5075. <table border="1">
    5076. 

  5076. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5077. 

  5077. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5078. 

  5078. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5079. 

  5079. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5080. 

  5080. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Who</span><span class="font9"> is he?)</span></p></td></tr>
    5081. 

  5081. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5082. 

  5082. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5083. 

  5083. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5084. 

  5084. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">MS Mínglī</span><span class="font9">?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5085. 

  5085. <p><span class="font9">(He is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mǎ Mínglī</span><span class="font9">.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5086. 

  5086. </table>
    5087. 

  5087. <p><span class="font9">When you answer a question containing a question word like </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi.</span><span class="font9"> &quot;who,” simply replace the question word with the information it asks for.</span></p>
    5088. 

  5088. <div>
    5089. 

  5089. <p><span class="font9">5. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;NX xìng shénme?</span></p>
    5090. 

  5090. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Wo xìng Wàng.</span></p>
    5091. 

  5091. <p><span class="font9">6. &nbsp;a: &nbsp;Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    5092. 

  5092. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Tā xìng MS.</span></p>
    5093. 

  5093. </div><br clear="all">
    5094. 

  5094. <div>
    5095. 

  5095. <p><span class="font9">What is your surname? My surname is Wang.</span></p>
    5096. 

  5096. <p><span class="font9">What is his surname? His surname is Mǎ.</span></p>
    5097. 

  5097. </div><br clear="all">
    5098. 

  5098. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">■Notes on Nos. 5-6</span></p>
    5099. 

  5099. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xìng</span><span class="font9"> is a verb, &quot;to be surnamed.” It is in the same position in the sentence as shi, &quot;to be.&quot;</span></p>
    5100. 

  5100. <table border="1">
    5101. 

  5101. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5102. 

  5102. <p><span class="font9">W8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5103. 

  5103. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5104. 

  5104. <p><span class="font9">Wang Dàniān.</span></p></td></tr>
    5105. 

  5105. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5106. 

  5106. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5107. 

  5107. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5108. 

  5108. <p><span class="font9">Wǎng Dànian.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5109. 

  5109. </table>
    5110. 

  5110. <table border="1">
    5111. 

  5111. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5112. 

  5112. <p><span class="font9">W8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5113. 

  5113. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5114. 

  5114. <p><span class="font9">Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
    5115. 

  5115. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5116. 

  5116. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5117. 

  5117. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">am surnamed</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5118. 

  5118. <p><span class="font9">Wang.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5119. 

  5119. </table>
    5120. 

  5120. <p><span class="font9">Notice that the question word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shénme</span><span class="font9">. &quot;what,&quot; takes the same position as the question word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi</span><span class="font9">, &quot;who.&quot;</span></p>
    5121. 

  5121. <table border="1">
    5122. 

  5122. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5123. 

  5123. <p><span class="font9">Nī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5124. 

  5124. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5125. 

  5125. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi?</span></p></td></tr>
    5126. 

  5126. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5127. 

  5127. <p><span class="font9">(You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5128. 

  5128. <p><span class="font9">are</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5129. 

  5129. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">who?</span><span class="font9">)</span></p></td></tr>
    5130. 

  5130. </table>
    5131. 

  5131. <table border="1">
    5132. 

  5132. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5133. 

  5133. <p><span class="font9">Nī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5134. 

  5134. <p><span class="font9">xìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5135. 

  5135. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shénme?</span></p></td></tr>
    5136. 

  5136. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5137. 

  5137. <p><span class="font9">(You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5138. 

  5138. <p><span class="font9">are surnamed</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5139. 

  5139. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">what?</span><span class="font9">)</span></p></td></tr>
    5140. 

  5140. </table>
    5141. 

  5141. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shénme</span><span class="font9"> is the official spelling. However, the word is pronounced as if it were spelled shémma, or even </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéma</span><span class="font9"> (often with a single rise in pitch extending over &quot;both syllables'^ Before another word which begins with a consonant sound, it is usually pronounced as if it were spelled </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shěm</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    5142. 

  5142. <table border="1">
    5143. 

  5143. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5144. 

  5144. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5145. 

  5145. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    5146. 

  5146. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5147. 

  5147. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    5148. 

  5148. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5149. 

  5149. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p>
    5150. 

  5150. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    5151. 

  5151. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5152. 

  5152. <p><span class="font9">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5153. 

  5153. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5154. 

  5154. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5155. 

  5155. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
    5156. 

  5156. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5157. 

  5157. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5158. 

  5158. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglī Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5159. 

  5159. <p><span class="font9">He is Mr. Ma MÍnglī</span></p></td></tr>
    5160. 

  5160. </table>
    5161. 

  5161. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 7-8</span></p>
    5162. 

  5162. <p><span class="font9">After the verb </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì</span><span class="font9"> you may have the full name alone, the surname plus title, or the full name plus title.</span></p>
    5163. 

  5163. <table border="1">
    5164. 

  5164. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5165. 

  5165. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5166. 

  5166. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5167. 

  5167. <p><span class="font9">Mǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5168. 

  5168. <p><span class="font9">Mínglī.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    5169. 

  5169. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5170. 

  5170. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5171. 

  5171. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5172. 

  5172. <p><span class="font9">Mǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5173. 

  5173. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5174. 

  5174. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5175. 

  5175. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5176. 

  5176. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5177. 

  5177. <p><span class="font9">Mǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5178. 

  5178. <p><span class="font9">Mínglī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5179. 

  5179. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5180. 

  5180. </table>
    5181. 

  5181. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">. literally ’’first-born,&quot; has more of a connotation of respectfulness than &quot;Mr.&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9"> is usually applied only to people other than oneself. Do not use the title </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9"> (or any other respectful title, such as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiàoshòu</span><span class="font9">, &quot;Professor&quot;) when giving your own name. If you want to say &quot;I am Mr. Jones,&quot; you may say </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">W5 xìng Jones</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    5182. 

  5182. <p><span class="font9">When a name and title are said together, logically enough it is the name which gets the heavy stress: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">WANG Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">. You will often hear the title pronounced with no full tones: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">WĀNG Xiansheng</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    5183. 

  5183. <p><span class="font9">9. A: Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    5184. 

  5184. <div>
    5185. 

  5185. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wang, who is he? He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglī.</span></p>
    5186. 

  5186. </div><br clear="all">
    5187. 

  5187. <div>
    5188. 

  5188. <p><span class="font9">Sir, who is he? He is Mr. Ma.</span></p>
    5189. 

  5189. </div><br clear="all">
    5190. 

  5190. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā shi MS Mínglī Xiānsheng.</span></p>
    5191. 

  5191. <p><span class="font9">10. A: Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? B: Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p>
    5192. 

  5192. <table border="1">
    5193. 

  5193. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5194. 

  5194. <p><span class="font9">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5195. 

  5195. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    5196. 

  5196. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5197. 

  5197. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng,- tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5198. 

  5198. <p><span class="font9">Sir, who is she? She is Mrs. MS.</span></p></td></tr>
    5199. 

  5199. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5200. 

  5200. <p><span class="font9">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5201. 

  5201. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5202. 

  5202. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5203. 

  5203. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wang, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
    5204. 

  5204. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5205. 

  5205. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5206. 

  5206. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglí Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5207. 

  5207. <p><span class="font9">She is Mrs. MS Mínglí.</span></p></td></tr>
    5208. 

  5208. </table>
    5209. 

  5209. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 9-12</span></p>
    5210. 

  5210. <p><span class="font9">When you address someone directly, use either the name plus the title or the title alone. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9"> must be translated as &quot;sir&quot; when it is used alone, since &quot;Mr.&quot; would not capture its respectful tone. (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font9">, however, is less respectful when used alone. You should address Mrs. Mā as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">MS Taitai</span><span class="font9">.)</span></p>
    5211. 

  5211. <table border="1">
    5212. 

  5212. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5213. 

  5213. <p><span class="font9">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5214. 

  5214. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    5215. 

  5215. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5216. 

  5216. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS XiSojiS.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5217. 

  5217. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wang, who is she? She is Miss MS.</span></p></td></tr>
    5218. 

  5218. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5219. 

  5219. <p><span class="font9">Ih.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5220. 

  5220. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5221. 

  5221. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5222. 

  5222. <p><span class="font9">Who is he?</span></p></td></tr>
    5223. 

  5223. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5224. 

  5224. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5225. 

  5225. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Mínglí Tóngzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5226. 

  5226. <p><span class="font9">He is Comrade Mǎ Mínglí.</span></p></td></tr>
    5227. 

  5227. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5228. 

  5228. <p><span class="font9">15.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5229. 

  5229. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5230. 

  5230. <p><span class="font9">Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5231. 

  5231. <p><span class="font9">Comrade, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
    5232. 

  5232. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5233. 

  5233. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5234. 

  5234. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Fang Bǎolán.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5235. 

  5235. <p><span class="font9">She is Fang Bǎolán.</span></p></td></tr>
    5236. 

  5236. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5237. 

  5237. <p><span class="font9">16.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5238. 

  5238. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5239. 

  5239. <p><span class="font9">Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5240. 

  5240. <p><span class="font9">Comrade, who is she?</span></p></td></tr>
    5241. 

  5241. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5242. 

  5242. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5243. 

  5243. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Fang Bǎolán Tóngzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5244. 

  5244. <p><span class="font9">She is Comrade Fang Bǎolán.</span></p></td></tr>
    5245. 

  5245. </table>
    5246. 

  5246. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 13-16</span></p>
    5247. 

  5247. <p><span class="font9">See the Background Notes on Chinese Personal Names and Titles for </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tóngzhì</span><span class="font9">, &quot;Comrade,&quot; and the use of maiden names.</span></p>
    5248. 

  5248. <h3><a name="bookmark224"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark249"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
    5249. 

  5249. <p><span class="font9">A. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drill</span></p>
    5250. 

  5250. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5251. 

  5251. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: MS Mínglī</span></p></li>
    5252. 

  5252. <li>
    5253. 

  5253. <p><span class="font9">2. Hú Měilíng</span></p></li>
    5254. 

  5254. <li>
    5255. 

  5255. <p><span class="font9">3. Wang Dànián</span></p></li></ul>
    5256. 

  5256. <p><span class="font9">U. LĪ Shìmín</span></p>
    5257. 

  5257. <p><span class="font9">5. Liú Lìróng</span></p>
    5258. 

  5258. <p><span class="font9">6. Zhāng BSolán.</span></p>
    5259. 

  5259. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi MS Mínglī.</span></p>
    5260. 

  5260. <p><span class="font9">(He is Mǎ Mínglí.)</span></p>
    5261. 

  5261. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hú MSilíng. (She is Hu Meiling.)</span></p>
    5262. 

  5262. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wang Dànián.</span></p>
    5263. 

  5263. <p><span class="font9">(He is Wang Danian.)</span></p>
    5264. 

  5264. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Lī Shìmín.</span></p>
    5265. 

  5265. <p><span class="font9">(He is Li Shìmín.)</span></p>
    5266. 

  5266. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Liú Lìróng. (She is Liú Lìróng.)</span></p>
    5267. 

  5267. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhāng BSolán.</span></p>
    5268. 

  5268. <p><span class="font9">(She is Zhāng BSolán.)</span></p>
    5269. 

  5269. <p><span class="font9">B. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    5270. 

  5270. <p><span class="font9">When the cue is given by a male speaker, male students should respond.</span></p>
    5271. 

  5271. <p><span class="font9">When the cue is given by a female speaker, female students should respond.</span></p>
    5272. 

  5272. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5273. 

  5273. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Nī shi shéi?</span></p></li></ul>
    5274. 

  5274. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Wáng Dànián (Who are you?)</span></p>
    5275. 

  5275. <p><span class="font9">OR Nī shi shéi?</span></p>
    5276. 

  5276. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Hú MSilíng</span></p>
    5277. 

  5277. <p><span class="font9">(Who are you?)</span></p>
    5278. 

  5278. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5279. 

  5279. <p><span class="font9">2. Nī shi shéi? Liú Shìmín (Who are you?)</span></p></li>
    5280. 

  5280. <li>
    5281. 

  5281. <p><span class="font9">3. Nī shi shéi? Chén Huìrán (Who are you?)</span></p></li></ul>
    5282. 

  5282. <p><span class="font9">k. Nī shi shéi? Huáng Déxián (Who are you?)</span></p>
    5283. 

  5283. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5284. 

  5284. <p><span class="font9">5. Nī shi shéi? Zhao Wānrú (Who are you?)</span></p>
    5285. 

  5285. <div>
    5286. 

  5286. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Wǒ shi Wáng Dànián. (I am Wang Dànián.)</span></p>
    5287. 

  5287. </div><br clear="all">
    5288. 

  5288. <div>
    5289. 

  5289. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ shi Hú Měilíng. (I am Hú Měilíng.)</span></p>
    5290. 

  5290. </div><br clear="all">
    5291. 

  5291. <div>
    5292. 

  5292. <table border="1">
    5293. 

  5293. <tr><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
    5294. 

  5294. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ shi Liú Shìmín. (I am Liú Shìmín.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5295. 

  5295. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5296. 

  5296. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5297. 

  5297. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5298. 

  5298. <p><span class="font9">Chén Huìrán.</span></p></td></tr>
    5299. 

  5299. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5300. 

  5300. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5301. 

  5301. <p><span class="font9">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5302. 

  5302. <p><span class="font9">Chén Huìrán.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5303. 

  5303. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5304. 

  5304. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5305. 

  5305. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5306. 

  5306. <p><span class="font9">Huáng Déxián.</span></p></td></tr>
    5307. 

  5307. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5308. 

  5308. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5309. 

  5309. <p><span class="font9">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5310. 

  5310. <p><span class="font9">Huáng Déxián.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5311. 

  5311. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5312. 

  5312. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5313. 

  5313. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5314. 

  5314. <p><span class="font9">Zhào Wānrú.</span></p></td></tr>
    5315. 

  5315. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5316. 

  5316. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5317. 

  5317. <p><span class="font9">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5318. 

  5318. <p><span class="font9">Zhào Wānrú.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5319. 

  5319. </table>
    5320. 

  5320. </div><br clear="all"></li>
    5321. 

  5321. <li>
    5322. 

  5322. <p><span class="font9">6. Nī shi shéi? Jiang Bīngyíng (Who are you?)</span></p></li>
    5323. 

  5323. <li>
    5324. 

  5324. <p><span class="font9">7. Nī shi shéi? Gāo Yǒngpíng (Who are you?)</span></p></li></ul>
    5325. 

  5325. <p><span class="font9">C. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    5326. 

  5326. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    5327. 

  5327. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Mā Xiānsheng</span></p>
    5328. 

  5328. <p><span class="font9">(Who is he?)</span></p>
    5329. 

  5329. <div>
    5330. 

  5330. <p><span class="font9">Wo shi Jiang Bīngyíng. (I am Jiang Bīngyíng.)</span></p>
    5331. 

  5331. <p><span class="font9">W3 shi Gāo Yǒngpíng. (I am Gāo Yǒngpíng.)</span></p>
    5332. 

  5332. </div><br clear="all">
    5333. 

  5333. <div>
    5334. 

  5334. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. Mā.)</span></p>
    5335. 

  5335. </div><br clear="all">
    5336. 

  5336. <table border="1">
    5337. 

  5337. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5338. 

  5338. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5339. 

  5339. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p>
    5340. 

  5340. <p><span class="font9">(Who is she?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5341. 

  5341. <p><span class="font9">Hú Tàitai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5342. 

  5342. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hú Tàitai. (She is Mrs. Hú.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5343. 

  5343. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5344. 

  5344. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5345. 

  5345. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5346. 

  5346. <p><span class="font9">Mao Xiānsheng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5347. 

  5347. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Mao Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. Máo.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5348. 

  5348. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5349. 

  5349. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5350. 

  5350. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5351. 

  5351. <p><span class="font9">Zhāng Tongzhì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5352. 

  5352. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhāng Tóngzhì. (He is Comrade Zhāng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5353. 

  5353. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5354. 

  5354. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5355. 

  5355. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi? (Who is she?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5356. 

  5356. <p><span class="font9">Liu Xiāojiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5357. 

  5357. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Liú Xiāojiā. (She is Miss Liú.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5358. 

  5358. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5359. 

  5359. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5360. 

  5360. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5361. 

  5361. <p><span class="font9">Mā Xiānsheng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5362. 

  5362. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. Mǎ.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5363. 

  5363. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5364. 

  5364. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5365. 

  5365. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi? (Who is she?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5366. 

  5366. <p><span class="font9">Zhào Tàitai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5367. 

  5367. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (She is Mrs. Zhàò.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5368. 

  5368. </table>
    5369. 

  5369. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 2</span></p>
    5370. 

  5370. <h3><a name="bookmark250"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark251"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
    5371. 

  5371. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
    5372. 

  5372. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5373. 

  5373. <p><span class="font9">1. Questions and answers about given names.</span></p></li>
    5374. 

  5374. <li>
    5375. 

  5375. <p><span class="font9">2. Yes/no questions.</span></p></li>
    5376. 

  5376. <li>
    5377. 

  5377. <p><span class="font9">3. Negative statements.</span></p></li></ul>
    5378. 

  5378. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5379. 

  5379. <p><span class="font9">U. Greetings.</span></p></li></ul>
    5380. 

  5380. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Prerequisites to the Unit</span></p>
    5381. 

  5381. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5382. 

  5382. <p><span class="font9">1. P&amp;R 3 and P&amp;R U (Tapes 3 and U of the resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization).</span></p></li></ul>
    5383. 

  5383. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
    5384. 

  5384. <p><span class="font9">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p>
    5385. 

  5385. <p><span class="font9">2. The 2D-1 tape.</span></p>
    5386. 

  5386. <h3><a name="bookmark164"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark252"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
    5387. 

  5387. <table border="1">
    5388. 

  5388. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5389. 

  5389. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5390. 

  5390. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    5391. 

  5391. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5392. 

  5392. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wáng Tàitai ma?</span></p>
    5393. 

  5393. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wáng Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5394. 

  5394. <p><span class="font9" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ib she Mrs. Wang? She is Mrs. Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
    5395. 

  5395. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5396. 

  5396. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5397. 

  5397. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5398. 

  5398. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5399. 

  5399. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Wang?</span></p></td></tr>
    5400. 

  5400. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5401. 

  5401. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5402. 

  5402. <p><span class="font9">W3 shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5403. 

  5403. <p><span class="font9">I am Wang Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    5404. 

  5404. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5405. 

  5405. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5406. 

  5406. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5407. 

  5407. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Mā Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5408. 

  5408. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Mǎ?</span></p></td></tr>
    5409. 

  5409. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5410. 

  5410. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5411. 

  5411. <p><span class="font9">W3 shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5412. 

  5412. <p><span class="font9">I am Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    5413. 

  5413. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5414. 

  5414. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5415. 

  5415. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5416. 

  5416. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5417. 

  5417. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Mǎ?</span></p></td></tr>
    5418. 

  5418. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5419. 

  5419. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5420. 

  5420. <p><span class="font9">WS bú shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5421. 

  5421. <p><span class="font9">I’m not Mr. Mǎ.</span></p></td></tr>
    5422. 

  5422. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5423. 

  5423. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5424. 

  5424. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5425. 

  5425. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5426. 

  5426. <p><span class="font9">I am Wáng Danián.</span></p></td></tr>
    5427. 

  5427. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5428. 

  5428. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5429. 

  5429. <p><span class="font9">WS bú shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5430. 

  5430. <p><span class="font9">I'm not Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    5431. 

  5431. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5432. 

  5432. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5433. 

  5433. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5434. 

  5434. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Fāng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5435. 

  5435. <p><span class="font9">Is your surname Fāng?</span></p></td></tr>
    5436. 

  5436. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5437. 

  5437. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5438. 

  5438. <p><span class="font9">W3 bú xìng Fāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5439. 

  5439. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn’t Fāng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5440. 

  5440. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5441. 

  5441. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5442. 

  5442. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5443. 

  5443. <p><span class="font9">W3 xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5444. 

  5444. <p><span class="font9">My surname is Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5445. 

  5445. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5446. 

  5446. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5447. 

  5447. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5448. 

  5448. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn't Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5449. 

  5449. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5450. 

  5450. <p><span class="font9">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5451. 

  5451. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5452. 

  5452. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Mǎ ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5453. 

  5453. <p><span class="font9">Is your surname Mǎ?</span></p></td></tr>
    5454. 

  5454. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5455. 

  5455. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5456. 

  5456. <p><span class="font9">Bú xìng Mǎ. Xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5457. 

  5457. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn't Mǎ. It's Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5458. 

  5458. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5459. 

  5459. <p><span class="font9">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5460. 

  5460. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5461. 

  5461. <p><span class="font9">Nín guìxìng?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5462. 

  5462. <p><span class="font9">Your surname? (POLITE)</span></p></td></tr>
    5463. 

  5463. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5464. 

  5464. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5465. 

  5465. <p><span class="font9">W3 xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5466. 

  5466. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">My</span><span class="font9"> surname is Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5467. 

  5467. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5468. 

  5468. <p><span class="font9">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5469. 

  5469. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5470. 

  5470. <p><span class="font9">Nī jiao shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5471. 

  5471. <p><span class="font9">What is your given name?</span></p></td></tr>
    5472. 

  5472. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5473. 

  5473. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5474. 

  5474. <p><span class="font9">W3 jiàc Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5475. 

  5475. <p><span class="font9">My given name is Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    5476. 

  5476. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5477. 

  5477. <p><span class="font9">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5478. 

  5478. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5479. 

  5479. <p><span class="font9">Nī hǎo a?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5480. 

  5480. <p><span class="font9">How are you?</span></p></td></tr>
    5481. 

  5481. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5482. 

  5482. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5483. 

  5483. <p><span class="font9">W3 hǎo.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5484. 

  5484. <p><span class="font9">I'm fine.</span></p></td></tr>
    5485. 

  5485. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5486. 

  5486. <p><span class="font9">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5487. 

  5487. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5488. 

  5488. <p><span class="font9">Nī hǎo a?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5489. 

  5489. <p><span class="font9">How are you?</span></p></td></tr>
    5490. 

  5490. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5491. 

  5491. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5492. 

  5492. <p><span class="font9">W3 hǎo. Nī ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5493. 

  5493. <p><span class="font9">I'm fine. And you?</span></p></td></tr>
    5494. 

  5494. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5495. 

  5495. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5496. 

  5496. <p><span class="font9">Hǎo, xièxie.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5497. 

  5497. <p><span class="font9">Fine, thanks.</span></p></td></tr>
    5498. 

  5498. </table>
    5499. 

  5499. <p><span class="font9">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
    5500. 

  5500. <p><span class="font9">13* míngzi</span></p>
    5501. 

  5501. <div>
    5502. 

  5502. <p><span class="font9">given name</span></p>
    5503. 

  5503. </div><br clear="all">
    5504. 

  5504. <table border="1">
    5505. 

  5505. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5506. 

  5506. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">VOCABULARY</span></p></td></tr>
    5507. 

  5507. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5508. 

  5508. <p><span class="font9">a</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5509. 

  5509. <p><span class="font9">(question marker)</span></p></td></tr>
    5510. 

  5510. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5511. 

  5511. <p><span class="font9">bù/bú bú shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5512. 

  5512. <p><span class="font9">not not to be</span></p></td></tr>
    5513. 

  5513. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5514. 

  5514. <p><span class="font9">guìxìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5515. 

  5515. <p><span class="font9">(honorable) surname</span></p></td></tr>
    5516. 

  5516. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5517. 

  5517. <p><span class="font9">hSo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5518. 

  5518. <p><span class="font9">to be fine, to be well</span></p></td></tr>
    5519. 

  5519. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5520. 

  5520. <p><span class="font9">Jiao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5521. 

  5521. <p><span class="font9">to be called</span></p></td></tr>
    5522. 

  5522. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5523. 

  5523. <p><span class="font9">ma míngzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5524. 

  5524. <p><span class="font9">(question marker) given name</span></p></td></tr>
    5525. 

  5525. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5526. 

  5526. <p><span class="font9">ne</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5527. 

  5527. <p><span class="font9">(question marker)</span></p></td></tr>
    5528. 

  5528. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5529. 

  5529. <p><span class="font9">xièxie</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5530. 

  5530. <p><span class="font9">thank you</span></p></td></tr>
    5531. 

  5531. </table>
    5532. 

  5532. <h3><a name="bookmark166"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark253"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
    5533. 

