FSI-Chinese/Numerisés-new/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook.xml

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  <info>
    <title>FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 08 TVL - Student Text and
Workbook</title>
    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <firstname>Foreign Service</firstname>
        <surname>Institute</surname>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
  </info>
  <para>
    CM 0310 S
  </para>
  <para>
    <anchor id="caption1" />
  </para>
  <section xml:id="standard-chinese-a-modular-approach">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark0" /><anchor id="bookmark1" />STANDARD
    CHINESE A Modular Approach</title>
    <para>
      MODULE 8: TRAVELING IN CHINA STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK
    </para>
    <para>
      SPONSORED BY
    </para>
    <para>
      AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS
    </para>
    <para>
      This publication is to be used primarily in support of training
      military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program
      (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of
      materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:
    </para>
    <para>
      Defense Language Institute
    </para>
    <para>
      Foreign Language Center
    </para>
    <para>
      Nonresident Instruction Division Presidio of Monterey, CA 93940
    </para>
    <para>
      Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores,
      etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of
      view are sometimes included in language training for DLIFLC
      students, since military personnel may find themselves in
      positions where clear understanding of conversations or written
      material of this nature will be essential to their mission. The
      presence of controversial statements—whether real or apparent—in
      DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the
      opinions of the writers, of the Defense Language Institute, or of
      the Department of Defense.
    </para>
    <para>
      In DLIFLC publications, the words &quot;he,” “him,” and “his”
      denote both masculine and feminine genders. This statement does
      not apply to translations of foreign language texts.
    </para>
    <section xml:id="standard-chinese">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark2" /><anchor id="bookmark3" />STANDARD
      CHINESE</title>
      <para>
        A MODULAR APPROACH
      </para>
      <para>
        STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK
      </para>
      <para>
        MODULES: TRAVELING IN CHINA
      </para>
      <para>
        DRAFT EDITION
      </para>
      <para>
        JULY 1982
      </para>
      <para>
        Table of Contents
      </para>
      <para>
        Objectives for the Travel Module .................
      </para>
      <para>
        About Module Eight .............. ..........
      </para>
      <para>
        Unit 1 Travel Plans with Lúxíngshè
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference List......................
      </para>
      <para>
        Vocabulary List.....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference Notes.......'..........  . . .
      </para>
      <para>
        Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................
      </para>
      <para>
        Tape 2 Workbook.....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise Dialogues . . . '.................
      </para>
      <para>
        Unit 2
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Education in Bětjīng
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Reference List......................
      </para>
      <para>
        Vocabulary List .....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference Notes .....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................
      </para>
      <para>
        Tape 2 Workbook ................  . . . .
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise Dialogues..........    .
      </para>
      <para>
        Unit 3
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Unit U
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Sìjìqīng People’s Commune
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference List ......................
      </para>
      <para>
        Vocabulary List ..................... Reference Notes
        ..................... Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................
        Tape 2 Workbook..................... Exercise Dialogues
        ....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Ancient Architectural Art
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference List ......................
      </para>
      <para>
        Vocabulary List ......................
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference Notes . .....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................
      </para>
      <para>
        Tape 2 Workbook ......................
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise Dialogues ....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Unit 5 Economic Construction and Natural Resources
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference List .......................
      </para>
      <para>
        Vocabulary List.................. . . . . Reference Notes
        ...................... Tape 1 Review Dialogue
        ................... Tape 2 Workbook ......................
        Exercise Dialogues .....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Unit 6 National Minorities
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference List ......................
      </para>
      <para>
        Vocabulary List .....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference Notes .....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................
      </para>
      <para>
        Tape 2 Workbook .....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise Dialogues ............... .....
      </para>
      <para>
        Unit 7
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference List......................
      </para>
      <para>
        Vocabulary List .....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference Notes............•.......  . .
      </para>
      <para>
        Tape 1 Review Dialogue . .................
      </para>
      <para>
        Tape 2 Workbook .....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise Dialogues ....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Unit 8
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference List......................
      </para>
      <para>
        Vocabulary List......................
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference -Notes . ....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Tape 1 Review Dialogue...............  . .
      </para>
      <para>
        Tape 2 Workbook .....................
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise Dialogues . . , . ................
      </para>
      <para>
        Vocabulary List for the Module..............•.....
      </para>
      <para>
        List of Tapes in this Module ....................
      </para>
      <para>
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      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. A: Wǒmen zínme chēnghu nín hlo ne?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Lfii zhèli cānguān f&amp;ngwènde rén dǒu jiao wǒ LXo
            Wing.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. A: Nín xiing zhèijiàn shi zénme ānpii bījiio hSo?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Wǒ xiing zuì hlo ding wǒ hé ShànghXi fángmian liinxì
            yíxià zài shuǒ.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. A: Tīngshuǒ nín duì zhèi yídài-de fāngyin hen yǒu yinjiū.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: NÌli! Wǒ zhī shi liSojié yìdiinr, tinbudào yǒu yinjiǔ.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            U. A: Xiànzài Zhǒngguǒ yǒngde shíyǒu dabùfen shi zì jI
            shēngchinde, duì ba?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Bù, £u£nbù shi zìjī shēng-chinde.
      </para>
      <para>
        3. A: Dabùfen béifāng rén dǒu huì shuo pǔtǒnghuì. duì bu duì?
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Òu, bù zhī shi béifǎng rén, h?n duǒ ninfǎng rénde pǔtǒnghuì
        y? bú cud.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. A: MÍngtiān wǒ Jiù cǒng Shenzhen 11 ling le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: 6, zhème kuài! Wǒ hid yīwéi nī néng gěn wǒmen dào Sǔzhǒu qù
        winr Jitiān ne!
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. A: Dǒngbéi. Xíbéi nī dǒu qù-guo le ba?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Zài DǒngbSi vǒ zhī cǎnguǎnle Dicing. Xībéi hii méi qù ne.
      </para>
      <para>
        How should we address you?
      </para>
      <para>
        People who come here to visit all call me Lio Wing.
      </para>
      <para>
        What do you think would be the best way to arrange this?
      </para>
      <para>
        I think it would be best to wait until I’ve contacted Shanghai
        and then we'll see about it.
      </para>
      <para>
        I've heard that you're an expert on the dialect of this area.
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh no! I just know a little about it; I couldn't say I'm an
        expert.
      </para>
      <para>
        China now produces most of the oil that it uses, isn't that
        right?
      </para>
      <para>
        No, they produce all of it.
      </para>
      <para>
        Most northerners can speak the standard language, can't they?
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh, not Just northerners. A lot of southerners speak standard
        Chinese pretty well, too.
      </para>
      <para>
        Tomorrow I'm going to leave the country from Shenzhen.
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh, so soon! I thought you could go with us to Sǔzhǒu for a few
        days.
      </para>
      <para>
        You've been to Manchuria and the Northwest, haven't you?
      </para>
      <para>
        In Manchuria I've only visited Daqing, and I haven't been to the
        Northwest yet.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. A: Ní xiin x3u hlo le, w8 Jiù líl.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Hlo. Hui tóu ji&amp;n.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            9. A: Zhèiwèi xuézhé yénjiūde shi nei fǎngmiànde wèntí?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Tā yánjiūde zhSyào shi yìiy&amp;n he yǔy&amp;nxué.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            10. A: Zài Xinjiang Nèiméng yídài meiyou hSn duo rén shuō
            pútōnghuà ba?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Duì, zìi nèixiē dìfang, ahioshù mínzú ySyin zhàn zhǔyàode
        dìwei.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            11. A: Nlmen xiing qùde dìqǔ quin d3u qù. le ba? Hái you
            shénme wèntí meiyou?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Meiyou shénme wèntí le, Luxíngshède gōngzuò giode hén
        hao,&quot;w3men hen m&amp;nyì.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            12. iSxíngtuán
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            13. GuXngxī 1U. Guilin
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            15. Yúnnán
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            16. Guizhou
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            17. Huébèi
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            18. Huánán
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        19• Huángshān
      </para>
      <para>
        You go ahead and leave. I'll be right there.
      </para>
      <para>
        Okay. See you in a while.
      </para>
      <para>
        What subject does this scholar study?
      </para>
      <para>
        She mainly studies languages and linguistics.
      </para>
      <para>
        In the region of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia not many people
        speak standard Chinese, do they?
      </para>
      <para>
        Right. In those places the minority nationality languages occupy
        the major position.
      </para>
      <para>
        Have you been to all the regions you wanted to go to? Do you
        have any more questions?
      </para>
      <para>
        We don't have any more questions.
      </para>
      <para>
        The China Travel Service did a very good Job and we're very
        pleased.
      </para>
      <para>
        tour group
      </para>
      <para>
        (an autonomous region, formerly spelled Kwangs!)
      </para>
      <para>
        (a famous scenic city in GuXngxī)
      </para>
      <para>
        (a province in southern China)
      </para>
      <para>
        (a province, formerly spelled Kweichow)
      </para>
      <para>
        north China
      </para>
      <para>
        south China
      </para>
      <para>
        (a famous scenic mountain in Ǎnhuī province)
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Unit 1, Vocabulary Liat
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ānpái
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to arrange
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  běifāng bíjiìo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the north comparatively
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cǎnguǎn chěnghu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to visit and observe to call
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dàbùfen dài Daqing dìqū Dōngběi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mostly
                </para>
                <para>
                  zone, area, belt
                </para>
                <para>
                  (a city in HěilSngjiǎng province area,
                  district,'region Manchuria
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fSngwèn fíngyán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to visit and meet with dialect
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gio Gulngxī Guilin Guizhou
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to do
                </para>
                <para>
                  (a province in south China) (a city in Gulngxī
                  province)
                </para>
                <para>
                  (a province of China)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huábéi Huánán Huángshān huítáu Jiàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  north of China
                </para>
                <para>
                  south of China (a mountain in Ānhuī province) See you
                  later!
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  liínxi liíoji?
                </para>
                <para>
                  lí Jlng líxíngshè lúxíngtuín
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to contact
                </para>
                <para>
                  to understand
                </para>
                <para>
                  to leave a country or place travel service, travel
                  agency tour group
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mínzú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ethnic group, nation
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nánflng Nèimíng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the south Inner Mongolia
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pútSnghuà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the common (standard) language
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  quin quánbù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  entirely entire, whole
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shloshù shloshù mínzú Shenzhen shíyúu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  small number, few, minority minority nationality
                </para>
                <para>
                  (a city in GuIngdSng province) petroleum, oil
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xlbH Xīnjiíng xuézhí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  northvest
                </para>
                <para>
                  (an autonomous region of China) scholar
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ylvéi Yúnnán yúy£n yìlyánxué
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to think (mistakenly), to assume (a province of China)
                  language linguistics
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ...zai shu5 zhìn zhùyào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ...and then ve’ll see about it to occupy, to take up
                </para>
                <para>
                  main, mainly
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Unit 1, Reference Notes
      </para>
      <para>
        1. A: W3men zēnme chēnghu nín         How should we address you?
      </para>
      <para>
        hlo ne?
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Lái zhèll cānguān flngwènde People who come here to visit all
        rén dōu jiao w5 Lio Wing. call me Lio Wing.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 1
      </para>
      <para>
        Asking how to address someone: If you are not sure how to
        address someone, it is usually acceptable to ask the person
        himself. Most Chinese recognize that they have a complicated
        system of terms of address, and are happy to answer such
        questions.
      </para>
      <para>
        chenghu: &quot;to address&quot; or &quot;form of address&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Kuài gàosu wo, w3 gāi zēnme        Quick tell me: how should I
      </para>
      <para>
        chēnghu nīde fùmǔ ne?              address your parents?
      </para>
      <para>
        Xiang &quot;Xilo Wing,&quot; &quot;Lio Zhang&quot;     Forms of
        address like &quot;Xilo Wing”
      </para>
      <para>
        zhèizhSng chēnghu xiànzài          and &quot;Lio Zhang&quot; are
        now very
      </para>
      <para>
        hēn llúxíng le.                     common.
      </para>
      <para>
        . . . hlo ne?: &quot;Would it be best to . . . ?&quot; W&amp;nen
        zēnme chēnghu nín acts as the subject of the verb hlo. Here is a
        diagram:
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  W3men zēnme chēnghu nín
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hlo ne?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (CForJ us to address you how
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Cwould1 be good?) —
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        &quot;How would it be best for us to address you?&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        For sentences with a similar structure, compare 2A and 8A below.
        Here sure three further examples:
      </para>
      <para>
        Zēnme zuS hlo?                     What should I do?
      </para>
      <para>
        Zēnme chi hlo ne?                  How should it be cooked
        (lit.,
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;eaten&quot;)?
      </para>
      <para>
        W8 zhēn bù zhīdào gàosu ta hlo I really don't know whether I
        should ne, hllshi bú. gàosu ta hlo?        tell him or not.
      </para>
      <para>
        Cānguān, literally, &quot;enter-look,&quot; and flngwèn.
        literally, &quot;visit-interview, &quot; are both sometimes
        translated as &quot;to visit,&quot; but there an important
        difference in their meaning: you cānguān a place (like a
        museum), but you flngwèn people. Thus, cānguān is translated as
        &quot;visit and observe,&quot; and flngwèn as &quot;visit and
        talk with.&quot; By extension, you can also flngwèn a place, but
        this implies a formal visit to a country or visits to factories
        or offices where the visitors have a chance to talk with the
        responsible people and workers. In addition, flngwèn also
        sometimes translates the English verb
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;to interview.” Examples:
      </para>
      <para>
        WS bù xìhuan cānguān zhèiyangde difang, w3 xiāng cānguān
        gòngchāng.
      </para>
      <para>
        Duìbuql xiànsheng, zhèli shi Jǔnshì dìqǔ, bù kéyi cānguān.
      </para>
      <para>
        Qùnián w5 zài Zhōngguó fāngwènle liāngge gànbu Jiātíng.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zài liāngge xīngqīlī, tāmen fāngvènle liùge chéngshì.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhè zhěn shi yícì y3u yìside fāngwèn.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zuótiān tāmen qù fāngvènle yíwèi y8u mingde Zhongguó xuézhā.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        I don’t like to visit this kind of place. I vant to visit a
        factory.
      </para>
      <para>
        I'm sorry, sir. This is a military zone; sightseeing is not
        permitted.
      </para>
      <para>
        Last year in China I visited tvo cadres’ families.
      </para>
      <para>
        They visited six cities in tvo veeks. (Implies that they talked
        vith city officials.)
      </para>
      <para>
        This vas really an interesting visit.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yesterday they vent to interview a famous Chinese scholar.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        2. A:
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Nín xiāng zhèijiàn shi zānme ānpii bíjiāo hāo?
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        B: W3 xiāng zuì hāo dāng v8 he Shànghāi fangmian liinxì yíxià
        zài shu5.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        What do you think would be the best vay to arrange this?
      </para>
      <para>
        I think it would be best to vait until I’ve contacted Shanghai
        and then we*11 see about it.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 2
      </para>
      <para>
        The structure of sentence 2A, vhich is similar to that of 1A,
        can be diagrammed this vay:
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Zhèijiàn shi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zānme ānpii
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ; bījiāo hāo?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (CAs forJ this matter
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  how arrange
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  J Cwould beJ compara-i tively better?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        ǎnpíi: &quot;to arrange,&quot; &quot;to set up&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Tā zSngshi bā shíjiān ānp&amp;ide hān hāo.
      </para>
      <para>
        Ni xiān bā zhuōzi ānpaihāo, kèren kuài lii le.
      </para>
      <para>
        Tā Sānyuè ylqiin Jiu bú zài zhèr, bèi ānpii dào biede dìfang qu
        le.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        He always arranges his time well.
      </para>
      <para>
        First arrange the tables; the guests will be here soon.
      </para>
      <para>
        He had left here even before March, having been assigned to
        another location.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        bliiāo or bíjiào: (1) &quot;Comparatively,&quot;
        &quot;relatively,&quot; &quot;more&quot; is the meaning in
        sentence 2A. BĪJi&amp;o also has the following meanings:
      </para>
      <para>
        (2) &quot;to compare&quot;:
      </para>
      <para>
        Yàoshi bījiào zhè li&amp;ngge chéng-shì, w8 háishi xīhuan
        Hāngzhōu.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        If you compare these two cities, I prefer Hángzhòu.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        W3men key! biJiao yixià shei We can compare who did it better,
        zuòde hāo.
      </para>
      <para>
        (3) &quot;fairly,&quot; &quot;rather&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Jlntiān bījiào leng, duo chuǎn It’s rather cold today, put on
        some diānr ylfú.                         clothing.
      </para>
      <para>
        Context will often tell you whether bījiāo as an adverb implies
        a comparison (in which case it should be translated
        &quot;more&quot;) or does not imply a comparison as
        &quot;rather&quot; or &quot;fairly&quot;).
      </para>
      <para>
        Tā shi bījiāo ài Jiāng huàde rén.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèi liíngge bànfa, níige bīJiSo y5u xiào?
      </para>
      <para>
        Dìèrge bànfa bīji&amp;o y8u xiào.
      </para>
      <para>
        Cóng zhèr dào chéngli qù, zuò dìtiě bīji&amp;o kùài yidi&amp;nr.
      </para>
      <para>
        as comparatively, relatively, or (in which case it should be
        translated
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        He is a rather talkative person.
      </para>
      <para>
        Of these two methods, which is more effective?
      </para>
      <para>
        The second is more effective.
      </para>
      <para>
        To go into the city from here, it’s somewhat faster by subway.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Shànghāi fāngmian: Literally, &quot;the Shànghāi side,&quot;
        meaning the concerned party in Shànghāi. In this sentence, the
        best English translation is simply &quot;Shànghāi.&quot; For
        more examples of this use of fāngmian, see the Society module,
        Unit 1, Notes on No. 8.
      </para>
      <para>
        liānxì: &quot;to contact,&quot; &quot;to get in touch
        with,&quot; or as a noun, &quot;connection,&quot; &quot;tiesT”
        Liānxì can be between individual! people, groups, or phenomena:
      </para>
      <para>
        W3men yījīng ySu liāngsānniān meiySu liānxì le, bù zhī-dào tā
        zuìjìn zSnmeyàng.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèi liāngge wèntí méiyou shenme liānxì.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèixiē niān lāi, Zhong-Mil liāngguóde liānxì yuè lāi yuè guāng
        le.
      </para>
      <para>
        liānxì yíxià: Yíxià here learned in the Meeting module, pass on
        the message for you.&quot; casual feeling, similar to the is not
        translated as &quot;a while&quot;
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        We haven’t been in touch for two or three years. I wonder how he
        has been lately.
      </para>
      <para>
        There's no connection between these two questions.
      </para>
      <para>
        In the past few years, ties between China and the U.S. have been
        getting broader and broader.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        is used the same way as in a sentence you Unit 8: W8 tì nī
        zhuāngào yíxià, &quot;I will Yíxià means &quot;one time,&quot;
        and simply adds a effect of reduplicating a verb. (Yíxià here or
        &quot;a little bit.&quot;) Reduplicating the verb
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        has about the same meaning: liánxì lianxi.
      </para>
      <para>
        DEng ,   . zài shu5 literally means &quot;Wait until . • . and
        then talk
      </para>
      <para>
        about it?&quot; Zài shu5 is~often better translated as &quot;see
        about it&quot; or &quot;deal with it.&quot; Deng can sometimes
        be translated simply as &quot;when.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Míngtiǎn zài shuǒ.
      </para>
      <para>
        Deng tǎ láile zài shuō.
      </para>
      <para>
        W?5men xiín shìshi kàn zài shu5.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        We’ll see about that tomorrow.
      </para>
      <para>
        We’ll see about that when he gets here.
      </para>
      <para>
        Let’s try it out first and then see about it.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        3. A: Tīngshuō nín duì zhèi yídài-de fǎngyán hén y3u yánjiǔ.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Náli! W8 zhī shi liǎojiè yìdiǎnr, tánbudào y3u yánjiū.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        I’ve heard that you’re an expert on the dialect of this area.
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh no! I Just know a little about it; I couldn't say I'm an
        expert.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 3
      </para>
      <para>
        -dài: &quot;zone,&quot; &quot;area,&quot; &quot;belt&quot; The
        original meaning of dài is a belt or band, as in pidài,
        &quot;leather belt,&quot; lùylndài, &quot;recording tape,&quot;
        and xiédài. &quot;shoelaces.&quot; It is easy to see why it has
        also come to mean &quot;belt&quot; in a geographical sense, and
        by extension, &quot;zone&quot; or &quot;area.&quot; -Dài is used
        in such words as rèdài (literally &quot;hot-zone&quot;)
        &quot;the tropics,&quot; and dìdài. &quot;zone,&quot;
        &quot;region.&quot; It is also used in the common phrases zhèi
        yídài, &quot;this area,&quot; and yánhǎi yídài, &quot;coastal
        region&quot; (you will learn yánhǎi in Unit 5 of this module).
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèi yídài wǎnshang hǎn wēixiǎn. Nl yíge rén chūqu déi xiǎoxīn
        diǎnr.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        This area is dangerous at night. You’d better be careful if you
        go out alone.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        You can use names of regions in the pattern . . . yídài:
      </para>
      <para>
        Ting nl shu5 huà, nl dàgài shi Shǎnbéi yídài rén.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        From the way you speak, I'd guess you’re from the area of
        northern ShǎnxI.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        fǎngyán: &quot;dialect&quot; (Fǎng-, as in dìfǎng.
        &quot;place,&quot; here means &quot;local.&quot; -Yán forms part
        of the word yìiyán, &quot;language,&quot; which is presented in
        sentence 9B.) In linguistics, the word fǎngyán is used as we use
        the word &quot;dialect.&quot; In common Chinese usage, fǎngyán
        also refers to the various Chinese languages (such as Cantonese)
        which are not intelligible to a speaker of Standard Chinese. See
        also the note on pǔtǒnghuà under Number 5.
      </para>
      <para>
        liǎojil: As a state verb, &quot;to understand,&quot; &quot;to
        grasp,&quot; &quot;to comprehend,&quot; and as an action verb,
        &quot;to find out,&quot; &quot;to acquaint oneself with.&quot;
        As a state verb, it can be used in the pattern duì . . . liǎojié
        (see the fourth and fifth examples below).
      </para>
      <para>
        As a state vert
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        NT bù liāojiā qíngkuàng.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        You don’t understand the situation.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Tā hān liāojiā nàlide qíngkuàng.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        He understands the situation there quite well.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Tāde guòqù, wō liāojiāde fēi-chèng qìngchú.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        I am very familiar with his past history.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Nī duì tā hái bù liāojiā.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        You still don’t understand him.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Duì Zhōngguó lìshì wō liāojiāde bú gòu.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        I don't know enough about Chinese history.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        As an action verb
      </para>
      <para>
        Ni dào nàr qù yīqián zuì hāo li&amp;oji? yíxià nàrde fēngsú.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Before you go there, you would do well to acquaint yourself with
        the (local) customs.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Wō xiāng liāojiā liāojiā rén-mín shānghuōde qíngkuàng.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        I would like to find out about the (daily) life
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        of the people.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        When the word &quot;know’’ means to understand a person, it into
        Chinese as liāojiā:
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        must be translated
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Tā àiren zuì liāojiā ta.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        His wife knows him &quot;Her husband . .
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        best, (or
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        (Rènshi tā simply means &quot;to be acquainted with him,&quot;
        and zhìdao tā means &quot;to know of him.&quot;)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        comments. speaker,
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        tánbudào: &quot;cannot speak of . . .&quot; A polite response to
        flattering After tánbudào, you usually repeat the words of the
        first e.g.,
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        B:
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Ni duì Māiguō wénhuà hān liāojiā.
      </para>
      <para>
        Tinbudào liāojiā, wō zhī shi duì zhèifāngmiàn hān yōu xìngqu.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        You understand American culture very well.
      </para>
      <para>
        It’s kind of you to say so (&quot;One cannot speak of
        understanding it”), but I’m
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        just very interested in it.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        U.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Xiànzài Zhōngguō yòngde shíyóu dàbùfen shi zìjī shēngchānde, duì
        ba?
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        China now that it
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        produces most of the oil uses, isn't that right?
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        B:
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Bù, quánbù shi zìjī shēngchānde.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        No, they produce all of it.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Notea on No. U
      </para>
      <para>
        shíyōu: &quot;petroleum,*' &quot;oil&quot; (literally,
        &quot;rock-oil,&quot; which, incidentally,
      </para>
      <section xml:id="section">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark4" /><anchor id="bookmark5" />$</title>
        <para>
          is also the meaning of the English word &quot;petroleum )
          Examples: shíyōu gōngyè. &quot;the oil industry&quot;; shíyōu
          huàxué, &quot;petrochemistry.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          dàbùfen: &quot;the most part,&quot; &quot;for the most
          part,&quot; &quot;mostly&quot; The stress in this word is on
          the syllable dà-, and in conversation, the middle syllable,
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          -bu-, is often neutral tone (you may the u sound missing).
        </para>
        <para>
          Use dàbùfen to modify a verb or
        </para>
        <para>
          Mēiguō rén dàbùfen d5u yōu , zìjlde chē.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dàbùfen Mēiguō rén dōu y3u zìjīde chē.
        </para>
        <para>
          even hear what sounds like dabfen, with a noun:
        </para>
        <para>
          Most Americans have their own car.
        </para>
        <para>
          duì ba?: &quot;isn’t that correct?&quot; &quot;isn't that
          so?&quot; You have already learned to ask for the listener’s
          confirmation by using shì bu shl? or shì ma? and duì bu dul?
          or duì ma? at the end of a sentence. Shì ba? and duì ba? are
          also used in the same sentence position to ask for
          confirmation, but because of the marker ba, they imply that
          the speaker is fairly sure that his information is correct.
        </para>
        <para>
          quánbù: &quot;entire,&quot; &quot;whole,&quot; &quot;all&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèixiē shū wō quánbù dōu kànguo le.
        </para>
        <para>
          TSde qián quánbù yōng zài 13-xíngshang le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā gēi wōde gōngzuè, wō hái méi quánbù zuòwán ne.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ shuōde huà quánbù méi yōng.
        </para>
        <para>
          NT bù zhldào tide quánbù qíng-kuàng zēnme néng hi ta Jiēhǔn?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I’ve read all of these books.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          His money was all used up by the trip, (&quot;used on the
          trip&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          I haven't finished all of the work he gave me yet.
        </para>
        <para>
          Everything he said is nonsense (worthless, useless).
        </para>
        <para>
          How can you marry him without knowing his whole situation?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. A: Dabùfen bēifāng rén dōu         Most northerners can
              speak the
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          huì shuō pùtōnghuà. duì         standard language, can't they?
        </para>
        <para>
          bu duì?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: du, bù zhJ shi bēifǎng rén, Oh, not Just northerners. A
              lot hēn duo nánfǎng rénde          of southerners speak
              standard
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          pǔtōnghuà yé bú cud.           Chinese pretty well, too.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 5
        </para>
        <para>
          Bēifǎng, &quot;the north&quot; of a country, and nánfǎng.
          &quot;the south&quot; of a country: When used with reference
          to China, these terms usually mean the area north of the Huáng
          Hé (Yellow River) and the area south of the Chángjiāng
          (Yangtze River), respectively. The area between the rivers is
          usually considered central China.
        </para>
        <para>
          Béifǎng ran xīhuan chī nrlànshí,    Northerners like to eat
          foods made
        </para>
        <para>
          nánflng rén xīhuan chī mlfan.      from wheat, and southerners
          like
        </para>
        <para>
          to eat rice.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎde Zhōngguo huà yǒu nǎnfǎng His Chinese has a southern
          accent, kǒuyīn.
        </para>
        <para>
          pǔtǒnghuà: &quot;the common speech,” the usual designation in
          the PRC for what we have called in this course &quot;Standard
          Chinese.&quot; PǔtSnghuà is officially defined as consisting
          of the sound system of Béijīng speech, the vocabulary and
          idiom of northern speech, and the grammar of exemplary modem
          vernacular writings. It would be inaccurate to equate
          pǔtǒnghuà with either beifang huà (&quot;northern
          speech&quot;) or Beijing huà (&quot;Béijīng speech&quot;),
          because pǔtǒnghuà has absorbed many elements from other
          dialects, contributing to its richness. Conversely, such
          things as purely regional expressions (including those of
          Béijīng itself) and non-standard pronunciations are not
          considered pǔtSnghuà. Before the PRC, the term pǔtǒnghuà
          already existed, but referred to the approximations of
          Mandarin spoken by the common people of northern China. (In
          Taiwan, the term guǒyǔ. &quot;the national language,&quot; is
          used for the officially promoted standard language.)
        </para>
        <para>
          bù zhī shi béifǎng rén: &quot;not Just northerners&quot; Bù
          zhī shi, &quot;not only,&quot; can be followed by a noun,
          verb, or clause. Sometimes you may hear bú Jiù shi, bú dàn
          shi, bù guǎng shi, or bù Jīn shi (which you will learn in the
          Life in China module), with the same meaning. The shi is
          necessary before a noun but may be omitted before a verb:
        </para>
        <para>
          WSmen bàngǒngshì bù zhī (shi) In our office, there are not
          only yǒu Méiguo rén, hǎl ySu Jīge Americans, but also some
          Chinese Zhongguo rén bang wSmen gǒngzuò. who help us.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tomorrow I’m going to leave the country from Shenzhen.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. A: Míngtiǎn wS Jiù cǒng Shenzhen lí Jìng le.
            </para>
            <para>
              B: 0, zhème kuài! WS hǎi yīwéi nī néng gēn wSmen dào
              Sūzhǒu qù wánr Jitiǎn ne!
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Oh, so soon! I thought you could go with us to Sūzhǒu for
              a few days.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 6
        </para>
        <para>
          Shēnzhèn, formerly known by its the border stop on the
          railroad from
        </para>
        <para>
          Cantonese pronunciation, Shumchun, is Hong Kong to Guǎngzhǒu
          (Canton).
        </para>
        <para>
          lí Jìng: &quot;leave a country,&quot; literally,
          &quot;leave-boundary&quot; You can also say ehū Jìng.
        </para>
        <para>
          yīwéi: &quot;to mistakenly think&quot; Xiǎng and rènwéi, which
          you will learn in the next unit, both mean &quot;to think that
          . . . «&quot; Yīwéi adds the meaning that the subject's
          impression was wrong.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nī yīwéi wǒ bù zhīdào?! WS You thought I didn't know?! I heard
          zǎo Jiu tīngshuō le!                about it a long time ago!
        </para>
        <para>
          W8 yīwéi w8 yíge rén kéyi ní-deddng, shíi zhīdào name zhùng.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I thought I could carry it by ny-self; who would have thought
          It was so heavy?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          W8 híi yiwél: &quot;I thought (mistakenly)” You have learned
          híi as &quot;still&quot; and as &quot;also, additionally.”
          This híi has a different meaning and is not translated. It
          emphasizes that the subject was under a wrong impression. This
          meaning of hii is most clearly seen with the verb xl&amp;ng:
          W8 híi xiāng means ”1 mist kenly thought,” whereas W5 xilng
          does not specify whether the judgment was right or wrong.
        </para>
        <para>
          du, shi ni ya! W3 híi xiāng (OR yiwél) shi biérén ne!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nī tīngshuōle ma? Tā shēng-le ge érzi.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: du, wS híi bù zhīdào ne!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. A: Dōngbāi, Xībll nī dǒu qù-guo le ba?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Zài Dōngbāi w8 zhī cānguānle Dàqìng. Xībāi híi mél qù ne.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, it's you! I thought It was someone else.
        </para>
        <para>
          Have you heard? She had a baby boy.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, I didn't know! (Here, it is not a mistaken impression but
          the previous lack of any information on the subject which híi
          emphasizes)
        </para>
        <para>
          You've been to Manchuria and the Northwest, haven't you?
        </para>
        <para>
          In Manchuria I've only visited Dàqìng, and I haven't been to
          the Northwest yet.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 7
        </para>
        <para>
          Dōngbli. Xībll: Although you learned this is in the Directions
          module, it bears repeating that combined direction names
          (&quot;northwest,” &quot;southeast,” etc.) are said in the
          reverse order from English:
        </para>
        <para>
          xībll (west-north) northwest
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          xīnín (west-south) southwest
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          dSngbli (east-north) northeast
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          dSngnín (east-south) southeast
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Dǒngbāi: &quot;the Northeast,&quot; &quot;Manchuria&quot; The
          northeastern region of China, consisting of the three
          provinces of Liíoníng, Jilin, and Hēilíngjiing, is sometimes
          called Manchuria because the largest indigenous minority is
          the Manchu, or Mln, nationality. Of China's 2.6 million Mln,
          most live scattered throughout these three provinces and
          Hébll; there are also smaller Mln populations in the cities of
          Blijīng, Chengdu, Xi'an, and Hohhot. The Mln, and before them
          their ancestors the NÙzhén (Nuchen or Juchen, an ancient
          nationality of the same region), were a major force in Chinese
          history from the
        </para>
        <para>
          Jin Dynasty, in which the N&amp;zhēn ruled northern China for
          over a century (1115-123^), to the Manchu-run Qlng Dynasty
          (1644-1911). After the Qlng dynasty established its capital in
          BliJIng, great numbers of Màn filtered south through Shinhli
          Pass in HébSi and intermixed with the Hàn Chinese. To this
          century, large-scale Hàn migration to the Northeast (hundreds
          of thousands every year) has caused the region’s population to
          swell to 99.4 million (1976 estimate), of which only 2.4
          million are of the Min nationality. Although their ethnic
          origins are distinct from the Hàn Chinese, the Mln today are
          virtually assimilated with the Hàn racially, culturally, and
          linguistically. Most, for example, speak only Chinese; the Mln
          language, which in the last dynasty was still used alongside
          Chinese in official court documents, is well on its way to
          extinction (some Min speakers remain in Àihul and Fùyù
          counties in Hēilóngjiàng).
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-3.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          The three provinces of the Northeast
        </para>
        <para>
          Xlbii: &quot;the Northwest,&quot; a region which includes
          Níngxià, Xinjiang, Qlngh&amp;i, Shànxl, and Ginsù.
        </para>
        <para>
          qùguo le: &quot;have gone to&quot; Notice verb phrase with the
          ending -guo. Here
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nl chiguo fàn le ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: ChlguB le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Ta zuì xlnde dianyIng nl kànguo le ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Kànguo le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          that nev-situation le may follow a are some other examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          Have you eaten yet?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes.
        </para>
        <para>
          Have you seen his latest movie yet?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes.
        </para>
        <para>
          Paging: An oil-producing center (recently given the statue of
          a city) in the Síng-Nln Plain of southern Héllflngjiāng
          province. Daqing is the nation’s leading producer of crude
          oil, accounting for more than one third of the crude oil
          volume. China’s oil industry has only developed since 19^$,
          and it was the monumental exploration and drilling at Daqing,
          under extremely adverse conditions, that in large part enabled
          China to meet her own oil needs by 1963. In 1961:, Mio ZédSng
          called on the whole nation to learn from Dàqìng in industry
          (Gōngyè xué Daqing), a slogan which continued to be heard
          through the Cultural Revolution.
        </para>
        <para>
          8. A: Nl xiǎn z3u hao le, w8 jiù You go ahead and leave. I’ll
          be lii.                                right there.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Hlo. Huí tóu jiìn.             Okay. See you in a while.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. fl
        </para>
        <para>
          . . . hlo le: The ending hlo le. literally &quot;and then it
          will be okay,&quot; has a special meaning; the translation
          varies with the context. It is used when the speaker (1)
          agrees to something, permits someone to do something, or
          suggests that someone do something, or care if something
          happens.
        </para>
        <para>
          (1) WS qù hlo le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhao nl shuōde ban hlo le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nl shuō Zhōngwén hlo le, wS tīngdedSng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nl níqu hlo le, wS yòngwin le.
        </para>
        <para>
          (2) Nl bú qù hlo le, w8 bù gioxìng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Rang ti shuS hlo le, wS bù guln!
        </para>
        <para>
          Huí tóur .11 in: &quot;See you later&quot; literally,
          &quot;turn one’s head,&quot; is used
        </para>
        <para>
          Huí tóu wSmen zìl tin.
        </para>
        <para>
          WS huí t6u jiù Hi.
        </para>
        <para>
          (2) gives in to something, doesn’t
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I’ll go. (AGREEING TO DO SOMETHING)
        </para>
        <para>
          We’ll do it your way, then. (AGREEING TO DO SOMETHING)
        </para>
        <para>
          Go ahead and speak Chinese. I understand. (SUGGESTING)
        </para>
        <para>
          Go ahead and take it. I'm finished with it. (PERMITTING)
        </para>
        <para>
          So don't go, then. But I'm not happy about it.
        </para>
        <para>
          Let him say what he wants to; I don't care!
        </para>
        <para>
          This is a Blijīng expression. Huí t6u, colloquially to mean
          &quot;later,&quot; as in
        </para>
        <para>
          We'll talk it over later.
        </para>
        <para>
          I'll be there in a minute.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Use Huí tóur jiin when you expect to see the other person
          shortly.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. A: Zhèiwíi xuézhé yénjiǔde shi
            </para>
            <para>
              něifěngmiìnde vent ft
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: T8 yánjlūde zhǔyào shi yǔyán he yuyánxué.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          What subject does this scholar study?
        </para>
        <para>
          She mainly studies languages and linguistics.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 9
        </para>
        <para>
          xuézhé: &quot;scholar&quot; You will find the ending -zhě in a
          number of words where it means -de rén, &quot;a person
          who....&quot; In Unit U, you will learn gōngzuò-zhé.
          &quot;worker (in a certain field).&quot; Other examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          dúzhé          reader (dú, &quot;read,&quot; will be presented
          in the next
        </para>
        <para>
          module)
        </para>
        <para>
          Jìzhě          reporter, Journalist (lit., &quot;one who
          records things&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          huòdézhé recipient of a prize, etc. (huBdé means &quot;to
          obtain&quot;) zhǔyào: As an adjective,
          &quot;major/main/essential,&quot; and as an adverb,
          &quot;mainly, &quot;essentially&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Qù XTbéi, zh^yàode mùdi shi        The main reason for going
          to the
        </para>
        <para>
          xiXng liXoJié yidiínr guǎnyú Northwest is to find out about
          nàrde néngyè shěngchln qíngkuàng. agricultural production
          there.
        </para>
        <para>
          WSmen zhèr zhǔyàode wèntí shi méi qiin.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nir zhìíyiLo zhinlln xiē shénme?
        </para>
        <para>
          Néng bu néng qù, zhūyìo kin shíjiǎn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Ti zhúyìo Jilngde shi ZhSngguo-de shíyfiu shěngchln qíngkuing.
        </para>
        <para>
          There are times when zhSyio must be t as &quot;mainly,&quot;
          for example:
        </para>
        <para>
          Our main problem here is that we have no money.
        </para>
        <para>
          What are the main things they exhibit there? (&quot;What
          mainly do they exhibit there?&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          Whether or not we can go depends mainly on time.
        </para>
        <para>
          He spoke mainly about China's oil production.
        </para>
        <para>
          islated as &quot;essentially&quot; rather than
        </para>
        <para>
          W8 JlntiSn líi, zhúyio shi         I came today essentially
          because
        </para>
        <para>
          ylnwei w3de péngyou d5u lii le. all my friends came.
        </para>
        <para>
          This sentence does not imply that there are any other reasons
          of lesser importance.
        </para>
        <para>
          ySy&amp;n: &quot;language&quot; The counter for a language is
          usually -zh8ng. &quot;kind&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Xué yìzhSng ytíyán bú shi yìtiin Learning a language isn't
          something liXngtiinde shì.                   you can do
          overnight (&quot;in a day
        </para>
        <para>
          or two&quot;).
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngwén shi yìzh8ng bìjilo nin xuéde yùyin.
        </para>
        <para>
          Chinese is a rather difficult language to learn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā chingchíng Jiao tamen yìxiē bù yīnggāi jiāode yùyén.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          He often teaches them language (words and phrases) that
          shouldn't be taught.
        </para>
        <para>
          -Yù can be used
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          as the ending for the names of languages:
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīngyǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    English
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xìbānyíyǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Spanish
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hànytt
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chinese
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Déyù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    German
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rìytt
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Japanese
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fāyǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    French
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Álābōytt
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Arabic
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Éyù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Russian
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mānyù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Manchurian
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yìndìyù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hindi
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    wàiyù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    foreign language
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          The ending -huà (as in Zhōngguó huà) refers to just the spoken
          language.
        </para>
        <para>
          -Wen can refer to (1) the written, or (2) the written plus the
          spoken. -Yù does not differentiate spoken and written.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. A: Zài Xìnjiāng Nèimāng yídàl méiyou hān duo rén shuǒ
              pùtōnghuà ba?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Duì, zài nàixiē dìfang, shāoshù mínzú yǔyán zhàn zhǔyàode
          dìwei.
        </para>
        <para>
          In the region of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia not many people
          speak standard Chinese, do they?
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. In those places the minority nationality languages
          occupy the major position.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 10
        </para>
        <para>
          Xlnjiāng: Formerly spelled Sinkiang in English. Xinjiang, an
          autonomous region (not a province) in northwest China, has the
          largest area of all China's provinces and autonomous regions.
          Population: 12 million (1981 est.), of which about 6 million
          are of the Uygur nationality. For a description of the region
          and its people, see Unit 6 Reference Notes.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nèimāng: Also Nèi Mānggù. Inner Mongolia (also called Nel
          Monggol) is an autonomous region in north central China,
          population 9 million. About twenty percent of the population
          are Mongols. The capital is Hohhot (in Chinese, Huhéháotè).
        </para>
        <para>
          Note: The facts as represented in exchange 10 need to be
          qualified. It is true that the minority nationality languages
          are still the most widely used in the vast rural areas of
          Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and other minority nationality
          regions. The larger cities in these regions, however, now have
          substantial Hàn Chinese populations, and in some cities the
          Hàn are even in the majority.
        </para>
        <para>
          shāoshù: &quot;minority&quot; or &quot;a minority of,&quot;
          &quot;a small number of&quot; This is the opposite of duōshù.
          &quot;majority,&quot; which you learned in the Society module.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tāmen shi shāoshù.                  They are in the minority.
        </para>
        <para>
          ZhX ySu shloshù Min rén hái        There are only a ^mall
          number of
        </para>
        <para>
          néng shuS Mànyú.                   Manchurians who can still
          speak
        </para>
        <para>
          the Manchu language.
        </para>
        <para>
          mínzú: &quot;nationality,&quot; &quot;a people,&quot; or
          &quot;nation&quot; in the non-governmental sense: a people vho
          share common origins, history, customs, and language.
          Examples: ZhSnghuá mínzú, &quot;the Chinese nation&quot;;
          Ālabú mínzú, &quot;the Arab nation&quot;; mínzú dúlì,
          &quot;national independence.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          MèiguS shi yíge duo mínzúde        America is a nation of many
          ethnic
        </para>
        <para>
          guSjiǎ.                              groups.
        </para>
        <para>
          ShKoshù mínzú is &quot;minority nationality,&quot; often
          translated as &quot;national minority.&quot; In the U.S., we
          more often speak of &quot;ethnic minorities,&quot; but the
          Chinese prefer the translation &quot;minority
          nationalities.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          zhàn: (1) &quot;to occupy&quot; a space, area, or position,
          (2) &quot;to make up,&quot; &quot;to constitute,&quot; a
          proportion of an amount, or (3) &quot;to take up&quot; an
          amount of time
        </para>
        <para>
          Zènme h&amp;i y3u rén zhànzhe zhèige * féngjiàn? Gǎi wSmen
          ydng le!
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèizhang zhuSzi tài zhàn difang le, bK ta bānchuqu.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige féngzi zhànde dìfang ySu duS dà?
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài wSmen xuéxiàode xuéshěngzhǒng, shXoshù mínzú xuéshěng zhàn
          yí-bàn zuSyòu.
        </para>
        <para>
          Xianzài fÙnS zài shèhuìshang zhàn yuè líi yuè zhèngyàode dìwei
          le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhen duìbuql, zhànle nl bù shXo shíjiin.
        </para>
        <para>
          Why are there still people occupying this room? It's our turn
          to use it!
        </para>
        <para>
          This table takes up too much space. Let’s move it out.
        </para>
        <para>
          How much space does this building take up?
        </para>
        <para>
          Minority nationality students make up about half of the
          students in our school.
        </para>
        <para>
          Now women are occupying a more and more important position in
          society.
        </para>
        <para>
          Please excuse me for taking up so much of your time.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              11. A: Nímen xiXng qùde dìqǔ quán dSu qù le ba? HXi ySu
              shénme wèntí meiyou?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Meiyou shénme wèntí le, Luxíngshède gǒngzud gXode hXn
          hlo,<superscript>-</superscript>wSmen hXn manyì.
        </para>
        <para>
          Have you been to all the regions you wanted to go to? Do you
          have any more questions?
        </para>
        <para>
          We don't have any more questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          The China Travel Service did a very good job and we're very
          pleased.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 11
        </para>
        <para>
          dìqǔ: &quot;region,&quot; &quot;district,&quot;
          &quot;area&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Blljlng dlqtt
        </para>
        <para>
          Huábli dìqù
        </para>
        <para>
          duo shin dìqù
        </para>
        <para>
          quin: (1) &quot;to be complete,&quot; (2) completely&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèitào shū bù quin, dìsìbln meiyíu le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Quin shìjiè yígòng y3u duǒshlo zhSng yùyín?
        </para>
        <para>
          Lilngsānnián méi shuǒ Zhǒngwén le, chàbuduō quin wing le.
        </para>
        <para>
          W3 bi nèi JlJiìn yīfu quin gli tí le.
        </para>
        <para>
          the Bèijīng area
        </para>
        <para>
          the north China region
        </para>
        <para>
          a mountainous district
        </para>
        <para>
          'whole,&quot; &quot;entire,&quot; (3) &quot;entirely,&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          This set of books is incomplete; the fourth volume is missing.
        </para>
        <para>
          How many languages are there in the whole world?
        </para>
        <para>
          After not speaking Chinese for tvo or three years, (I) have
          almost completely forgotten it.
        </para>
        <para>
          I gave all those articles of clothing to him.
        </para>
        <para>
          Lttringahè: Short for Zh5nggu6 Lflxíngshè. China Travel
          Service (CTS), or Zhōngguó Guójì L&amp;xíngshè, China
          International-Travel Service (CITS). These are the tvo
          government agencies through vhlch all travel arrangements in
          China are handled. Representatives from CITS accompany tour
          groups in China.
        </para>
        <para>
          gio: &quot;to do,&quot; &quot;to carry on,&quot; &quot;to
          field or endeavor.
        </para>
        <para>
          Gio shénme ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèijiàn shi wō glolai gloqù globuhlo.
        </para>
        <para>
          gio vèisheng
        </para>
        <para>
          (gio a task <subscript>4</subscript> gio shingchln or
          endeavor) gio shèhuìzhttyì gio Sìge Xiàndàihuà
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tl shi gio flnyìde.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (gio a line «
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ti shi gio vénxuéde.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    of work)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    TI shi gio xìnwénde.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ti shi gio nōngyède.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          engage in,&quot; &quot;to work in&quot; a certain
        </para>
        <para>
          What are you doing? OR What are you up to?
        </para>
        <para>
          I've tried doing this all different ways and I Just can't get
          it right.
        </para>
        <para>
          to do cleanup
        </para>
        <para>
          to engage in production to practice socialism to carry on the
          Four Modernizations
        </para>
        <para>
          He's a translator. (&quot;He works in translation.&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          He works in literature.
        </para>
        <para>
          He's a Journalist/reporter/etc.
        </para>
        <para>
          He works in agriculture.
        </para>
        <para>
          Glohlo, which is especially common in political talk, means
          &quot;to make a good Job of (something),&quot; or &quot;to
          handle (something) well&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Glohlo shingchln shi vSmen zuì zhdngyàode gǒngzud.
        </para>
        <para>
          Handling production well is our most Important Job.
        </para>
        <para>
          Gio is used with many resultative verb endings (in the
          folloving two examples gio is interchangeable with no ng,
          &quot;to do&quot;):
        </para>
        <para>
          Shéi bl vBde chē glohuii le?       Who broke Jay bicycle/car?
        </para>
        <para>
          Hāi, nl you glocuò le, zhèige      No, you’ve got it wrong
          again. This
        </para>
        <para>
          zì bú shi &quot;nilo,&quot; shi &quot;wǔ.&quot;
                 character isn’t &quot;nilo,&quot; it’s &quot;vū.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zénme glode is an idiom, used as follows:
        </para>
        <para>
          Zénme glode?!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          What went wrong?! What’s wrong?! OR Jíhat the ... ?!
        </para>
        <para>
          OR
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Tā shuō tā bù lāi le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Zénme glode?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Tā bù shūfu.
        </para>
        <para>
          Hl zénme glode?!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          mln^ì: &quot;to be pleased,&quot; &quot;to prepositional verb
          duì, &quot;toward,&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Hēn du5 rén duì Dlngde yìxiē zhèngcè bù mlnyì.
        </para>
        <para>
          W3de huídā, nl mlnyì ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā duì nX zhème hlo, nX wèi-shénme h£i bù mlnyì?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yíge mlnyìde huídá is an idiom for
        </para>
        <para>
          W3 xīvāng néng géi nl yíge mlnyìde huídl.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Nov he says he isn't coming. How come?
        </para>
        <para>
          He isn't feeling well.
        </para>
        <para>
          „ What’s with you? OR What's the matter with you? OR What the
          heck are you doing?
        </para>
        <para>
          be satisfied&quot; This is often used with the equivalent to
          English &quot;pleased with&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Many people are dissatisfied with some of the Party's
          policies.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you satisfied with my answer?
        </para>
        <para>
          He's so good to you; why are you still dissatisfied?
        </para>
        <para>
          a satisfactory answer.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          I hope I can give you a satisfactory answer.
        </para>
        <para>
          Professor James Armstrong (B) (Amùsītèlǎng Jiàoshou), the
          leader of an American tour group visiting China, is talking in
          his room at the Bēijīng Hotel with Chen Guiqiáng (a) of the
          China Travel Service (Zhǒngguó L&amp;xíngshè). Later they are
          Joined by Beth Troiano (C) (Bèisī Tèluóānnuò). an American
          linguist.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:     Āmúsītèlǎng Jiàoshou, nín háo, Hello, Professor
          Armstrong. How
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          xiūxide zēnmeyàng? Hái lèi bu lei?
        </para>
        <para>
          B:     Hái hlo, bú tài lèi le, shuìle
        </para>
        <para>
          yíge zhSngtóu, hǎoduǒ le. Nī zuá, nī zud. Bú yào kèqi. Duì le,
          w3 hái wangle wen nī, Chen Xiǎnsheng, wB zēnme chēnghu nī hǎo
          ne?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nín Jiù Jiào w3 Chin GuÚqiáng
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          hǎo le. Zài zBuláng gōngzuède Lio Wáng zhīdao wB. Nín y3u shi,
          Jiù Jiào tā zhǎo Xilo Chin, tǎ Jiù zhīdao le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Haha, Lǎo Wáng, Xiǎo Chin, yBu
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          yìsi. Duì le, nī lái, y3u shénme shi ma?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shi zhèiyangrde. W3 lái zhǎo nī,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          shi xiǎng zài hi nī tán yixia nī-mende iSxíng Jìhuà.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: WSmen zài Niú Yuēde shíhou,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zhèige Jìhuà yījīng chàbuduB ǎnpái-hǎo le, shi Luxíngshè
          ǎnpáide.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zuijìn l&amp;dngde rin xiǎngdǎng
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          duo, wSmen zui hǎo zài tányi-tán.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Dāngrán, dingrin. Búguò, nī
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zhīdao Bèisī ba?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Bèisī? WS xiǎngyixiǎng. À,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Bèisī. Tèluóānnuò Xiǎojiē?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Yìdiǎnr bú cuò, zhèng shi tǎ!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Tǎ bījiǎo liǎoji? wSmen zhèi èrshi-ge rin zuì xīwang cǎnguǎnde
          dìfang shi shinme. WSmen qīng tǎ lái tintan, hǎo bu hǎo?
        </para>
        <para>
          was your rest? Are you still tired?
        </para>
        <para>
          Pretty good. I’m not too tired anymore. I slept for an hour
          and I feel a lot better. Sit down, sit down. Make yourself at
          home. Oh, yes, I keep forgetting to ask you, Mr. Chen, what
          shall I call you?
        </para>
        <para>
          Just call me Chin Guóqiáng. Lio Wáng who works in the corridor
          knows me. If you have any problems, Just tell him to get Xilo
          Chin. He'll know who.
        </para>
        <para>
          Haha, Lio Wáng, Xilo Chin, that's interesting. Well: Is there
          some particular reason you came?
        </para>
        <para>
          It's like this. I've come to see you to discuss your travel
          plans some more with you.
        </para>
        <para>
          When we were in Nev York, the plans were already almost all
          arranged. It was the (China) Travel Service that arranged
          them.
        </para>
        <para>
          There have been quite a few tourists lately. It would be best
          to discuss Cthis3 some more.
        </para>
        <para>
          Of course, of course. But, you know Beth, don't you?
        </para>
        <para>
          Beth? Let me think. Ah, Beth. Miss Troiano?
        </para>
        <para>
          Absolutely right, that's her! She understands more about what
          places our group of twenty people most want to visit. Let's
          ask her to come and discuss this, okay?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: HXoJíle. Yào bu yao w8 qù           Sure. Do you want
              me to go and
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          qlng ta?                              ask her?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bú bì. W8 dX ge diànhuà.            You don’t have to
              do that; I’ll
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          make a phone call.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Professor Armstrong telephones Bet continue to talk while
          waiting for her.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Jiàoshou, nī Juéde Béijīng
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Fàndiàn zénmeyàng? Hái kéyi zhù ba?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bú cuò, bú cuò. Jiù shi shí-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Jiān chángle, huì Juéde kǒngqì bù hSo.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:     Haha...
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Troiano, then Chen and Armstrong
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Professor, how do you like the Béijīng Hotel? Is it livable?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          It's nice, very nice. It's just that after a while one feels
          that the air isn't good.
        </para>
        <para>
          Haha...
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          (There is a knock at the door, then Miss Troiano enters.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              C: W8 lái le. Zhèiwèi shi...?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Here I am. This is...?
        </para>
        <para>
          A:     Chen Guóqiéng. Zhǒnggué LÌlxíng.-
        </para>
        <para>
          shède.
        </para>
        <para>
          C:     NX hXo. W3 shì Bèisī TèluSānnuò.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:     Huānyíng nín líi Zhōnggué cān-
        </para>
        <para>
          guǎn fàngwèn. Tīngshuǒ nín shi gio yflyánxuéde?
        </para>
        <para>
          C:      Shì.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:     Suóyi nínde ZhSngwén name hXo!
        </para>
        <para>
          C:     A'. Xiànzài hXn du5 rén duì
        </para>
        <para>
          ZhSngwén y8u xìngqu, Zhōngwén hXode rén yuè líi yuè duo le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shìde, shìde. HXo, xiànzài w8-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          men líi tíntan líxíng jìhuàde shì. Zhèige Jìhuà zuì hlo
          Jíntiān, míngtiln liàngtiàn quínbù ǎnpíi-hXo.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: HXode, hXode.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              C: W8men zhèicì líide èrshige rén,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          dàbùfèn shi xuézhé, Jiàoshòu. Zài Nitt Yuè, w&amp;nen yījíng
          hé Zhǒngguó fSngmiàn liínxìguò le, wSmen duì Zhíngguóde
          gSngnóngyè qíngkuàng, jiàoyù qíngkuàng dou hén y5u
        </para>
        <para>
          Chen Guéqiíng, of the China Travel Service.
        </para>
        <para>
          How are you? I'm Beth Troiano.
        </para>
        <para>
          Welcome to China. I've heard that you work in linguistics?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes.
        </para>
        <para>
          That's why your Chinese is so good!
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, a lot of people are interested in Chinese now. And there
          are more and more people with good Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, yes. All right, let's talk about your travel plans. It
          would be best to arrange the whole thing in the next day or
          two.
        </para>
        <para>
          Fine, fine.
        </para>
        <para>
          The majority of our group of 25 who came this time are
          scholars and professors. In New York, we have already been in
          contact with the Chinese. We are very much interested in the
          Chinese industrial
        </para>
        <para>
          xìngqu.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:     Nìmen zhèicì zhǔyào shi zài
        </para>
        <para>
          Shànghāi, Bèijìng zhèixiē dìfangr cānguān, fāngwèn, shi bu
          shi?
        </para>
        <para>
          C:     Duì le. Hii yōu, wǒmen yǒu
        </para>
        <para>
          hén duo rén, duì Zhǒngguóde Dǒng-bāi dìqù féicháng yǒu xìngqu,
          tèbié shi Dàqìng zhèige shíyóu chéng. Bù zhīdào wǒmen shi bu
          shi kéyi qù cānguān....?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Qù Dàqìng dàgài méiyou shenme
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          wèntí.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Wǒmen hái yào qù nèixiē yǒu
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          míngde dìfang, xiàng Sǔzhǒu, Hángzhǒu, Huángshān, Guilin,
          shen-mede. Zhèixiē dìfang hé Zhōng-guóde lìshī, wénhuà, yǒu
          hen dàde guānxi. Dào Zhōngguó lái, zhèixiē dìfang bù néng bú
          qù.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Dāngrán, dāngrán. Zhèixiē
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          dǒu yìjīng chàbuduō ānpálhāo le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nà hāo.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          0:     Wǒ kéyi bu kéyi dào Zhǒngguóde
        </para>
        <para>
          Xībēi qù yíxià?
        </para>
        <para>
          A:     O'.  Qù Xlb?i...zhèi yǒu yìdiān
        </para>
        <para>
          wèntí.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              C: Zēnme ne? Shi bu shi yīnwei
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          shíjiān bú gǒu a?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Duì, shíjiān bú gǒu. Wǒ xiāng,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          nímen zài Zhōngguó Jiù yǒu sìge xīngqí, Huábāi, Dōngbēi,
          Huánán, Xīnán, bā shíjiān chàbuduō quán zhànwán le. Xiàcì lái
          Zhōngguó zài qù Xlbāi ba. Nín kàn hāo bù hāo?
        </para>
        <para>
          C:     Duìbùqī, wǒ gāode shi yǔyínxué!
        </para>
        <para>
          Nèimēng, Xinjiang yídài wǒ zhěn xiāng qù.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tā yánjiǔde zhǔyào Jiù shi
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Zhǒngguóde shāoshù mínzú yǔyán.
        </para>
        <para>
          and agricultural situation and the educational situation.
        </para>
        <para>
          This time you are mainly visiting and touring in Bèijīng and
          Shànghāi, these placqs, ins't that so?
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s right. But also, we have many people who are especially
          interested in China’s Northeast region, in particular the oil
          city, Dàqìng. I don’t know whether we can visit it....?
        </para>
        <para>
          There won’t be any problem with going to Dàqìng.
        </para>
        <para>
          We also want to go to those famous places, like Sǔzhǒu,
          Hángzhǒu, Huángshān, Guilin, etc. Those places are closely
          related to China's history and culture. One musn’t miss them
          on a trip to China.
        </para>
        <para>
          Of course, of course. Those have almost all been arranged.
        </para>
        <para>
          That's fine.
        </para>
        <para>
          Could I go to China's Northwest?
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh! To the Northwest. That's a bit of a problem.
        </para>
        <para>
          What's that? Is it because there isn't enough time?