  5533. <table border="1">
    5534. 

  5534. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5535. 

  5535. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5536. 

  5536. <p><span class="font9">At</span></p>
    5537. 

  5537. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5538. 

  5538. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wáng Tàitai ma? Tā shi Wáng Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5539. 

  5539. <p><span class="font9">Is she Mrs. Wang? She is Mrs. Wang.</span></p></td></tr>
    5540. 

  5540. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5541. 

  5541. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5542. 

  5542. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5543. 

  5543. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5544. 

  5544. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Wang?</span></p></td></tr>
    5545. 

  5545. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5546. 

  5546. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5547. 

  5547. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5548. 

  5548. <p><span class="font9">I am Wang Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    5549. 

  5549. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5550. 

  5550. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5551. 

  5551. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5552. 

  5552. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Mā Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5553. 

  5553. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Mǎ?</span></p></td></tr>
    5554. 

  5554. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5555. 

  5555. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5556. 

  5556. <p><span class="font9">WS shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5557. 

  5557. <p><span class="font9">I am Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    5558. 

  5558. </table>
    5559. 

  5559. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes cn Nos. 1-3</span></p>
    5560. 

  5560. <div>
    5561. 

  5561. <p><span class="font9">&quot;.he marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font9"> may be added to any which may be answered ’’yes’’ or ’’no.’’</span></p>
    5562. 

  5562. </div><br clear="all">
    5563. 

  5563. <div>
    5564. 

  5564. <p><span class="font9">statement to turn it into a question</span></p>
    5565. 

  5565. </div><br clear="all">
    5566. 

  5566. <table border="1">
    5567. 

  5567. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5568. 

  5568. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5569. 

  5569. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5570. 

  5570. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Tàitai.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5571. 

  5571. <p><span class="font9">(She is Mrs. Wáng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5572. 

  5572. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5573. 

  5573. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5574. 

  5574. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5575. 

  5575. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Tàitai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5576. 

  5576. <p><span class="font9">ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5577. 

  5577. <p><span class="font9">(Is she Mrs. Wáng?)</span></p></td></tr>
    5578. 

  5578. </table>
    5579. 

  5579. <p><span class="font9">The reply to a yes/no question is commonly a complete affirmative or negative statement, although, as you will see later, the statement may be stripped down considerably.</span></p>
    5580. 

  5580. <p><span class="font9">h. A: Nī shi Mā Xiānsheng ma?</span></p>
    5581. 

  5581. <div>
    5582. 

  5582. <p><span class="font9">Are you Mr. Mǎ? I'm not Mr. Mā.</span></p>
    5583. 

  5583. <p><span class="font9">I am Wang Dànián.</span></p>
    5584. 

  5584. <p><span class="font9">I'm not Wang Dànián.</span></p>
    5585. 

  5585. </div><br clear="all">
    5586. 

  5586. <p><span class="font9">B: WS bú shi Mā Xiānsheng.</span></p>
    5587. 

  5587. <p><span class="font9">5. A: WS shi Wang Dànián.</span></p>
    5588. 

  5588. <p><span class="font9">B: WS bú shi Wang Dànián.</span></p>
    5589. 

  5589. <p><span class="font9">Notes on Nos,</span></p>
    5590. 

  5590. <p><span class="font9">The negative of the verb </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9">, ’’to be,’’ is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font9">, ’’not to be.’’ The equivalent of &quot;not&quot; is the syllable </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù.</span><span class="font9"> The tone for the syllable </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù </span><span class="font9">depends on the tone of the following syllable. When followed by a syllable with a High, Rising, or Low tone, a Falling tone is used (bù). When followed by a syllable with a Falling or Neutral tone, a Rising tone is used (bú).</span></p>
    5591. 

  5591. <p><span class="font9">bù fēi (not to fly) bù féi (not to be fat) bù fSi (not to slander) bú fèi (not to waste)</span></p>
    5592. 

  5592. <p><span class="font9">Almost all of the first few verbs you learn happen to be in the Falling tone, and so take </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú</span><span class="font9">. But remember that </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font9"> is the basic form. That is the form the syllable takes when it stands alone as a short &quot;no” answer—</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù</span><span class="font9">— and when it is discussed, as in &quot;Bù means 'not'.”</span></p>
    5593. 

  5593. <p><span class="font9">Notice that even though </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì</span><span class="font9">, &quot;to be,” is usually pronounced in the Neutral tone in the phrase </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font9">, the original Falling tone of </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì</span><span class="font9"> still causes </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font9"> to be pronounced with a Rising tone: bú.</span></p>
    5594. 

  5594. <div>
    5595. 

  5595. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5596. 

  5596. <p><span class="font9">6. A: NX xìng Fang ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    5597. 

  5597. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5598. 

  5598. <p><span class="font9">B: WS bú xìng Fang.</span></p></li></ul>
    5599. 

  5599. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5600. 

  5600. <p><span class="font9">7. A: WS xìng Wáng.</span></p></li></ul>
    5601. 

  5601. <p><span class="font9">B: WS bú xìng Wang.</span></p>
    5602. 

  5602. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5603. 

  5603. <p><span class="font9">8. A: NX xìng MS ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    5604. 

  5604. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5605. 

  5605. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú xìng MS. Xìng Wang.</span></p></li></ul>
    5606. 

  5606. </div><br clear="all">
    5607. 

  5607. <div>
    5608. 

  5608. <p><span class="font9">Is your surname Fang?</span></p>
    5609. 

  5609. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn't Fang.</span></p>
    5610. 

  5610. <p><span class="font9">My surname is Wang.</span></p>
    5611. 

  5611. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn't Wang.</span></p>
    5612. 

  5612. <p><span class="font9">Is your surname Mǎ?</span></p>
    5613. 

  5613. <p><span class="font9">My surname isn't Mǎ. It's Wang.</span></p>
    5614. 

  5614. </div><br clear="all">
    5615. 

  5615. <table border="1">
    5616. 

  5616. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5617. 

  5617. <p><span class="font9">WS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5618. 

  5618. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5619. 

  5619. <p><span class="font9">Wang Dànián.</span></p></td></tr>
    5620. 

  5620. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5621. 

  5621. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5622. 

  5622. <p><span class="font9">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5623. 

  5623. <p><span class="font9">Wang Dànián.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5624. 

  5624. </table>
    5625. 

  5625. <table border="1">
    5626. 

  5626. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5627. 

  5627. <p><span class="font9">WS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5628. 

  5628. <p><span class="font9">bú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5629. 

  5629. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5630. 

  5630. <p><span class="font9">MS Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5631. 

  5631. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5632. 

  5632. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5633. 

  5633. <p><span class="font9">am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5634. 

  5634. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">not</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5635. 

  5635. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Mǎ.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5636. 

  5636. </table>
    5637. 

  5637. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 8</span></p>
    5638. 

  5638. <p><span class="font9">It is quite common in Chinese—much commoner than in English--to omit the subject of a sentence when it is clear from the context.</span></p>
    5639. 

  5639. <div>
    5640. 

  5640. <p><span class="font9">9. A: Nín guìxìng?</span></p>
    5641. 

  5641. <p><span class="font9">B: Wǒ xìng Wang.</span></p>
    5642. 

  5642. </div><br clear="all">
    5643. 

  5643. <p><span class="font9">Your surname? (POLITE) My surname is Wáng.</span></p>
    5644. 

  5644. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notea on No. 9</span></p>
    5645. 

  5645. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín</span><span class="font9"> is the polite equivalent of </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī</span><span class="font9">, &quot;you.&quot;</span></p>
    5646. 

  5646. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guìxìng</span><span class="font9"> is a polite noun, &quot;surname.&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guì</span><span class="font9"> means &quot;honorable.&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xìng</span><span class="font9">, which you have learned as the verb &quot;to be surnamed,&quot; is in this case a noun, &quot;surname.&quot;</span></p>
    5647. 

  5647. <p><span class="font9">Literally, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín guìxìng?</span><span class="font9"> is &quot;Your surname?&quot; The implied question is understood, and the &quot;sentence&quot; consists of the subject alone.</span></p>
    5648. 

  5648. <div>
    5649. 

  5649. <p><span class="font9">10. A: Nī jiào shénme?</span></p>
    5650. 

  5650. <p><span class="font9">B: Wǒ jiào Dànián.</span></p>
    5651. 

  5651. </div><br clear="all">
    5652. 

  5652. <div>
    5653. 

  5653. <p><span class="font9">What is your given name? My given name is Dànián.</span></p>
    5654. 

  5654. </div><br clear="all">
    5655. 

  5655. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 10</span></p>
    5656. 

  5656. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiào</span><span class="font9"> is a verb meaning &quot;to be called.&quot; In a discussion of personal names, we can say that it means &quot;to be given-named.&quot;</span></p>
    5657. 

  5657. <div>
    5658. 

  5658. <p><span class="font9">11.</span></p>
    5659. 

  5659. </div><br clear="all">
    5660. 

  5660. <div>
    5661. 

  5661. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    5662. 

  5662. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p>
    5663. 

  5663. </div><br clear="all">
    5664. 

  5664. <div>
    5665. 

  5665. <p><span class="font9">Nī hǎo a? Wǒ hǎo.</span></p>
    5666. 

  5666. </div><br clear="all">
    5667. 

  5667. <div>
    5668. 

  5668. <p><span class="font9">How are you? I’m fine.</span></p>
    5669. 

  5669. </div><br clear="all">
    5670. 

  5670. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
    5671. 

  5671. <p><span class="font9">Notice that the Low tones of wo and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī</span><span class="font9"> change to Rising tones before the Low tone of </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo</span><span class="font9">: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">NÍ hǎo a? W§*hǎo</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    5672. 

  5672. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hǎo</span><span class="font9"> is a verb—&quot;to be good,&quot; &quot;to be well,&quot; &quot;to be fine.&quot; Since it functions like the verb &quot;to be&quot; plus an adjective in English, we will call it an adjectival verb.</span></p>
    5673. 

  5673. <table border="1">
    5674. 

  5674. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5675. 

  5675. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5676. 

  5676. <p><span class="font9">hǎo.</span></p></td></tr>
    5677. 

  5677. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5678. 

  5678. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5679. 

  5679. <p><span class="font9">am fine.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5680. 

  5680. </table>
    5681. 

  5681. <table border="1">
    5682. 

  5682. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5683. 

  5683. <p><span class="font9">Nī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5684. 

  5684. <p><span class="font9">hǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5685. 

  5685. <p><span class="font9">a?</span></p></td></tr>
    5686. 

  5686. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5687. 

  5687. <p><span class="font9">(You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5688. 

  5688. <p><span class="font9">are fine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5689. 

  5689. <p><span class="font9">?)</span></p></td></tr>
    5690. 

  5690. </table>
    5691. 

  5691. <p><span class="font9">12. A: Nī hào a?</span></p>
    5692. 

  5692. <div>
    5693. 

  5693. <p><span class="font9">How are you?</span></p>
    5694. 

  5694. <p><span class="font9">I’m fine. And you?</span></p>
    5695. 

  5695. <p><span class="font9">Fine, thanks.</span></p>
    5696. 

  5696. </div><br clear="all">
    5697. 

  5697. <p><span class="font9">B: W3 háo. Nī ne?</span></p>
    5698. 

  5698. <p><span class="font9">A: H&amp;o, xièxie.</span></p>
    5699. 

  5699. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 12</span></p>
    5700. 

  5700. <p><span class="font9">The marker </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font9"> makes a question out of the single word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī</span><span class="font9">, ’’you&quot;: ’’And you?” or ”How about you?&quot;</span></p>
    5701. 

  5701. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiè</span><span class="font9"> is the verb &quot;to thank.&quot; &quot;I thank you&quot; would be </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">W8 xièxie nī</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    5702. 

  5702. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xièxie</span><span class="font9"> is often repeated: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xièxie, xièxie</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    5703. 

  5703. <p><span class="font9">13. míngzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;given name</span></p>
    5704. 

  5704. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 13</span></p>
    5705. 

  5705. <p><span class="font9">One way to ask what someone’s given name is: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nī jiao shénme míngzi?</span></p>
    5706. 

  5706. <h3><a name="bookmark254"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark255"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
    5707. 

  5707. <p><span class="font9">A. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    5708. 

  5708. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5709. 

  5709. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng* (He is Mr. Wang.)</span></p></li>
    5710. 

  5710. <li>
    5711. 

  5711. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi Hú Tàitai.</span></p></li></ul>
    5712. 

  5712. <p><span class="font9">(She is Mrs. Hu.)</span></p>
    5713. 

  5713. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5714. 

  5714. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Liú Tóngzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
    5715. 

  5715. <p><span class="font9">(He is Comrade Liú.)</span></p>
    5716. 

  5716. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā shì Zhāng XiǎojiS.</span></p>
    5717. 

  5717. <p><span class="font9">(She is Miss Zhāng.)</span></p>
    5718. 

  5718. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">J.</span><span class="font9"> Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng.</span></p>
    5719. 

  5719. <p><span class="font9">(He is Mr. Ma.)</span></p>
    5720. 

  5720. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5721. 

  5721. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Fāng Xiāojiā.</span></p></li></ul>
    5722. 

  5722. <p><span class="font9">(She is Miss Fāng.)</span></p>
    5723. 

  5723. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5724. 

  5724. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā shi Lin Tongzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
    5725. 

  5725. <p><span class="font9">(He is Comrade Lin.)</span></p>
    5726. 

  5726. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Wáng?)</span></p>
    5727. 

  5727. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hú Tàitai ma?</span></p>
    5728. 

  5728. <p><span class="font9">(Is she Mrs. Hú?)</span></p>
    5729. 

  5729. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Liú Tongzhì ma?</span></p>
    5730. 

  5730. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Comrade Liú?)</span></p>
    5731. 

  5731. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhāng Xiǎojiě ma?</span></p>
    5732. 

  5732. <p><span class="font9">(Is she Miss Zhāng?)</span></p>
    5733. 

  5733. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng ma?</span></p>
    5734. 

  5734. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Mr. Mā?)</span></p>
    5735. 

  5735. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Fāng XiSojiě ma?</span></p>
    5736. 

  5736. <p><span class="font9">(Is she Miss Fāng?)</span></p>
    5737. 

  5737. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Lin Tóngzhì ma?</span></p>
    5738. 

  5738. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Comrade Lin?)</span></p>
    5739. 

  5739. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5740. 

  5740. <p><span class="font9">B.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p>
    5741. 

  5741. <div>
    5742. 

  5742. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5743. 

  5743. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Wang?)</span></p></li></ul>
    5744. 

  5744. </div><br clear="all">
    5745. 

  5745. <div>
    5746. 

  5746. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5747. 

  5747. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi Zhao Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Zhào?)</span></p></li></ul>
    5748. 

  5748. </div><br clear="all">
    5749. 

  5749. <div>
    5750. 

  5750. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5751. 

  5751. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Chen Tóngzhì ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    5752. 

  5752. <p><span class="font9">(Is she Comrade Chen?)</span></p>
    5753. 

  5753. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5754. 

  5754. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā shi Liú Xiāojiā ma? (Is she Miss Liú?)</span></p></li></ul>
    5755. 

  5755. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5756. 

  5756. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā shi Song Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    5757. 

  5757. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Mr. Song?)</span></p>
    5758. 

  5758. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5759. 

  5759. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Sūn Tàitai ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    5760. 

  5760. <p><span class="font9">(Is she Mrs. Sūn?)</span></p>
    5761. 

  5761. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5762. 

  5762. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    5763. 

  5763. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Mr. Zhāng?)</span></p>
    5764. 

  5764. </div><br clear="all">
    5765. 

  5765. <div>
    5766. 

  5766. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Shì. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)</span></p>
    5767. 

  5767. <p><span class="font9">Shì. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (Yes. She is Mrs. Zhào.)</span></p>
    5768. 

  5768. <p><span class="font9">Shì. Tā shi Chen Tóngzhì.</span></p>
    5769. 

  5769. <p><span class="font9">(Yes. She is Comrade Chen.)</span></p>
    5770. 

  5770. <p><span class="font9">Shì. Tā shi Liú Xiāojiā. (Yes. She is Miss Liú.)</span></p>
    5771. 

  5771. <p><span class="font9">Shì. Tā shi Song Xiānsheng.</span></p>
    5772. 

  5772. <p><span class="font9">(Yes. He is Mr. Song.)</span></p>
    5773. 

  5773. <p><span class="font9">Shì. Tā shi Sūn Tàitai.</span></p>
    5774. 

  5774. <p><span class="font9">(Yes. She is Mrs. Sun.)</span></p>
    5775. 

  5775. <p><span class="font9">Shì. Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Zhāng.)</span></p>
    5776. 

  5776. </div><br clear="all"></li>
    5777. 

  5777. <li>
    5778. 

  5778. <p><span class="font9">C.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
    5779. 

  5779. <p><span class="font9">All of your answers will be negative. Give the correct name according to the cue.</span></p>
    5780. 

  5780. <table border="1">
    5781. 

  5781. <tr><td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
    5782. 

  5782. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
    5783. 

  5783. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Liú (Is he Mr. Wang?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5784. 

  5784. <p><span class="font9">You: Bú shi. Tā shi Liú Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5785. 

  5785. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5786. 

  5786. <p><span class="font9">(No. He is Mr. Liú,)</span></p></td></tr>
    5787. 

  5787. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    5788. 

  5788. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5789. 

  5789. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5790. 

  5790. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Gāo Xiǎojiě ma? (Is she Miss Gāo?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5791. 

  5791. <p><span class="font9">Zhào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5792. 

  5792. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Xiǎojiě. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5793. 

  5793. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5794. 

  5794. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5795. 

  5795. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Huáng Tongzhì ma? (Is she Comrade Huáng?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5796. 

  5796. <p><span class="font9">Wáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5797. 

  5797. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Wáng Tongzhì. (No. She is Comrade Wang.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5798. 

  5798. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5799. 

  5799. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5800. 

  5800. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Yáng Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Yang?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5801. 

  5801. <p><span class="font9">Jiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5802. 

  5802. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Jiang Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs. Jiang.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5803. 

  5803. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5804. 

  5804. <p><span class="font9">5-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5805. 

  5805. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi MS Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Ma?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5806. 

  5806. <p><span class="font9">Máo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5807. 

  5807. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi, Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. &gt;&amp;o.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5808. 

  5808. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5809. 

  5809. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5810. 

  5810. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhou XiSojiě ma? (Is she Miss Zhōu?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5811. 

  5811. <p><span class="font9">Zhào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5812. 

  5812. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào XiSojiS. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5813. 

  5813. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5814. 

  5814. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5815. 

  5815. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Jiāng Xiānsheng ma? Jiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5816. 

  5816. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Jiāng Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. Jiāng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5817. 

  5817. </table>
    5818. 

  5818. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Mr. Jiāng?)</span></p>
    5819. 

  5819. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5820. 

  5820. <p><span class="font9">D.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
    5821. 

  5821. <p><span class="font9">This drill is a combination of the two previous drills. Give an affirmative or a negative answer according to the cue.</span></p>
    5822. 

  5822. <table border="1">
    5823. 

  5823. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5824. 

  5824. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5825. 

  5825. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Liú Tàitai ma? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Liú</span></p></li></ul>
    5826. 

  5826. <p><span class="font9">(is she Mrs. Liú?)</span></p>
    5827. 

  5827. <p><span class="font9">OR &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā shi Liú Tàitai ma?</span></p>
    5828. 

  5828. <p><span class="font9">Huáng (Is she Mrs. Liú?)</span></p>
    5829. 

  5829. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5830. 

  5830. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? Wáng (is he Mr. Wang?)</span></p></li>
    5831. 

  5831. <li>
    5832. 

  5832. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Gāo Tàitai ma? Zhào (Is she Mrs. Gāo?)</span></p></li></ul>
    5833. 

  5833. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā shi Tang Xiǎojiě ma? Tang (Is she Miss Tang?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5834. 

  5834. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Shi. Tā shi Liú Tàitai. (Yes. She is Mrs. Liú.)</span></p>
    5835. 

  5835. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Huáng Tàitai.</span></p>
    5836. 

  5836. <p><span class="font9">(No. She is Mrs. Huáng.)</span></p>
    5837. 

  5837. <p><span class="font9">Shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiāpsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)</span></p>
    5838. 

  5838. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs. Zhào.)</span></p>
    5839. 

  5839. <p><span class="font9">Shi. Tā shi Táng Xiǎojiě.</span></p>
    5840. 

  5840. <p><span class="font9">(Yes. She is Miss Táng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5841. 

  5841. </table>
    5842. 

  5842. <table border="1">
    5843. 

  5843. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5844. 

  5844. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā shi Huang Xiānsheng ma?</span></p>
    5845. 

  5845. <p><span class="font9">Wang</span></p>
    5846. 

  5846. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Mr. Huang?)</span></p>
    5847. 

  5847. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Zhāng Tàitai ma? Jiāng (Is she Mrs. Zhāng?)</span></p>
    5848. 

  5848. <p><span class="font9">E. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    5849. 

  5849. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5850. 

  5850. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Nī shi Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    5851. 

  5851. <p><span class="font9">(Are you Mr. Zhāng?)</span></p>
    5852. 

  5852. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5853. 

  5853. <p><span class="font9">2. Nī shi Zhào Tàitai ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    5854. 

  5854. <p><span class="font9">(Are you Mrs. Zhào?)</span></p>
    5855. 

  5855. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5856. 

  5856. <p><span class="font9">3. Nī shi Jiāng XiSojlě ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    5857. 

  5857. <p><span class="font9">(Are you Miss Jiāng?)</span></p>
    5858. 

  5858. <p><span class="font9">U. Nī shi Liú Tóngzhì ma?</span></p>
    5859. 

  5859. <p><span class="font9">(Are you Comrade Liú?)</span></p>
    5860. 

  5860. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5861. 

  5861. <p><span class="font9">5. - Nī shi Sdng Tàitai ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    5862. 

  5862. <p><span class="font9">(Are you Mrs. Song?)</span></p>
    5863. 

  5863. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5864. 

  5864. <p><span class="font9">6. Nī shi Lī Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    5865. 

  5865. <p><span class="font9">(Are you Mr. Lī?)</span></p>
    5866. 

  5866. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5867. 

  5867. <p><span class="font9">7. Nī shi Sun Tóngzhì ma? (Are you Comrade Sun?)</span></p></li></ul>
    5868. 

  5868. <p><span class="font9">F. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    5869. 

  5869. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5870. 

  5870. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: WS king Zhāng.</span></p></li></ul>
    5871. 

  5871. <p><span class="font9">(My surname is Zhāng.)</span></p>
    5872. 

  5872. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5873. 

  5873. <p><span class="font9">2. W3 xìng Chén.</span></p></li>
    5874. 

  5874. <li>
    5875. 

  5875. <p><span class="font9">3. W5 xìng Huang.</span></p></li></ul>
    5876. 

  5876. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5877. 

  5877. <p><span class="font9">U. W3 xìng Gāo.</span></p></li></ul>
    5878. 

  5878. <p><span class="font9">5. W3 xìng Sūn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5879. 

  5879. <p><span class="font9">Bú shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. Wang.)</span></p>
    5880. 

  5880. <p><span class="font9">Bú.shi. Tā shi Jiāng Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs. Jiāng.)</span></p>
    5881. 

  5881. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Nī xìng Zhāng ma?</span></p>
    5882. 

  5882. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname Zhāng?)</span></p>
    5883. 

  5883. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Zhào ma?</span></p>
    5884. 

  5884. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname Zhào?)</span></p>
    5885. 

  5885. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Jiāng ma?</span></p>
    5886. 

  5886. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname Jiāng?)</span></p>
    5887. 

  5887. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Liú ma?</span></p>
    5888. 

  5888. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname Liú?)</span></p>
    5889. 

  5889. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Sdng ma?</span></p>
    5890. 

  5890. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname Sdng?)</span></p>
    5891. 

  5891. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Lī ma?</span></p>
    5892. 

  5892. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname LI?)</span></p>
    5893. 

  5893. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Sūn ma?</span></p>
    5894. 

  5894. <p><span class="font9">(Is your surname Sūn?)</span></p>
    5895. 

  5895. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: W3 bú xìng Zhāng.</span></p>
    5896. 

  5896. <p><span class="font9">(My surname is not Zhāng.)</span></p>
    5897. 

  5897. <p><span class="font9">W3 bú xìng Chén.</span></p>
    5898. 

  5898. <p><span class="font9">W3 bú xìng Huáng.</span></p>
    5899. 

  5899. <p><span class="font9">W3 bú xìng Gāo.</span></p>
    5900. 

  5900. <p><span class="font9">W6 bú xìng Sūn.</span></p></td></tr>
    5901. 

  5901. </table>
    5902. 

  5902. <table border="1">
    5903. 

  5903. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5904. 

  5904. <p><span class="font9">6. W3 xìng Zhāng.</span></p>
    5905. 

  5905. <p><span class="font9">7. WS xìng Zhōu.</span></p>
    5906. 

  5906. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5907. 

  5907. <p><span class="font9">G. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
    5908. 

  5908. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5909. 

  5909. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: WS bú shi LI Xiānsheng. (I am not Mr. LI.)</span></p></li>
    5910. 

  5910. <li>
    5911. 

  5911. <p><span class="font9">2. WS bú shi Wáng Tàitai.</span></p></li>
    5912. 

  5912. <li>
    5913. 

  5913. <p><span class="font9">3. WS bú shi Chán Xiānsheng.</span></p></li></ul>
    5914. 

  5914. <p><span class="font9">h. WS bú shi Lin Tóngzhì.</span></p>
    5915. 

  5915. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5916. 

  5916. <p><span class="font9">5. WS bú shi Zhōu XiSoJiS.</span></p></li>
    5917. 

  5917. <li>
    5918. 

  5918. <p><span class="font9">6. WS bú shi JiSng Xiānsheng.</span></p></li>
    5919. 

  5919. <li>
    5920. 

  5920. <p><span class="font9">7. WS bú shi Sōng Tàitai.</span></p></li></ul>
    5921. 

  5921. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5922. 

  5922. <p><span class="font9">H.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Expansion Drill</span></p></li>
    5923. 

  5923. <li>
    5924. 

  5924. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā bú shi Wang Xiānsheng. (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Huang</span></p></li></ul>
    5925. 

  5925. <p><span class="font9">(He is not Mr. Wáng.)</span></p>
    5926. 

  5926. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    5927. 

  5927. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā bú shi JiSng Tàitai. Jiāng</span></p></li>
    5928. 

  5928. <li>
    5929. 

  5929. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā bú shi Liú Tóngzhì. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lin</span></p></li></ul>
    5930. 

  5930. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā bú shi Song Xiǎojiě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sūn</span></p>
    5931. 

  5931. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font9"> Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng. Zhōu</span></p>
    5932. 

  5932. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì.</span></p>
    5933. 

  5933. <p><span class="font9">Zhāng.</span></p>
    5934. 

  5934. <p><span class="font9">7« Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5935. 

  5935. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ bú xìng Zhāng.</span></p>
    5936. 

  5936. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Zhōu.</span></p>
    5937. 

  5937. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: WS bú xìng Li.</span></p>
    5938. 

  5938. <p><span class="font9">(My surname is not Li.)</span></p>
    5939. 

  5939. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Wang.</span></p>
    5940. 

  5940. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Chén.</span></p>
    5941. 

  5941. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Lin.</span></p>
    5942. 

  5942. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Zhōu.</span></p>
    5943. 

  5943. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng JiSng.</span></p>
    5944. 

  5944. <p><span class="font9">WS bú xìng Sōng.</span></p>
    5945. 

  5945. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā bú shi Wang Xiānsheng, tā xìng Huang.</span></p>
    5946. 

  5946. <p><span class="font9">(He is not Mr. Wáng; his surname is Huáng.)</span></p>
    5947. 

  5947. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi JiSng Tàitai, tā xìng Jiāng.</span></p>
    5948. 

  5948. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Liú Tóngzhì, tā xìng Lin.</span></p>
    5949. 

  5949. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Sōng XiSojiS, tā xìng Sūn.</span></p>
    5950. 

  5950. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng, tā xìng Zhōu.</span></p>
    5951. 

  5951. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì, tā xìng Zhāng.</span></p>
    5952. 

  5952. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai, tā xìng Sōng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5953. 

  5953. </table>
    5954. 

  5954. <table border="1">
    5955. 

  5955. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5956. 

  5956. <p><span class="font9">I.</span></p></td><td colspan="4" style="vertical-align:top;">
    5957. 

  5957. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drill</span></p></td></tr>
    5958. 

  5958. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    5959. 

  5959. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5960. 

  5960. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: W6 bú xìng Fang.</span></p>
    5961. 

  5961. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Hú</span></p>
    5962. 

  5962. <p><span class="font9">(My surname is not Fang.)</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5963. 

  5963. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Wō bú xìng Fāng, xìng Hú. (My surname is not Fāng;</span></p>
    5964. 

  5964. <p><span class="font9">it’s Éú.)</span></p></td></tr>
    5965. 

  5965. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5966. 

  5966. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5967. 

  5967. <p><span class="font9">W8 bú xìng Sūn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5968. 

  5968. <p><span class="font9">Song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5969. 

  5969. <p><span class="font9">WS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5970. 

  5970. <p><span class="font9">bú xìng Sūn, xìng Sōng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5971. 

  5971. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5972. 

  5972. <p><span class="font9">3-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5973. 

  5973. <p><span class="font9">W3 bú xìng Yang.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5974. 

  5974. <p><span class="font9">Tang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5975. 

  5975. <p><span class="font9">WS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5976. 

  5976. <p><span class="font9">bú xìng Yáng, xìng Táng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5977. 

  5977. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5978. 

  5978. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5979. 

  5979. <p><span class="font9">W8 bú xìng Jiāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5980. 

  5980. <p><span class="font9">Zhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5981. 

  5981. <p><span class="font9">WS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5982. 

  5982. <p><span class="font9">bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Zhāng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5983. 

  5983. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5984. 

  5984. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5985. 

  5985. <p><span class="font9">W8 bú xìng Zhōu.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5986. 

  5986. <p><span class="font9">Zhào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5987. 

  5987. <p><span class="font9">WS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5988. 

  5988. <p><span class="font9">bú xìng Zhōu, xìng Zhào.</span></p></td></tr>
    5989. 

  5989. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5990. 

  5990. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5991. 

  5991. <p><span class="font9">W8 bú xìng Wáng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5992. 

  5992. <p><span class="font9">Huang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5993. 

  5993. <p><span class="font9">WS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    5994. 

  5994. <p><span class="font9">bú xìng Wáng, xìng Huáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    5995. 

  5995. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5996. 

  5996. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5997. 

  5997. <p><span class="font9">W8 bú xìng Jiāng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5998. 

  5998. <p><span class="font9">Jiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    5999. 

  5999. <p><span class="font9">WS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6000. 

  6000. <p><span class="font9">bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Jiāng.</span></p></td></tr>
    6001. 

  6001. </table>
    6002. 

  6002. <p><span class="font9">J. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    6003. 

  6003. <table border="1">
    6004. 

  6004. <tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    6005. 

  6005. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td colspan="4" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6006. 

  6006. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? (cue) Wáng</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    6007. 

  6007. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)</span></p>
    6008. 

  6008. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Wáng Xiānsheng.</span></p>
    6009. 

  6009. <p><span class="font9">Tā xìng Huáng.</span></p>
    6010. 

  6010. <p><span class="font9">(He is not Mr. Wang. His surname is Huáng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    6011. 

  6011. <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    6012. 

  6012. <p><span class="font9">OR</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    6013. 

  6013. <p><span class="font9">(is he Mr. Wáng?)</span></p>
    6014. 

  6014. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? Huáng</span></p>
    6015. 

  6015. <p><span class="font9">(Is he Mr. Wang?)</span></p></td></tr>
    6016. 

  6016. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6017. 

  6017. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6018. 

  6018. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6019. 

  6019. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6020. 

  6020. <p><span class="font9">Liú Tàitai ma? Lin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6021. 

  6021. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Liú Tàitai. Tā xìng Lin.</span></p></td></tr>
    6022. 

  6022. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6023. 

  6023. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6024. 

  6024. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6025. 

  6025. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6026. 

  6026. <p><span class="font9">Chén Xiāojiā ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6027. 

  6027. <p><span class="font9">Chén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6028. 

  6028. <p><span class="font9">Shi. Tā shi Chén Xiāojié.</span></p></td></tr>
    6029. 

  6029. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6030. 

  6030. <p><span class="font9">1*.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6031. 

  6031. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6032. 

  6032. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6033. 

  6033. <p><span class="font9">Mao Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6034. 

  6034. <p><span class="font9">Mao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6035. 

  6035. <p><span class="font9">Shi. Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng.</span></p></td></tr>
    6036. 

  6036. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6037. 

  6037. <p><span class="font9">5-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6038. 

  6038. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6039. 

  6039. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6040. 

  6040. <p><span class="font9">Jiāng Tóngzhì ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6041. 

  6041. <p><span class="font9">Zhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6042. 

  6042. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì. Tā xìng Zhāng.</span></p></td></tr>
    6043. 

  6043. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6044. 

  6044. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6045. 

  6045. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6046. 

  6046. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6047. 

  6047. <p><span class="font9">Sdng Tàitai ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6048. 

  6048. <p><span class="font9">Sdng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6049. 

  6049. <p><span class="font9">Shi. Tā shi Sdng Tàitai.</span></p></td></tr>
    6050. 

  6050. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6051. 

  6051. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6052. 

  6052. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6053. 

  6053. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6054. 

  6054. <p><span class="font9">Li Xiānsheng ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6055. 

  6055. <p><span class="font9">Wáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6056. 

  6056. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Lī Xiānsheng. Tā xìng Wáng.</span></p></td></tr>
    6057. 

  6057. </table>
    6058. 

  6058. <p><span class="font9">K. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    6059. 

  6059. <table border="1">
    6060. 

  6060. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6061. 

  6061. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6062. 

  6062. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: W3 xìng Wang.</span></p></li></ul>
    6063. 

  6063. <p><span class="font9">(My surname is Wang.)</span></p>
    6064. 

  6064. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6065. 

  6065. <p><span class="font9">2. W3 xìng Chén.</span></p></li>
    6066. 

  6066. <li>
    6067. 

  6067. <p><span class="font9">3. WS xìng Liú.</span></p></li></ul>
    6068. 

  6068. <p><span class="font9">U. WS xìng Huáng.</span></p>
    6069. 

  6069. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6070. 

  6070. <p><span class="font9">5. WS xìng Song.</span></p></li>
    6071. 

  6071. <li>
    6072. 

  6072. <p><span class="font9">6. WS xìng Li.</span></p></li>
    6073. 

  6073. <li>
    6074. 

  6074. <p><span class="font9">7. WS xìng Wáng.</span></p></li></ul>
    6075. 

  6075. <p><span class="font9">L. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    6076. 

  6076. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6077. 

  6077. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: WS xìng Wáng jiào Dànián.</span></p></li></ul>
    6078. 

  6078. <p><span class="font9">(My surname is Wáng, and my given name is Dànián.)</span></p>
    6079. 

  6079. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6080. 

  6080. <p><span class="font9">2. WS xìng Hú jiào MSilíng.</span></p></li>
    6081. 

  6081. <li>
    6082. 

  6082. <p><span class="font9">3. WS xìng Lī jiào Shìyīng.</span></p></li></ul>
    6083. 

  6083. <p><span class="font9">U. WS xìng Fāng Jiào BSolán.</span></p>
    6084. 

  6084. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6085. 

  6085. <p><span class="font9">5. WS xìng Sun jiào Déxián.</span></p></li>
    6086. 

  6086. <li>
    6087. 

  6087. <p><span class="font9">6. WS xìng Chén jiào Huìrán.</span></p></li>
    6088. 

  6088. <li>
    6089. 

  6089. <p><span class="font9">7. WS xìng Zhāng jiào Zhènhàn.</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6090. 

  6090. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Student 1</span><span class="font9">: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    6091. 

  6091. <p><span class="font9">(What is his surname?)</span></p>
    6092. 

  6092. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Student 2</span><span class="font9">; Tā xìng Wáng.</span></p>
    6093. 

  6093. <p><span class="font9">(His surname is Wang.)</span></p>
    6094. 

  6094. <p><span class="font9">SI: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    6095. 

  6095. <p><span class="font9">S2: Tā xìng Chén.</span></p>
    6096. 

  6096. <p><span class="font9">SI: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    6097. 

  6097. <p><span class="font9">S2: Tā xìng Liú.</span></p>
    6098. 

  6098. <p><span class="font9">SI: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    6099. 

  6099. <p><span class="font9">S2: Tā xìng Huáng.</span></p>
    6100. 

  6100. <p><span class="font9">SI: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    6101. 

  6101. <p><span class="font9">S2: Tā xìng Song.</span></p>
    6102. 

  6102. <p><span class="font9">SI: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    6103. 

  6103. <p><span class="font9">S2: Tā xìng Li.</span></p>
    6104. 

  6104. <p><span class="font9">SI: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    6105. 

  6105. <p><span class="font9">S2: Tā xìng Wáng.</span></p>
    6106. 

  6106. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Nī xìng Wang jiào shénme?</span></p>
    6107. 

  6107. <p><span class="font9">(Your surname is Wáng, and what is your given name?)</span></p>
    6108. 

  6108. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Dànián.</span></p>
    6109. 

  6109. <p><span class="font9">(Dànián.)</span></p>
    6110. 

  6110. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Hú jiào shénme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Milling.</span></p>
    6111. 

  6111. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Lī jiào shénme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shìyīng.</span></p>
    6112. 

  6112. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Fāng Jiào shénme? Baolán.</span></p>
    6113. 

  6113. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Sun jiào shénme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Déxián.</span></p>
    6114. 

  6114. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Chén jiào shénme? Huìrán.</span></p>
    6115. 

  6115. <p><span class="font9">Nī xìng Zhāng jiào shénme? Zhènhàn.</span></p></td></tr>
    6116. 

  6116. </table>
    6117. 

  6117. <table border="1">
    6118. 

  6118. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6119. 

  6119. <p><span class="font9">M.</span></p></td><td colspan="4" style="vertical-align:top;">
    6120. 

  6120. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Combination Drill</span></p></td></tr>
    6121. 

  6121. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6122. 

  6122. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6123. 

  6123. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā xìng Chen. Tā Jiào Bāolán.</span></p>
    6124. 

  6124. <p><span class="font9">(Her surname is Chen'. Her given name is Baolan.)</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    6125. 

  6125. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">; Tā xìng Chen, Jiào Bāolán.</span></p>
    6126. 

  6126. <p><span class="font9">(Her surname is Chén, given name Bāolán.)</span></p></td></tr>
    6127. 

  6127. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6128. 

  6128. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6129. 

  6129. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6130. 

  6130. <p><span class="font9">xìng LI. Tā Jiào Mínglī.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6131. 

  6131. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6132. 

  6132. <p><span class="font9">xìng LI, Jiào Mínglī.</span></p></td></tr>
    6133. 

  6133. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6134. 

  6134. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6135. 

  6135. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6136. 

  6136. <p><span class="font9">xìng Hú. Tā jiao Bāolān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6137. 

  6137. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6138. 

  6138. <p><span class="font9">xìng Hú, Jiào Bāolán.</span></p></td></tr>
    6139. 

  6139. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6140. 

  6140. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">k.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6141. 

  6141. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6142. 

  6142. <p><span class="font9">xìng Jiāng, Tā Jiào Dexián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6143. 

  6143. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6144. 

  6144. <p><span class="font9">xìng Jiāng, jiào Dexián.</span></p></td></tr>
    6145. 

  6145. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6146. 

  6146. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6147. 

  6147. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6148. 

  6148. <p><span class="font9">xìng Zhōu. Tā jiào Zīyàn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6149. 

  6149. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6150. 

  6150. <p><span class="font9">xìng Zhōu, Jiào Ziyàn.</span></p></td></tr>
    6151. 

  6151. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6152. 

  6152. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6153. 

  6153. <p><span class="font9">7ā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6154. 

  6154. <p><span class="font9">xìng Zhāng. Tā jiào Tíngfēng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6155. 

  6155. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6156. 

  6156. <p><span class="font9">xìng Zhāng, Jiào Tíngfēng.</span></p></td></tr>
    6157. 

  6157. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6158. 

  6158. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6159. 

  6159. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6160. 

  6160. <p><span class="font9">xìng Chen. Tā jiào Huìrán.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6161. 

  6161. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6162. 

  6162. <p><span class="font9">xìng Chén, Jiào Huìrán.</span></p></td></tr>
    6163. 

  6163. </table>
    6164. 

  6164. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 3</span></p>
    6165. 

  6165. <h3><a name="bookmark256"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark257"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
    6166. 

  6166. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
    6167. 

  6167. <p><span class="font9">1. Nationality.</span></p>
    6168. 

  6168. <p><span class="font9">2. Home state, province, and city.</span></p>
    6169. 

  6169. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Prerequisites to the Unit</span></p>
    6170. 

  6170. <p><span class="font9">1. PSR 5 and P&amp;R 6 (Tapes 5 and 6 of the resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization).</span></p>
    6171. 

  6171. <p><span class="font9">2. NUM 1 and NUM 2 (Tapes 1 and 2 of the resource module on Numbers), the numbers from 1 to 10.</span></p>
    6172. 

  6172. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
    6173. 

  6173. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6174. 

  6174. <p><span class="font9">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
    6175. 

  6175. <li>
    6176. 

  6176. <p><span class="font9">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
    6177. 

  6177. <li>
    6178. 

  6178. <p><span class="font9">3. The 3D-1 tape.</span></p></li></ul>
    6179. 

  6179. <h3><a name="bookmark169"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark258"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
    6180. 

  6180. <div>
    6181. 

  6181. <table border="1">
    6182. 

  6182. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6183. 

  6183. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6184. 

  6184. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    6185. 

  6185. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6186. 

  6186. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Měiguo rén ma? Wō shi MSiguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6187. 

  6187. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6188. 

  6188. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6189. 

  6189. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    6190. 

  6190. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6191. 

  6191. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma? Wō shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6192. 

  6192. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6193. 

  6193. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6194. 

  6194. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6195. 

  6195. <p><span class="font9">Wang Xiānsheng, nī shi</span></p></td></tr>
    6196. 

  6196. </table>
    6197. 

  6197. <p><span class="font9">YIngguo rén ma?</span></p>
    6198. 

  6198. <p><span class="font9">B: WS bú shi YIngguo rén.</span></p>
    6199. 

  6199. </div><br clear="all">
    6200. 

  6200. <div>
    6201. 

  6201. <p><span class="font9">1». A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p>
    6202. 

  6202. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6203. 

  6203. <p><span class="font9">B. Bú shi.</span></p></li></ul>
    6204. 

  6204. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6205. 

  6205. <p><span class="font9">A: Nī shi Māiguo rén ma?</span></p></li>
    6206. 

  6206. <li>
    6207. 

  6207. <p><span class="font9">B: Shì.</span></p></li></ul>
    6208. 

  6208. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6209. 

  6209. <p><span class="font9">5. A: MS XiSojiě shi Méiguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    6210. 

  6210. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Měiguo rén.</span></p>
    6211. 

  6211. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6212. 

  6212. <p><span class="font9">A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></li>
    6213. 

  6213. <li>
    6214. 

  6214. <p><span class="font9">B: Shì, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6215. 

  6215. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6216. 

  6216. <p><span class="font9">6. A: mt shi nSiguo rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    6217. 

  6217. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6218. 

  6218. <p><span class="font9">B: WS shi Měiguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6219. 

  6219. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6220. 

  6220. <p><span class="font9">7. A: Tā shi něiguo rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    6221. 

  6221. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6222. 

  6222. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā shi YIngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6223. 

  6223. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6224. 

  6224. <p><span class="font9">8. A: NI shi nārde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    6225. 

  6225. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6226. 

  6226. <p><span class="font9">B: WS shi ShànghSi rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6227. 

  6227. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6228. 

  6228. <p><span class="font9">9. A: Tā shi Fāng Bāolánde xiānsheng.</span></p></li>
    6229. 

  6229. <li>
    6230. 

  6230. <p><span class="font9">10. A: Tā shi nārde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    6231. 

  6231. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6232. 

  6232. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6233. 

  6233. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6234. 

  6234. <p><span class="font9">11. A: Ni shi nārde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    6235. 

  6235. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6236. 

  6236. <p><span class="font9">B: WS shi Jiāzhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6237. 

  6237. </div><br clear="all">
    6238. 

  6238. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American?</span></p>
    6239. 

  6239. <p><span class="font9">I’m an American.</span></p>
    6240. 

  6240. <p><span class="font9">Are you Chinese?</span></p>
    6241. 

  6241. <p><span class="font9">I’m Chinese.</span></p>
    6242. 

  6242. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wáng, are you English?</span></p>
    6243. 

  6243. <p><span class="font9">I’m not English.</span></p>
    6244. 

  6244. <p><span class="font9">Are you Chinese? No.</span></p>
    6245. 

  6245. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American?</span></p>
    6246. 

  6246. <p><span class="font9">Yes, I am.</span></p>
    6247. 

  6247. <p><span class="font9">Is Miss Mā an American?</span></p>
    6248. 

  6248. <p><span class="font9">No, she is not American.</span></p>
    6249. 

  6249. <p><span class="font9">Is she Chinese?</span></p>
    6250. 

  6250. <p><span class="font9">Yes, she is Chinese.</span></p>
    6251. 

  6251. <p><span class="font9">What is your nationality? I'm American.</span></p>
    6252. 

  6252. <p><span class="font9">What is his nationality?</span></p>
    6253. 

  6253. <p><span class="font9">He is English.</span></p>
    6254. 

  6254. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from? I'm from ShànghSi.</span></p>
    6255. 

  6255. <p><span class="font9">He is Fāng BSolán's husband.</span></p>
    6256. 

  6256. <p><span class="font9">Where is he from?</span></p>
    6257. 

  6257. <p><span class="font9">He's from Shāndōng.</span></p>
    6258. 

  6258. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from?</span></p>
    6259. 

  6259. <p><span class="font9">I'm a Californian.</span></p>
    6260. 

  6260. <p><span class="font9">12. A: NX shi Méiguo rén ma? A: NX shi něiguo rén? A: NX shi n&amp;rde rén?</span></p>
    6261. 

  6261. <p><span class="font9">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
    6262. 

  6262. <p><span class="font9">13. Déguó</span></p>
    6263. 

  6263. <p><span class="font9">1U. èguó (ègu6)</span></p>
    6264. 

  6264. <p><span class="font9">15. Fàgufi (FAguó)</span></p>
    6265. 

  6265. <p><span class="font9">16. Rìhén</span></p>
    6266. 

  6266. <div>
    6267. 

  6267. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American?</span></p>
    6268. 

  6268. <p><span class="font9">What’s your nationality?</span></p>
    6269. 

  6269. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from?</span></p>
    6270. 

  6270. </div><br clear="all">
    6271. 

  6271. <div>
    6272. 

  6272. <p><span class="font9">Germany Russia</span></p>
    6273. 

  6273. <p><span class="font9">France</span></p>
    6274. 

  6274. <p><span class="font9">Japan</span></p>
    6275. 

  6275. </div><br clear="all">
    6276. 

  6276. <h3><a name="bookmark170"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark259"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
    6277. 

  6277. <table border="1">
    6278. 

  6278. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6279. 

  6279. <p><span class="font9">-de</span></p>
    6280. 

  6280. <p><span class="font9">Déguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6281. 

  6281. <p><span class="font9">(possessive marker) Germany</span></p></td></tr>
    6282. 

  6282. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6283. 

  6283. <p><span class="font9">Eguó (Egué)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6284. 

  6284. <p><span class="font9">Russia</span></p></td></tr>
    6285. 

  6285. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6286. 

  6286. <p><span class="font9">Fàguó (Faguó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6287. 

  6287. <p><span class="font9">France</span></p></td></tr>
    6288. 

  6288. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6289. 

  6289. <p><span class="font9">-guó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6290. 

  6290. <p><span class="font9">country</span></p></td></tr>
    6291. 

  6291. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6292. 

  6292. <p><span class="font9">Jiāzhōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6293. 

  6293. <p><span class="font9">California</span></p></td></tr>
    6294. 

  6294. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6295. 

  6295. <p><span class="font9">Méiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6296. 

  6296. <p><span class="font9">America, United States</span></p></td></tr>
    6297. 