        </para>
        <para>
          Right, there isn't enough time. I think that since you only
          have four weeks in China, your time will be almost entirely
          taken by North China, Manchuria, South China and the
          southwest. Why not visit the Northwest on your next trip to
          China. What do you say?
        </para>
        <para>
          I'm sorry, but my work is linguistics'. I really want to go to
          Inner Mongolia and Xīnjiāng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Her research is mainly on the minority nationality languages.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:     Hài! Zhen duìbuqī, wǒ hài yīwéi
        </para>
        <para>
          nín gàode shi pǔtǒnghuà ne!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              C: Méi guànxi, méi guǎnxi. Bú-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          guò yǒu Jīhui vS híishi xiāng qù Xīběi kànkan.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:     Duì le, Yúnnán, Guizhou, Guàng-
        </para>
        <para>
          xī yídài yé y3u hěn duo shàoshù mínzú. Nín qù Guìlínde shíhou
          Jiù kéyi zuò diānr yánjiū le!
        </para>
        <para>
          C:     Òu! Nànfāng gēn bēifāngde yùyén
        </para>
        <para>
          bù yíyàng. Yàoshi y3u bànfà hái-shi bang wS ānpai yixiar ba.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Tsk...Zhè shir y3u yìdiànr
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          máfan, ding w3 hi līngdào yínjiǔ yíxià zài shuō ba.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: 0, nī zài xiàngxiàng, rúgu3
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          kéyi ānpíi, nà duì Bèisī shi hēn dàde bǎngzhù.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              C: Duì le. Nín shìshi kàn.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Ng...Zhèiyàng hào bu hào?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Nīmen fàngwènle Bēijīng hé Dàqìng yīhòu, Amúsītèling Jiàoshou
          nīmen shíjiúge rén háishi qù Shànghài, Sūzhǒu, Hángzhǒu,
          Guilin. Tèluóānnuò Xiàojiē gēn lìngwài yíge lùxíngtuin qù
          Xībēi. Líkài Xībēi yīhòu, yí Jiù shi bànge yuè yīhòu, nín zài
          Jīngguò Shànghài dào Guàngzhǒu.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Ng, nà wSmen hài shi yìqī cǒng
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Shēnzhèn líjìng.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:     Duì, nīmen kàn zēnmeyàng. Yēxú
        </para>
        <para>
          zhè shi yíge bànfa. Búguò, xíng bu xíng, h£i díi w&amp;nen
          yínjiūle yīhòu cái zhīdao.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              C: Zài wǒmende iSxíngtuánli, wǒ
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          hài y3u Jīge péngyou. W3 yē dēi
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh! Pardon me! I thought your your work was in the standard
          language!
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s all right, that’s all right. Nonetheless if there's a
          chance, I would still like to go visit the Northwest.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh yes—the areas of Yúnnán, Guizhou, and Guingxī also have
          many minority nationalities—you can do some research when you
          go to Guilin!
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh! The languages of the north and south are-not the same. If
          it's possible, I'd still rather you arranged it for me.
        </para>
        <para>
          tan...This is a bit troublesome. Let me discuss it with the
          leader, and then we’ll see about it.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, you give it some more thought. If it can be arranged, that
          would be a great help to Beth.
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. See if you can.
        </para>
        <para>
          Hmmm...How about this: After you've visited Bēijīng and
          Dàqìng, Professor Armstrong and the other 19 people still go
          on to Shànghiì, Sūzhǒu, Hángzhǒu and Guilin, but Miss Troiano
          goes to the Northwest with another tour group. After leaving
          the Northwest, that is, after half a month, then you go to
          Guàngzhǒu by way of Shàngh&amp;i.
        </para>
        <para>
          Hum, then we still leave the country together from Shenzhen.
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. See what you think. Perhaps that might work. However,
          we won't know if it's possible until we've looked into it.
        </para>
        <para>
          I have several other friends in our tour group. I must talk it
        </para>
        <para>
          hé tlmen tintin, xiingxiing zínmeyàngr hlo.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: W3men d3u yínjiūyanjiu z&amp;i
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zuò ānpii. Btigud, w8men déi kuài diSnr.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: HXode. W3men wànf&amp;n yíhòu z&amp;i
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          tin yícì. Nl xiing zénmeyàng, Bèisī? Liidejí ba?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              C: W3 xiing kéyi. Name, jiù máfan
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          nín le.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:     Méiyou shenme. W8 xīvàng néng
        </para>
        <para>
          ānpiide héshī. Hui tóu jiàn.
        </para>
        <para>
          C:     Xièxie nín. Hui tóu ji&amp;n!
        </para>
        <para>
          over with them too, and see vh&amp;t is best.
        </para>
        <para>
          Let’s both look into it before making arrangements. But ve
          should be quick about it.
        </para>
        <para>
          Fine. Let's talk it over again after dinner. What do you
          think, Beth? Does that give you enough time?
        </para>
        <para>
          I think so. Well then, ve'll trouble you (to take care of
          this).
        </para>
        <para>
          It's nothing. I hope it can be arranged suitably. See you
          later.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you. See you later!
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-4.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The regions of China
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 1
        </para>
        <para>
          This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in
          this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English,
          followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then
          a second speaker will confirm your answer.
        </para>
        <para>
          All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once.
          You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise
          several times.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          In this exercise, an American tourist discusses hotel
          reservations with the desk clerk at the Blijīng Hotel.
        </para>
        <para>
          The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it
          completely, you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer
          the questions below as you listen a second time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
          this conversation:
        </para>
        <para>
          klnéng                              to be possible
        </para>
        <para>
          kongchulai                          to become vacant
        </para>
        <para>
          tiíozi                              a brief, informal note
        </para>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
          will be able to give them orally in class.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. What problem is the tourist discussing with the desk
              clerk?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. How does the desk clerk discover the change in plans?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Describe what actions took place by filling in the
              spaces below:
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Hotel personnel American tourist Group still occupying group
                        rooms
        </para>
        <para>
          2:00 2:30 2:U0 3:00
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you
          practice saying your answers.
        </para>
        <para>
          Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
          indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
          sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          In this conversation, an American walks into the dining room
          of the Běijlng Hotel in a hurry and calls a waiter.
        </para>
        <para>
          Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
          second time through, look below and answer the questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
          this conversation:
        </para>
        <para>
          -fèn
        </para>
        <para>
          hu3tul sānmíngzhì kSuyīn
        </para>
        <para>
          yǔyánxuéJiā tīngdechǔ y8u míng glitiǎn
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          (counter for portions of food)
        </para>
        <para>
          ham sandwich
        </para>
        <para>
          accent
        </para>
        <para>
          linguist
        </para>
        <para>
          to be able to distinguish by listening
        </para>
        <para>
          to be famous
        </para>
        <para>
          another day
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Note: The waiter in this dialogue speaks with a slight
          ShànghXi accent.
        </para>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
          will be able to give them orally in class.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Why is the American in a hurry?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Give some examples of words that the waiter pronounces
              differently.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. What subject is the American interested in?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              U. What are the waiter's interests? Is he interested in
              linguistics?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. Can you infer why the waiter cuts the conversation
              short?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the conversation to help you
          practice saying the answers which you have prepared.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise U
        </para>
        <para>
          In this conversation, a Washington Post correspondent talks to
          a worker in front of the Dàhuá Cinema in BSiJīng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Listen to the and listen again.
        </para>
        <para>
          You will need chuāngkSu Jízhě xínwénpiín &quot;Xīnwén
          Jilribào&quot; -bù gùshipiǎnr WùduS Jlnhuǎ Dill àiqíng gùshi
          yin diànyīng piǎnzi Questions for Exercise U
        </para>
        <para>
          1. How long has the reporter 2. What things does the 3. What
          movies and newsreels recommend?
        </para>
        <para>
          conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape On
          the second time through, answer the questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          the following new words and phrases:
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          window (e.g., ticket window)
        </para>
        <para>
          newspaper reporter
        </para>
        <para>
          newsreel
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;News Summary&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          (counter for films)
        </para>
        <para>
          feature film
        </para>
        <para>
          Five Golden Flowers (a film)
        </para>
        <para>
          (a city in Yúnnán province)
        </para>
        <para>
          love story
        </para>
        <para>
          to show a movie
        </para>
        <para>
          film, movie
        </para>
        <para>
          been in Blijīng?
        </para>
        <para>
          reporter like about Biijīng?
        </para>
        <para>
          has he seen? Which one does the worker
        </para>
        <para>
          U. Fran the newsreel the reporter describes* what can you
          gather about how Chinese &quot;newsreels&quot; differ in
          content from American ones?
        </para>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you
          pronounce your answers correctly.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          An American tourist (A) talks with the front desk clerk (B) at
          the Béijīng Hotel.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Al, duìbuql, lóushàngde fángjiǎn bú gòu le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bú gòu le? Zènme kěnéng ne? WSmen ānpaide háohǎorde.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A:   Shi zhěnde, wòmen zhèige cānguān-
        </para>
        <para>
          tuán yígòng èrshisánge rén, nimen gāngcíi shuō wSmen quánbù
          dSu zhù zài qllòu, yígòng ySu shísìge fáng-Jiān, duì bu dui?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Duìbuqī, qlng man yidiànr shuS, wò bú jìde le. Déngyidéng,
          wò lái kànkan! ò, zài zhèr! Nimen shi yíge Méiguòde
          ittxíngtuán shi bu shi?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shì a!
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Èrshisánge rén, yígòng kǎi shísìge fángjiǎn, quán zài
              qllòu. Duì a! Méi cuò a!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Bú duì! Jiù ySu shíèrge kSng fángjiǎn, ySu liǎngge
              fángjiǎn hái ySu rén na!
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hái yòu rén? Zénme hui ne? WS hái yiwéi tǎmen jlntiǎn
              zǎochen yljīng cong Shenzhèn líjìng le ne! Zénme dào
              xiànzài hái zhànzhe wǔzi ne?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Bù zhldào, nín zuì hXo xiǎngxiang biéde bànfǎ, kànkan hái
          yòu méiyou king fángzi.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Biéde kSng fángzi shi yídìng méi-ySu a! WS xiǎn liàojié
          yíxià zhèi-liǎngge fángzi wèlshénme dào^xiàn-zài hái méiyou
          kòngchulal! Ò! Zhèr ySu yíge tiáozi, shuō tǎmen gǎi zài xiàwù
          sǎndiǎn zhòng líkǎi Béijlng. Hǎojíle! Méi wèntí le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Say, excuse me, there aren’t enough rooms for us upstairs.
        </para>
        <para>
          There aren’t enough? How is that possible? We made all the
          arrangements.
        </para>
        <para>
          It's true. In all there are twenty-three people in our tour
          group. You just said that we’re all staying on the seventh
          floor, in fourteen rooms altogether, right?
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m sorry, could you say that more slowly? I don't remember.
          Wait a minute, let me have a look. Oh, here it is. You are an
          American tour group, aren’t you?
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s right!
        </para>
        <para>
          Twenty-three people taking fourteen rooms altogether, all on
          the seventh floor. That’s right! There’s no mistake!
        </para>
        <para>
          No! There are only twelve free rooms. Two of the rooms still
          have people in them!
        </para>
        <para>
          Still have people in them? How could that be? I thought they
          had left the country this morning by way of Shěnzhèn! Why are
          they still occupying the rooms?
        </para>
        <para>
          I don't know. You'd better think of some other solution, and
          see if there are any other rooms free.
        </para>
        <para>
          I'm positive there aren’t any other free rooms. First let me
          try and find out why those two rooms haven't been vacated yet.
          Oh! There's a note here saying that their plans have been
          changed and that they're leaving Béi-jlng at three this
          afternoon. Great! No more problem.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Xiànzài cíi lilngdiln zhǒng,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          wǒmen híi děi ding dui Jiú?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Lilngdiln tāmen Jiù děi líkāi fíngjiān, dào fěijlchāng
              dāi yòng sìshlfěn zhǒng ne! Wǒmen gio yíxiàr wèishěng,
              sānshifān zhǒng ba!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nàme liàngdiln ban wǒmen Jiù y3u
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          fángjiān le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Duì le. Dào canting he bēi kā-fěi, xiūxi yíxià, shíjiān
              Jiù dào le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Hāo, xièxie nín. Hui tǒu Jiàn.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hui tǒu Jiàn.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          It’s only two o’clock now, how much longer do we have to wait?
        </para>
        <para>
          They’ll have to leave their rooms at two: it takes forty
          minùtes to get to the airport! It will be thirty minutes while
          we clean the rooms.
        </para>
        <para>
          So we can have the rooms at two-thirty .
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. Why don’t you go have a cup of coffee in the dining
          room and rest a bit, and then it will be time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay. Thank you. See you later.
        </para>
        <para>
          See you later.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          An American (A) walks into the dining room of the Bāijlng
          Hotel in a hurry and calls a waiter (B).
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Duìbuqì, yìbēi rè kǎfěi, Jiù yào
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          niúnll, bú yào ting, yífèn huǒtuì sanminszhì. Yuè kuàl
          yuètlXŌ!
        </para>
        <para>
          Excuse me, a cup of hot coffee, with cream only, no sugar, and
          a ham sandwich. As fast as possible!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Měitiān dǒu shi &quot;yuè kuàl yuè hāo,&quot; ni zhēn
              máng a!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Ni zhidao tāmen gěi wo ǎnpaile nàme duǒ yào flngwènde
          dìfang. Zhěn shi yìtiSn yǒu sānshiliùge zhǒngtǒu cái bio.
        </para>
        <para>
          Every day it's &quot;as fast as possible.&quot; You're so
          busy!
        </para>
        <para>
          You know, they arranged so many places for me to visit. I only
          wish that there were thirty-six hours in a day.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Hlo, hlo. Wǒ mlshàng Jiù l£i.
        </para>
        <para>
          (One minute later, the waiter comes
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Hide sānmíngzhì, kāfěi, nlúnli.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zhěn kuàl. Xièxie ni. Ài, líi-le sìtiān le, kěshi
              háishi bù zhl-dào zānme chěnghu ni, zhěn duìbuqi.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Ni Jiù Jiào wo Xilo Liú hlo le, bijilo rǒngyi Jì.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Okay. I'll be right back.
        </para>
        <para>
          back with the lunch.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Your sandwich, coffee, and milk.
        </para>
        <para>
          That was really fast. Thank you. Gee, I've been here four days
          and I still don't know how to address you I'm very sorry.
        </para>
        <para>
          Just call me Xilo Liú. It's the easiest to remember.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Xiǎo Liú, ting níde kSuyín nl dàgài shi nánfǎng rén.
              Shi Shanghai rén, duì bu dui?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nl zhěn shi yǔyánxué.1 iǎ. búdàn huì shuǒ Zhǒngguo huà,
              hái tlngde-chū nánfǎng, bèifǎng kSuyīnde bù tōng.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Náli, náli. W3 yánjiūde zhùyào
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          ahi pútōnghuà, duì fǎngyán méiyou shenme yánjiǔ, zhùyào shi w8
          duì Zhōngwén fēicháng y8u xìngqu. DSngbèi, Xlbèi, nánfǎng,
          bèifǎng, mèiyíge dìfang, mèiyíge dìqū dōu y8u zìjíde y3yín
          xíguàn, zhēn shi fěichǎng y8u yìsi.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nl duì ZhSngwén zhèyang y8u xìngqu, zhèicì líi fǎngwèn
              y8u méiySu gēn Zhōngguóde yúyánxuéjiā tíntan?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Tin le. Zhèicì Zhōngguō fǎng-m1 an ānpai w8 gēn hǎn duō
              xuézhǎ jiànle miàn. Zhèixiē xuézhǎ zài guōwài dōu shi hǎn
              y8u míngde.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nà hǎojíle. Nl kéyi y8u Jíhui duō liSoji? yidiǎn
              Zhōngguō yúyán-xuéde qíngkuàng.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nl duì yúyán yōu xìngqu ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: W8? W8 duì vénxué, lìshl dōu yōu yidiǎn xìngqu. Nl
              máng, wōmen xiàyícì zài tin.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Hǎo, hǎo. Gǎitiǎn zài liio. Hui tōu Jiàn, Xiǎo Liú.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Zàijiàn.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Xiǎo Liú, your accent sounds like you’re probably a
          southerner. You’re from Shànghǎi, right?
        </para>
        <para>
          You’re a real linguist. Not only can you speak Chinese, you
          can even tell the difference between a northern and a southern
          accent.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you. I mainly do research on Standard Chinese. I'm not
          well versed in the dialects. The main thing is that I'm very
          interested in Chinese. Manchuria, the northwest, the south,
          the north, every place, each district, has its own ways of
          speech. It's really very interesting.
        </para>
        <para>
          Since you have such an interest in Chinese, did you talk with
          some Chinese linguists during this visit?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. On this trip, the Chinese arranged for me to meet with a
          lot of scholars who are very famous abroad.
        </para>
        <para>
          That's great. You get the chance to find out more about
          linguistics in China.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you interested in language?
        </para>
        <para>
          Me? I have some interest in literature and history. You're
          busy, we'll talk some other time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay. We'll chat some other day. See you later, Xiǎo Liú.
        </para>
        <para>
          Good-bye.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
        </para>
        <para>
          In front of Dàhuí Cinema in Bǎijīng, a worker (B) is cleaning
          the glass cases in which posters are displayed. The Washington
          Post correspondent, Richard Leblanc (A), walks over to him.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Nín hǎo a! Mài piàode chuǎngkōu Hello! The ticket window
          isn't hái méi kái na?                       open yet?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Míi na! Zài gud shífén zhdng, Jiúdiǎn jiù kii le. Nín cóng
          nīr lǎi ya? Pútdnghuà shuode zhème hǎo?
        </para>
        <para>
          Not yet. It’ll open in another few minutes, at nine. Where are
          you from? You speak such good Chinese.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: W? shi Huǎshèngdùn Yóubàode jìzhè, zài Béijlng yījlng
              sǎnge yuè le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Zài Bèijīng chide, zhùde dǒu mǎnyì ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Chide, zhùde dǒu mǎnyì, wS tèbié
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          xihuan Bèijīngde xiǎochl.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Duì! BéiJIngde xiǎochl shi yǒu
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          míngde, Dōngdǎn yídàide xiǎochī-diìn nl d5u qùguo le ba?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Dàbùfen dǒu qùguo le. Zhēn bú cud, qùle hái xiǎng qù.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shi a, shi a! Nín jīntiǎn xiǎng kàn shénme diànyīngr a?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Xiǎng kàn liǎngge xīnvénpiǎn. Zhōngguáde xinvénpiǎn bú
              cud.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nín dǒu kànguo shénme le?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: W5 chǎng kàn &quot;Xīnvén Jiǎnbào,&quot; shàngcì kànle
              jièshào Huǎnǎn, Huǎ-bǎide yíbù xīnvénpiǎn, bú cud.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nín zuì xīhuan nǎr a?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: W8 zuì xihuan Huángshǎn hé Guilin.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Ò! Nà shi hǎo dìfangr!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: W8 hái kànguo yíbù Jièshào shǎo-shù mínzú shēnghuúde
              dianyIng.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shi gùshlniǎnr a, hǎishi xīnwén-piǎnr a?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Xīnvénpiǎnr, shi guǎnyú Xlnjiǎng, Nèiméng nèi yídàide.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          I’m a reporter from the Washington Post. I’ve been in Bèijīng
          three months now.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you pleased with the food and living conditions here?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. I especially like Béijīng's snacks.
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. Béijīng is famous for its snacks. I suppose you've been
          to al 1 the &quot;little eateries&quot; in the Ddngdǎn area?
        </para>
        <para>
          Most of them. They're great. You always want to go back.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes indeed. What movie do you vant to see today?
        </para>
        <para>
          I vant to see two newsreels. China has good newsreels.
        </para>
        <para>
          What ones have you seen?
        </para>
        <para>
          I often see the &quot;News Summaries.&quot; Last time I saw a
          newsreel presenting the north and south of China. It was
          pretty good.
        </para>
        <para>
          What place did you like best?
        </para>
        <para>
          I liked Mt. Huǎng and Guilin best.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, those are nice places.
        </para>
        <para>
          I also sav a movie introducing the life of the minority
          nationalities.
        </para>
        <para>
          Was it a feature film or a newsreel?
        </para>
        <para>
          A newsreel. It was about the region of Xinjiang and Inner
          Mongolia.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Y3u yíbù gùshipiinr Jiào Wúdug Jīnhuà. shi Dilide
              shloshù mínzú-de àiqíng gùshi. ni kànguo ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Mei kànguo. Dall zài nàr? Guizhou?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bù, zài Yúnnàn, nèi dif&amp;ngr k? hào kàn le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zhèige diànylng Jlnti&amp;n yàn ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Jlnr &quot;bù yin, xiàllbài yin, nín yào kàn, di ge
              diànhuà gēn w8men diànylngyuàn li&amp;nxì yixiar, w8men
              kéyi gii nín liú yizhfing piào.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zhèn xièxie nin. Ei, zhèige guinggào shi guānyú
              Dàqìngde ba?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shi, nèi shi ge chū shíyóude dif&amp;ngr. Jīntiinde
              &quot;Xīnwén Jiln-bào”li Jiù y8u.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: 0, w8 yào kàn zhèibù piǎnzi.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hio, mài piàode k&amp;i menr le. Nín kuàl qù ba!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Ěi, xièxie nín. Zàijiàn!
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Zàijiàn!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          There's a feature film called Five Golden Flowers, a love
          story about a national minority in Dall. Have you seen it?
        </para>
        <para>
          No. Where's Dàll? In Guizhou?
        </para>
        <para>
          No, in Yúnnàn. It's a gorgeous place.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is that movie playing today?
        </para>
        <para>
          Not today, but next week. If you want to see it, give us a
          call and get in touch, and we can save a ticket for you.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thanks a lot. Say, is this ad about Dàqìng?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. They produce oil there. It's in today's &quot;News
          Summary.”
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, I want to see that film.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay, the ticket office is open now.
        </para>
        <para>
          Go and buy your ticket.
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. Thank you. Good-bye.
        </para>
        <para>
          Good-bye.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. A: Nímen zhèngfú rènvéi mùqián dà-, zhōng-, xiioxuede
              qíngkuàng zěnmeyàng?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Wōmen xiing Wénhuà Gémìng ylhòude jiàoyu shuípíng bú gòu
          gāo, wōmen déi gàibiàn zhèige qíngxing.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. A: Zhōngguō zhèngfú yōu Jìhuade tígǎo yíbùfen dàxuéde
              shuīpíng.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: A! Zhèi jiù shi bi dàxué fēnchéng yílèi dàxué èrlèi dàxuéde
          yuányīn le!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. A: Xiànzài Shànghiide liàoshī shùliang gòu bu gou?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Bú gòu, érqiě, zhèi shi yíge púbiànde wèntí.
        </para>
        <para>
          U. A: Bàoshang shuǒ Měiguo zhōng-xiioxuéde tiio.'Ian dōu bú
          cuò.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shì. Jfbenshang méi sǎnshi-ge xuésheng yōu yíwèi
              jiàoshl liin zuì pfltōngde xuéxiào y? yōu diànshì,
              tushūguàn, shenmede.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. A: Zhèngfú gěi pútōng xiàoxué hé zhòngdiln xiioxuéde
              qién yíyàng duō ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Yōu yìdilnr chabié. Wōmen díi shōuxiān zhàogu zhòngdiin
              xiioxué.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. A: Zhōngguō liúxuéshēng xuéxíde zhòngdiln shi zìran
              kěxué ba?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Duìle, shi kěxué .lìshu.
        </para>
        <para>
          What does your government think of your colleges, high
          schools, and primary schools at present?
        </para>
        <para>
          We think that since the Cultural Revolution educational
          standards have not been high enough, and ve must change this
          situation.
        </para>
        <para>
          The Chinese government is raising the standards in some
          universities in a planned way.
        </para>
        <para>
          Ah! This is the reason that universities are divided into
          Class I and Class II.
        </para>
        <para>
          At present is the number of teachers in Shànghli sufficient?
        </para>
        <para>
          No, moreover this is a videspread problem.
        </para>
        <para>
          It says in the papers that conditions in American secondary
          and primary schools are quite good.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. In general there's a teacher , for every thirty students,
          and even the most ordinary schools have televisions, a
          library, and so on.
        </para>
        <para>
          Does the government give the same amount of money to ordinary
          elementary schools as to key elementary schools?
        </para>
        <para>
          There is some difference. We must first give consideration to
          key elementary schools.
        </para>
        <para>
          Chinese students abroad concentrate on the natural sciences,
          isn't that so?
        </para>
        <para>
          Right, on science and technology.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. A: Nlmende vfatliūahēng chǔ _guá xuéxí yfhou dSu huí
              dàxué Ji Io shril ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bù. Y8u yíbùfen dèi dǎnrèn Jìshu fíngmiande lìngdlo
              góngzuá.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. A: Jlngguò sǎnniínde nùlì, zhèige dìqūde néngyè
              shěng-chln tiAoJiàn xiǎngdǎng bú cud le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Guānyú zhèige wèntí, nimen yJ5u méiyou cĀiliào, wSmen
              k? bu kéyi dàihuiqu kànkan?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. A: Yào shíxiàn Sìge Xiàndàihuà zuì dàdevèntíshi shénmē?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shi JlngJi. W3men dèi zài bú tài chángde shíjilnlì bl
              zhèngaèr guójiāde JlngJi gloshangqù.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. A: WSmende liúxuéshēng tíchulai Jlge wèntí.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: WS tingshuǒ le, tāmen xiing Jiākuài xuéxí sùdu. W3men
          yídìng klolÙ.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              11. zhìliàng (zhiliàng, zhiliàng)
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              12. Béidà
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              13. qǔbié
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          1U. shèhuì kSxué
        </para>
        <para>
          After going abroad to study, do all your graduate students go
          back to the universities and teach?
        </para>
        <para>
          No. Some of them have to take np leading posts in technical
          fields.
        </para>
        <para>
          After three years of effort, conditions for agricultural
          production in this area are now quite good.
        </para>
        <para>
          Do you have any data on this subject that we could take back
          with us to read?
        </para>
        <para>
          What is the biggest problem in achieving the Four
          Modernizations?
        </para>
        <para>
          It's the econony. Before too long we must push ahead the
          econony of the whole country.
        </para>
        <para>
          Our foreign exchange students have brought up a few problems.
        </para>
        <para>
          I heard. They want to speed up the pace of their studies.
          We'll be sure to consider it.
        </para>
        <para>
          quality
        </para>
        <para>
          Béijīng University (short for Bèijīng Dàxué)
        </para>
        <para>
          difference, distinction
        </para>
        <para>
          social sciences
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Unit 2, Vocabulary Liat
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Blidà
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    -bùfen
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Běijīng University part, section
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    cáiliào chabié chū guó
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    material(s) difference, disparity to leave one’s
                    country
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    dānrèn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to take on, to assume
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    fen
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to divide (into)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    géming
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    revolution; to revolt
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiíkuài JiàoshI Jībenshang
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to speed up
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    teacher basically, on the whole, by and
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jfngguò jìshu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    large
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    to go through, to experience technology; technical
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    kěxué
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    science
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -lèi liúxuéshēng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    category study-abroad students
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    mùqián
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    at present
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    n21ì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to make great efforts, to try hard to exert oneself
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    pubiàn pStǒng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    universal, widespread, common regular, ordinary
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qubié
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    difference, distinction
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    rènwéi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to think, to consider, to hold
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shèhul kàxué shíxiàn shSuxiln shulpíng shùliang Sìge
                    Xiandàihuà sùdu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    social sciences to realize first level
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    number, amount the Four Modernizations speed, pace
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    tiáojiàn tíchulai tígāo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    condition to bring up to raise
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    35
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          yinjiùshěng yíbùfen
        </para>
        <para>
          zhěnggè(r)
        </para>
        <para>
          shilling (zhí-, zhi-) zhòngdiín
        </para>
        <para>
          zirán
        </para>
        <para>
          zirán kěxué
        </para>
        <para>
          graduate student a part, a portion; sone
        </para>
        <para>
          whole, entire
        </para>
        <para>
          quality focal point, emphasis; key nature; natural natural
          sciences
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. A: Nimen zhèngfú rènyéi mùqián di-, zhSng-, xiāoxuéde
              qíngkuàng zānmeyàng?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: WSmen xiǎng Wénhuà Geming ylhòude Jiàoyu shulpíng bú gòu
          gio, wSmen dèi giibiàn zhèige qíngxing.
        </para>
        <para>
          What does your government think of your colleges, high
          schools, and primary schools at present?
        </para>
        <para>
          We think that since the Cultural Revolution educational
          standards have not been high enough <subscript>t</subscript>
          and ve must change this situation.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 1
        </para>
        <para>
          rènvéi: &quot;to think (that),” ”to consider (that),” ”to
          believe (that)” This is typically used for considered opinions
          and judgments, as opposed to xiǎng, &quot;to think,&quot;
          which can be used for mere impressions and guesses. Also
          contrast yiwéi. &quot;to think mistakenly.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Wg rènvéi tā shuōde shi duìde.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā rènvéi zhèijiàn shi bù yíng-gāi ring wSmen zuò.
        </para>
        <para>
          I consider what he said correct OR I believe that what he said
          is right
        </para>
        <para>
          He does not think ve should be allowed to do this.
        </para>
        <para>
          mùqián: &quot;the present&quot; or at present&quot; Although
          both mùqián and xiàn zài, &quot;now,&quot; refer to the
          present, xiànzài may mean &quot;right now,&quot; whereas
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          mùqián must refer to a broader period
        </para>
        <para>
          Mùqián wSmen chāngde shěngchān shulpíng hái bú gdu gāo.
        </para>
        <para>
          Mùqián tāde Jīngjì qíngkuàng bú tài hāo.
        </para>
        <para>
          of time.
        </para>
        <para>
          At present our factory's production level isn't high enough.
        </para>
        <para>
          At present his financial situation isn't too great.
        </para>
        <para>
          dà-, zhSng-, xiāoxué: Short for dàxué, zhōngxué, xiāoxué.
        </para>
        <para>
          gémìn£: &quot;revolution,&quot; &quot;revolutionary,&quot;
          &quot;to revolt&quot; In ancient China, gé mìng, literally,
          &quot;to change the mandate of heaven,&quot; referred to the
          changing of dynasties, since the monarch was held to be
          ordained by heaven. The pattern Gé X-de mìng, literally,
          &quot;to change X's mandate of heaven,&quot; means &quot;to
          revolt against X.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Wenhuà Géw^ng or Wénhuà Dà Géming; The common terms for the
          Wúchān Jiējí Wénhuà Dà Geming. &quot;Great Proletarian
          Cultural Revolution&quot; (1966-1977)• An even shorter
          abbreviation is Wéngé.
        </para>
        <para>
          shulpíng; &quot;level,&quot; &quot;standard&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Rìbānde gSngyè shāngchān shulpíng zhěn gāo!
        </para>
        <para>
          Japan's industrial production level is really high!
        </para>
        <para>
          Americans have a very high standard of living!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Māiguo rénde shěnghué shulpíng hān gāo!
        </para>
        <para>
          Tide Déyú shulpíng bú gùu gio.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Hi» level in German isn't high enough.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. A: ZhSngguó zhàngfú y8u Jìhuade tígào yíbùfen dàxuéde
              shulpíng.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: À! Zhèi jiù ahi bX dàxué fěnchéng yīlèi dàxué èrlài dàxuéde
          yuínyīn le!
        </para>
        <para>
          The Chinese government is raising the standards in some
          universities in a planned way.
        </para>
        <para>
          Ah! This is the reason that universities are divided into
          Class I and Class II.
        </para>
        <para>
          tígào: &quot;to raise,&quot; &quot;to improve&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Dào Zhíngguó qù, kéyi tígào duì Zhōngguéde rènshi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiěfàng ylhòu, fùnttde dìwei tígào le.
        </para>
        <para>
          ShXoshù mínzú shu5 pùtSnghuàde shulpíng tígàole bù shXo.
        </para>
        <para>
          -bùfen: &quot;part,&quot; &quot;section&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Qìng bX zhà yíbùfen fànchéng ZhSngwén.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ xiéde nèibén shú, y8ude bùfen hXo, ySude bùfen bù hlo.
        </para>
        <para>
          yíbùfen: &quot;a part,&quot; &quot;a portion,&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Ti shuěde huà, yíbùfen shi duìde, yíbùfen shi cuòde.
        </para>
        <para>
          Qùde rén, yùu yíbùfen híi xiXng zài qù, ySu yíbùfen bù xiXng
          qù le.
        </para>
        <para>
          By going to China, you can increase your understanding of
          China.
        </para>
        <para>
          Since liberation, the status of women has improved.
        </para>
        <para>
          The level of the minority nationalities in Standard Chinese
          has improved quite a bit.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Please translate this part into Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          Some sections of the book he wrote are good, and some aren't.
        </para>
        <para>
          some
        </para>
        <para>
          Part of what he said is right, and part is wrong.
        </para>
        <para>
          Of the people who went, some would like to go back again, and
          some do not want to.
        </para>
        <para>
          fěn: &quot;to divide&quot; As you learned fěnkli. &quot;to
          split up,&quot; in the Society module, this word is not
          entirely new to you, but here you see it with the ending
          -chéng, &quot;into.&quot; Here's another example:
        </para>
        <para>
          W8 bl píngguX fěnchéng sìkuài, wfimen yìrén yíkuài.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I'll divide the apple into four pieces, one piece for each of
          us.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          -Ill: &quot;category&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Xiànzài lit Měiguíde ZhSngguo rén dàgài kéyi fěn lilnglèi.
        </para>
        <para>
          The Chinese who are coming to the U.S. now can be roughly
          divided into tvo categories.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèilèi wèntí zuì hlo hé LÍxíng-shādm rān tin.
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;Hei Wúlfci,&quot; &quot;H6ng Wúlèi,&quot;* shi Wenhul Di
          Gémìng shíhoude shuōfā.
        </para>
        <para>
          You had best talk with the Travel Service people about this
          sort of question.
        </para>
        <para>
          The &quot;Five Black Categories* and the &quot;Five Red
          Categories&quot;* were terns used during the time of the
          Cultural Revolution.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi Jiù shi...-de yuányín: &quot;This is the reason
          that...&quot; Here is another example of this useful pattern:
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi jiù shi tā méi qùde yuānyfn. This is the reason he didn’t
          go.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi j iù shi...-de yuanyln le: This sentence exemplifies a
          use of new-situation le to emphasize the speaker's
          newly-reached understanding. You can think of this le as
          meaning &quot;How I get it.*&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          ò, nl yīqián shuōguode Hou Xi in-   Oh, the Mr. HSu you spoke
          of before
        </para>
        <para>
          sheng Jlù shi tā le.*                is him!
        </para>
        <para>
          À! Sufiyi nl nine xiāng qù le! Oh! That's why you want so much
          to go!
        </para>
        <para>
          Related uses of nev-situation le include drawing a new
          inference, e.g.,
        </para>
        <para>
          Nāme, nl yídìng rènshi Chin Kezhāng le?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Then, you must know Section Chief Chǐn, I suppose?
        </para>
        <para>
          and settling on a course of action or reaching a decision:
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Tā zhldao wSde diinhuà ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Zhīdao.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Na w8 Jiù ding tāde diinhuā le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Does he know my telephone number?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes.
        </para>
        <para>
          Then I'll wait for his call.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. A: Xiìnzii Shānghāide iiāoshí shùliang gdu bu goū?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Bú gdu, SrqiS, zhèi shi yíge púbiānde vdntí.
        </para>
        <para>
          At present is the number of teachers in Shànghāi sufficient?
        </para>
        <para>
          No, moreover this is a widespread problem.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 3 jiāoshī: &quot;teacher,&quot;
          &quot;schoolteacher&quot; W8 shi yíge xiāoxué Jiàoshí. I'm an
          elementary school teacher.
        </para>
        <para>
          ‘These terna, which area* la the first yean of the Cultural
          Revolution (and are now obsolete), referred to the two
          ideologically &quot;irreconcilable camps.&quot; In effect,
          they were used to classify people by their family backgrounds.
          The Five Black Categoriee, or &quot;bad&quot; backgrounds,
          were landlords, rich peasants, counterrevolutionaries, bad
          elements, sad bourgeois rightists. The Five Red
          (&quot;good&quot;) Categories were workers, poor peasants,
          lover-middle peasants, revolutionary arwymen, and
          revolutionary cadres.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nimen xuixiào yígòng y8u duS- How many English teachers are
          there shǎo Ylngwén jiàoshī?              in your school?
        </para>
        <para>
          shùlianft: &quot;quantity,&quot; &quot;number,&quot;
          &quot;amount&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Nī néng bu néng shuSchú tǎmende Can you give an exact idea of
          shùliang y8u duǒshǎo?              their numbers?
        </para>
        <para>
          Cong shùliangshang kàn, zhèige From the point of view of
          numbers, xuéxiàode nénshéng zhàn            the male students
          occupy the main
        </para>
        <para>
          zhúyàode dìwei.                     position in the school.
        </para>
        <para>
          púbiàn: &quot;to be universal/widespread/common&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài Miiguó, yíge jdating y8u In America it is very common for
          sǎnliàng qìchē shi hín pSbiàn- one family to have three cars,
          de shi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài ZhBngguS, zuìjin sǎnshinian, rénmende wénhuà jiàoyu
          shuī-ping pSbiàn tígǎole.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          During the last thirty years, people's educational level in
          China has seen widespread improvement.
        </para>
        <para>
          U. A: Bàoshang shuS Mliguo zhSng-xiǎoxuéde tiéojiàn dSu bú
          cud.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shi. JTbenshang méi sǎnshi-ge xuésheng you yíwèi Jiào-shl,
          lién zui nútSngde xué-zlào yè y8u dianshi, túshū-guǎn,
          shenmede.
        </para>
        <para>
          It says in the papers that conditions in American secondary
          and primary schools are quite good.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. In general there's a teacher for every thirty students,
          and even the most ordinary schools have televisions, a
          library, and so on.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. U
        </para>
        <para>
          tiaojiàn: &quot;conditions),&quot; &quot;circumstances&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèrde gSngzud tiéojiàn bú cud. Working conditions here are
          pretty good.
        </para>
        <para>
          XTbéide shénghuS tiéojiàn bù zinnia hlo.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài mùqiénde tiéojiànxià, wSmen méiyou bànfǎ zài kuài.
        </para>
        <para>
          Hé tǎmen zud shengyì zhěn bù róngyi, tǎmen zSngshi yào jiǎng
          hén duS tiéojiàn.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Tǎmen rènwéi tǎ méiy8u tiéojiàn zud zhèige gSngzud.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Living conditions are not so good in the Northwest.
        </para>
        <para>
          Under the present circumstances, we are unable to go any
          faster.
        </para>
        <para>
          It's really hard to do business with them. They are always
          insisting on a lot of conditions.
        </para>
        <para>
          They don't think he's competent to do this job.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          jlbén: &quot;basic,&quot; &quot;fundamental,&quot;
          &quot;elementary&quot; (For the first example, you need to
          know yúfǎ, &quot;grammar,&quot; and cíhuì.
          &quot;vocabulary.&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          Xue liāngnlén ZhSngwén, Jfbln- After studying tvo years of
          Chinese, da yùfā hi cíhuì d8u zhidao le. (one) knows the basic
          grammar and vocabulary.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige dlqú gio níngyède jTbān The basic conditions for
          farming tiioJiin bú gdu.                    are not good
          enough in this area.
        </para>
        <para>
          JTbenshang., &quot;basically,&quot; is often used in the PRC
          to mean &quot;in the main,&quot; &quot;on the whole?&quot;
          &quot;by and large.&quot; (This usage is not common in Taiwan,
          however.)
        </para>
        <para>
          JTbenshang tā shi yíge hāo         On the whole, he is a good
          comrade,
        </para>
        <para>
          téngzhí.
        </para>
        <para>
          JTbenshang méiyou wèntí le.        By and large, there are no
          more
        </para>
        <para>
          problems.
        </para>
        <para>
          NT shuōde YIngwén JTbenshang For the most part, I can
          understand vS d5u tTngdedSng.                  all your
          English.
        </para>
        <para>
          mil..,y8u...: &quot;There is...for every...&quot; Examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          Mil singe rén ySu yíge shi         There is an American for
          every
        </para>
        <para>
          Mliguo rén.                         three persons. (One of
          every
        </para>
        <para>
          three people is an American.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Mil sāntiān ySu yíge rén lii. (There is) one person (who)
          comes every three days.
        </para>
        <para>
          to be ordinary/common/regular
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          pǔtSng:
        </para>
        <para>
          Tāmen liāngge zhi shi pútǒng péngyou, mél shenme tèbiéde
          guānxi.
        </para>
        <para>
          The two of them are Just ordinary friends; they don't have any
          special relationship.
        </para>
        <para>
          He is just an ordinary person, like you or me.
        </para>
        <para>
          What's the difference between an ordinary passport and this?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Tā jiù ahi yíge ptttSng rén, hé ni hé vS yíyàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          PtttSngde hùzhào hé zhèige y8u shénme qùbiéT
        </para>
        <para>
          5. A: Zhèngfú gāi pùtffng xlāoxué hé zhdngdiān xiāoxuéde qián
          yíying du8 ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Y3u yìdlānr chābié. WSmen dll ahSuriān zhèagu zhdngdiān
          xiāoxué.
        </para>
        <para>
          Does the government give the same amount of money to ordinary
          elementary schools as to key elementary schools?
        </para>
        <para>
          There is some difference. We must first give consideration to
          key elementary schools.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 5
        </para>
        <para>
          zhdngdiān: &quot;heavy-point&quot;—&quot;emphasis,&quot;
          &quot;focal point&quot; or in some phrases, &quot;key&quot;
          Also used adverbially.
        </para>
        <para>
          Ki yánjiǔde ihdngdiXn d3u y3u néixié flngmiàn?
        </para>
        <para>
          Nlmen yào clnguXnde zhóngdiXn shi nXiflngmiàn?
        </para>
        <para>
          Nlmen yào zhòngdiXn flzhXnde diqǔ y8u Jīge?
        </para>
        <para>
          W&amp;nen yfnggXl bX zhòngdiXn fàng zai Jiàoyushàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tāmende gSngzud zhòngdiXn shi gio wénhuà Jiàoyu.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          What are the focal points of your research?
        </para>
        <para>
          What is to be the focus of your visit?
        </para>
        <para>
          How many regions do you intend to focus on developing?
        </para>
        <para>
          We should put the emphasis on education.
        </para>
        <para>
          The focus of their work is on culture and education.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          chabié: &quot;difference,&quot; &quot;discrepancy,&quot;
          &quot;disparity&quot; Contrast the word qǔbié (additional
          required vocabulary), &quot;difference,&quot;
          &quot;distinction.&quot; Chlbié stresses the idea of a
          distance, gap, or inequality between the things compared.
          Qǔbié refers to differences, determined by inspection, between
          otherwise similar things.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèiyang zuò he nèiyang zuò ySu shénme chabié?
        </para>
        <para>
          Chéngshl he néngcǔn chabié hén dà.
        </para>
        <para>
          Hl shuǒshuo zhèi liXngge shSu-yInJIde qǔbié zài nXr?
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi llXngbèn zìdiXn y8u shénme qǔbié?
        </para>
        <para>
          What is the difference between doing it this way and doing it
          that way?
        </para>
        <para>
          There's a big difference between the city and the country.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tell me what the differences are between these two radios.
        </para>
        <para>
          What's the difference between these two dictionaries?
        </para>
        <para>
          shSuxiln: &quot;first,&quot; meaning before doing something
          else. This is a movable adverb (can come either before or
          after the subject of the sentence, but always before the
          verb).
        </para>
        <para>
          RǔguS nl yào dào ZhSngguó qù, If you want to go to China, you
          shSuxiln yào xué yidlXn Zhòngwén. should learn a little
          Chinese first.
        </para>
        <para>
          Shòuxiln bX yào mXide dSngxi kài yìzhlng dlnsi, rénhòu zài
          qlng tX qù all.
        </para>
        <para>
          ShSuxign can also mean &quot;first of
          all,<superscript>1</superscript>
        </para>
        <para>
          ShSuxiSn v3men yào téntan nlde cXnguXn fXngwèn Jìhuà.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          First make a list of the things you want bought, and then ask
          him to go buy then.
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;in the first place&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          First of all we should discuss your sightseeing plans.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          In sentence 5B, shSuxiXn zhàogu, &quot;first of all give
          consideration to,&quot; can be idiomatically translated as
          &quot;give first consideration to.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          6. A: Zhěnggué liúxuéshěng xuéxíde EhAngtHln ahi zìran kěxué
          ba?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Duìle, shi kěxué Jìshu.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Chinese students abroad concentrate on the natural sciences,
          isn’t that so?
        </para>
        <para>
          Right, on science and technology.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Rotes on Ko. 6
        </para>
        <para>
          zìrén: &quot;natural,&quot; &quot;naturally&quot; the physical
          world.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā hěn xlhuan dàzìrén.
        </para>
        <para>
          Ruìshìde zìrAn huánjìng bin tebié.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige shíoshù mínzú dìqūde zìrén ti éo Jian bù bio.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tide yàngzi hěn zìrén.
        </para>
        <para>
          nSer líkii J11, fùnrií nAnguò shi zìrAnde.
        </para>
        <para>
          Xuéle bú yòng, zìrén huì wing.
        </para>
        <para>
          Bú yòng guln, zìrén huì guòqude.
        </para>
        <para>
          kěxué: &quot;science&quot; KěxuéJii is a
        </para>
        <para>
          Měiguó shi ge kěxué Jìnbùde guSjii.
        </para>
        <para>
          Néngcǔn rén céngqién méiyiu shenme kěxué zblshi.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Dàzìrén means &quot;nature&quot; in the sense of
        </para>
        <para>
          He is very fond of nature.
        </para>
        <para>
          Switzerland’s natural environment is very different.
        </para>
        <para>
          The natural conditions in this minority nationality region are
          poor.
        </para>
        <para>
          Her appearance is very natural.
        </para>
        <para>
          When a daughter leaves heme, it is natural for her parents to
          be sad.
        </para>
        <para>
          If you don’t use something after you learn it, you’re bound to
          forget it.
        </para>
        <para>
          Don’t worry about it; it will pass by itself.
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;scientist.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          The U.S. is a scientifically advanced country.
        </para>
        <para>
          In the past, people in rural areas did not have any knowledge
          of science.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Kexué is also used for &quot;to be scientific&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhiizhòng zuòfí hěn kěxué.         This method is very
          scientific.
        </para>
        <para>
          NX nèizhòng xlXngfX bù kěxué! That’s a very unscientific idea.
        </para>
        <para>
          Jìshu: &quot;technique,&quot; &quot;skill,&quot;
          &quot;technology&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Ti kii chěde Jìshu bin bio.        He's a good driver.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zbè shi wi zuòde Mépó Dòufu, nX I made this Mépú Beancurd. How
          do kin wide jìshu zěnmeying?          rate my technique?
        </para>
        <para>
          ZhSngguéde chǎyè ahěngchXn jìshu fǎshǎn dàole bìjiǎo gǎode
          shulpíng.
        </para>
        <para>
          China*a tea production technology is rather highly developed.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ ahi ge Jìshu gSngren.
        </para>
        <para>
          He is a skilled worker.
        </para>
        <para>
          T. A:
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Nímende vǎn^igshěng chǔ gu6 xuéxí yìhou d5u huí dàxué Jiǎo shù
          ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Bù. YSu yíbùfen déi dǎnrèn jìshu fǎngmiande llngdlo
          gōngzuò.
        </para>
        <para>
          After going abroad to study, do all your graduate students go
          back to the universities and teach?
        </para>
        <para>
          No. Some of them have to take up leading posts in technical
          fields.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 7 chǔ guó: &quot;to go abroad&quot; Tǎ shi
          nǎiniǎn chù guéde?
        </para>
        <para>
          Chù guS liúxuéde yǎnjiǔshǎng nfide duS bu du3?
        </para>
        <para>
          In what year did he go abroad?
        </para>
        <para>
          Are there many women among the graduate students who go abroad
          to study?
        </para>
        <para>
          dǎnrèn: &quot;to assume,&quot; &quot;to take up&quot; a job or
          post
        </para>
        <para>
          NX zài zhèr dǎnrèn shénme gSng- What is your Job title here?
          zud?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ zuì J in yào qù ǑuzhSu dǎnrèn He will soon be going to
          Europe to llngshì gongzud.                    do consular
          work.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ dǎnrènguo Méidàsī sīzhǎng. He has been the chief of the
          Department of American and Oceanic Affairs.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dǎnrèn llngdlo gdngzuò. as in sentence 7B, is an often used
          phrase for &quot;to take on leadership work,&quot; &quot;to
          take up a leading poet&quot; (that is, to be in a job in which
          one is in charge of others).
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Guǎnyú zhèige wèntí, nimen ySu méiyou céiliào. wSmen k? bu
          kéyi dàihuiqu kànkan?
        </para>
        <para>
          After three years of effort, conditions for agricultural
          production in this area are now quite good.
        </para>
        <para>
          Do you have any data on this subject that we could take back
          with us to read?
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 8
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              (1) &quot;to pass,&quot; &quot;to go through&quot;
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Zhèllù chi Jlngguù Dǎngdǎn ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Nèige difang wǎ mei qùguo, dǎnshl jíngguòguo.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi shi w8 dìyícì jīngguò zhèiyangde kǎoshì.
        </para>
        <para>
          Does this bus go through Dǎngdǎn?
        </para>
        <para>
          I’ve never been there, but I’ve passed through (OR passed by).
        </para>
        <para>
          This is the first time I’ve ever taken a test like this.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              (2) &quot;as a result of,** &quot;after,**
              &quot;through&quot; This is the way jlngguù is used in
              sentence 8A. (For the second example you need to know
              zhǎnzhēng. &quot;war.&quot;)
            </para>
            <para>
              Jlngguè tǎolùn, wǎmen Juéding xiǎ Xīngqīsì qù yǎcǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tǎ yǎ bù Jīngguó kǎolà Jiù he tǎ jiéhǔn le.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          After discussion, we have decided to hold the picnic next
          Thursday
        </para>
        <para>
          He married her without even giving it any consideration.
        </para>
        <para>
          JīngguB hǎn cháng shiJiande        As a result of the lengthy
          war, this
        </para>
        <para>
          zhǎnzhǎng, zhèige dìqū yījíng area has become unrecognizable,
          biàade bú rènshi le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              (3) &quot;course (of events); what has happened&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Tǎ huílal bǎ quánbù Jīnggud gǎosule v8.
            </para>
            <para>
              Shìqingde JIngguò shi zǎnme-yǎngde, nl zhfdao ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              null: &quot;to make great efforts,&quot; &quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Tǎ gǒngzuò hǎn nùlì.
            </para>
            <para>
              Ta bú dan núlì gúngzuè, rén yǎ hǎn rèxīn.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              When he returned, he told me the whole story of what
              happened.
            </para>
            <para>
              Do you know how the whole thing went?
            </para>
            <para>
              • try hard,&quot; &quot;to exert oneself&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              He works very hard.
            </para>
            <para>
              Not only does he work very hard, but he is also a
              warmhearted person.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Contrast mill gǒngzuù, &quot;work hard,&quot; with yùnggSng,
          &quot;study hard.
        </para>
        <para>
          cáiliǎo: (1) &quot;material&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige fíngzide cáiliǎo kànqllái hǎoxiǎng bú cud.
        </para>
        <para>
          (2) &quot;data,&quot; &quot;material&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ gǎile w8 hǎn duǎ cáiliǎo, wS santian yǎ kǎnbuwán.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nl nádǎo xlnde xuéxí cáiliǎo le ma? Míngtiǎn yǎo shǎng xln kè
          le.
        </para>
        <para>
          This house looks like it's made of pretty good material.
        </para>
        <para>
          He gave me a lot of data (material). Even three days wouldn't
          be enough time for me to finish reading it.
        </para>
        <para>
          Have you picked up the new study materials yet? We start the
          new lesson tomorrow.
        </para>
        <para>
          (3) &quot;makings*” &quot;material&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Tà bú shi zud Jiàosháude céiliào.
        </para>
        <para>
          He doesn't have the makings of a professor.
        </para>
        <para>
          9. A: Yào shíxiàn Sìge Xiàndài huà zuì
          dàde<superscript>-</superscript>wèntí shi shénme?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shi jlngji. WSmen díi zài bú tài chángde shíjiānll bà
          zhénggèr guójiàde JIngji gZoshangqù.
        </para>
        <para>
          What is the biggest problem in achieving the Four
          Modernizations?
        </para>
        <para>
          It's the economy. Before too long ve must push ahead the
          economy of the whole country.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 9
        </para>
        <para>
          shíxiàn: &quot;to realize/achieve/bring about/accompliah/come
          true&quot; Besides being used to talk about the Four
          Modernizations, shíxiàn is also used for realizing a wish, an
          ideal, a goal, self-sufficiency, a reform, industrialization,
          etc. Note that shíxiàn can be used in a causal sense (i.e.,
          &quot;cause to come about&quot;): &quot;They realized their
          vish&quot; CTāmen shíxiànle tlmende yuànvàngJ; or in a
          non-causal sense (i.e., &quot;come about&quot;): &quot;Their
          wish came about&quot; CTǎmende yuànwàng shíxiànle].
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài Xlflng, shíxiàn gēngyèhuà In. the West, achieving
          industrialization yljlng shi yìbZinlín qiínde        is
          something which was done a century
        </para>
        <para>
          shi le.                              ago.
        </para>
        <para>
          N&amp;nJíng Jlbenshang shíxiànle luhuà.
        </para>
        <para>
          NÉnJíng has basically accomplished &quot;greenification&quot;
          (making the city green by planting trees, flowers, etc.).
        </para>
        <para>
          xiàndài: &quot;modern times&quot; or &quot;modern,&quot;
          &quot;contemporary&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Xiàndài rénde xiZngfZ d3u shi Modern man's ideas are all hén
          kěxuéde.                        scientific.
        </para>
        <para>
          -huà: &quot;-ize,&quot; &quot;-ify&quot; Examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          gōngyèhuà to industrialize         lúhuà
        </para>
        <para>
          JiZnhuà        to simplify (JiZn is mZihuà
        </para>
        <para>
          short for jiZndàn)
        </para>
        <para>
          Méiguúhuà     to Americanize           èhuà
        </para>
        <para>
          to make green (by planting trees, etc.)
        </para>
        <para>
          to beautify
        </para>
        <para>
          to worsen (_è is a literary word for &quot;bad&quot;)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Xīfínghuà to Westernize
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          xiàndàihuà: &quot;to become modernized&quot;;
          &quot;modernized/sophisticated/modern&quot; Caution: This is
          an intransitive verb (cannot take an object). Therefore, to
          say &quot;modernize our country&quot; you must phrase it as
          &quot;make our country become modernized&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          W8men yào shi wBmende guójii xiàndàihuà.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèixii xiàndàihuà yúyán bú shi miige rén d8u zhīdaode.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          We must modernize our country.
        </para>
        <para>
          Not everyone knows these modern terms.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Sìge Xiàndàihuà: &quot;the Four Modernizations” These are the
          modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and
          science and technology. Comprehensive development in these
          areas by the end of the century was called for at the Eleventh
          National Party Congress in 1977, and again by Communist Party
          Chairman Huà GuSfěng at the Fifth National People's Congress
          in 1978. (This theme had been enunciated twice before, in 1965
          and 1975, by Zhou Ēnlíi.) Since 1979, the drive for the
          &quot;socialist Four Modernizations” has been at the root of
          the Chinese government's domestic policy and have also had a
          broad influence on its foreign policy.
        </para>
        <para>
          zhénggè(r): As an adjective (before a noun), &quot;whole,”
          &quot;entire,” referring to a single item.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhènggè shàngwú ni d3u zuò shénme le?
        </para>
        <para>
          What did you do the whole morning?
        </para>
        <para>
          W8 yào mài zhènggède huStuI, bú yào bàngede.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhínggè Jìhuà d5u shi ti yíge rén xiXngchūliide.
        </para>
        <para>
          I want to buy a whole ham, not a half one.
        </para>
        <para>
          The entire plan was his idea.
        </para>
        <para>
          As an adverb, zhènggè(r) means &quot;completely,&quot;
          &quot;in its entirety&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèijù huàde yìsi ni zhènggè nòngcuò le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tide mótuSchi zhènggè bèi zhuànghuài le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige fíngzi zhènggè d3u shi miltou zudde.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You completely misunderstood the meaning of that sentence.
        </para>
        <para>
          His motorcycle was completely ruined in the collision.
        </para>
        <para>
          This house is made completely of wood.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          gàoshàngjjù: Shànggu, &quot;to go up,&quot; may be used
          figuratively to say that production &quot;goes up&quot; or
          work &quot;moves forward.&quot; The resultative compound
          gíoshàngqù. therefore, means &quot;to cause to go up,&quot;
          &quot;to cause to move forward.” We have translated it here as
          &quot;to push ahead” the economy.
        </para>
        <para>
          10. A: WSmende llúxuéshéng tíchulai Jīge wèntí.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: W3 tīngshuB le, timen xiing jiǎkuài xuéxí sùdu. W3men
          yidìng kiolÚ.
        </para>
        <para>
          Our foreign exchange students have brought up a few problems.
        </para>
        <para>
          I heard. They want to speed up the pace of their studies.
          We'll be sure to consider it.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on Ho. 10
        </para>
        <para>
          tí: One meaning of the verb tí ie &quot;to lift,** &quot;to
          raise.&quot; In &amp; more abstract sense* it can mean (1)
          &quot;mention,&quot; &quot;refer to,&quot; &quot;bring
          up&quot; (a subject). TÍ wàntí is &quot;to ask
          questions.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          W3 tí ge wèntí kéyi ma?            May I ask a question?
        </para>
        <para>
          Qlng dàjiǎ tí yíjian.              Please giveus your
          comments, everyone.
        </para>
        <para>
          Bié zài tí nèijiàn shì le, hào ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tí mSicì tídao zhèijiàn shì, w3 jiu shěngqì.
        </para>
        <para>
          (2) &quot;to raise,&quot; &quot;to bring up,&quot; &quot;to
          etc.):
        </para>
        <para>
          Tí tide nil liingge tiíojiàn, w3 méi bànfi shíxiàn.
        </para>
        <para>
          NX juéde vSde bànfi bù xíng, key! tíchǔ nlde bànfí.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tí tíchǔ ràng Zhing Téngzhì zuò llngdio.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tí tíchǔ yào dào Nínjíng qù yítàng yíhòu cíi néng xi? zhèipiín
          wénzhíng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Don't mention that again, okay?
        </para>
        <para>
          Every time he mentions that, I get angry.
        </para>
        <para>
          put forward&quot; (questions, comments, demands,
        </para>
        <para>
          There's no way I can satisfy (fulfill) the conditions he put
          forward.
        </para>
        <para>
          If you don't think my way (of handling it) will do, you can
          propose a way of your own.
        </para>
        <para>
          He proposed having Comrade Zhing be the leader.
        </para>
        <para>
          He said that he had to go to Nín-jíng before he could write
          this article.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          jitkuàl: &quot;to quicken,&quot; &quot;to speed up&quot;
          (one's step, a process, the pace of doing something)
        </para>
        <para>
          RǔguS Jiākuài zuò, síntiin jiu If ve speed up, we can finish
          xíng le.                            in three days.
        </para>
        <para>
          sùdù: (11tardily &quot;fast-degree&quot;) &quot;speed,&quot;
          &quot;pace,&quot; &quot;tempo&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Sinshiniín líi, Rìbln jlngjì For the past thirty years,
          Japan's fízhinde sùdù hln kuài.            rate of economic
          development has
        </para>
        <para>
          been very fast.