  6297. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6298. 

  6298. <p><span class="font9">nǎr néi- * nSiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6299. 

  6299. <p><span class="font9">where?</span></p>
    6300. 

  6300. <p><span class="font9">which?</span></p>
    6301. 

  6301. <p><span class="font9">which country</span></p></td></tr>
    6302. 

  6302. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6303. 

  6303. <p><span class="font9">rén Rìbén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6304. 

  6304. <p><span class="font9">person Japan</span></p></td></tr>
    6305. 

  6305. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6306. 

  6306. <p><span class="font9">Shandong Shanghai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6307. 

  6307. <p><span class="font9">(a province name) (a city name)</span></p></td></tr>
    6308. 

  6308. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6309. 

  6309. <p><span class="font9">Yīngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6310. 

  6310. <p><span class="font9">England</span></p></td></tr>
    6311. 

  6311. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6312. 

  6312. <p><span class="font9">Zhōngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6313. 

  6313. <p><span class="font9">China</span></p></td></tr>
    6314. 

  6314. </table><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-26.png" alt="" style="width:431pt;height:547pt;">
    6315. 

  6315. <h3><a name="bookmark172"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark260"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
    6316. 

  6316. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6317. 

  6317. <p><span class="font9">1. A: Nī shi Měiguo rén ma?</span></p>
    6318. 

  6318. <div>
    6319. 

  6319. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American?</span></p>
    6320. 

  6320. <p><span class="font9">I’m an American.</span></p>
    6321. 

  6321. <p><span class="font9">Are you Chinese?</span></p>
    6322. 

  6322. <p><span class="font9">I'm Chinese.</span></p>
    6323. 

  6323. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Wang, are you English?</span></p>
    6324. 

  6324. <p><span class="font9">I'm not English.</span></p>
    6325. 

  6325. </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
    6326. 

  6326. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6327. 

  6327. <p><span class="font9">B: Wō shi Měiguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6328. 

  6328. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6329. 

  6329. <p><span class="font9">2. A: NX shi Zhōngguo rén ma? B: WS shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li>
    6330. 

  6330. <li>
    6331. 

  6331. <p><span class="font9">3. A: Wáng Xiānsheng, nī shi YIngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    6332. 

  6332. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6333. 

  6333. <p><span class="font9">B: Wō bú shi YIngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6334. 

  6334. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 1-3</span></p>
    6335. 

  6335. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Rén</span><span class="font9"> is a noun, &quot;person&quot; or &quot;persons&quot;; so </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Měiguo rén</span><span class="font9"> is a noun phrase, literally &quot;America person.&quot; Sometimes, however, it is preferable or necessary to translate expressions of this sort as adjectives or prepositional</span></p>
    6336. 

  6336. <table border="1">
    6337. 

  6337. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6338. 

  6338. <p><span class="font9">phrases.</span></p></td></tr>
    6339. 

  6339. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6340. 

  6340. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Měiguo rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is an American.</span></p></td></tr>
    6341. 

  6341. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6342. 

  6342. <p><span class="font9">(noun phrase)</span></p></td></tr>
    6343. 

  6343. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6344. 

  6344. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is Chinese.</span></p></td></tr>
    6345. 

  6345. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6346. 

  6346. <p><span class="font9">(adjective)</span></p></td></tr>
    6347. 

  6347. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6348. 

  6348. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Shāndōng rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is from Shāndōng.</span></p></td></tr>
    6349. 

  6349. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6350. 

  6350. <p><span class="font9">(prepositional phrase)</span></p></td></tr>
    6351. 

  6351. </table>
    6352. 

  6352. <p><span class="font9">Although </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Měiguo rén</span><span class="font9"> is translated here as &quot;an American,&quot; in other contexts it may be translated as &quot;the American,&quot; &quot;American,&quot; or &quot;the Americans.&quot; Later you will learn the various ways to indicate in Chinese whether a noun is definite or indefinite, singular or plural.</span></p>
    6353. 

  6353. <p><span class="font9">The syllable -</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">guō</span><span class="font9"> usually loses its tone in expressions like </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Měiguo rén</span><span class="font9">. (Some speakers drop the tone when the word stands alone: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Měiguo</span><span class="font9">.)</span></p>
    6354. 

  6354. <p><span class="font9">h. A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p>
    6355. 

  6355. <div>
    6356. 

  6356. <p><span class="font9">Are you Chinese?</span></p>
    6357. 

  6357. <p><span class="font9">No.</span></p>
    6358. 

  6358. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American?</span></p>
    6359. 

  6359. <p><span class="font9">Yes, I am.</span></p>
    6360. 

  6360. <p><span class="font9">Is Miss Mǎ an American?</span></p>
    6361. 

  6361. <p><span class="font9">No, she is not American</span></p>
    6362. 

  6362. <p><span class="font9">Is she Chinese?</span></p>
    6363. 

  6363. <p><span class="font9">Yes, she is Chinese.</span></p>
    6364. 

  6364. </div><br clear="all">
    6365. 

  6365. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi.</span></p>
    6366. 

  6366. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6367. 

  6367. <p><span class="font9">A: Nī shi Měiguo rén ma?</span></p></li>
    6368. 

  6368. <li>
    6369. 

  6369. <p><span class="font9">B: Shì.</span></p></li></ul>
    6370. 

  6370. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6371. 

  6371. <p><span class="font9">5. A: MS Xiǎojiě shi Měiguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    6372. 

  6372. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Měiguo rén.</span></p>
    6373. 

  6373. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6374. 

  6374. <p><span class="font9">A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></li>
    6375. 

  6375. <li>
    6376. 

  6376. <p><span class="font9">B: Shì, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6377. 

  6377. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. U-5</span></p>
    6378. 

  6378. <p><span class="font9">The short &quot;yes&quot; answer </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì</span><span class="font9"> is really the verb &quot;am&quot; of the longer, more complete answer. The short &quot;no&quot; answer </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font9"> is really the &quot;am not&quot; of the longer answer.</span></p>
    6379. 

  6379. <p><span class="font9">It is possible to reduce a &quot;no&quot; answer to </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font9"> (note the Falling tone), but polite usage requires that you follow it up with a more complete answer. Both the short answers </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì</span><span class="font9"> and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font9"> are commonly followed by complete answers.</span></p>
    6380. 

  6380. <div>
    6381. 

  6381. <p><span class="font9">6. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Nl shi néiguo rén?</span></p>
    6382. 

  6382. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;W8 shi Méiguo rén.</span></p>
    6383. 

  6383. <p><span class="font9">7. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Tā shi néiguo rén?</span></p>
    6384. 

  6384. <p><span class="font9">B: &nbsp;Tā shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p>
    6385. 

  6385. </div><br clear="all">
    6386. 

  6386. <div>
    6387. 

  6387. <p><span class="font9">What is your nationality? I'm American.</span></p>
    6388. 

  6388. <p><span class="font9">What is his nationality? He is English.</span></p>
    6389. 

  6389. </div><br clear="all">
    6390. 

  6390. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 6-7</span></p>
    6391. 

  6391. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Néi-</span><span class="font9"> is the question word &quot;which.&quot; It is a bound word—a word which cannot stand alone—not a free word.</span></p>
    6392. 

  6392. <table border="1">
    6393. 

  6393. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6394. 

  6394. <p><span class="font9">néi-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6395. 

  6395. <p><span class="font9">guo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6396. 

  6396. <p><span class="font9">rén</span></p></td></tr>
    6397. 

  6397. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6398. 

  6398. <p><span class="font9">(which</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6399. 

  6399. <p><span class="font9">country</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6400. 

  6400. <p><span class="font9">person)</span></p></td></tr>
    6401. 

  6401. </table>
    6402. 

  6402. <p><span class="font9">Notice that the syllable -</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">guó</span><span class="font9">, &quot;country,&quot; in the phrase </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">néiguo rén</span><span class="font9"> may lose its Rising tone.</span></p>
    6403. 

  6403. <table border="1">
    6404. 

  6404. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6405. 

  6405. <p><span class="font9">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6406. 

  6406. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p>
    6407. 

  6407. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6408. 

  6408. <p><span class="font9">Nl shi nǎrde rén?</span></p>
    6409. 

  6409. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ shi Shànghǎi rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6410. 

  6410. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from? I'm from Shànghǎi.</span></p></td></tr>
    6411. 

  6411. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6412. 

  6412. <p><span class="font9">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6413. 

  6413. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6414. 

  6414. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Fāng Bǎolánde xiānsheng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6415. 

  6415. <p><span class="font9">He is Fāng Bǎolán's husband.</span></p></td></tr>
    6416. 

  6416. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6417. 

  6417. <p><span class="font9">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6418. 

  6418. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6419. 

  6419. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6420. 

  6420. <p><span class="font9">Where is he from?</span></p></td></tr>
    6421. 

  6421. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6422. 

  6422. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6423. 

  6423. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Shandong rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6424. 

  6424. <p><span class="font9">He's from Shandong.</span></p></td></tr>
    6425. 

  6425. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6426. 

  6426. <p><span class="font9">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6427. 

  6427. <p><span class="font9">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6428. 

  6428. <p><span class="font9">Nī shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6429. 

  6429. <p><span class="font9">Where are you from?</span></p></td></tr>
    6430. 

  6430. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6431. 

  6431. <p><span class="font9">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6432. 

  6432. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6433. 

  6433. <p><span class="font9">I'm a Californian.</span></p></td></tr>
    6434. 

  6434. </table>
    6435. 

  6435. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 8-11</span><span class="font9"> .</span></p>
    6436. 

  6436. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">N&amp;r</span><span class="font9"> is the question word &quot;where.&quot; The syllable -de is the possessive marker; it functions like the English possessive ending -*£.</span></p>
    6437. 

  6437. <table border="1">
    6438. 

  6438. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6439. 

  6439. <p><span class="font9">nir</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6440. 

  6440. <p><span class="font9">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6441. 

  6441. <p><span class="font9">rén</span></p></td></tr>
    6442. 

  6442. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6443. 

  6443. <p><span class="font9">(where</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6444. 

  6444. <p><span class="font9">*s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6445. 

  6445. <p><span class="font9">person)</span></p></td></tr>
    6446. 

  6446. </table>
    6447. 

  6447. <p><span class="font9">By reversing the word order, a slightly more idiomatic translation is possible: &quot;a person of where.&quot; The closest English equivalent is &quot;a person from where.&quot; To clarity the role of </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font9"> in this expression, the tape gives the following example of -</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font9"> functioning like the English possessive ending -’s:</span></p>
    6448. 

  6448. <table border="1">
    6449. 

  6449. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6450. 

  6450. <p><span class="font9">Fang B&amp;olán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6451. 

  6451. <p><span class="font9">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6452. 

  6452. <p><span class="font9">xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
    6453. 

  6453. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6454. 

  6454. <p><span class="font9">(Fang B&amp;olán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6455. 

  6455. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">*8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6456. 

  6456. <p><span class="font9">husband)</span></p></td></tr>
    6457. 

  6457. </table>
    6458. 

  6458. <p><span class="font9">12. A: NX shi Méiguo rén ma? A: NX shi nSiguo rén? A: NX shi n&amp;rde rén?</span></p>
    6459. 

  6459. <div>
    6460. 

  6460. <p><span class="font9">Are you an American? What's your nationality? Where are you from?</span></p>
    6461. 

  6461. </div><br clear="all">
    6462. 

  6462. <h3><a name="bookmark261"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark262"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
    6463. 

  6463. <table border="1">
    6464. 

  6464. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6465. 

  6465. <p><span class="font9">A.</span></p></td><td colspan="6" style="vertical-align:top;">
    6466. 

  6466. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    6467. 

  6467. <p><span class="font9">All responses will be affirmative.</span></p></td></tr>
    6468. 

  6468. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6469. 

  6469. <p><span class="font9">1.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6470. 

  6470. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speakei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6471. 

  6471. <p><span class="font9">:: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma? (Is he Chinese?)</span></p></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6472. 

  6472. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)</span></p></td></tr>
    6473. 

  6473. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6474. 

  6474. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6475. 

  6475. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6476. 

  6476. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6477. 

  6477. <p><span class="font9">RibSn rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6478. 

  6478. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6479. 

  6479. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6480. 

  6480. <p><span class="font9">RibSn rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6481. 

  6481. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6482. 

  6482. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6483. 

  6483. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6484. 

  6484. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6485. 

  6485. <p><span class="font9">Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6486. 

  6486. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6487. 

  6487. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6488. 

  6488. <p><span class="font9">Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6489. 

  6489. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6490. 

  6490. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6491. 

  6491. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6492. 

  6492. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6493. 

  6493. <p><span class="font9">MSiguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6494. 

  6494. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6495. 

  6495. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6496. 

  6496. <p><span class="font9">MSiguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6497. 

  6497. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6498. 

  6498. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6499. 

  6499. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6500. 

  6500. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6501. 

  6501. <p><span class="font9">Déguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6502. 

  6502. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6503. 

  6503. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6504. 

  6504. <p><span class="font9">Déguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6505. 

  6505. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6506. 

  6506. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6507. 

  6507. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6508. 

  6508. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6509. 

  6509. <p><span class="font9">Jiānādà rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6510. 

  6510. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6511. 

  6511. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6512. 

  6512. <p><span class="font9">Jiānādà rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6513. 

  6513. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6514. 

  6514. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6515. 

  6515. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6516. 

  6516. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6517. 

  6517. <p><span class="font9">Fàguo rén ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6518. 

  6518. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6519. 

  6519. <p><span class="font9">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6520. 

  6520. <p><span class="font9">Fàguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6521. 

  6521. </table>
    6522. 

  6522. <p><span class="font9">B. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    6523. 

  6523. <div>
    6524. 

  6524. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6525. 

  6525. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Jiānádà ren ma? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Yingguo</span></p></li></ul>
    6526. 

  6526. <p><span class="font9">(Is he a Canadian?)</span></p>
    6527. 

  6527. </div><br clear="all">
    6528. 

  6528. <div>
    6529. 

  6529. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
    6530. 

  6530. <p><span class="font9">Yingguo rén.</span></p>
    6531. 

  6531. <p><span class="font9">(He is not Canadian.</span></p>
    6532. 

  6532. </div><br clear="all">
    6533. 

  6533. <div>
    6534. 

  6534. <p><span class="font9">English.)</span></p>
    6535. 

  6535. </div><br clear="all">
    6536. 

  6536. <div>
    6537. 

  6537. <p><span class="font9">Shi</span></p>
    6538. 

  6538. <p><span class="font9">He is</span></p>
    6539. 

  6539. </div><br clear="all">
    6540. 

  6540. <div>
    6541. 

  6541. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6542. 

  6542. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi RibSn rén ma? Zhōngguo</span></p></li>
    6543. 

  6543. <li>
    6544. 

  6544. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Yingguo rén ma? MSiguō</span></p></li></ul>
    6545. 

  6545. <p><span class="font9">h. Tā shi MSiguo rén ma? J iānádà</span></p>
    6546. 

  6546. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6547. 

  6547. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā shi Èguo rén ma? Déguō</span></p></li>
    6548. 

  6548. <li>
    6549. 

  6549. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Yuènán rén ma? Zhōngguō</span></p></li>
    6550. 

  6550. <li>
    6551. 

  6551. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā shi Fàguo rén ma? Yingguo</span></p></li></ul>
    6552. 

  6552. </div><br clear="all">
    6553. 

  6553. <div>
    6554. 

  6554. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi RibSn rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p>
    6555. 

  6555. </div><br clear="all">
    6556. 

  6556. <div>
    6557. 

  6557. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Yingguo rén. Shi MSiguo rén.</span></p>
    6558. 

  6558. </div><br clear="all">
    6559. 

  6559. <div>
    6560. 

  6560. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi MSiguo rén. Shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
    6561. 

  6561. </div><br clear="all">
    6562. 

  6562. <div>
    6563. 

  6563. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Èguo rén. Shi Déguo rén.</span></p>
    6564. 

  6564. </div><br clear="all">
    6565. 

  6565. <div>
    6566. 

  6566. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Yuènán rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p>
    6567. 

  6567. </div><br clear="all">
    6568. 

  6568. <div>
    6569. 

  6569. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Fàguo rén. Shi Yingguo rén.</span></p>
    6570. 

  6570. </div><br clear="all">
    6571. 

  6571. <p><span class="font9">C. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    6572. 

  6572. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi néiguo rén? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Fàguo rén.</span></p>
    6573. 

  6573. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Fàguō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(He is French.)</span></p>
    6574. 

  6574. <p><span class="font9">(What is his nationality?)</span></p>
    6575. 

  6575. <table border="1">
    6576. 

  6576. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6577. 

  6577. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6578. 

  6578. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi néiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6579. 

  6579. <p><span class="font9">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6580. 

  6580. <p><span class="font9">Zhōngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6581. 

  6581. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6582. 

  6582. <p><span class="font9">Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6583. 

  6583. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6584. 

  6584. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6585. 

  6585. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi néiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6586. 

  6586. <p><span class="font9">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6587. 

  6587. <p><span class="font9">Méiguō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6588. 

  6588. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6589. 

  6589. <p><span class="font9">Méiguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6590. 

  6590. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6591. 

  6591. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6592. 

  6592. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi néiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6593. 

  6593. <p><span class="font9">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6594. 

  6594. <p><span class="font9">Jiānádā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6595. 

  6595. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6596. 

  6596. <p><span class="font9">Jiānádà rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6597. 

  6597. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6598. 

  6598. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6599. 

  6599. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi néiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6600. 

  6600. <p><span class="font9">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6601. 

  6601. <p><span class="font9">Rìbén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6602. 

  6602. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6603. 

  6603. <p><span class="font9">Rìbén rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6604. 

  6604. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6605. 

  6605. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6606. 

  6606. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi néiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6607. 

  6607. <p><span class="font9">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6608. 

  6608. <p><span class="font9">Eguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6609. 

  6609. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6610. 

  6610. <p><span class="font9">èguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6611. 

  6611. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6612. 

  6612. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6613. 

  6613. <p><span class="font9">Tā s'.ii néiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6614. 

  6614. <p><span class="font9">rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6615. 

  6615. <p><span class="font9">Déguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6616. 

  6616. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6617. 

  6617. <p><span class="font9">Déguo rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6618. 

  6618. </table>
    6619. 

  6619. <p><span class="font9">D. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    6620. 

  6620. <div>
    6621. 

  6621. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi nǎrde rén? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Béijīng (Where is he from?)</span></p>
    6622. 

  6622. </div><br clear="all">
    6623. 

  6623. <div>
    6624. 

  6624. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Béijīng rén.</span></p>
    6625. 

  6625. <p><span class="font9">(He is from Béijīng.)</span></p>
    6626. 

  6626. </div><br clear="all">
    6627. 

  6627. <table border="1">
    6628. 

  6628. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6629. 

  6629. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6630. 

  6630. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6631. 

  6631. <p><span class="font9">shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6632. 

  6632. <p><span class="font9">Shànghǎi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6633. 

  6633. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Shànghǎi rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6634. 

  6634. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6635. 

  6635. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6636. 

  6636. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6637. 

  6637. <p><span class="font9">shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6638. 

  6638. <p><span class="font9">Chángshā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6639. 

  6639. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Chángshā rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6640. 

  6640. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6641. 

  6641. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6642. 

  6642. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6643. 

  6643. <p><span class="font9">shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6644. 

  6644. <p><span class="font9">Taizhōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6645. 

  6645. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Táizhōng rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6646. 

  6646. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6647. 

  6647. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6648. 

  6648. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6649. 

  6649. <p><span class="font9">shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6650. 

  6650. <p><span class="font9">Táibéi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6651. 

  6651. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Táibéi rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6652. 

  6652. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6653. 

  6653. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6654. 

  6654. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6655. 

  6655. <p><span class="font9">shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6656. 

  6656. <p><span class="font9">Tiānjīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6657. 

  6657. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Tiānjīng rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6658. 

  6658. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6659. 

  6659. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6660. 

  6660. <p><span class="font9">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6661. 

  6661. <p><span class="font9">shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6662. 

  6662. <p><span class="font9">BéiJIng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6663. 

  6663. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Béijīng rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    6664. 

  6664. </table>
    6665. 

  6665. <table border="1">
    6666. 

  6666. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6667. 

  6667. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
    6668. 

  6668. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi TáibSi rén.</span></p>
    6669. 

  6669. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā shi Shànghāi rén.</span></p>
    6670. 

  6670. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6671. 

  6671. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font9"> Tā shi YIngguo rén.</span></p></li>
    6672. 

  6672. <li>
    6673. 

  6673. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi MSiguo rén.</span></p></li>
    6674. 

  6674. <li>
    6675. 

  6675. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā shi Táizhōng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6676. 

  6676. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6677. 

  6677. <p><span class="font9">F. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
    6678. 

  6678. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6679. 

  6679. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Li Tàitai. (She is Mrs. Lī.)</span></p></li>
    6680. 

  6680. <li>
    6681. 

  6681. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā xìng Gāo.</span></p></li>
    6682. 

  6682. <li>
    6683. 

  6683. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi TáibSi rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6684. 

  6684. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā xìng Liú.</span></p>
    6685. 

  6685. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā shi MSiguo rén.</span></p>
    6686. 

  6686. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
    6687. 

  6687. <p><span class="font9">G. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    6688. 

  6688. <p><span class="font9">Ask the appropriate </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font9"> question.</span></p>
    6689. 

  6689. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6690. 

  6690. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā xìng Hú.</span></p></li></ul>
    6691. 

  6691. <p><span class="font9">(His surname is Hú.)</span></p>
    6692. 

  6692. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6693. 

  6693. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi BSijlng rén.</span></p></li>
    6694. 

  6694. <li>
    6695. 

  6695. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Wang Dànián.</span></p></li></ul>
    6696. 

  6696. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6697. 

  6697. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā xìng LÍn.</span></p></li></ul>
    6698. 

  6698. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6699. 

  6699. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nSiguo rén?</span></p>
    6700. 

  6700. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    6701. 

  6701. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    6702. 

  6702. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nSiguo rén?</span></p>
    6703. 

  6703. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nSiguo rén?</span></p>
    6704. 

  6704. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    6705. 

  6705. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā bú shi Lī Tàitai.</span></p>
    6706. 

  6706. <p><span class="font9">(She is not Mrs. LI.)</span></p>
    6707. 

  6707. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú xìng Gāo.</span></p>
    6708. 

  6708. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi TáibSi rén.</span></p>
    6709. 

  6709. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú xìng Liú.</span></p>
    6710. 

  6710. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi MSiguo rén.</span></p>
    6711. 

  6711. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.</span></p>
    6712. 

  6712. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā xìng Hú ma?</span></p>
    6713. 

  6713. <p><span class="font9">(is his surname Hú?)</span></p>
    6714. 

  6714. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Beijing rén ma?</span></p>
    6715. 

  6715. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wang Dànián ma?</span></p>
    6716. 

  6716. <p><span class="font9">Tā xìng Lin ma?</span></p>
    6717. 

  6717. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?</span></p></td></tr>
    6718. 

  6718. </table>
    6719. 

  6719. <p><span class="font9">H. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Brill</span></p>
    6720. 

  6720. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā xing Zhāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā xìng shénme?</span></p>
    6721. 

  6721. <p><span class="font9">(His surname is Zhāng.) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(What’s his surname?)</span></p>
    6722. 

  6722. <table border="1">
    6723. 

  6723. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6724. 

  6724. <p><span class="font9">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6725. 

  6725. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Béijìng rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6726. 

  6726. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></td></tr>
    6727. 

  6727. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6728. 

  6728. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6729. 

  6729. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Wáng Dànián.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6730. 

  6730. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td></tr>
    6731. 

  6731. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6732. 

  6732. <p><span class="font9">It.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6733. 

  6733. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi RibSn rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6734. 

  6734. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nSiguo rén?</span></p></td></tr>
    6735. 

  6735. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6736. 

  6736. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6737. 

  6737. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6738. 

  6738. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén?</span></p></td></tr>
    6739. 

  6739. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6740. 

  6740. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6741. 

  6741. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Chén Tóngzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6742. 

  6742. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi shéi?</span></p></td></tr>
    6743. 

  6743. </table>
    6744. 

  6744. <div>
    6745. 

  6745. <p><span class="font9">E. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    6746. 