        </para>
        <para>
          .1 i&amp;niài... sùdù, &quot;to quicken the pace of...,&quot;
          &quot;to speed up&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          WSmen yào jiakuài gSngzudde sùdù.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          We must speed up our work.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Zhǒnggué yào jiíkuài shíxiàn Sìge Xiàndàihuàde sùdù.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          China wants to speed up the Four Modernizations.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          CThe opposite of .Uíkuàl sùdù is fàngmàn sùdù.3
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on Additional Required. Vocabulary
        </para>
        <para>
          zhìliàng: &quot;quality” Also pronounced zhiliàng or zhìliàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Shùliàng duo, zhìliàng yě &quot;bú They are plentiful and of
          good cuò.                                 quality.
        </para>
        <para>
          In some contexts, you can use the syllable zhì/zhí/zhì to
          stand for zhìliàng and the syllable liàng to stand for
          shùliàng:
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhī, liàng, dǒu bú cuò.
        </para>
        <para>
          The quality and quantity are both good.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thia dialogue takes place in Bāijīng. Early one morning,
          Professor Armstrong is out for a walk near his hotel when he
          runs into Lin XiXohé of the China Travel Service.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Jiàoshòu, nín zào.'
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Zāo, ni hāo! Zāoshangde kōngqì
        </para>
        <para>
          bījiāo xīnxian yidiānr. W3 hén xīhuan zāoshang zài wàimian
          zòuyizSu.
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Jíntiǎn tiānqi y? bú cuò, méiyou féng, chūlai zSuzou duì
          shèntī y3u hāochu.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Shi a! Jíntiǎnde tiānqi zhen
        </para>
        <para>
          shūfu.
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Jiàoshòu, nín jíntiǎn hāoxiàng hān gāoxìng ma!
        </para>
        <para>
          A: W3 hān gāoxìng. Nī zhīdao, duó jiú le, w3 xiāng qù kànkan
          Bāidà, kāshi yìzhí méiyou jfhui qù.
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Jíntiǎn wSmen jiu kéyi qù cānguān le.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Shi a. W3 shi gāo jiàoyu gòngzuòde. Zài Māiguéde shihou, vS
          chāngchéng xlhuan kàn xie guānyú Zhōngguó jiàoyu qíngkuàngde
          shǔ, kāshi, yào zhènde yínjiúde huà, z3ng juéde cāiliào bú
          gòu, y3u hān duo dSngxi bú gòu liāojiā, érqiā, yòu shihou
          yāude céiliào hé Zhǒngguóde qíngkuàng chābié hān dà, suāyī . .
          .
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Nín y8u shénme wèntí jiu tíchulai, yāxú wō kéyi bāng nín
          yidiānr māng ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Nī dāngyidāng, wō shìshi, kàn néng bu néng shuǒqíngchu a!
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Mei guānxi, nín mànmānr shuǒ.
        </para>
        <para>
          Good morning, Professor!
        </para>
        <para>
          Good morning, how are you. The morning air is a little
          fresher. I like to go for a walk outside in the morning.
        </para>
        <para>
          The weather is pretty nice today too. There’s no wind. It’s
          good for the health to go out and do some walking.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. The weather today is ranily pleasant.
        </para>
        <para>
          Professor, you seem so happy today.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, I am. You know, I've been wanting to go visit Bāijíng
          University for such a long time, but I never had the chance
          to.
        </para>
        <para>
          But we’re going today.
        </para>
        <para>
          That's right. I’m in education. When I'm in the States I often
          like to read books about education in China, but I always feel
          that we don't have enough data to do actual research on it.
          There's a lot we don’t understand well enough. Furthermore,
          some of the data is very different from the Ctrue2 situation
          in China, so . . .
        </para>
        <para>
          Ask me any questions you have, maybe I can help you with them.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wait a second, let me try and see if I can explain it clearly.
        </para>
        <para>
          It doesn't matter, take your time.
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="so">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark6" /><anchor id="bookmark7" />so</title>
        <para>
        </para>
      </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        A:   Zài nimen zhèr, dàxué fen yllèi
      </para>
      <para>
        èrlèi, zhōngxué xiāoxué y? y3u zhòngdíān zhSng- xiāoxué hé
        pútōng zhōng- xiloxuéde qíTbié. Zhèiyang zuòde mùdi shi shénme
        ne? WS shi shuo . . .
      </para>
      <para>
        Here, your universitiet are divided into Class I and Class II,
        and your middle schools and elementary schools distinguish
        between key and regular ones. What is the purpose for doing
        that? I mean ...
      </para>
      <para>
        L: ftg, nl shuǒxiaqu.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: WSde yìsi shi, yàoshi bā zhòng-diān fang zai Jlgè
        xuéxiào-shang, néng bu néng pùbiàn tí-gāo Jiàoyu shulpíng ne?
      </para>
      <para>
        L:   Zhèi shi yíge hèn hāode wèntí.
      </para>
      <para>
        Nl zhidao, Zhōngguó ySu shíyìduō rénkBu, ySu name duo rén xūyào
        shòu Jiàoyu, késhi Jiàoyude qíngkuàng bù néng rang rén mXnyì.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: fig.
      </para>
      <para>
        L: Tebié shi Jīngguà Wénhuà Dà Gé-mlng ylhèu, Jiàoyu fāngmian
        zhēn y3u bù shío wèntí, suSyl zài mùqiánde qíngkuàng xià, wSmen
        déi bà zhòngdiān fang zai yíbùfen dàxué, zhSngxué, hé
        xiāoxuéshang.
      </para>
      <para>
        A:   Name, zài zhòngdiān dàxuéli,
      </para>
      <para>
        nimen rènwéi zuì zhūyàode gōngzud you shi shénme ne?
      </para>
      <para>
        L: ShSuxiǎn déi xiíng bànfā tígāo Jiáoshlde shulpíng. Xiànzài
        Jiàoshi shùliàng bú gōu, shulpíng bù gāo.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: ftg, zhèi shi yíge zhángyàode wèntí.
      </para>
      <para>
        L: Shi, zhèige wèntí hé tígāo zhénggèr mínzúde Jiàoyu shulpíng
        ySu hén dàde guānxi.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Hlo, name dìèr ne?
      </para>
      <para>
        L:   Gāo Sìge Xiàndàihuà xūyào hén
      </para>
      <para>
        duo shòuguo Jiàoyude rén, kèshi zhèijiàn shi bú shi zài duín
      </para>
      <section xml:id="í">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark8" /><anchor id="bookmark9" />5Í</title>
        <para>
          Uh-huh, ga on.
        </para>
        <para>
          I mean, if you put the emphasis on a few schools, will you be
          able to make a general improvement in the level of education?
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s a very good question. You know, China has over a
          billion people people. There are so many people who who need
          to get an education, but educational conditions are not
          satisfactory.
        </para>
        <para>
          Uh-huh.
        </para>
        <para>
          Especially since the Cultural Revolution, there have been a
          lot of problems in the area of education, so under the present
          conditions, we must put the emphasis on a portion of our
          colleges, middle schools, and elementary schools.
        </para>
        <para>
          Then in key colleges, what do you consider to be the principal
          Job?
        </para>
        <para>
          First of all we must try to raise the level of the
          instructors. At present the number of instructors is
          insufficient and their level is low.
        </para>
        <para>
          Mm, that's an important problem.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, it's a question that has great bearing on raising the
          educational level of the whole nation.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay, then the second thing?
        </para>
        <para>
          To carry on the Four Modernizations we need a lot of educated
          people, but this can't be accomplished in
        </para>
        <para>
          shíjiínli kéyi zuōhàode. Zhèi yidiàn nín digit tōngyì ba?
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Wō dōng, v8 dōng.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Suoyi, wōmen bin yixiē zhōng-
        </para>
        <para>
          diàn xuéxiào, wèide shi JiSkuài Jiàoyu sùdu.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Jiākuài Jiàoyu sùdu? Nīde yìsi shi shuō, zhōngdiàn
          xuéxiàode tiíojiàn bījiào hào, xuésheng, Jiàoshīde shuípíng y?
          bījiào gāo, zhèiyang, xuésheng Jiu yōu Jīhui zài bījiào duànde
          shíjiàn-li xué bījiào duode dōngxi.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:    Duì le.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Name nīmen pài chū guōde liúxué-shěng shì bu shi dōu shi
          cōng zhòngdiXn xuéxiàoli láide ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Tǎmen duōbànr shi cōng zhōngdiàn dàxué láide, tèbié shi
          yánj iūshēng.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Wō Jiànguo Jīwèi líi Méiguō niàn shūde liúxuéshěng, tamen
          dōu shi xué kexué Jìshude. Tīngshuō támen xuéde fetching nùlì.
          Zhōngguō liúxuéshēngde xuéxí zhōngdiàn shi kexué Jìshu, duì bu
          dui?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Nín shuōde duì, tāmen zhùyào shi xué zirán kexué. Zhèi shi
          wōmen mùqián zuì dàde xūyào.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Tǎmen huí guō yīhōu dōu gào yánjiū gōngzuō ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Bù yídìng. Wō xiàng yōu yí dà bùfen hái dll zài dàxué
          danrèn Jiàoshīde gōngzuō. Shíxiàn Sìge Xiàndàihuà líbukíi
          Jiàoyu ma! Jiàoshōu, yōu shíjiān géi wō Jièshao Jieshao
          Méiguōde Jiàoyu qíngkuàng a!
        </para>
        <para>
          A: HXo, nī duì nXifángmiànde qíngkuàng zuì yōu xìngqu?
        </para>
        <para>
          a short time. You probably agree with that point, don't you?
        </para>
        <para>
          I understand, I understand.
        </para>
        <para>
          So we are setting up some key schools in order to speed up the
          educational process.
        </para>
        <para>
          To speed up the educational process? You mean, key schools
          have better conditions, and the level of their students and
          teachers is higher, so the students have the opportunity to
          learn more things in a shorter time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Right.
        </para>
        <para>
          Then are all the students you send abroad from key schools?
        </para>
        <para>
          They're mostly from key universities, especially the graduate
          students.
        </para>
        <para>
          I've met several Chinese going to school in the United States.
          They were all studying science and technology. I hear that
          they were very hard-working. Chinese students abroad
          concentrate on science and technology, isn't that right?
        </para>
        <para>
          That's right, they mainly study the natural sciences. That's
          our greatest need at present.
        </para>
        <para>
          After they return home do they all do research work?
        </para>
        <para>
          Not necessarily. I think that a large portion of them still
          have to take up teaching positions in universities. Education
          is essential to achieving the Four Modernizations! Professor,
          when you have the time, tell me about education in America!
        </para>
        <para>
          Sure. What aspect are you most interested in?
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   W8 duì xiāoxué Jiàoyu, értóng
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiàoyu suì yōu xìngqu, yínwei, vS xiXng yíge rén kāishí shòu
          Jiào-yude nèiduàn shiJiàn shi fetching zhdngyàode.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: W3 tóngyì níde kànfā, érqiě, chúle shàng xué ylwài, Jiātíng
          he shèhuìde Jiàoyu y? féicháng zhòngyào. Y3ude shihou,
          fùmùmen-de Jiàoyu qíngkuàng he háizimen yōu féicháng dàde
          guānxi.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Duì. Suóyi gSohāo Jiàoyu shi
        </para>
        <para>
          zhenggèr shèhuìde gōngzuò, wǒmen méige rén dǒu ySu zéren.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Ni shuōde zhěn hāo. Duì le, Jintiǎn wǒmen cānguānde Béidà,
          shi bu shi Zhōngguó zuì hāode dàxué ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Běidà shi hěn yōu míngde dàxué, kěshi hěn nán shuo shi bu
          shi zuì hāode. Zài Zhōngguó yōu Jíge dàxué dōu bú cud. Béidàde
          Jiàoyu zhiliang Jlbenshang ràng rén minyì.
        </para>
        <para>
          ShiJian bù zio le, nín chi zāo-fàn le meiyou?
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Ou, vS hái méi chi zíofàn ne, wǒ mlshàng Jiù qù.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Bié Jí, wǒmen děngzhe nín.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Hāo, vS hěn kuài Jiu lái.
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m most interested in primary school and child education,
          because I think the period when a person begins his education
          is very important.
        </para>
        <para>
          I agree with you. Furthermore, besides attending school, the
          education one gets in the home and in society are also very
          important. Sometimes the parents' education has a great
          bearing on the children ' s.
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. So improving education is the Job of our entire
          society. Each of us has the responsibility for it.
        </para>
        <para>
          Well said. Oh yes—is Běijlng University, which we're going to
          visit today, the best university in China?
        </para>
        <para>
          B.U. is a very famous university, but it's difficult to ssy if
          it's the best. There are several universities in China that
          are pretty good. The quality of education.at B.U. is basically
          satisfactory.
        </para>
        <para>
          It's getting late, have you had breakfast?
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, I haven't had breakfast yet. I'll go right away.
        </para>
        <para>
          No hurry, we'll wait for you.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay, I'll be there shortly.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 1
        </para>
        <para>
          This exercise is &amp; review of the Reference List sentences
          in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English,
          followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then
          a second speaker will confirm your answer.
        </para>
        <para>
          All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once.
          You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise
          several times.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          In this exercise, an American college student runs into a
          student from China at the Dupont Circle subway station in
          Washington, D.C.
        </para>
        <para>
          The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it
          completely, you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer
          the questions below as you listen a second time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
          this conversation:
        </para>
        <para>
          suàn                                to be counted as (good,
          bad, etc.)
        </para>
        <para>
          kějì                               science and technology
          (abbreviation
        </para>
        <para>
          for kěxue jìshu)
        </para>
        <para>
          huìhuà                             conversation
        </para>
        <para>
          JiXnchěng                          abbreviation
        </para>
        <para>
          yángé                              to be strict
        </para>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
          will be able to give them orally in class.
        </para>
        <para>
          1. Where did the American student learn Chinese? Where did the
          Chinese student learn English?
        </para>
        <para>
          2. What was language study like at B.U.? Do you think it is
          different from an American university? How do you know?
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    What is the abbreviation for science and technology?
                    Put the following into abbreviated form.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    k.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    wénhuà                jiàoyu
                                  _____________________
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (culture)              (education)           (the
                    field of culture
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    and education)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    rénmín                 dàhuì
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (the people)           (general member-
                         (People’s Congress)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    ship meeting)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    yuyán                  wénzì
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (spoken                (writing)
                                 (language and
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    language)
                                                        literature)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    What is the Chinese student studying?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    According to the Chinese student, what kinds of
                    science are not so clearly separated in modern
                    society?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you
          practice saying your answers.
        </para>
        <para>
          Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
          indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
          sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          In this conversation, a young Chinese teacher at Béijīng
          University walks over to her American student who is sitting
          under a tree reading a hook.
        </para>
        <para>
          Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
          second time through, look below and answer the questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
          this conversation:
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lu XÙn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (a famous Chinese author of the 1920s and 1930s)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    yàoburín
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    otherwise
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    kiln nan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    difficulty
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    niénling
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    age
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wenhuà Dà Gémìng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cultural Revolution
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    dàxué bìyèshěng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    college graduate
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          WénGé                             Cultural Revolution
          (abbreviation of
        </para>
        <para>
          Wénhuà Dà Géming) xuéyuàn
                                      (academic) institute
        </para>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
          will be able to give them orally in class.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Why does the student like to read Chinese literature?
              What is Ms. Lin’s reaction?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Why are Chinese students who go abroad older than
              usual? What does the American say are other
              characteristics of these students?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. How does Ms. Lin respond to the student's wish to talk
              with more Chinese?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              U. Summarize this dialogue in two or three sentences.
              After you have answered these questions yourself, you may
              want to take a look at the translation for this
              conversation. You may also want to listen to the
              conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
              you have prepared.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Exercise U
        </para>
        <para>
          This conversation takes place at the BSiJīng University
          library when an An American graduate student and a Chinese
          graduate student happen to meet.
        </para>
        <para>
          Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind
          the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer
          the questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          You will need the following new words and phrases:
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    cānkioshū
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    reference book
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    xì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    department (of a school)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    huódòng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    activity
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    làngfèi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to waste
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiàokěshū
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    textbook
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise U
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. How does the American student feel about his study of
              Chinese?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Are post-Cultural Revolution college students in China
              very familiar with the social situation in their country?
              Why?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Why do the American students want to go outside the
              university?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          U. What sentences does the American use to take leave of the
          Chinese?
        </para>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you
          pronounce your answers correctly.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          At the Dupont Circle subway station in Washington, D.C., an
          Americah college student (A) runs into a student from China
          (B).
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Duìbuql, nl shi céng Zhǒnggué láide liúxuéshēng ba?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shì a! Nīde Zhōngwén zènme
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          hSo, qùguo Zhǒnggué ba?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Hái méiyou, yìhòu yòu jlhui wS
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          yídìng yào qù kànkan.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nà nīde ZhSngwén Jiù shi zài
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Huáshèngdùn xuéde?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Eng. Jīnián yīqián w3 zài Jià-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zh8u Dàxué xuéguo yìnián, lái Huáshèngdùn yīhòu you yìzhí zài
          xué. Késhi Zhǒngwénde shuīpíng háishi bú gdu gǎo.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: NX méiyou qùguo Zhǒngguó, ZhSngwén zènme hào le, v8 lái
              Méigué yljīng yìnián, Yīngwén shuīpíng háishi tígǎode hén
              man.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zài ZhSngguáde shihour nī xuéguo Yīngwén ba?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Xuéguo, xuéguo sǎnnián ban ne!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shi Yīnggué Yīngwén?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shì, érqié jiàoshī y? d5u shi Zhǒngguo rén* suéyi chǔ
              gué yīhòu zuì did* wèntí shi tīng-budSng, shuffbuchǔlái.
              Kin shǔ bl shuō huà réngyiduS le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zài ZhSngguúde shihou, nl zài
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          néige dàxué niàn shǔ?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Zài Bèidà. Béidàde Yīngwén hái suàn bú cuò, búguò,
              wSmen.xué kējìde xuésheng zhòngdiXn shi kàn shǔ, fányi, bú
              shi huìhuà.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Excuse me, you must be a student from China, aren-'t you?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes! Your Chinese is so good! Have you been to China?
        </para>
        <para>
          Not yet, but if I get the chance to I'm sure I'll go visit.
        </para>
        <para>
          Then you learned all your Chinese here in Washington?
        </para>
        <para>
          Mm. A few years ago I had a year of Chinese at the University
          of California, and since I came to Washington, I've been
          studying it all along. But iny level in Chinese still isn't
          high enough.
        </para>
        <para>
          Your Chinese is this good and you've never been to China, but
          I've been in the States a year already and my English level is
          still improving very slowly.
        </para>
        <para>
          You studied English when you were in China, I suppose?
        </para>
        <para>
          Sure, I studied it for three and a half years'.
        </para>
        <para>
          British English?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, and my teachers were all Chinese, so after I left China
          my biggest problem was that I couldn't understand people
          talking and I couldn't speak. Reading is a lot easier than
          speaking.
        </para>
        <para>
          In China, what university were you studying at?
        </para>
        <para>
          At B.U. B.U. is pretty good for English, but for us students
          in science and technology the emphasis is on reading and
          translating, not on conversation.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Kějì? Shi bu shi kěxué jìshu?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shi. Wines chángchíng yòng hěn dui jilnchěng, duìbuqí
              ya!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nà méiyou shenme. Búguò w3 hái yòu yìdiSnr bù dòng.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shénme dìfangr?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Nimen cháng shuo kexué fěn liàng-bùfen, yíbùfen shi shèhui
          kěxué, yíbùfen shi zìrén kěxué. Nàme kěxué Jìshu shuǒde jiù
          shi zìrán kěxué ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Zhè bú shi nàme yán'géde, tèbié shi xiàndài shèhui, zirán
          kěxué hé shèhui kěxué jiu fěnde bú nàme qīngchu le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zhèi w3 tóngyì. Zài fěn lèide wèntíshang, w8men yòu hěn
              duǒ shuǒfl hé nimen bú tài yíyàng.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Òu, chě l£i le, v3 yào shàng chě le. Yīhòu yīu Jlhui
              zài tan.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Hiode, xiàci w8men yòng Ylng-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          vén tán.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hào, xièxie ni, zàijiàn.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A:   Zàijiàn.
        </para>
        <para>
          ’’Kějì”? Is that science and technology?
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. We use a lot of abbreviations, pardon me!
        </para>
        <para>
          No problem. But there's still something I don't understand.
        </para>
        <para>
          What?
        </para>
        <para>
          You often say that science has tvo divisions. One is social
          science and the other is natural science.
        </para>
        <para>
          So does science and technology refer only to the natural
          sciences?
        </para>
        <para>
          This Cdistinction! isn't so strict. Especially in modern
          society, the natural sciences and the social sciences aren't
          so clearly separated.
        </para>
        <para>
          I agree vith that. On questions of categorization, ve have a
          lot of ideas that are different from yours.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, here comes the train. I have to get on it. In the future
          we'll talk some more if ve get the chance.
        </para>
        <para>
          All right. Next time we'll talk in English.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay, thank you. Good-bye.
        </para>
        <para>
          Good-bye.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          On the campus of Běijlng Language Institute, and American
          student (B) is sitting under a tree reading a book. A young
          teacher (A) from the Chinese department walks over to chat.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zài niàn shénme ne?                  What are you
              reading?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Ò, Lin Lěoshl, nín hlo! W3 zài Oh, Miss LÍn (Teacher
              Lin), how are
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          kàn Lú Xùn Xiěnshengde xiloshuò. you! I'm reading some fiction
          by (Mr.) Lǔ Xùn.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Shi nlyipiǎn na?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          What piece?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B:   &quot;Yào.&quot; W3 hén xihuan Lú Xùn
        </para>
        <para>
          Xiànshengde xiáoshuō.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Wé xiáng, zài Méiguóde shihou, Zhōngguó lìshī, Zhōngguí
          wénxué, nl dàgài niànde bù shlo.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Xue Zhōngwén, bìxū shSuxiSn xué yidiXnr lìshī hé wénxué,
          dōng yidiXnr Zhōngguō wénhuà, yàobu-rán xué Zhōngwén yídìng
          yōu hén dàde kùnnan. Zhōngguō liúxué-shéng yé shi zhèiyang zud
          ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Wōmende xuéxí tiéojiàn hái shi bú cuòde, késhi liúxuéshěng
          chù guō yīqián déi duì nèige guōjiSde wénhuà zud bìyàode
          liéojié. Zài zhèifíngmiàn, wSmen zudde hái hén bú gdu.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Wō tīngshuō Zhōngguō liúxué-shěngde niánling, dōu bú tài
          xilo le, duōbànr shi Wénhuà Dà Gémìng yīqián bìyède.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shi. Wénhuà Dà Gémìng yīqiánde dàxué bìyèshěng púbiànde
              zhìliàng bījiào gǎo. hé WénGé yīhdude dàxuéshing chfibié
              bù xiáo.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nàme shùliàng ne?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shùliàng yé bù shio.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nàme zhèixiě bìyèshéng shi bu shi dōu dinrèn bījiào
              zhōngyàode gōngzuō ne?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Bù dōu yíyàng. Mùqián, Wénhuà Dà Gémìng yīqiánde dàxué
          bìyè-shěng yōu hén duō dinrèn bījiào zhdng yàode gōngzuō.
          Bīfang shuō wōmen Xuéyuàn ba, gōngzuáde bī-jilo hiode yé
          duōbànr shi nèige shíhourde dàxuéshěng. Dlngrán, hái yōu gèng
          láode.
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;Medicine.” I like Lú Xùn's fiction very much.
        </para>
        <para>
          I guess you've probably read quite a lot of Chinese history
          and literature in America.
        </para>
        <para>
          To study the Chinese language, you have to first study a
          little history and literature, and understand a little Chinese
          culture, otherwise you're sure to have a hard time studying
          the language. Do Chinese who go abroad to study do the same
          thing?
        </para>
        <para>
          Our conditions for study are fairly good, but before a student
          goes abroad, he ought to acquire the requisite understanding
          of the country [he is going tol. In this area, we have as yet
          done far from enough-
        </para>
        <para>
          I understand that the Chinese students going abroad aren't
          very young; most of them graduated [from coliegel before the
          Cultural Revolution.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. In general the quality of college graduates from before
          the Cultural Revolution is higher. They're quite different
          from the post-Cul-tural Revolution college students.
        </para>
        <para>
          How about in terms of numbers?
        </para>
        <para>
          Their numbers are quite large, too.
        </para>
        <para>
          So do these graduates all take on rather important jobs?
        </para>
        <para>
          They're not all the same. At present, there are many
          pre-Cultural Revolution college graduates who have taken on
          rather important jobs. For example, in our Institute, those
          who do their work comparatively well are mostly college
          students from that time. Of course there are older ones as
          well.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Wō bin xīhuan wōmende líosbī, y? bin xīhuan Yúyán Xuéyuàn,
          wō zhī shi xīvàng yōu bījilo duōde Jīhui hé Zhōngguó xuésheng,
          làoshī duō tintan.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Hào, hlo, yōu shiJiàn wǒmen duō tántan. Nī kàn shǔ ba.
              Yìhuīr Jiàn.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          I like our teachers very much, and the Institute, too. I just
          wish we would have more opportunities to talk with the Chinese
          students and teachers.
        </para>
        <para>
          All right, we’ll talk more when we get the time. You go on
          reading. See you in a while.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Lin Lǎoshī yìhuīr Jiàn.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          See you in a while, Miss LÍn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise u
        </para>
        <para>
          An American graduate student (A) walks up the stairs in front
          of the Biijīng University library. A Chinese graduate student
          (B), whose arms are full of books, is trying to open the door
          with his foot.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Wō lái, wō lái! Déngyidéng, wō lái bang ni kāi men.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Xièxie ni.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zhè dǒu shi nī Jiède shǔ a?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shi a! Yōngle liāngge xīngqīde
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          gōngfu, hào rōngyi cái kànwán le.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Bú cud, liāngge xīngqī kàn zhème duō Yīngwén cǎnkāoshǔ,
          sùdu bú màn na!
        </para>
        <para>
          (They enter the door and &quot;B&quot; goes a table. A few
          minutes later, ”B<superscript>W</superscript> com
        </para>
        <para>
          I’ll get it, I’ll get it. Wait a second, I’ll open the door
          for'you.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you.
        </para>
        <para>
          These are all books you borrowed?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yeah! It took me long enough to finish reading them—two weeks!
        </para>
        <para>
          Not bad! To read all these English reference books in two
          weeks, that's a pretty good speed!
        </para>
        <para>
          to return his books. &quot;A&quot; sits down at is over to
          her.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Xiǔxi Jīfēn zhǒng zài Jìnqu kàn
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          shu, hāo bu hāo a?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hāo. Nèitiān, xìli yánjiǔshěng kāi huì, dàjii dōu
              rènwéi nī tán-de hān hlo, yS dōu Juéde nīde ZhŌngwén bī
              gang lái Béidàde shihou hiode duō le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Késhi wō háishi Juéde xuéxí sùdu tài màn, wǒmen dōu xīwàng
          néng Jiākuài sùdu, tígào shuǒ huàde shuīpíng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Why don't you rest a few minutes before you go in to study,
          okay?
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay. The other day when the graduate students in the
          department held a meeting, everyone thought that what you said
          was very good, and we all felt that your Chinese is much
          better now than when you first came to B.U.
        </para>
        <para>
          But I still feel that our pace of study is tóo slow. We all
          wish we could speed up the pace to improve our speaking.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Nèitiín nl tíchulaide guXnyú yào liXoJié Zhōngguō ehèhuìde
          wèntí, xuéxiào fangmian yídìng huì kXo-lude. KSshi,wō xiXng,
          nīmen shuǒ Zhōngwénde Jīhui bù shXo a! Yōu Zhōngguō 1ioshi,
          yōu Zhōngguō tōngxué, érqiē nīmende Zhōngwén dōu bú cud le,
          nīmen wàiguo xuésheng zìjī y? kéyi shuǒ Zhōngwén ma!
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Wōmen zìjī zài yìqī shuǒ Yīngwén shi hēn zìránde. Érqié,
          xué-xiàoli dōu shi xuésheng hé iXo-shī. Wōmen hēn xīvàng hé
          shè-huìshangde pútōng rén tányitán.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Wōmen zhèixiē xuésheng duōbànr yē dōu shi cōng pǔtōngde
          Jiǎtíngli láide ma. Tèbié shi Jīngguō Wénhuà Dà Gémìng yīhòude
          dàxué-shēng duōbànr dōu zài shèhuì-3hang gōngzuōguo hēn duō
          niXn, bījiào liXojiē shèhuìde qíngkuàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Ò, zhè hái shi yōu qùbiéde. Shèhuìde qíngkuàng gēn
          dàxuélīde qíngkuàng hēn bù yíyàng. Wōmen lái Zhōngguō niàn
          shǔde wàiguō liúxuéshēng, yánjiǔshēng, dōu hēn xiing duō
          liXojiX Zhōngguode qíngxing, tèbié shi xiXng liXo-Jiē nīmen
          shíxiàn SÌge Xiàndài-huàde qíngkuàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Dāngrán, dangrán. ZhèiyidiXn wōmen shi qīngchude. Wōmen
          xiXng tài duōde shèhuì huōdōng dàgài huì làngfèi nīmen bù
          shaode shí-Jiān.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Ò! Méiyou wèntí, zài Mēiguōde dàxuéli, wōmen bú jiù shi zài
          xuéxiào hé túshǔguXnli niàn shǔ, shèhuì shēnghuō shi wōmen zuì
          zhōngyàode jiàokěshǔ, yē shi zuì hXode iXoshì.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: HXode, hXode, wō yídìng he xì-li tinyitan, duō gēi nīmen
          ǎnpai yidiXnr cānguān fXngwènde huōdōng.
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m sure the school will consider the question you brought up
          about wanting to learn about Chinese society. But it seems to
          me you have plenty of chances to speak Chinese! There are the
          Chinese teachers, and your Chinese classmates. Besides, you
          all speak Chinese very well now. You foreign students can
          speak Chinese among yourselves!
        </para>
        <para>
          It's natural for us to speak English together. Besides, in
          school it's all students and teachers. We want very much to
          converse with ordinary people in society.
        </para>
        <para>
          Most of us students are from ordinary families, you know. In
          particular, most college students after the Cultural
          Revolution have worked in society many years and understand
          the social situation pretty well.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, there's still-a difference. Society is quite different
          from the situation in the university. All of us foreign
          college and graduate students who come to China to study want
          to understand the situation here, and especially how the
          accomplishment of the Four Modernizations is progressing.
        </para>
        <para>
          Of course, of course. We understand that. But we think that
          too many social activities would probably waste a lot of your
          time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, that's no problem. In American universities, we don't just
          study in school and in the library. Social life is our most
          important textbook and our best teacher.
        </para>
        <para>
          All right, I'll be sure to talk with the department, and set
          up more visiting activities for you people.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:   HXode, xièxie ni. Nl kuài Jìnqu
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    niàn ahū ba! Bú zhàn aide shí-JlSn le. Zàijiàn.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Good, thank you. Nov you go on in and study. I won’t
                    take up any more of your time. Good-bye.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:   Zàijiàn.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Good-bye.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Uniit 3, Reference List
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. A: Tiaen S&amp;L *hèige gǒngshè Jiào shame? Dlnzishang
              yǒu aliyon xilzheT
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          What do they call this commune? Is
        </para>
        <para>
          it written on the list?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Xièzhe ne, Jiào &quot;Sì.lìqīng.**
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, It's called SÌJÌqlng.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. A: Zhèige gǒngshè shíwùge dàduì-de chānliàng. dǒu zhème
              gāo ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Is the output this high In all fifteen brigades of this
          commune?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: ChàbuduS, zài shǎndìde lilngge dìduì, chānliàng shio
          yidilnr.
        </para>
        <para>
          Almost. The two brigades in the mountains have somewhat lover
          outputs.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. A: Bíijlng jiāoqū shSngchin yì-zhǒng yǒu míngde dàozi.
              Jiào shénme?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Jiio JlnreTdio. Béijīngde Jing, dSng-xì-nán-bèide de xī.
        </para>
        <para>
          There's a famous kind of rice produced in the suburbs of
          Beijing-What's It called?
        </para>
        <para>
          It's called Jīngxldào. Jīn£ aa in BEijlng. xf as in
          dǒng-xl-nín-béi.
        </para>
        <para>
          U. A:
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-5.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          yígǒng y3u Jlge píng-
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Hov many flatland regions are there in the whole country?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Mlàn.11 bījiío dàde yǒu sìge, dǒu shi shéngchln
              liángshide zhùyào dìqū.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          There are four which are relatively large; all of them are
          major grain-producing regions.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. A: Nèige shéngchln shǔcàide dàduì zhì yǒu liùshi~hù!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Shi a, èrbliduǒkǒu rén mli-nián mid géi guǒjiā bù shlo-de
          cli na!
        </para>
        <para>
          The brigade that produces vegetables has only sixty households
          !
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, for two hundred people, they sell a lot of vegetables to
          the state every year!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. A: Xiànzii, gio JlngJi Jlànshè hái shi Zhǒngguǒ remain
              zuì zhǒngyàode gǒngzud a!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Today, engaging in economic construction is still the most
          important work of the Chinese people!
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shi, suirán zhèixiS nián fǎzhán sùdu hén kuài, késhi JlngJi
          hái shi wǒmende gǒngzud zhǒngdián.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, although the pace of development has been very fast the
          past few years, the economy is still the main focus of our
          work.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. A: He! Nīmende càidl shōude bù shlo a!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Jiù ahi ma, mèimù dì dōu shōu yíwinduō Jin na!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. A: Zhèige gōngshè Jīxièhuà yīhòu, mǔch&amp;n tígāole
              duō-shāo?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Tígāole yíbàn duō yidiān, chàbuduō bāifēnzhī wùshiyī.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. A: Nī Jiù cānguānle &quot;Sìjīqīng?&quot; Biéde Jīge
              xiānj in gōngshè ne? Shénme shihou qù ya?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Guò Jitiān Jiù qù, péi JĪ-wèi nōngyè zhuānj iā yìqī qù.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. A: Zhèige dìqūde nōngyè shēng-chān yōu shénme tèdiān
              ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: WŌmen shizhe zǔzhile Jīge . zhuānyèhuàde gōngshè, tāmen-de
          shēngchān bījiāo yōu tèdiān.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              11. A: Nimen gōngshè yōu zhème duō dà tuōlājI!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Ng, píngjūn mèige dàduì èrshitai~wōmen hái xiāng duō mXi
          jītāi ne!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              12. A: CŌng túpiànshang kàn, nimen gōngzuōde hāo xīnkù.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Méiyou shenme xīnkù, jiù shi zùi xuéxiào hōubianr zhong
          diānr cài.
        </para>
        <para>
          13• zhuānyè
        </para>
        <para>
          1U. Jīqì (jīqi)
        </para>
        <para>
          Wow! You’ve harvested quite a lot from your vegetable plots!
        </para>
        <para>
          Sure, we harvested over ten thousand catties from each mu of -
          land!
        </para>
        <para>
          Since this conmune was mechanized, how much has the yield per
          mu been increased?
        </para>
        <para>
          It was raised a little more than half, about fifty one
          percent.
        </para>
        <para>
          You’ve only visited SÌJÌqīng? How about the other advanced
          communes? When are you going to them?
        </para>
        <para>
          We'll be going in a few days. We're going with several
          specialists in agriculture.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is there anything distinctive about the agricultural
          production of this region?
        </para>
        <para>
          We have organized a few specialized communes on a trial basis.
          Their production set-up is rather distinctive.
        </para>
        <para>
          Your commune has so many large tractors!
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, every brigade has twenty on the average, and we want to
          buy a few more!
        </para>
        <para>
          From the picture it looks like you’re working very hard.
        </para>
        <para>
          Not so hard. We’re just planting some vegetables behind the
          school.
        </para>
        <para>
          special line/field/discipline machine
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Unit 3, Vocabulary List
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    biifln zhX
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    percent
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    càidi chXnliàng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    vegetable plot output, yield
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    dàduì dàozi dí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (production) brigade rice; paddy
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    earth, soil; land; fields
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    fízhXn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to develop, to expand, to grov
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    gongshè guìn X Jiao Y
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    cofflnunc to call X Y
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -hù
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    -huì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    household, family -ize
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiìnshì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to construct, build; construction, reconstruction
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    jiíoqū Jīngxfdìo Jīxièhuà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    suburbs, outskirts (a kind of rice plant) to
                    mechanize
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -kSu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (counter for people)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1lingshi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    grain, cereals
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    miìnji -mil mflchln
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (surface) area mu. a unit of area per-mu yield
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    píngjūn píngyuán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    average, mean plain, flatlands
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    quánguS
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    the whole country
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    remain
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    the people
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shāndì sh5u shūcìi SÌJÌqīng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    mountainous region, hilly area to harvest vegetable
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (&amp; conzmune in BSiJīng suburbs)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -tíi tèdiln tuōlājī túpiìn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (counter for machines) distinctive trait,
                    characteristic tractor
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    picture, photograph
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    6b
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          xiānjin xínkú
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          zhong zhuānjiā zhuānyè zhuānyèhui zúzhi
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          to be advanced
        </para>
        <para>
          to be hard work; to be toilsome, to be arduous; to work hard,
          to go through hardships, to go to great trouble
        </para>
        <para>
          to plant specialist, expert special line/field/discipline to
          specialize; specialization to organize, to form
        </para>
        <para>
          Unit 3, Reference Notes
        </para>
        <para>
          1. A: Tinea gain zhèige gǒngshè Jiloshénme? Dānzishang yǒu
          méiyou xièzhe?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Xièzhe ne, jiào &quot;SÌjìqíng.&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          What do they call this commune? Is it written on the list?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, it's called Sìjìqlng.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 1
        </para>
        <para>
          guin...jilo...: Guin A jiao B means &quot;to call AB.”
        </para>
        <para>
          Gulngdǒng rén guin qípáo jiio Cantonese call qipaos (a kind of
          &quot;chángshln.&quot;                        dress)
          &quot;chángshin.
        </para>
        <para>
          gǒngshè: &quot;commune&quot; This is short for remain gǒngshè,
          &quot;people's comune&quot; (the word remain is taught in
          exchange 6). Gǒng means &quot;public.&quot; and shè is an
          &quot;organized body.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          People's communes, of which there are now over 52,000 in
          China, are the administrative units of the countryside. There
          are three levels of commune organization: the production team,
          with from eleven to over one hundred households; the
          production brigade, with from twenty to over one thousand
          households; and the commune itself, with from six to seventeen
          brigades or from fifty-six to 275 teams. A typical commune
          might have a population of 22,500 people, broken down into
          fifteen production brigades of three hundred families each,
          and each brigade would in turn be composed of ten production
          teams of thirty families. (Of course, no actual commune would
          be divided up so evenly.) A typical county might be made up of
          thirteen communes of this size.
        </para>
        <para>
          The people's communes were formed after a long series of
          changes in the organization of the countryside, beginning with
          the Land Reform Movement of 1950. This movement distributed
          the land to the peasants; the next step was to begin the
          coordination of their efforts in production. They did this in
          1951 by forming mutual aid teams, also called work exchange
          teams. The peasants still owned their own land, plows, and
          livestock, but they pooled their manpower, tools, and other
          resources to get the work done.
        </para>
        <para>
          In 1953* elementary agricultural cooperatives were organized
          by merging several mutual aid teams. The land, tools, and
          livestock became the property of the cooperative, but the
          profits from the land were distributed, not retained by the
          eooKune for investment. In 1956, when advanced agricultural
          cooperatives were established, the distribution of profits was
          abolished.
        </para>
        <para>
          In 1958, the last step to communize China was taken. The
          people's communes were formed by the merging of several
          advanced agricultural cooperatives. What was formerly an
          advanced agricultural cooperative became, a production
          brigade. The original plan for communization had called for
          completion in 1967. Since no major problems were encountered,
          the plan was completed nine years ahead of tine.
        </para>
        <para>
          Today, commune members still live in individual houses. All
          the land, buildings<subscript>v</subscript> shops, clinics,
          large machinery, electrical power stations, factories, and so
          on, belong to the commune. However, the planning of the
          production and the payment of the members, which depends on
          the amount of production, is done on the production team
          level. All the teams have their own livestock, but they take
          turns borrowing large machines such as planters or tractors
          from the commune. Production teams often specialize in one
          type of activity, such as crop raising, machinery repair, or
          animal husbandry. Production brigades handle tasks which are
          beyond the capacity of a team, such as irrigation or the
          purchasing of a tractor. Truly large projects like road
          construction or the establishment of a large, well-equipped
          hospital, must be taken on by the commune.
        </para>
        <para>
          yōu méiyou xj?zhe: -Zhe is the marker of duration. Together
          with a
        </para>
        <para>
          verb, it describes a STATE, for example:
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mén
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    kǎizhe.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (The door
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    is in the state of having been opened.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          &quot;The door is open.&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mén
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    guǎnzhe.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (The door
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    is in the state of having been closed.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          &quot;The door is closed.&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Thus, xiézhe, in exchange 1, means literally &quot;in the
          state of having been written.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          To make a verb plus -zhe negative, use méi(you) (not bù):
        </para>
        <para>
          Men méi kǎizhe.                     The door is not open.
        </para>
        <para>
          Mén méi guānzhe.                   The door is not closed.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dānzishang méi xiézhe.              It isn't written on the
          list.
        </para>
        <para>
          To make a question, use one of the following patterns:
        </para>
        <para>
          Mén kǎizhe ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          M&amp;x y8u méiyou kǎizhe?             Is the door open?
        </para>
        <para>
          Mén kǎizhe meiyou?
        </para>
        <para>
          He is often added onto the end of a sentence with -zhe:
        </para>
        <para>
          Mén kǎizhe ne ma?                   Is the door open?
        </para>
        <para>
          Kǎizhe ne.                          Yes, it's open.
        </para>
        <para>
          Many speakers of standard Chinese do not use this -zhe; they
          would replace it hy phrasing such as Mén kāile and Dǎnzishang
          yōu méiyou xiè (or xíī le méiyou). These sentences are also
          perfectly good Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          Sìjìqìng: A ccasune in rural Biijīng. Literally, the name
          means &quot;four-seasons-green,&quot; in other words,
          &quot;green all year round.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Half the population of the municipality of BèiJIng lives in
          rural areas, in 272 people’s communes. The principal crops are
          wheat, rice, and vegetables, including cabbage, eggplants,
          cucumbers, and tomatoes. There are also orchards producing
          apples, pears, peaches, and persimmons. About half the
          vegetables grown in Biijlng's communes supply the city's needs
          completely and half are shipped elsewhere.
        </para>
        <para>
          2. A: Zhèige gōngshè shíwúge dàduì-de chānliàng dōu zhème gāo
          ma?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Is the output this high in all fifteen brigades of this
          commune?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Chàbuduō, zài shǎndìde liāngge dàduì, chinliàng shào
          yidiānr.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Almost. The two brigades in the mountains have somewhat lower
          outputs.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 2
        </para>
        <para>
          dàduì: &quot;(production) brigade,&quot; short for shēngchān
          dàduì.
        </para>
        <para>
          chànllàng: &quot;output, yield,&quot; literally,
          &quot;production-amount.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          shāndì: &quot;mountainous region; hilly area; hilly
          country,&quot; literally, &quot;mountain-land.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Airbā'níyà shi shǎndì guójiā. Albania is a mountainous
          country.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài shin                            Output is somewhat lower
          in
        </para>
        <para>
          mountainous regions.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nèige dìfang shi shin , kāi chè That's hilly country; it isn’t
          bú tài fāngblan.                    easy to drive there.
        </para>
        <para>
          3. A: Bíijìng JiāoQÚ shingchln yì-zhōng y8u míngde dàozi, Jiào
          shénme?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Jiào Jlngddào. BiiJIngde J Ing, dōng-xl-nán-biide xl.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          There's a famous kind of rice produced in the suburbs of
          Billing. ’What's it called?
        </para>
        <para>
          It's called JīngxIdào. Jīng as in BiiJIng. xf as in
          dōng-xl-nān-bii bīT
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 3
        </para>
        <para>
          jiǎoqǔ: &quot;suburbs, outskirts&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The bound form Jiao means &quot;suburbs,&quot; as in
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="id">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark10" /><anchor id="bookmark11" />ID</title>
        <para>
          in BEU Ing xlJiio. &quot;the western suburbs of BōiJIng,&quot;
          yuSnjiào. &quot;the outer suburbs.&quot; and .Ixnjiāo,
          &quot;the close suburbs.&quot; (Qū, &quot;area,
          district,&quot; will be introduced separately in Unit 5 of
          this module?)
        </para>
        <para>
          BliJIng jiioqū yígōng yōu          Altogether, there are 272
        </para>
        <para>
          èrbáiqīshièrge gōngshè.            communes in the suburbs of
        </para>
        <para>
          Bōijlng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Sìjìqfng gongshè zài Bíijfngde The commune SÌjiqíng is in the
          jin jiǎoqǔ.                         close suburbs of Bōijīng.
        </para>
        <para>
          dàozi: &quot;rice&quot; in the paddy or after harvesting but
          before huiijng. (After hulling, it is called ml, and when
          cooked it is called fàn.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Jíngxīdào: &quot;Capital-West Rice,&quot; a variety famous for
          its good taste.
        </para>
        <para>
          Bōijingde jīng: &quot;jīng as in BèlJíng&quot; In
          conversation, you identify a word or character by giving a
          common phrase in which it is used. The pattern for doing this
          is
        </para>
        <para>
          Phrase         -de Word
        </para>
        <para>
          e.g., yí èr sin si -de si &quot;’four’ as in ’one two three
          four’&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          This pattern can be especially useful when you tell someone
          your Chinese name. If you were called Chen Dingwén. (
                 ), for example, you could
        </para>
        <para>
          identify the characters of your first name by saying Yídìngde
          ding, wénxuéde win, &quot;Ding as in yídìng (’certainly’), and
          wen as in wénxue ('literature *).&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          dōng-xí-nán-bōi: While in English we usually name the
          directions of the compass in the order &quot;north, south,
          east, west,&quot; in Chinese they are usually named in the
          order
        </para>
        <para>
          dōng xí nin bíi          or        dōng nan xí b?i
        </para>
        <para>
          east west south north                   east south west north
        </para>
        <para>
          U. A: Quánguō yígōng yōu jlge píng-vuan?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Miànji bijlio dàde yōu sìge, dōu shi shèngchin liángshide
          zhfiyio dìqū.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          How many flatland regions are there in the whole country?
        </para>
        <para>
          There are four which are relatively large in area; all of them
          are major grain-producing regions.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. U
        </para>
        <para>
          quánguō: &quot;the whole country&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Wti Zuòrénde huà zài quánguō hōn yōu mi ng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Quánguō chinliàng zuì gǎode dìqū shi Sichuan.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The paintings of WG Zuōrén are famous throughout the country.
        </para>
        <para>
          The area of the country with the highest output is Sichuan.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Béijíng Ylo-líng-yào ZhSngxuéde The educational quality of
          Bèijīng's Jiàoyu shiliàng quínguí dìyí. Ho* 101 Middle School
          is first in the country.
        </para>
        <para>
          second example, you need to knov
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          ndìn.11; &quot;(surface) area&quot; (For the píngf£ngg#nglí,
          &quot;square kilometer.&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige gSngshède miànji du6 dà?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          What is the area of this commune?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          ZhSngguode miànji shi JiSbii liùshiwàn píngfàng gǒnglí.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          China*s area is 9*6 million square kilometers.
        </para>
        <para>
          mlIn.11 bijiào dàde ySu aìge: This is a useful structure with
          y8u:
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Miànji bijiào dàde (píngyuín)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ! y8u 1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sìge.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (As for the ones Cflatlandsl
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    ; there
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    four.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    with a relatively large area,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <subscript>(</subscript>* are
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          &quot;There are four with a relatively large area.&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ti bú yuànyi qù ZhSnggufide yuányín
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    zhúyào y8u
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    liKngge.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (As for the reasons why he doesn't want to go to
                    China,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    there are mainly
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    two.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          &quot;There are mainly two reasons why he doesn't want to go
          to China.&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zuótiin mei líide (rén)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ySu duōshào?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (As for those Cpeople3 who didn't come yesterday,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    there how many?) were
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          &quot;How many people were there who didn't come
          yesterday?&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhongwén shuSde nàme hàode Méiguo rén
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    méiyou
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jlge.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (As for Americans who speak Chinese that well,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    there aren't
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    a few.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          &quot;There aren't but a few Americans who speak Chinese that
          well.&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          llíngahi; &quot;grain, cereals,&quot; but in Chinese
          terminology this can also include other staples like beans and
          sweet potatoes.
        </para>
        <para>
          5. A: Helge shěngchln shǔcàide dàduì zhi y8u liÙ8hi~hSĪ
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shi a, èrbàiduSkSu rén mei-nién mài g?i guéjiǎ bù shlo-de
          cài na!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The brigade that produces vegetables has only sixty
          households!
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, for two hundred people, they sell a lot of vegetables to
          the state every year!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Hotel on Bo«- 5
        </para>
        <para>
          hù(r)t &quot;household, family&quot; The original meaning of
          this word, was &quot;door.&quot; BDaw it haa become the
          counter for households. Besides its use in exchange 5, -hù can
          also be followed by the noun rénjiǎ, &quot;people-home,&quot;
          that is, &quot;family&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige dàduì yōu duōshao hù rénjiǎ?
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài Mliguō, chàbuduō méihù dōu ySu diànshì.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          How many households are there in this brigade?
        </para>
        <para>
          In American, almost every family has a television.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          kŌu: Literally, &quot;mouth,&quot; this as making up a family,
          as in
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          is the counter for people considered
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Hi Jiǎ yōu JìkŌu rén?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          How many people are there in your
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          family?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          mài gōi guojiǎ: &quot;sell to the state&quot; Every year, a
          production team must give a certain percentage (usually from
          five to seven percent) of ita produce and caah income in taxes
          to the state. In addition, they must sell a quota of grain to
          the state, the quantity being established according to the
          population of the team, and the area and productivity of the
          land. If th* team is left with additional grain after
          fulfilling their quota, they decide for themselves how much of
          it they will sell for cash to the state at a higher price and
          how much will be put into the team's grain reserves. The state
          sets quotas for grains; fruit and vegetable supply and demand
          are coordinated by local government authorities.
        </para>
        <para>
          ...bù shǎode cài na!: Ha is not a new word for you; it is Just
          a contraction of ne and a. You have learned that ne is the
          marker of absence of change. Here it has a special function:
          to show that the speaker is trying to convince the listener of
          the greatness of an amount, the great extent of
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          a condition, or a fact which surpasses
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎde shōurù bù shǎo ne!
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ shuōle yào zuò dao hln win ne.
        </para>
        <para>
          Hlo rà'naode dìfang na!
        </para>
        <para>
          Kàn tǎ nàme niǎnqìng, híi néng qù zuà Jiàoshòu ne!
        </para>
        <para>
          Yào cǎnguǎn nàme duō dìfang, yíge xlngqí nlr gòu? Liāngge
          xlngqī hǎi bú gòu ne!
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhème dàde rén hǎi kū na!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          ordinary expectations. Examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          His income is not small (i.e., more than you would suspect)!
        </para>
        <para>
          She said she was going to work until very late.
        </para>
        <para>
          What a lively place!
        </para>
        <para>
          Isn't it something that someone as young as he can be a
          professor!
        </para>
        <para>
          How could one week be long enough to visit so many places? Two
          weeks wouldn't even be enough!
        </para>
        <para>
          Imagine, such a grown-up person crying!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          6. A: Xiǎnzli, gfo JlngJi Jiànshè hái shi ZhSnggutf rennin zuì
          zhàngylode gōngzuò a!
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shì, suTrín zhèixiē niín fSzhln sùdu hSn toil, kèshi JīngJi
          hái shi wùmende gōng-zuB zhèngdiǎn.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Today, engaging in economic
          construe<superscript>-</superscript>tion is still the most
          important work of the Chinese people!
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, although the pace of development has been very fast the
          past few years, the economy is still the main focus of our
          work.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 6
        </para>
        <para>
          .1 iènshè: &quot;to construct, to build up; construction&quot;
          This is mostly used in a special sense: to construct or build
          up a country. The Jargon &quot;socialist construction,&quot;
          &quot;the construction of China,&quot; or &quot;China
          reconstructs&quot; conveys an attitude toward the
          &quot;mission” facing the country: to build China from the
          ruins left by a semi-feudal, semi-colonial society into a
          socialist power and to create the conditions for the
          transition to Connunism. &quot;Socialist construction&quot;
          includes the reform of the superstructure as well as the
          development of the national economy.
        </para>
        <para>
          W8men yào bl ZhSnggué Jiìnshè-chéng yíge xiìndiihuàde
          shè-huizhùyì guéjiǎ.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          We want to build China into a
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          a modem socialist nation.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          re&quot;&quot;*n ? &quot;the people&quot; You have seen* this
          word already in Renminbi. &quot;People’s currency.&quot;
          Distinguish between remain and renmen. Rénmen (with the plural
          ending -men) refers to any and all people, without class
          implications. It has approximately the same scope as dàjiā,
          &quot;everyone.” Rémnín,
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          on the other hand, refers to the broad excludes state and
          class enemies.
        </para>
        <para>
          ZhSngguá rémnín xfving néng shénghuóde ending.
        </para>
        <para>
          Quángué yígòng ySu wttwàn èrqiān-duō rénmín gBngshè.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          masses and lower-level cadres, and
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The Chinese people hope to be able live peaceful and settled
          lives.
        </para>
        <para>
          There are over 52,000 people’s communes in the whole country.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          fǎzhln: &quot;to develop, to grow&quot; In the Society module,
          you learned the adjectival verb fǎdá. &quot;to be
          developed.&quot; Now you see the action verb for &quot;to
          develop.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi èrshinién lái, Rìbínde qìchē gǒngyè fǎzhlnde biJiSo kuài.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngguó zhèngfù zài null fǎzhǎn gōngyè.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ yǎnjiū fǎzhǎnzhǒng guó'iāde JīngJi qíngkuàng.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Over the past twenty years, Japan’s automobile industry has
          developed rather quickly.
        </para>
        <para>
          The Chinese government is working hard to develop industry.
        </para>
        <para>
          He studies the economic situation of developing countries.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          7. A: He! Nlmende càidì shSude bù Wow! You’ve harvested quite
          a lot ■hlo a!                          from your vegetable
          plots!
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Jiù shi But, mlimìí dì d3u shǒu Sure, we harvested over ten
          thousand yíwànduB JIn na!                catties from each mu
          of land!
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 7 càidì: &quot;vegetable plots&quot; or
          &quot;vegetable fields&quot; (large or small). sh3u; &quot;to
          harvest&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Lio Wǎngde càidì mliniǎn shSude Lio Wing harvests a lot of
          fǎnqié dǒu hln duo.                tomatoes from his vegetable
        </para>
        <para>
          plots every year.
        </para>
        <para>
          Shǒubudào liǎngshi, zlnme chi If we can't harvest any grain,
          fan ne?                             how will we eat?
          (rhetorical
        </para>
        <para>
          question said by farmers when working in the fields)
        </para>
        <para>
          mS: A Chinese unit of area equal simply written mu (or
          sometimes mou).
        </para>
        <para>
          dì: &quot;land,&quot; &quot;ground,&quot; or &quot;fields
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèikuài dì ylqiǎn shi w8 fùqinde.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ cong dìshang zhlodàole nèizhī bl.
        </para>
        <para>
          Shuì dìshang ba! Liǎn Jiàoshdu dSu shuì nàr ne!
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhème zlo nimen Jiù dào dill qù gSngzud la!
        </para>
        <para>
          shSude bù shlo: &quot;harvested quite of the pattern Verb -de
          Quantity:
        </para>
        <para>
          Nl chide tài shlo.
        </para>
        <para>
          Guǎnyú zhèige, w8 zhidaode bù du8.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ kàn xiloshuǒ kànde bi w8 duo.
        </para>
        <para>
          W3 bú shi Jiào nl shlo mil yi-dilnr ma? Nl milde tài duB le!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          to 1/15 hectare. In English this is
        </para>
        <para>
          This piece of land used to belong to my father.
        </para>
        <para>
          He found that pen on the ground.
        </para>
        <para>
          Sleep on the ground! Even professors sleep there!
        </para>
        <para>
          You're going to work in the fields . so early!
        </para>
        <para>
          a lot&quot; Here are some more examples
        </para>
        <para>
          You're eating too little.
        </para>
        <para>
          I don't know much about this.
        </para>
        <para>
          He reads more fiction than I.
        </para>
        <para>
          Didn't I tell you not to buy very much? You bought too much!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          8. A: Zhèige gSngshè jīxièhuà yīhòu, mfiehln tígāole duō-sh*o?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Tígiole yíbàn du5 yidiàn, chàbuduō bàifēnzhī wúshiyf.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Since this commune was mechanized, how much has the yield per
          mu been increased?
        </para>
        <para>
          It was raised a little more than 'half, about fifty-one
          percent.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 8
        </para>
        <para>
          ,1 Ixièhuà: &quot;to mechanize; mechanization&quot; Jīxiè
          means &quot;machinery,&quot; &quot;mechanics,&quot; or
          &quot;mechanical.&quot; -Huà is the syllable which corresponds
          to &quot;-ize&quot; (make into), which you learned in the
          previous unit in xiàndàihuà. &quot;to modernize.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Nōngyè Jīxièhuà xiànzài shi        Agricultural mechanization
          is now
        </para>
        <para>
          nōngcūnde zhòngdiàn gōngzuō. the key task in rural' areas.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nimen dàduìde Jīxièhuà shuīpíng The level of mechanization in
          your xiāngding gǎo a.'                    brigade is quite
          high!
        </para>
        <para>
          yíbàn duō yidiàn: &quot;a little more than half&quot; CThe
          opposite, &quot; a little less than half, could be said as
          ehàyidiànr yíbàn. yíbàn ship yidiānr. or yíbàn bú dào
          yidilnr.J
        </para>
        <para>
          bSlfēnzhí wúshiyī: &quot;fifty-one percent&quot;- Chinese does
          not have a separate word for &quot;percent,&quot; expressing
          percentages with the same pattern used for all fractions.
          First, therefore, you should learn how to express fractions.
          In Chinese, the tvo parts of a fraction are stated in the
          reverse order from English, with the word -zhī in between.
          (-Zhī is a literary word with the same use as -de: possessive
          or modification marker.)
        </para>
        <para>
          sinf.ēn zhí èr
        </para>
        <para>
          (3 parts *8    2) &quot;tvo parts out of three,&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          i.e., &quot;tvo thirds&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are a few more examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          èrfēnzhl yī* -y- slnfěnzhī yī sìfēnzhl yī èrshifēnzhī yī
        </para>
        <para>
          sìfēnzhl vtt       bāfēnzhī wù        shíjiúfēnzhī shíqī
        </para>
        <para>
          Percentages (hundredths) are expressed like this:
        </para>
        <para>
          bàifēn      zhī wúshiyī
        </para>
        <para>
          (100 parts ’s 51) &quot;fifty-one parts out of one
          hundred,&quot; i.e., &quot;fifty-one one hundredths&quot; or
          &quot;fifty-one percent&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Normally, of course, you would say yíbàn.
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="lb">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark12" /><anchor id="bookmark13" />lb</title>
        <para>
          &quot;One hundred percent,&quot; therefore, is bāifēnzhl bāi:
        </para>
        <para>
          He is one hundred percent American.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Tā shi bāifénzhì biide Méiguo rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          9. A: HI jiù cānguānle &quot;Sìjìqìng?&quot; Biéde jlge
          xiānjìn gongshè ne? Shénme shíhou qù ya?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Guò jitiān jiù qù, pel jì-wèi nǒngyè zhuānjiā yìqī qù.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You've only visited Sìjìqìng? How about the other advanced
          communes? When are you going to them?
        </para>
        <para>
          We'll be going in a few days. We're going with several
          specialists in agriculture.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 9
        </para>
        <para>
          biéde           &quot;the other few&quot; Compare:
        </para>
        <para>
          Nl jiù cānguān gǒngshè ma?         You're only visiting
          communes?
        </para>
        <para>
          Bù cānguān biéde shenme dìfang? You're not going to visit any
          other kinds of places?
        </para>
        <para>
          xiānjìn: &quot;advanced&quot; This is used to describe people,
          work units, or methods of a high level, worthy of emulation.
          Individuals may be designated as advanced workers (xiānjìn
          gōngzuòzhé) by their unit leaders or elected by their fellow
          workers, and units such as factories and communes may be
          designated as advanced by government authorities. To qualify
          as advanced, a unit must have carried out all political
          movements successfully, successfully put into effect each
          policy directive, and completely met the quota for its product
          under the national plan.
        </para>
        <para>
          guò jitiān: &quot;in a few days&quot; (literally, &quot;pass a
          few days&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          Qìng nl guò yihuìr zii dālai.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Zài guò jìge xfngqì, tǎmen jiù yào shSu dāozi le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Bāba mima xiān dào le. Yòu guòle yihuìr, dìdi mèimei yí lii
          le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Please call back in a while. (In this case, guò yihuìr means
          dén. yihuìr.)
        </para>
        <para>
          In another few weeks, they are going to harvest the rice.
        </para>
        <para>
          Mother and father arrived first. Then after a while, younger
          brother and sister came too.
        </para>
        <para>
          zhuānj_iā: &quot;specialist, expert&quot; The ending -jlā
          enters into many words describing people. It has a slightly
          different meaning from -zhé, which you learned in unit. 1.
          -Zhe is only added to verbs; -jiā can be added to nouns as
          well as verbs. -Zhé means simply &quot;a person who...,&quot;
          but -jia is used for professionals or specialists in some
          activity. Thus, zuòjiā is &quot;professional writer,
          author,&quot; but zuòzhS is just &quot;writer&quot; (not
          specifying whether writing is the person's career).
        </para>
        <para>
          The ending -jiǎ is added to subjects of study, as in
          zhèngzhixuéjiā,
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;political scientist,&quot; and JlngJixuéjiǎ,
          &quot;economist.&quot; In the PRC, sone words with the
          endin&lt; -.1iǎ carry elitist overtones and are sometimes
          replaced by other terms.    _
        </para>
        <para>
          10. A: Zhèige dìqǔde nōngyè shēng-chǎn yōu shénme tèdiǎn ma?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Wǒmen shìzhe zúzhile jige zhuǎnyèhuàde gōngshè, tā-mende
          shēngchǎn bljiío yōu tèdiǎn.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Is there anything distinctive about the agricultural
          production of this region?
        </para>
        <para>
          We have organized a few specialized communes on a trial basis.
          Their production set-up is rather distinctive.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 10
        </para>
        <para>
          yōu shénme tèdiǎn ma?: &quot;does...have any distinctive
          points?&quot; is here translated more idiomatically as
          &quot;is there anything distinctive about...?&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          shìzhe zōzhile...: &quot;trying-ly organized...&quot; i.e.,
          &quot;organized on a trial basis”
        </para>
        <para>
          Ni shìzhe nèiyang zuō xíng bu xíng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèishuǎng xié wō shìzhe chuǎn, chuǎnbushàxig.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Try doing it that way and see íf it works.
        </para>
        <para>
          I tried to put these shoes on, but couldn't get them on.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Do not overuse shìzhe; there are other more common ways to
          express English &quot;try.&quot; Sometimes the idea of trying
          is implicit in the verb itself, as in
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèipiǎn wénzhǎng wō kànle,        I tried to read this
          article,
        </para>
        <para>
          kànbuxiàqù.                         but I couldn't.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō gǎile, tǎ bú yǎo.                I tried to give it to him,
          but
        </para>
        <para>
          he didn't want it (wouldn't take it).
        </para>
        <para>
          Sometimes, &quot;try&quot; can be expressed by reduplicating
          the verb:
        </para>
        <para>
          NT chuǎnchuan.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō chuǎnle chuǎn, chuǎnbushàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō kǎile kāi, kǎibukǎi.
        </para>
        <para>
          or by a reduplicated verb plus kin:
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō méi zuōguo jiǎozi, zuòzuo kàn ba.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Try it on.
        </para>
        <para>
          I tried to put it on, but couldn't get it on.
        </para>
        <para>
          I tried to open it, but couldn't get it open.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I've never made jiǎozi (dumplings), but I can try.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="is">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark14" /><anchor id="bookmark15" />IS</title>
        <para>
        </para>
      </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        zùzhi: &quot;to organize; organization
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèipiān wénzhāng zùzhide hèn hlo.
      </para>
      <para>
        Wōmen zKzhile yíge Kbdngtuán, xiXng dào Ōuzhōu qù wánrwanr.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige zùzhi yíjlng yōu wūshiwàn rén le.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Thia article is well organized.
      </para>
      <para>
        We organized a tour group; we want to go on a trip to Europe.
      </para>
      <para>
        This organization already has 500,000 people.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        &quot;special line/field/discipline; specialization&quot; in
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        zhuānyè:
      </para>
      <para>
        in the PRC for one's &quot;major&quot; subject specialization.
      </para>
      <para>
        Wō zài dàxué xuéde zhuānyè shi zhèngzhixué.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shùxué zhuānyè zhēn méi yìsi, nl wèishénme hái yào xué ta?
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige zhuānyè zài Zhōngguó hèn shāo yōu rén xué.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        This is used college, or for one's professional
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        My major in college was political science.
      </para>
      <para>
        Majoring in math is really boring; why do (did) you want to take
        it?
      </para>
      <para>
        Very few people study thia specialization in China.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        zhuānyèhuà; &quot;specialized; specialization&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Gōngchāngde zhuānyèhuà yuè lái yuè pūbiàn le.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhuānyèhuà(de) rémnín gōngshè yōu tāde hāochù.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        The specialization of factories is becoming more and more
        connon.
      </para>
      <para>
        Specialized communes have their advantages.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        11. A: Nimen gōngshè yōu zhème duō dà tuōlājí!
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Kg, píngjūn mèige dàduì èrshitaiT wōmen hái xiíng duō māi
        jltái ne!
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Your connune has so many large tractors .'
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes, every brigade has twenty on the average, and we want to buy
        a few more!
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Notes on Ko. 11
      </para>
      <para>
        tuōlājl: &quot;tractor&quot; This word may be a sound borrowing
        from the English word &quot;tractor,&quot; but it also makes
        good sense in Chinese, since the parts mean literally,
        &quot;drag-pull-machine.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        píngjūn; &quot;average&quot; This can be used as an adjective,
        an adverb, or a verb:
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhōngguō gōngrénde píngjūn         The average salary of Chinese
      </para>
      <para>
        shōurù bù duō.                      workers is not much.
      </para>
      <para>
        Píngjūn yíge rén shi.re Jiāozi How could an average of ten
        jiāozi zènme gòu.'                          (dumplings) per
        person be enough!
      </para>
      <para>
        Píngjūnqilai wSmen mèige rén When you average it out, each of
        ygu. shíkuāi qián.                  us has ten dollars.
      </para>
      <para>
        -tái: Literally, ’’platform” (as you learned in zhàntái,
        &quot;station platform&quot;), this 1* the counter for machines.
        (The word for &quot;machine,&quot; jIqì. is number 1U on this
        reference list.)
      </para>
      <para>
        mèige dèduì èrshitái: &quot;twenty for each brigade&quot; No
        verb is necessary here. Compare:
      </para>
      <para>
        Yíge rén yíkuài.                   One piece (e.g., of cake) per
        person.
      </para>
      <para>
        mèige xTngqí yícì                  once every week
      </para>
      <para>
        WSmen xuéxiìo píngjǔn wùge         In our school, there is one
        teacher
      </para>
      <para>
        xuésheng yíge lāoshī.              for every five students on
        the
      </para>
      <para>
        average.
      </para>
      <para>
        hái xièng dug mH Jitái: &quot;still want to buy a few more&quot;
        English &quot;more&quot; sometimes contains' the meaning of
        &quot;still, additionally&quot; (hái), so the word &quot;still”
        is not absolutely necessary in the English translation for US.
        Look at other examples of the common pattern hái... dug...;
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige xiāo nánháizl hái xiáng dug chi yíge píngguB, kèshi tā
        mama bù gèl!
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        This little boy (still) wanted to have another apple, but his
        mother wouldn't give it to him!
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        WS hái xíwàng dug xué Jlge yuè Zhgngwén.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        I would like to study Chinese for another few months.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Tā hái dèi dug dèng Jitiān cái néng zgu.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        He still has to wait another few days before he can leave.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        12. A: C6ng túpiìnshang kàn, nimen gǒngzudde hlo xfnkù.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Méiyou shenme xlnkù, Jiù shi zài xuéxlèo hòùblanr zhdng diínr
        cèi.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        From the picture it looks like you're working very hard.
      </para>
      <para>
        Not so hard. We're Just planting some vegetables behind the
        school.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 12
      </para>
      <para>
        túpiàn: &quot;picture, photograph&quot; This is usually used for
        photographs, as in tupiàn zhfaHn. &quot;photo exhibition&quot;
        (but some people use it for any kind of illustration).
      </para>
      <para>
        xlnkù: &quot;to be arduous, tiring, hard&quot; (literally,
        &quot;pungent-bitter&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        Tā báitiān zuò shi, wínshang It's too tiring for her, working
        niàn shù, tài xínkÙ le.            during the daytime and
        studying
      </para>
      <para>
        at night.
      </para>
      <para>
        NI zhème xlnkù yìo lèibìngde. You're going to get sick from
        fatigue by working so hard.
      </para>
      <para>
        zhèng: &quot;to plant&quot; or &quot;to grow&quot; things:
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèlkuàl dì zhdng shénme y? bu shǒu.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèng liángshi shi nóngmínde shi.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige shāoshù mínzú zèi shān-shang zhòngle bù shāo qíguàide
        dōngxi lái chi.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        You don't harvest anything you plant on this land!
      </para>
      <para>
        Growing-grain is the business of the peasants.
      </para>
      <para>
        This minority nationality grows a lot of strange things on the
        mountain to eat.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        13. zhuānyè
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        special line/field/discipline (See Notes on No. 10)
      </para>
      <para>
        14. Jíqì (Jlqi) (yltái)                machine
      </para>
      <para>
        While walking along WángfBjìng Boulevard in Béijīng, Ms. Olsen
        (A), an agricultural specialist iron the United States, and Chén
        Guōqiéng (B), from the China Travel Service, stop to look at the
        photos and articles displayed in the building of the Peopled
        Daily. They are looking at an article about a model connsune,
        SÌJÌqlng.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Zhèige dìfang shì bu shi wōmen yào qù cánguānde?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Shì. Guò liǎngtiān wōmen jiù qù.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        A: Wō kàn, zhèige rénmín gōngshè hǎoxiàng yōu yìdiǎnr tèbié ma,
        tā-mende shěngchǎn zhùyào shi shūcài hé shulguō.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Nl shuōde yìdiǎnr yé bú cuò, zhèi Jiù shi yōu míngde SÌJÌqlng
        Rénmín Gōngshè.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: &quot;SÌJÌqlng&quot;?
      </para>
      <para>
        B:   Duì le, &quot;yìnián sìjì&quot;de &quot;sìjì,&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;qlng shin là shuì&quot;de &quot;qlng&quot;. Nín zài
        Béijìng Fàndiàn chide cài dàbùfen dōu shi tamen shēngchǎnde.
      </para>
      <para>
        Is this one of the places we're going to visit?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. We'll be going in a couple of days.
      </para>
      <para>
        It looks to me as if this people's commune is rather special.
        Their production is mainly vegetables and fruits.
      </para>
      <para>
        You're absolutely right. This is the famous SÌJÌqlng People's
        Cossnune.
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;SÌJÌqlng?&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. &quot;SÌJÌ&quot; C&quot;Four Seasons&quot;! as in
        &quot;yinián sìjì&quot; C&quot;throughout the four seasons of
        the year,&quot; and &quot;qlng&quot; C&quot;green&quot;! as in
        &quot;qlng shān là shul&quot; C&quot;green hills and green
        water&quot;!. Most of the food you eat at the Béi-Jīng Hotel is
        produced by them.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Ou!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Tǎmen gōngshè yōu sìwànduō m3 t3dì, dàbùfen dōu shi
            càidì.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Càidìde miànji zhàn báifēnzhī
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        duoshlo? Zhèr yōu méiyou xiézhe?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Zhèr xiǎzhe ne. Càidì zhàn liǎngwàn liǎngqiǎn m3, yíbànr
            duō yidiǎnr.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Name, hái yōu yíwàn bāqiān m3 ne? Zhòngde dōu shi shénme?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Tǎmen shuǒ yòng yíwàn mǔ dì zhòng liángshi.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Oh!
      </para>
      <para>
        Their commune has over four hundred mu of land. Most of it is
        vegetable plots.
      </para>
      <para>
        What percentage do the vegetable plots take up? Is it written
        here?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes, it is. The vegetable plots take up 22,000 mu, a little more
        than half.
      </para>
      <para>
        And what about the other 18,000 mu? What do they grow there?
      </para>
      <para>
        They say they use 10,000 mu to plant grain.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: fig. ZhiJyào shěngchin shénme Hings hi?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Dàozi, yōu míngde Jīngxìdào! Bin lii zhèr yìhòu, tiíntiin
            chí!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        A: Aha! Yuánlái ’’Jīngxìdào’* shi Sì-Jìqīng shēngchinde.
        Tīngshuō chín-liàng hān gio ou! Muchin yōu yì-qiinduō Jin ba?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Yōu, milch in zing zài yìqiin yì-
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        qiin yìbii Jin zuōyōu.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Ng, zhēnde bú cuò. Nà lìngwài
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        biqiin mil dōu shi shuīguō?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Shi. Tāmen gōngshède shuīguō chinliàng yā hān gio.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Wō hii yōu yíge wèntí, quin gongshè yōu duōshio rénkōu,
            yōu duōshio liodònglì?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Yōu yíwàn ling bffbliduō hù, sì-
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        wàn sinqiinduō kōu rén, liingwàn liingqiinduō liodònglì, píngjǔn
        māige liodònglì dāi guīn liingmìl dì na!
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Yíge ren gain liingmìl dì hān xīnkù ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Zhǒng cài, shōu cài, xiànzài hii
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        mil bànfa kào Jíqì, quin dāi kào shōu, zānme bù xlnkil ne?
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Ml kàn, túpiànshang yōu bù shio tuōlijī, timende Jīxièhuà
        shuīpíng xiingding gio ma.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Zhèige gōngshè xiingding xiinjìn, yōu yìbii bishi liàng
        qìchē, dà xilo tuōlijī sinbii qīshiduō til, kāshi zhèixiē qìchě
        zhúyàode gong-zuò shi bi cài sèng dao chéngli qu.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Ng, wō dōng le, vS Juéde zhèige gōngshè hān yōu tèdiǎn,
            nī zài duō tintan, hāo bu hāo?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        What grain do they niy produce?
      </para>
      <para>
        Rice, the famous Capital-West rice. You’ve been eating it every
        day since you came here.
      </para>
      <para>
        Ah! So Sìjìqīng produces Capital-West rice. I hear that the
        yield is very high! The per-mu yield is over one thousand
        catties, isn’t it?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. The per-mu yield is always approximately 1,100 catties.
      </para>
      <para>
        Mm, that's really quite good. So then are the remaining 8,000 mu
        all fruits?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. Their commune has a very high fruit yield, too.
      </para>
      <para>
        I have one more question. What's the population of the whole
        coonsune, and how many laborers are there?
      </para>
      <para>
        There are 10,800 households, over U3,000 people, and over 22,000
        laborers. On the average, every laborer has to take care of two
        mu of land!
      </para>
      <para>
        Is it very hard work for one person to take care of two mu?
      </para>
      <para>
        At present they still don't have the means to adopt machines.
        Planting and harvesting have to be done entirely by hand. It's
        hard work all right.
      </para>
      <para>
        But look, in these pictures there are lots of tractors. Their
        level of mechanization is pretty high!
      </para>
      <para>
        This commune is quite advanced. They have 180 automobiles, and
        over 370 tractors. But the main Job of these vehicles is to take
        the vegetables into the city.
      </para>
      <para>
        Mm, I see. This seems to be a very distinctive commune. Could
        you tell me more about it?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Hlo a! Zhèige gōngshède mēige shēngchàn dàduì dǒu yǒu
            zìjīde shēngchàn shǒngdiàn—shēngchàn dàduì nl dǒng bu dǒng?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        A: Wǒ zhidao shēngchàn dàduì, shēng-chànduì, shenmede.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Nà hào, vǒmen guàn tàmen zhèi-zhǒng zúzhi shēngchànde bànfà
        Jiào zhuānyèhuà shēngchMn.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: À! Mēige shēngchàn dàduì dǒu yǒu zìjīde zhuinyè. Hàojíle.
        Zhèi duì fāzhàn shēngchàn yídìng yǒu hēn dàde hàochu.
      </para>
      <para>
        B:   Shi ma! Shēngchàn fāzhànle, rēn-
      </para>
      <para>
        mínde shēnghuǒ shulpíng cái néng tígào aa!
      </para>
      <para>
        A:   Nàme, zhèizhSng zhuānyèhuà shēng
      </para>
      <para>
        chàn zài quánguǒ shi bu shi hēn pffbiàn ne?
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Bú shi, quánguǒ dàbùfen gongshè zhúyào háishi shēngchàn
        liángshi, zài dà chéngshide Jin Jiāoqū cái yǒu xiàng Sìjìqìng
        zhèiyangrde gǒngshè.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Yǒu Jíhui, vǒ hái xiàng qù cān-guàn yiliàngge pùtōngde
        gǒngshè. Hái yǒu píngyuán hi shāndide nǒng-yè shēngchàn
        qíngkuàng dàgài yē yǒu hēn duo bù tǒng, rúguǒ yǒu Jl-hui, vǒ hēn
        xiàng qù liàojiē yíxià tǎmende qǔbié.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Hàode. ZuìJin Jīnián Zhǒngguǒ nóngyè Jiànshè fizhànde hēn
        kuàl. Nín shi zhuànjii, nínde yìjian duì vǒoende gǑngzud yídìng
        yǒu hēn dàde bāngzhu, vǒ yídìng duǒ gēi nín an-pai Jlge dìfang.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Bú bì kèqi, nín ānpaihàole, qīng zào yidiànr gàosu vo.
      </para>
      <para>
        Every production brigade of the commune has its ovn production
        priority-do you understand &quot;production brigade?&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        I knov about productions brigades, production teams, and so
        forth.
      </para>
      <para>
        Okay, veil ve call this method of organizing production of
        theirs specialized production.
      </para>
      <para>
        Ah! Each production brigade has its ovn specialty. Great. This
        must be of great help in expanding production.
      </para>
      <para>
        Sure! The people's standard of living can only be raised vhen
        produetion expands.
      </para>
      <para>
        So is this kind of specialized production very conuon throughout
        the whole country?
      </para>
      <para>
        No, most of the communes in the coúntry still mainly produce
        grain. It's only in the close suburbs of big cities that one
        finds conmunes like Sìjìqìng.
      </para>
      <para>
        If I get the chance, I'd also like to visit one or tvo ordinary
        communes. Also, farming production is probably very different on
        the plains from that in mountainous regions. If it's possible,
        I'd like very much to go look into the differences.
      </para>
      <para>
        All right. In the past few years, China's agricultural
        construction has been moving rapidly ahead. As an expert, your
        opinions can help us a great deal in our vork. I'll be sure to
        arrange a few more visits for you.
      </para>
      <para>
        You needn't be polite. Please let me knov soon after you've made
        the arrangements.
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise 1
      </para>
      <para>
        This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in
        this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed
        by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second
        speaker will confirm your answer.
      </para>
      <para>
        All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You
        may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
        times.
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise 2
      </para>
      <para>
        In this exercise, an American is looking over the selection in
        front of a vegetable stall in Dōngdān market in Beijing and
        strikes up a conversation with the salesperson.
      </para>
      <para>
        The conversation occurs only once, you’ll probably want to
        rewind the tape as you listen a second time.
      </para>
      <para>
        Here are the new words and phrases conversation:
      </para>
      <para>
        qíngjiāo běndi chū jú ge lìzi
      </para>
      <para>
        si Jì yìnián sìjì
      </para>
      <para>
        chūnjì qiǔjì si JÌ cháng là z3ng miànji
      </para>
      <para>
        Questions for Exercise 2
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        After listening to it completely, and answer the questions below
      </para>
      <para>
        you will need to understand, this
      </para>
      <para>
        green pepper
      </para>
      <para>
        this locality
      </para>
      <para>
        to produce
      </para>
      <para>
        to give an example
      </para>
      <para>
        four seasons
      </para>
      <para>
        in all four seasons of the year, all year round
      </para>
      <para>
        spring season
      </para>
      <para>
        fall season
      </para>
      <para>
        green all year round
      </para>
      <para>
        total area
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
        will be able to give them orally in class.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Where are green peppers grown?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. What is the main product of most people’s conmunes?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. How does the salesperson explain the components of the
            word SÌJÌoIngt
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            U. How much of SÌJÌqlng's total area is planted to
            vegetables?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
        to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may
        also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice
        saying your answers.
      </para>
      <para>
        Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
        indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
        sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise 3
      </para>
      <para>
        In this conversation, an American who is examining several
        varieties of rice in the Biijīng Agricultural Exhibition Center
        talks with a worker.
      </para>
      <para>
        Listen to the conversation once straight t-H-mugh. Then* on the
        second time through, look below and answer the questions.
      </para>
      <para>
        Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
        this conversation:
      </para>
      <para>
        plnzhíng Qi ānjIndio míngcí Ching Jiing Jiíngnin
      </para>
      <para>
        nóngyèqǔ in ping Suing Hi Questions for ExTcise 3
      </para>
      <para>
        Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
        will be able to give them orally in class.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. What is the chief characteristic of Capital-West Rice?
          </para>
          <para>
            variety
          </para>
          <para>
            Thousand-Catty Rice
          </para>
          <para>
            term* expression
          </para>
          <para>
            the Yangtze River
          </para>
          <para>
            the area south of the lower reaches
          </para>
          <para>
            of the Ching Jiang (Yangtze River)
          </para>
          <para>
            farming region
          </para>
          <para>
            shore, bank, coast
          </para>
          <para>
            to be flat* to be level
          </para>
          <para>
            the Yellow River
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. How are conditions in the Jiǎngnin region suitable for
            the devel-opnexxt of agriculture?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Hov does the yield of Thousand-Catty Rice compare with
            the average yield for grains?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            U. Describe the production brigade in Shǎnxī that the
            American heard about.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
        to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may
        also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice
        saying the answers which you have prepared.
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise U
      </para>
      <para>
        This conversation takes place during a visit by an American farm
        owner to the apple orchard of NánkSu Farm in Biijīng.
      </para>
      <para>
        Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind
        the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer
        the questions.
      </para>
      <para>
        You will need the following new words and phrases:
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  níngchlng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  farm
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nóngmín
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  peasant
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gǒngren
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  worker
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìnián bl yiniin duo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  more and more every year
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  píngjǔnshù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  an average number, a mean
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiànjln
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cash
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cúnkuXn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  savings
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dàibiíotuán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  delegation
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Questions for Exercise U
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. What is the first question the American asks the worker?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Who runs Ninkíu Farm?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. What are the differences between peasants and
            agricultural workers?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        1». How haw the income of peasants changed? What is the major
        cause of the change?
      </para>
      <para>
        J. What is the American's comment about the success of China's
        efforts to modernize agriculture?
      </para>
      <para>
        6. (Extra) Pretend that you are going to visit a farm around
        Blijīng. <subscript>a</subscript> Hat of questions you would
        like to ask the workers.
      </para>
      <para>
        After you hare answered these questions yourself, you may want
        to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may
        also want to listen to the conversation to help you pronounce
        your answers correctly.
      </para>
      <para>
        Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
      </para>
      <para>
        Thia dialogue takes place in front of a vegetable stall in
        Dōngdān market in BUjIng. An American customer (A) is looking
        over the selection.
      </para>
      <para>
        Here he talks with the salesperson.
      </para>
      <para>
        A:
      </para>
      <para>
        Ài, zhèige qíngjiāo hlo dà a! IS hèn xīnxian, shi bèndì chūde
        ba?
      </para>
      <para>
        Wow! These green peppers are so big! They're very fresh, too.
        They must be local produce, aren't they?
      </para>
      <para>
        B:
      </para>
      <para>
        Shi cōng Jiioqū láide.
      </para>
      <para>
        They come from the suburbs.
      </para>
      <para>
        A:
      </para>
      <para>
        Béijlng Jiāoqūde rénmín gōngshè dōu zhōng shūcài ma?
      </para>
      <para>
        Do all the people's communes in the suburbs of BèiJIng grow
        vegetables?
      </para>
      <para>
        B:
      </para>
      <para>
        Xiànzàide rénmín gōngshè zhūyào háishi zhōng liángshi, Jiāoqūde
        gōngshè yōu xie dàduì zhōng shūcài, dāngrán yō yōu zhuānyèhuàde
        gōngshè.
      </para>
      <para>
        These days most people's communes still mainly produce grain. In
        communes in the suburbs, some brigades grow vegetables, and, of
        course, there are also specialized conasunM.
      </para>
      <para>
        A:
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhuānyèhuà shi shénme yìsi?
      </para>
      <para>
        What does specialized mean?
      </para>
      <para>
        B:
      </para>
      <para>
        Zènme shuō ne? Wō shìzhe Jú ge lìzi ba.
      </para>
      <para>
        How should I explain it? I'll try and give you an example.
      </para>
      <para>
        A:
      </para>
      <para>
        ftg, nl shuō shuo kan.
      </para>
      <para>
        Mm, go ahead.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Bìfang shuǒ SÌJÌqlng zhèige gong- For instance, the commune
        SÌJÌqlng. shè.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: &quot;SÌJÌqlng” shi shénme yìsi?
      </para>
      <para>
        What does &quot;SÌJÌqlng” mean?
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        B: Ng, &quot;yī èr sān sì&quot;de &quot;si,&quot; &quot;chūn-Jì,
        qiūjì&quot;de &quot;Jì,&quot; &quot;qlng&quot; Jiù shi
        &quot;īa&quot;de yìsi.
      </para>
      <para>
        Si C&quot;four&quot;] as in yi èr sān si C&quot;one two three
        four&quot;]. Jì C&quot;season&quot;] as in chūnjì. qiūjì
        C&quot;spring season, fall season&quot;]. Qlng means
        &quot;green.&quot;
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: À! Nà shi si Jì cháng 15.de yìsi.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Ah! So it means &quot;green all year round.&quot;
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Duì le, Jiù shi yīnvei nèige gōngshè yìnián sìjì dōu shi
            lade, wōmen cái guln ta Jiào SÌJÌqlng. Nà shi ge xiānjìnde
            gōngshè. Tā-men Jiù zhōng cài!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Jiù zhōng cài?.' À! Duì le, duì le, suōyl guln zhèige
            gōngshè Jiào zhuānyèhuà gōngshè.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Ou, wō shuōde &quot;jiù zhong cài&quot; bú shi shuō
            bāifēnzhī bāi a! Jiù shi
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Right. It's precisely because the cojanune is green all year
        round that we call it SÌJÌqlng. It's an advanced commune. They
        grow only vegetables.
      </para>
      <para>
        Only vegetables? Oh! Of course. That's why they call it a
        specialized commune.
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh, when I said &quot;only vegetables,” I didn't mean one
        hundred percent! I
      </para>
      <para>
        ahu3, càidìde miànji hén di, zhàn gongshi z8ng miànjide
        bàifēnzhf ql-bǎshí!
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Suóyi zhèige xiànjìn gdngshè zhūyàode shēngchàn shi
            shǔcài!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Duì le, yìdiànr d5u bú cud! Zhèige dà qlngjiào jiù shi
            cóng nàr láide. DuS mài jlge ba!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Hào, w8 mài yìjln.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        mean that the area of their vegetable plots is very large. They
        make up seventy or eighty percent of the commune's total area!
      </para>
      <para>
        So the main product of this commune is vegetables!
      </para>
      <para>
        Right, absolutely correct. These big green peppers are from
        there.
      </para>
      <para>
        Buy a bunch of them!
      </para>
      <para>
        Okay, I’ll take one catty.
      </para>
      <para>
        Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
      </para>
      <para>
        In the Bàijlng Agricultural Exhibition Center, an American (A)
        is examining several varieties of rice. He talks vith a worker
        from the Center (2).
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Nlmende dàozi plnzhàng h?n duo ma!
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Plnzhàng shi bù shào, chànliàng bijiào gàode shi zhèi
            shíjízhSng.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Tàmende chànliàng zài zhèr ySu méiyou xiàzheT
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Xiàzhe ne! Nín xiànzài kàndaode shi Jīngxldào, múchàn
            yìqiǎn yìbài jin zuSydu.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Ò, zhè jiù shi Q&lt;ǎn.1 Indàode yìzhSng le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: dg. Jlngxldàode tèdiàn jiù shi hào chi.
            &quot;Qiinjīndào&quot; zhèige míng-cí zuì zào shi zài
            Jiingnén yd ng, xīknzài Jiàngnín dàozi chànliàng hái shi
            bijiào gio yixLe.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Duì, Jiàngnén duSbànr shi píng-yuán, méiyou shénme
            shàndì, shui ydu fàngbian, nóngyè shengchàn fāzhànqilai
            bijiào ydu tiéojiàn.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Jiù shi ma.' Sudyl Jiāngr.án yìzhí shi w8 guó zhdngyàode
            nóngyèqū.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        You have so many varieties of rice!
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes, there are a lot of varieties. The ones with the highest
        yields are these ten or so here.
      </para>
      <para>
        Are their yields written down here?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. What you're looking at now is Capital-West Rice. It has a
        per-mu yield of approximately 1,100 catties.
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh, this is one kind of Thousand-Catty Rice.
      </para>
      <para>
        Mm. Capital-West Rice is distinguished for being good to eat.
        The term Thousand-Catty Rice was first used in Jiàngnln Cthe
        area south of the lover reaches of the Yangtze River!. Today the
        yield of rice in that area is still comparatively high.
      </para>
      <para>
        Of course. Jiāngnén is mostly flatlands . There are hardly any
        hills. Water is convenient, too. The conditions are better for
        the development of agriculture.
      </para>
      <para>
        Exactly! That's why Jiāngnén has always been an important
        agricultural region of our country.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Búguò, wō xiāng xiànzài Huǎng He lilac ànda nōngyè shēngchln
        qíngkuàng ye &quot;bú cud le. Tlngshuó, xiànzài liíngshi méimù
        píngjūn chXnliàng dōu zài sì-vùbXijīn zuōydu le.
      </para>
      <para>
        B:   Chàbuduō shi zhèiyang. Wō xiXng
      </para>
      <para>
        zài gud J Iniin qíngkuàng huì gèng hXo yixiě.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Shíduōniǎn qiǎn vS tlngshuōguo
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Shanxi yíge shēngchXn dàduì net chàbuduō quǎn shi shāndì, méiyou
        jīmú dì shi píngde, kāshi tāmen mèiniǎn y? mai g?i guójiā bù
        shXo de liíngshi ne!
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Xiànzài, zhèiyangde dàduì, gōng
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        shè bù shXo le. Ching. Jiang. Jiāngnǎn, Huǎng Hé shang xia nXr
        dōu yōu a!
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Ng, bú cuò bú cud, Zhǒngguóde nōngyè dà yōu xīwàng!
      </para>
      <para>
        But I think that now agricultural production is quite good on
        both sides of the Yellow River. I hear that the average per-mu
        yield of grain is now around four or five hundred catties.
      </para>
      <para>
        That’s about the way it is. And I think -that in another few
        years the situation will be even better.
      </para>
      <para>
        Ten or so years ago I heard about a production brigade in Shǎnxī
        that was almost all on hilly land. There were only a few mu of
        flat land, but they still sold a lot of grain to the state every
        year!
      </para>
      <para>
        These days, there are a lot of brigades and communes like that.
        They’re everywhere—the Yangtze River, Jiāngnǎn, and the Yellow
        River area.
      </para>
      <para>
        Mm, great, great. China's agriculture has a great future!
      </para>
      <para>
        Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
      </para>
      <para>
        An American farm owner (A) is visiting BéijIng's Nǎnkōu Farm. In
        the apple orchard, he talks with a responsible person from the
        farm (C).
      </para>
      <para>
        C: Wōmende píngguō zènmeyàng? Hǎi How are our apples? Not too
        bad,
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        kéyi chī ba?
      </para>
      <para>
        A: í?g, zhěn bú cud, hān tiǎn, hèn hXo chi.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            C: Lǎi, zài chī yige!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        A: Ò, bù néng zài chī le, wǒmen Jiù liǎoliao tiǎnr ba!
      </para>
      <para>
        C: Hlo a! Nī xiXng liǎo shenme?
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Nimen nōngchǎngde zúzhi hé rénmín gōngshè yōu hān dàde qubié
        ma?
      </para>
      <para>
        C: Yōu. NŌngchXng shi guojiā bànde. Zài nōngchǎng gōngzuòde rén
        bú shi pútōngde nóngmín, shi nōngyè gōng-ren.
      </para>
      <para>
        are they?
      </para>
      <para>
        Mm, they're really good. Very sweet. Delicious.
      </para>
      <para>
        Here, have another!
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh, I can't eat any more. Let's just chat!
      </para>
      <para>
        Sure! What would you like to talk about?
      </para>
      <para>
        Is there a big difference between the organization of your farm
        and that of a commune?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. The farm is run by the state. The people who work on the
        farm aren't ordinary peasants, they're agricultural workers.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Ò. Nàae nōngyè gōngren shi ná zhèngftt gōngzīde. Tinen hé
        nōng-mín hi! yōu shénme bù yíyàngde meiyou?
      </para>
      <para>
        C: Méiyou shenme. TSmende gōngzuō shi yíyàngde, dōu shi gio
        nōngyè shéngchln.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Nōngyè gōngrende shōurù bí nōng-mín duō ba?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        C: Bù yídìng. Xiànzài yōu zìyōu ahichkng, yìbSnde nōngmínde
        shōurù dōu bí yíqián duōduō le.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Shì ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        A: LÍ wōmen nōngchàng bù yuinde dì-fangr yōu yige gōngshè,
        yíqián, Jì-xièhuà shuīpíng yé bù gio, dàjià xínxīnkùkū gōngzuōle
        yìnián, gōngshè shōurù bù duō, Jiáli fēnde yí bù duō, shēnghuō
        zhēn bù rōngyi. Kèshi xiànzài yōule zìyōu shìching tamende
        qíngkuàng hioduō le, chúle zhōng liángshi yíwài, tamen y? yōule
        shūcài, shuīguō, shenmede, shōurù yìnián bl yìnián duō a!
      </para>
      <para>
        A:   Name xiànzài píngjūn méige láo-
      </para>
      <para>
        dōnglì yìnián kéyi yōu duōshlo xiànjìn shōurù?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            C: PÍngjūnshù wō bú tài zhīdao. WŌ
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        rènshi yìjlā rén, Jlili yōu dàren xiíoháizi qī-bikōu, yŌu sìge
        bin láodōnglì. Cōngqián niánnián méiyou shénme xíìnlìn shōurù.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Zènme huì méiyou xiànjīn shōurù ne?
      </para>
      <para>
        C: Yìnián Jiù néng fēn diinr liáng-shi, nir hái yōu shénme
        xiànjín a!
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Xiànzài ne?
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh, so agricultural workers are on government salary.. Are they
        different in any other ways from peasants?
      </para>
      <para>
        Not really. Their work is the same. They’re both in agricultural
        production.
      </para>
      <para>
        Agricultural workers have higher incomes than peasants, don't
        they?
      </para>
      <para>
        Not necessarily. Now, with free markets, most peasants have a
        much higher income than before.
      </para>
      <para>
        Is that so?
      </para>
      <para>
        Not far from our farm there's a commune. In the past, their
        level of mechanization wasn't high. After everybody had toiled
        for a whole year, the commune didn't have much income, so each
        family's allotment wasn't much either. Life was really hard. But
        now, with free markets, their situation is much better. Besides
        growing grain, they now also have vegetables, fruits, and so on.
        Their income is more and more every year.
      </para>
      <para>
        So how much cash income can a laborer earn per year?
      </para>
      <para>
        I don't really know the average figure. I know one family with
        seven or eight adults and children, and four and a half
        laborers. It used to be that every year they didn't have any
        cash income.
      </para>
      <para>
        How could it be that they didn't have any cash income?
      </para>
      <para>
        In one year they could only get their little allotment of grain.
        How could they get any cash!
      </para>
      <para>
        How about now?
      </para>
      <para>
        C:   Qùnián tǎmen Jiǎ fSnle bǎ-Jiùbài-
      </para>
      <para>
        kuài qián, hái yǒu yíge háizi shàngle dàxué. NĪ kàn zànmeyàng a?
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Ng, shi hàodeduǒ le, kàshi vèi-shenme gàibiàn zhème dà ne?
      </para>
      <para>
        C:   Zhèi Jiù shi xiànzài zhèngfúde
      </para>
      <para>
        jingji zhèngcè hào a! Jingji zhèngcè gàibiànle, nǒngcūnde
        shēng-huǒ Jiu hào la! Xiànzài, nèige gǒngshè yǒu yíbàn duo
        yidiànrde hùr zài yfnhéngli yǒu cúnkuàn. Nl kàn, nà bú shi
        hàodeduǒ le ma?
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Nín shuō xiàng nèige gongshè nèi-yangde qíngxing zài quánguǒ
        shi bu shi hén pttbiàn ne?
      </para>
      <para>
        C:   Hèn pùbiàn... .Nimen zhèige nǒng-
      </para>
      <para>
        yè zhuǎnjiǎ dàibiàotuán zǒule nàme duǑ difang, kànle nàme duō
        nǒng-chàng, gǒngshè, nín Juéde zànme-yàng ne?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Wǒmen xiàng zhèijlnián Zhǒngguō nǒngyède xiàndàihuà shi
            gàode bú cuò.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Shi ma! WS gǎngcái shuōde nèige gǒngshè yà màile bù shào
            tuōlǎjī le. Tīngshuō xiànzài rnàige dàduì shívú-tái, tǎmen
            shuō tǎmen hái xiàng duō mài Jītái na!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        A: Hào a! Hào a!
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            C: Duì le, wǒmen nǒngchàng dà ménkǒu yǒu hào duō túpiàn,
            llbian yà yǒu nèige gǒngshède, vǒ dài nīmen kànkan qu!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        A: Hào! Zǒu!
      </para>
      <para>
        Last year their allotment was eight or nine hundred dollars, and
        one of their children started college. What do you think of
        that?
      </para>
      <para>
        Mm, that is much better. But vhy has the change been so great?
      </para>
      <para>
        That’s because nov the economic policy of the government is
        good. Since the economic policy changed, life in rural areas has
        been good. In that commune nov a little over half of the
        households have bank savings. See, isn't that much better?
      </para>
      <para>
        Would you say that that commune's situation is very common
        throughout the country?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes, it's very connon....Nov that your delegation of
        agricultural specialists has been to so many places and seen so
        many farms and communes, what are your opinions?
      </para>
      <para>
        We think that in the past fev years, the modernization of
        China's agriculture has come along very veil.
      </para>
      <para>
        You bet! That commune that I Just mentioned has bought a lot of
        tractors. I hear that each brigade nov has fifteen tractors, and
        they vent to buy even more!
      </para>
      <para>
        Great, great!
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh—at the front gate of our farm, there are a lot of pictures,
        including some of that commune. I'll take you to see them!
      </para>
      <para>
        Okay! Let's go!
      </para>
      <para>
        1.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        A:
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Wànll
      </para>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-6.png" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        zhěn y8u ma?
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        B: Chángchéng JīngguSle hloJige shEng, yígòng y8u yíwàn èrqiīn
        11 chúng.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Is the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li really ten thousand li
        long?
      </para>
      <para>
        The Great Wall goes through many provinces and is altogether
        twelve thousand li long.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. A: Tlngahuō. Wànll Chángchéng xiūguo hàojlcì le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Shi, c6ng Qíncháo dào xiànzài yìzhí zài xiū.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. A: Bādállngshangde Chángchéng hloxiang bú shi Qíncháo
            Jiànzhùde.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: 5g, ni shuōde duì, shi Ming-chío chōngxln jiànzhùde.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. A: Zài lìshlshang y8u zhème duō cì yòng BliJIng zuò
            shSudǔ.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Na shi ylnwei dìxíng hào.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. A: ZhèizhSng dìxíng bījilo rōngyi fíngbèi blifing líide
            qlnlúè.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. A: Nimen yōulàn Jìhuàll y8u méiyou ShTsinlíng?
          </para>
          <para>
            B:
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        W8 zhldao nimen Jiànzhù aōngxuBzhl duì Shísānlíngde dìxià
        gōngdiàn hln y8u xìngqu, w8men hōutiǎn qù.
      </para>
      <para>
        I’ve heard that the Great Wall has been repaired a great many
        times.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes, from the Qin Dynasty up until now, there have been repairs
        all along.
      </para>
      <para>
        It seems to me that the Great Wall at Bādállng wasn't built
        during the Qin Dynasty.
      </para>
      <para>
        Mm, you're right. It was rebuilt .from scratch during the Ming
        Dynasty.
      </para>
      <para>
        Throughout history Bíijīng has been used as a capital so many
        times.
      </para>
      <para>
        That's because the terrain is good.
      </para>
      <para>
        This kind of terrain makes it easier to guard against invasion
        from the north.
      </para>
      <para>
        Does your sightseeing plan include the Thirteen Tombs?
      </para>
      <para>
        I know that all of you in architecture and structural
        engineering are very interested in the underground palaces at
        the Thirteen Tombs. We'll go the day after tomorrow.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. A: Chúle gfldài Zhōngguō Jiànzhù yìahu yiwài. nimen hái
            xiXng qù kàn shénme?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: TIngshuS yōu Jīge jiàotáng y? kii men le. Wōmen xiang qù
        kànkan.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. A: Wō yào dào Tiān'ānmén qù kànkan. Zuò Jllù gōnggòng
            qìchě hXo?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Xīngqitiān qìchě kě jì le. Nl zuì hio zōuzhe qu.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            9. A: Wō hěn xìnshing nimen Jiěfàng ylh8u~gàide Shi Dà
            Jiànzhù.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Nín tài kèqi le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            10. A: Wōmen yljing Juédìng chile fàn yīháu qu mil dōngxi.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Háo. Cōng zhèr chuǎn^uB guXngchXng jiù yōu shāng-diàn le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            11. A: Gùgōng yìtiān kàndewán kanbuwán?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Yìtiǎn nXr kàndewán!
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            12. A: Shéi qùguo Zhōngguō, shéi jiù huì xiíngzhe ta.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            13. cháodài
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        What would you like to go see in addition to ancient Chinese
        architectural art?
      </para>
      <para>
        I've heard that there are also some churches which have opened.
        We would like to go see them.
      </para>
      <para>
        I want to go see the Gate of Heavenly Peace. What bus should I
        take?
      </para>
      <para>
        It's Sunday and buses are really crowded. It would be best to
        walk.
      </para>
      <para>
        I really admire the Ten Great Structures you've built since
        liberation.
      </para>
      <para>
        You're too
        polite.<anchor id="footnote1" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark16">1</link></superscript>
      </para>
      <para>
        We've already decided that after we eat we're going shopping.
      </para>
      <para>
        Okay, from here cross through the square and there are some
        stores.
      </para>
      <para>
        Can you see all of the Imperial Palace in one day?!
      </para>
      <para>
        How could you see it all in one day?
      </para>
      <para>
        Whoever goes to China will always think of it.
      </para>
      <para>
        dynasty
      </para>
      <para>
        11». The Major Chinese Dynasties
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Qlng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  16UU-1911
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Suí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  581-618
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ming
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1368-16UU
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  206 B.C.-A.D. 220
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yuán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1271-1368
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Qin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  221 B.C.-207 B.C.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1115-123U
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Zhou
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  c. 11th century-256 B.C.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Liío
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  916-1125
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Shing
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  c. 16th-llth century B.C.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Song
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  960-1297
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Xià
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  c. 21st-16th century B.C.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ting
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  618-907
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  BādílTng (BÍdàllng)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (mountain northwest of Bíijlng, site of a famous
                  section of the Great Wall)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -chío cháodài chángxln chuānguò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dynasty (bound form) dynasty
                </para>
                <para>
                  again, anew, afresh to pass, to cross
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dìxíng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  topography, terrain
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fíngbèi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to take precautions against
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gìi go ng di àn gōngzuòzh? gulngchàng gǔdài Gùgǒng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to build (buildings); to cover palace
                </para>
                <para>
                  worker
                </para>
                <para>
                  (public) square
                </para>
                <para>
                  ancient times, antiquity Former Imperial Palace
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  JI
                </para>
                <para>
                  Jiànzhù (-zhú, -zhu)
                </para>
                <para>
                  Jiàotáng
                </para>
                <para>
                  Juédìng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be crowded
                </para>
                <para>
                  to build, to construct; structure church, cathedral
                </para>
                <para>
                  to decide
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  k?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  indeed, certainly
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -11
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  li. a unit of length (1/2 km.)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  MÍngcháo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (name of a dynasty, 1368-16UU)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Suzhou
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Europe
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Qlánmen Qíncháo qlnlūè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a gate in Bíijīng)
                </para>
                <para>
                  (name of a dynasty, 221-207 B.C.) to invade;
                  aggression
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shèng Shísānlíng shSudū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  province
                </para>
                <para>
                  the Thirteen Tombs (Ming Tombs) capital
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tiān’ānmén
                </para>
                <para>
                  Tian Tin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the Gate of Heavenly Peace the Temple of Heaven
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wànll Chángchéng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xlnshàng xiū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to appreciate/enjoy/admire
                </para>
                <para>
                  to build, to construct (roads, reservoirs, etc.); to
                  repair; to trim, prune
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yíhéyuán (YÌ-) yìshu yóulàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the Summer Palace (in Blijīng) art
                </para>
                <para>
                  to sightsee, to tour, to visit
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        1. A: Wànll Chángeháng zhēn y3u
      </para>
      <para>
        yívàn 11 cháng ma?
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        B: Chángchēng jīngguòle hǎojīge shěng, yígòng yBu yívàn èrqiān
        11 cháng.
      </para>
      <para>
        Is the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li really ten thousand li
        long?
      </para>
      <para>
        The Great Wall goes through many provinces and is altogether
        twelve thousand li long.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 1
      </para>
      <para>
        11: A Chinese unit of length, equal to one-half kilometer. Lí.
        is often used to measure the noun lù (&quot;road,&quot; but here
        meaning simply &quot;walking or riding distance&quot;):
      </para>
      <para>
        CBng nl jiǎ dào xuēxiào yBu        How many 11 is it from your
        house
      </para>
      <para>
        jīlī lù?                            to the school?
      </para>
      <para>
        The unit of distance 11 is often used in rural areas, but rarely
        in the city.
      </para>
      <para>
        Wànll Chángchēng: You learned Chángchēng. &quot;the Great
        Wall,&quot; in the Meeting module. The descriptive term Wànll
        Chángchēng comes from the fact that the wall is over twelve
        thousand 11 in total length (approximately 6,700 kilometers).
      </para>
      <para>
        yBu yívàn 11 cháng: &quot;is ten thousand li long&quot; Use the
        verb yBu (not shi) in sentences telling or asking length,
        height, area, time, age, etc. In such sentences, y3u has the
        special meaning &quot;to attain, to come up to (a certain
        level).&quot;
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  CBng zhèr dào ■ huBchēzhàn !
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yBu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  duB yuǎn?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;How far is it from here to the train
                  station?&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ChàbuduB       !
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yBu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìlī 1Ù.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;It’s about one 11.&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nīde háizi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yBu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  duB dà?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;How old is your child?&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tǎ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  f yBu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  sǎnsui duō.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;He is over three years old.&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  : yBu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  duB gāo?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;How tall are you?&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  W8
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  : yBu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìmī bǎ.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;I’m one meter eighty (cm).&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Shànghǎide dōngtiǎn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ! zhī
                </para>
                <para>
                  : yBu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  liǎngge yuè.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Winter in Shànghǎi is only two months
                  (long).&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        The negative of such sentences uses mēiyBu:
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Dào huBchēzhàn zhēn yBu vull lù ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: MēiyBu wùlí, hen Jin.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Tǎ méiyBu vùshlsuì, tā cái sìshijí.
      </para>
      <para>
        Is it really five 11 to the train station?
      </para>
      <para>
        No, it isn’t. It’s very close.
      </para>
      <para>
        He isn’t (as old as) fifty years old; he’s only forty-something.
      </para>
      <para>
        jingguále hǎojìge shèng: goes through many provinces’* This
        sentence illustrates vail that completion -le is completely
        different from English past tense. Eves with completion -le, the
        verb still means &quot;goes throng^ <subscript>1</subscript>
        <superscript>w</superscript> not &quot;vent through.&quot; The
        completion of an event in the past can result in a present state
        (for example, the Great Wall was built in the past and is still
        standing), and so -le must sometimes be translated into English
        with the
      </para>
      <para>
        present tense. Other examples:
      </para>
      <para>
        W3 xiànzài dSngle ta vèishénme méi gēn tǎ jiéhūn.
      </para>
      <para>
        W&lt;5 dǎile yǎnjìng, nī dou bú rènshi w8 le, shì ma?
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèibēn shǔ jièshàole Mèiguóde zhèngzhi qíngkuàng.
      </para>
      <para>
        Nov I understand why he didn’t marry her.
      </para>
      <para>
        You don’t recognize me with glasses on, eh? (I am wearing
        glasses.)
      </para>
      <para>
        This book introduces the American political situation.
      </para>
      <para>
        shēng: &quot;province&quot; Shēng takes the counter -ge. or is
        sometimes used without a counter.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhǔngguó yfgdng yǔu èrshièrge shēng.
      </para>
      <para>
        China has twenty-two provinces altogether.
      </para>
      <para>
        2. A: Tīngshuǒ Wànll Chǎngchéng xiǔguo hǎojicì le.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Shì, cúng Qínchǎo dào xiànzài yìzhi zài xiū.
      </para>
      <para>
        I’ve heard that the Great Wall has been repaired a great many
        times.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes, from the Qin Dynasty up until now, there have been repairs
        all along.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 2
      </para>
      <para>
        xiǔ: &quot;to repair&quot; roads, structures, cars, radios,
        shoes, etc. Also, &quot;to trim&quot; hair, fingernails, or
        &quot;to prune&quot; trees, shrubbery, etc. Also, &quot;to
        build, to construct&quot; reservoirs, railroads, roads,
        irrigation ditches, etc.
      </para>
      <para>
        xiǔguo hlo jìcì le: &quot;has been repaired a great many
        times&quot; The -le at the end of the sentence adds on the
        meaning &quot;so far.&quot; Here are other examples of the
        pattern . . . -guo . . . -le:
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige dilaying tǎ kànguo liǎng- He has seen this movie tvice,
        and cì le, hǎi bù zhīdào zènme hui he still doesn’t know what
        it’s shì.                                all about.
      </para>
      <para>
        Tǎ kǎoguo liǎngcì le, dou bù He has taken the exam tvice, but
        xíng.                              didn’t make it either time.
      </para>
      <para>
        Qínchǎo: &quot;the Qin Dynasty&quot; (221-207 B.C.)
      </para>
      <para>
        ^ìzhí<subscript>B</subscript>_*ài<subscript>J</subscript>jiū:
        Literally, &quot;all-along in-process-of repair,&quot; i.e.,
        &quot;it has been being repaired all along.”
      </para>
      <para>
        3. A:
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Bādálīngshangde Chángchéng hloxiang bú shi Qíncháo jiànzhùde.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: jìg, ni shuode duì, shi Míng-cháo chúngrìn jiànzhùde.
      </para>
      <para>
        It seems to me that Cthe section of! the Great Wall at Bādálīng
        wasn’t built during the Qin Dynasty.
      </para>
      <para>
        Mm, you’re right. It was rebuilt from scratch during the Míng
        Dynasty.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 3
      </para>
      <para>
        Bādálīng: A mountain seventy-five kilometers northwest of
        Béijīng, over which passes a section of the Great Wall dating
        from the Ming Dynasty (1368-16UU). This is the usual spot to
        which tourists are taken to see the Great Wall. (Some people
        pronounce this with different tones: Bádàltng.)
      </para>
      <para>
        hāoxiang: &quot;to seem,&quot; but here meaning &quot;it seems
        to me,&quot; as in
      </para>
      <para>
        W8 hǎoxiàng zài nǎr Jiànguo        It seems to me I’ve seen this
        man
      </para>
      <para>
        zhèige rén.                         somewhere before.
      </para>
      <para>
        Ni hǎoxiàng gàosuguo vS zhèi- It seems to me you’ve told me jiàn
        shi.                           this before.
      </para>
      <para>
        jiànzhù: As a verb, &quot;to build, to construct&quot;:
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige dàlóu shi néinián           When was this building
        constructed?
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiànzhùde?
      </para>
      <para>
        As a noun, &quot;a structure&quot; or &quot;architecture&quot;:
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèi shi Qíncháode jiànzhù.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Tǎ shi xué jiànzhùde. chóngadn: &quot;again, afresh, anew&quot;
        Zhèixli pánziwàn xlde bù gǎnjing, qing ni chéngxīn xi yícì.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        This is a structure from the Qin Dynasty.
      </para>
      <para>
        He studied architecture.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        These dishes were not washed clean; please wash them again.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Chéngxīn is often followed by zài, &quot;again&quot;:
      </para>
      <para>
        ZuBde bù hāode huà, chéngxīn zài If (we) don’t do it well, we’ll
        do zu8.                                it all over again.
      </para>
      <para>
        h. A: Zài lìshlshang yǒu zhème duō Throughout history Beijing
        has been cì yòng Bíijlng zuō shSudū.     used as a capital so
        many times.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Nà shi yīnwei dìxíng hào. That’s because the terrain is
            good.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Notes on No. U
      </para>
      <para>
        zài lìshlshang: &quot;in history, down through history” Chinese
        often uses -shang, &quot;on,” where English would use ”in,&quot;
        especially for the meaning &quot;in such-and-such a field or
        area”: zài jíngjishang, &quot;in economy, economically&quot;;
        zài xuéxíshang, &quot;in (one’s) studies”; zài shěngchànshang,
        ”in production”; and, of course, bàozhishang, ”in the
        newspaper,” etc.
      </para>
      <para>
        yòng■..zuò...: ”to use... as...”
      </para>
      <para>
        Tā yòng tǎmen jiāde kètíng         He uses their living room as
      </para>
      <para>
        zuò bàngōngshì.                     an office.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. A: Zhèizhǒng dìxíng bijiào         This kind of terrain
            makes it easier
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        rōngyi fángbèi běifǎng          to guard against invasion from
      </para>
      <para>
        láide qínlflè.                     the north.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 5
      </para>
      <para>
        qínluè: As a verb, ”to invade”:
      </para>
      <para>
        Sūlián wèishénme qinluè Āfùhàn? Why did the Soviet Union invade
        Afghanistan?
      </para>
      <para>
        As a noun, ”invasion&quot; or &quot;aggression”:
      </para>
      <para>
        WSmen bìxū fángbèi Sǔliánde        We must guard against Soviet
      </para>
      <para>
        qinluè.                             aggression.
      </para>
      <para>
        beifang láide: &quot;coming from the north” The word cōng,
        ’’from,&quot; is often omitted from phrases such as the
        following:
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Nèige xuéxiàode Zhǒngguo xuésheng dǒu shi Táiwān láide
            ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Bú shi, y? yǒu dàlù láide.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Cong Shànghii qù Xīběi zhùde rén hen duo, Bàijlng qùde yé yǒu.
      </para>
      <para>
        Rén shi hǒuzi biànde.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Are the Chinese students in that school all from Taiwan?
      </para>
      <para>
        No, there are also some from the mainland.
      </para>
      <para>
        There are many people who have gone to live in the Northwest
        from Shànghài, and there are also some who have gone there from
        Bàijlng.
      </para>
      <para>
        Man came (&quot;changed&quot;) from the monkey
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. A: Nīmen yōulàn Jìhuàlī yōu meiyou Shísānlíng?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Wō zhīdao nīmen Jiànzhù gōngzuòzhě duì Shísānlíngde dìxiì
        gōngdiàn hěn yōu xìngqu, wōmen hòutiān qù.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 6
      </para>
      <para>
        yōulān: ’’to sightsee,” ”to tour&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Dào Běijīngde wàiguo rén dōu xiāng qù Shísānlíng yōulān.
      </para>
      <para>
        Dào Changchéng qùde yóulānchē měitiān sìbān.
      </para>
      <para>
        Does your sightseeing plan include the Thirteen Tombs?
      </para>
      <para>
        I know that all of you in architecture and structural
        engineering are very interested in the underground palaces at
        the Thirteen Tombs. We’ll go the day after tomorrow.
      </para>
      <para>
        Foreigners who go to Beijing all want to go to the Thirteen
        Tombs to sightsee.
      </para>
      <para>
        There are four tour buses to the
      </para>
      <para>
        Great Wall every day.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shísānlíng; &quot;the Thirteen Tombs,” also called &quot;the
        Ming Tombs,&quot; because they date from the Ming Dynasty. These
        are located outside of Běijīng.
      </para>
      <para>
        gōngzuòzhě: &quot;worker&quot; in a particular field, e.g.,
        Jiàoyu gōngzuòzhě, &quot;educational worker,&quot; xīnwén
        gōngzuòzhě, &quot;Journalist,&quot; yǔyán gōngzuòzhě,
        &quot;language worker.&quot; Such terms are PRC usage, sometimes
        created to replace titles with elitist connotations.
      </para>
      <para>
        Do not confuse this with the general term for
        &quot;worker,&quot; gōngren, which will be introduced in Unit 6.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. A: Chúle gǔdài Zhōngguō Jiànzhù yìshu yīwài, nīmen hái
            xiāng qù kàn shénme?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B; Tīngshuǒ yōu Jīge Jiàotáng you kāi mén le, wōmen xiāng qù
        kànkan.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 7
      </para>
      <para>
        gǔdài: &quot;ancient,&quot; the opposite mainly in compound
        words:
      </para>
      <para>
        Běijīng shi yíge gǔchéng.
      </para>
      <para>
        Gǔrén yōu yíjù huà, &quot;Jiāozhě bì bài.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Zài gǔshíhòu zhèige guōjiāde wénhuà yījīng hěn fāda le.
      </para>
      <para>
        Gǔdài is also used as a noun meaning
      </para>
      <para>
        What would you like to go see in addition to ancient Chinese
        architectural art?
      </para>
      <para>
        I’ve heard that there are some churches which have reopened. We
        would like to go see them.
      </para>
      <para>
        of xiàndài. Gǔ-, &quot;ancient,&quot; is used
      </para>
      <para>
        Běijīng is an ancient city.