  6746. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Béijīng rén. (He is from Béijīng.)</span></p>
    6747. 

  6747. <p><span class="font9">OR Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)</span></p>
    6748. 

  6748. </div><br clear="all">
    6749. 

  6749. <div>
    6750. 

  6750. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi nǎrde rén? (Where is he from?) Tā shi néiguo rén? (What's his nationality?)</span></p>
    6751. 

  6751. </div><br clear="all">
    6752. 

  6752. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 4</span></p>
    6753. 

  6753. <h3><a name="bookmark263"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark264"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
    6754. 

  6754. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
    6755. 

  6755. <p><span class="font9">1. Location of people and places.</span></p>
    6756. 

  6756. <p><span class="font9">2. Where people's families are from.</span></p>
    6757. 

  6757. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Prerequisites to the Unit</span></p>
    6758. 

  6758. <p><span class="font9">1. NUM 3 and NUM h (Tapes 3 and U of the resource module on Numbers).</span></p>
    6759. 

  6759. <p><span class="font9">2. CE 1, on Classroom Expressions.</span></p>
    6760. 

  6760. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
    6761. 

  6761. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6762. 

  6762. <p><span class="font9">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
    6763. 

  6763. <li>
    6764. 

  6764. <p><span class="font9">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
    6765. 

  6765. <li>
    6766. 

  6766. <p><span class="font9">3. The HD-1 tape.</span></p></li></ul>
    6767. 

  6767. <h3><a name="bookmark175"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark265"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
    6768. 

  6768. <p><span class="font9">(in Béijīng)</span></p>
    6769. 

  6769. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6770. 

  6770. <p><span class="font9">1. A: Qīngwèn, nl shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    6771. 

  6771. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6772. 

  6772. <p><span class="font9">B: WS shi De zhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6773. 

  6773. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6774. 

  6774. <p><span class="font9">2. A: Qīngwèn, Āndésēn Fūren shi nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    6775. 

  6775. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6776. 

  6776. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā yǎ shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6777. 

  6777. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6778. 

  6778. <p><span class="font9">3. A: Tǎ shi Yīngguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    6779. 

  6779. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6780. 

  6780. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6781. 

  6781. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6782. 

  6782. <p><span class="font9">A: Tā àiren ne?</span></p></li>
    6783. 

  6783. <li>
    6784. 

  6784. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā yé bú shi Yīngguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6785. 

  6785. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6786. 

  6786. <p><span class="font9">A: Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?</span></p></li>
    6787. 

  6787. <li>
    6788. 

  6788. <p><span class="font9">B: Qīngdǎo zǎi Shandong.</span></p></li></ul>
    6789. 

  6789. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6790. 

  6790. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font9"> A: Qīngwèn, nī lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    6791. 

  6791. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6792. 

  6792. <p><span class="font9">B: WS lǎojiā zǎi Āndàluè.</span></p></li>
    6793. 

  6793. <li>
    6794. 

  6794. <p><span class="font9">C: WS lǎojiā zǎi Shāndōng.</span></p></li></ul>
    6795. 

  6795. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6796. 

  6796. <p><span class="font9">6. A: Chen Shìmín Tóngzhì zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    6797. 

  6797. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6798. 

  6798. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā zài nàr.</span></p></li></ul>
    6799. 

  6799. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6800. 

  6800. <p><span class="font9">7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    6801. 

  6801. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6802. 

  6802. <p><span class="font9">B: Zài zhèr.</span></p></li></ul>
    6803. 

  6803. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6804. 

  6804. <p><span class="font9">8. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    6805. 

  6805. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6806. 

  6806. <p><span class="font9">B: WS àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà.</span></p></li></ul>
    6807. 

  6807. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where are you from? I'm from Texas.</span></p>
    6808. 

  6808. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is Mrs.</span></p>
    6809. 

  6809. <p><span class="font9">Anderson from?</span></p>
    6810. 

  6810. <p><span class="font9">She is from Texas too.</span></p>
    6811. 

  6811. <p><span class="font9">Is he English?</span></p>
    6812. 

  6812. <p><span class="font9">No, he is not English.</span></p>
    6813. 

  6813. <p><span class="font9">And his wife?’</span></p>
    6814. 

  6814. <p><span class="font9">She isn't English either.</span></p>
    6815. 

  6815. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo? Qīngdǎo is in Shāndōng.</span></p>
    6816. 

  6816. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is your family from?</span></p>
    6817. 

  6817. <p><span class="font9">My family is from Ontario.</span></p>
    6818. 

  6818. <p><span class="font9">My family is from Shāndōng.</span></p>
    6819. 

  6819. <p><span class="font9">Where is Comrade Chen Shìmín?</span></p>
    6820. 

  6820. <p><span class="font9">He's there.</span></p>
    6821. 

  6821. <p><span class="font9">Where is Qīngdǎo?</span></p>
    6822. 

  6822. <p><span class="font9">It's here.</span></p>
    6823. 

  6823. <p><span class="font9">Where is your wife now? My wife is in Canada now.</span></p>
    6824. 

  6824. <p><span class="font9">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</span></p>
    6825. 

  6825. <p><span class="font9">(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
    6826. 

  6826. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6827. 

  6827. <p><span class="font9">9. Learn the pronunciation and locations of any five cities and five provinces of China found on the maps on pages 80-81.</span></p>
    6828. 

  6828. <table border="1">
    6829. 

  6829. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6830. 

  6830. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">VOCABULARY</span></p></td></tr>
    6831. 

  6831. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6832. 

  6832. <p><span class="font9">àiren Āndàlūè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6833. 

  6833. <p><span class="font9">spouse Ontario</span></p></td></tr>
    6834. 

  6834. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6835. 

  6835. <p><span class="font9">Dézhōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6836. 

  6836. <p><span class="font9">Texas</span></p></td></tr>
    6837. 

  6837. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    6838. 

  6838. <p><span class="font9">fūren</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6839. 

  6839. <p><span class="font9">Lady, Madame, Mrs.; wife (of a high-ranking person)</span></p></td></tr>
    6840. 

  6840. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6841. 

  6841. <p><span class="font9">Jiānádà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6842. 

  6842. <p><span class="font9">Canada</span></p></td></tr>
    6843. 

  6843. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6844. 

  6844. <p><span class="font9">iSojiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6845. 

  6845. <p><span class="font9">&quot;original home&quot;</span></p></td></tr>
    6846. 

  6846. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6847. 

  6847. <p><span class="font9">nàr (nèr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6848. 

  6848. <p><span class="font9">there</span></p></td></tr>
    6849. 

  6849. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6850. 

  6850. <p><span class="font9">QīngdSo</span></p>
    6851. 

  6851. <p><span class="font9">Qlngwèn . . .</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6852. 

  6852. <p><span class="font9">(a city name) May I ask . . .</span></p></td></tr>
    6853. 

  6853. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6854. 

  6854. <p><span class="font9">xiànzài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6855. 

  6855. <p><span class="font9">now</span></p></td></tr>
    6856. 

  6856. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6857. 

  6857. <p><span class="font9">yé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6858. 

  6858. <p><span class="font9">also, too, either</span></p></td></tr>
    6859. 

  6859. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6860. 

  6860. <p><span class="font9">zài zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6861. 

  6861. <p><span class="font9">to be in/at/on here</span></p></td></tr>
    6862. 

  6862. </table>
    6863. 

  6863. <div>
    6864. 

  6864. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">cn</span></p>
    6865. 

  6865. </div><br clear="all">
    6866. 

  6866. <div style="border:solid;"><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-27.png" alt="" style="width:546pt;height:433pt;">
    6867. 

  6867. </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
    6868. 

  6868. <h3><a name="bookmark178"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark266"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
    6869. 

  6869. <p><span class="font9">1. A: Qīngwèn, nī shi nSrde rén? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;May I ask, where are you from?</span></p>
    6870. 

  6870. <p><span class="font9">B: W3 shi Dézhōu rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m from Texas.</span></p>
    6871. 

  6871. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 1</span></p>
    6872. 

  6872. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qīngwèn</span><span class="font9">: Literally, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">qīng</span><span class="font9"> means ’’request,” and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèn</span><span class="font9"> means &quot;ask (for information).’’ </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qīngwèn</span><span class="font9"> is used as English speakers use &quot;excuse me,&quot; to get someone's attention in order to ask him a question.<a name="footnote8"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark267">8</a></sup></span></p>
    6873. 

  6873. <p><span class="font9">2. A: Qīngwèn, Āndésēn Fūren shi nSrde rén?</span></p>
    6874. 

  6874. <div>
    6875. 

  6875. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is Mrs. Anderson from?</span></p>
    6876. 

  6876. <p><span class="font9">She is from Texas too.</span></p>
    6877. 

  6877. </div><br clear="all">
    6878. 

  6878. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā yě shi Dézhōu rén.</span></p>
    6879. 

  6879. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
    6880. 

  6880. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Names</span><span class="font9">: In the People’s Republic, a foreigner is known by the standard phonetic equivalent of his full name. His given name is followed by his surname, which is followed by the appropriate title. Mr. David Anderson will be called </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dàiwéi Āndésēn Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">. In Taiwan, there is no set way of giving names to foreigners. Sometimes, as in the PRC, a phonetic equivalent of the full name is used (though there are no standard versions). Sometimes, the equivalent is based entirely on the surname. Mr. Anderson, for instance, might be </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ān Désēn Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">. The surname may also be translated, as when &quot;King&quot; is translated into </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wáng</span><span class="font9">. It is also common to base the Chinese surname on the first syllable of the original surname, and the Chinese given name on something else (often the original given name). In Taiwan, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dāwèi</span><span class="font9"> is a common phonetic equivalent for &quot;David.&quot; &quot;Mr. David Anderson,&quot; therefore, might be </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ān Dāwèi Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">. Here is a chart of SOME of the Chinese names that might be given to Mr. David Anderson.</span></p>
    6881. 

  6881. <table border="1">
    6882. 

  6882. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6883. 

  6883. <p><span class="font9">PRC:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6884. 

  6884. <p><span class="font9">Dàiwéi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6885. 

  6885. <p><span class="font9">Āndésēn | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
    6886. 

  6886. </table>
    6887. 

  6887. <table border="1">
    6888. 

  6888. <tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
    6889. 

  6889. <p><span class="font9">TAIWAN:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6890. 

  6890. <p><span class="font9">Ān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6891. 

  6891. <p><span class="font9">Désēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6892. 

  6892. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
    6893. 

  6893. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6894. 

  6894. <p><span class="font9">Ān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6895. 

  6895. <p><span class="font9">Dāwèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6896. 

  6896. <p><span class="font9">Xiānsheng</span></p></td></tr>
    6897. 

  6897. </table>
    6898. 

  6898. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Titles</span><span class="font9">: In the PRC, a foreign man is addressed as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font9">. and a married woman as either </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fūren</span><span class="font9"> or </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font9">. depending on her status. The term </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fūren</span><span class="font9"> is an expecially respectful term used to address the wife of a high-ranking official or businessman. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fūren</span><span class="font9"> is also used this way on Taiwan. An unmarried foreign woman in the PRC may be addressed as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiaoj18</span><span class="font9">, ”Miss.&quot; Married or unmarried women may be addressed as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nushì</span><span class="font9">, ’’Ms.” or &quot;Ma’am.” </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nushì</span><span class="font9"> will be introduced in BIO, Unit 1.</span></p>
    6899. 

  6899. <p><span class="font9">The term </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongzhì</span><span class="font9">, ’’Comrade,&quot; was originally used only by members of the Communist Party to address other members. It is now the general term of address used by all Chinese adults in the PRC. It should be remembered, though, that </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongzhì</span><span class="font9"> does carry a distinct political implication. Visitors in the People’s Republic, who are not citizens and who do not take part in efforts to realize Communist ideals, will not be addressed as </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongzhì</span><span class="font9"> and should not feel obliged to address anyone else as such.</span></p>
    6900. 

  6900. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Y8</span><span class="font9"> is an adverb meaning &quot;also&quot; or &quot;too.&quot; It always comes before the verb.</span></p>
    6901. 

  6901. <div>
    6902. 

  6902. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6903. 

  6903. <p><span class="font9">3. A: Tā shi Yingguo rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    6904. 

  6904. <p><span class="font9">B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yingguo rén.</span></p>
    6905. 

  6905. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6906. 

  6906. <p><span class="font9">A: Tā àiren ne?</span></p></li>
    6907. 

  6907. <li>
    6908. 

  6908. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā yě bú shi Yingguo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    6909. 

  6909. </div><br clear="all">
    6910. 

  6910. <div>
    6911. 

  6911. <p><span class="font9">Is he English?</span></p>
    6912. 

  6912. <p><span class="font9">No, he is not English.</span></p>
    6913. 

  6913. <p><span class="font9">And his wife?</span></p>
    6914. 

  6914. <p><span class="font9">She isn't English either</span></p>
    6915. 

  6915. </div><br clear="all">
    6916. 

  6916. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
    6917. 

  6917. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Àiren</span><span class="font9">, which originally meant &quot;loved one,&quot; &quot;sweetheart,&quot; or &quot;lover,&quot; is used in the PRC for either &quot;husband&quot; or &quot;wife,” i.e., for &quot;spouse.&quot;</span></p>
    6918. 

  6918. <p><span class="font9">The possessive phrase </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā àiren</span><span class="font9">. &quot;his wife&quot; (or &quot;her husband&quot;), is formed by putting the words for &quot;he&quot; (or &quot;she&quot;) and &quot;spouse&quot; together. The marker -</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font9"> (which you have seen in </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">n&amp;rde rén</span><span class="font9">) is not needed when the possessive relationship is felt to be very close. (See also the notes on No. 5.)</span></p>
    6919. 

  6919. <p><span class="font9">Y6 in a negative sentence is usually translated as &quot;either.&quot; In this case, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font9"> comes between </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">y8</span><span class="font9"> and the verb. Possible English translations for y8, in both affirmative and negative sentences, are</span></p>
    6920. 

  6920. <p><span class="font9">Tā </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font9"> shi Yingguo rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is English </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">too</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    6921. 

  6921. <p><span class="font9">She is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">also</span><span class="font9"> English.</span></p>
    6922. 

  6922. <p><span class="font9" style="font-weight:bold;">Tā </span><span class="font9" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font9" style="font-weight:bold;"> bú shi Yingguo rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is not English either.</span></p>
    6923. 

  6923. <p><span class="font9">She is </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">also</span><span class="font9"> not English.</span></p>
    6924. 

  6924. <div>
    6925. 

  6925. <p><span class="font9">U. A: Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr? B: Qīngdǎo zài Shāndōng.</span></p>
    6926. 

  6926. </div><br clear="all">
    6927. 

  6927. <div>
    6928. 

  6928. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is Qingdao? Qingdao is in Shāndōng.</span></p>
    6929. 

  6929. </div><br clear="all">
    6930. 

  6930. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. U</span></p>
    6931. 

  6931. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài</span><span class="font9"> is the verb &quot;to be in/at/on,&quot; that is, &quot;to be somewhere.&quot; </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài </span><span class="font9">involves location, while </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9"> involves identity, &quot;to be someone/something.&quot;</span></p>
    6932. 

  6932. <div>
    6933. 

  6933. <table border="1">
    6934. 

  6934. <tr><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6935. 

  6935. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">identity</span></p></td></tr>
    6936. 

  6936. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6937. 

  6937. <p><span class="font9">WS</span></p>
    6938. 

  6938. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6939. 

  6939. <p><span class="font9">shi am</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6940. 

  6940. <p><span class="font9">MSiguo rén.</span></p>
    6941. 

  6941. <p><span class="font9">an American.)</span></p></td></tr>
    6942. 

  6942. </table>
    6943. 

  6943. </div><br clear="all">
    6944. 

  6944. <div>
    6945. 

  6945. <table border="1">
    6946. 

  6946. <tr><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6947. 

  6947. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">location</span></p></td></tr>
    6948. 

  6948. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6949. 

  6949. <p><span class="font9">WS</span></p>
    6950. 

  6950. <p><span class="font9">(I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6951. 

  6951. <p><span class="font9">zài am in</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    6952. 

  6952. <p><span class="font9">Zhōngguo.</span></p>
    6953. 

  6953. <p><span class="font9">China.)</span></p></td></tr>
    6954. 

  6954. </table>
    6955. 

  6955. </div><br clear="all">
    6956. 

  6956. <div>
    6957. 

  6957. <p><span class="font9">5. A: Qingwèn, nī lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span></p>
    6958. 

  6958. </div><br clear="all">
    6959. 

  6959. <div>
    6960. 

  6960. <p><span class="font9">B: WS lǎojiā zài Āndàluè.</span></p>
    6961. 

  6961. <p><span class="font9">C: Wǒ lǎojiā zài Shāndōng.</span></p>
    6962. 

  6962. </div><br clear="all">
    6963. 

  6963. <div>
    6964. 

  6964. <p><span class="font9">May I ask, where is your family from?</span></p>
    6965. 

  6965. <p><span class="font9">My family is from Ontario.</span></p>
    6966. 

  6966. <p><span class="font9">My family is from Shāndōng.</span></p>
    6967. 

  6967. </div><br clear="all">
    6968. 

  6968. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
    6969. 

  6969. <p><span class="font9">Literally, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎojiā</span><span class="font9"> is &quot;old home&quot; (&quot;original home,&quot; &quot;ancestral home,&quot; &quot;native place&quot;), that is, the place you and your family are from. When a Chinese asks you about your </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎojiā</span><span class="font9">, he probably wants to know about your hometown, the place where you grew up. When you ask a Chinese about his </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎojiā</span><span class="font9">, however, he will tell you where his family came from originally. A Chinese whose grandparents came from the province of Guangdong will give that as his </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎojiā</span><span class="font9">, even if he and his parents have spent all of their lives in Sichuan.</span></p>
    6970. 

  6970. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nī lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span><span class="font9"> (literally &quot;Where is your original home?&quot;) asks for</span></p>
    6971. 

  6971. <p><span class="font9">the LOCATION of the town you come from. &nbsp;The question is answered with </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span></p>
    6972. 

  6972. <p><span class="font9">plus the name of the province (or state) that the town is located in: &nbsp;</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">W5</span></p>
    6973. 

  6973. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎojiā zài Dézhōu</span><span class="font9"> (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Āndàluè</span><span class="font9">, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shāndōng</span><span class="font9">). </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nī lǎojiā shi nǎr?</span><span class="font9"> (translated into English as &quot;What is your original home?&quot;) asks about the IDENTITY of the town you come from. That question is answered with </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9"> plus the name of the town (or city): </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">WS lǎojiā shi Jiùjlnshān</span><span class="font9"> (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qīngdǎo</span><span class="font9">, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shànghǎi</span><span class="font9">). Compare:</span></p>
    6974. 

  6974. <p><span class="font9">Wǒ lǎojiā </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font9"> Guǎngdōng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My original home </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">is in</span><span class="font9"> Guǎngdōng.</span></p>
    6975. 

  6975. <p><span class="font9">WS lǎojiā </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font9"> Guǎngzhōu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My original home </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span><span class="font9"> Guangzhou.</span></p>
    6976. 

  6976. <p><span class="font9">The possessive </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nl lǎojiā</span><span class="font9">, like </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā àiren</span><span class="font9">, does not require a possessive marker. However, if more than one word must be used to indicate the possessor, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font9"> is often inserted after the last word: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nl àirende lǎojiā</span><span class="font9">, &quot;your spouse’s original home&quot; or &quot;where your spouse’s family comes from.”</span></p>
    6977. 

  6977. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6978. 

  6978. <p><span class="font9">6. A: Chen Shìmín Tongzhì zài nǎr?</span></p>
    6979. 

  6979. <div>
    6980. 

  6980. <p><span class="font9">Where is Comrade Chen Shìmín? He’s there.</span></p>
    6981. 

  6981. <p><span class="font9">Where is Qīngdǎo?</span></p>
    6982. 

  6982. <p><span class="font9">It’s here.</span></p>
    6983. 

  6983. <p><span class="font9">Where is your wife now? tyy wife is in Canada now.</span></p>
    6984. 

  6984. </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
    6985. 

  6985. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6986. 

  6986. <p><span class="font9">B: Tā zài nàr.</span></p></li></ul>
    6987. 

  6987. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6988. 

  6988. <p><span class="font9">7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    6989. 

  6989. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6990. 

  6990. <p><span class="font9">B: Zài zhèr.</span></p></li></ul>
    6991. 

  6991. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    6992. 

  6992. <p><span class="font9">8. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    6993. 

  6993. <p><span class="font9">B WS àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà.</span></p>
    6994. 

  6994. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 6-8</span></p>
    6995. 

  6995. <p><span class="font9">You have learned three words for asking and telling about locations.</span></p>
    6996. 

  6996. <table border="1">
    6997. 

  6997. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6998. 

  6998. <p><span class="font9">nǎr?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    6999. 

  6999. <p><span class="font9">(where?)</span></p></td></tr>
    7000. 

  7000. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7001. 

  7001. <p><span class="font9">nàr (nèr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7002. 

  7002. <p><span class="font9">(there)</span></p></td></tr>
    7003. 

  7003. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7004. 

  7004. <p><span class="font9">zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7005. 

  7005. <p><span class="font9">(here)</span></p></td></tr>
    7006. 

  7006. </table>
    7007. 

  7007. <p><span class="font9">Notice that the question word </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font9"> is in the Low tone, while the answer words </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font9"> and zhèr are both in the Falling tone. Also notice that the vowel sound in </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèr</span><span class="font9"> is different from that in </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font9"> and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font9">. (Some speakers prefer </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèr</span><span class="font9"> to </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font9">.)</span></p>
    7008. 

  7008. <p><span class="font9">When you are talking about movable things and people that you presume are not nearby (&quot;nearby&quot; being approximately within pointing range), you usually ask where they are NOW. The &quot;present time&quot; word may be omitted if the time has been established earlier in the conversation.</span></p>
    7009. 

  7009. <p><span class="font9">Nī àiren </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiànzài</span><span class="font9"> zài nǎr? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where is your wife </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">now?</span></p>
    7010. 

  7010. <p><span class="font9">Tā zài Béijīng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She's in Béijīng (now).</span></p>
    7011. 

  7011. <p><span class="font9">If you ask about someone or something you presume to be nearby (a pair of scissors in a drawer, for instance, or a person in a group across the room), you do not use </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiànzài</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    7012. 

  7012. <p><span class="font9">In English, the words &quot;here&quot; and &quot;there&quot; are used to refer to locations of any size. In Chinese, however, </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèr</span><span class="font9"> and </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font9"> are usually not used for cities, provinces, and countries (with the exception that you may use </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhěr </span><span class="font9">to refer to the city you are in). Instead, you repeat the name of the place. Compare these two exchanges in Beijing:</span></p>
    7013. 

  7013. <p><span class="font9">COUNTRY: MSdlng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo</span><span class="font9"> ma?</span></p>
    7014. 

  7014. <p><span class="font9">Tā xiànzài zài </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo</span><span class="font9">. (He’s </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">here</span><span class="font9"> now.)</span></p>
    7015. 

  7015. <div>
    7016. 

  7016. <p><span class="font9">CITY:</span></p>
    7017. 

  7017. </div><br clear="all">
    7018. 

  7018. <p><span class="font9">MSdlng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shànghǎi</span><span class="font9"> ma?</span></p>
    7019. 

  7019. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú zài </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">ShànghSi</span><span class="font9">; tā zài zhěr. (He’s not </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">there;</span><span class="font9"> he’s here.)</span></p>
    7020. 

  7020. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiānádà</span><span class="font9">. &quot;Canada&quot;: Although the middle syllable of this word is marked with the Rising tone, at a normal rate of speech you will probably hear </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiànādà</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    7021. 

  7021. <h3><a name="bookmark179"></a><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark268"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
    7022. 

  7022. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7023. 

  7023. <p><span class="font9">A.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
    7024. 

  7024. <p><span class="font9">Respond to the question &quot;Where is he/she from?&quot; according to the cue.</span></p>
    7025. 

  7025. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7026. 

  7026. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi nārde rén? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Hunan rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7027. 

  7027. <p><span class="font9">(</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Hunan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(He/she is from Hunan.)</span></p>
    7028. 

  7028. <p><span class="font9">(Where is he/she from?)</span></p>
    7029. 

  7029. <table border="1">
    7030. 

  7030. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7031. 

  7031. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">p</span><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7032. 

  7032. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shāndōng</span></p>
    7033. 

  7033. <p><span class="font9">(Where is he/she from?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7034. 

  7034. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p>
    7035. 

  7035. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Shāndōng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    7036. 

  7036. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7037. 

  7037. <p><span class="font9">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7038. 

  7038. <p><span class="font9">Tā sbi nārde rén? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Héběi</span></p>
    7039. 

  7039. <p><span class="font9">(Where is he/she from?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7040. 

  7040. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hébāi rén.</span></p>
    7041. 

  7041. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Hebei.)</span></p></td></tr>
    7042. 

  7042. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7043. 

  7043. <p><span class="font9">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7044. 

  7044. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén? Jiāngsū (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7045. 

  7045. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p>
    7046. 

  7046. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Jiāngsū.)</span></p></td></tr>
    7047. 

  7047. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7048. 

  7048. <p><span class="font9">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7049. 

  7049. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén? Guǎngdōng (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7050. 

  7050. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Guǎngdōng rén.</span></p>
    7051. 

  7051. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Guǎngdōng.)</span></p></td></tr>
    7052. 

  7052. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7053. 

  7053. <p><span class="font9">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7054. 

  7054. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén? Hūbǎi (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7055. 

  7055. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Hūbāi rén.</span></p>
    7056. 

  7056. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Hubei.)</span></p></td></tr>
    7057. 

  7057. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7058. 

  7058. <p><span class="font9">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7059. 

  7059. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi nārde rén? Sìchuān (Where is he/she from?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7060. 

  7060. <p><span class="font9">Tā shi Sìchuān rén.</span></p>
    7061. 

  7061. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Sìchuān.)</span></p></td></tr>
    7062. 

  7062. </table>
    7063. 

  7063. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7064. 

  7064. <p><span class="font9">B.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
    7065. 

  7065. <p><span class="font9">Ask the appropriate &quot;where&quot; question</span></p>
    7066. 

  7066. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7067. 

  7067. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Zhāng Tóngzhì Fūren shi Běijīng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7068. 

  7068. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Zhang’s wife is from Beijing.)</span></p>
    7069. 

  7069. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7070. 

  7070. <p><span class="font9">2. Huáng Tongzhì Fūren shi Shanghai rén.</span></p></li>
    7071. 

  7071. <li>
    7072. 

  7072. <p><span class="font9">3. Wáng Tóngzhì Fūren shi Nánjíng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7073. 

  7073. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7074. 

  7074. <p><span class="font9">U. Lī Tóngzhì Fūren shi Guāngzhōu rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7075. 

  7075. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7076. 

  7076. <p><span class="font9">5. Zhào Tóngzhì Fūren shi Xiānggāng rén.</span></p>
    7077. 

  7077. <div>
    7078. 

  7078. <p><span class="font9">as in the example.</span></p>
    7079. 

  7079. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Qīngwèn, Zhāng Fūren shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    7080. 

  7080. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Mrs. Zhāng from?)</span></p>
    7081. 

  7081. <p><span class="font9">Qīngwèn, Huáng Fūren shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    7082. 

  7082. <p><span class="font9">Qīngwèn, Wáng Fūren shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    7083. 

  7083. <p><span class="font9">Qīngwèn, Lī Fūren shi narde rén?</span></p>
    7084. 

  7084. </div><br clear="all">
    7085. 

  7085. <div>
    7086. 

  7086. <p><span class="font9">Qīngwèn, Zhào Fūren shi nārde rén?</span></p>
    7087. 

  7087. </div><br clear="all"></li>
    7088. 

  7088. <li>
    7089. 

  7089. <p><span class="font9">6. Máo Tongzhì Fūren shi Qingdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Qìngwèn, Máo Fūren shi narde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
    7090. 

  7090. <p><span class="font9">rén.</span></p>
    7091. 

  7091. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7092. 

  7092. <p><span class="font9">7. Chén Tōngzhì Fūren shi Běijīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Qīngwèn, Chén Fūren shi narde</span></p></li></ul>
    7093. 

  7093. <p><span class="font9">rén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rén?</span></p>
    7094. 

  7094. <p><span class="font9">C. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    7095. 

  7095. <p><span class="font9">Change affirmative statements to negative statements.</span></p>
    7096. 

  7096. <table border="1">
    7097. 

  7097. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7098. 

  7098. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7099. 

  7099. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi Héběi rén. (He/she is from Hebei.)</span></p></li>
    7100. 

  7100. <li>
    7101. 

  7101. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></li>
    7102. 

  7102. <li>
    7103. 

  7103. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Jiangsū rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7104. 

  7104. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā shi Fújiàn rén.</span></p>
    7105. 

  7105. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7106. 

  7106. <p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font9"> Tā shi Zhèjiāng rén.</span></p></li>
    7107. 

  7107. <li>
    7108. 

  7108. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Húnán rén.</span></p></li>
    7109. 

  7109. <li>
    7110. 

  7110. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā shi Sìchuān rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7111. 

  7111. <p><span class="font9">D. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    7112. 

  7112. <p><span class="font9">Add </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font9"> to the statements.</span></p>
    7113. 

  7113. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7114. 

  7114. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā shi HébSi rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7115. 

  7115. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Hebei.)</span></p>
    7116. 

  7116. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7117. 

  7117. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā shi ZhèJiāng rén.</span></p></li>
    7118. 

  7118. <li>
    7119. 

  7119. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā shi Fūjiàn rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7120. 

  7120. <p><span class="font9">U. Tā shi Húnán rén.</span></p>
    7121. 

  7121. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7122. 

  7122. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p></li>
    7123. 

  7123. <li>
    7124. 

  7124. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p></li>
    7125. 

  7125. <li>
    7126. 

  7126. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā shi Hénán rén.</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7127. 

  7127. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā bú shi Héběi rén.</span></p>
    7128. 

  7128. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Héběi.)</span></p>
    7129. 

  7129. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p>
    7130. 

  7130. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p>
    7131. 

  7131. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Fújiàn rén.</span></p>
    7132. 

  7132. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Zhèjiāng rén.</span></p>
    7133. 

  7133. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Húnán rén.</span></p>
    7134. 

  7134. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Sìchuān rén.</span></p>
    7135. 

  7135. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā yě shi Héběi rén.</span></p>
    7136. 

  7136. <p><span class="font9">(He/she is from Héběi too.)</span></p>
    7137. 

  7137. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě shi Zhèjiāng rén.</span></p>
    7138. 

  7138. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě shi Fújiàn rén.</span></p>
    7139. 

  7139. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě shi Húnán rén.</span></p>
    7140. 

  7140. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě shi Jiāngsū rén.</span></p>
    7141. 

  7141. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě shi Shāndōng rén.</span></p>
    7142. 

  7142. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě shi Hénán rén.</span></p></td></tr>
    7143. 

  7143. </table>
    7144. 

  7144. <div>
    7145. 

  7145. <p><span class="font9">E. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
    7146. 

  7146. <p><span class="font9">Add </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font9"> to the statements.</span></p>
    7147. 

  7147. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7148. 

  7148. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Zhào Xiānsheng bú shi' Taiwan rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7149. 

  7149. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Zhào isn’t from Taiwan.)</span></p>
    7150. 

  7150. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7151. 

  7151. <p><span class="font9">2. Li Xiānsheng bú shi Táiběi rén. (Mr. Li isn’t from Taiběi.)</span></p></li></ul>
    7152. 

  7152. </div><br clear="all">
    7153. 

  7153. <div>
    7154. 

  7154. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7155. 

  7155. <p><span class="font9">3. Wang Xiānsheng bú shi Táizhōng rér..</span></p></li></ul>
    7156. 

  7156. <p><span class="font9">(Mr Wáng isn’t from Taizhōng.)</span></p>
    7157. 

  7157. </div><br clear="all">
    7158. 

  7158. <div>
    7159. 

  7159. <p><span class="font9">U. Huang Xiānsheng bú shi Tainan rén.</span></p>
    7160. 

  7160. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Huáng isn’t from Tainan.)</span></p>
    7161. 

  7161. </div><br clear="all">
    7162. 

  7162. <div>
    7163. 

  7163. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7164. 

  7164. <p><span class="font9">5. Liú Xiānsheng bú shi Táidōng rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7165. 

  7165. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng.)</span></p>
    7166. 

  7166. </div><br clear="all">
    7167. 

  7167. <div>
    7168. 

  7168. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7169. 

  7169. <p><span class="font9">6. Hú Xiānsheng bú shi Jīlōng rén. (Mr. Hu isn’t from Jīlong.)</span></p></li></ul>
    7170. 

  7170. </div><br clear="all">
    7171. 

  7171. <div>
    7172. 

  7172. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7173. 

  7173. <p><span class="font9">7. Chén Xiānsheng bú shi Gǎoxiong rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7174. 

  7174. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Chén isn’t from Gǎoxiong.)</span></p>
    7175. 

  7175. </div><br clear="all">
    7176. 

  7176. <div>
    7177. 

  7177. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Zhào Xiānsheng yě bú shi Taiwan rén.</span></p>
    7178. 

  7178. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Zhào isn’t from Taiwan either.)</span></p>
    7179. 

  7179. <p><span class="font9">Li Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táiběi rén.</span></p>
    7180. 

  7180. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Lī isn’t from Taiběi either.)</span></p>
    7181. 

  7181. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táizhōng rén.</span></p>
    7182. 

  7182. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Wáng isn’t from Táizhōng either.)</span></p>
    7183. 

  7183. <p><span class="font9">Huáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táinán rén.</span></p>
    7184. 

  7184. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Huáng isn’t from Tainan either.)</span></p>
    7185. 

  7185. <p><span class="font9">Liú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táidōng rén.</span></p>
    7186. 

  7186. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng either.)</span></p>
    7187. 

  7187. <p><span class="font9">Hú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Jīlong rén. (Mr. Hu isn’t from Jīlong either.)</span></p>
    7188. 

  7188. <p><span class="font9">Chén Xiānsheng yě bú shi Gǎoxiong rén.</span></p>
    7189. 

  7189. <p><span class="font9">(Mr. Chén isn’t from Gǎoxiong either.)</span></p>
    7190. 

  7190. </div><br clear="all">
    7191. 

  7191. <p><span class="font9">F. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    7192. 

  7192. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7193. 

  7193. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Mǎ Tongzhì shi Běijīng rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    7194. 

  7194. <p><span class="font9">(Is Comrade Mǎ from Běijīng?)</span></p>
    7195. 

  7195. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    7196. 

  7196. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    7197. 

  7197. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā bú shi Běijīng rén.</span></p>
    7198. 

  7198. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Běijīng.)</span></p>
    7199. 

  7199. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren yě bú shi Běijīng rén.</span></p>
    7200. 

  7200. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Běijīng either.)</span></p>
    7201. 

  7201. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7202. 

  7202. <p><span class="font9">2. Zhāng Tongzhì shi Shànghǎi rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    7203. 

  7203. <p><span class="font9">(is Comrade Zhāng from Shànghǎi?)</span></p>
    7204. 

  7204. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    7205. 

  7205. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    7206. 

  7206. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7207. 

  7207. <p><span class="font9">3. Jiāng Tóngzhì shi Nánjīng rén ma? (Is Comrade Jiāng from Nanjing?)</span></p></li></ul>
    7208. 

  7208. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    7209. 

  7209. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    7210. 

  7210. <p><span class="font9">U. Chén Tóngzhì shi Guāngzhōu rén ma?</span></p>
    7211. 

  7211. <p><span class="font9">(Is Comrade Chén from Guāngzhōu?)</span></p>
    7212. 

  7212. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    7213. 

  7213. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    7214. 

  7214. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7215. 

  7215. <p><span class="font9">5. Sūn Tóngzhì bú shi Chéngdū rén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
    7216. 

  7216. <p><span class="font9">(Is Comrade Sūn from Chéngdū?)</span></p>
    7217. 

  7217. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    7218. 

  7218. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    7219. 

  7219. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7220. 

  7220. <p><span class="font9">6. Máo Tóngzhì shi Qingdǎo rén ma? (Is Comrade Mio from Qīngdǎo?)</span></p></li></ul>
    7221. 

  7221. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    7222. 

  7222. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    7223. 

  7223. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7224. 

  7224. <p><span class="font9">7. Yang Tóngzhì shi Běijīng rén ma? (Is Comrade Yáng from Běijīng?)</span></p></li></ul>
    7225. 

  7225. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
    7226. 

  7226. <p><span class="font9">(And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    7227. 

  7227. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Shànghǎi rén.</span></p>
    7228. 

  7228. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Shànghǎi.)</span></p>
    7229. 

  7229. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren yě bú shi Shànghǎi rén. (He/she isn’t from Shànghǎi either.)</span></p>
    7230. 

  7230. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Nánjīng rén.</span></p>
    7231. 

  7231. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Nánjīng.)</span></p>
    7232. 

  7232. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren yě bú shi Nánjīng rén.</span></p>
    7233. 

  7233. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Nánjīng either.)</span></p>
    7234. 

  7234. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Guāngzhōu rén.</span></p>
    7235. 

  7235. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Guāngzhōu.)</span></p>
    7236. 

  7236. <p><span class="font9">Tā yě bú shi Guāngzhōu rén.</span></p>
    7237. 

  7237. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn’t from Guāngzhōu either.)</span></p>
    7238. 

  7238. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Chéngdū rén.</span></p>
    7239. 

  7239. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn't from Chéngdū.)</span></p>
    7240. 

  7240. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren yě bú shi Chéngdū rén. (He/she isn’t from Chéngdū either.)</span></p>
    7241. 

  7241. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Qīngdǎo rén.</span></p>
    7242. 

  7242. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn't from Qīngdǎo.)</span></p>
    7243. 

  7243. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren yě bú shi Qīngdǎo rén.</span></p>
    7244. 

  7244. <p><span class="font9">(His/her spouse isn’t from</span></p>
    7245. 

  7245. <p><span class="font9">Qingdao either.)</span></p>
    7246. 

  7246. <p><span class="font9">Tā bú shi Běijīng rén.</span></p>
    7247. 

  7247. <p><span class="font9">(He/she isn't from Běijīng.)</span></p>
    7248. 

  7248. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren yě bú shi Běijīng rén.</span></p>
    7249. 

  7249. <p><span class="font9">(His/her spouse isn't from</span></p>
    7250. 

  7250. <p><span class="font9">Běijīng either.)</span></p>
    7251. 

  7251. <p><span class="font9">G. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    7252. 

  7252. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Shāndōng</span></p>
    7253. 

  7253. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo?)</span></p>
    7254. 

  7254. <div>
    7255. 

  7255. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Qīngdǎo zài Shandong.</span></p>
    7256. 

  7256. <p><span class="font9">(Qingdao is in Shāndōng.)</span></p>
    7257. 

  7257. </div><br clear="all">
    7258. 

  7258. <div>
    7259. 

  7259. <p><span class="font9">2. Qingwèn, Nánjīng zài nàr?</span></p>
    7260. 

  7260. <p><span class="font9">Jiāngsū</span></p>
    7261. 

  7261. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Nánjīng?)</span></p>
    7262. 

  7262. <p><span class="font9">3. Qingwèn, Guangzhou zài nǎr? Guangdong</span></p>
    7263. 

  7263. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Guǎngzhōu?)</span></p>
    7264. 

  7264. <p><span class="font9">U. Qingwèn, Shànghǎi zài nǎr?</span></p>
    7265. 

  7265. <p><span class="font9">Jiāngsū</span></p>
    7266. 

  7266. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Shànghǎi?)</span></p>
    7267. 

  7267. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7268. 

  7268. <p><span class="font9">5. Qīngwèn, Béijīng zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    7269. 

  7269. <p><span class="font9">Hebei</span></p>
    7270. 

  7270. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Béijīng?)</span></p>
    7271. 

  7271. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7272. 

  7272. <p><span class="font9">6. Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr? Shāndōng</span></p></li></ul>
    7273. 

  7273. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo?)</span></p>
    7274. 

  7274. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7275. 

  7275. <p><span class="font9">7. Qīngwèn, Shànghǎi zài nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
    7276. 

  7276. <p><span class="font9">Jiāngsū</span></p>
    7277. 

  7277. <p><span class="font9">(May I ask, where is Shanghai?)</span></p>
    7278. 

  7278. </div><br clear="all">
    7279. 

  7279. <div>
    7280. 

  7280. <p><span class="font9">Nánjīng zài Jiāngsū.</span></p>
    7281. 

  7281. <p><span class="font9">(Nánjīng is in Jiāngsū.)</span></p>
    7282. 

  7282. </div><br clear="all">
    7283. 

  7283. <div>
    7284. 

  7284. <p><span class="font9">Guǎngzhōu zài Guǎngdōng.) (Guǎngzhōu is in Guǎngdōng.)</span></p>
    7285. 

  7285. <p><span class="font9">Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.</span></p>
    7286. 

  7286. <p><span class="font9">(Shànghǎi is in Jiāngsū.)<a name="footnote9"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark269">9</a></sup></span></p>
    7287. 

  7287. </div><br clear="all">
    7288. 

  7288. <div>
    7289. 

  7289. <p><span class="font9">Béijīng zài Hébéi.</span></p>
    7290. 

  7290. <p><span class="font9">(Béijīng is in Hébéi.)</span></p>
    7291. 

  7291. </div><br clear="all">
    7292. 

  7292. <div>
    7293. 

  7293. <p><span class="font9">Qīngdǎo zài Shāndōng.</span></p>
    7294. 

  7294. <p><span class="font9">(Qīngdǎo is in Shāndōng.)</span></p>
    7295. 

  7295. </div><br clear="all">
    7296. 

  7296. <div>
    7297. 

  7297. <p><span class="font9">Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.</span></p>
    7298. 

  7298. <p><span class="font9">(Shànghǎi is in Jiāngsū.)</span></p>
    7299. 

  7299. </div><br clear="all">
    7300. 

  7300. <table border="1">
    7301. 

  7301. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7302. 

  7302. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7303. 

  7303. <p><span class="font9">5. Li Tongzhì shi Sìchuān rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7304. 

  7304. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Lì is from Sìchuān.)</span></p>
    7305. 

  7305. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7306. 

  7306. <p><span class="font9">6. Zhōu Tongzhì shi Zhèjiāng rén. (Comrade Zhōu is from Zhejiang.)</span></p></li>
    7307. 

  7307. <li>
    7308. 

  7308. <p><span class="font9">7. Mao Tōngzhì shi Hunán rén. (Comrade Mao is from Hunán.)</span></p></li></ul>
    7309. 

  7309. <p><span class="font9">I. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
    7310. 

  7310. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7311. 

  7311. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Tā àiren zài nǎr? (</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font9">) Měiguo</span></p></li></ul>
    7312. 

  7312. <p><span class="font9">(Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    7313. 

  7313. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7314. 

  7314. <p><span class="font9">2. Tā àiren zài nār? Jiānádà (Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p></li>
    7315. 

  7315. <li>
    7316. 

  7316. <p><span class="font9">3. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Yingguo</span></p></li></ul>
    7317. 

  7317. <p><span class="font9">(Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    7318. 

  7318. <p><span class="font9">h. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Déguō</span></p>
    7319. 

  7319. <p><span class="font9">(Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    7320. 

  7320. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7321. 

  7321. <p><span class="font9">5. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Měiguo</span></p></li></ul>
    7322. 

  7322. <p><span class="font9">(Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p>
    7323. 

  7323. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7324. 

  7324. <p><span class="font9">6. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Fàguō (Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p></li>
    7325. 

  7325. <li>
    7326. 

  7326. <p><span class="font9">7. Tā àiren zài nǎr? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Eguo</span></p></li></ul>
    7327. 

  7327. <p><span class="font9">(Where is his/her spouse?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7328. 

  7328. <p><span class="font9">Li Tōngzhìde lǎojiā zài Sìchuān.</span></p>
    7329. 

  7329. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Li’s family is from Sìchuān.)</span></p>
    7330. 

  7330. <p><span class="font9">Zhōu Tōngzhìde lǎojiā zài Zhèjiāng.</span></p>
    7331. 

  7331. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Zhou's family is from Zhèjiāng.)</span></p>
    7332. 

  7332. <p><span class="font9">Máo Tongzhìde lǎojiā zài Húnán.</span></p>
    7333. 

  7333. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Mao's family is from Hunán.)</span></p>
    7334. 

  7334. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: Tā àiren xiànzài zài Měiguo. (His/her spouse is in</span></p>
    7335. 

  7335. <p><span class="font9">America now.)</span></p>
    7336. 

  7336. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà. (His/her spouse is in Canada now.</span></p>
    7337. 

  7337. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Yingguo.</span></p>
    7338. 

  7338. <p><span class="font9">(His/her spouse is in England now.)</span></p>
    7339. 

  7339. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Déguō. (His/her spouse is in Germany now.)</span></p>
    7340. 

  7340. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Fàguō. (His/her spouse is in America now.)</span></p>
    7341. 

  7341. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Fàguō. (His/her spouse is in France now.</span></p>
    7342. 

  7342. <p><span class="font9">Tā àiren xiànzài zài Èguó. (His/her spouse is in Russia now.</span></p></td></tr>
    7343. 

  7343. </table>
    7344. 

  7344. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">CRITERION TEST SAMPLE</span></p>
    7345. 

  7345. <p><span class="font9">The purpose of the Criterion Test at the end of each module is to show you not only how much of the material you have learned, hut also what points you need to work on before beginning to study smother module.</span></p>
    7346. 

  7346. <p><span class="font9">Since the primary goal of ORN is to introduce the sound system of Standard Chinese, this test focuses on your ability to discriminate and produce tones, vowels, and consonants. Additionally, there are sections which test your ability to comprehend and produce numbers from 1 through 99 and the material in the ORN Target Lists. Your knowledge of personal names and titles and the romanization system is also tested. Read the Objectives at the beginning of the module for a description of exactly what the test covers. Note: Although the entire sound system is introduced in the Pronunciation and Romanization Module, you will be tested here only on those sounds which occur in the Target Sentences. Other sounds will be included in Criterion Tests for later modules.</span></p>
    7347. 

  7347. <p><span class="font9">Following is a sample of the Criterion Test for this module. Each section of the test, with directions and a sample question, is represented here so that you may know exactly what is expected of you after studying the ORN Module.</span></p>
    7348. 

  7348. <p><span class="font9">Minimum scores are suggested for each section of the test. Achieving thesescores means that you are adequately prepared for the next module. If you fall below the minimum criterion on any section, you should review relevant study materials.</span></p>
    7349. 

  7349. <p><span class="font9">You will use a tape to complete Part I of the test. Part II is written, and you will complete Part III with your instructor. Part IV of the test (Diagnostics) indicates the passing score for each section and review materials for each section.</span></p>
    7350. 

  7350. <div>
    7351. 

  7351. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7352. 

  7352. <p><span class="font9">H.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li>
    7353. 

  7353. <li>
    7354. 

  7354. <p><span class="font9">1.</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font9">: Lin Tóngzhì shi Hūbéi rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7355. 

  7355. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade LÍn is from Hubei. )</span></p>
    7356. 

  7356. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7357. 

  7357. <p><span class="font9">2. Wáng Tóngzhì shi Shānxī rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7358. 

  7358. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Wang is from Shānxī.)</span></p>
    7359. 

  7359. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7360. 

  7360. <p><span class="font9">3. Huáng Tóngzhì shi Shānxī rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7361. 

  7361. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Huáng is from Shanxī.)</span></p>
    7362. 

  7362. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7363. 

  7363. <p><span class="font9">U. Gāo Tóngzhì shi Fūjiàn rén.</span></p></li></ul>
    7364. 

  7364. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Gāo is from Fūjiàn.)</span></p>
    7365. 

  7365. </div><br clear="all">
    7366. 

  7366. <div>
    7367. 

  7367. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font9">: LÍn Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Hūbéi.</span></p>
    7368. 

  7368. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Lin's family is from Hubei.)</span></p>
    7369. 

  7369. <p><span class="font9">Wáng Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī.</span></p>
    7370. 

  7370. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Wang’s family is from Shānxī.)</span></p>
    7371. 

  7371. <p><span class="font9">Huáng Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī (Comrade Huang’s family is from Shānxī.)</span></p>
    7372. 

  7372. <p><span class="font9">Gāo Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Fūjiàn.</span></p>
    7373. 