      </para>
      <para>
        The ancients had a saying, &quot;Pride goeth before the
        fall.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        This country’s culture was already well developed in ancient
        times.
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;ancient times, antiquity.&quot;
      </para>
      <section xml:id="d">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark17" /><anchor id="bookmark18" />/D!</title>
        <para>
          yìshu: &quot;art,&quot; meaning either &quot;the arts&quot; or
          &quot;skill&quot; Yìshujiā is an &quot;artist.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          WS tīngshuō nī zài zhèr xuē yìshu, nī shi xué xiàndài yìshu
          háishi gǔdài yìshu?
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiāo shū shi yìzhōng yìshu.
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiàotáng: &quot;church,&quot; literally,
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I understand you study art here; do you study modern art or
          ancient art?
        </para>
        <para>
          Teaching is an art.
        </para>
        <para>
          religion-hall&quot;
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. A: W8 yào dào Tiān’ārunén qù        I want to go see
              the Gate of Heavenly
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          kànkan. Zuò jīlù gōnggòng Peace. What hus should I take? qìchē
          hào?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Xīngqītiān qìchē kě Jī le. It’s Sunday and buses are
              really Nī zuì hào zōuzhe qù.           crowded. It would
              he best to walk.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 8
        </para>
        <para>
          kē: Notice that kē, &quot;indeed, certainly, really,&quot; is
          often accompanied by le at the end of the sentence:
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō xiànzài zài kàn tā zuì xīnde I'm reading his latest book
          nov. shū, k? yōu yìsi le.                It's really
          interesting.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. A: Wō hēn xīnshāng nīmen Jiēfàng I really admire the
              Ten Great Struc-yīhòu~gàide Shi Dà Jiànzhù. tures you’ve
              built since liberation.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Nín tài kèqi le.                 You’re too polite.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 9
        </para>
        <para>
          gài: &quot;to build,&quot; only used for buildings. (Another
          common use of this word is as the verb &quot;to cover,&quot;
          which was the original meaning.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige fángzi gàile duSshXo nián le?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          How old is this house/building? (lit., &quot;How many years
          has it been since this house was built?&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          Shi Dà Jiànzhù; The &quot;Ten Great Structures&quot; in
          Bēijīng were designed and built in the 1950s by the Chinese
          themselves. The authorities wanted to modernize the layout of
          the capital and at the same time to commemorate the
          revolutionary victory and its heroes. The architectural styles
          include Western as well as traditional Chinese. The buildings
          are as follows: Bōi-jīng Railroad Station, Museum of Art,
          Museum of History, Great Hall of the People, Revolutionary
          Military Museum, Telegraph Building, Nationalities Cultural
          Palace, Agricultural Exhibition Hall, Workers Stadium, and the
          Monument to the People's Heroes.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. A: Wǒmen yìjīng Juédìng chile fàn yīhòu qù mǎi dōngxi.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hǎo. Cōng zhèr chuǎnguò guǎngchǎng Jiù yōu shǎng-diàn
              le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          We’ve already decided that after we eat we’re going shopping.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay, from here cross through the square and there are some
          stores.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 10
        </para>
        <para>
          Juědìng: &quot;to decide&quot; a course of action, or a
          &quot;decision”
        </para>
        <para>
          Tāmen Juedìng yào ban dào Nlǔ Yuē qù zhù le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō Juedìng míngtiān zài zuò zhèijiàn shi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō Juedìng qù le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō yào hé Huǎshèngdùn fǎngmian shǎngliang yíxià cai néng zuō
          Juedìng.
        </para>
        <para>
          chuǎnguò: &quot;to cross through&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          CŌng zhèr chuǎnguoqu Jiù dào le.
        </para>
        <para>
          They decided to move to New York.
        </para>
        <para>
          I’ve decided not to do this until tomorrow.
        </para>
        <para>
          I’ve decided to go. (Note that ~le is not attached to juédìng
          here even though &quot;decided” is a completed action. The
          verb which follows Juédìng prevents this.)
        </para>
        <para>
          I have to discuss this with Washington before I can make a
          decision.
        </para>
        <para>
          We Just cross through here and then we’re there.
        </para>
        <para>
          guǎngchǎng: &quot;square&quot; in a city (the literal meaning
          is &quot;wide-field&quot;)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              11. A: Gùgōng yìtiǎn kàndewǎn         Can you see all of
              the Imperial Palace
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          kànbuwǎn?                       in one day?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Yìtiǎn nǎr kàndewǎn!           How could you see it all
              in one day?!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 11
        </para>
        <para>
          Gùgōng; The full name is Gùgōng Bōwùyuàn, &quot;the Former
          Imperial Palace Museum.&quot; This was the palace of the
          ruling families of the Ming and Qìng dynasties. It is located
          in the center of Béijìng. In conversation it is usually
          referred to simply as the Gùgōng (literally,
          &quot;Former-palace&quot;).
        </para>
        <para>
          kàndewǎn kànbuwǎn?: &quot;can (one) finish seeing (it)?&quot;
          This is the compound verb of result kànwǎn, &quot;finish
          seeing,&quot; with the syllables -de- and -bu- inserted
          between the action and the result. Notice that in the question
          form, the affirmative choice is given first and the negative
          choice second, Just as in simple questions like qù bu qù
          (which means qù hǎishi bú qù). In some varieties of Standard
          Chinese, the question form of verbs like kàndewǎn
        </para>
        <para>
          follows the pattern Action bu Action-de-Result: Kàn bu
          kàndeván? This pattern is increasingly common.
        </para>
        <para>
          Gùgōng yìtiānkàndewán kànbuwán?: Note the placement of the
          time expression yìti&amp;n. <superscript>W</superscript>one
          day,” BEFORE the verb. Expressions telling that something is
          done WTrnlN a certain period of time (usually translated as
          &quot;in&quot; a certain period) come BEFORE the verb.’ Other
          examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          Nl yìtiǎn néng huílai ma?          Can you get back in one
          day?
        </para>
        <para>
          Méi wèntí, bàntiān Jiù huílai No problem. I’ll be back in half
          le.                                    a day.
        </para>
        <para>
          W5 yìhuìr yào chūqu.               I’ll be going out in a
          while.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ yíge zhSngtéu Jiù xuéhuì le. He learned it in Just an hour.
        </para>
        <para>
          W3 liángge yuè qù yícì.            I go once in two months.
        </para>
        <para>
          n&amp;r: The word for &quot;where&quot; is used here to make a
          rhetorical question (one to which no answer is expected)
          implying the negative of what it says. Other examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          Nár y&lt;5u name rèngyì!                Since when is it that
          easy’. (It
        </para>
        <para>
          isn’t at all so easy.)
        </para>
        <para>
          W8 nár zhldào tǎ yíjlng Jiéhūn How was I to know that she was
          lei                                  already married! (i.e., I
          had no
        </para>
        <para>
          way of knowing)
        </para>
        <para>
          12. A: Shéi qùguo Zhōngguó, shéi Jiù huì xiàngzhe ta.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Whoever goes to China will always think of it.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 12
        </para>
        <para>
          shéi...shéi Jiù...: &quot;whoever...&quot; You can use an
          interrogative pronoun— shéi, shénme, něige, zènme, náli,
          shénme shíhou, duōshào, etc.—in a dependent clause and then
          repeat it in the main clause to get meanings like
          &quot;whoever,&quot; &quot;whatever,&quot;
          &quot;however,&quot; &quot;wherever,&quot;
          &quot;whenever,&quot; &quot;however much,&quot; etc. The
          adverb Jiù, &quot;then,&quot; is often used in the main
          clause.
        </para>
        <para>
          NX xūyào shénme, w3 Jiù gěi nl shénme.
        </para>
        <para>
          I’ll give you whatever you need.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Náli duì nl zuì fàngbian wSmen Jiù zài náli Jlàn mi
                    an.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    We’ll meet wherever is most convenient for you.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shéi xiXng qù, shéi Jiù qù.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Whoever wants to go, goes.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          ’Remember: Time expressions referring to POINTS in time,
          including ones like &quot;in (by the end of) two days,&quot;
          go BEFORE; those describing the CONTINUATION of time go AFTER.
          (Review the note on placement of time phrases in the Meeting
          module, Unit 1, Notes on No. 6.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are some examples in which jiù is
        </para>
        <para>
          NX ài zénmeyàng zěnmeyàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nl shénme shíhou fāngbian, shénme shihou lái.
        </para>
        <para>
          not used:
        </para>
        <para>
          Do whatever you like.
        </para>
        <para>
          Come whenever it’s convenient for you
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài Táiwān, xiāngjiāo zSngshi They always have bananas in
          Taiwan; y3u; yào duōshǎo, y3u duōshào. there are as many as
          one could want (i.e., there are plenty).
        </para>
        <para>
          xiàngzhe: ”be thinking of, have on one’s mind” -Zhe on the end
          of an action verb like xiàng shows the prolonging of the
          action over a period of time. Compare these examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          Bié zhànzhe, zuòxia ba!             Don’t stay standing; sit
          down’.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nt tlngzhe!
        </para>
        <para>
          Nl mànmàn chi, wS děngzhe nl.
        </para>
        <para>
          W3 zài zhèr kānzhe ta, nl qù Jiao liàng Jiùhùchē.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Listen!
        </para>
        <para>
          Take your time eating; I’ll wait for you.
        </para>
        <para>
          I’ll stay here and watch him; you go call an ambulance.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
        </para>
        <para>
          13. cháodài
        </para>
        <para>
          dynasty
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Note on No. 13
        </para>
        <para>
          cháodài: The bound form -cháo must be preceded by a name (as
          in Qíncháo, ’’the Qin Dynasty”). Cháodài can be used alone, as
          in Zhèige gSngdiàn shi zài neige cháodài jiànzhude?, ’’In
          which dynasty was this palace constructed?”
        </para>
        <para>
          Unit J*, Review Dialogue
        </para>
        <para>
          An American architect, John Bernacki, is attending a Joint
          Sino-American conference on architecture in Bēijīng. During
          the conference, he has made the acquaintance of a certain Liú
          Yuèwén of the Chinese Institute of Architecture. They had the
          chance to talk a bit when Liú accompanied a delegation of
          American architects around the city to visit several ancient
          buildings.
        </para>
        <para>
          One evening toward the end of the conference, Bernacki is
          having coffee in the dining room of the Beijing Hotel. On his
          table he has spread out a tourist map of Beijing and a relief
          map of China, and is studying them intently. Just then, Liú
          Yuèwén comes over to his table carrying a cup of coffee.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Jintiǎn cǎnguǎnle Gùgōng hái bú
        </para>
        <para>
          gòu lèi ma? Hái zài zhèr kàn dìtú ne!
        </para>
        <para>
          B: À! Shi ni ya? Lái lái lái, zài zhèr zuò yihuīr. Ni he
          shénme?
        </para>
        <para>
          Kǎfēi?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Ùg, shi kǎfēi. Wō zài Déguode shihou hēchéng xíguàn le.
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   Duì le. Wō zěnme huì wàngle ni
        </para>
        <para>
          shi zài Déguo xuéde Jiànzhù. Hui guo zhème duō nián, méiyou
          zài qùguo Ōuzhōu?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: You qùguo yícì, nèi shi qījiǔ-nián, zhèicì bi shàngcì duo
          zōule Jige dìfang.
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   Shéi qùguo Ōuzhōu, shéi Jiù huì
        </para>
        <para>
          xiǎngzhe ta. Jiù xiang Zhōngguó yíyàng, láiguo Zhǒngguóde rén,
          bù guǎn shénme shihou, zōng hái huì xiǎngzhe ta.
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Shi a!...Gǎngcái wō láide shí-hour, ni hǎoxiàng zài yánjiū
          shénme?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Mei shenme, wō zài xiāng, Běijīng-de dìxíng he ná Beijing
          zuò shōudū yōu diǎnr guānxi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Aren’t you tired enough after visiting the Palace Museum
          today? Still here, reading maps!
        </para>
        <para>
          Ah, it’s you? Come on and sit down here for a while. What are
          you drinking? Coffee?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, coffee. I got in the habit of drinking it when I was in
          Germany.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh yes; how could I forget that you studied architecture in
          Germany.
        </para>
        <para>
          After so many years back in China, haven’t you gone back to
          Europe at all?
        </para>
        <para>
          I’ve been back once. That was in ’79. That time I went to a
          few more places than the previous time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Whoever goes to Europe will always think of it. It’s Just like
          China, no matter when it is that a person comes here, they’ll
          always think of it.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, indeed!...Just now when I came, you seemed to be studying
          something, is that so?
        </para>
        <para>
          Nothing much. I was thinking that the topography of Beijing
          has something to do with using it as the capital.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Nī shuōde duì, Beijing zài Huá-
        </para>
        <para>
          běi Píngyuánde zuì běibiān, xīběi kào shin, dǒng, nán shi
          pingyuan.
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   Zhèizhōng dìxíng rang rén ganjué
        </para>
        <para>
          bījiāo rōngyi fángbèi běifāng láide qīnlùè.
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Tèbié shi yōule Chángchēng yīhòu, gèng rōngyi fángbèi.
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   Tīngshuō Chángchēng xiūguo bù
        </para>
        <para>
          zhīdao duōshāo cì le.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Cong Qíncháo dào xiànzài, Cháng-
        </para>
        <para>
          chéng yìzhí zài xiū, women děi J ide bù guān shénme shihour
          wSmen dōu děi xiěoxīn Běifāng láide qīnlūè!
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Nī zhēn yōu yìsi. Duì le, wō xiǎng wSmen qiántiān qù
          kànguode nèiduàn Chángchēng hāoxiàng bú shi Qíncháo jiànzhude?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Èng, shi Míngcháo chóngxīn Jiànzhude. Qíncháode Chángchēng
          zài Bādálīng běibian liāngbāiduō līde dìfang. Suōyi lái
          Zhōngguō cān-guānde wàiguo péngyou plngcháng kàndaode
          Chángchēng bú shi zuì lāode yíduàn.
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   &quot;Wànlī Chángchēng” zhēn yōu yíwàn
        </para>
        <para>
          lī cháng ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Yōu, Chángchēng Jīngguòle qīge
        </para>
        <para>
          shěng, yígòng yōu yíwàn èrqiān lī cháng.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Chúle Chángchēng yīwài, wSmen Jīge Jiànzhù gōngzuòzhě duì
          Shísān-língde dìxià gōngdiǎn yě hen yōu xìngqu.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Tándao Zhōngguō gúdài Jiànzhù
        </para>
        <para>
          yìshu, nī qùguo Tiāntán ma? Nīmen-de yōulān Jìhuàli you
          r.éiyou Tiāntán?
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s right. Běijīng is in the northernmost part of the North
          China Plain. On the northwest it is bordered by mountains; to
          the east and south there are flatlands.
        </para>
        <para>
          This kind of topography made people feel as if it were easier
          to guard against invasions from the north.
        </para>
        <para>
          Especially after the Great Wall was built, it was even easier
          to guard against ^invasions!.
        </para>
        <para>
          I understand the Great Wall has been repaired I-don’t-know how
          many times.
        </para>
        <para>
          From the Qin dynasty down to the present the Great Wall has
          been under repair all along. We must remember that no matter
          when, we must always beware of invasion from the north!
        </para>
        <para>
          You're such a card. Oh yes—it seems to me that the section of
          the Great Wall we went to see the day before yesterday wasn’t
          built during the Qin dynasty, was it?
        </para>
        <para>
          Mm, it was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. The Qin Dynasty Great
          Wall is over two hundred li north of Bādálīng. So the Great
          Wall that foreign friends who come to sightsee in China
          usually see isn't the oldest section.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is the &quot;Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li” really ten
          thousand li long?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. The Great Wall passes through seven provinces and
          altogether is 12,000 li long.
        </para>
        <para>
          Besides the Great Wall, we building workers* are also very
          interested in the underground palaces of the Thirteen Tombs.
        </para>
        <para>
          Speaking of ancient Chinese architectural art, have you been
          to the Temple of Heaven? Is that on your touring schedule?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: ò, duì le, Tiāntán! Wō.xiàng-qilai le, tīngshuǒ Tiāntán
          gàide hěn tèbié. Kěshi, bù zhldào wèi-shenme, wōmende yóulán
          jìhuàli hāoxiàng mélyōu.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Bú yàojlnde. Wōmen he Zhōngguō
        </para>
        <para>
          Luxíngshè tányitán, rúguō tǎmen méiyou shíjiān ānpaide hua,
          wōmen kéyi zài XIngqītiān zìjī qù.
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   XIngqītiān zìjī qù! Hao jìhua!
        </para>
        <para>
          Nide xiānsheng, háizi, dōu kéyi lái ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Dàgài kéyi. Wō àiren he wōde
        </para>
        <para>
          dà érzi dōu shi gǎo jiànzhude, tā-men kéyi gěi ni hāohāor
          Jièshào yixià Tiāntánde jiànzhù tèdiàn.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Wōmen zènme qù ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Nl xiāng bu xiāng zōuyizōu lù a?
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   Kéyi a! Zài shuō, wo xiāng Xīng-
        </para>
        <para>
          qītiǎnde gōnggòng qìchě dàgài xiāngdāng ji.
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Ùg. Wōmen cōng Běijīng Fàndiàn zōu dào Tian'ānmén, ránhòu
          chuān-guò guāngchāng, bù yuān jiù shi Tiāntán le.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Hāo, jiù zhème juédìng le. Bú-guò, bù zhldào Tiāntán yōu
          duō dà? Bàntiān kàndewán ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Tiāntán bl Yíhéyuán xi&amp;ode duō, zhǔyàode jiànzhù jiù
          yōu liāngbù-fen. Bàntiān dàgài kéyi kànwán. Zènme, XIngqitiān
          nl hái yōu biéde shì ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   Xīngqītiǎn xiàwu yōu rén qlng
        </para>
        <para>
          women chī fàn. Bù hāo yìsi bú qù, kèshi xīnshāng jiànzhù
          yìshu, nà kè shi yàojlnde shir, bàntiān dagài bú gòu!
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, yes—the Temple of Heaven. That reminds me. I’ve heard that
          the Temple of Heaven is very special. But for some reason I
          don’t know, it doesn’t seem to be on our tour schedule.
        </para>
        <para>
          That doesn’t matter. We’ll talk about it with the China Travel
          Service, and if they don’t have time to set it up, we can go
          by ourselves on Sunday.
        </para>
        <para>
          Go ourselves on Sunday! That’s a great plan! Can your husband
          and children all come too?
        </para>
        <para>
          Probably. My spouse and my oldest son are both in building.
          They can do a proper job of showing you the special
          architectural characteristics of the Temple of Heaven.
        </para>
        <para>
          How shall we go there?
        </para>
        <para>
          Do you want to walk a little?
        </para>
        <para>
          That would be okay. Besides, I suppose the buses are pretty
          crowded on Sundays.
        </para>
        <para>
          Mm. From the Běijīng Hotel we walk to the Gate of Heavenly
          Peace, then we cross the square, and not far from there is the
          Temple of Heaven.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay. Then that’s the decision. Only, I wonder how large the
          Temple of Heaven is? Could we see it in half a day?
        </para>
        <para>
          The Temple of Heaven is much smaller than the Summer Palace.
          The main structures include only two parts.
        </para>
        <para>
          You can probably finish seeing it in half a day. Why? Do you
          have other things to do on Sunday?
        </para>
        <para>
          Sunday afternoon we’ve been invited to dinner. It would be
          embarrassing if we didn’t go, but admiring architectural art
          is certainly an important thing, and half a day probably won’t
          be enough!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Bú yàojīnde, zhèige Xīngqītiān
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          w3men zāo diSnr qù. Zāo qù zāo hui, Jiù kàn bàntiān. RúguS ni
          hái xiXng qù, w3men zài xiang bàn-fā yuè shiJian.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hao, Jiù zhèiyang le. W3 J ide
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zài Ōuzhōu canguān yige Jiàotáng hái děi yòng bù sh&amp;o
          shíjiān ne!
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Hāo le, Jiù zhèiyangr. Xīngqī-
        </para>
        <para>
          tiān zāoshang badiSn, zài lóuxià dà ménkSur Jiàn, rúguò yòu
          shénme gāibiàn, w3 zài dā diànhuà gěi nī.
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   Hāode, Jiù zhèiyang!
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s okay, this Sunday we’ll go a little earlier. We’ll
          leave early and come back early, and Just spend half a day
          there. If you still want to go we’ll try to arrange a time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay, that sounds good. I remember it takes quite a long time
          to tour a cathedral in Europe!
        </para>
        <para>
          All right, that’s our plan. We’ll meet at the entrance
          downstairs, Sunday morning at eight. If there’s any change
          I’ll give you a call.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay, that’s fine!
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-7.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The Great Wall of China
        </para>
        <para>
          Unit 1*, Tape 2 Workbook
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 1
        </para>
        <para>
          This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in
          this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English,
          followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then
          a second speaker will confirm your answer.
        </para>
        <para>
          All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once.
          You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise
          several times.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          In this exercise, Chinese friend at the Beijing Hotel.
        </para>
        <para>
          The conversation occurs only once, you’ll probably want to
          rewind the tape you listen a second time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are the new words and phrases conversation:
        </para>
        <para>
          pSolai páoqù
        </para>
        <para>
          yìshí
        </para>
        <para>
          Gēlúnblyà Dàxué
        </para>
        <para>
          háishi
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngshān Gongyuan
        </para>
        <para>
          shù
        </para>
        <para>
          -kě
        </para>
        <para>
          -zuò
        </para>
        <para>
          mùtou
        </para>
        <para>
          Liáodài
        </para>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          Prepare your able to give them
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Why does
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Why does
            </para>
            <para>
              answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
              orally in class.
            </para>
            <para>
              the American scholar want to stop talking about New York?
            </para>
            <para>
              his Chinese friend think New York is a special place?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              an American scholar visiting China talks with an old
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          After listening to it completely, and answer the questions
          below as
        </para>
        <para>
          you will need to understand this
        </para>
        <para>
          to run back and forth for the moment Columbia University it
          would be better to Sun Yatsen Park tree (counter for trees)
          (counter for massive objects) wood the Liáo Period
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Does the Chinese friend enjoy old things? How do you
              know?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              4. How do you get from the Běijīng Hotel to Sun Yatsen
              Park?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. Describe three attractions in Sun Yatsen Park.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you
          practice saying your answers.
        </para>
        <para>
          Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
          indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
          sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          In this conversation, Professor Michaels talks with Ms. Tang
          Làn, from the China Travel Service, while he packs his bags in
          his hotel room.
        </para>
        <para>
          Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
          second time through, look below and answer the questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
          this conversation:
        </para>
        <para>
          dXrSo
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          huàcè xūyàoliàng Jiēshdu līwù zhàopiàn ySuhSo dàibiěo
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          to disturb book of photographs
        </para>
        <para>
          need, demand
        </para>
        <para>
          to accept
        </para>
        <para>
          gift
        </para>
        <para>
          photograph
        </para>
        <para>
          friendship
        </para>
        <para>
          to represent; on behalf of
        </para>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
          will be able to give them orally in class.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. What does Ms. Tang Lan bring Professor Michaels?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Why does she bring this particular gift?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Why does she refuse the pen Professor Michaels offers
              her?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              4. How does Professor Michaels explain his gift of the pen
              so that it will be acceptable?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the conversation to help you
          practice saying the answers which you have prepared.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 4
        </para>
        <para>
          In this conversation, a young German student is touring the
          Great Wall at Bādallng when she meets a Chinese who was a
          classmate of hers three years before in Germany.
        </para>
        <para>
          Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind
          the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer
          the questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          You will need the following new words and phrases:
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ni háishi lǎo yàngzi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    You look as a bit
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    if you haven’t changed
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    bang
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be great
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    , to be terrific
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    weidà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be great
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (e.g., a leader)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mùníhēi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Munich
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shìzhèngfu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    city hall
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    zhengqí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be neat,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be tidy
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Questions for Exercise 4
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Why hadn’t the German gotten in touch with her Chinese
              friend yet?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. What plans of the Chinese government are bothering the
              German?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. What example does the Chinese friend give to show that
              modernization has made improvements in Bíijīng?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              4. What is the main reason the Chinese friend sees for
              building the hotel?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you
          pronounce your answers correctly.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          In this conversation, an American scholar visiting China (A)
          talks with an old Chinese friend of his (B) at the Beijing
          Hotel.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Mēicì lái Zhōngguō zōngshi yào
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          máfan.nī, péizhe wōmen pǎolai pǎo-qùde. Nī shénme shíhou ye
          dào Měiguo qù kànkan ma! Sān-sìshí-nián le, Měiguo yījīng
          biànde tài duō le!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shi a! Qù shi hen xiǎng qùde,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zhī shi yìshí hái zhǎobudào jīhui.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Gēlúnbīyà Dàxué cháng qīng tāmen-
        </para>
        <para>
          de lǎo xuésheng huíqu cānguān, yōu-lǎn. Wō shishi gěi ni ānpai
          yixiar.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Hǎode....Shuōqilai yě qíguài, Niǔ Yuē zhēn shi ge tèbiéde
          dìfang. Wō zhù zai nàrde shihou bù juéde zěnme tài hǎo, kēshi
          xiànzài cháng xiǎng-qi ta! Yōu hen duō lǎo liúxuéshēng cháng
          shuō, shéi zài Niù Yuē zhùguo' shéi jiu hui chángcháng
          xiǎngzhe ta!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Ò, wōmen bù tán zhèige le. Zài tánxiaqu wō yě yào xiǎng
              jiā le. Wōmen háishi chūqu zōuzou ba!
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hǎo a! Nī xiǎng qù nǎr a?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Beijing shi shōudū, yídìng yōu xie yōu yìside dìfang.
          Gùgōng, Yí-héyuán shenmede wō dōu qùguo le. Fùjìn hái yōu
          shénme biéde dìfang bījiǎo yŌu yìsi ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Cong zhèli chūqu wǎng xl zōu, chuānguo Tian’ānmén
          Guǎngchǎng, zài Tiān’ānménde xībianr yōu yíge gōng-yuánr, jiao
          Zhongshan Gōngyuán, lī-mian yōu bù shǎo piàoliangde gudài
          jiànzhù.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Shi shénme cháodàide Jiànzhù, yōu
        </para>
        <para>
          duáshao niánde lìshī !•-'?
        </para>
        <para>
          Every time I come to China I always trouble you to accompany
          us all around the place. You should really come see America
          some time! It’s changed a lot in thirty or forty years!
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, I’d love to go, it’s Just that for the moment I can’t
          find the opportunity.
        </para>
        <para>
          Columbia University often invites their old students back to
          visit and tour. I’ll try to arrange it for you.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay....It’s a funny thing, but Nev York is really a special
          place. When I was living there, I didn’t think much of the
          place, but nov I often think of it. A lot of old students
          returned from abroad often say that whoever has lived in New
          York will think of it often!
        </para>
        <para>
          Let’s not talk about this any more. If we keep talking about
          it, I’m going to start missing home, too. It would be better
          if we went outside for a walk!
        </para>
        <para>
          All right! Where would you like to go?
        </para>
        <para>
          Beijing is the capital, so it naturally has some interesting
          places. I’ve been to the Palace Museum and the Summer Palace.
          Are there any other interesting places near here?
        </para>
        <para>
          If you go out from here and walk to the west, then cut across
          Tiān’ānmén Square, then on the west side of Tiān-ānmén there’s
          a park called Sun Yatsen Park, and inside there are a lot of
          beautiful ancient buildings.
        </para>
        <para>
          What dynasty are the buildings from? How old are they?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Zuì zàode jiànzhù shi Liáodàide, chàbuduō yōu yìqiānniánde
          lìshì le. Nàr hái yōu qìkē gǔdàide dà shù, yě dōu yōu
          yìqiānduō nian le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A:
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Yōu, yōu yízuō dà diàn shi Míng-chaode shihour
              Jiànzhude, yòngde cáiliào quán shi mùtou, yě yìjīng
              chàbuduō yōu liǔbàiniánde lìshl.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Hào, nà wōmen xiànzài Jiù qù
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zōuzou.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: HÍode, zōu!
            </para>
            <para>
              Nèr yě yōu yōu míngde gōngdiàn ba?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          The earliest buildings are from the Liao Period. They are
          about a thousand years old. There are also seven ancient trees
          there, which are over a thousand years old, too.
        </para>
        <para>
          There’s a famous palace there too, isn't there?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. There’s a large palace which was constructed in the Ming
          Dynasty, made entirely of wood. That’s about six hundred years
          old, too.
        </para>
        <para>
          All right, then let’s go for a walk right now.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay, let’s go!
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          An American tourist, Professor Michaels (M), is packing his
          bags in his
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          hotel room. Ms. Táng Lán (T), from the door.
        </para>
        <para>
          China Travel Service, comes to his
        </para>
        <para>
          T: Màikè Jiàoshòu, dàrào nl le.
        </para>
        <para>
          M:   Mei shenme, kuài qlng zuō, wō
        </para>
        <para>
          zhèr luànqībāzāode, zài shōushi dōngxi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Professor Michaels, I’m disturbing you
        </para>
        <para>
          Not at all. Please sit down. It’s a mess here, I'm packing.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          T:   Shénme shíhourde fěijí ya?
        </para>
        <para>
          M: Wǎnshangde, hái z&amp;o ne, bù jí bù JÍ, nl zuō ma.
        </para>
        <para>
          T: Wō lái song gěi nín yìběn yōulán huàcè.
        </para>
        <para>
          M: Yōulàn huàcè? Jiù shi wōmen zài yōulSn Wànll Chángchéngde
          shihou, wō xiàng màide nèizhōng?
        </para>
        <para>
          T:   Jiù shi. Zhèizhōng huàcè xūyào
        </para>
        <para>
          liàng kě dà le.
        </para>
        <para>
          M:   Shì ma! Suzhou láide, yěizhōu
        </para>
        <para>
          láide, shénme dìfang láide kèren dōu xiàng m&amp;i yìběnr.
          Xūyàeliàng yídìng hěn dà.
        </para>
        <para>
          When’s your plane?
        </para>
        <para>
          In the evening. It's still early. No rush, no rush. Come on
          and sit down.
        </para>
        <para>
          I’ve come to give you a photographic travel book.
        </para>
        <para>
          A photographic travel book? Is it the kind I wanted to buy
          when we were touring the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li?
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. There sure is a great demand for this kind of book of
          photographs.
        </para>
        <para>
          Sure! Visitors from Europe, America, everywhere, all want to
          buy one. Of course there’s a great demand.
        </para>
        <para>
          T: Nèitiǎn zài BSdállng, nín méiyou māizháo, jintiǎn wō gei
          nín sònglai le.
        </para>
        <para>
          M:   Zhěn xièxie ni, zhème diǎnr xiǎo
        </para>
        <para>
          shir nī hái xiǎngzhe. Duóshao q.ián na?
        </para>
        <para>
          T:   Shi Luxíngshè song nínde. Wǒmen
        </para>
        <para>
          huānyíng nín zài lái.
        </para>
        <para>
          That day at BSdállng, you weren’t able to find one, so today
          I’m bringing you one.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you so much. Such a small thing and you still remembered
          it. How much was it?
        </para>
        <para>
          It’s a gift from the Travel Service. We welcome you to come
          back again.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Michael takes a Parker pen out of the pocket of his
          suitcase.)
        </para>
        <para>
          M:   Nà, zhèizhī bī song gei ni.
        </para>
        <para>
          T: Ò, bù kéyi, wǒmen bù kéyi jiē-shòu kèrende līwù.
        </para>
        <para>
          M*. Name song gei nimen Luxíngshè. Hái Jide nèitiǎn wǒmen zài
          Shísǎn-líng ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          T:   Dui, nèitiǎn nín hěn gāoxìng.
        </para>
        <para>
          M:   Xlnshǎng Zhōngguó gǔdài jiànzhù
        </para>
        <para>
          yìshu shi wō zuì gǎoxìngde shi. Nèitiǎn wǒmen zhào xiang le,
          nī hái jìde ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          T:   Jide. Nèitiǎn nín gěi wǒmen Lu-
        </para>
        <para>
          xíngshède Jīge tóngzhì zhàole xiāng, nín hái zài zhàopiàn
          hòu-mian yòng Zhōngwén xiěle &quot;Měi-Zhōng yǒuh&amp;o” sìge
          zì.
        </para>
        <para>
          M: Duì, nàme Jintiǎn nī song huàcè lai, wŌ song gei nimen
          yìzhl bī wèishénme bù kéyi ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          T:   Hǎo. Wō dàibiǎo tóngzhìmen xiè
        </para>
        <para>
          xie nín, huānyíng nín zài lái.
        </para>
        <para>
          Then, take this pen as a gift.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, I can’t. We’re not allowed to accept gifts from visitors.
        </para>
        <para>
          Then I give it to your Travel Service. Do you still remember
          that day at the Thirteen Tombs?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. That day you were very happy.
        </para>
        <para>
          The thing that makes me happiest is admiring the ancient
          architectural art of China. That day we took pictures, do you
          remember?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. That day, you took a picture of us comrades from the
          Travel Service, and you wrote on the back of the picture
          ’’American-Chinese friendship.”
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. So then today since you’ve brought me the photographic
          travel book, what’s wrong with my giving you a pen?
        </para>
        <para>
          All right. On behalf of the other comrades, I thank you and
          welcome you to come back again.
        </para>
        <para>
          M: Wō yídìng zài lái.
        </para>
        <para>
          I’ll be sure to.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 1*
        </para>
        <para>
          A traveler from Germany (B) is touring the Great Wall at
          BSdállng when she spots a Chinese friend (A) whom she met
          three years before when he was studying in Germany.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Ài! Xú Gang! Hái rènshi wō ma?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Ò! Shi ni ya! Sānnián bú Jiàn, ni háishi iXo yàngzi!
              Lái BěiJIng duo Jiu le?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Ha! Kàndao ni zhěn gāoxìng! Wō
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          lái zhèr yíge duō xìngqī le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yìzhí cānguān zhèr, cānguān nàrde, mángjíle, dōu méi néng gěi
          ni dS yige diànhuà. Nī hái zài Běidà ma?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Hái zài Běidà. Nìde Zhōngwén
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          yuè lái yuè bàng le ma!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bàng shénme ya? Hái bu shi má-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          mahuhūde! Duì le, zài zhèr kàndao ni zhèng hāo! Wō yōu yíge
          wèntí xiXng wèn ne, ni yōu méiyou shí-Jiān?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Yōu! Hl yōu shénme wèntí?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Wō Jide Chángchéng Jīngguòle hāo-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Jlge shěng, yōu yíwàn èrqiānduō 11 cháng.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Duì ya!
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Chángchéng shi Zhōngguó zuì wěi-dàde gǔdài Jiànzhù.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Duì ya! Chàbuduō shi zhèiyang.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: HXo. Name Qíncháode shíhour wèi-shenme yào xiū zhème
              chángde Chángchéng ne?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Dāngrán shi vèile fángbèi Běi-fang láide qlnlūè le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nàme, hlmen xiànzài wèishenme bù hXohāorde bXohù
              Chángchéng, nimen gǔdàide chuántōng ne?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shéi shuōde? Wǒmen bú shi yìzhí zài xiǔ ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Keshi tlngshuō nlmende zhèngfǔ
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          yljìng Juédìng zài Chángchéngde fǔjìn gài yíge xiàndàihuàde
          ^àn-
        </para>
        <para>
          Hey! Xú Gang! Do you still remember me?
        </para>
        <para>
          Well! It’s you! It’s been three years, but you still look the
          same! How long has it been since you came to Běijīng?
        </para>
        <para>
          Ha! It’s so good to see you! It’s been a week or more since I
          got here. I’ve been sightseeing all over the place all along,
          and haven’t been able to give you a call. Are you still at
          BěiJIng University?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, I’m still there. Your Chinese is getting more and more
          fantastic!
        </para>
        <para>
          What’s fantastic about it? It’s Just so-so, really! Oh
          yes—glad I’ve run into you here; I have a question I'd like to
          ask. Do you have time?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. What's your question?
        </para>
        <para>
          As I remember, the Great Wall passes through many provinces
          and is over 12,000 li long.
        </para>
        <para>
          . Right!
        </para>
        <para>
          The Great Wall is China's greatest ancient structure.
        </para>
        <para>
          Right! That's about the way it is.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay. And why did they want to build such a long Great Wall
          during the Qin dynasty?
        </para>
        <para>
          As a precaution against invasions from the north, of course.
        </para>
        <para>
          Then why aren't you doing a good Job of protecting the Great
          Wall, of protecting your ancient tradition?
        </para>
        <para>
          Says who? We've been repairing it all along, you know!
        </para>
        <para>
          But I hear that your government has decided to build a modern
          hotel in the vicinity of the Great Wall. If that's
        </para>
        <para>
          diàn. Rúguō zhēn shi nèiyangr, wō juéde yōu yìdiánr bú tai
          shūfu.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: À! Wō xiingqilai le. Zài Mùní-hēide shihou, w&amp;nen
              you yícì qù cānguān yíge láo Jiaotang.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Duì le. Wōmen zōuguò láo shì-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zhèngfǔ ménkōurde shihou, kàndao nàr yōu hěn duō hěn
          xiàndàihuàde fàngu&amp;nr, yě yōu zàzhì, shùbào, huàr
          shenmede, zhěn rang wo xīnli bù shūfu.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Hài, xiàndàihuàde shèhuì ma, zenme
        </para>
        <para>
          néng méiyou xiàndàihuàde dōngxi ne? Bīfang shuō Běijīngde
          Qiánménwài ba, cōngqián yōu hěn duō xiáo pùzi. Jiěfàng yīhòu
          xiuguo h&amp;o duō cì, hái shi bú tài háo, hōulái chóng-xīn
          gàile hěn duō dà shāngdiàn, Jiù zhěngqíde duō le. Yōu shénme
          bù h&amp;o ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   H&amp;o le, h&amp;o le, wō tóngyì le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shì ma! Nl kàn, zhèrde dìxíng
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          duō yōu yìsi, fěngjīng duō piào-liang. Lái zhèrde rén wánr
          yìtiān gòu ma?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Dàgài bú gòu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Jiù shi ma, yàoshi fújìn yōu yíge dà fàndiàn, nà duō
          fāngbian!
        </para>
        <para>
          B: H&amp;o le, hlo le, wō tóngyì le! Zōu, zánmen zài wing
          shàng zōuzou.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Zōu!
        </para>
        <para>
          really the case, then I feel rather bad about it.
        </para>
        <para>
          Ah! I remember. When we were in Munich, once we went to visit
          an old church.
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. When we walked in front of the old city hall, seeing
          all those modern restaurants, and the magazines, books,
          newspapers, paintings, and so on, it really made me feel very
          bad.
        </para>
        <para>
          Well, that’s modern society, you know! How can it do without
          modern things? Take Qiánménwài in Běijīng, for example. It
          used to have a lot of little shops. After liberation, it was
          fixed up many times, but it still wasn’t too good. Later a lot
          of new big stores were built, and it looked much neater.
          What's wrong with that?
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay, okay, I agree.
        </para>
        <para>
          Sure! Look, the terrain is so interesting here, and the
          scenery is so beautiful. Is one day enough for the people who
          come here?
        </para>
        <para>
          Probably not.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exactly. If there were a big hotel in the vicinity, how
          convenient it would be!
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay, okay, I agree! Come on, let’s walk on up!
        </para>
        <para>
          Let's go.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. A: Zhōngguō meitan zlyuán bù shào, chànliàng hen gāo.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Shi, xiànzài Zhōngguō méitàn chànliàng zài shìjièshang zhàn
          dìsānwèi.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. A: Cōngqiàn Zhōngguōde shíyáu dàbùfen zài lí blanJìng
              bù yuànde dìfang.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Xiànzài yànhài yídàide shíyōu ye fāzhànqilai le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. A: Zhèige kuàngqūde .1 īnshǔ gōngyè shi shénme shíhou
              kāishī yōude?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bāshi niāndài. Jlxiè gōngyè ye shi bāshi niándài cài
              yōude.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          China’s coal resources are large and output is high.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, China’s coal output ranks third in the world.
        </para>
        <para>
          In the past, China’s oil was mostly in places out near the
          border.
        </para>
        <para>
          Now oil in the coastal region is starting to be developed.
        </para>
        <para>
          When did the metal industry in this mining area begin?
        </para>
        <para>
          In the eighties. There wasn’t a machine industry until the
          eighties, e’i-ther.
        </para>
        <para>
          U. A: Zài guò shínián, dào Jiǔshi niandài chù, zhèige guōjiā
          dàgai hui biànchéng yíge Jingji qiàngguō.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Bù xíng, qlmà dài zài guò èrshinián.
        </para>
        <para>
          In another ten years, in the early nineties, this country will
          probably become an economic power.
        </para>
        <para>
          No, it will be at least another twenty years.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. A: Zhèiwèi zài guōwài yōu míngde gōngchengshī. huí guo
              yihòu zěnmeyàng la?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Huí guō yihòu yìzhí gāo zhòng gōngyè fāngmiànde jìshu
          gōngzuò.
        </para>
        <para>
          What happened when this engineer who was famous abroad went
          back to his country?
        </para>
        <para>
          He has been doing technical work in heavy industry since he
          returned to his country.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. A: Bú jiù shi Rìběn, xiànzài gèguō dōu hěn guānxǐn
              Zhōngguō yànhàide Jíngji Jiànshè.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Not only Japan, all countries are now interested in the
          economic construction of China’s coast.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shi. Yljīng yōu xǔduō guōjiā xiǎng he Zhōngguō yìqi zài nèi
          yídài chénglì xīnde gōngsī.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, there are already many countries which are thinking of
          establishing new companies with China in that area.
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="us">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark19" /><anchor id="bookmark20" />US</title>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. A: Tīngshuō zhèige nōngyèqū yījīng yōu lìliàng fāzhān
              gōngyè le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Jin shínián lái, zhèige dìqú-de nōngyè shēngchàn gāo de bú
          cuò, shōurù bù shào, gàole yìdiànr qīng gōngyè.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. A: Tīngshuō èrshinián qián yōu hěn duō niánqīng rén
              dàole nèige méiyou rénde qiōng dìfang.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Shi a! Kěshi xiànzài zhèngfú kéyi fàngxīn le. Nèige dìfang
          yījīng suàn Jiànshède bú cuò le.
        </para>
        <para>
          I hear that this agricultural area already has the capability
          to develop its industry.
        </para>
        <para>
          Over the past ten years, agricultural production in this area
          has been good and income has been high, so some light industry
          was set up.
        </para>
        <para>
          I heard that twenty years ago a lot of young people came to
          that poor and unpopulated place.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, but now the government need not worry anymore. That place
          can be considered to have been pretty well built up.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. A: Zōngde lái shuō ba, zhèige chéngshìde biànhuà shi
            </para>
            <para>
              hěn dàde.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Generally speaking, the changes in this city have been great.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shi a, zhàn zai shì zhōngxīn-de dàlóushang kànkan, wō dōu
          bú rènshi le!
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, standing on top of the building in the center of the
          city, looking out, I don't recognize anything anymore!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. A: Xǔduō Jīngji lìliàng bījiào ruòde guōjiā hěn gànxiè
              Zhōngguōde bāngzhù.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Wōmen yě shi yíge fāzhān-zhōngde guōjiā, kěshi wōmen hěn
          gāoxìng bang qítā guōjiā gāo jīngji Jiànshè.
        </para>
        <para>
          Many countries with relatively weak economies are grateful for
          China's help.
        </para>
        <para>
          We're still a developing country, too, but we're happy to help
          other countries in economic construction.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    11.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    hàiwān
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    gulf, bay
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guàngdōng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (a province, formerly Kwangtung)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    13.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hēilōngjiāng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (a province, formerly Heilongkiang)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1U.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shǎnxī
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (a province, formerly Shensi, now officially spelled
                    Shaanxi)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    15.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sichuan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (a province, formerly Szechwan)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    16.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tiānjīn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (a municipality, formerly Tientsin)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ba
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    bang biànhuà biānjìng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (marker of pause or hypothesis) to help
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    change
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    border, frontier
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    chénglì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to establish
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -chū
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    the beginning of (a time period)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    fang xīn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be unworried, to be at ease
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    gSnxiè
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be thankful, to be grateful
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    gè-
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    each, every, various, different
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    gōngchéngshl
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    engineer
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gulngdōng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (province in south China)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    guānxīn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be concerned about, to care about
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    hSiwān
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    bay; gulf
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hēilóngjiāng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (province in northeast China)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jin
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    the past..., the last...
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jīnshú
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    metal
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    kuàngqū
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    mining region
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    lìliàng (lìliang)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    power, force, strength
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    meitàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    coal
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    niándài
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    decade of a century
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qiáng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be strong
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qiángguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    powerful nation, a power
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qlmX
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    at least
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qīng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be light
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qīng gōngyè
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    light industry
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qióng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be poor
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qíti
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    other
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -qū
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    area, region, district
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ruò
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be weak
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ShínxI
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (province in north central China)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ...(lái) shuǒ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ...speaking
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sichuan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (province in southwest China)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    suàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be considered, to count as
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tianjin
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (municipality southeast of BěiJIng)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -wèi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    place, position (rank)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="ho">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark21" /><anchor id="bookmark22" />HO</title>
        <para>
          xǔduó
        </para>
        <para>
          yánhíi
        </para>
        <para>
          zhong zhōngxīn
        </para>
        <para>
          zīyuán
        </para>
        <para>
          zongde lái
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          many, much
        </para>
        <para>
          along the coast, coastal
        </para>
        <para>
          to be heavy
        </para>
        <para>
          center, heart, core, hub (natural) resources
        </para>
        <para>
          shuō                   generally speaking, on the whole
        </para>
        <para>
          /2/
        </para>
        <para>
          1. A: Zhōngguō meitàn zīyuán bù sháo, chànliàng hěn gāo.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shì, xiànzài Zhōngguō méitàn chànliàng zài shìjièshang zhàn
          dìsānwèi.
        </para>
        <para>
          China’s coal resources are large and output is high.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, China’s coal output nov ranks third in the world.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 1
        </para>
        <para>
          meitàn: ’’coal’’ In daily life (for coal is still used as a
          fuel in many homes in China), this is usually called simply
          méi. Tan by itself mpang ’’charcoal” (charcoal is also called
          mùtàn, literally, &quot;wood-charcoal”). Another word tàn,
          written with a different character but pronounced exactly the
          same, means the element &quot;carbon.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige dìfangde méitàn shēngch&amp;n Coal production is doing
          very well qíngkuàng bú cuò.                   in this place.
        </para>
        <para>
          zīyuán: &quot;resources&quot; This is used in such phrases as
          zirán zīyuán. &quot;natural resources,&quot; and dìxià zīyuán,
          &quot;underground resources.**
        </para>
        <para>
          Rìběn yōu zīyuánde wèntí.          Japan has a problem of
          resources,
        </para>
        <para>
          {refers to lack of resources)
        </para>
        <para>
          bù sh&amp;o: &quot;not few,&quot; i.e., &quot;many,&quot;
          &quot;large&quot; Remember that Chinese often uses bù to
          express the opposite of adjectives:
        </para>
        <para>
          Shíjiān bù záo le.                  It’s getting late.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nl zhēn bù cōngmíng.                You’re really dumb.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nèige guōjiāde JīngJi fāzh&amp;nde That country’s economy is
          developing búmàn.                           quite fast.
        </para>
        <para>
          dìsānwèi: &quot;third place&quot; -Wèi is the same word you
          learned in Něiwèi shi Gǎo Tongzhì?, but here it means
          &quot;place&quot; or &quot;position&quot; in a statistical
          ranking, -Wei also means &quot;place&quot; in mathematics:
          gèwèi, &quot;the units place&quot;; shiwèi, &quot;the tens
          place&quot;; bāiwèi, &quot;the hundreds place&quot;; etc.
        </para>
        <para>
          Use the pattern zhàn dì-...-wèi
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngguō rénkōu zhàn shìjiè dìyīwèi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yìndù dàozi chlnliàng zài shìjièshang zhàn dìjīwèi?
        </para>
        <para>
          for &quot;to rank in ... position&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          China’s population ranks first in the world.
        </para>
        <para>
          How does India’s rice production rank in the world?
        </para>
        <para>
          2. A: CŌngqián Zhōngguōde shíyōu dlbùfen zài lí biānjìng bù
          yuǎnde dìfang.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Xiànzài yánhǎi yídàide shíyōu ye fāzhǎnqilai le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 2
        </para>
        <para>
          biānjìng: ’’(national) border&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài biānjìng dìqǔ shēnghuó, gōng-zuòde rén, yídìng yào tebié
          xiaoxīn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige chéngshì lí biānjìng hěn Jin.
        </para>
        <para>
          zài lí biānjìng bù yuande dìfang: main verb of the sentence is
          zài, &quot;was goes with -de and describes dìfang. H
        </para>
        <para>
          In the past, China’s oil was mostly in places near the border.
        </para>
        <para>
          Now oil in the coastal region is starting to be developed,
          too.
        </para>
        <para>
          People who live and work in the border areas must be
          especially careful.
        </para>
        <para>
          This city is very near the border.
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;was in places near the border&quot; The in.&quot; The
          phrase lí biānjìng bù yuǎn re is a diagram of the structure:
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngguōde shíyōu zài
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          lí biānjìng bù yuin -de dìfang.
        </para>
        <para>
          China’s oil
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          was in not far from the border places.
        </para>
        <para>
          yánhǎi: &quot;along the coast,&quot; &quot;coastal&quot; (Yán,
          which you will learn in Unit 7, means &quot;along.&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèizhōng dōngxi shi yánhǎi        This kind of thing is found
          only
        </para>
        <para>
          dìqǔ cái yōude.                     in the coastal regions.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nèijlge yánhǎi chéngshì Jiàn- Those few coastal cities have
          been shède hěn kuài.                     built up very
          quickly.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yánhǎi yídài is a very common way of saying &quot;coastal
          region.&quot; You should also memorize the expressions yánhǎi
          gèshěng*, &quot;the (various) coastal provinces,&quot; and
          yánhǎi zìyuán, &quot;coastal resources.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          3. A: Zhèige kuàngqūde jìnshǔ gōngyè shi shénme shíhou kāishi
          yōude?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Bāshi niándài. Jíxiè gōngyè yě shi bāshi niándài cái yōude.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 3
        </para>
        <para>
          kuàngqū: &quot;mining area/region&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          When did the metal industry in this mining area begin?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          In the eighties. There wasn’t a machine industry until the
          eighties either.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Kuàng is the word for &quot;mine,&quot; as in
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          *0n the word gè-« &quot;various,&quot; see the Notes on No. 6.
        </para>
        <para>
          6&gt;3
        </para>
        <para>
          méikuàng, &quot;coal mine.&quot; -Qū means &quot;area,&quot;
          &quot;region,&quot; as in dìqù, &quot;region,&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiāoqū, &quot;suburbs,&quot; and shìqū, &quot;urban
          area.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige jìhua shi guǎnyu kuàng- This plan has to do with the qū
          Jiànshède.                       development of mining
          regions.
        </para>
        <para>
          Jìnshú: &quot;metal,&quot; literally,
          &quot;metal-category&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi shi Jīnshúde ma?              Is this (made of) metal?
        </para>
        <para>
          Xiànzài wǒmen zuò zhèizhong        Now we no longer make this
          kind of
        </para>
        <para>
          dōngxi bú yòng jinshú, dōu         thing out of metal, we make
          it out
        </para>
        <para>
          yòng zhi le.                         of paper.
        </para>
        <para>
          niándài: This has two meanings: (1) (as used in 3B) &quot;a
          decade of a century,&quot; e.g., èrshi niándài, &quot;the
          twenties&quot;; (2) &quot;period,&quot; &quot;era&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige gùshi xiěde shi shénme What period is this story about?
          niándàide shi?
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèipíng Jiú shi shénme nián- What vintage is this
          wine/liquor? dàide?
        </para>
        <para>
          jlxiè: &quot;machine,&quot; &quot;machinery,&quot;
          &quot;mechanical&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Wǒmen zhèlide shēngchán zhuyào kào Jlxiè.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Moqt of our production here is by machine.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Jlxiè is also pronounced JlJiè.
        </para>
        <para>
          Jīqì, &quot;machine,&quot; which you learned in Unit 3, is
          different from Jlxiè. Jīqì refers to individual machines;
          jlxiè is machines in general—machinery. Jiqì virtually- always
          translates as &quot;machine(s).&quot; Jlxiè is basically
          &quot;machinery,<superscript>H</superscript> but may translate
          as &quot;machine&quot; in certain phrases, like Jlxiè gōngrén,
          &quot;machine worker,&quot; Jlxiè gōngyè, &quot;machine
          industry,&quot; etc.
        </para>
        <para>
          U. A: Zài guò shinián, dào Jiúshi niándài chǔ, zhèige guōjiǎ
          dàgai huì biànchéng yíge JlngJi qiángguō.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Bù xíng, qimX děi zài guò èrshinian.
        </para>
        <para>
          In another ten years, in the early nineties, this country will
          probably become an economic power.
        </para>
        <para>
          No, it will be at least another twenty years.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. U
        </para>
        <para>
          zài guò shínián: &quot;in another ten years,&quot; &quot;after
          another ten years have passed&quot; Here are some more
          examples of the use of (zài) guò (Amount of Time):
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài guò Jīnián wō Jiù xíguàn I’ll get used to life here in
        </para>
        <para>
          zhèrde shēnghuó le.                 another few years.
        </para>
        <para>
          Guò jītiān tā Jiù yào qù Yìdàlì In a few days, he will be
          going zuō līngshì le.                     to Italy to be
          consul.
        </para>
        <para>
          -chū: &quot;at the beginning of&quot; a time period
        </para>
        <para>
          Míngniánchū wō qù Shanghai.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Yuèchū zài shuō ba!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          At the beginning of next year I’m going to Shanghai.
        </para>
        <para>
          We’ll see about it at the beginning of (next) month!
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige yuè chū tiānqi kāishī nuānhuo le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wénhuà Dà Geun ng chū wōmen shéi dōu hái bù zhldào shi zenme
          hui shì.
        </para>
        <para>
          The weather started to get warmer at the beginning of this
          month.
        </para>
        <para>
          At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, none of us knew
          what it was all about yet.
        </para>
        <para>
          qiángguō: &quot;strong-country,&quot; i.e., qīmā: (1) &quot;at
          least&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā xué Zhōngwén qīmā yōu wǔnián le, dànshi hái shuōde bù hāo.
        </para>
        <para>
          Měitiān wānshang wō qīmā yào kàn li&amp;ngge zhōngtóu shū cái
          néng shuì Jiào.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige rén zhēn néng pāo, měitiān qīmā pāo shier yīnglī.
        </para>
        <para>
          (2) &quot;minimum, lowest (required to be
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige rén! Lián qīmāde līmào dōu bù dōng!
        </para>
        <para>
          Nī lián zhè qīmāde dàolī dōu bù dōng?!
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;a (world) power&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          He has been studying Chinese for at least five years, but he
          still doesn't speak well.
        </para>
        <para>
          Every evening I have to read at least two hours before I can
          go to sleep.
        </para>
        <para>
          This guy can really run. Every day he runs at least twelve
          miles.
        </para>
        <para>
          acceptable), most basic, rudimentary&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          This guy! He doesn’t even understand the most basic manners!
        </para>
        <para>
          You don’t even understand this basic principle (of conduct,
          life, etc.)?!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Similar expressions include qīmāde tiáojiàn, &quot;the most
          basic conditions&quot;; qīmāde hu^njìng, &quot;the most basic
          environment(al conditions)&quot;; qīmāde zhīshi, &quot;the
          most rudimentary knowledge&quot;; qīmāde shuīpíng, &quot;the
          minimum level.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          5. A: Zhèivèi zài guúwài yòu míngde gōngchéngshì, hui guo
          yīhòu zěnmeyàng la?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Hui guó yīhòu yìzhí gǎo zhong gōngyè fāngmiànde Jìshu
          gongzuò.
        </para>
        <para>
          What happened when this engineer who was famous abroad went
          back to his country?
        </para>
        <para>
          He has been doing technical work in heavy industry since he
          returned to his country.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 5
        </para>
        <para>
          zěnmeyàng la?: &quot;what happened (to him)&quot; La is Just a
          contraction of le and a. Here are more examples of the
          extremely useful word zěnmeyàng, &quot;how is...,&quot;
          &quot;what happened (to)...,&quot; or &quot;do what&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Ránhòu ne? Ránhòu zěnmeyàng?
        </para>
        <para>
          Éi, hāo JInián mei kànjian Xiāo WÚ le, tā zěnmeyàng le?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yíge ren bù néng xiāng zěnmeyàng Jiu zěnmeyàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Ni yàoshi bú gàosu ta, tā huì duì ni zěnmeyàng ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bú huì zěnmeyàng.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nt dāsuan zěnmeyàng?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Ni xiāng wò yīnggāi zěnmeyàng?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: W2 bù zhīdào, ni yào zěnmeyàng Jiu zěnmeyàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          zhong: &quot;to be heavy,&quot; in several
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige Jīqì yòu duú zhòng?
        </para>
        <para>
          Gōngkè tài zhòng, zhěn lèi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Bú yào bā huà shuōde tài zhòng le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā- shòule zhòng shāng, xiànzài zài yīyuànli.
        </para>
        <para>
          And then? Then what happened?
        </para>
        <para>
          Say, I haven’t seen Xiāo Wú for many years. What ever became
          of her?
        </para>
        <para>
          A person cannot Just do anything they feel like doing.
        </para>
        <para>
          If you don’t tell him, will he try to do anything to you?
        </para>
        <para>
          He.won’t do anything.
        </para>
        <para>
          What are you going to do?
        </para>
        <para>
          What do you think I should do?
        </para>
        <para>
          I don’t know. Do whatever you want to do.
        </para>
        <para>
          senses:
        </para>
        <para>
          How heavy is this machine?
        </para>
        <para>
          I have too much homework; I’m really tired.
        </para>
        <para>
          Don’t put it too strongly.
        </para>
        <para>
          He was badly injured and is now in the hospital.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhòngliàng means &quot;weight&quot; (compare chānliàng,
          zhiliàng, shùliàng).
        </para>
        <para>
          The opposite of zhòng is qīng, &quot;to be light,&quot; which
          is introduced in No. 7, below.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. A: Bú Jiù shi' Rìběn, xiànzài gèguō dōu hěn guǎnxīn
              Zhōngguō yánh&amp;ide Jingji Jiànshè.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Shi. Yijīng yōu xǔduō guōjiā xiàng he Zhōngguō yìqī zài nèi
          yídài chěnglì xīnde gongsī.
        </para>
        <para>
          Not only Japan, all countries are now interested in the
          economic construction of China’s coast.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, there are already many countries which are thinking of
          establishing new companies with China in that area.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 6
        </para>
        <para>
          gèguō: &quot;various countries&quot; Gè-, &quot; fier like
          zhèi-, &quot;this,&quot; or nèi-, ^īhat. some nouns. Here are
          some examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          WSmen zài quánguǒ gèdì cānguān youlǎnle yíge yueì
        </para>
        <para>
          Xiànzài gèrén zuō gèrénde, sì-diǎn zai kāi huí.
        </para>
        <para>
          Gèwèi rúguō yōu shénme wèntí, qīng xiànzài tíchulai.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Tǎmen yòng gèzhSng xiàndàihuàde Jlqì •
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          each and every, various,&quot; is a speci-&quot; You can
          prefix it to counters and to
        </para>
        <para>
          We visited and toured all over the country for one month.
          (Gèdì is &quot;each place,&quot; &quot;various places.&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          For now, everyone can do what they want. We will have the
          meeting at four. (Gèrén is &quot;everybody.&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          If you all have any questions, please bring them up now.
          (Gèwèi is a polite form of address for a group of people,
          e.g., an audience. -Wèi is the polite counter' for people.)
        </para>
        <para>
          They use all kinds of modem machines. (GèzhSng is
          &quot;various kinds.&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          When a gè- phrase is followed in the sentence by dōu,
          &quot;all,&quot; it takes on the meaning &quot;every,&quot;
          &quot;all.&quot; Thus gèguō in sentence ŌA is translated as
          &quot;all countries.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          guǎnxīn; &quot;to be concerned about,&quot; &quot;to care
          about,&quot; &quot;to be interested in&quot; the welfare of
          something.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèrde iSoshī hěn guǎnxīn xué- The teachers here are very
          concerned sheng.                              about (care
          about) the students.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ hěn guǎnxīn kuàngqūde Jiànshè, He cares a great deal about
          the building sǎnge yuèli láikànguo hǎo Jī- up of the mining
          region; he came to cì.                                  see it
          many times in three months.
        </para>
        <para>
          xǔduō: &quot;many,&quot; &quot;a great deal (of),&quot;
          &quot;lots (of)&quot; This is a synonym of hěn duō, and used
          in the same ways.
        </para>
        <para>
          chenglì: &quot;to establish,&quot; &quot;to found,&quot;
          &quot;to set up&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Měiguō Diànhuà Diànbào Gōngsī In what year was AT&amp;T
          established? shi nainián chénglìde?
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="u7">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark23" /><anchor id="bookmark24" />U7</title>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. ■ A: Tīngshuǒ zhèige nōngyèqū yījīng yōu lìliàng fāzhàn
              gōngyè le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Jin shínián lái, zhèige dìqū-de nōngyè shēngchàn gāode bú
          cuò, shōurù bù shāo, gāole yìdiānr qlng gōngyè.
        </para>
        <para>
          I hear that this agricultural area already has the capability
          to develop its industry.
        </para>
        <para>
          Over the past ten years, agricultural production in this area
          has been good and income has been high, so some light industry
          was set up.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 7
        </para>
        <para>
          -qù: ’’area,” &quot;region,” &quot;district&quot; This word,
          which you have already seen in dìqū, &quot;area,&quot;
          &quot;region,&quot; and in kuàngqū, &quot;mining region,&quot;
          can combine with many other words, for example gōngyèqū,
          &quot;industrial region,&quot; nōngyèqū, &quot;agricultural
          region&quot; or &quot;fanning region,&quot; shāngyèqū,
          &quot;business district (of a city),&quot; fēngjīngqū,
          &quot;scenic spot,&quot; shānqū, &quot;mountainous
          district.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          lìliàng: &quot;power, &quot;force,&quot; &quot;strength&quot;
          In 7A, this is translated idiomatically as
          &quot;capability.&quot; Another example would be JingJi
          lìliàng. &quot;economic capability.&quot; Here are more
          examples (for the third one, you need to
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          know tuánj ié, &quot;unity&quot;):
        </para>
        <para>
          Wōmende lìliàng bú gòu, méiyou bànfā bāngzhu ni.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dà zìde shihou, bù néng yòng tài dà lìliàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tuánjié Jiù shi lìliàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Our power is insufficient;, there is no way we can help you.
        </para>
        <para>
          When typing, one should not hit too hard.
        </para>
        <para>
          Unity is strength.
        </para>
        <para>
          Shénme lìliàng yě bù néng bā wōmen fēnkāi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Jin...lái: &quot;during the last...&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Jin sāntiān lái, XiSo Huá hāo-xiàng xīnli hěn bù gāoxìng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Jin Jīnián lái, tā biànhuà hěn dà.
        </para>
        <para>
          Jin bāinián láide Zhōngguō lìshī hěn yōu yìsi.
        </para>
        <para>
          qlng: &quot;to be light&quot; in weight
        </para>
        <para>
          Xiāngzi bú zhòng, hěn qlng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Qlng gōngyè gōngren méiyou zhòng gōngyè gōngrende shōurù duō.
        </para>
        <para>
          No force can separate us.
        </para>
        <para>
          For the last three days, Xi&amp;o Huá has seemed very unhappy.
        </para>
        <para>
          In recent years, she has changed a great deal.
        </para>
        <para>
          Chinese history of the past hundred years is very interesting.
        </para>
        <para>
          The suitcase isn’t heavy; it’s light
        </para>
        <para>
          Light industrial workers do not have as high wages as heavy
          industrial workers.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. A: Tìngshuō èrshinián qián ySu hSn duō niánqīng rén
              dàole nèige méiyou rénde qiong dìfang.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Shi a! Késhi xiànzài zhèngfǔ kéyi fàngxìn le. Nèige dìfang
          yījìng suàn Jiànshède bú cuò le.
        </para>
        <para>
          I heard that twenty years ago a lot of young people came to
          that poor and unpopulated place.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, but now the government need not worry anymore. That place
          can be considered to have been pretty well built up.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 6
        </para>
        <para>
          èrshinián qián: Qián is a short form of yīqián. You can often
          substitute qiàn for yīqián when it comes at the end of a time
          phrase. Both words are commonly used in conversation and
          writing. More examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō lái Měiguo qián, shénme yě méi zhǔnbèi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yíge yuè qián, zhèige dàlóu hái méi gàiwán, xiànzài yījìng zhù
          rén le.
        </para>
        <para>
          qiong: &quot;to be poor&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Qiōng bú shi wèntí, làn cái shi* wèntí.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Before I came to America, I didn’t prepare anything.
        </para>
        <para>
          A month ago, this building wasn't even finished yet, and now
          there are already people living in it.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Being poor isn't a problem; it’s being lazy that’s a problem.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          fàngxìn: &quot;to be unworried,&quot; &quot;to be at
          ease,&quot; &quot;to put one’s mind at ease&quot; (literally,
          &quot;put down the heart&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          Nī bàn shi, wō fàngxìn.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          With you in charge (literally, &quot;Cifl you handle
          affairs&quot;), I am at ease, (reportedly said by Máo Zédōng
          to Huà Guófēng before Máo died in 1976)
        </para>
        <para>
          Nī fàngxìn háo le, wō huì xiXng Don’t you worry. I’ll think of
          a way. bànfade.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nī yíge rén qù, wō bú fàngxìn. I’ll worry if you go alone.
        </para>
        <para>
          suàn: &quot;to be counted as,&quot; &quot;to be considered
          as,&quot; &quot;can be regarded as&quot; This verb is used
          much more often than these English translations would seem to
          indicate. To really get the feel of what suàn means, you have
          to look at it in context. Here are some examples (the
          translations attempt to be idiomatic):
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Hángzhōu suàn bu suan gōngyè Would you say that
              Hangzhou is an chéngshì?                      industrial
              city?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bú suàn, suàn youlàn chéngshì. No, it's a tourist city.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Zènme duō cài, sār.shikuài qián bú suàn guì.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thirty dollars isn't expensive for so much food.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nl děi zìjī huì shuō nl xi&amp;ngde dōngxi cái suàn huì shuō
          Zhōngwén.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Tai xlèxie le!
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nà suàn shénme! Péngyōu ma!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You have to be able to say what you want to say before you can
          be considered to speak Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you so much!
        </para>
        <para>
          It’s nothing (literally, &quot;What can that be considered’’)!
          We’re friends, after all!
        </para>
        <para>
          Fāzhǎn hljiao kuàide yào suàn méitàn gōngyè hé Jīxiè gōngyè.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tiānjīn suīrán bú suàn zuì yōu míngde chéngshì, dànshi
          měi-nián yě yōu bù sh&amp;o rén qù cānguān.
        </para>
        <para>
          Shuō zhèizhōng huà hái suàn shi wàijiāoguān!
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi yě suàn Běijīng kXoyā ma? bú duì ma!
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài zhèi jīge xuéshenglī, tā hái suàn shi h&amp;o de ne, kěshi
          dōu bú tài h&amp;o.
        </para>
        <para>
          One would have to say the coal industry and the machine
          industry are the most rapidly developing industries.
        </para>
        <para>
          Although one would not call Tiānjīn a very famous city, quite
          a few people go there to visit every year.
        </para>
        <para>
          What kind of diplomat talks like that! (literally, ”{In view
          of the fact that he) says such things, can he still be
          considered a diplomat?!)
        </para>
        <para>
          They call this Peking duck? The flavor is all wrong!
        </para>
        <para>
          Of these students, I suppose he’s the best, but none of them
          is very good.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. A: Zōngde lái shuō ba, zhèige chéngshìde biànhuà shi
            </para>
            <para>
              hěn dàde.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Generally speaking, the changes in this city have been great.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shì a, zhàn zai shì zhōngxīn-de dàlōushang kànkan, wō dōu
          bú rènshi le!
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, standing on top of the building in the center of the
          city, looking out, I don’t recognize anything anymore!
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 9
        </para>
        <para>
          zōngde lái shuō: &quot;generally speaking,’’ &quot;on the
          whole’’
        </para>
        <para>
          Zōngde lái shuō, wōmen xuéxiào xuéshěngde shuīpíng dōu shi hěn
          gāode.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zōngde lái shuō, nīmende gōngzuò g&amp;ode bú cuò.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Generally speaking, our school’s students are of a very high
          caliber.
        </para>
        <para>
          On the whole, you did a good job.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A similar phrase using the pattern ...lái shuō is yìbān lái
          shuō, which means
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;generally speaking,&quot; &quot;ordinarily&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Yìbān lái shuō, wō neige yuè qù kàn ta yícì.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yìbān lái shuō, Huáshèngdùnde chūntiān hěn shūfu.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yìbān lái shuō, Zhōngguō rén zōngshi hěn kèqi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Generally speaking I go see him once a month.
        </para>
        <para>
          Generally speaking, spring in Washington is very comfortable.
        </para>
        <para>
          Generally speaking, Chinese people are always polite.
        </para>
        <para>
          ba: This is a new use of ba for you. It is used in colloquial
          speech to mark a pause in the sentence, setting off the topic
          which precedes it (in this case, zōngde lái shuō).
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige rén ba, bú shi zuò wài-Jiāoguānde cáiliào.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          This guy—he isn’t foreign service officer material.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          biànhuà: &quot;change(s)&quot; This is only used as a noun.
        </para>
        <para>
          Shínián bú Jiàn, tā biànhuà hāo He hadn’t seen her in ten
          years, and dà.                                 she had changed
          a great deal.
        </para>
        <para>
          shi: &quot;city,&quot; &quot;municipality&quot; Used mostly in
          reference- to the official city level of government, e.g.,
          Dàqìng shi, &quot;the city of Dàqìng,&quot; Běijīng shi,
          &quot;Běijīng municipality,&quot; shi bànde,
          &quot;city-run,&quot; yánhǎi gèshěng, shi, &quot;the coastal
          provinces and cities.&quot; Shi is also used in a few set
          phrases like shi zhōngxīn, &quot;center of the city,&quot;
          &quot;downtown.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          zhōngxīn: &quot;center,&quot; &quot;heart,&quot;
          &quot;core,&quot; &quot;hub&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Běijīng shi Zhōngguōde zhèngzhi, wénhuà zhōngxīn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Guāngzhōu shi yíge shāngyè zhōngxīn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wōmen hái méiyou tándao wèntíde zhōngxīn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Běijīng is the political and cultural center of China.
        </para>
        <para>
          Guāngzhōu is a commercial center
        </para>
        <para>
          We haven’t yet touched on the core of the question.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngxīn can also be used before a noun to modify it. It then
          translates as &quot;central**:
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèixiē niánde zhōngxīn gōngzuò The central task now and in
          the shi gāo jīngji Jiànshè.             coming years is to
          engage in
        </para>
        <para>
          economic construction.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. A: Xǔduō JlngJi lìliàng bījiāo ruòde guójiā hān gānxiè
              Zhǒngguóde bāngzhtL
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Many countries with relatively weak economies are grateful for
          China's help.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Wǒmen yl shi yíge fāzhān zhōngde guójiā, kěshi wō-men hān
          gāoxìng bang qítā guójiā gāo JlngJi Jiànshe
        </para>
        <para>
          We’re still a developing country,' too, but we’re happy to
          help other countries in economic construction.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 10
        </para>
        <para>
          ruò: &quot;to be weak&quot; (people or countries)
        </para>
        <para>
          gānxiè: &quot;to be grateful (for)&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngguó zhèngfǔ hen gānxiè        The Chinese government is
          very
        </para>
        <para>
          wàiguó zhuānjiā duì Zhōngguó- grateful for the help foreign de
          bāngzhu.                         experts give to China.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā feicháng gānxiè péngyoumen duì tāde guānxln.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Feicháng gānxiè.
        </para>
        <para>
          bang: (1) &quot;to help, to assist&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Bié JÍ, wS lái bāng ni.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          He is very grateful for his friends’ concern.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you so much, (formal)
        </para>
        <para>
          This is a less formal synonym of bāngzhu.
        </para>
        <para>
          Take it easy, I'll help you.
        </para>
        <para>
          (2) &quot;for (someone),&quot; &quot;as a help to
          (someone)&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Nī qù bāng wo ná xìn, hāo ma? Would you go get the mail for
          me, please?
        </para>
        <para>
          Bāng wō ná yíxià hāo ma?           Would you please hold this
          for me
        </para>
        <para>
          a second?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          In most cases, the context will clarify whether bāng is meant
          as &quot;to help someone do something&quot; or as &quot;to do
          something for someone,&quot; but ambiguity may arise:
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bāng wō zuò fan.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          She helps me cook.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          OR She cooks for me.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Using yìqī, &quot;together,&quot; can remove the ambiguity: Tā
          bāng wō yìqī zuò fan can only mean &quot;She helps me
          cook,&quot; meaning that the two people make dinner together;
          it could not possibly mean &quot;She cooks for me.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          qítā: &quot;other,&quot; &quot;else,&quot; &quot;the
          rest&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèixiē shū wō Jiù kànle liāng- I’ve only read two of these
          books, běn, qítā hái méi kàn.              I haven’t read the
          others yet.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nī qù Shànghíi, qítā rén ne? You’re going to Shànghāi; what
          about the others?
        </para>
        <para>
          Nī hái xiàng qù shénme qítāde dìfang, wSmen zài zuò ānpái.
        </para>
        <para>
          Chúle zhèige shi zhǔyào wèntí, qíti dōu mei guānxi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wǒ zhī Juéde bù hao yìsi, qítà méiyou shénme.
        </para>
        <para>
          If you want to go to any other places, we’11 make more
          arrangements.
        </para>
        <para>
          Besides this, which is the main issue, the rest doesn’t
          matter.
        </para>
        <para>
          I just feel embarrassed, nothing else,.
        </para>
        <para>
          In the waiting room of Beijīng Railroad Station, an American
          engineer, Mr. Sirnma (a), is standing in front of the railroad
          map of China, trying to locate a city. Zhū Wényà (B) of the
          China Travel Service enters the room with a train schedule in
          her hand.
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   Sàmūsī Xiānsheng, nín yàode shí-
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiānbiāo.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Ò, xièxie, xièxie. Yōu Zhōngguō zì, yōu pīnyīn,
              hāojíle, nīmende gōngzuō sùdu bī yīqián kuàiduō le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: LÚxíngshède gōngzuō yě děi xiàn-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          dàihuà ma! Duì le, wō gāngcái Jìn-laide shihou, nín hāoxiàng
          zài zhāo shénme. Wō yěxu kéyi bang nín zhāoyizhāo?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: NĪ kàn, Daqing bú shi zài Hēi-lōngjiāng ma? Wō zěnme
              zhSole bàntiān méi zhāodào ne?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Ò, nín zài biānjìngshang zhāo
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          dāngrán zhāobudào le, Dàqìng zài Hēilōngjiāngde zhōngxīn, zài
          zhèr ne!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Òu! Zài zhèr. Zài liùshi nián-dài, qīshi niàndài, zhèr
              shi yíge bījiāo tèbiéde JīngJi dìqū.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nín shuōde duì. Zhèige dìfang Jīngguòle chàbuduō
              èrshiniánde Jiànshè, fāzhānchéngle yíge yōu qīshiwàn
              rénkōude gōngyè chéngshì. Bāshi niándài chū yōu chénglìle
              Dàqìng Shì Rénmín Zhèngfū.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zài shì zhèngfūde līngdāoxià,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Dàqìngde Jiànshè sùdu dàgài gèng kuài le. Zuìjìn qítǎde gōngyè
          yōu méiyou shénme xīnde fāzhān?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Fāzhān bījiào kuàide yào suàn méitàn gōngyè hé Jīxiè
              gōngyè le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Méitàn shēngchān zài Zhōngguóde zhòng gōngyèli zhàn hen
              zhōngyàode dìwei, Dōngběi yìzhí shi méitàn
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Mr. Simms, the schedule you asked for.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you, thank you. It has Chinese characters and Pinyin,
          that’s great. You people are much faster on the Job than you
          used to be.
        </para>
        <para>
          The Travel Service has to modernize its work too, after all!
          Oh yes— Just now when I came in, you seemed to be looking for
          something. Perhaps I could help you?
        </para>
        <para>
          Look. Isn't Dàqìng in Hěilōngjiāng? How come I've been looking
          for it for so long and haven't found it?
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh',- of course you won't find it if you look near the border.
          Dàqìng is in the center of Hěilōngjiāng. Here it is!
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, here it is. In the sixties and seventies this was a rather
          special economic region.
        </para>
        <para>
          That's right. It went through about twenty years of
          construction to develop into an industrial city of 700,000.
          Then in the early eighties they established the People's
          Government of the City of Dàqìng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Under the leadership of the city government, Dàqìng is
          probably being built even faster. Has there also been growth
          in other industries recently?
        </para>
        <para>
          The coal industry and the machine industry would have to be
          counted among the more rapidly developing.
        </para>
        <para>
          Coal production has a very important place in China's heavy
          industry. Manchuria has always had a very high
        </para>
        <para>
          chānliàng hěn gāode diqǔ.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Duì, Dōngběi méitàn zīyuǎn bù shāo, shi zhòngyàode
              kuàngqǔ. Sà-mSsī Xiānsheng, nín yìzhí hěn guǎnxīn wōmende
              jīngji Jiànshè a!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shi a, vo shi gōngchéngshī, wō
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          yìzhí fēichǎng zhùyì Zhōngguō jīngji Jiànshède biànhuà, wō
          xīwàng Zhōngguō kuài yidiānr Jiànshèchéng yíge gōngyèhuàde
          guōjiā.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Xièxie nín. Xiànzài yōu hěn duō
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          vàiguo péngyou guǎnxīn wōmende Jiànshè, wōmen shi fēichǎng
          gānxiè-de. Zhōngguō hǎi shi yíge hěn qiōngde guōjiā, xūyào
          shìjiè gèguō zhuǎnjiāmende bāngzhù.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Nín tài kèqi le, nīmen gèfāng-miànde fāzhān sùdu hǎi shi
          xiāng-dāng kuàide. Érqiě, zhòngdiān fā-zhānde dìqǔ yě bù shào,
          wō xiǎng, nīmen yào zhòngdiān fāzhānde gōng-yèqǔ qīmā yōu
          shíge.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shi, yōu shíge.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Chúle Běijīng, Tiānjīn, Shànghāi, Dàqìng yīwài, Nèiměng,
          Shānxī, Sichuan, zhèixiē dìfang zài zuìjìn shíniǎnli dōu hui
          yōu hěn dàde biànhuà, duì bu dui?
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   Nín biě wangle, wōmende yǎnhāi
        </para>
        <para>
          yídài, zuìjìn Jīniǎn Jìnbu hěn kuài o! Tèbiē shi Guāngdōng.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Guāngdōngde qīng gōngyè yizhí
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          shi bú huàide.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Zuìjìn, nàrde shíyōu gōngyè yě gāode xiāngdāng bú cuō,
              nín méiyou tīngshuō ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Tīngshuō le. Wō zěnme hui vàng
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          le Zhōngguō hāiwānde shíyōu ne? Hǎi yōu, Yúnnǎnde tèdiān shi
          shénme ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          coal output.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, Manchuria has very large coal reserves. It’s an
          important-mining region. You've always been concerned about
          our economic construction, Mr.
        </para>
        <para>
          A ■&lt; Turns ’
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. I'm an engineer, and I've always paid attention to the
          changes in China's economic construction. I hope China will be
          built into an industrialized country very soon.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you. A lot of foreign friends are concerned about our
          construction now, and we're very grateful for it. China is
          still a poor country. We need help from experts of every
          country in the world.
        </para>
        <para>
          You're too polite. You’re still developing quite rapidly in
          all areas. And furthermore, you have quite a few key
          development regions. I believe there are at least ten
          industrial regions on which you are focusing development.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, there are ten.
        </para>
        <para>
          Besides Běijīng, Tiānjīn, Shànghāi, and Dàqìng, Inner
          Mongolia, Shānxī and Sichuan will all experience great changes
          in the next ten years, don't you think?
        </para>
        <para>
          Don't forget that our coastal regions have made rapid progress
          in the last ten years, especially Guāngdōng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Guāngdōng's light industry has always been pretty good.
        </para>
        <para>
          Recently, their petroleum industry has been doing rather well,
          haven't you heard?
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, of course. How could I forget China's gulf oil? And what
          is the distinguishing feature of Yúnnǎn?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shi Jīnshǔ gōngyè.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A:   Nī kànkan, Zhǒngguóde qíngkuàng
        </para>
        <para>
          bú cuò ma! Nánfangde Jīnshǔ gōngyè fāzhānde gèng kuàl le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zhèi shi zhēnde. Suīrán wǒmen
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          xiànzàide Jìshu lìliang hái hen ruò, kěshi wǒmen yídìng děi
          null Jiǎkuài fāzhānde sùdu.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Mei wèntí, Jīshínián yīhòude Zhōngguó yídìng kéyi biàncheng
          yíge JlngJi qiángguó.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Xièxie nín, búguò yěxǔ xuyào gèng cháng yidiānrde
              shíjiān.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Zhèi bù yídìng, yexǔ bú yào tài chángde shíjiān. Bīfang
          shuǒ shí-yóu ba! Yī Jiù wu ling niàn, nl-mende shíyóu
          chānliàng zài shìjiè-shang zhàn dìèrshiJiǔwèi, xiànzài ne,
          xiànzài shi dìbāwèi la!
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shíyóu gōngyè tèbié yidiānr, pu-biànde lái shuǒ, wǒmen hái
          yǒu bù shāo wèntí, zài xǔduō fāngmian wǒmen hái dāi xué.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Bú yào kèqi, bù guān shi shénme Jìshu wèntí, rúguǒ shi
              wǒ kéyi bāng mángde Jiù qīng gàosu wo.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tài xièxie nín le. Shàngcì nín bú shi shuǒ xiāng duō
              cānguān Jīge gōngyèqū ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shi a, yǒu méiyou kānéng?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Yǒu, līngdāo zhèng zai ānpái.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Nín fàngxìn ba!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Tài xièxie nimen le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          The metal industry.
        </para>
        <para>
          Look, China’s situation is pretty The metal industry of the
          south is developing even more quickly.
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s true. Although our technical capability is still weak,
          we must work hard to speed our development.
        </para>
        <para>
          That's no problem. In a few decades I’m sure China will become
          an economic power.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you, but perhaps it will take more time than that.
        </para>
        <para>
          Not necessarily, maybe it won’t be too long. Oil, for example.
          In 1950 you were twenty-ninth in the world in oil production,
          and now—now you’re in eighth place!-
        </para>
        <para>
          Th’e oil industry is a little special. Generally speaking,
          we.still have a lot of problems. We still have to learn in a
          lot of areas.
        </para>
        <para>
          Don't be polite. No matter what the technical problem, if it’s
          something I can help with, please let me know.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you so much. Remember you said last time that you would
          like to visit more industrial regions?
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. Does it look possible?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, ny superiors are arranging it right now. Don’t worry!
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you so much.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shíjiān bù zāo le, wǒmen zhǔnbèi It’s almost time.
              Let’s get ready shàng chě ba!                       to
              board the train.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Hāo, zǒu!                            All right, let’s go!
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 1
        </para>
        <para>
          This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in
          this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English,
          followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then
          a second speaker will confirm your answer.
        </para>
        <para>
          All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once.
          You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise
          several tim^p.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          In this exercise, a Chinese engineer meets an American guest
          in the First Heavy-Duty Machine Factory in Fùlāěrjī,
          Hěilōngjiāng.
        </para>
        <para>
          The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it
          completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer
          the questions below as you listen a second time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
          this conversation:
        </para>
        <para>
          rang nín Jiu deng le              I’ve kept you waiting
        </para>
        <para>
          zSnggōngchéngshī                  chief engineer
        </para>
        <para>
          j4ànli                              to establish
        </para>
        <para>
          Sūlián                            Soviet Union
        </para>
        <para>
          huā
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          to spend, to expend
        </para>
        <para>
          ch&amp;ng                             factory
        </para>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          Prepare your answers to these questions -in Chinese so that
          you will be able to give them orally in class.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. What does Mr. Sun write about?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. When was the factory founded?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. How much money did the government spend on the factory?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          U. When did Mr. Sun work there?
        </para>
        <para>
          5. What prediction does Mr. Sun make about the factory?
        </para>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you
          practice saying your answers.
        </para>
        <para>
          Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
          indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
          sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          In this conversation, an American visitor talks to a young
          Chinese technician in his Běijīng Hotel room.
        </para>
        <para>
          Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
          second time through, look below and answer the questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
          this conversation:
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguá          the People’s Republic of
          China
        </para>
        <para>
          guomín JlngJi                      national economy
        </para>
        <para>
          gēnzhe                              along with, in the wake of
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiù ná Sichuan lái shuo            take Sichuan, for example
        </para>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
          will be able to give them orally in class.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Why did the American visitor want to talk to the
              Chinese technician?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. How have light and heavy industry changed since 19^9?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. What is the policy with regard to agricultural
              modernization?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          U. What economic problem did Sichuan face in the seventies?
          Why?
        </para>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the conversation to help you
          practice saying the answers which you have prepared.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise U
        </para>
        <para>
          This dialogue takes place in Shanghai's Industrial Exhibition
          Hall. An American talks to an exhibit guide about light and
          textile industry.
        </para>
        <para>
          Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind
          the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer
          the questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          You will need the following new words and phrases:
        </para>
        <para>
          fingxhl gōngyè
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          textile industry
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          nílōng
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          nylon
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          huàxiān
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          synthetic fiber
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          nèidì
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          interior region (of a country)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Jiangsu
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          (coastal province, formerly spelled Kiangsu)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise U
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. What does the the exhibit guide say about the
              development of the textile industry?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Where did China's light industry begin?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. What industry has developed in Jiāngsū province?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          U. What does the exhibit guide say will occur in the next few
          years?
        </para>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you
          pronounce your answers correctly.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="tz9">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark25" /><anchor id="bookmark26" />tZ9</title>
        <para>
        </para>
      </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2
      </para>
      <para>
        In the foreign visitors’ reception room of the First Heavy-Duty
        Machine Factory in Fùlāěrjl, Heilongjiang, an American guest (A)
        is sitting on the sofa, leafing through a copy of the magazine
        China Reconstructs. A Chinese engineer (B) walks in, carrying a
        briefcase under his arm.
      </para>
      <para>
        B:   Duìbuql, duìbuql, rang nín jiu
      </para>
      <para>
        děng le.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Méi shenme, wō lèile bú dào shí-fēn zhōng. Nī Jiù shi Sun
        Zōng-gōngchéngshl ba?
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Wō Jiù shì.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Sun Xiansheng, hěn zSo yīqián wo
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Jiu kànguo nínde wénzhāng, nín duì Jixiè gōngyède yáxxjiū zài
        guōwài shi hěn yōu míngde. Jlntiān néng kàndao nín, kàndao
        nlmende chěng, wō hěn gāoxìng.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Xièxie nín. Zhèige chāng shi wūshi niándài chū Jiànlìde.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Nà shi Xīn Zhōngguō chénglì yīhòu bù Jiūde shì.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Shìde, shi zài dìyīge wǔnián Jìhuàzhōng Jiànlìde.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Shi Sūlián bang nimen Jiànshède ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Bú shi, wánquán shi Zhōngguō rénmín zìjī Jiànshède. Nèige
            shihou zhèngfū yōngle liùge yì lái Jiànshè zhèige chāng.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Liùge yì?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Liù yì Rénmíribì. Nèige shihou, wōmen hěn qiōng,
            Hěilōngjiāng you shi yíge biǎnjiáng dìqū, wōmen zhēn shi
            lián qímāde Jìshu tiáo-Jiàn dōu méiyōu. Kěshi zhèige chāng
            Jiù zài Dāngde līngdǎo hé dàjiāde nūlì xià, fǎzhānqilai le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        I’m sorry, I’m sorry, I’ve kept you waiting.
      </para>
      <para>
        That’s all right, I’ve been here less than ten minutes. You must
        be Chief Engineer Sun?
      </para>
      <para>
        That’s right.
      </para>
      <para>
        Mr. Sun, I read your writings a long time ago. Your research in
        the machine industry is very famous abroad. I’m very happy to be
        able to meet you today and see the factory.
      </para>
      <para>
        Thank you. This factory of ours was founded in the early
        fifties.
      </para>
      <para>
        Then it wasn’t too long after New China was established.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. It was set up during the first five-year plan.
      </para>
      <para>
        Did the Soviet Union help you construct it?
      </para>
      <para>
        No, it was constructed completely by the Chinese people
        themselves. At that time the government spent six hundred
        million to construct this factory.
      </para>
      <para>
        Six hundred million?
      </para>
      <para>
        Six hundred million People’s Currency. At that time we were very
        poor, and Hěilōngjiāng being a border region on top of that, we
        didn’t even have the minimum technical conditions. But under the
        leadership of the Party and with the efforts of everyone, we are
        developing.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Tīngshuō zài wùshi niandài he liùshi niándài zhèige chǎng
            zài Zhǒngguóde zhòng gōngyèli zhàn hen zhòngyàode dìwei.
            Nèige shihou, nín zài zhèige chǎng ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Zài. Cōng zhèige chǎng chénglìde
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        nèi yitiǎn yìzhí dào Yī Jiu liù liù nián, wò dōu zài zhèige
        chǎng.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Yīhòu nín líkǎi le?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Shìde. Yìzhí dào Yī Jiu. qī qī
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        niǎn vS cǎi huilai.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Tīngshuō nèige shihou zhèige
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        chǎngde mafan bù shǎo.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Heilongjiang suīrǎn bú suàn mafan
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        zuì duōde dìqū, dànshi Yī Jiù qī qī niǎnde shihou zhèige chǎngde
        shēng-chǎn chàbuduō shi cōng ling kāishī.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Nà yào hua hen dàde lìliang.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Yidiānr ye bú cuò. Wǒmen huǎle
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        hen dàde lìliang Jiànshè kuàngqǔ, he zhèige chǎng. Zài qítǎde
        wèntí shang wǒmen yě yòngle bù shǎode lìliang.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Shénmeyàngde wèntí ne?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Dàjiǎde shěnghuō wèntí, bīfǎng shuǒ chī fàn wèntí, zhù
            fángzide wèntí shenmede.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Xiànzài zěnmeyàng le?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: ZSngde lái shuǒ xiànzài dōu gǎo-
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        de bú cud le. Wō xiang zài guò shíniǎn, dào JiSshi niandài,
        wǒmen zhèige chǎng huì zài quǎnguō gōngyè shēngchǎnzhōng zhàn
        gèng zhòngyàode dìwei.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Hǎojíle.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Xiànzài wō Jiù péi nín qù cǎn-guǎn ba, wǒmen yìtiǎn zōu
            yìbiǎn tán, hǎo bu hǎo?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Hǎo!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        I understand that in the fifties and sixties this factory held
        an important place in China’s heavy industry. Were you here at
        that' time?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. I was at this factory from the day it was established up
        until 1966.
      </para>
      <para>
        And then you left?
      </para>
      <para>
        Right. I didn’t come back until 1977.
      </para>
      <para>
        I hear that at that time this factory had a lot of trouble.
      </para>
      <para>
        Hēilōngjiāng wasn’t one of the regions with the most trouble,
        but in 1977 this factory had to start production Just about from
        scratch.
      </para>
      <para>
        That must have taken a great effort.
      </para>
      <para>
        Absolutely. We put a lot of effort into building up mining areas
        and this factory. We also expended a lot of effort on other
        problems.
      </para>
      <para>
        What kinds of problems?
      </para>
      <para>
        Problems of everyday living, for example eating, housing, and so
        on.
      </para>
      <para>
        And how are things now?
      </para>
      <para>
        Generally speaking, things are pretty good now. I think in
        another ten years, by the nineties, our factory will occupy an
        even more important position in the nation's industrial
        production.
      </para>
      <para>
        That's great.
      </para>
      <para>
        Why don't I show you around now. We can talk as we go, all
        right?
      </para>
      <para>
        All right.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Qīng.
      </para>
      <para>
        After you.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
      </para>
      <para>
        An American visitor (A) is reading in his room at the Beijing
        Hotel when a young Chinese technician (B) who has been
        accompanying the American's tour group knocks at the door.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Kéyi jìnlai ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Qīng Jin, kuài qīng jìnlai zuò.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Nín zhāo wo yōu shi?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        A:   Yìdiānr xiāo shi, wō xiang he
      </para>
      <para>
        ni tantan. Wō kànle nimen zhèi-piān wenzhang, tímu shi
        &quot;Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguōde
        Sánshíniàn.<superscript>h</superscript> WŌ xiàng Jīngguòle zhèi
        sānshinián-de Jiànshè, Zhōngguō jīngji shulpíng yōule hén dàde
        tígāo, biàn-hua zhēnshi bù xiāo.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Biànhuà shi bù xiāo, kěshi mùqián wōmende jīngji liliàng hái
        shi bī xǔduō xiānjìn guōjiā ruòde duō, hái yōu hěn duō gōngzuò
        yào zuò.
      </para>
      <para>
        A:   Wénzhāngli shuō, cōng shěngchān-
      </para>
      <para>
        shang kàn, Yī Jiǔ si Jiu niánde qīng zhòng gōngyè zài guōmín
        Jīng-Jili zhī zhàn bXifěnzhī sānshi, xiànzài yījīng zhàn
        báifěnzhī qī-shiwǔ. Zhèiyang fāzhānxiàqù, nōng-yè, qīng gōngyè,
        zhòng gōngyède guānxi zěnmeyàng ne?
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Zhèiyidiān, wōmen hěn fàngxīn. Xiànzài, gSohěo Sìge
        Xiàndàihuà shi quánguǒ rénmínde zhōngxīn gōngzuò. Zài Sìge
        Xiàndàihuàli, nōngyè xiàndàihuà shi dìyījiàn dà shi.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Zhèige zhèngcè shi duide. Jin
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Jīnián lái nōngyè yōule fāzhān, qīng gōngyè, zhòng gōngyè cái
        néng gěnzhe fāzhān. Nōngyè xiàndàihuà
      </para>
      <para>
        May I come in?
      </para>
      <para>
        Come in, please come in and sit down.
      </para>
      <para>
        Was there something in particular you wanted to see me about?
      </para>
      <para>
        Just a small matter I wanted to talk with you about. I've read
        that article of yours called &quot;Thirty Years of the People's
        Republic of China.&quot; I think that after the last thirty
        years of construction, China's economic level has risen a great
        deal. The changes have been pretty big.
      </para>
      <para>
        The changes are big, but at present our economic power is still
        much weaker than many advanced countries. We still have a lot of
        work to do.
      </para>
      <para>
        In the article it says that from the point of view of
        production, in 19^9 light and heavy industry only occupied
        thirty percent in the national economy but now they occupy
        seventy-five percent. If things keep developing this way, what
        will happen to the relationship between agriculture, light
        industry, and heavy industry?
      </para>
      <para>
        We're not at all worried about that. Right now, doing a good Job
        of the Four Modernizations is the central task of the people of
        the whole country. In the Four Modernizations, agricultural
        modernization is the first big Job.
      </para>
      <para>
        That policy is right. It has only been because there has been
        development in agriculture in the last few years that light and
        heavy industry
      </para>
      <section xml:id="ml">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark27" /><anchor id="bookmark28" />Ml</title>
        <para>
          slii yíge JīngJi qiángguó zuì qīmS-de tiáojiàn.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shì a! Jiù ná Sìchuān lái shuō,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zīyuán name duō, kěshi zài qīshi niándài, gōngyè shēngchān Jiù
          shi shàngbuqù, hái bu shi yīnwei nóng-yè shēngchān yōu wèntí.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shì ma. Sìchuān rénkōu zài quán-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          guó zhàn dìyīwèi, chī fàn wèntí shi ge dà wèntí.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Jin Jīnián, Sìchuān qíngkuàng
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          biànhua hěn dà. Nín zhèicì yōu Jīhui qù Sìchuān ma?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Yōu, nín ne, nín yōu méiyou shi-Jiān qù?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Līngdāo hái méi shuō, búguò wō
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          xiāng dàgài yōu Jīhui, cóngqián wō zài Sìchuān gōngzuòguo
          liāngnián, yěxǔ wō kéyi gěi nīmen Jièshào Jieshao.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Nà tài gānxiè le. Guānyú wō gāngcái kànde nèipiān wénzhāng,
          wō Juéde hěn yōu yìsi, búguò chángcbáng yŌu xiāode wèntí, děi
          máfan nīmen.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Mei wèntí, wō hěn gāoxìng hé nín duō tántan.
        </para>
        <para>
          have been able to develop along with it. Agricultural
          modernization is the minimum requirement for an economic
          power.
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s right. Take Sìchuān, for example. It’s so full of
          resources, yet in-the seventies, industrial production Just
          couldn’t go up: again, it was on account of problems with
          agricultural production.
        </para>
        <para>
          Sure. The population of Sìchuān is in first place in the whole
          country. The food problem is a big one.
        </para>
        <para>
          In recent years there have been big changes in the situation
          in Sìchuān. Will you have the chance to go to Sìchuān thia
          trip?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, and you? Do you have the time to go?
        </para>
        <para>
          The leadership hasn’t said yet, but I think I’ll probably have
          the chance. I once worked in Sìchuān for two years. Maybe I
          could fill you in on it.
        </para>
        <para>
          We’d be so grateful if you could. About that article I Just
          read: I find it very interesting, but I often have little
          questions I have to bother you with.
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s no problem. It’s my pleasure to talk with you.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
        </para>
        <para>
          This conversation takes place in the Shànghāi Industrial
          Exhibition
        </para>
        <para>
          Hall. An American (A) visiting the Hall of Light Industry and
          Textile Industry talks with one of the exhibit guides (B).
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   Nín hái yōu shénme wèntí ma?         Do you have any more
          questions?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Yōu yíge xiào wèntí. Shànghāide     I have one small
              question. When did
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          jīqì fángzhī gōngyè shi shénme Shànghāi’s machine textile
          industry shihou kāishīde?                     first come into
          being?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hěn zāo yīqián Jiù yōule.             It started a long
              time ago.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nàme, zhème duō nián lái, zài
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          jìshu fāngmiànde fāzhān shi bu shi hěn kuài ne?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: WS xiXng chuántōng fāngzhī gōngyè fāzhānde bú màn,
              kěshi nílóng, huàxiān yílèide, fāzhānde bú gòu kuài.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A:   Wō tingshuō, Zhǒngguóde qīng
        </para>
        <para>
          gōngyè guòqù dōu zài yánhāi, xiàng Tiānjīn, Shànghāi,
          Guāngdōng yídài. Xiànzài nèidìde qíngxíng shi bu shi biànhua
          yě hen dà le ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Shide, gèdì qíngkuàng bù tong, búguò yōu yíge qíngkuàng shi
          gèdì dōu yōude.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shénme qíngkuàng?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Cóngqián shi nōngyèqūde dìfang, xiànzài yōu hen duō dōu
              fāzhān-qilai le, yōule qīng gōngyè, yōude hái yōule zhòng
              gōngyè.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shi a! Jiāngsū yě shi yíyàng ma,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          dàde Jīnshǔ gōngyè yě fāzhǎnqilai le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Zài guò Jīnián hāiwān shiyou
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          gōngyè dà fāzhān, Shànghāi, Tiānjīn, Guāngdōng, Guāngxī yídài
          Jiù gèng rènao le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zhēnde, dào nèige shihou, Shànghāi Jiu gèng piàoliang
              le. Wō yídìng yào zài lái cānguān.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hāo a! Huānyíng nín zài lái!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Well, over all these years, has the technological development
          been very rapid?
        </para>
        <para>
          I’d say the traditional textile industry has developed rather
          rapidly, but such things as nylon and synthetic fibers haven’t
          developed fast enough.
        </para>
        <para>
          I understand that China’s light industry used to be all on the
          coast, for example in the region of Tiānjīn, Shànghāi, and
          Guāngdōng. Has the situation in the interior also changed a
          great deal now?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. The situation differs from place to place, but there’s
          one thing that’s the same everywhere.
        </para>
        <para>
          What’s that?
        </para>
        <para>
          A lot of places that used to be agricultural regions have now
          started to develop, and have light industry, or even heavy
          industry.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes! Jiāngsū is the same. A large metal industry has developed
          there.
        </para>
        <para>
          In another few years the gulf oil industry will develop
          greatly. Then Shànghāi, Tiānjīn, Guangdong, and Guāngxī will
          be even busier.
        </para>
        <para>
          Really, when that time comes, Shànghāi will be even prettier.
          I have to come back to visit it again.
        </para>
        <para>
          Fine! You’ll be most welcome!
        </para>
        <para>
          Xinjiang
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-8.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          1.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A:
        </para>
        <para>
          B:
        </para>
        <para>
          A:
        </para>
        <para>
          B:
        </para>
        <para>
          A:
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Hànytt hén fttzá, xuéqilai dàgài hén nǎn?!
        </para>
        <para>
          Fàngxīn ba! Wō xiǎngxìn nl kéyi xuéde hén hǎo.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngdōngde Yīsīlǎnjiào he Xlnjiāngde Yīsīlánjiào shi bu shi
          hén bù yíyàng?
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi shi yíge xiǎngdǎng fuzǎde wèntí, wSmen kéyi tǎolùn
          tǎolùn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Xinjiang hé nèidì shi shénme shíhou tōngyīde?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Ng...dìyīcì tōngyī chàbuduō shi gōngyuǎn qiǎn liùshí-niǎnde
          shíhou.
        </para>
        <para>
          U. A: Jiéfàng Zhànzhēngde shíhou, Jiéfàngjūn jiéfàngle
          Xinjiang, shi bu shi?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Xinjiang shi hépíng jiéfàng-de, Jiéfàngjǔn shi
              sìjiǔ-niǎn dào Xinjiang qùde.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. A: Wǔge zìzhìqǔde shēnghuó qíngkuàng hé nèidì chà hén
              duō ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Ng, zhǔyào shi jiǎotōng bù fǎngbiàn. Biéde shēnghuó
          fǎngmian me, yé chà yidiǎnr.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. A: Tǎmen shi dào Shànghǎi qù chù chai ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Bù, bú shi fang jià le ma? Yōude gànbude jiǎ zài Shànghài,
          tǎmen huí jiǎ qù kànkan.
        </para>
        <para>
          Chinese is very complicated-. It must be very difficult to
          study?’.
        </para>
        <para>
          Don’t worry! I’m convinced you can learn it very well.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is the Islam of the Middle East very different from the Islam
          of Xīnjiǎng?
        </para>
        <para>
          This is a very difficult question. We can discuss it.
        </para>
        <para>
          When was Xinjiǎng united with the interior?
        </para>
        <para>
          Uh...the first time they were unified was in about 60 B.C.
        </para>
        <para>
          During the War of Liberation, the PLA liberated Xīnjiǎng,
          right?
        </para>
        <para>
          Xīnjiǎng was peacefully liberated. The PLA went to Xīnjiǎng in
          191*9.’
        </para>
        <para>
          Are living conditions in the five autonomous regions very
          different from those in the interior?
        </para>
        <para>
          Well, it’s mainly that transportation is difficult. As for
          other aspects of daily life, they’re somewhat below standard
          too.
        </para>
        <para>
          Did they go to Shànghǎi on business?
        </para>
        <para>
          No. We’re on vacation now, remember? Some of the cadres’
          families are in Shànghǎi, so they went home to visit.
        </para>
        <para>
          *The tapes for this unit incorrectly give the date as 1950.
          The PLA entered Xīnjiǎng in October 191*9, and the whole
          province was &quot;liberated&quot; by April 1950.
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="ms">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark29" /><anchor id="bookmark30" />MS</title>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. A: Tz! Zhèitiáo dìtSn zhěn méi.* Shi Wéiwúěr dìtàn ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Shi. Jiù shi zài nī zuōtiān cānguānde nèige gōngchàng zuò
          de.
        </para>
        <para>
          Ah! This carpet is just beautiful! Is it a Uygur carpet?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. It was made in the factory you visited yesterday.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. A: NĪ kàn, tiān gang liàng, Wéiwúěr nōngmín Jiu kāishl
              gōngzuò le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Gèzú rénmín dōu zài dà gāo shèhuizhǔyì ma!
        </para>
        <para>
          Look, it Just got light and the Uygur peasants have already
          started to work.
        </para>
        <para>
          Sure, the people of all nationalities are going all out with
          socialism!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. A: Tīngshuō Jīwèi gōngren Jiao gěi zhèngfǔ Jīběn hen
              lǎode shǔ, nimen kànguo le ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Kànguo le. Dōu shi guānyú zhōngzú wèntí, lìshī wèntlde, hen
          yōu yìsi.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. A: Zhèige dìqúde xùmuyè nàme fǎdà!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Suōyi wǒmen zài zhèr bànle hāojīge dìt&amp;nch&amp;ng.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              11. A: Nīmende wénzì nàme nán! Gào wénhuà Jiáoliú duō bù
              rōngyi.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Shéi shuǒde, wōmende wénzì bú shi zài g&amp;i ma? Yuè
          g&amp;i yuè Ji&amp;ndán ma!
        </para>
        <para>
          I hear that some workers handed a few very old books over to
          the government. Have you seen them?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. They’re about racial and historical problems. They’re
          very interesting.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thi*s- region’s livestock farming is so well developed!
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s why we’ve set up a lot of carpet factories here.
        </para>
        <para>
          Your system of writing is so hard! It makes cultural exchange
          so difficult!
        </para>
        <para>
          Says who! Aren’t we changing our writing? The more we change
          it the simpler it is.
        </para>
        <para>
          ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on tape)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              12. biānJiang
            </para>
            <para>
              border area; borderland; frontier; frontier region
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        biānjiāng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        border area; borderland; drontier; frontier
                        region
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        chà
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to differ; to be inferior, to be poor, to be not
                        up to standard
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        chàng chū chai
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        factory, plant
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to go away on business
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        fang Jià fùzá (fǔzá)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to have vacation to be complicated
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        gànbu gōngchàng gōngren gongyuan gōngyuánhòu
                        gōngyuánqián
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        cadre
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        factory, mill, plant, works worker
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        the common era; Á.D.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        A.D.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        B.C.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Hànyǔ hépíng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        the Chinese language peace; to be peaceful
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Jiāo
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        -Jiao Jiāoliú Jiāotōng Jiěfàngjūn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to hand over, to give religion, church (bound
                        form) to exchange; exchange
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        traffic; transportation; travel (People’s)
                        Liberation Army, P.L.A.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        liàng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be light, to be bright
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        me (ma) měi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (pause marker) to be beautiful
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        nèidì nóngmín
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        interior (of a country) peasant
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shāmò
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        desert
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        tSolùn tian liàng tSngyī Tz!
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to discuss daybreak, dawn; to become light to
                        unite, to unify
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Tsk (clicking sound with several different uses:
                        disappointment, admiration, hesitation, etc.)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Weiwúěr wénzì xiāngxín
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        the Uygur (Uighur) nationality writing, script
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to believe (in); to trust, to be convinced
                        (that)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xùnruyè
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        livestock farming, animal husbandry
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yīsīlánjiào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        the Islamic religion, Islam
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        147
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zhànzhēng
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Zhejiang (Zhejiang)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        war
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (province in eastern China, formerly spelled
                        Chekiang)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Zhongdong zhSngzú -zhuyì zìzhìqū -zú
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        the Middle East
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        race
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        -ism, principle (bound form) autonomous region
                        nationality (bound form)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          1. A: Hànyu hén fùzá, xuéqilai dàgài hén nan?!
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Fàngxìn ba! Wǒ xlāngxìn ni kéyi xuéde hen hāo.
        </para>
        <para>
          Chinese is very complicated. It must be very difficult to
          study?!
        </para>
        <para>
          Don’t worry! I’m convinced you can'learn it very well.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 1
        </para>
        <para>
          Hànyǔ: ’’Chinese language&quot; This
        </para>
        <para>
          Shuǒ Zhōngguó huà bú tài nán, keshi yào xuéh&amp;o Hànyú Jiu
          biJiào nán le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wǒ lilngdiln zhǒng yǒu Hànyǔ kè.
        </para>
        <para>
          fúzá: &quot;to be complicated, to be
        </para>
        <para>
          Nà shi yíge fuzáde wèntí.
        </para>
        <para>
          xlāngxìn: (1) &quot;to believe in, t
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā xlāngxìn yíge hān qíguàide zōngjlào.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wǒ bù xlāngxìn.'
        </para>
        <para>
          Yiqián rénmen bù xlāngxìn zhèi-zhǒng shuōfS, xiànzài xiāng-xìn
          le.
        </para>
        <para>
          (2) (as used In IB) &quot;to be convinced,
        </para>
        <para>
          Wǒ xlāngxìn tā yídìng zuòde hāo.
        </para>
        <para>
          s is more formal than Zhǒngwén.
        </para>
        <para>
          It isn't too hard to speak Chinese, but if you want to master
          the Chinese language, it is more difficult.
        </para>
        <para>
          I have Chinese class at two.
        </para>
        <para>
          *e complex&quot; Also pronounced fùzá.
        </para>
        <para>
          That's a complicated question.
        </para>
        <para>
          to have faith in&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          He believes in a very strange religion.
        </para>
        <para>
          I don’t believe it!
        </para>
        <para>
          People didn't used to believe in this explanation, but now
          they do.
        </para>
        <para>
          ., to be certain, to trust that...&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m certain that he will do a good Job.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          2. A:
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          ZhSngdǒngde Ylsllánjiào hé Xlnjlāngde Ylsllánjiào shi bu shi
          hen bù yíyàng?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Zhèi shi yíge xiāngdāng fttzáde wèntí, wǒmen kéyi
          t&amp;olùn t&amp;olùn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is the Islam of the Middle East very different from the Islam
          of Xinjiang?
        </para>
        <para>
          This is a very difficult question. We can discuss it.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 2
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhǒngdǒng: &quot;the Middle East&quot;
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="w9">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark31" /><anchor id="bookmark32" />W9</title>
        <para>
          ZhǒngdSng dìqū yōu hàn duō guōjii. dōu dúlì le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The Middle East region has many countries vhich have become
          independent.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yíallánjiàa: &quot;Islam” -Jiao, &quot;religion,&quot; goes on
          the end of words for. different religions. The following
          examples are for comparison, not for memorisation:
        </para>
        <para>
          Tiānzhūjiào
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Catholicism
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          (&quot;heaven-lord-religion&quot;) XīnJ iào
          (&quot;New-religion&quot;) Yōutàijiào Fōjiào DàoJiào
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Protestantism
        </para>
        <para>
          Judaism Buddhism Taoism (the popular religion, not
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          the philosophy)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Xlnjiàng: The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, formerly known
          as Sinkiang or Chinese Turkestan, is China's westernmost area.
          The largest of the country's autonomous regions and provinces,
          Xinjiang makes up one sixth of China's total area. In this
          vast land of great natural beauty and sharp geographical
          contrasts, plentiful resources make conditions ideal for the
          development of industry, agriculture, and livestock farming.
        </para>
        <para>
          Xinjiang has held an important place in China's politics and
          economy since ancient times. In the days before the
          large-scale navigation of the seas, Xinjiang was crossed by
          the famous &quot;Silk Road,&quot; by which economic and
          cultural ties were maintained between China and other Asian
          and European countries. During the Western Hàn period over two
          thousand years ago, incursions by the Xiōngnú (Hsiungnu) led
          the Chinese central government to a policy of occupying the
          oasis cities of southern Xinjiang as garrison posts. Xinjiang
          has been intimately connected with China ever since that time,
          although their relations have often been turbulent. The Qlng
          dynasty made a province of Xinjiang (the name means &quot;the
          New Dominion&quot;) in 188b. From the Chinese revolution in
          1911 until 19^9, Xinjiang remained under authoritarian Chinese
          control at the same time that local nationalist forces were
          also at work. Communist Chinese forces &quot;liberated&quot;
          Xinjiang from late 19^9 until the spring of 1950. Xinjiang
          became an autonomous region on October 1, 1955.
        </para>
        <para>
          Xinjiang is surrounded by mountains: the Altay in the north;
          the Kunlun in the south and vest; and the Tianshan Range, over
          200 kilometers wide, which cuts across the center from east to
          west. Between these mountain ranges cure basins of varying
          sizes. Southern Xinjiang has the Tarim Basin and northern
          Xinjiang the Deungarian Basin. In addition there are smaller
          basins such as the RagH and Turf an Basins. All cure
          well-suited to agriculture and livestock farming. Xīnjiing
          fine-wool sheep and Yllí horses are famous throughout China.
          Despite a harsh seven-month winter, the north has its herdsmen
          who put their horses and sheep to graze on the wide grasslands
          for the brief summer. In the arid south, too, livestock
          herding is a major occupation. In agricultural areas, the dry
          climate makes irrigation indispensable; a full ninety percent
          of Xinjiang's farmland is irrigated. The areas around Turpan
          and Um* are famous for their &quot;karez&quot; (kànrjing)
          irrigation, a system for conveying water from sources under
          mountain slopes to farmland by means of man-made underground
          channel a. Crops include winter and spring wheat, cotton,
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="isō">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark33" /><anchor id="bookmark34" />iSŌ</title>
        <para>
          com, rice and. silkworms. But Xīnjiǎng is most celebrated for
          its fruits— cantaloupe, melons (hǎmìguǎ) from Shànshàn and
          seedless grapes from Turpan are available-in season in
          Bǎijīng's markets. The Tiānshān and Altay Mountains, covered
          with evergreen forests, are rich in wildlife and in precious
          herbs which go-into the making of Chinese medicines. Xīnjiǎng
          has important deposits of petroleum (especially at Karamay
          CKèlǎmǎyīl), coal, iron, gold, Jade, and uranium (in the Altay
          Mountains). The main industries are petroleum, metallurgy,
          coal, electric power, chemicals, construction materials,
          textiles, and sugar refining.
        </para>
        <para>
          About half the population of Xīnjiǎng is of the Uygur (Uighur)
          nationality (see the note on Wéiwúǎr. &quot;Uygur,” under
          number 7), and over forty percent are Hàn Chinese. The rest of
          the population belongs to one of these ethnic groups: Kazak
          (Kazakh), Hui (Chinese Moslem), Mongol, Kergez (Kirghiz), Xibo
          (Sibo), Tajik (Tadzhik), Uzbek, Manchu, Daur (Tahur), and
          Tartar (Tatar). There are also several hundred Russians. In
          the north of Xīnjiǎng there is a Hàn majority, and in the
          south, a Uygur majority. The capital Ōrūmqi (Wúlúmùqí), with a
          population of 800,000 (1980, est.), is the region's center for
          industry, commerce, and transportation. Xīnjiǎng University in
          (Jrūmqi has departments of Chinese, government, history,
          foreign languages, math, physics, chemistry, biology, and
          geography. Kashgar (Chinese Kǎshi). ancient gateway of the
          silk trade, is still a commercial and craft center. Kuldja
          (Chinese Yīníng) is a commercial center which produces leather
          and tobacco, and also has metallurgical and textile industry.
          Other cities of note are Kuytun (Chinese Kuítún). Hotan
          (Hétìǎn). Shíhézi, and Yarkand (Shǎchē).
        </para>
        <para>
          tǎolùn: A verb, ”to discuss,” or a noun, ’’discussion.”
        </para>
        <para>
          Rénmen chǎngchǎng tǎolùn shì-Jièshang yìxiē ySu yìside wèntí,
          kǎshi shéi yǎ bù zhī-dào zhèizhSng tǎolùn ySu shénme yòng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nèige rén bú ài shuō huà, cSnglǎi bù cǎnjiǎ tǎolùn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎolùnhuì (&quot;discussion-meeting”) is a
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          People often discuss some very inter esting questions about
          the world, but no one knows of what use this kind of
          discussion is.
        </para>
        <para>
          That person doesn't like to talk. He never takes part in
          discussion.
        </para>
        <para>
          symposium.”
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          3. A: Xīnjiǎng hǎ nèidì shi shǎnme shíhou tōngyīde?
        </para>
        <para>
          B*. Ng...dìyīcì tSngyī chàbuduǒ shi gǒngyuǎn qiǎn
          liùshí-niánde shíhou.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          When was Xīnjiǎng united with the interior?
        </para>
        <para>
          Uh...the first time they were unified was in about 60 B.C.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 3
        </para>
        <para>
          nèidì: ”the intericr&quot; of a country; modifying a noun,
          nèidì can be translated as &quot;inland.&quot; e.g., nèidì
          chéngshì, &quot;inland city.”
        </para>
        <para>
          From the point of view of Xīnjiǎng, a border region, nèidì
          refers to China proper; but from the point of view of
          Bǎijīr.g, Shànghǎi, or Guǎngzhōu,
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="i-si">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark35" /><anchor id="bookmark36" />I
        SI</title>
        <para>
          nèidì refers to inland regions such as Sichuan.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngguó dàbùfen nèidì chéng- In most inland cities of China,
          shìde gōngyè meiyou yánhài         industry is not as
          developed as
        </para>
        <para>
          chengshìde nàme fādá.              in the coastal cities.
        </para>
        <para>
          tōngyl: As a process verb, ’’to become united’’:
        </para>
        <para>
          Yuènán xiànzài tōngyī le.          Vietnam has nov been
          united.
        </para>
        <para>
          As an action verb, ”to unite, to unify, to integrate”:
        </para>
        <para>
          Qin Shīhuáng tōngyīle Zhōngguó. Qin Shīhuáng united China.*
        </para>
        <para>
          gōngyuán and gōngyuán qián: ”A.D.” and ”B.C.” Literally,
          gōngyuán is ’’commonera”<superscript>-</superscript>and
          gōngyuán qián &quot;before the common era.’’
        </para>
        <para>
          gōngyuán qián èrbàièrshièmián     222 B.C.
        </para>
        <para>
          gōngyuán sìb&amp;isānshiliùnián       A.D. U36
        </para>
        <para>
          gōngyuán chū                       the beginning of the
          Christian era
        </para>
        <para>
          U. A: Jiáfàng Zhànzhěngde shihou, Jièfàngjūn jilfàngle
          Xinjiang, shi bu shi?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Xinjiang shi hépíng Jiěfàng-de, Jiáfàngjūn shi sìjiú-nián
          dào Xinjiang qùde.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Dur.ing the War of Liberation, the FLA liberated Xinjiang,
          right?
        </para>
        <para>
          Xinjiang was peacefully liberated The FLA went to Xinjiang in
          19^9.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. U
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiěfàngjūn: &quot;the Liberation Army,&quot; short for
          Zhōngguó Renmin JièfàngJūn, the Chinese People's Liberation
          Army, which in English is usually called the FLA.