  7373. <p><span class="font9">(Comrade Gao’s family is from Fūjiàn.)</span></p>
    7374. 

  7374. </div><br clear="all">
    7375. 

  7375. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Part I</span></p>
    7376. 

  7376. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7377. 

  7377. <p><span class="font9">1. This section tests your ability to distinguish the four tones. In your test booklet you will see two syllables after each letter. The speaker will pronounce both syllables, and then say one of them again. You are to decide which syllable was repeated, and circle the appropriate one to indicate your choice. The syllables may occur in any of the four tones, regardless of which tone was used previously in the module. The same syllable may occur more than once in this section.</span></p></li></ul>
    7378. 

  7378. <p><span class="font9">For example, the speaker might say. </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēi</span><span class="font9">...</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fSi</span><span class="font9"> and then repeat </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēi</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    7379. 

  7379. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7380. 

  7380. <p><span class="font9">2. This section tests your ability to recognize the four tones in isolated syllables. The speaker will pronounce a syllable twice; you add to the written syllable the tone that you hear. Again, the syllables may occur in any of the four tones, regardless of which tone was used previously in the module.</span></p></li></ul>
    7381. 

  7381. <p><span class="font9">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fěi</span><span class="font9">...</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fSi</span></p>
    7382. 

  7382. <p><span class="font9">a.</span></p>
    7383. 

  7383. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7384. 

  7384. <p><span class="font9">3. This section tests your ability to recognize the four tones in two-syllable combinations. The speaker pronounces each two-syllable item twice and then pauses a moment for you to mark tones on the written syllables. For the first ten items, one of the two tones is already marked. For the last ten items, you must fill in both tones.</span></p></li></ul>
    7385. 

  7385. <p><span class="font9">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">chábei</span><span class="font9">...</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">chábei</span></p>
    7386. 

  7386. <p><span class="font9">chabei</span></p>
    7387. 

  7387. <p><span class="font9">U. In this section, you are tested on syllables which differ minimally in sound. The speaker will pronounce each syllable in an item once; then he will pronounce one of the syllables again. Decide which of the syllables was repeated, and indicate your choice by circling that written syllable in your test booklet. The syllables in this test do not necessarily correspond in every way to syllables in the Target Lists. They may vary in tone, for example.</span></p>
    7388. 

  7388. <p><span class="font9">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fan</span><span class="font9">...</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fang</span><span class="font9"> and then repeat </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">fang</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    7389. 

  7389. <div>
    7390. 

  7390. <p><span class="font9">a. fan</span></p>
    7391. 

  7391. </div><br clear="all">
    7392. 

  7392. <div>
    7393. 

  7393. <p><span class="font9">fang</span></p>
    7394. 

  7394. </div><br clear="all">
    7395. 

  7395. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7396. 

  7396. <p><span class="font9">5. In this section, you complete the romanization for the syllables that you hear. As the speaker says a syllable, write the appropriate vowel or consonant letter(s) in the blank. This tests your ability to recognize the sounds of a syllable and to use the romanization system correctly. The speaker will say each syllable twice.</span></p></li></ul>
    7397. 

  7397. <p><span class="font9">For example, the speaker might say: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">pang</span><span class="font9">...</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">pang</span><span class="font9">; then you would write</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-28.png" alt="" style="width:65pt;height:22pt;">
    7398. 

  7398. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7399. 

  7399. <p><span class="font9">6. This section tests your ability to understand the numbers 1 through 99 in Chinese. For each item, the speaker will say a number, and you write down the numerals for that number.</span></p></li></ul>
    7400. 

  7400. <p><span class="font9">For example, you might hear: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">shí-sān</span></p>
    7401. 

  7401. <p><span class="font9">a- ____</span></p>
    7402. 

  7402. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7403. 

  7403. <p><span class="font9">7. This section tests your ability to understand questions and answers about where someone is from and where he is now. Listen to a conversation between Mr. Johnson and Comrade Zhào, who have Just met. You will hear the conversation three times. The third time you hear it, a pause will follow each line. You may use these pauses to fill in the boxes in your booklet with appropriate information. (You do not have to wait for the second repetition of the conversation to. fill in the answers, of course.)</span></p></li></ul>
    7404. 

  7404. <p><span class="font9">For example: CYou will hear a conversation similar to conversations you heard on the C-2 tapes in this module.!</span></p>
    7405. 

  7405. <table border="1">
    7406. 

  7406. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7407. 

  7407. <p><span class="font9">Home State or Province</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7408. 

  7408. <p><span class="font9">Present Location</span></p></td></tr>
    7409. 

  7409. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7410. 

  7410. <p><span class="font9">Comrade Zhào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    7411. 

  7411. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7412. 

  7412. <p><span class="font9">Mr. Johnson (Yuēhànsūn)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    7413. 

  7413. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7414. 

  7414. <p><span class="font9">Comrade Zhao’s husband</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    7415. 

  7415. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    7416. 

  7416. <p><span class="font9">Mrs. Johnson</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    7417. 

  7417. </table>
    7418. 

  7418. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7419. 

  7419. <p><span class="font9">8. This section tests your ability to comprehend Chinese utterances by asking you for the English equivalents. For each item, the speaker will say a sentence from the Target List twice. You indicate your understanding of the sentence by circling the letter of the English sentence which most closely matches the meaning of the Chinese sentence.</span></p></li></ul>
    7420. 

  7420. <p><span class="font9">For example, you might hear: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nī shi shéi</span><span class="font9">?...</span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nī shi shéi</span><span class="font9">?</span></p>
    7421. 

  7421. <p><span class="font9">1. a. Who is she?</span></p>
    7422. 

  7422. <p><span class="font9">b. Who is he?</span></p>
    7423. 

  7423. <p><span class="font9">*cN Who are you?</span></p>
    7424. 

  7424. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Part II</span></p>
    7425. 

  7425. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7426. 

  7426. <p><span class="font9">9. This section tests your general understanding of the Chinese system of personal names and titles. Read the family histories in your test booklet, and answer the questions.</span></p></li></ul>
    7427. 

  7427. <p><span class="font9">For example,</span></p>
    7428. 

  7428. <p><span class="font9">Yang TÍngfèng is the Chinese name used by an American, Timothy Young, now that he is living in Taipei. His Chinese surname is:</span></p>
    7429. 

  7429. <p><span class="font9">1. </span><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">(a}</span><span class="font9"> Yang b. Tíngfēng c. Yang Tíngfēng</span></p>
    7430. 

  7430. <p><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Part III</span></p>
    7431. 

  7431. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7432. 

  7432. <p><span class="font9">10. This section tests your ability to pronounce the four tones. Simple sound combinations have been chosen so that special attention may be given to tone production. For each item, choose one syllable and read it aloud. As you do so, put a circle around the one you choose. The instructor will note the syllable he hears. Be sure to choose a fair sampling of all four tones, and select them in random order.</span></p></li></ul>
    7433. 

  7433. <p><span class="font9">For example, you might say: ma</span></p>
    7434. 

  7434. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7435. 

  7435. <p><span class="font9">11. This section tests your ability to pronounce Chinese sounds from the Target Lists, as well as your ability to read romanization. For each item, choose one syllable and read it aloud. As you do so, put a circle around the one you choose. The instructor will note the syllable he hears. Be sure to choose syllables from each column as you go through this section of the test.</span></p></li></ul>
    7436. 

  7436. <p><span class="font9">For example, you might say: </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">nín</span></p>
    7437. 

  7437. <p><span class="font9">a. (nín</span></p>
    7438. 

  7438. <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
    7439. 

  7439. <p><span class="font9">12. This section tests your ability to locate and name main cities and provinces in China. Using the map in your booklet, point out to your instructor five cities and five provinces and name them. Pronunciation is of secondary importance here.</span></p></li>
    7440. 

  7440. <li>
    7441. 

  7441. <p><span class="font9">13- This section tests your ability to produce sentences in Chinese. Your instructor will say an English sentence from the Target Lists, and you translate it into Chinese. Your Chinese sentence must be correct both in grammar and in content.</span></p></li></ul>
    7442. 

  7442. <p><span class="font9">1U. This section tests your ability to make conversational use of the material covered in this module. Although limited in scope, this conversation between you and your instructor represents a situation which you are likely to encounter in the real world. As in any conversation, you are free to ask for a repetition or rephrasing of a sentence, or you may volunteer information on the subject. It is not so much the correctness of your pronunciation and grammar that is being tested as it is your ability to communicate effectively.</span></p>
    7443. 

  7443. <div>
    7444. 

  7444. <p><span class="font10">CD o</span></p>
    7445. 

  7445. </div><br clear="all">
    7446. 

  7446. <div style="border:solid;"><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-29.png" alt="" style="width:536pt;height:421pt;">
    7447. 

  7447. </div><br clear="all">
    7448. 

  7448. <div>
    7449. 

  7449. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX I: MAP OF CHINA</span></p>
    7450. 

  7450. </div><br clear="all"><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-30.png" alt="" style="width:430pt;height:551pt;">
    7451. 

  7451. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX III: COUNTRIES AND REGIONS</span></p>
    7452. 

  7452. <table border="1">
    7453. 

  7453. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7454. 

  7454. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Afghanistan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7455. 

  7455. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āfùhàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7456. 

  7456. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Germany, West</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7457. 

  7457. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xldé</span></p></td></tr>
    7458. 

  7458. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7459. 

  7459. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Albania</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7460. 

  7460. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āěrbāníyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7461. 

  7461. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ghana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7462. 

  7462. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiānà</span></p></td></tr>
    7463. 

  7463. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7464. 

  7464. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Algeria</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7465. 

  7465. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āǎrjílìyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7466. 

  7466. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gibraltar</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7467. 

  7467. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhíbùluótuó</span></p></td></tr>
    7468. 

  7468. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7469. 

  7469. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Andorra</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7470. 

  7470. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Andàoěr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7471. 

  7471. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Great Britain</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7472. 

  7472. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dà Búlièdiān</span></p></td></tr>
    7473. 

  7473. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7474. 

  7474. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Angola</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7475. 

  7475. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ān'gēlā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7476. 

  7476. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Greece</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7477. 

  7477. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xīlà</span></p></td></tr>
    7478. 

  7478. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7479. 

  7479. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Argentina</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7480. 

  7480. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Agenting</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7481. 

  7481. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Greenland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7482. 

  7482. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gélínglán</span></p></td></tr>
    7483. 

  7483. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7484. 

  7484. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Australia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7485. 

  7485. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Aodàlīyà^</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7486. 

  7486. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Grenada</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7487. 

  7487. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gélínnàdá</span></p></td></tr>
    7488. 

  7488. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7489. 

  7489. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Austria</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7490. 

  7490. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Aodìlì (Aoguó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7491. 

  7491. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guam</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7492. 

  7492. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guándǎo</span></p></td></tr>
    7493. 

  7493. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7494. 

  7494. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bahama Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7495. 

  7495. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BāhāmS Qúndǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7496. 

  7496. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guatemala</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7497. 

  7497. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guādìmǎlā</span></p></td></tr>
    7498. 

  7498. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7499. 

  7499. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bahrain</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7500. 

  7500. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bālín(guá)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7501. 

  7501. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guinea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7502. 

  7502. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jīnèiyà</span></p></td></tr>
    7503. 

  7503. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7504. 

  7504. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bangladesh</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7505. 

  7505. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mèngjiālā(guó)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7506. 

  7506. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guinea-Bissau</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7507. 

  7507. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jīnèiyà Bīshào</span></p></td></tr>
    7508. 

  7508. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7509. 

  7509. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Barbados</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7510. 

  7510. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bābāduōsī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7511. 

  7511. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guyana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7512. 

  7512. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guīyànà</span></p></td></tr>
    7513. 

  7513. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7514. 

  7514. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Belgium</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7515. 

  7515. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bīlìshí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7516. 

  7516. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Haiti</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7517. 

  7517. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hǎidì</span></p></td></tr>
    7518. 

  7518. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7519. 

  7519. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Belize</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7520. 

  7520. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bólìzī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7521. 

  7521. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Honduras</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7522. 

  7522. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hóngdūlǎsī</span></p></td></tr>
    7523. 

  7523. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7524. 

  7524. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Benin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7525. 

  7525. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bèiníng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7526. 

  7526. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hungary.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7527. 

  7527. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xiōngyálì</span></p></td></tr>
    7528. 

  7528. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7529. 

  7529. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bermuda</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7530. 

  7530. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bǎimùdá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7531. 

  7531. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Iceland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7532. 

  7532. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bíngdǎo</span></p></td></tr>
    7533. 

  7533. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7534. 

  7534. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bhutan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7535. 

  7535. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bùdān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7536. 

  7536. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">India</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7537. 

  7537. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yìndù</span></p></td></tr>
    7538. 

  7538. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7539. 

  7539. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bolivia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7540. 

  7540. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bōlìwéiyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7541. 

  7541. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Indonesia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7542. 

  7542. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ylnní (Yìndùníxīyà)</span></p></td></tr>
    7543. 

  7543. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7544. 

  7544. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Botswana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7545. 

  7545. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bocíwǎnà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7546. 

  7546. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Iran</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7547. 

  7547. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīlǎng</span></p></td></tr>
    7548. 

  7548. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7549. 

  7549. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Brazil</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7550. 

  7550. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bāxí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7551. 

  7551. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Iraq</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7552. 

  7552. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīlākè</span></p></td></tr>
    7553. 

  7553. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7554. 

  7554. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Britain</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7555. 

  7555. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yingguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7556. 

  7556. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ireland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7557. 

  7557. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Àiérlán</span></p></td></tr>
    7558. 

  7558. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7559. 

  7559. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bulgaria</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7560. 

  7560. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bǎojiālìyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7561. 

  7561. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Israel</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7562. 

  7562. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīsèliè</span></p></td></tr>
    7563. 

  7563. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7564. 

  7564. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Burma</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7565. 

  7565. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Miǎndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7566. 

  7566. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Italy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7567. 

  7567. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīdàlì</span></p></td></tr>
    7568. 

  7568. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7569. 

  7569. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Burundi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7570. 

  7570. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bùlóngdí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7571. 

  7571. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ivory Coast</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7572. 

  7572. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xiàngyá Hǎiàn</span></p></td></tr>
    7573. 

  7573. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7574. 

  7574. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Cabinda</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7575. 

  7575. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kǎbēndá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7576. 

  7576. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jamaica</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7577. 

  7577. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yámǎijiā</span></p></td></tr>
    7578. 

  7578. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7579. 

  7579. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Cameroun</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7580. 

  7580. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kāmàiláng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7581. 

  7581. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Japan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7582. 

  7582. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Rfbǎn</span></p></td></tr>
    7583. 

  7583. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7584. 

  7584. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Canada</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7585. 

  7585. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiānádà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7586. 

  7586. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Java</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7587. 

  7587. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhǎowā</span></p></td></tr>
    7588. 

  7588. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7589. 

  7589. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Cape Verde Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7590. 

  7590. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fódé Jiao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7591. 

  7591. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jordan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7592. 

  7592. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yuēdàn</span></p></td></tr>
    7593. 

  7593. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7594. 

  7594. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Africa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7595. 

  7595. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhōngfēi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7596. 

  7596. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kampuchea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7597. 

  7597. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiǎnbǔzhài</span></p></td></tr>
    7598. 

  7598. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7599. 

  7599. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chad</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7600. 

  7600. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhàdé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7601. 

  7601. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kenya</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7602. 

  7602. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kǎnníyà</span></p></td></tr>
    7603. 

  7603. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7604. 

  7604. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chile</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7605. 

  7605. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhìlì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7606. 

  7606. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Korea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7607. 

  7607. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chaoxian (Bèijīng),</span></p></td></tr>
    7608. 

  7608. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7609. 

  7609. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">China</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7610. 

  7610. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhōngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7611. 

  7611. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hánguó (Taiwan)</span></p></td></tr>
    7612. 

  7612. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7613. 

  7613. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Colombia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7614. 

  7614. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gělúnbīyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7615. 

  7615. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kuwait</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7616. 

  7616. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kēwēitè</span></p></td></tr>
    7617. 

  7617. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7618. 

  7618. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Comoro Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7619. 

  7619. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kēmóluó Qúndǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7620. 

  7620. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Laos</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7621. 

  7621. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lǎowō (Bǎijīng),</span></p></td></tr>
    7622. 

  7622. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7623. 

  7623. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Congo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7624. 

  7624. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gāngguǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7625. 

  7625. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Liáoguo (Taiwan)</span></p></td></tr>
    7626. 

  7626. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7627. 

  7627. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Costa Rica</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7628. 

  7628. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gēsīdálíjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7629. 

  7629. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Latvia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7630. 

  7630. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lātuōwéiyà</span></p></td></tr>
    7631. 

  7631. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7632. 

  7632. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Cuba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7633. 

  7633. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gubā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7634. 

  7634. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lebanon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7635. 

  7635. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Líbánèn</span></p></td></tr>
    7636. 

  7636. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7637. 

  7637. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Cyprus</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7638. 

  7638. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sàipǔlùsí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7639. 

  7639. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lesotho</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7640. 

  7640. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Láisuǒtuō</span></p></td></tr>
    7641. 

  7641. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7642. 

  7642. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Czechoslovakia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7643. 

  7643. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiékè (Jiékèsīluáfákè)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7644. 

  7644. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Liberia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7645. 

  7645. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lìbīlīyà</span></p></td></tr>
    7646. 

  7646. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7647. 

  7647. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Democratic Yemen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7648. 

  7648. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mínzhǔ Yemen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7649. 

  7649. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Libya</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7650. 

  7650. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lìbīyá</span></p></td></tr>
    7651. 

  7651. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7652. 

  7652. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Denmark</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7653. 

  7653. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dānmài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7654. 

  7654. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Liechtenstein</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7655. 

  7655. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lièzhīdūnshìdēng</span></p></td></tr>
    7656. 

  7656. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7657. 

  7657. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Djibouti</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7658. 

  7658. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jibuti</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7659. 

  7659. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lithuania</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7660. 

  7660. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lìtáowǎn</span></p></td></tr>
    7661. 

  7661. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7662. 

  7662. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dominican Republic</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7663. 

  7663. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Duōmīníjiā (Gòngheguú)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7664. 

  7664. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Luxemburg</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7665. 

  7665. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lúsēnbǎo</span></p></td></tr>
    7666. 

  7666. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7667. 

  7667. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">East Timor</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7668. 

  7668. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dong Dtwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7669. 

  7669. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Madagascar</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7670. 

  7670. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mǎdájiǎsljiā,</span></p></td></tr>
    7671. 

  7671. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7672. 

  7672. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ecuador</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7673. 

  7673. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Eguāduōěr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7674. 

  7674. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mǎěrjiāshí</span></p></td></tr>
    7675. 

  7675. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7676. 

  7676. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Egypt</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7677. 

  7677. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āijí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7678. 

  7678. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Malawi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7679. 

  7679. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mǎlāwéi</span></p></td></tr>
    7680. 

  7680. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7681. 

  7681. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">El Salvador</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7682. 

  7682. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sàǎrwǎduō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7683. 

  7683. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Malays}a</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7684. 

  7684. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mǎláixīyà</span></p></td></tr>
    7685. 

  7685. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7686. 

  7686. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">England</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7687. 

  7687. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīngguá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7688. 

  7688. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Maldi’^e Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7689. 

  7689. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MǎSrdàirū</span></p></td></tr>
    7690. 

  7690. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7691. 

  7691. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Equatorial Guinea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7692. 

  7692. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chìdào Jīnèiyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7693. 

  7693. <p><span class="font8">Mali</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7694. 

  7694. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mali</span></p></td></tr>
    7695. 

  7695. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7696. 

  7696. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Estonia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7697. 

  7697. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Aishāníyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7698. 

  7698. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Malta</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7699. 

  7699. <p><span class="font8">Mǎěrtā</span></p></td></tr>
    7700. 

  7700. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7701. 

  7701. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ethiopia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7702. 

  7702. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āisàiébīyà (Beijing),</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7703. 

  7703. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mauritania</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7704. 

  7704. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Máolītǎníyà</span></p></td></tr>
    7705. 

  7705. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7706. 

  7706. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīsuǒbíyà (Taiwan)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7707. 

  7707. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mauritius</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7708. 

  7708. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Máollqiúsí</span></p></td></tr>
    7709. 

  7709. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7710. 

  7710. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fiji</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7711. 

  7711. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fěijì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7712. 

  7712. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mexico</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7713. 

  7713. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mòxīgē</span></p></td></tr>
    7714. 

  7714. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7715. 

  7715. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Finland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7716. 

  7716. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fēnlán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7717. 

  7717. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Monaco</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7718. 

  7718. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mónàgē</span></p></td></tr>
    7719. 

  7719. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7720. 

  7720. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">France</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7721. 

  7721. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fǎguo, Fàguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7722. 

  7722. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mongolia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7723. 

  7723. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Měnggǔ</span></p></td></tr>
    7724. 

  7724. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7725. 

  7725. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">French Polynesia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7726. 

  7726. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fǎshǔ Bōlìníxlyè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7727. 

  7727. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Morocco</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7728. 

  7728. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Móluògē</span></p></td></tr>
    7729. 

  7729. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7730. 

  7730. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gabon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7731. 

  7731. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiāpéng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7732. 

  7732. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mozambique</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7733. 

  7733. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mòsāngbīkè</span></p></td></tr>
    7734. 

  7734. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7735. 

  7735. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gambia, The</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7736. 

  7736. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gāngbīyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7737. 

  7737. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Namibia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7738. 

  7738. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nàmībǐyà</span></p></td></tr>
    7739. 

  7739. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7740. 

  7740. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Germany</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7741. 

  7741. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Déguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7742. 

  7742. <p><span class="font8">Nauru</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7743. 

  7743. <p><span class="font8">Nǎolǔ</span></p></td></tr>
    7744. 

  7744. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7745. 

  7745. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Germany, East</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7746. 

  7746. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dōngdé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7747. 

  7747. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nepal</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7748. 

  7748. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Níbóěr</span></p></td></tr>
    7749. 

  7749. </table>
    7750. 

  7750. <table border="1">
    7751. 

  7751. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7752. 

  7752. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Netherlands</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7753. 

  7753. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hélán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7754. 

  7754. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">United States</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7755. 

  7755. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Měiguó</span></p></td></tr>
    7756. 

  7756. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7757. 

  7757. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Netherlands Antilles</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7758. 

  7758. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āndīlièsī Qúnd&amp;o</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7759. 

  7759. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Upper Volta</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7760. 

  7760. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Shèng Wděrtā</span></p></td></tr>
    7761. 

  7761. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7762. 

  7762. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">New Zealand</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7763. 

  7763. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xīn Xīlán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7764. 

  7764. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Uruguay</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7765. 

  7765. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wūlāguī</span></p></td></tr>
    7766. 

  7766. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7767. 

  7767. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nicaragua</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7768. 

  7768. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Níjiālāguā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7769. 

  7769. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Venezuela</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7770. 

  7770. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wěinèiruìlā</span></p></td></tr>
    7771. 

  7771. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7772. 

  7772. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Niger</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7773. 

  7773. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nírìér</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7774. 

  7774. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Vietnam</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7775. 

  7775. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yuènán</span></p></td></tr>
    7776. 

  7776. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7777. 

  7777. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nigeria</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7778. 

  7778. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nírilìyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7779. 

  7779. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Virgin Is.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7780. 

  7780. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Weiěrjīng QúndSo</span></p></td></tr>
    7781. 

  7781. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7782. 

  7782. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Norway</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7783. 

  7783. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nuówēi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7784. 

  7784. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wales</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7785. 

  7785. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wēiěrsī</span></p></td></tr>
    7786. 

  7786. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7787. 

  7787. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Okinawa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7788. 

  7788. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chōngshéng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7789. 

  7789. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Western Sahara</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7790. 

  7790. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">XI Sāhālā</span></p></td></tr>
    7791. 

  7791. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7792. 

  7792. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Oman</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7793. 

  7793. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Àmàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7794. 

  7794. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Western Samoa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7795. 

  7795. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xi Sèmóyā</span></p></td></tr>
    7796. 

  7796. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7797. 

  7797. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Pakistan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7798. 

  7798. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BājīsītSn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7799. 

  7799. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">White Russia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7800. 

  7800. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bài Ěluósī</span></p></td></tr>
    7801. 