        </para>
        <para>
          hepíng: &quot;peace&quot; (For the first example, you need to
          know yg, a formal word for &quot;and.&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhànzhēng ytt Heping shi yìběn War and Peace is a very good
          novel. h?n hlode xiáoshuō.
        </para>
        <para>
          Shìjiè hépíngde wèntí shi gèguó World peace is a question of
          concern rénmín guānxlnde wèntí.            to the people of
          all nations.
        </para>
        <para>
          In some idioms, hépíng can be used to modify a noun or a verb.
          Hépíng Jiéfàng &quot;peacefully liberate,&quot; is an example.
        </para>
        <para>
          ’in 221 B.C.
        </para>
        <para>
          5. A: Wuge zìzhìaūde shěnghuō qíngkuàng he nèidì chà hSa duō
          ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          B:- Ngj zhūyào shi Jiāotōng bù fāngbiàn. Biéde shěnghuō
          fāngmian me, yě chà yidiānr.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 5
        </para>
        <para>
          zìzhìqū: &quot;autonomous region&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngguō dàlù yōu wǔge zìzhìqū.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zìzhìqūde rénmín dàbùfen shi shěoshù mínzú.
        </para>
        <para>
          chà: (1) (as used in 5A) &quot;to
        </para>
        <para>
          Beijīng shíjiān gēn Nlǔ Yuē shíjiān chà shísānge zhōngtōu.
        </para>
        <para>
          (2) (as used in 5B) &quot;to be inferior, to
        </para>
        <para>
          Wōde Hànytt fāyīn bī tāde fāyīn chà yidiǎn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhìliàng chà yidián, bú shi wōmende zérèn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nèige dìfangde qíngkuàng bl zhèr chàde duo.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wōmende gōngzuō hái chàde yuán ne.
        </para>
        <para>
          (3) &quot;to lack&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Bú gòtt, hái chà sānge.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are living conditions in the five autonomous regions very
          different from those in the interior?
        </para>
        <para>
          Well, it’s mainly that transportation is difficult. As for
          other aspects of daily life, they’re somewhat below standard
          too.
        </para>
        <para>
          The Chinese mainland has five autonomous
          regions.<anchor id="footnote2" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark37">2</link></superscript>
        </para>
        <para>
          The people of the autonomous regions are mostly minority
          nationalities.
        </para>
        <para>
          differ,&quot; as in
        </para>
        <para>
          Běijīng time and New York time differ by thirteen hours.
        </para>
        <para>
          be poor, to be not up to standard&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          My Chinese pronunciation is a little worse than his.
        </para>
        <para>
          It’s not our responsibility that the quality is inferior.
        </para>
        <para>
          Conditions in that place are much worse than here.
        </para>
        <para>
          Our work is a long way from what it should be.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          There aren’t enough. There are still three too few.
        </para>
        <para>
          the the the the the
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Inner Mongolia (or Nel Monggol) AR
        </para>
        <para>
          Níngxià Hui AR
        </para>
        <para>
          Xinjiang Uygur AR
        </para>
        <para>
          Guángxī Zhuàng AR Tibet AR
        </para>
        <para>
          jiǎotǒng: &quot;traffic,” &quot;transportation&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèlide jilotǒng bù ānquan, qìchē tii duǒ, kiide tài kuài.
        </para>
        <para>
          Qing nl zhǎo yíge jiǎotǒng jīngchá lái.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The traffic here isn’t safe. There are too many cars, and they
          go too fast.
        </para>
        <para>
          Please go get a traffic officer.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          zhūyào shi...: &quot;it’s mainly that...,&quot; or &quot;it’s
          mainly because...&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhuyào shi Zhōngguōde līngdǎo      It’s mainly because China's
          leaders
        </para>
        <para>
          rén bù dǒng Jīngji, gōngyè         do not understand economics
          that
        </para>
        <para>
          fāzhān cái nàme man.                industrial development has
          been
        </para>
        <para>
          so slov.
        </para>
        <para>
          (also pronounced ma): &quot;as for,&quot; &quot;...well,,
          pause and sets off the topic of a sentence, is hesitating
          about exactly what to comment
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          me marks a speaker
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā zài wénxué fǎngmiàn me... kéyi shuo hén bú cuò, kǎshi
          shùxué fǎngmiàn kǎ zhěn chà.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngguōde zhòng gongyè Jiànshè me...zhèi jīnián hái suàn kéyi
          le.
        </para>
        <para>
          RúguS tā bú yuànyì me, nà Jiù suàn le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          . This colloquial word It is often used when the on the topic.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          In the area of literature...he can be said to be quite good,
          but he's really poor in mathematics.
        </para>
        <para>
          As for China's heavy industrial construction...it has not been
          too bad the past few years.
        </para>
        <para>
          If he’s unwilling, well, then let the matter drop.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          6. A: Tǎmen shi dào Shànghǎi qù chū chǎi ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Bù, bú shi fàng Jià le ma? Yōude gànbude Jiǎ zài Shànghǎi,
          tǎmen huí jiǎ qù kànkan.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Did they go to Shànghǎi on business?
        </para>
        <para>
          No. We're on vacation now, remember? Some of the cadres'
          families are in Shànghǎi, so they went home to visit.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 6
        </para>
        <para>
          chù chǎi: &quot;to go/be away on official business&quot; (For
          this example, you need to know Sū-Háng. an abbreviation for
          Sūzhǒu and Hángzhǒu.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Dàjiā dǒu xīhuan chù chǎi qù Sǔ-Háng yídài, kéyi duo yixie
          jīhui yǒulǎn.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Everyone likes to go on business to the Sǔzhǒu-Hángzhōu
          region, (because) one can have more opportunities to do
          sightseeing.
        </para>
        <para>
          fàng jià: &quot;to let out for vacation&quot; or &quot;to have
          vacation, to be on vacation&quot; Here are examples of the
          first meaning:
        </para>
        <para>
          Nimen xuéxiào nǎitiān fàng jià? What day does your school let
          out for vacation?
        </para>
        <para>
          Fing jià le, ni zānme hái qù shàng bǎn?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Vacation has started; why are you still going to work?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Here are examples referring to the state of being on vacation:
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige llbài wSmen zài fang jià This week we are on vacation,
          ne.
        </para>
        <para>
          Fàng jiàde shihou wSmen cái néng We can only he together when
          we are zài yìqī.                           on vacation.
        </para>
        <para>
          The length of time the vacation lasts is expressed by a time
          phrase modifying the object jià:
        </para>
        <para>
          Qùnián wSmen fàngle sǎnge 11- Last year we had three weeks of
          bàide jià, jīnnián zhi fàng        vacation, but this year we
          only
        </para>
        <para>
          liāngge llbài.                      have two weeks.
        </para>
        <para>
          Shíyuè yīhào, xuéxiào fàng         Schools have one day of
          vacation
        </para>
        <para>
          yìtiǎn jià.                         on October 1.
        </para>
        <para>
          bú shi...ma?: This has both a literal and a rhetorical use. In
          6B you see the rhetorical use.
        </para>
        <para>
          (1) Literal use: &quot;isn’t...?, don’t...?,&quot; etc.
        </para>
        <para>
          (2) Rhetorical use: &quot;you know, you will recall,
          remember&quot; Use this to remind the listener of a fact you
          know he is aware of (although he may have forgotten it).
        </para>
        <para>
          Contrast the literal and rhetorical use
        </para>
        <para>
          LITERAL:     Ni bú shi ySu yíge mèimei
        </para>
        <para>
          zài Shànghǎi ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          RHETORICAL: WS bú shi ySu yíge mèimei zài Shànghǎi ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Further examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          (LITERAL)
        </para>
        <para>
          Ni bú shi shuǒ yào qù ma? Zānme ySu bú qù le ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          (RHETORICAL)
        </para>
        <para>
          WS bú shi yijìng xiewánle ma? Wèishénme hái ràng wo xie?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          of this pattern:
        </para>
        <para>
          Don’t you have a younger sister
        </para>
        <para>
          in Shànghǎi? (CHECKING INFORMATION)
        </para>
        <para>
          You’ll recall that I have a younger
        </para>
        <para>
          sister in Shànghǎi. (REMINDING)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Didn’t you say you were going to go? How come you aren’t going
          now?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I’ve finished writing it, you know. Why do you still want me
          to write?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          W8 bú shi gēn nl shuǒguo ma? W8 xiàvú yào kāi huì, méi
          shíjiān.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Haven’t I told you? I have a meeting this afternoon and don’t
          have time.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Xiale diàntl, wàng you z3u, bú shi y8u ge canting ma? WSmen
          jiù zài nàr Jiàn mi an, h&amp;o bu h&amp;o?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          When you get off the elevator and go to the right, there’s a
          restaurant, you know? We’ll meet there, okay?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Bú shi ma? may also be put onto the end of a sentence:
        </para>
        <para>
          Wímen fàng jià le, bú shi ma?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          We’re on vacation, remember?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          7. A: Tz! Zhèitiío dìt&amp;n zhēn méi! Shi Wéiwúēr dìt&amp;n
          ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shì. Jiù shi zài nl zuótiān cānguānde nèige g5ngch&amp;ng
          zuùde.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Ah! This carpet is Just beautiful! Is it a Uygur carpet?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. It was made in the factory you visited yesterday.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 7
        </para>
        <para>
          Tz!: This sound is just like the clicking of the tongue
          sometimes written in English as ”Tsk.” As in English, it
          can.be used to express disappointment or chiding, but in
          Chinese it can also be used to express admiration, as when
          describing a beautiful house, a dish of food, or a smartly
          dressed person.
        </para>
        <para>
          méi: &quot;to be beautiful”
        </para>
        <para>
          Xià dà xué le, nl kàn wàibian It has snowed a lot. Look at how
          du6 m?i.                            beautiful it is outside.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhàopiànshang tā zhēn méi.         She looks beautiful in the
          photograph.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wéiwú&amp;r: The Uygur, or Uighur, a Turkic people who, with a
          population of six million, constitute one of China's largest
          national minorities. Their early history, like that of other
          peoples of central Asia, is unrecorded. Some scholars have
          hypothesized that their origins were Indo-European rather than
          Turkic. At any rate, they emerge into the light of history in
          the T&amp;ng dynasty. At that time, they were a nomadic people
          well known to the Chinese; in fact, they helped the T&amp;ng
          overthrow a hostile Turkic empire in Mongolia in 7UU. The
          Uygurs, in turn, established an empire in the area, but this
          lasted only until 8U0, when the wild Kergez sacked their
          capital and killed their khan. A portion of their population
          then migrated westward to the oases of the Tarim Basin. There,
          they mixed with the local Turkic population, and although the
          Uygur racial strain dominated, they adopted the Turkic
          language and no longer called themselves Uygurs. Gradually,
          their occupation shifted from nomadic herding to farming. The
          resulting stability allowed a great development in their
          literature and arts, especially song and dance. In the tenth
          century, closer contact with merchants, travelers, and
          settlers from the Middle East stimulated their conversion to
          Islam, a process which took several centuries to complete.
        </para>
        <para>
          Modern times have witnessed the emergence of Uygur
          nationalism, reflected in their official readoption of the
          historical name &quot;Uygur&quot; earlier in this century.
          Uygur leaders have often resisted control by outside powers,
          and even attempted to establish an independent republic in the
          region. Under Chinese authority today, the Uygurs, who remain
          for the most part a farming people living and marrying within
          the village unit, have a limited degree of regional autonomy
          and are guaranteed cultural freedom and linguistic rights by
          the PRC Constitution.
        </para>
        <para>
          8. A: Nl kin, tian gang liàng, Wéiwúēr nōngmín jiu kàisht
          gōngzuò le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Gèzú rénmín dōu zài dà g&amp;o shèhuizhuyì ma!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Look, it just got light and the Uygur peasants have already
          started to work.
        </para>
        <para>
          Sure, the people of all nationalities are going all out with
          socialism!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 8
        </para>
        <para>
          liàng: &quot;to be bright, to be light&quot; or &quot;to be
          shiny&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige dēng bú liàng le.           This light won't go' on.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nlde xīn chēzi zhēn liàng a! Your new car is really shiny!
        </para>
        <para>
          Tian liàng means &quot;to get light out&quot; or
          &quot;daybreak, dawn&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Tian liàng yihòu, jiēshang jiu After it got light out, the
          streets rè'naoqilai le.                     started to liven
          up.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tian liàng yiqián néng dào ma? Can we get there before dawn?
        </para>
        <para>
          gang..♦jiù.♦.: &quot;just (hardly)...and already...&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Tá gang dàxué bìyè Jiù dào XTbēi qù le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige háizi gang lái Méiguō sānge yuè, jiù hui shuō bù shlo
          Yíngwén le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Zhèige xuéqī gang kāishī, wōmen Jiù Juéde hàoxiàng guòle hén
          cháng shíjiān le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          He went to the Northwest when he had just graduated from
          college.
        </para>
        <para>
          It has been barely three months since this child name to the
          U.S., and already she can speak a lot of English.
        </para>
        <para>
          The semester had barely started when ve felt as if a long time
          had already passed.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          nōngmín: &quot;peasant,&quot; as contrasted with
          non-ideological terms like nōngfū, &quot;farmer,&quot; or
          nōngyè gōngren, &quot;agricultural worker.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngguōde nōngmín zhàn quánguǒ rénkōude b&amp;ifěnzhī bǎshí.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          China's peasants make up 80 percent of the population of the
          whole country.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          -zú: &quot;nationality,&quot; as in Weiwúàrzú, &quot;the Uygur
          nationality,&quot; Hànzú, &quot;the Han nationality,&quot;
          Ménggǔzú, &quot;the Monggol (Mongolian) nationality.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          -zhǔyì: &quot;doctrine&quot; or &quot;-ism,&quot; as in
          Gǒngchànzhǔyì, &quot;Communism&quot;;
        </para>
        <para>
          hépíngzhfrn. &quot;pacifism&quot;; mínzúzhǔyì,
          &quot;nationalism&quot;; Déīrwénzhǔyì, &quot;Darwinism.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          dà gio shèhuizhǔyì: &quot;go all out with socialism; engage in
          socialism in a big way&quot; The adjectival verb dà, &quot;to
          be large,&quot; is used here as an adverb. CAdverbs modify
          verbs or other adverbs.1 When so used, it means &quot;in a big
          way&quot; or &quot;go all out with (doing something)&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiēhūnde shihou y? bú yào dà chī dà he.
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;Dà Bàn Nōngyè.&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Even when one gets married, one shouldn’t put on a great feast
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;Make Great Efforts to Develop Agriculture.&quot;
          (slogan)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          9. A: Tīngshuō jlwèi gōngren jiao g?i zhèngfǔ Jthen hàn llode
          shǔ, nimen kànguo le ma?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Kànguo le. Dǒu shi guānyú zhǒngzú wèntí, lìshī wèntíde, hàn
          yǒu yìsi.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I hear that some workers handed a few very old books over to
          the government. Have you seen them?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. They’re about racial and historical problems. They’re
          very interesting.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 9
        </para>
        <para>
          gongren: This is the general term for &quot;worker&quot; in
          the sense of a wageearning laborer. (Gǒngzuǒzhé, which you
          learned in Unit U, does not imply manual labor; it simply
          means someone who works in a particular field, such as
          education or archeology.) Examples: shíyōu gōngren, &quot;oil
          worker&quot;; nōngyè gōngren, &quot;agricultural worker,&quot;
          for example, a wage-earning worker on a state farm; tiàlǔ
          gōngren, &quot;railroad worker.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          jiao: &quot;to hand over, to give&quot; Jiao qián is &quot;to
          pay&quot; (a fee or bill, especially one which is due
          regularly).
        </para>
        <para>
          Wǒ hái méi Jiào zhèige yuède I haven’t paid this month’s rent
          féngzū.                             yet.
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiào gài wǒmen ba! Nī fàngxīn Leave it to us! Don’t worry
          about hlo le!                             it! (Here jiào
          refers to turning
        </para>
        <para>
          over a task to someone.)
        </para>
        <para>
          zhǒngzú: &quot;race&quot; or &quot;racial&quot; Examples’ are
          Huángzhǒngrén, &quot;people of the yellow (Oriental)
          race,&quot; Hěizhǒngrén, &quot;people of the black race,&quot;
          and Báizhǒng-rén, &quot;people of the white race?’
        </para>
        <para>
          10. A: Zhèige diqūde xùmuyè nàme This region’s livestock
          farming fidá!                            is so well developedI
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Sufiyi w&amp;nen zài zhèr bànle That’s why we’ve set up a
          lot of blojlge dìtānchāng.            carpet factories here.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 10
        </para>
        <para>
          Su6yi . . . : Notice that when stressed at the beginning of a
          sentence, suéyi is translated as ’’That’s why . . . .&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          chAng and gSngchāng: GSngchāng (introduced in No. 7 above) is
          the generic term for a factory or plant. If you were talking
          about the installations in an area and wanted to say that
          there were schools, factories, and hospitals, you would use
          gSngchāng. Chāng. on the other hand, is only used in specific
          contexts. If you are talking about a specific factory, you can
          say chXnglī for &quot;in the factory.&quot; A worker can say
          wSmen chāng for &quot;our fac-toryT” You can also use chāng in
          certain compound nouns which specify what the factory makes,
          as in dìtānchāng.
        </para>
        <para>
          11. A: Nlmende wénzì name nén!
        </para>
        <para>
          Gio wénhuà jiāoliú du6 bù rúngyi.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Shéi shuōde, wSmende wénzì bú shi zài gāi ma? Yuè gāi yuè
          jiíndān ma!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Your system of writing is so hard! It makes cultural exchange
          so difficult!
        </para>
        <para>
          Says who! Aren’t we changing our writing? The more we change
          it the simpler it is.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 11
        </para>
        <para>
          wénzì: &quot;writing,&quot; &quot;written language,&quot;
          &quot;script,&quot; &quot;system of writing&quot; For example,
          a member of China’s Committee for Reform of the Written
          Language would be a wénzì gSngzuSzhé. &quot;written language
          worker.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiāoliú: &quot;to exchange&quot; or &quot;an exchange,&quot;
          &quot;interchange&quot; This is only used to refer to a
          back-and-forth flow of culture, technology, experience,
          thought, and so forth. &quot;To exchange&quot; one thing for
          another is huàn Cor .1 iāohuàn in formal contexts such as the
          exchange of views or of prisoners!.
        </para>
        <para>
          shéi shuSde: &quot;Says who!&quot; This is strictly informal
          and could be taken as impolite if used in an inappropriate
          context.
        </para>
        <para>
          zài gāi: &quot;in the process of changing&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          bú shi . . . ma?: This is another example of the rhetorical
          use of this pattern (see the Notes on No. 6): &quot;We’re
          changing our writing, aren’t we?!&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
        </para>
        <para>
          12. biānjiing
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          border area; borderland; frontier; frontier region
        </para>
        <para>
          biānjiāng: &quot;frontier region, border region&quot; This
          refers to the area inside the border. Biǎn.1 iè refers more
          specifically to the border or boundary itself.
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="o">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark38" /><anchor id="bookmark39" />!(&gt;O</title>
        <para>
          In a soft berth car on the express train from Beijīng to
          Orúmqi (Wūlǔ-mùqí) in the Xīnjiǎng Uygur Autonomous Region, an
          American ethnologist, Gail Griffith (G), is standing in the
          corridor looking out the window at the passing scenery. Lí
          Ming (L), a cadre in the Ministry of Foreign Trade, steps out
          of the neighboring compartment, a glass of tea in his hand.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Zǎoshang hǎo!
        </para>
        <para>
          G:   Zǎoshang hǎo! Nín guìxìng?
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Wō xing LÍ, zài Beijīng wō Jiàn-
        </para>
        <para>
          guo nín.
        </para>
        <para>
          G:   Zài Bǎijīng? Shénme dìfangr?
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Qīyuè sìhào wǎnshang, zài Měigué
        </para>
        <para>
          Dàshiguǎn.
        </para>
        <para>
          G: À! Qīyuè sihào, nèitiān yōu nàme duō rén, wō bú jìde le.
          Nín zài nǎr gōngzuò a?
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Wàimàobù. Nèitiān, Wàimàobùde
        </para>
        <para>
          gànbu qùle bù shǎo, nín bú hui Jide le. Wō hǎoxiàng Jìde nín
          shi gǎo yúyánxuéde.
        </para>
        <para>
          G: Bù zhī shi yǔyánxué, wō hái yán-Jiū mínzú wèntí, zhōngzú
          wèntí.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   O’. Dào Xīnjiǎng qù yánjiū mínzú
        </para>
        <para>
          wèntí ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          G:   Bù, wō shi xiǎng duō liǎojiě
        </para>
        <para>
          yidiǎnr Wéiwúer wénhuà hé Zhōng-dōng wénhuàde guǎnxi.
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Ò! Zhèi kǎ shi yíge fǔzáde wèntí, wō bú shi lìshī xuéjiā,
          guǎnyú zhèige ne, wō zhīdaode bú tài duō.
        </para>
        <para>
          G:   Nīmen zōng bī wōmen zhīdaode duō,
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiù qīng nín JiǎngJiang ba.
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Wō zhīdao cōngqián Wéiwúer rén yòngde wénzì shi
          Zhōngdóngde, yìzhí dào xiànzài, zài Xīnjiǎng Wéiwúer Zìzhìqūde
          xuéxiàoli háishi Jiao Wéiwúěrwén.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Good morning!
        </para>
        <para>
          Good morning! May I ask your name?
        </para>
        <para>
          My name is LÍ. I met you in Beijīng.
        </para>
        <para>
          In Běijīng? Where?
        </para>
        <para>
          On the evening of July fourth, at the American Embassy.
        </para>
        <para>
          Ah! July fourth. There were so many people that day, I don’t
          remember. Where do you work?
        </para>
        <para>
          The Ministry of Foreign Trade. That day, a lot of cadres from
          the Ministry of Foreign Trade went; you wouldn’t remember. I
          seem to remember that you are in linguistics.
        </para>
        <para>
          Not only linguistics. I also study national and racial issues.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh! Are you going to Xīnjiǎng to do research on nationalities?
        </para>
        <para>
          No. I want to get a better understanding of the relationship
          between Uygur culture and Chinese culture.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh! That’s certainly a complex question. I’m not a historian.
          On that topic...I don’t know very much.
        </para>
        <para>
          But you know more than we do, in any case, so please tell me
          about it.
        </para>
        <para>
          I know that the writing which the Uygurs used to use was
          Middle Eastern. Even now, they still teach the Uygur language
          in the schools in the Xīn-Jiāng Uygur Autonomous Region.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          G: Name yōu duōshāo Wéiwúěr rén d3ng Hànyǔ net
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Dàgài bú die. bāifēnzhl èrshí.
        </para>
        <para>
          G: Ng, ben yōu yìsi, nàme zhèngfǔ zài zìzhìqūde zhèngcè he
          nèidì hen bù tóng ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Wéiwúěr rén dabùfen xiāngxìn Yī-sīlán jiào. Zhōngguó yě shi
          zōng-jiào zìyóude guojiā, suōyl zài zhèngcèshang huì yōu yìxiě
          hé nèidì bù tóngde bànfā.
        </para>
        <para>
          G: Ng, wǒmen zài hui dào wénzì wèntí shang hāo bu hāo?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Hāo a!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Then how many Uygurs understand Chinese?
        </para>
        <para>
          Probably fewer than twenty percent.
        </para>
        <para>
          Hm, very interesting. Then is the government’s policy in the
          autonomous region very different from in the interior?
        </para>
        <para>
          Most Uygurs believe in Islam. China is a country with freedom
          of religion, too. So in the area of policy, some ways of doing
          things are different from in the interior.
        </para>
        <para>
          Mm. Could we go back to the question of the writing?
        </para>
        <para>
          Sure!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          G:   Tīngshuō xiànzài Wéiwúěrwén yōule
        </para>
        <para>
          xīn wénzì le.
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Yōu, xīn wénzì shi Yī jiu qī wu ' nián kāishi yōngde.
          Zhèizhǒng xīn wénzì xiěqilai bījiào róngyi, cóng nèidì lái
          Xinjiangde rén xuéqilai yě róngyide duō.
        </para>
        <para>
          G: Yōule xīn wénzì yīhèu Wéiwúěrzǔ rén juéde zěnmeyàng? Tāmen
          hěn gāoxìng ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Zhōngguó shi yíge duō mínzúde shèhuizhuyì dà jiātíng,
          Wéiwúěr rénmín yě shi yào tōngyīde ma! Yōule xīn wénzì, Hànzú
          hé shāoshù mínzúde wénhuà jiāoliú yě róngyì-duō le ma!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I understand that the Uygur language now has a new
          orthography.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, the new orthography began to be used in 1975. It’s easier
          to write, and for people who come to Xīnjiāng from the
          interior, it’s much easier to learn.
        </para>
        <para>
          What do the Uygur people think now that they have the new
          orthography? Are they very happy?
        </para>
        <para>
          China is a socialist family of many nations. The Uygurs want
          to be unified, too! With the new orthography, cultural
          exchange between the Hans and the minority nationalities has
          also become much easier!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          G: Ni shuōde yōu dàolī. Duì le, nī kě bu kéyi gàbsu wō
          Xīnjiāng rén-kōude qíngkuàng?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You are right. Oh yes-can you tell me about the population of
          Xīnjiāng?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          L: Xiànzài Xīnjiāng yōu JiǔbSiwàn rén zuōyōu, yīhōu huì gèng
          duō.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Xīnjiāng now has approximately nine million people, and there
          will be even more in the future.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          G: Shāoshù mínzú y3u duōshāo ne?        How many of that
          number are minority
        </para>
        <para>
          nationalities?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          L:   Chàbuduō q lb Si duō wàn, érciě zhèi
        </para>
        <para>
          Somewhere over seven million. And
        </para>
        <para>
          qībāiduō wan rénlī yōu shísānge mínzú&lt;
        </para>
        <para>
          G: òu. . Xinjiang shāoshù mínzú gēn Hànzúde Jiāoliú yōu duō
          Jiù le?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Xinjiang diqū he nèidìde JingJi Jiāoliú yījīng yōu
          Jīqiānniánde lìshī le, yong wénzì xiěxiàláide JīngJi wénhuà
          Jiāoliú shi cong gōngyuán qián liùbāi nian zuō-yòu kāishīde.
          Gōngyuán qián liù-shí nian Jīngguò Jīcì zhànzhēng yīhòu
          Xīnjiāng hé nèidi tōngyī le, wénhuà, yìshude Jiāoliú ye Jiu
          yuè lái yuè duō le.
        </para>
        <para>
          G:   Wō tīngshuǒ Jiěfàng yīhòu yōu
        </para>
        <para>
          hěn duō rén ban dao Xīnjiāng lái zhù le.
        </para>
        <para>
          L: XI Jiu wǔ ling nián, Xīnjiāng hé-píng Jiěfàng. Jiěfàngjūn
          dàole zhèli yīhòu Jiù hé zhèige dìfangde nōngmín yìqī gSo
          JīngJi Jiànshè.
        </para>
        <para>
          XI Jiu liù èr nián yīhòu měinián dōu yōu hěn duō niánqīng rén
          dào zhèli lái, nèi shihou biānjlāngde shēnghuó bī nèidi chàde
          duō, xiànzài Jiànshède bú cuò le.
        </para>
        <para>
          G:   Nàme zhèixiē Jiànshè biānjlāngde
        </para>
        <para>
          niánqīng rén dōu shi cōng nār láide ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Duōbànr shi Tianjin, Běijīng,
        </para>
        <para>
          Shànghāi, Zhéjiāngde qīngnián.
        </para>
        <para>
          G: Tǎmen hái kéyi hui dà chéngshì ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Xiànsàl Jiāotōng fāngbiàn, fàng-Jiàde shihou tǎmen kéyi hui
          lāojiā kànkan. Duobànrde niánqīng rén zài zhèli Jiēle hūn,
          yōule háizi tǎmen yījīng shi Xīnjiāng rén le!
        </para>
        <para>
          G: Tǎmen zài zhèli zuò shénme? Jiù gāo nōngyè ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          among these seven million people there are thirteen
          nationalities.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh. How long has there been interchange between the minority
          nationalities of Xīnjiāng and the Han people?
        </para>
        <para>
          Economic interchange between the Xīnjiāng region and the
          interior has been going on for several thousand years.
          Economic and cultural interchange which was put down in
          writing began around 600 B.C. In ŌO B.C., after several wars,
          Xīnjiāng was united with the interior, and there began to be
          more and more cultural and artistic interchange.
        </para>
        <para>
          I understand that many people have moved to Xīnjiāng since
          liberation.
        </para>
        <para>
          In 1950, Xīnjiāng was peacefully liberated. After the PLA
          arrived here, they carried on economic construction with the
          peasants. Since 19Ō2, every year, a lot of young people have
          come here. Back then, life in the border region was much worse
          than in the interior; but now, construction has been pretty
          well carried out.
        </para>
        <para>
          And where have all these young people who are carrying on the
          construction of the borderlands come from?
        </para>
        <para>
          Most of them are youth from Tiānjīn, Běijīng, Shànghāi, and
          Zhéjiāng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Can they still go back to the big cities?
        </para>
        <para>
          Now, transportation is convenient, so when they have vacation,
          they can go back to visit their original home. Most of
          the.young people have married here and have children; they
          have already become Xīnjiāng natives!
        </para>
        <para>
          What do they do here? Just farming?
        </para>
        <para>
          L; Ò! BÙ dǒu shi gio nōngyè. Yě yōude ahi gōngren, yě yōude
          gào wénhuà jiàoyu gōngzuò, hái yōude gio xùmuyè.
        </para>
        <para>
          G: Duì le, suīrán Xīnjiǎng yōu hěn dàde ahǎmò, kěshi xùmuyè
          hái shi hěn fǎdáde.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   NĪ Jiànguo Xīnjiǎngde dìtǎn
        </para>
        <para>
          meiyou?
        </para>
        <para>
          G:   Zài zhànlànhuìshang Jiànguo. Tz!
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhen mei! Duō měide dìtin!
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Měinián Xīnjiǎng dìqǔ Jiǎo gěi
        </para>
        <para>
          guójiǎ bù shào dìtin. Tǎmende shēngchàn qíngkuàng bú cuò,
          shù-liang bù shio, zhìliàng yě hěn gāo, wàiguo pengyou hěn
          xīhuan mil.
        </para>
        <para>
          G: À! Wō zhīdao le, nì shi dào Xīnjiǎng qu chūchǎide ba!
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Duì le. Qù he Jìge dìtinching tǎolùn míngniǎnde shēngchàn
          Jìhuà.
        </para>
        <para>
          G: Zhèixiē dìtànchàng kě bu kéyi cānguān na?
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Zěnme bù kéyi? Huǎnyíng huān-
        </para>
        <para>
          yíng! Nín hé LÙxíngshè tányitán, tǎmen hui ǎnpaide.
        </para>
        <para>
          G:   Duìbuqì, nīde biio xiànzài Jìdiàn
        </para>
        <para>
          le? Wōde biio hàoxiàng kuài le ma.
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   ZhōngwS shfàrdiàa.
        </para>
        <para>
          G: Wō zěnme Juěde tiǎn liàngle bù Jiù a.
        </para>
        <para>
          L: Nín bié wàng le, zhèrde shíjiǎn hé Běijīng chà sìge
          zhōngtóu ne!
        </para>
        <para>
          G: Zěnme chà sìge zhǒngtǒu?
        </para>
        <para>
          Ohj not all of then. Some are workers, some do cultural and
          educational work, and some do livestock farming.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, yes; although Xīnjiǎng has a big desert, livestock farming
          is still very well developed.
        </para>
        <para>
          Have you ever seen Xīnjiǎng carpets?
        </para>
        <para>
          At an exhibition. Gee! They’re really beautiful! Such
          beautiful carpets!
        </para>
        <para>
          Every year the Xīnjiǎng region hands over quite a few carpets
          to the state. They are doing well in production; they produce
          quite a number of carpets, and the quality is also very high.
          Foreign friends love to buy them.
        </para>
        <para>
          Ah! Now I know: I bet you’re going to Xīnjiǎng on business!
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. I'm going to discuss next year's production plan with a
          few carpet factories.
        </para>
        <para>
          Can one visit these carpet factories?
        </para>
        <para>
          Of course! You are very welcome to visit! Talk to the Travel
          Service about it, and they’ll make the arrangements.
        </para>
        <para>
          Excuse me—what time do you have? My watch seems to be fast.
        </para>
        <para>
          Twelve noon.
        </para>
        <para>
          How come I feel as if it's only been light out for a little
          while?
        </para>
        <para>
          Don't forget, there's a four-hour time difference between here
          and Běijīng!
        </para>
        <para>
          How is that?
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Zài Béijīng qīdiān zhòng tian Jiu
        </para>
        <para>
          liàng le, zài zhèr BéiJIng shíjiān shíyīdiān tian cài liàng
          ne!
        </para>
        <para>
          G:   Duìle, duìle...óu, quānguó dōu
        </para>
        <para>
          tōngyīde yòng BōiJIng shíjiān ma? Zhèi hé Mōiguó bù yíyàng,
          Meiguo yōu sìge shíjiān ne....
        </para>
        <para>
          Xiànzài wǒmen yījìng zài huōchē-ahang guòle qlshige zhōngtóu
          le! Shénme shihour kéyi dào Wūlumùqí ya?
        </para>
        <para>
          L:   Hèi yōu bāge zhōngtóu ne. HSo
        </para>
        <para>
          le, zhànlèi le ba, wō gǎi huíqu xiūxi yìhuīr le. Hui tour
          Jiàn!
        </para>
        <para>
          G:   Hui tóur Jiàn, Lí Xiānsheng.
        </para>
        <para>
          In BōiJIng it gets light at seven o'clock. Here, it doesn't
          get light until eleven o'clock BōiJIng time!
        </para>
        <para>
          I see, I see...hm, Beijing time is used throughout the
          country? That's different from America. America has four
          times....
        </para>
        <para>
          Now we've already spent seventy hours on the train! What time
          will we get to Orumqi?
        </para>
        <para>
          We still have another eight hours. Well, you must be tired of
          standing up. I should go back and rest a bit. See you later!
        </para>
        <para>
          See you later, Mr. Lí.
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-9.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Railroad routes from Beijing to Ūrūmqi
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-10.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Exercise 1
        </para>
        <para>
          This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in
          this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English,
          followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then
          a second speaker will confirm your answer.
        </para>
        <para>
          All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once.
          You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise
          several times.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          In this exercise in Bíijīng and talks with a Uygur student.
        </para>
        <para>
          The conversation occurs only once, you’ll probably want' to
          rewind the tape you listen a second time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are the new words and phrases conversation:
        </para>
        <para>
          xuéyuàn Túěrqí Ālābó Lading zìmu slxiing xìn Jiao zuò lībài
        </para>
        <para>
          qlngzhēnsi
        </para>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          Prepare able to give
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Are
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3.
            </para>
            <para>
              an American visits the Central Nationalities Institute
            </para>
            <para>
              After listening to it completely, and answer the questions
              below as
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              you will need to understand this
            </para>
            <para>
              academy, institute
            </para>
            <para>
              Turkey, Turkish
            </para>
            <para>
              Arab, Arabic
            </para>
            <para>
              Latin (Roman) alphabet
            </para>
            <para>
              thought, ideas
            </para>
            <para>
              to believe in a religion
            </para>
            <para>
              to worship; to attend a religious service
            </para>
            <para>
              mosque
            </para>
            <para>
              you will be
            </para>
            <para>
              in Xīnjiāng?
            </para>
            <para>
              like?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              your answers to these questions in Chinese so that them
              orally in class.
            </para>
            <para>
              the minority nationality languages used in schools
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              What does the Uygur student say his native language is Do
              more Uygurs understand Chinese or Russian?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          U. What is the Uygur student’s religious background?
        </para>
        <para>
          5. How that she is in Beijing, is the Uygur student able to
          attend religious services?
        </para>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you
          practice saying your answers.
        </para>
        <para>
          Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
          indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
          sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          In this conversation, an American tourist talks with a China
          Travel Service worker on the train from Beijing to Hohhot,
          Inner Mongolia.
        </para>
        <para>
          Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
          second time through, look below and answer the questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
          this conversation:
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jíníng (Jìníng)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (city in Inner Mongolia)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    san bù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to go for a walk
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    huǎngtu gāoyuan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    loess plateau (see map at the end of this unit)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    mínzú zhīJiàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    between nationalities
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xīfǎng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    the West
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    yāoqiú
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to require
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    gXishàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to improve
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dàtfing
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (city in Shǎnxī province)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    chēxling
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    car (of a train)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
          will be able to give them orally in class.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. In history, was the Jíníng region a peaceful one?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. What is the China Travel Service worker’s attitude
              toward the national minorities of China?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. How might you respond to questions about racial
              difficulties in the U.S.? (Use several sentences from the
              dialogue, or prepare answers in your own words.)
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you
          practice saying the answers you have prepared.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise U
        </para>
        <para>
          This is a conversation between an American tourist and a young
          Chinese woman who meet at the Museum of Chinese History in
          Běijīng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind
          the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer
          the questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          You will need the following new words and phrases:
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    níkai
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to take away, to move (something) out of the way
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    gǔdàishl
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ancient history
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    huángdì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    emperor
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Qīnghli
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (name of a province)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    dang
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to act as, to be
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    hánshSubǎn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    correspondence course
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    kloshàng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to pass (an examination)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    zìxué
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to study by oneself
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ànshí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    on time
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    zudyè
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    homework
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    chénggǒng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to succeed
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise U
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Why is the young woman taking down notes?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. How are living conditions in QīnghXi?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. What does the young woman do for a living in-QīnghXi?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          U. What other kinds of work has she done before?
        </para>
        <para>
          5. Why does she want to re to college?
        </para>
        <para>
          After you have answered, these questions yourself, you may
          want to take a look at the translation for this conversation.
          You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help
          you pronounce your answers correctly.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          An American (A) visits the Central talks with a Uygur student
          (U).
        </para>
        <para>
          U: Nín hǎo! Huānyíng nín lái wSmen xueyuàn cānguān.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Nīde Hànyǔ hěn hāo ma, shi zài
        </para>
        <para>
          Běijīng xuéde ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          U:   Zhǔyào shi zài Běijīng xuéde,
        </para>
        <para>
          kěshi bú shi zài Běijīng kāishī xuéde.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Ò, zài Xīnjiǎng Wéiwúěr Zìzhìqūde xuéxiàoli yě Jiao Hànyǔ,
          shi bu shi?
        </para>
        <para>
          U:   Zài zìzhìqūde zhong- xiāoxuéli
        </para>
        <para>
          chúle Hànzú xuéxiào yīwài dōu Jiāo shloshù mínzú wénzì, tebié
          shi Wéiwúěr wénzì.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Wéiwúěr wénzì hé Zhōngdōngde wénzì ySu shénme guānxi ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          U: Yōu, Wéiwúěryǔ hé Túěrqíyu bī-Jiāo Jin, lǎo Wéiwúěrwén
          Jībenshang shi Ālǎbōwén. xīn wénzì yòngde shi Lādīng zìmǔ.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Nàme xiàng &quot;Gōngchěndlng,&quot;
          &quot;Shè-huizhǔyì&quot; zhèixiě zì zěnme ban ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          U: Zhèixiě zìde fāyīn duōbàn xiàng Hànyu, huozhě xiàng èyǔ.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Duìbuqī, Wéiwúěr rén dōng Hànyǔde duō ne, háishi dSng Éyǔde
          duō ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          U: Yìbānde lái shuō, hái shi dōng Éwénde rén duō.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Duì le—nī gāngcái bú shi shuō nīde Hànyǔ bú shi zài Běijīng
          kāishī xuéde ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          U: Wōmen lái Běijīng niàn dàxuéde shāoshù mínzú xuéshēng dōu
          kéyi zài zìzhìqūde Hànzú xuéxiàoli xiān xué yìnián Hànyǔ. Zài
          xué Hànyǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          Nationalities Institute in Běijīng and
        </para>
        <para>
          Hello! Welcome to the Institute.
        </para>
        <para>
          Your Chinese is very good! Did you learn it in Běijīng?
        </para>
        <para>
          Mainly, but I wasn’t in Běijīng when I started learning it.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh. They teach Chinese in schools in the Xīnjiǎng Uygur
          Autonomous Region, do they?
        </para>
        <para>
          Except for the Hàn nationality schools, secondary and primary
          schools in the autonomous region teach the minority
          nationality languages, especially the Uygur language.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is the Uygur language related to the languages of the Middle
          East?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. Uygur is rather close to Turkish. The old Uygur writing
          system was basically an Arabic writing system. The new writing
          system uses the Roman alphabet.
        </para>
        <para>
          Well, how do they handle words like &quot;the Communist Party”
          and ’’socialism&quot;?
        </para>
        <para>
          The pronunciation of words like that is mostly like Chinese,
          or like Russian
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m sorry: Do more Uygurs understand Chinese or Russian?
        </para>
        <para>
          Generally speaking, there are still more who understand
          Russian.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh—you Just said that you didn’t begin studying Chinese in
          Běijīng, right?
        </para>
        <para>
          All of us minority students who come to Běijīng to attend
          college can take a year of Chinese language beforehand in a
          Hàn nationality school in
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          yiqián, wō lián.yíge Hànzì dou bù zhìdào.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Hànyú shi hěn fǔzáde, xuéqilai
        </para>
        <para>
          dàgài hěn nán.
        </para>
        <para>
          U:   Bù jǔéde zěnme tài nán, xuéle
        </para>
        <para>
          yìnián ylhòu wǒmen he nàrde Hànzú gōngren, gànbu, yòng Hànyu
          táolùn wèntí, jiāoliú slxlāng dōu meiyou shenme wèntí le.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Tz! Nà zhěn bú cuò. Duì le—
        </para>
        <para>
          wō hái yōu zuìhòu yige xiǎo wèntí. Nimen xìn jiào ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          U: Wōmende fùmǔ, zufùmú dōu xlāngxìn Ylsllánjiào.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Nimen zìjī ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          U:   Wǒmen zìjl me, yōude xìn, yōude
        </para>
        <para>
          bú tài xìn, wō hái shi xiangxìnde.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Zài BěijIng yě kéyi zuò llbài ma-?.
        </para>
        <para>
          U:   Keyi. Zhèr yōu hen dàde qlng-
        </para>
        <para>
          zhēnsì, wō měige xingqī dōu qù.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Tài xièxie ni le, gěi wo jièshào-le zhème duō yōu
              yìside qíngkuàng.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          U: Hěn gāoxìng nín lái cānguān. Zàijiàn.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Zàijiàn.
        </para>
        <para>
          the autonomous region. Before I started studying Chinese, I
          didn’t even know one Chinese character.
        </para>
        <para>
          Chinese is very complicated. It must be very hard to study.
        </para>
        <para>
          I don’t find it terribly difficult. After one year, we didn’t
          have any problem having discussions and communicating ideas in
          Chinese with the Chinese workers and cadres there.
        </para>
        <para>
          Gee, that’s really great. Oh yes— I have one last small
          question. Do you profess a religion?
        </para>
        <para>
          Our parents and grandparents believe in Islam.
        </para>
        <para>
          What about you yourselves?
        </para>
        <para>
          We ourselves...well, some of us believe, and some of us don't
          really believe. I still believe.
        </para>
        <para>
          Can you worship in BěiJIng?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. There’s a big mosque here.
        </para>
        <para>
          I go every week.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you so much for telling me about so many interesting
          things.
        </para>
        <para>
          It was nice to have you here. Good-bye.
        </para>
        <para>
          Good-bye.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          On the train from Běijīng to Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, an
          American tourist (A) talks with a China Travel Service worker
          (B).
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tiān gāng liàng nín jiù qllai le? Bù duō shuì yihuīr?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Bù xiāng shuì le. Xiàmian yízhàn shi nār le?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Jíníng, zhèi shi yíge dà zhàn,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          huōchē zài zhèr ting èrshifēn
        </para>
        <para>
          You're up so soon after dawn? Don't you want to get some more
          sleep?
        </para>
        <para>
          I don't feel like sleeping. What's the next stop?
        </para>
        <para>
          Jíníng. It's a big stop. The train will stop there for twenty
          minutes.
        </para>
        <para>
          zhōng. Wōmen kéyi dào zhàntái-ahang qu sànsan bù.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Jìníng’ yfdài ahi yíge zhōngyàode dìqū.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Cōng dìxíngahang kàn, Jíníng bēi-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          biānr shi dà shāmō, náhbiānr shi huárurtǔ gāoyuán. Gōngyuán
          qiánhōu zài zhèige dìqū bù zhldào yōuguo duōsbSo cì zhànzhēng.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Xiànzài hépíng le, biānjiāng he
        </para>
        <para>
          nèidi bú huì yōu zhànzhēng le.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Nín shuōde duì, Zhōngguō shi yíge duō mínzúde, tōngyīde
          shèhuizhǔyì dà Jiātíng, mínzú zhījlānde zhànzhēng dōu yijīng
          ahi lìshī le. Tīngshuǒ, zài Xīfāng. zhōngzú wèntí, mínzú wèntí
          hái ahi hēn máfande wèntí a? Shloshù mínzúde shēnghuō he dìwei
          hái hēn chà?
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Wō xiāng zài yìbāinián yīqiánde shihou, zhōngzú wèntí shi
          yíge bī-Jiāo dàde wèntí, xiànzài qíngkuàng yījīng yōule hān
          dàde gāibiàn.
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   Shì ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Wōmende zhèngfù yāoqiú zhèngfū gōngzuō rēnyuán del yōu
          yídìng shù-liangde shāoshù mínzú. Zài wōmende xuéxiàoli duì
          shloshù mínzú yē yōu tebiede bāngzhu.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Nàme nī xiXng zài Jiàoyu shuī-píng, gōngzuō Jīhui, shēnghuō
          shuī-píng fāngmian ahāoahù mínzúde qíngkuàng dōu gāishàn le?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Wō xiāng mínzú wèntí, zhōngzú wèntí yōu lìshīde
              yuányīn, yē yōu zhèngzhi, JīngJi, wenhuà gèfǎng-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          We can go out for a walk on the platform.
        </para>
        <para>
          The Jíníng area is an importantregion.
        </para>
        <para>
          As far as terrain is concerned, to the north of Jíníng is a
          big desert, and to the south is the loess plateau. Before and
          during the Christian era there have been I-don't-know how many
          wars in this region.
        </para>
        <para>
          But now it’s at peace. The border regions and the interior
          won’t have any more wars.
        </para>
        <para>
          That's right. China is a unified socialist family made up of
          many nationalities. War between these groups is already a
          thing of the past. I hear that in the West, racial and ethnic
          problems are still very troublesome, and that the living
          conditions and status of minorities are still very inferior.
        </para>
        <para>
          I think that the race problem was bigger a hundred years ago.
          The situation has already changed quite a lot.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is that so?
        </para>
        <para>
          Our government requires that their employees include a certain
          number of minority individuals. In our schools minorities are
          also given special help.
        </para>
        <para>
          Then as far as levels of education, Job opportunities, and
          standard of living are concerned, do you think that the
          minority situation has improved in all these areas?
        </para>
        <para>
          I think that ethnic and racial problems have historical
          causes, as well as political, economic, and cultural
        </para>
        <para>
          ’Speaker A on the tape says Jiníng. which is another
          pronunciation. The dictionary pronunciation is Jíníng.
        </para>
        <para>
          miànde yuányīn, xǔduō guōjiā dōu hái yōu zhèizhōng wèntí. Zài
          Měi-guō, wōmende zhèngfǔ hé rénmín dōu zài nǔlì tígāo shXoshù
          mínzúde dì-wei. ShXoshù mínzúde qíngkuàng yídìng hui yuè lái
          yuè hāo.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hāojíle. Wōmen dōu xìwàng gè
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          mínzúde shēnghuō yuè guò yuè hāo. Jíníng zhàn dào le, wōmen
          xiàqu kànkan ba!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: HXode. Zhèr yījīng shi Nèi Měng-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          gǔ le, bl Datong lěngde duō, wō qù chuān Jiàn maoyī Jiù lai.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: HXode, wō zài chēxiāng ménkōu děng ni.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          ones. Many countries still have this kind of problem. In
          America, our government and people are making an effort to
          raise the status of our minorities. The situation is sure to
          get better and better for them.
        </para>
        <para>
          Great. We all hope that life will improve for all peoples.
          We’ve arrived at Jíníng station. Let’s get off and have a look
          around.
        </para>
        <para>
          All right. This is already Inner Mongolia, and it’s much
          colder than Dàtōng. I’m going to go put on a sweater and I’ll
          be right back.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay. I’ll wait for you at the door of this car.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
        </para>
        <para>
          At an exhibition on general Chinese history in Beijing’s
          Museum of Chinese History, a young woman (B) is sitting on a
          bench taking some notes. When an American tourist (A) walks
          by, the young woman gets up to let him have her seat.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nī zài xiě dōngxi, kuài qīng zuò-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          xia, bú yào kèqi.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Wō lái bX zhèi jīběn shū nákāi,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          nín zuòxia xiūxixiuxi.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zhèiběnr Zhōngguō Gǔdàishī shi
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          nīde ma?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shi wōde. Zhèiběn shǔli guānyú
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          yíwèi Tángcháo huángdìde gùshi he zhèige zhXnlXnhuìshang
          shuōde bú tài yíyàng, suōyi wō bX ta xiěxia-lai dàihuiqu
          kànkan.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: NĪ shi Běifáng rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Wō iXoJiā zài Zhéjiāng, xiànzài
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zài QīnghXi gōngzuò, zhèicì shi lái Běijīng chǔcháide.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: QīnghXide xùmuyè her. fādá ba?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          You’re writing, please sit down. Don’t be polite.
        </para>
        <para>
          I’ll move these books away and you can sit down and rest.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is this History of Ancient China yours?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, it is. There are some differences between the version of
          a story about a Táng dynasty emperor in this book and the
          version given in the exhibit, so I’m writing it down to take
          home and read.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you from the north?
        </para>
        <para>
          Originally I’m from Zhéjiāng, but now I work in QīnghXi. This
          time I’m in Běijīng on business.
        </para>
        <para>
          QīnghXi’s livestock farming is very developed, isn’t it?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: xùmuyède qíngkuàng bú cud, bú-gud méiyou Nèiměng,
              Xīnjiāng nàme hāo.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Rénmínde shěnghuō shuīpíng zěn
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          meyàng?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Chīde chà yidiānr, zhǔyào shi
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Jiāotōng bù fāngbian, biéde shēng-huo fāngmian me, yě meiyou
          nèidì hāo.
        </para>
        <para>
          Livestock farming is doing well, but the situation isn’t as
          good as in Inner Mongolia and Xīnjiāng.
        </para>
        <para>
          How is the people’s standard of living?
        </para>
        <para>
          The food is rather poor, but the main thing Is that
          transportation is difficult. As for other aspects of life,
          well, they aren't as good as in the interior either.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    k:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī zài Qīnghāi gōngzud, zuò shénme ne?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    What is your work in Qīnghāi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dāngguo nongmín, yě dāngguo Jiě-fàngjūn, xiànzài zài
                    yíge Jiànzhù cáiliàochāng dāng gōngren.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I’ve been a peasant and I’ve been in the P.L.A. Now
                    I’m a worker in a construction materials factory.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ng, nī zudguo bù shāode shìqing.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mm, you’ve done a lot of things.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiànzài bù shāo niánqīng rén dōu shi zhèiyangrde.
                    Kāshi wō zuì yōu xìngqude hài shi lìshī.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    These days a lot of young people are like that. But
                    I’m still most interested in history.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    NĪ yào shàng dàxué niàn lìshī ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Do you want to go to college to study history?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yào. Duì le, nín kàn Zhōngwén bào ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yes, I do. Oh, do you read the Chinese newspapers?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kàn.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yes.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhèi liāngtiānde Rénmín Rìbào nín kànguo ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Have you been reading the People * s Daily the last
                    couple of days?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kànguo le. Bàoshang shuō hěn duō dàxué yào bàn
                    hánshòubān le.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yes. It said in the paper that a lot of colleges are
                    going to start correspondence courses.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Duì le, suōyi wō zài zhèr zhǔn-bèi kāoshì.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Right, so I’m preparing to take the exams here.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zhèizhōng dàxué zānme niàn ne?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Kāoshàngle yīhdu, xuéxiào Jì gei
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          wǒmen shǔ he biéde xuéxí cáiliào, wǒmen zìjī zìxué, ànshí bā
          zuòyè hé kāoshì Jiào gei xuéxiào. Gong-chǎng fàng Jiàde shihou
          wo kéyi hui lāojiā qu kàn fùmǔ, hai kéyi qù dà-
        </para>
        <para>
          How do you go about attending these colleges?
        </para>
        <para>
          After we pass the exam, the school sends us the books and
          other study materials, and we study on our own, turning in our
          homework and tests when required. When I have vacation from
          the factory, I can go back to my home-
        </para>
        <para>
          xué xiàng lǎoahī qīngjiào.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nà bú cuò ma, zhèiyang niàn shǔ
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          yě kéyi y8u dàxué bìyède shuīpíng ma?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Kéyi. Zhóngguó gǔdàishī shi hěn
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          y3u yìside, w3 yídìng yào hǎohǎor niàn.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Hǎo, zhù nī chénggòng’.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Xièxie ni!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          town to visit my parents, and I can also go to the college to
          ask for help from the teachers.
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s pretty good. By going to school like that can you reach
          the level of a college graduate?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, you can. Ancient Chinese history is very interesting. I’m
          determined to study hard.
        </para>
        <para>
          Good, I wish you success.
        </para>
        <para>
          Thank you!
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-11.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Loess is a fine-grained, chalky soil between silt and clay,
          actually a deposit of windblown sand. China's loess deposits
          are the most extensive in the world; they cover most of Shánxī
          and Shánxi provinces, and the better part of Gànsù, and extend
          into Hébéi and Hénán as well. Because it holds moisture well,
          loess makes good farming ground when irrigated. Loess is buff
          to gray in color (the Chinese word for loess, huángtǔ, means
          literally, 'yellow soil&quot;) and it is loess that gives the
          Yellow River its distinctive yellowish appearance.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. A: Cōng gongshè dào chéngli hái zhēn yuàn, shèyuánmen J
              in chéng mài dōngxi yōu diānr bú tài fāngbian ba?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Nín méi kànjian, yanzhe gōnglù bànle hāojīge xiāo
          shángdiàn, mài dōngxi hái suàn fangbian.
        </para>
        <para>
          It’s such a long way from the commune into town, isn’t it kind
          of inconvenient for the commune members to go into town to
          shop?
        </para>
        <para>
          Didn’t you see, a lot of little stores have been set up along
          the highway.
        </para>
        <para>
          It’s fairly convenient to shop there.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. A: Tiělùshang fāshēng shénme wèntí le ma? Wèishénme
              zhèibān tèkuài bl mànchē hái man?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nín bié JInzhang. wō yě méi xiàngdào yōu zhèige
              qíngkuàng, wō xiànzài jiù qù wènwenqīngchu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. A: Zài máng wō yě děi huíqu yí-tàng, gang màihàode
              liāng-yàng dōngxi, quán wàng zài shāngdiànli le!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Háishi máfan dàoyōu huíqu zhào yítang ba! Nín bié qù le.
        </para>
        <para>
          U. A: Shíjiān tài jin, yōude dìfang wŌ jiu bú qù le, bīfang
          shuō yòuéryuán ba! Yīhòu zài qù cānguān ba!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hāo. Wōmen xuàn Jīge yào-jīnde dìfang cānguān hāo le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Has some problem come up on the railroad? Why is this express
          even slower than a slow train?
        </para>
        <para>
          Don’t get nervous. I didn’t expect this either. I’ll go try to
          find out about it right now.
        </para>
        <para>
          No matter how busy I am I have to go back there. I left both
          the things I just bought in the store!
        </para>
        <para>
          It would be better to trouble the guide to go back and look
          for them. Don’t you go.
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m too pressed for time, so there are some places I’m not
          going. The kindergarten, for example—I’ll visit there another
          time.
        </para>
        <para>
          All right. Let’s choose a few important places to visit.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. A: Cong chànliàngshang kàn, Chángjiàng yīnánde nōngyè
              shēngchàn qíngkuàng zhēn bú cuò.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Chángjiāng yīnán bú yòr.g shuō le, jiù shi Changjiang yīběi
          shēngchàn qíngkuàng yě gān-shanglái la!
        </para>
        <para>
          From the point of view of yield, the agricultural production
          situation south of the Yangtze River is really good.
        </para>
        <para>
          For the area south of the Yangtze that goes without saying,
          but even north of the Yangtze the level of production is
          catching up*.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. A: Shōudū Gāngtiā GongsIde gōngren dōu zài zhèige
              shítáng chi fan ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Òu, wōmen gōngsī yōu hāojīwàn zhígōng. jiāshǔ, yōu bù shSo
          de dà shítáng ne!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. A: Shàngcì wō cānguān qìchě zhì-zàochāngde shihou
              hāoxiàng zài nār Jiànguo ta, tā shi nàrde zhígōng ba?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Nín gāocuō le, tā shi women Luxíngshède gōngzuō rényuán.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. A: Nimen chāng yíbànr yìshàngde gōngren sùshè dōu shi
              xīnde urn.!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Nel JIniin, sùshè bèi gāode luànqībāzāo, zhl hāo gài xinde
          le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. A: Líi! Bā zhèi Jīge Jiāozi dou xiāomiè le!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: &quot;Xiāomiè&quot; jiāozi? Wō dào méi tīngguo zhèige
          shuōfār!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. A: Wō fāxiàn nlmende gōngzuō jìnxíngde bú cuò ma! Bù
              xūyào shíjiān le ba?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nt shuōde dào rōngyi! Nt zhldao wōmen yōngle duōshāo
              yèyú shíjiān!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              11. A: Chāng llngdāo hàozhāo quán-chāng gōngren zhèige yuè
              duō shēngchān sìbāibù qìchě.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Bú cud a! Nà zhèige yuède chānliàng chàbuduō děngyu shàngge
          yuède yíbèi bàn la*.
        </para>
        <para>
          Do all the workers in the Capital Iron and Steel Company eat
          in this dining hall?
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, our company has tens of thousands of staff and workers and
          their families . There are lots of large dining halls!
        </para>
        <para>
          It seems to me I saw him someplace the time I visited the
          automobile plant. Isn't he a staff member or worker there?
        </para>
        <para>
          You're mistaken. He's one of our Travel Service personnel.
        </para>
        <para>
          At your factory, over half of your workers' living quarters
          are new!
        </para>
        <para>
          During those few years, the living quarters were wrecked up,
          we had no choice but to build new ones.
        </para>
        <para>
          Come on. Polish off Cliterally, &quot;exterminate&quot;!!
          these dumplings!
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;Polish off&quot; dumplings? I've never heard that
          expression before'.
        </para>
        <para>
          I find that your work is proceeding very well. I don't suppose
          you need any more time.
        </para>
        <para>
          That's easy for you to say. You don't know how much of our
          time after hours we used!
        </para>
        <para>
          The leadership of our factory made an appeal to the workers of
          the whole factory to produce four hundred more cars this
          month.
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s great! Then this month's output is about equal to one
          and a half times last month's!