  7801. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7802. 

  7802. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Palestine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7803. 

  7803. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BālēsitSn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7804. 

  7804. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yemen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7805. 

  7805. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yémén</span></p></td></tr>
    7806. 

  7806. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7807. 

  7807. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Panama</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7808. 

  7808. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BānámS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7809. 

  7809. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yugoslavia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7810. 

  7810. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nánsīlǎfū</span></p></td></tr>
    7811. 

  7811. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7812. 

  7812. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Papua New Guinea</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7813. 

  7813. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bābùyà Xīn Jīnèiyà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7814. 

  7814. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zaire</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7815. 

  7815. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">ZhāyīSr</span></p></td></tr>
    7816. 

  7816. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7817. 

  7817. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Paraguay</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7818. 

  7818. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bāliguī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7819. 

  7819. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zambia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7820. 

  7820. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zànbiyà</span></p></td></tr>
    7821. 

  7821. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7822. 

  7822. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Peru Philippines Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Réunion Rhodesia Romania Russia Rwanda San Marino SSo Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia</span></p>
    7823. 

  7823. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Scotland Senegal Seychelles Xs. Siberia Sierra Leone Sikkim Singapore Solomon Is. Somalia South Africa Soviet Russia Soviet Union Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Surinam Swaziland</span></p>
    7824. 

  7824. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sweden Switzerland Syria Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine</span></p>
    7825. 

  7825. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">United Arab Itairates</span></p>
    7826. 

  7826. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">United Kingdom</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7827. 

  7827. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mìlǔ</span></p>
    7828. 

  7828. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fēilùbīn</span></p>
    7829. 

  7829. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Pútáoyá Bōduōlígè KStSSr Liúníwāng(dSo) Luódéxīyà LuómXníyà Éguó, Eguó Lúwàngdá Shèng MSlìnud Shèng Duōméi hé</span></p>
    7830. 

  7830. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Pǔlínxībí</span></p>
    7831. 

  7831. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Shātè Ālàbó (Běijīng), Shāwūdí Álābó (Taiwan)</span></p>
    7832. 

  7832. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sūgélán</span></p>
    7833. 

  7833. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sàinèijiāěr</span></p>
    7834. 

  7834. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sàishéěr Qúndāo Xībóliyà</span></p>
    7835. 

  7835. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sàilā Liang XI jin Xinjiāpō Suóluómén QúndSo SuěmSlī</span></p>
    7836. 

  7836. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nánfēi</span></p>
    7837. 

  7837. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sūè (Taiwan) Sūlién Xibinyé SīlīlánkS</span></p>
    7838. 

  7838. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sudan</span></p>
    7839. 

  7839. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sūlinán</span></p>
    7840. 

  7840. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sīwèishìlán (Běijīng), Shīw&amp;jilán (Taiwan)</span></p>
    7841. 

  7841. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">RuìdiSn Ruìshi Xùlìyà T&amp;nsāngníyà Tàiguó Duōgē Tāngj iā</span></p>
    7842. 

  7842. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tèlìnídá he Duōbāgē Túnísī</span></p>
    7843. 

  7843. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tǔěrqí Wūgāndá Wūkèlán Alābó Liànhé</span></p>
    7844. 

  7844. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">QiúzhSngguó Liànhé Wàngguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7845. 

  7845. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zimbabwe</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7846. 

  7846. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jīnbābùwéi</span></p></td></tr>
    7847. 

  7847. </table>
    7848. 

  7848. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX IV: AMERICAN STATES</span></p>
    7849. 

  7849. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">All the names of átates may be followed by the word </span><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zhōu</span><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;"> &quot;state,” for example, </span><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Ālābāmā zhōu</span><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">.</span></p>
    7850. 

  7850. <table border="1">
    7851. 

  7851. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7852. 

  7852. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Alabama</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7853. 

  7853. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Alabama</span></p></td></tr>
    7854. 

  7854. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7855. 

  7855. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Alaska</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7856. 

  7856. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ālāsljlā</span></p></td></tr>
    7857. 

  7857. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7858. 

  7858. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Arizona</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7859. 

  7859. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yàlìsāngnà</span></p></td></tr>
    7860. 

  7860. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7861. 

  7861. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Arkansas</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7862. 

  7862. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ākēnsè, Akānsàsí <a name="footnote10"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark270">10</a></sup></span></p></td></tr>
    7863. 

  7863. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7864. 

  7864. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">California</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7865. 

  7865. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiāzhōu, Jiālìfóníyà</span></p></td></tr>
    7866. 

  7866. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7867. 

  7867. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Colorado</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7868. 

  7868. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kēluólāduō</span></p></td></tr>
    7869. 

  7869. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7870. 

  7870. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Connecticut</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7871. 

  7871. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kāngnièdígé, Kāngnāidígé</span></p></td></tr>
    7872. 

  7872. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7873. 

  7873. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Delaware</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7874. 

  7874. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tèlāhuá, Délāwēi(Sr)</span></p></td></tr>
    7875. 

  7875. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7876. 

  7876. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Florida</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7877. 

  7877. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fóluólídà</span></p></td></tr>
    7878. 

  7878. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7879. 

  7879. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Georgia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7880. 

  7880. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Qiáozhìyà, Zuōzhìyā</span></p></td></tr>
    7881. 

  7881. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7882. 

  7882. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hawaii</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7883. 

  7883. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xiàwēiyí</span></p></td></tr>
    7884. 

  7884. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7885. 

  7885. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Idaho</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7886. 

  7886. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Àidáhé</span></p></td></tr>
    7887. 

  7887. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7888. 

  7888. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Illinois</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7889. 

  7889. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīlìnuō(sī)</span></p></td></tr>
    7890. 

  7890. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7891. 

  7891. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Indiana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7892. 

  7892. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yìndìānnà</span></p></td></tr>
    7893. 

  7893. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7894. 

  7894. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Iowa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7895. 

  7895. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīāhuá, Àiāhuá</span></p></td></tr>
    7896. 

  7896. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7897. 

  7897. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kansas</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7898. 

  7898. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kansas!</span></p></td></tr>
    7899. 

  7899. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7900. 

  7900. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kentucky</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7901. 

  7901. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">KSnt&amp;jī</span></p></td></tr>
    7902. 

  7902. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7903. 

  7903. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Louisiana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7904. 

  7904. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lùytsīānnà</span></p></td></tr>
    7905. 

  7905. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7906. 

  7906. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Maine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7907. 

  7907. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Miānyln</span></p></td></tr>
    7908. 

  7908. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7909. 

  7909. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Maryland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7910. 

  7910. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mǎlílán</span></p></td></tr>
    7911. 

  7911. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7912. 

  7912. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Massachusetts</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7913. 

  7913. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MSsāzhūsài, MSshēng</span></p></td></tr>
    7914. 

  7914. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7915. 

  7915. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Michigan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7916. 

  7916. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mìxígēn, Mìxiěgēn, Mìzhíān</span></p></td></tr>
    7917. 

  7917. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7918. 

  7918. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Minnesota</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7919. 

  7919. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Míngnísūdā</span></p></td></tr>
    7920. 

  7920. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7921. 

  7921. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mississippi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7922. 

  7922. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Míxíxíbl</span></p></td></tr>
    7923. 

  7923. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7924. 

  7924. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Missouri</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7925. 

  7925. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mìsūlī</span></p></td></tr>
    7926. 

  7926. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7927. 

  7927. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Montana</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7928. 

  7928. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Méngdànà</span></p></td></tr>
    7929. 

  7929. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7930. 

  7930. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nebraska</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7931. 

  7931. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nèibùlāsījiā</span></p></td></tr>
    7932. 

  7932. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7933. 

  7933. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nevada</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7934. 

  7934. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nèihuádá</span></p></td></tr>
    7935. 

  7935. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7936. 

  7936. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">New Hampshire</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7937. 

  7937. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xín HānbushíSr, Xín HSnbùxià</span></p></td></tr>
    7938. 

  7938. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7939. 

  7939. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">New Jersey</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7940. 

  7940. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xín Zéxí</span></p></td></tr>
    7941. 

  7941. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7942. 

  7942. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">New Mexico</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7943. 

  7943. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xín Mdxīgē</span></p></td></tr>
    7944. 

  7944. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7945. 

  7945. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">New York</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7946. 

  7946. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Niǔyuē</span></p></td></tr>
    7947. 

  7947. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7948. 

  7948. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">North Carolina</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7949. 

  7949. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BSi KSluōláinā, Bèi Kāluōlínnā</span></p></td></tr>
    7950. 

  7950. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7951. 

  7951. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">North Dakota</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7952. 

  7952. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bēi Dákētā, Bēi Dákēdá</span></p></td></tr>
    7953. 

  7953. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7954. 

  7954. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ohio</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7955. 

  7955. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Éhàié</span></p></td></tr>
    7956. 

  7956. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7957. 

  7957. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Oklahoma</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7958. 

  7958. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">èkèlāhémǎ, Àkèlāhémā</span></p></td></tr>
    7959. 

  7959. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7960. 

  7960. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Oregon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7961. 

  7961. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">èlègāng</span></p></td></tr>
    7962. 

  7962. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7963. 

  7963. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Pennsylvania</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7964. 

  7964. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Bīnzhōu, Bínxīfāníyà, Bínxīfánníyā</span></p></td></tr>
    7965. 

  7965. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7966. 

  7966. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Rhode Island</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7967. 

  7967. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Luōdé Dāo, Luōdéāilán</span></p></td></tr>
    7968. 

  7968. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7969. 

  7969. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">South Carolina</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7970. 

  7970. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nán Kǎluoláinà, Nán Kāluōlínnā</span></p></td></tr>
    7971. 

  7971. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7972. 

  7972. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">South Dakota</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7973. 

  7973. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nan Dákētā</span></p></td></tr>
    7974. 

  7974. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7975. 

  7975. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tennessee</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7976. 

  7976. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tiánnāx!</span></p></td></tr>
    7977. 

  7977. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7978. 

  7978. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Texas</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7979. 

  7979. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dézhōu, Dékèsèsī</span></p></td></tr>
    7980. 

  7980. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7981. 

  7981. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Utah</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7982. 

  7982. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yōutā, Yōuta</span></p></td></tr>
    7983. 

  7983. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7984. 

  7984. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Vermont</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7985. 

  7985. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wēiméngtè, Fóméngtè</span></p></td></tr>
    7986. 

  7986. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7987. 

  7987. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Virginia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    7988. 

  7988. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wéijíníyā, Fōjíníyà</span></p></td></tr>
    7989. 

  7989. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7990. 

  7990. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Washington</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7991. 

  7991. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huáshèngdùn</span></p></td></tr>
    7992. 

  7992. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7993. 

  7993. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">West Virginia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7994. 

  7994. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">XI Fójíníyà</span></p></td></tr>
    7995. 

  7995. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7996. 

  7996. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wisconsin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7997. 

  7997. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wēislkāngxín(g)</span></p></td></tr>
    7998. 

  7998. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    7999. 

  7999. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wyoming</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8000. 

  8000. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huáiémíng</span></p></td></tr>
    8001. 

  8001. </table>
    8002. 

  8002. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX V: CANADIAN PROVINCES</span></p>
    8003. 

  8003. <table border="1">
    8004. 

  8004. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8005. 

  8005. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Alberta</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8006. 

  8006. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yábódá</span></p></td></tr>
    8007. 

  8007. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8008. 

  8008. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">British Columbia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8009. 

  8009. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yīngshtt Gēlúribīyà</span></p></td></tr>
    8010. 

  8010. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8011. 

  8011. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Manitoba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8012. 

  8012. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mànnítuōbā</span></p></td></tr>
    8013. 

  8013. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8014. 

  8014. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nev Brunswick</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8015. 

  8015. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xīn Bùlúnzīvéikè</span></p></td></tr>
    8016. 

  8016. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8017. 

  8017. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Newfoundland</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8018. 

  8018. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Niǔfēnl&amp;ndlo</span></p></td></tr>
    8019. 

  8019. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8020. 

  8020. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Northwest Territories</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8021. 

  8021. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">XíbèilíngdI</span></p></td></tr>
    8022. 

  8022. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8023. 

  8023. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nova Scotia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8024. 

  8024. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xīn Sīkèshè</span></p></td></tr>
    8025. 

  8025. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8026. 

  8026. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ontario</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8027. 

  8027. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Āndàluè</span></p></td></tr>
    8028. 

  8028. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8029. 

  8029. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Prince Edvard Island</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8030. 

  8030. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">ÀidéhuádXo</span></p></td></tr>
    8031. 

  8031. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8032. 

  8032. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Quebec</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8033. 

  8033. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kuíběikè</span></p></td></tr>
    8034. 

  8034. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8035. 

  8035. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Saskatchewan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8036. 

  8036. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sákèqíwàn</span></p></td></tr>
    8037. 

  8037. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8038. 

  8038. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yukon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8039. 

  8039. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yùkōng</span></p></td></tr>
    8040. 

  8040. </table>
    8041. 

  8041. <div>
    8042. 

  8042. <p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">APPENDIX VI: COMMON CHINESE NAMES</span></p>
    8043. 

  8043. </div><br clear="all">
    8044. 

  8044. <div>
    8045. 

  8045. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Surnames</span></p>
    8046. 

  8046. <table border="1">
    8047. 

  8047. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8048. 

  8048. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8049. 

  8049. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhōu</span></p></td></tr>
    8050. 

  8050. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8051. 

  8051. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8052. 

  8052. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiāng</span></p></td></tr>
    8053. 

  8053. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8054. 

  8054. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8055. 

  8055. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">JiSng</span></p></td></tr>
    8056. 

  8056. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8057. 

  8057. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">II</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8058. 

  8058. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gāo</span></p></td></tr>
    8059. 

  8059. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8060. 

  8060. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8061. 

  8061. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">LÍn</span></p></td></tr>
    8062. 

  8062. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8063. 

  8063. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Máo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8064. 

  8064. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sūn</span></p></td></tr>
    8065. 

  8065. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8066. 

  8066. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Táng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8067. 

  8067. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sōng</span></p></td></tr>
    8068. 

  8068. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8069. 

  8069. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8070. 

  8070. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Fāng</span></p></td></tr>
    8071. 

  8071. <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
    8072. 

  8072. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Given Names (male)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    8073. 

  8073. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8074. 

  8074. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dili</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8075. 

  8075. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yōngpíng</span></p></td></tr>
    8076. 

  8076. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8077. 

  8077. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mínglī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8078. 

  8078. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Zìqiáng</span></p></td></tr>
    8079. 

  8079. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8080. 

  8080. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dànián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8081. 

  8081. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jié</span></p></td></tr>
    8082. 

  8082. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8083. 

  8083. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Shìmín</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8084. 

  8084. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">ZhīyuSn</span></p></td></tr>
    8085. 

  8085. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8086. 

  8086. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8087. 

  8087. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Guōquán</span></p></td></tr>
    8088. 

  8088. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8089. 

  8089. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dáxián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
    8090. 

  8090. </table>
    8091. 

  8091. </div><br clear="all">
    8092. 

  8092. <div>
    8093. 

  8093. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Liú Chén Yang SīmS Ouyáng Hú Wú Liáng</span></p>
    8094. 

  8094. </div><br clear="all">
    8095. 

  8095. <div>
    8096. 

  8096. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Shàowén Shìylng Tíngfēng</span></p>
    8097. 

  8097. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Cheng Zhènhàn</span></p>
    8098. 

  8098. </div><br clear="all">
    8099. 

  8099. <div>
    8100. 

  8100. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Given Names (female)</span></p>
    8101. 

  8101. <table border="1">
    8102. 

  8102. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8103. 

  8103. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Juān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8104. 

  8104. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huìvén</span></p></td></tr>
    8105. 

  8105. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8106. 

  8106. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lìróng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8107. 

  8107. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dáfēn</span></p></td></tr>
    8108. 

  8108. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8109. 

  8109. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">W&amp;nrú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8110. 

  8110. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Lù</span></p></td></tr>
    8111. 

  8111. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8112. 

  8112. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MSilíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8113. 

  8113. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BSolán</span></p></td></tr>
    8114. 

  8114. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8115. 

  8115. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xiùfàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8116. 

  8116. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Yùzhēn</span></p></td></tr>
    8117. 

  8117. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8118. 

  8118. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">QiSoyún</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8119. 

  8119. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MSilì</span></p></td></tr>
    8120. 

  8120. </table>
    8121. 

  8121. </div><br clear="all">
    8122. 

  8122. <div>
    8123. 

  8123. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Mlnzhēn Hutran Bīngyíng Qīng Zlyàn</span></p>
    8124. 

  8124. </div><br clear="all">
    8125. 

  8125. <table border="1">
    8126. 

  8126. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8127. 

  8127. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Pinyin Spelling</span></p>
    8128. 

  8128. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ānbui Fújiàn Gānsù Guāngdōng Guāngxi Guizhou Héběi Heilongjiang Hénán</span></p>
    8129. 

  8129. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Húbéi Húnán Jiāngsū Jiangxi</span></p>
    8130. 

  8130. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jílín Liáoníng Nèiměnggǔ Níngxià Qingh&amp;i Shāndōng Shānxi Shānxi Sìchuān</span></p>
    8131. 

  8131. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Taiwan Xīnjiāng Xizàng Yúnnán Zhèjiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8132. 

  8132. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Map Spelling</span></p>
    8133. 

  8133. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Anhwei Fukien Kansu Kwangtung Kwangsi Kweichou</span></p>
    8134. 

  8134. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hopeh Heilungkiang Honan Hupeh Hunan Kiangsu Kiangsi Kirin Liaoning</span></p>
    8135. 

  8135. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Inner Mongolia Ningsia Tsinghai Shantung Shansi Shensi Szechuan Taiwan Sinkiang Tibet Yunnan Chekiang</span></p></td></tr>
    8136. 

  8136. </table>
    8137. 

  8137. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Pinyin Spelling</span></p>
    8138. 

  8138. <table border="1">
    8139. 

  8139. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8140. 

  8140. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">BSiJīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8141. 

  8141. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Peking</span></p></td></tr>
    8142. 

  8142. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8143. 

  8143. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Changsha</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8144. 

  8144. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ch'ang-sha</span></p></td></tr>
    8145. 

  8145. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8146. 

  8146. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chéngdū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8147. 

  8147. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ch’eng-tu</span></p></td></tr>
    8148. 

  8148. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8149. 

  8149. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Dàténg</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8150. 

  8150. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Ta-t’ung</span></p></td></tr>
    8151. 

  8151. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8152. 

  8152. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Gāoxióng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8153. 

  8153. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kao-hsiung</span></p></td></tr>
    8154. 

  8154. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8155. 

  8155. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">GuSngzhōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8156. 

  8156. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Canton</span></p></td></tr>
    8157. 

  8157. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8158. 

  8158. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hangzhou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8159. 

  8159. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Hang-chou</span></p></td></tr>
    8160. 

  8160. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8161. 

  8161. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">HànkSu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8162. 

  8162. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">.Han-k’ou</span></p></td></tr>
    8163. 

  8163. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8164. 

  8164. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huáinán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8165. 

  8165. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Huai-nan</span></p></td></tr>
    8166. 

  8166. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8167. 

  8167. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jīlóng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8168. 

  8168. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Chi-lung</span></p></td></tr>
    8169. 

  8169. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8170. 

  8170. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Kāifēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8171. 

  8171. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">K’ai-feng</span></p></td></tr>
    8172. 

  8172. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8173. 

  8173. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nánchāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8174. 

  8174. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nan-ch*ang</span></p></td></tr>
    8175. 

  8175. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8176. 

  8176. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nánjīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8177. 

  8177. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Nanking</span></p></td></tr>
    8178. 

  8178. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8179. 

  8179. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">QīngdSo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8180. 

  8180. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tsingtao</span></p></td></tr>
    8181. 

  8181. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8182. 

  8182. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">ShànghXi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8183. 

  8183. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Shanghai</span></p></td></tr>
    8184. 

  8184. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8185. 

  8185. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Táibéi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8186. 

  8186. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Taipei</span></p></td></tr>
    8187. 

  8187. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8188. 

  8188. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Táidōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8189. 

  8189. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">T*ai-tung</span></p></td></tr>
    8190. 

  8190. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8191. 

  8191. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tainan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8192. 

  8192. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">T’ai-nan</span></p></td></tr>
    8193. 

  8193. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8194. 

  8194. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Táizhōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8195. 

  8195. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">T’ai-chung</span></p></td></tr>
    8196. 

  8196. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8197. 

  8197. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tiānjīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8198. 

  8198. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Tientsin</span></p></td></tr>
    8199. 

  8199. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8200. 

  8200. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wǔchāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8201. 

  8201. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wu-ch’ang</span></p></td></tr>
    8202. 

  8202. <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8203. 

  8203. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wǔhàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
    8204. 

  8204. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wu-han</span></p></td></tr>
    8205. 

  8205. <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8206. 

  8206. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Xiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
    8207. 

  8207. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Sian</span></p></td></tr>
    8208. 

  8208. </table>
    8209. 

  8209. <div>
    8210. 

  8210. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Map Spelling</span></p>
    8211. 

  8211. </div><br clear="all">
    8212. 

  8212. <p><span class="font9">88</span></p>
    8213. 

  8213. <p><sup><a href="#footnote1">1</a></sup><a name="bookmark84"></a></p>
    8214. 

  8214. <p><span class="font9">As used in this course, the words &quot;he,&quot; &quot;him,&quot; and &quot;his&quot; are intended to include both masculine and feminine genders. (Translations of foreign language material not included.)</span></p>
    8215. 

  8215. <p><sup><a href="#footnote2">2</a></sup><a name="bookmark95"></a></p>
    8216. 

  8216. <p><span class="font9">The first version of each example is in the Pinyin system of romanization. The second, parenthesized version is the conventional, or anglicized, spelling.</span></p>
    8217. 

  8217. <p><sup><a href="#footnote3">3</a></sup><a name="bookmark141"></a></p>
    8218. 

  8218. <p><span class="font9"></span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qīngwèn</span><span class="font9"> is NOT the word used for saying &quot;excuse me&quot; when you step on someone’s foot. For that, you say </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">duìbuqī</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    8219. 

  8219. <p><sup><a href="#footnote4">4</a></sup><a name="bookmark143"></a></p>
    8220. 

  8220. <p><span class="font9">Although Shànghǎi is physically located in Jiāngsū Province, it is a separate political entity. (The cities of Beijing and Tiānjīn are also separate entities.)</span></p>
    8221. 

  8221. <p><sup><a href="#footnote5">5</a></sup><a name="bookmark148"></a></p>
    8222. 

  8222. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">The alternative forms given in this list are not exhaustive, but are meant to give an idea of the range of transliterations.</span></p>
    8223. 

  8223. <p><sup><a href="#footnote6">6</a></sup><a name="bookmark230"></a></p>
    8224. 

  8224. <p><span class="font9">As used in this course, the words &quot;he,&quot; &quot;him,&quot; and &quot;his&quot; are intended to include both masculine and feminine genders. (Translations of foreign language material not included.)</span></p>
    8225. 

  8225. <p><sup><a href="#footnote7">7</a></sup><a name="bookmark241"></a></p>
    8226. 

  8226. <p><span class="font9">The first version of each example is in the Pinyin system of romanization. The second, parenthesized version is the conventional, or anglicized, spelling.</span></p>
    8227. 

  8227. <p><sup><a href="#footnote8">8</a></sup><a name="bookmark267"></a></p>
    8228. 

  8228. <p><span class="font9"></span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qīngwèn</span><span class="font9"> is NOT the word used for saying &quot;excuse me&quot; when you step on someone’s foot. For that, you say </span><span class="font9" style="text-decoration:underline;">duìbuqī</span><span class="font9">.</span></p>
    8229. 

  8229. <p><sup><a href="#footnote9">9</a></sup><a name="bookmark269"></a></p>
    8230. 

  8230. <p><span class="font9">Although Shànghǎi is physically located in Jiāngsū Province, it is a separate political entity. (The cities of Běijīng and Tiānjīn are also separate entities.)</span></p>
    8231. 

  8231. <p><sup><a href="#footnote10">10</a></sup><a name="bookmark270"></a></p>
    8232. 

  8232. <p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">The alternative forms given in this list are not exhaustive, but are meant to give an idea of the range of transliterations.</span></p>
    8233. 

  8233. </body>
    8234. 

  8234. </html>
    8235.