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Unit 7, Vocabulary List
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    àn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    according to
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -bèi bèi
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    -bù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    time, -fold
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (passive marker)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (counter for automobiles, machines, etc.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Changjiang
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yangtze River
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    dào dàoyou děngyú
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    yet, on the contrary, neverthless (tour) guide
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    to equal, to be equal to
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    fāshēng fāxiàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to happen, to occur to discover
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    gangtie gànshàng(lái) gàocuá gōnglù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    iron and steel
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    to catch up
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    to do wrong; to be wrong (mistaken) highway
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    háishi
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    hàozhāo (hàozhào)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    it would be better to to call, to appeal
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J iāshǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    family members, (family) dependents
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jin
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Jinxing jlnzhāng J iùshi...ye...
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be tight
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    to carry on, to conduct; to be to be nervous, to be
                    tense even (if)...
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    kuài yào
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    will soon
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qǐngchu (-chu)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be clear, to be distinct
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    rényuán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    personnel, staff
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shèyuán shítáng sùshè
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    commune member mess hall, dining room living
                    quarters; dormitory
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    tielù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    railroad
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    xiǎomiè
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to eliminate, to abolish, to exterminate, to wipe
                    out
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    xuàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to choose
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -yàng yànzhe
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    kind (bound form) along(side)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    n&amp;
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          yèyú yí-
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          yíshàng yíxià yòuéryuán
        </para>
        <para>
          zhígōng
        </para>
        <para>
          zhìzào zhìzàochǎng
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          spare time, after hours, amateur
        </para>
        <para>
          (used, before direction words to
        </para>
        <para>
          mark direction with reference to a point)
        </para>
        <para>
          above, over (an amount)
        </para>
        <para>
          under (an amount)
        </para>
        <para>
          kindergarten
        </para>
        <para>
          staff and workers; worker or
        </para>
        <para>
          staff member to manufacture manufacturing plant, factory
        </para>
        <para>
          REFERENCE NOTES
        </para>
        <para>
          1. A: Cōng gǒngshè dào chéngli hái zhen yuln, shèyuánmen jin
          chéng mài dōngxi yōu diánr bú tài ffingbian ba?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Nín méi kànjian, yánzhe gōnglù bànle hXojīge xiSo
          shfingdiàn, mài dōngxi hái suàn fSngbian.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          It’s such a long way from the commune into town, isn’t it kind
          of inconvenient for the commune members to go into town to
          shop?
        </para>
        <para>
          Didn’t you see, a lot of little stores have been set up along
          the highway.
        </para>
        <para>
          It’s fairly convenient to shop there.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 1
        </para>
        <para>
          hái zhēn yuàn: Hái, ’’still,” in this sentence may go
          untranslated; it expresses surprise at how far it is into
          town. In this meaning, hái is often used before zhēn,
          ”really.”
        </para>
        <para>
          Nl hái zhēn bú pà ling, zhème You really don’t mind
          (&quot;aren’t afraid lēngde tiin chuln zhème shio! of’’) the
          cold; you wear so little in such cold weather!
        </para>
        <para>
          Shèyuán, &quot;commune member,&quot; includes working members
          and their non-working family members. The ending -yuán is used
          in. various compound words to mean ’’member&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          DKngyuán                           Party member
        </para>
        <para>
          Tuányuán                           (Communist Youth) League
          member
        </para>
        <para>
          huìyuán OR chéngyuán             member
        </para>
        <para>
          yōu diinr bú tài f&amp;ngbian: &quot;a little inconvenient,
          kind of inconvenient&quot; You are familiar with the phrasing
          yōu di&amp;nr bù fāngbian. Here you see that use bú tài
          instead of just bù.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yánzhe, &quot;along, alongside,&quot; is used for longer
          distances than pángbiān, &quot;side?’
        </para>
        <para>
          Qìchē yánzhe zhèitiáo lù kǎile hēn Jitt cái kànjian yíge rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yánzhe fángzi sìbiinr zhōngle h&amp;oduō hui.
        </para>
        <para>
          BUT:
        </para>
        <para>
          Fángzi pángbiin zhōngle h&amp;oduō huà.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The car drove along this road a
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          long time before they saw a person.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A lot of flowers were planted along the four sides of the
          house (i.e., all around the house).
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A lot of flowers were planted alongside the house (on the side
          or sides).
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          gōnglù: &quot;public-road,&quot; i.e., &quot;highway&quot;
          &quot;Expressway&quot; is g&amp;osù gōnglù, &quot;high-speed
          public-road.&quot; (As of this writing, mainland China has no
          expressways; Taiwan has one, which goes from the north to the
          south of the island.) .
        </para>
        <para>
          hái suàn: &quot;can still be considered to be...” This is an
          idiom for ”fairly.&quot; Compare the use of hái for
          &quot;fairly&quot; which you learned in the Society module,
          for example, Hái hio, &quot;Fairly good.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā hái suàn wèntí sh&amp;ode xué- He can be considered a
          student with shēng, biéde rén wèntí gèng duō. relatively few
          problems; the others have even more problems.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nà hái suàn xiāo shì.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          2. A:
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Tiělùshang fāshēng shénme wèntí le ma? Wèishénme zhèibān
          tèkuài bl mànchē hái man?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          That's no big thing (&quot;a small matter&quot;).
        </para>
        <para>
          Has some problem come up on the railroad? Why is this express
          even slower than a slow train?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Nín bié ^Inzhāng, wō y? méi xiingdào yōu zhèige qíngkuàng,
          wō xiànzài Jiù qù wènvenqIngchú.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Don't get nervous. I didn’t expect this either. I’ll go try to
          find out about it right now.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 2
        </para>
        <para>
          tiélù: &quot;railroad,&quot; literally, &quot;iron-road&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Xlbéide tiélù bù duō, érqii yōu There aren’t many railroads in
          the bù shio shi gang xiūde.            Northwest, and many of
          them were
        </para>
        <para>
          just built.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō yōu yíge gēge zài tiélùshang I have an older brother who
          works on gōngzuō.                            the railroad.
        </para>
        <para>
          fishing: &quot;to happen,&quot; &quot;to occur&quot; The event
          which happens often follows fishéng in the sentence (just as
          in sentences with yōu, &quot;there is,&quot; the thing that
          exists often follows yōu):
        </para>
        <para>
          Bù zhīdào fishéngle shénme shì-qing, láile zhème duō rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi JItiin fishéngle hiojljiàn qíguàide shì.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nèi shihou fishěngde shì, wō dōu bù zènme qīngchú le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Shéi dōu bú jìde zhèijiàn shì shi shénme shihou fāsb.ēngde le.
        </para>
        <para>
          bi mànchē hái màn: &quot;even slower as even.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I wonder what has happened that so many people have come here.
        </para>
        <para>
          The last few days, a lot of strange things have been
          happening.
        </para>
        <para>
          The things that happened then aren’t very clear in my mind
          anymore.
        </para>
        <para>
          No one remembers when that event took place anymore.
        </para>
        <para>
          tan a slow train&quot; Here, hái is used
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Zuétiǎn ling, jīnti&quot;r. bī zuétiǎn It was cold yesterday,
          (but) today is hái ling.                           even colder
          than yesterday.
        </para>
        <para>
          ibt
        </para>
        <para>
          .1 Tn zhang: &quot;to be nervous,&quot; &quot;to be
          tense&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài zhèli kāi chě zhěn Jīnzhǎng, It’s really nerve-racking to
          drive bù zhídào shénme shihou huì        here. You don’t knov
          vhen you-might
        </para>
        <para>
          zhuàngdao rén.                      run into someone.
        </para>
        <para>
          wènwenqīngchù: &quot;to inquire until clear,&quot; i.e.,
          &quot;to try to find out the true situation.&quot;Notice that
          you can reduplicate a verb (here, yen) even vhen the verb is
          followed by a resultative ending (here, qlngchǔ). Other
          examples: Qíng nī bā shìqing shuǒshuoqlngchìí, &quot;Please
          explain this more clearly&quot;; Bā zhuōzi cǎcagǎnjing,
          &quot;Wipe the table clean.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          3. A: Zài míng w8 yě děi huíqu yítàng, gang mǎihSode
          liǎng-yàng dōngxi, quán vàng zài shāngdiànli le!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          No matter how busy I am I have to go back there. I left both
          the things I Just bought in the store!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Háishi máfan dǎoyōu huíqu zhāo yítàng ba! Nín bié qù le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          It would be better to trouble the guide to go back and look
          for them. Don’t you go.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 3
        </para>
        <para>
          zài máng...yě...: &quot;no matter how busy...&quot; The zài in
          this pattern (meaning literally,
          <superscript>H</superscript>more, additionally&quot;) must be
          given extra-heavy stress: ZÀI máng w8 ye děi huíqu. Yě here
          means &quot;still, even so.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngwén ZAI nán w8 yě yào xué. No matter how hard Chinese is,
          I’m still going to study it.
        </para>
        <para>
          -tàng: This counter for trips need not be translated here.
          Used with verbs like lái, qù, huílai, huíqu, etc., -tàng
          simply counts the number of times someone goes someplace.
          Other examples:
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ shàngge xīngqī dào Shànghǎi qùle yítàng.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Last week he made a trip to Shànghǎi.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          W8 Jintiǎn yījìng wǎng tǎ nàr pǎole liǎngtàng le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I’ve already made two trips to his place today.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          -yàng: &quot;kind, sort&quot; You have learned the word
          -zh8ng, &quot;kind, sort, type.&quot; These words are slightly
          different in usage; sometimes -yàng should not be translated
          literally as &quot;kind,&quot; but Just left out of the
          translation (see the third, fourth, and fifth examples).
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi jlyàng dōngxi w8 dou méi kànjianguo, hěn qíguài.
        </para>
        <para>
          Ni kàndechǔlái zhèi liǎr.ryàng dōngxi yōu shénme bù yíyàng ma?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I’ve never seen these kinds of things. They’re very strange.
        </para>
        <para>
          Can you tell what’s different about these two kinds of things?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          fBL
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Wōmen Jīntiān wānshàng yōu Jīyàng cài?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎ dào shāngdiàn qùle Jīcì y? méi māihui yíyàng dōngxi lai.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō zhèr hái yōu liángyàng shuī-guō...yíge píngguō yíge Júzi.
        </para>
        <para>
          háishi; &quot;it would be better to — word which you first
          learned as meaning
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō bù shufu, háishi sháo chī diānr ba.
        </para>
        <para>
          Háishi Ouyáng Láoshī yíge rén qù, nīmen dōu liú zài zhèr ba.
        </para>
        <para>
          Also used in the pattern háishi . . .
        </para>
        <para>
          Háishi nī qù háo.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Hew many dishes are we having tonight Cfor dinner]?
        </para>
        <para>
          He went to the store several times, but didn’t come back with
          a single thing.
        </para>
        <para>
          I still have two fruits here...one apple and one
          tangerine/orange.
        </para>
        <para>
          This is another meaning for the &quot;still.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          I'm not feeling well. I'd better not eat too much.
        </para>
        <para>
          It would be better if Teacher Ouyang went alone; the rest of
          you just stay here.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          It would be better if you went.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shíjiān tài jīn, yōude dìfang wō Jiu bú qù le, bīfang
              shuō yòuéryuán ba! Yīhòu zài qù cānguān ba!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I'm too pressed for time, so there are some places I’m not
          going. The kindergarten, for example— I’ll visit there another
          time.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hāo. Wōmen xuān Jīge yào-Jīnde dìfang cānguān hāo le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          All right. Let’s choose a few important places to visit.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. U
        </para>
        <para>
          jīn: &quot;to be tight,&quot; in both literal and figurative
          senses.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèishuāng xié tài jīn.            These shoes are too tight.
        </para>
        <para>
          BX mén guānjīn.                     Shut the door tight.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wōde shíjiān ānpaide h?n Jīn. I have a very tight schedule.
        </para>
        <para>
          bīfang shuō...ba: Ba can be used at the end of a bīfang shuō
          phrase.
        </para>
        <para>
          Compare the use of bā~ shown in unit 5.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          yòuéryuán: &quot;kindergarten,&quot; literally,
          &quot;young-child-garden&quot; In Taiwan, the word youzhìyuán
          is used instead.
        </para>
        <para>
          xuàn: &quot;to choose,&quot; &quot;to select&quot;; &quot;to
          elect&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Tǎmen xuàn wō zuò dàibiàode shíhou, wō bin bù hào yìsī.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā zài shángdiànli zōule bàntián yě méi xuàndào tǎ xīhuande
          dōngxi.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          When they elected me as representative, I was very
          embarrassed.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          She walked around the store for a long time but didn’t find
          anything she liked.. (XuSn is often used for
          &quot;selecting&quot;—buying—items at a store.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          5. A: Cong chànliàngshang kàn, Chángjiàng yīnánde nōngyè
          shengchàn qíngkuàng zhēn bú cuō.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Chángjiàng yīnán bú yòng shuō le, jiù shi Chángjiàng yīběi
          shēngchàn qíngkuàng yě gàn-shanglái la!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          From the point of view of yield, the agricultural production
          situation south of the Yangtze River is really good.
        </para>
        <para>
          For the area south of the Yangtze that goes without saying,
          but even north of the Yangtze the level of production is
          catching up!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 5
        </para>
        <para>
          cōng chànliàngshang kàn: &quot;from the point of view of
          yield&quot; Other examples of this pattern: cōng shùliangshang
          kàn, &quot;from the point of view of numbers/quantity&quot;;
          cōng fàzhàn jīngjishang kàn, &quot;from the point of view of
          developing the economy?*’
        </para>
        <para>
          Chángjiàng: &quot;Long-River,&quot; the Yangtze, nov called
          the Changjiang in PRC publications. China’s longest river
          (6,300 kilometers), the Changjiang is an important artery of
          water transportation, passing through the cities of Chōngqìng,
          Wtthàn, Nánjīng, and Shànghài.
        </para>
        <para>
          ...yīnán: to the south of...
        </para>
        <para>
          Júzi zhòng zai Chángjiàng yīnán shi tlánde, dàole Chángjiàng
          yīběi Jiù chéngle kttde le.
        </para>
        <para>
          jiù shi...yě,..: (1) &quot;even...&quot;;
        </para>
        <para>
          (1) Jiù shi wō yě zhīdao.
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiù shi xuézhě yě bù dōng zhèige wèntí.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige dà píngguō shi wō tèbié xuànchulai gěi nīde.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Yīběi is to the north of.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tangerines grown south of the Changjiang are sweet, but north
          of the Changjiang, they become bitter.
        </para>
        <para>
          (2) &quot;even if ... &quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Even _! know that.
        </para>
        <para>
          Even scholars do not understand this problem.
        </para>
        <para>
          I picked this big apple out especially for you.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          *dàibiào. &quot;representative, delegate&quot; (TVL, Unit 8)
        </para>
        <para>
          /8U
        </para>
        <para>
          (2) Tā shuō jiùshi nī qù zuò yě zuòbuhāo.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          He said that even if you did it, you wouldn’t do it right.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Nī jiùshi mālle *8 yě hù chī. Even if you bought it I wouldn’t
          eat it.
        </para>
        <para>
          bú yòng shu5 X, jiù shi Y yě...: This three-part pattern means
          &quot;For X, that goes without saying, but even Y is....&quot;
          Sometimes in English we mention the parts X and Y in the
          reverse order: &quot;Even Y is . . . , not to mention X.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Nèige dìfang zhěn hSowánr, bú That place is really fun. Even
          yòng shuǒ xiāoháir, Jiù shi        grown-ups have a great time
          there,
        </para>
        <para>
          dàren yě zài nar wānrde hěn        not to mention children,
        </para>
        <para>
          gāoxìng.
        </para>
        <para>
          For bú yòng shuò, you can often substitute bú yào shuò. For
          Jiù shi, you can substitute 11án. For yě, you can substitute
          dōu.
        </para>
        <para>
          When the clause after X* has bù or as &quot;much less&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Bú yòng shuō zhōngxuéshēng, Jiù shi yānjiùshēng yě kànbudōng
          zhèiplān wénzhāng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō bú yòng shuō xiě, liín ting yě láibují.
        </para>
        <para>
          Bú yào shuō qù kàn diànylng, wō liān chi fànde shíjiān dōu
          méiyou.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          méi, you can translate bú yòng shuō
        </para>
        <para>
          Even graduate students cannot understand this article, much
          less high school students.
        </para>
        <para>
          I couldn’t even keep up listening to it, much less write it
          down.
        </para>
        <para>
          I don’t even have time to eat, much less go to the movies.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          gSnshanglai: &quot;to catch up&quot; by hurrying (gān means to
          hurry&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā sulrín bìngle hàojītiān, kěshi xuéxí hfiishi gSnshanglai
          le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Wō yōu diSnr shi, nimen xiān zōu ba! Děng yihuīr wō jiu
          gSnshanglai.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Although he has been sick for quite a few days, he has caught
          up with his schoolwork.
        </para>
        <para>
          I have something I have to do. You go on ahead. I’ll catch up
          with you in a minute.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          6. A: Shōudū Gāngtiě gōngsīde gōngren dōu zài zhèige shítāng
          chī fàn ma?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Òu, wǒmen gongsI yōu hāojīwàn zhígōng. Jiāshú, yōu bù
          shāode dà shítāng ne!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Do all the workers in the Capital Iron and Steel Company eat
          in this dining hall?
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, our company has tens of thousands of staff and workers and
          their families. There are lots of large dining halls!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          t&amp;5
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 6
        </para>
        <para>
          gāngtiě: Literally, &quot;steel-iron,&quot; &quot;but usually
          translated as &quot;iron and steel<superscript>W</superscript>
          (The usual order of paired words in Chinese and English is
          often? the same, but sometimes differs. Other examples are
          baba mama, &quot;mom and dad&quot;; yéye nXinai. &quot;grandma
          and grandpa.&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;dining hall,&quot; &quot;cafeteria,&quot; &quot;mess
          hall&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          shitang:
        </para>
        <para>
          zhígōng: &quot;staff and workers&quot;;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige chingde zhígōng dàbùfen shi nflde.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèige zhígōng xuéxiào yōu bù sh&amp;o hèn hXode làoshī, tàmen
          dōu duì zhígōng Jiàoyu hen rèxín.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhígōng shítáng chángcháng mài ling fan.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          &quot;staff member or worker&quot;
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The staff and workers of this factory are mostly women.
        </para>
        <para>
          This staff and worker school has a lot of good teachers who
          are very interested and enthusiastic toward staff and worker
          education.
        </para>
        <para>
          Staff and worker dining halls often sell cold food.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Jiāshtt: &quot;family members,&quot; &quot;(family)
          dependents&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Gànbude Jiàshù chángchXng shòudao The families of cadres often
          tèbiéde zhàogu.                     receive special care.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dàqìngde gōngren JiSshù hěn duō Many families of workers at
          Dàqìng dōu shi nōngmín.                    are peasants.
        </para>
        <para>
          NOTE: Although in context ,'iāshù may be translated as
          iy,<superscript>n</superscript> as in the sentence above, it
          is different from Jiātíng. Jlātíng refers to the family unit,
          the household. Jiāshù refers collectively to the family
          members other than the head of household.
        </para>
        <para>
          yōu bù shàode dàshítfing ne!: On this use of ne, see Unit 3
          Reference Notes, Notes on No. 5.
        </para>
        <para>
          7. A: Shàngcì wō cinguln qìchě zhì-zàochXngde shíhou hXoxiàng
          zài nlr Jlànguo ta, tfi shi nàrde zhígōng ba?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Nín gàocuò le, tà shi wōmen LŌxíngshède gōngzuò rényuan.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          It seems to me I saw him someplace the time I visited the
          automobile plant. Isn't he a staff member or worker there?
        </para>
        <para>
          You’re mistaken. He’s one of our Travel Service personnel.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 7
        </para>
        <para>
          zhìzào: &quot;to manufacture,&quot; as in Zhōngguō zhìzào,
          &quot;Made in China.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          zhìzàochàng, &quot;plant,&quot; &quot;fa.••.cry&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          /Sé
        </para>
        <para>
          zài nār Jiànguo ta: &quot;have seen him somewhere&quot;
          N&amp;r, like other question words used in statements, becomes
          an indefinite pronoun here: &quot;somewhere.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō jìde wŌ zài nār chīguo zhèige I remember having this dish
          'somewhere cài.                                 before.
        </para>
        <para>
          gāocuò: &quot;to get (something) wrong&quot; or &quot;to do
          (something) wrong&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Bié gāocuò le, zhèige zì hén fúzá ne!
        </para>
        <para>
          0, wō gāocuò le, tā bú shi wō yào zhāode nèige nùháizi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bā zhèige wèntí gāocuò le, méiyou nàme fūzá.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Don't get it wrong; this character is very complicated!
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, I'm mistaken. She isn't the young woman I'm looking for.
        </para>
        <para>
          He has misunderstood this problem. It's not that complicated.
        </para>
        <para>
          Compare other verbs that have the resultative ending ending
          -cuò:
        </para>
        <para>
          Nl niàncuò le ba, zhèige zì hāoxiàng bú niàn lúè, niàn liè.
        </para>
        <para>
          Xiāoxln, bú yào zōucuò.
        </para>
        <para>
          rényuán: &quot;personnel,&quot; &quot;staff&quot;
          personnel,&quot; '&quot;staff member.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèli suōyōude gōngzuò rényuán dōu shàngguo dàxué.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wōmen xiànzài xūyào hén duō dōng Ylngyúde kējì rényuán.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You've read it wrong, haven't you? I don't think this
          character is read lúè; it's read liè.
        </para>
        <para>
          Careful, don't go the wrong way.
        </para>
        <para>
          Often used in gōngzuò rényuán. &quot;working
        </para>
        <para>
          All the personnel here have attended college.
        </para>
        <para>
          We now need a lot of scientific and technical personnel who
          understand English.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          8. A: Nimen cháng yfbànr yìshàngde gōngren sùshè dōu shi xlnde
          ma!
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Nèi Jtnián, sùshè bèi gāode luànqìbāzāo, zhi hāo gài xlnde
          le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          At your factory, over half of your workers' living quarters
          are new!
        </para>
        <para>
          During those few years, the living quarters were wrecked up,
          we had no choice but to build new ones.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 8
        </para>
        <para>
          yíbàn ytshàng: &quot;over half&quot; Ytshàng and yixià are
          used after quantities to mean, respectively, &quot;over&quot;
          and &quot;under&quot; an amount.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèrde yánjiúshēng, sānshisuì Not many of the graduate
          students here ylxiàde bú tài due.                 are under
          thirty.
        </para>
        <para>
          íB!
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài Béijīng, wùcéng lōu yīshàng-de dàléu cái yōu diàntī.
        </para>
        <para>
          Báifēn zhī báshíwù yīshàngde Zhōngguō rénkōu shi nōngmín.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          In Béijīng, only buildings over five stories high have
          elevators.
        </para>
        <para>
          Over eighty-five percent of the population of China is made up
          of peasants.
        </para>
        <para>
          sùshè: ’’living quarters’’; ’’dormitory” This can either refer
          to the kind of quarters we think of as dormitories, with many
          people living and sleeping in each large room, or it can mean
          housing provided by an institution for its workers, with each
          family living in separate quarters.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi dìfangr shi gSngtiSchàngde    This place is the workers’
          quarters
        </para>
        <para>
          gōngren sùshè.                      of the iron and steel
          plant.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wàijiǎobùde sùshè bī biéde bùde The Foreign Ministry living
          quarters sùshè dōu piàoliang.               are better-looking
          than those of
        </para>
        <para>
          any other ministry.
        </para>
        <para>
          nèi Jīnián: ’’those few years” This is currently a way of
          referring to the period of the Cultural Revolution.
        </para>
        <para>
          bèi: This is a prepositional verb which indicates the DOER of
          the action, similar to the English &quot;by&quot; in passive
          sentences (like ’’John was hit by Bill”). In sentences with
          bèi. the subject of the sentence is the receiver of the action
          and the object of bèi is the doer of the action:
        </para>
        <para>
          Wōde zìdiSn bèi rén Jièzōu le. My dictionary was borrowed by
          someone.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nèi Jīnián, zhōnggè shèhui bèi     Those few years, the whole
          society
        </para>
        <para>
          Jīge rén glode luànqībǎzāo,        was messed up by a few
          people;
        </para>
        <para>
          zhěn méi bànfS shuō.                it is really sad.
        </para>
        <para>
          Unlike most prepositional verbs, bèi can be used without an
          object, as in sentence 8B. Here is another example:
        </para>
        <para>
          Wōde xīn qìchē bèi zhuàng le. My new car was hit.
        </para>
        <para>
          9. A: Lái! Bl zhèi Jīge Jiàozi dōu xiāomiè le!
        </para>
        <para>
          B: &quot;Xiāomiè&quot; Jláozl? Wō dào méi tīngguo zhèige
          shuōfir!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Come on. Polish off Cliterally, &quot;exterminate”! these
          dumplings!
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;Polish off&quot; dumplings? I’ve never heard that
          expression before!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 9
        </para>
        <para>
          Lái!: Notice that lái does not necessarily mean &quot;come
          here,&quot; but can also mean &quot;come on&quot; and do some
          action.
        </para>
        <para>
          Lái, zánmen gān yibēi!              Come on, let’s empty a
          glass
        </para>
        <para>
          together!
        </para>
        <para>
          Lái ba, wǑmen shàng kè ba, bù shuō biéde le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Lái lái lái, wǒ lái gài nīmen jièshào w8 gēn nīmen shuōguode
          Liàng Jiàoshòu.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Come on, let’s get on with class and stop talking about other
          things.
        </para>
        <para>
          Now everyone, let me introduce Professor Liàng, whom I’ve told
          you about before.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          xiāomiè: &quot;to exterminate/eliminate/wipe out/stamp
          out&quot; bad things such as landlords, the enemy, illness,
          poverty, illiteracy, rats, flies, etc. In sentence 9, it is
          used humorously.
        </para>
        <para>
          bā...xiāomiè le!: You long ago learned le, the marker of
          completion. Here, le indicates that the action of the verb
          gets rid of something in one fell swoop. Here are other
          examples for comparison:
        </para>
        <para>
          Bā zhèige zhuōzi màile ba,         Sell this table. It’s of no
          use
        </para>
        <para>
          méi yòng le.                        anymore.
        </para>
        <para>
          Bā diànshì guānle, w5 bú           Turn off the T.V. I don’t
          want to
        </para>
        <para>
          kàn le.                             watch any more.
        </para>
        <para>
          Bā yīfu tuōle ba, zhèr tài rè. Take off your coat; it’s too
          hot here.
        </para>
        <para>
          This use of le is especially frequent with the adverb dōu,
          &quot;all&quot;:
        </para>
        <para>
          Dou màile ba!                       Why not buy all of them!
        </para>
        <para>
          Dǒu hēle ba!                        Drink the whole thing!
        </para>
        <para>
          dào: &quot;yet, nevertheless, on the contrary&quot; This is a
          very common adverb with one basic idea to it—the idea of
          contrasting one element with another. Depending on the
          context, the translation into English will differ. Here are
          examples of the main contexts in which you will encounter dào:
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              (1) One particular element in the sentence is contrasted
              with something previously mentioned, about to be
              mentioned, or understood. (The contrasted elements are
              underlined in the following examples.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  A: Nī xiàng hé diān shénme?
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  B: WS bù xiàng hé shénme, wS dào xiàng chī dlàn
                  shénme.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Xià yùde shihou nī bú dài sàn, .līntián bú xià yù nī dào
              dài sàn!
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          What would you like to drink?
        </para>
        <para>
          I don’t feel like having anything to drink. I would like
          something to eat, though.
        </para>
        <para>
          On rainy days you don’t take an umbrella with you, but today,
          when it isn’t raining, you do take one with you!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              (2) The whole situation expressed by the sentence
              contrasts with another particular set of circumstances
              previously mentioned, about to be mentioned, or
              understood.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Bānshang zuì hàode xuéshēng zhèi- The best student in the
          class did the cì dào kàode zuì bù hāo.           worst on the
          exam this time.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Jīnnián dōngtiān zhěn ling!
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Sheng bìngde rén dào shío le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zhè féngxl nàme xiāo, you nàme guì.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Kěshi nī shàng bin duǒ fāng-bian!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Nà dào shi.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Wǒ dàoshi xiāng bāng máng, Jiù shi méi shíjiān.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          It’s really cold this winter!
        </para>
        <para>
          Fewer people have been getting sick, though.
        </para>
        <para>
          This house/apartment is so small, and so expensive.
        </para>
        <para>
          But it’s so convenient for you to go to work.
        </para>
        <para>
          Well, that’s true.
        </para>
        <para>
          I did want to help, it’s Just that I didn’t have the time.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Shìqing dàoshi guòqu le, hān cháng shíjiān yě wàngbuliāo.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          It was over with, but we couldn’t
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          forget about it for a long time.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Nà dào méi guānxi, zhi yào tā bú Jièyi Jiù suàn le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          That doesn’t matter. As long as he
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          doesn’t mind, then let it go at that.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              (3) The whole sentence contrasts with expectations. In
              these cases, dào sometimes implies satisfaction with the
              state of affairs, sometimes dissatisfaction, and sometimes
              is neutral. In addition, it sometimes has an ironic
              meaning, as in the last three examples below.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yǒu zhèiyangde shi! Wǒ dào bù zhldào!
            </para>
            <para>
              Āiyà! WǑ dào bā zhèijiàn shì wàng le!
            </para>
            <para>
              Sānshíkuài? Nà dào bú guì.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Rúguǒ zhěn shi zhèiyang, dào híi yǒu xīwàng.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hng, nī dào zhěn Jiíng chī a!
            </para>
            <para>
              Hng! Nī dào shuǒde hlotīng!
            </para>
            <para>
              Nī zuò zuo kan.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā shuǒ wS bù gāi zhème zuò, wǒ dào xiāng zhīdao tā shi wS
              zānme zuò!
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Is that so! Why, I didn’t know!
            </para>
            <para>
              Oh no! I forgot about that!
            </para>
            <para>
              Thirty dollars? That’s not so expensive. (Dào implies ”1
              would have expected it to be more.**)
            </para>
            <para>
              If that’s really true, then there * s still hope after
              all.
            </para>
            <para>
              Well! Quite the gourmet aren’t you! (Jiāng»to be
              meticulous about)
            </para>
            <para>
              Hmph! You make it sound easy! Let's see you do it!
            </para>
            <para>
              He says I shouldn’t have done this, but I’d like to know
              what he would have done if he were me!
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              10. A: W3 fǎxiàn nlmende gōngzuò jìnxfng'de &quot;bú cuò
              ma! Bù xǔyào shíjiān le ba?
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Nl shuōde dào rōngyi! Nl zhldao wōmen yòngle duǒshāo
              yèyú shíjiān!
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              I find that your work is proceeding very well. I don’t
              suppose you need any more time.
            </para>
            <para>
              That’s easy for you to say. You don't know how much of our
              time after hours we used!
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 10 fǎxiàn: &quot;to discover,” ”to find Wō
              dàole yōujú cái fǎxiàn wàng dài xìn le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hǎn duo ylxué dà fǎxiàn dou fǎ-shēng zài gongyè géming
              yihòu.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              out&quot;; &quot;discovery&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              I didn't discover I had forgotten to bring the letters
              with me until I was at the post office.
            </para>
            <para>
              Many great medical discoveries were made after the
              industrial revolution
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          The phrase Wō fǎxiàn . . . is often used to preface an
          observation made about a person, or a fact that has just come
          to one's attention:
        </para>
        <para>
          Wō fǎxiàn nl hǎn néng chi!         I see you have quite a big
          appetite!
        </para>
        <para>
          jìnxíng: &quot;to carry on,&quot; &quot;to conduct,&quot;
          &quot;to proceed&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèlide tāolùn jìnxíngde bú cuò, The discussion here is
          proceeding well; wèntí kuài shānglianghāo le. the problem has
          almost been resolved.
        </para>
        <para>
          yèyú: &quot;spare-time,&quot; &quot;after hours,&quot;
          &quot;amateur&quot; NOTE: &quot;Spare time&quot; as a noun
          must be translated as yèyú shíjiān.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yèyú shíjiān wō xīhuǎn kàn         I like to read fiction in
          my spare
        </para>
        <para>
          xiāoshuō.                           time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi yèyú yùyānxuéjiā.           He is an amateur linguist.
        </para>
        <para>
          11. A: Chāng llngdāo hàozhāo quán-chǎng gōngren zhèige yuè duō
          shengchān slbǎibù qìchǎ.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Bú cuò a! Nà zhèige yuède chānliàng chàbuduō dǎngyú shàngge
          yuède yíbèi ban la!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The leadership of our factory made an appeal to the workers of
          the whole factory to produce four hundred more cars this
          month.
        </para>
        <para>
          That's great! Then this month's output is about equal to one
          and a half times last month's!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 11
        </para>
        <para>
          Hàozhāo or hàozhàc -eans to issue an official appeal to engage
          in some activity:
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhèngfù hàozhāo niǎnqīng rén nttlí xuéxí kēxué
                    zhīshi.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    The government calls on young people to work hard to
                    acquire scientific knowledge.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīnggǎi hàozhāo dàjiā xiàng tǎ xuéxí.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    We should call on everyone to learn from her.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chūntiǎn lai le, you hàozhāo zhòng shù le.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Spring is here; they're issuing calls to plant trees
                    again.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    LĪngdǎode hàozhāo zōng shi yì kāishī hén duo rén
                    ting, hòulǎi Jiù méi rén zhùyī le.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Appeals from the leaders are always followed by many
                    people in the beginning, then later people stop
                    paying attention to them.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          -bù: This is aa extremely common and useful counter. It is
          used for cars, buses, machines, movies, and long books.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhèi shi yíbù Jiǎng huàxué zhànzhěngde dianyIng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    This is a movie about chemical warfare.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          déngyti: &quot;to be equal to&quot;
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    èr Jiā èr déngyú st.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Two plus two equals four.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Dèngyú is more often used in a non-mathematical sense:
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tǎ zhèiyang zuò, dōngyú bǎ nī zuòde quin dōu gǎi le.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    By doing this, he is in effect changing everything
                    you have done. (Literally, &quot;For him to do this
                    is equal to changing all you have done.&quot;)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          -bèi: &quot;times,&quot; &quot;-fold,&quot; as in
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sānbèi shíbèi yibǎibèi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    three times/threefold
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    ten times/tenfold
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    one hundred times/hundredfold
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Amounts vith -bèi can be used in two different patterns, and
          the type of pattern used influences the meaning, as follows:
        </para>
        <para>
          EQUIVALENCE PAMHW (A ■ x times y)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              —expresses equivalence between tvo amounts
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              —uses the verb shi. yōu. or dèngyú
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Examples:        Liù shi èrde sānbèi.        Six is three
          times tvo.
        </para>
        <para>
          TSde shū yōu vide sìbèi. He has four times as many books as I.
        </para>
        <para>
          Jīnniǎnde shōurù dèngyú qùniánde liǎngbèi.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          This year's income is twice last year's.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          COMPARISON PATTERN (A is x times more than y)
        </para>
        <para>
          —expresses comparison between two amounts
        </para>
        <para>
          —uses bl, &quot;compared to,” &quot;than'’
        </para>
        <para>
          —the number before -bèi must be translated into English as one
          more than the Chinese number
        </para>
        <para>
          EXAMPLES:
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Liù bl èr duō liSngbèi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tide shū bl wōde duō sānbèi.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Six is three times as much as two.
        </para>
        <para>
          He has four times as many books as I.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jlnniánde shōurù bl qùnián duō yíbèi.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    This year’s income is twice last year's.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          As you see, if you use li&amp;ngbèi, &quot;two times,&quot; in
          a comparison sentence, the meaning comes out to &quot;the base
          amount plus two times the base amount,&quot; i.e., three times
          the base amount. Likewise, if you use yíbèi, &quot;one
          time,&quot; the meaning is &quot;the base amount plus one time
          the base amount,&quot; or in other words, twice the base
          amount.
        </para>
        <para>
          This conversation takes place on one of the China Travel
          Service tom: buses. The bus is on its way to the Capital Iron
          and Steel Company in Liaoning province. Jane Colihan (A), an
          American economist, talks with Ling Li (B) of the China Travel
          Service.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: K&amp;lāhàn Nushì, nín háishi gěnhui-lai le!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shíjiān zài Jin, wō yě děi gǎn-huilai cānguān Shōudū
              Gāngtiě gōng-sī a!
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Wō xiāng, nimen zhèicì dào Dōng-běi cānguān, yào qùde
              dìfang nàme duō, shíjiān yídìng hěn jlnzhāng, dàgài zhèi
              liāngtiān hái huíbulái. Mei xiāngdào, ānpaide hái bú cud.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Ng, Dōngběi fāngmian gāode hěn
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          hāo, wōmen cānguānde dìfang Jiāo-tōng dōu hěn fāngbian. Yánzhe
          tiělù, gōnglù, yízhàn yízhàn cān-guānguòqu, zhème duō rénde
          cānguān-tuán, shénme wèntí dōu méiyou fā-shēng, dàjiā dōu hěn
          mānyì, zhēn shi gāode bú cuò.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nín tài kèqi le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Bú shi kèqi, zhèi shi zhēnde. Duì le, zhèicì iSxíng, wō
              hái fā-xiànle yíjiàn hěn yōu yìside shir.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shénme shir a?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Péi wōmen cānguānde yíwèi n3 gōngzuò rényuán, cōngqián
              zài yíge rénmín gōngshè zuò shèyuán, hòulái hái zài yíge
              gōngchāng zuò gōngren, liāngnián yiqián kāishi zài
              Luxíng-shè gōngzuò, tā zhēn shi yíwèi hāo dāoyōu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tā shì bu shi Hěilōngjiāng rén?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Ms. Colihan, you made it back after all!
        </para>
        <para>
          No matter how pressed I was for time, I had to get back in
          time to visit the Capital Iron and Steel Company!
        </para>
        <para>
          I thought there were so many places you wanted to go on this
          trip to Manchuria that you would be very rushed and wouldn’t
          be able to get back by today or tomorrow. I’m surprised it was
          so well arranged.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yeah. The people in Manchuria did quite a good job. Every
          place we visited, transportation was convenient. Visiting each
          stop along the railroad and highway, with a tour group of that
          size, no problems came up, and everyone was very pleased. It
          was really well handled.
        </para>
        <para>
          It’s so nice of you to say that.
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m not Just saying it, it’s the truth! Oh yes, I found out
          something very interesting during the trip.
        </para>
        <para>
          What?
        </para>
        <para>
          A woman on the staff that accompanied us on the trip used to
          be a commune member, then became a worker in a factory, and
          then started to work in the (China) Travel Service two years
          ago. She’s really a great guide.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is she a native of Hěilōngjiāng?
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Bú shi, tā bú shi Heilongjiang rén, kāshi tā duì nàrde
          qíngkuàng húi zhěn shúxi. Lìshī, wénhuà, gōngyè, nōngyè,
          shénme tā dōu zhǐ-dao. Ting tā tánqilai zhěn yǒu yìsi.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ zhìdao tā shi shéi le, tā cǒng-qiān shi qìchē
          zhìzàochāngde gōngren, xiànzài shi Luxíngshède xiān-jìn
          gōngzuòzhě. Tā Jiào Jin Xiāo-méi.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Duì le, duì le. Ni zhè yì shuō
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          wō dào xiāngqilai le, yǒu yìtiǎn wǒmen zuòde nèibù qìchē
          huàile, dàjiā dōu hěn dānxìn, wǒmen xiāng wǒmen yídìng
          gāhbushàng cānguān le. Kāshi nèiwèi xiānjin gǒngzuǒ-zhě hé
          jige rén zài qìchē xiàbianr mángle yìhuīr, bú dào shífēn zhǒng
          ba, chē Jiu xiūhāo le!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Suóyi nèitiǎn nimen hāishi àn yōulān Jìhuà, yào qùde
              dìfang dōu qù le?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shi a. WǑ yǒu shihour Jiù xiāng,
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zhèiwèi Jin Xiāoméi zhēn shi xiáng-dāng cōngmingde rén, tā
          zānme bú qù shàng dàxué ne? Shi bu shi Wénhuà Dà Gémìngde
          shihou yǒu shénme shì-qing gāocuǒ le?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Ò, méi shenme shìqing. Xiànzài bù guān zài nār gōngzuò
              dōu yǒu hěn duō JIhui niàn shǔ.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: 6, shi ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shi a, bifang shuō, wǒmen Jln-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          tiān yào cānguānde zhèige gāngtiě gongsI ba, llngdāo hàozhāo
          zhígōng zài yèyú shíjiān xuéxí jìshu.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Yǒu hěn duō rén cānjiā ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Yǒu. Jīnniān zài yèdàxué xuān kède zhígōng děngyú
              Wénhuà Dà Gé-mìng ylqiánde liàng- sānbèi.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          No, she's not a native of Hēilǒng-jiāng, but she really knows
          the place well. History, culture, industry, agriculture, you
          name it. She's very interesting to listen to.
        </para>
        <para>
          I know who she is. She used to be a worker in an automobile
          manufacturing plant, and now she's one of the Travel Service's
          advanced workers. Her name is Jǐn Xiāoméi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Right, right. That reminds me, one day our bus broke down, and
          everyone was very worried. We didn’t think we could possibly
          make it in time for our tour. But that advanced worker worked
          under the bus for a while with some other people, and in less
          than ten minutes the bus was fixed!
        </para>
        <para>
          So that day, you still made it to all the places you were
          supposed to go, according to your tour schedule?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. Sometimes I think to myself, this Jin Xiāoméi is really
          quite a smart person, why doesn't she go to college? Did she
          do something wrong during the Cultural Revolution?
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, no. Now, no matter where you work, you have a lot of
          opportunities to study.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, really?
        </para>
        <para>
          Sure. For example, the iron and steel company that we're going
          to visit today: the leaders appeal to the workers and staff to
          study technology in their spare time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are there a lot of people taking part?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. The number of staff and workers taking nit.,
          &quot;selecting&quot;! classes at evening universities this
          year
        </para>
        <para>
          is equal to two or three times the number before the Cultural
          Revolution.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Qíngkuàng hēn hlo a! Nàme Wénhuà Dà Gémìngde shihou ne?
              Yōu méiyou yèdàxué a?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Nèi shihou, zhěnggèr guōjiā dou
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          bèi gǎode luànqībāzāo le, hái yōu shénme yèdàxué a!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Xiànzài hào le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Xiànzài hàoduō le, gōngsī yōu
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          shitang, yōu yòuéryuán, niánqīng gōngren bú yōng shuō le, Jiù
          shi yōu háizide zhígōng yě yōu tiáo-Jiàn shàng dàxué la!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zenme, gōngsīde zhígōng dōu zhù
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zài gōngsī sùshèli ma?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shōudū Gangtie Gōngsī bī yíge xiào chéng hái dà, bàifēn
              zhī qī-bāshí yīshàngde zhígōng hé Jiāshǔ dōu zhù zai
              gōngsīde sùshèli, shàng, xià ban fàngbian, shēnghuō
              fangbian.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nà hào, nà zhēn kéyi yōu shíjiān
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          niàn yìdiánr shǔ le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Suōyi cōngmingde, nūlì xuéxíde
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          niánqīngrén yídìng yōu bànfá niàn shūde.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Duì. Ng, wō hái yōu yíge wèntí.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shénme wèntí?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Wō háoxiàng zài bàoshang háishi zài nár kànjianguo yìpiǎn
          wénzhāng, shuō Chángjiāng fūjìn, ò, Changjiang yínán yě yōu
          yíge xiàr.dài-huàde gāngtiě gōngsī, bi Shōudū Gangtie Gōngsī
          hái dà.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shì a.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Chángjiāng yínán shi zhòr.&lt;yàode
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          That’s good! And what about during the Cultural Revolution?
          Were there evening universities then?
        </para>
        <para>
          Back then, the whole country was messed up. Evening
          universities? Hardly!
        </para>
        <para>
          Now it’s better.
        </para>
        <para>
          Much better. The company has dining halls and kindergartens.
          Not only young workers, even staff and workers with children
          are able to take (evening) university courses.
        </para>
        <para>
          What? The staff and workers of the company all live in company
          housing?
        </para>
        <para>
          The Capital Iron and Steel Company is even bigger than a town.
          More than seventy or eighty percent of the staff and workers
          and their families live in company housing. It makes it more
          convenient to go to work and to get home from work, and makes
          daily life more convenient.
        </para>
        <para>
          That’s good. Then they really have time to study.
        </para>
        <para>
          So the smart young people who work hard are assured of the
          chance to go to school.
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. Uh, I have another question.
        </para>
        <para>
          What?
        </para>
        <para>
          I remember seeing an article, I think in the newspaper or
          somewhere, that said that in the Yangtze River area, no, to
          the south of the Yangtze, there is another modern iron and
          steel company that’s even larger than the Capital Iron and
          Steel Company.
        </para>
        <para>
          Right.
        </para>
        <para>
          The area to the south of the Yangtze
        </para>
        <para>
          nōngyèqū, cōng fāzhàn jīngjishang kin, hàoxiàng yōu yìdiànr bú
          tài héshì.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Duì, gōngyè wūràn duì nōngyè fāzhàn méiyou hàochu, wōmen
          zài xiàng bànfà. Shōudū gangtie gōng-sī yě yōu wūrànde wèntí,
          nl zhidao, zhòng gōngyè duì shōudū lái shuō kě bú tài héshì.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Nàme nide yìsi shi, Beijīng bù zhǔnbèi zài fāzhàn zhòng
          gōngyè le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Duì, zhèi yidiàn, zhèngfǔde jué-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          dìng shi hěn qīngchude, wōmen děi bà Běijīng Jiànshèchéng yíge
          yōu wénhuà, shēnghuō fāngbian, jīngji fādá, yòu fěicháng
          gānjingde chéngshì.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Hào, wō xiàng wō xiànzài bījiào
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          qīngchu le.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Ei, Kàlàhàn Nushì, wō zhèr hái yōu liàngyàng shulguō,
              wōmen bà ta xiāomiè le ba!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A:   ’’Xiāomiè&quot; le? Hào, hào. Wō dào
        </para>
        <para>
          shi dìyīcì tlngjian zhèige shuōfàr.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Kuài yào dào le, shulguō bù qīng ne, cānguǎnde shihou názhe
          ta duō lèi ya, háishl xiànzài bà ta chile hào.
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Hào, nà jiu xièxie le.
        </para>
        <para>
          is an important agricultural area, from the point of view of
          economic development it doesn’t seem to be too appropriate.
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. Industrial pollution isn’t good for agricultural
          development. We’re working on it. The Capital Iron and Steel
          Company also has a pollution problem. Heavy industry isn’t
          very appropriate for a capital city, you know.
        </para>
        <para>
          Then you mean that Běijīng isn’t planning to develop their
          heavy industry any further?
        </para>
        <para>
          Right. On this point, the government’s decision is very clear.
          We should build Běijīng into a cultural city, convenient to
          live in, economically developed—and very clean.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay, I think I understand better now.
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, Ms. Colihan, I still have a couple of fruits here, let’s
          polish them off!
        </para>
        <para>
          ’’Polish them off?&quot; Ohhh. That’s the first time I’ve ever
          heard that expression.
        </para>
        <para>
          We’re almost there. The fruit is kind of heavy. It would be a
          bother to carry it around while we tour. It would be better to
          eat it now.
        </para>
        <para>
          All right, then thank you.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 1
        </para>
        <para>
          This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in
          this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English,
          followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then
          a second speaker will confirm your answer.
        </para>
        <para>
          All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once.
          You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise
          several times.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          Ih this exercise, an American visiting the Beijing Wristwatch
          Factory talks with the responsible person of the workers’
          family living quarters.
        </para>
        <para>
          The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it
          completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer
          the questions below as you listen a second time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
          this conversation:
        </para>
        <para>
          -dong                              (counter for buildings)
        </para>
        <para>
          yèdàxue                            evening university
        </para>
        <para>
          -men                                (counter for school
          courses)
        </para>
        <para>
          yàoburfin                            otherwise
        </para>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
          will be able to give them orally in class.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. What is the factory’s family housing like?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. What problem do the staff, workers, and technical
              personnel who live in the cities have?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. What activity may workers participate in? How many
              workers do this T
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you
          practice saying your answers.
        </para>
        <para>
          Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
          indicate the English functional equivalents :'?r the Chinese
          sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          In this conversation, an American tourist visiting a train
          engine factory-in the north of China stops in at the kitchen
          of the factory’s dining hall and talks vith the chef.
        </para>
        <para>
          Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
          second time through, look below and answer the questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
          this conversation:
        </para>
        <para>
          dà shīfu                            chef
        </para>
        <para>
          chang                               to taste
        </para>
        <para>
          lìngwài                             other
        </para>
        <para>
          dongbù                            the eastern part of a
          country
        </para>
        <para>
          Wúxī                               (city in Jiāngsū province)
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiangnǎn                           the area south of the lover
        </para>
        <para>
          reaches of the Yangtze River
        </para>
        <para>
          bú shi tiènde Jiù shi lade         if it isn’t sweet, then
          it’s hot
        </para>
        <para>
          nóngchāng                          farm
        </para>
        <para>
          yúchāng                            fishery
        </para>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
          will be able to give them orally in class.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Was the chef expecting a visitor? How can you tell?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Where is the chef from? (Give both the city.and where
              it is situated.)
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. What kinds of food do people from that area like?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              U. Where does the chef get his vegetables?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          5. What happened to the factory’s food supply during the
          Cultural Revolution? What appeal did the factory’s leadership
          make in 1977, and what was the result?
        </para>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the conversation to help you
          practice saying the answers which you have prepared.
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise U
        </para>
        <para>
          In this exercise, you will hear a conversation &quot;between
          an American student and a young man in Beijīng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind
          the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer
          the questions.
        </para>
        <para>
          You will need the following new words and phrases:
        </para>
        <para>
          zhāi huār
        </para>
        <para>
          ■;o pick flowers
        </para>
        <para>
          Huángzhuāng
        </para>
        <para>
          (name of a commune)
        </para>
        <para>
          z3ng shōurù
        </para>
        <para>
          total income
        </para>
        <para>
          fSnzhèng
        </para>
        <para>
          anyway
        </para>
        <para>
          tuī
        </para>
        <para>
          to push
        </para>
        <para>
          wàihuì
        </para>
        <para>
          foreign exchange
        </para>
        <para>
          gāozhòng
        </para>
        <para>
          senior high school
        </para>
        <para>
          -duò
        </para>
        <para>
          (counter for flowers)
        </para>
        <para>
          Questions for Exercise U
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Where does the young man live?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. How is his production brigade doing? How does he know
              about these things?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. What does his father like to do?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          U. What are the young man’s plans for the future?
        </para>
        <para>
          After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
          to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You
          may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you
          pronounce your answers correctly.
        </para>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          An American visiting the Běijīng Wristwatch Factory talks with
          the responsible person of the workers’ family living quarters.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nīmen chāngde jiāshù sùshè dōu
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          hěn gānjing, yě dōu hěn xīn ma!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Wōmen chāngde sùshè hái suàn bú cuō, chāng līngdǎo shuō
              hái yào zài gài jīdòng xīn sùshè ne!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Sùshè hái bú gòu ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bú gòu, wōmen chang lí chéngli
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          zhēn yuān, zhù zai chénglide zhígōng shàng xià ban hái zhēn
          shi yōu diānr bù fàngbian.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Xiànzài hái yōu hěn duō gōngren
        </para>
        <para>
          zhù zai chéngli ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Yōu, hái yōu bù shāo jìshu rén-yuán yě zhù zai chéngli.
          Tèbié shi nèixiē bú zài yíge chang gōngzuòde shuāngzhígōng,
          shàng xià ban jī gōnggòng qìchě, bī shàng ban hái lèi, shíjiān
          chángle zenme xíng ne? Suōyī wōmen zài máng yě děi kuài
          yidiānr duō gài jīdòng zhígōng sùshè.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Ràng tǎmen dōu ban dào chéngwài
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          lái zhù?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bù, tamen kéyi zhù zai sùshèli, měige Xīngqīliù hui jiā
              jiu xíng le. Zhèiyangr, Xīngqīyī dào Xīng-qīwùde yèyú
              shíjiān tǎmen jiu kéyi zài wōmen chāngde yèdàxué xuān kè,
              nà duō hāo!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Xiànzài zài yèdàxué niàn shūde
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          gōngren duō ma?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bù shāo, chàbuduō yōu yíbàn yī-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          shàngde qīngnián gōngren dōu xuān yìmén, liíngmén kè. Tīng
          lāoshī-men shuō, xiànzài xuéshēngde shuīpíng dōu kuài yào
          gānshang Wénhuà Dà Gémìng yīqiánde xuéshēng lai
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Your factory’s family housing is all very clean and very new!
        </para>
        <para>
          Our factory’s housing is pretty good. The factory’s leadership
          says that a few more buildings are going to be built, too.
        </para>
        <para>
          Isn’t there enough housing yet?
        </para>
        <para>
          No. Our factory is very far from the city. It’s really pretty
          inconvenient for the staff and workers who live in the city to
          get to and from work.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are there still a lot of workers living in town?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, and there are also a lot of technical personnel living in
          town. Especially for those working couples who don’t work in
          the same factory, wrestling with the buses before and after
          work is even more tiring than work itself. How can you expect
          them to keep that up very long? So no matter how busy we are,
          we have to put up a few new buildings for staff and workers.
        </para>
        <para>
          And have them all move from the town out here?
        </para>
        <para>
          No, they can stay in the dormitories here, but go home every
          Saturday. That way, from Monday to Friday, they can take
          courses after work at our factory’s evening university, which
          would be great.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are there a lot of workers taking classes at the evening
          university now?
        </para>
        <para>
          Quite a few. Roughly over half of our young workers take one
          or two courses. According to the teachers, the students’ level
          has practically caught up with the pre-Cultural Revolution
          level.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A: Kěxl wōde shíjiān ānpaide tài JIn, yàoburán wō hái zhēn
          xiāng zài yedàxue tīngting kè ne.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Nín méi shíjiān ting kè, qù hé yè dàxuéde lāoshl tántan yě
          hāo
        </para>
        <para>
          TpM <subscript>f</subscript>
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Ng, kéyi ting tāmen Jièshào Jiě—
        </para>
        <para>
          shào qíngkuàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          B:   Zōu, women dào bàngōngshl qu,
        </para>
        <para>
          qing dāoyōu tóngzhì xiànzài Jiù péi nimen qù yítàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Hāo, zSu.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          It's too bad that I have such a tight schedule, otherwise I’d
          really like to sit in on some evening university classes.
        </para>
        <para>
          If you don’t have time to sit in on any classes, why not go
          talk with some of the evening university’s teachers?
        </para>
        <para>
          Mm, I could get some information about the university from
          them.
        </para>
        <para>
          Let’s go to the office and ask the guide to accompany us right
          now.
        </para>
        <para>
          Okay, let’s go.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          An American tourist (A) visiting a train engine factory in the
          north of China stops in at the kitchen of the factory dining
          hall and talks with the chef (B).
        </para>
        <para>
          A: Dà shlfu, mángzhe na?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Bù máng, bù máng, Jìnlai zuò, wō gěi nimen chāole liāngge
          xiāo cài, qing nimen chángchang.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A:   Wǒmen zài lìngwài yige shítáng
        </para>
        <para>
          chīguo fàn le, chide hāo bāo.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Zài bāo yě děi chángchang, zhèi shi tángcùde, wō zhīdao
          nimen xīhuan chī.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ Jide wō zài nār chīguo, duì le, shi zài Huáshèngdùnde
          yíge Zhōngguó fànguānrli, měicì qù wō dǒu qīng tamen zuò
          zhèige.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Xīhuan chī Jiu bā ta dōu chile ba! Nī gāngcái shuōde nèige
          fàn-guānr shi Shànghǎi fànguānr ma?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shi. Hòulái wō líkāi dōngbù Jiu zài yě méi chīguo nàme
              hāochlde cài le.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Lái, bā ta dōu xiāomièle, wān-shang wō zài gěi nimen
              zuò biéde.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You must be very busy, chef.
        </para>
        <para>
          No, no, come in and sit down. I made a couple of little
          stir-fried dishes for you. Please try them.
        </para>
        <para>
          We’ve already eaten in another dining hall. We’re very full.
        </para>
        <para>
          No matter how full you are you must try them. This one is
          sweet and sour, I know you people like that.
        </para>
        <para>
          I remember having this somewhere. Oh yes, it was in a Chinese
          restaurant in Washington. Whenever I went there I used to ask
          them to make this.
        </para>
        <para>
          If you like it, then eat it all! Is the restaurant you Just
          mentioned a Shànghǎi-style restaurant?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Yes. Later I left the east and never had such delicious food
          again.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Come on, polish it off. Tonight I’ll make you some other
          things.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A: Xièxie nín, dà shīfu. Nín bú shi zhèrde rén ba?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Bú shi, wō shi Wúxī rén.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Zài Chang Jiang yīběi?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: òu, nl gāocuò le, Chángjiàng
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          yinán!
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Wō fáxiàn Jiāngnán rén xihuan
        </para>
        <para>
          tiánde hé làde.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Thank you. Chef, you’re not from this area, are you?
        </para>
        <para>
          No, I’m from Wúxī.
        </para>
        <para>
          North of the Yangtze River?
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, you’ve got it wrong, south of the Yangtze!
        </para>
        <para>
          I notice that people from Jiāngnán Cthe area south of the
          lower reaches of the Yangtze] like sweet foods and hot foods.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          'B:   Zhèi dào shi duìde. WSmen Jiāng
        </para>
        <para>
          nán rén zuò cài bú shi tiánde Jiù shi làde.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nīmen shítáng měitiān yòng zhème
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          duō cài, dōu shi cōng fújìn gǒngshè màide ma?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Náli?.’ Wénhuà Dà Gémìng yīqián
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          wōmen zhèige zhìzàochàng hé biéde dà cháng yíyàng, dōu yōu
          zìjīde nōngchàng. càidì shenmede. Dà shítángde cài bú yòng
          shuō le, Jiù shi yòuéryuán háizimen chide shuī-guō shenmede yé
          dōu shi zìjī zhòngde.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A:   Hòulái ne?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Hòulái, Wénhuà Dà Gémìng le, nōngchàng, càidì dōu bèi gàode
          luànqībāzāo, chide dōngxi zhēn Jīnzhǎng, yú a, ròude bú yòng
          shuō le, lián cài dōu bú gòu chī le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          That’s true enough. When we people from Jiāngnán cook, if it
          isn’t sweet then it’s hot.
        </para>
        <para>
          You use so much food here in your dining hall, do you buy it
          all from the neighboring communes?
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh, no! Before the Cultural Revolution our factory had its own
          farm, vegetable plots, and so on, as other large factories
          did. Of course, we grew the food used in the large dining
          halls, but we even grew all the fruits and things the children
          in the kindergartens ate.
        </para>
        <para>
          And then?
        </para>
        <para>
          Then it was the Cultural Revolution, and the farm and
          vegetable plots were ruined. Food was in very short supply.
          Fish and meats were of course tight, but there weren’t even
          enough vegetables .
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A:   Xiànzài hlo le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Now it’s better.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Yī Jiú qī qī nián, cháng līngdào In 1977, the factory
          leadership hàozhāo quánchàng gōngren gaohāo appealed to all
          the factory’s workers shěnghuō, nōngchàng a, yúch&amp;ng a, to
          improve daily living conditions, you bànqilai le, qíngxing Jiu
          hào-   We started the farm and the fishery
        </para>
        <para>
          duō le. Nī kàn, zènme duō cài,      again, and things were
          much better.
        </para>
        <para>
          *The reason for the phrasing of this sentence is that the food
          used in the large dining halls (that is, where the workers
          eat) is of relatively low quality, while the fruits and foods
          for the kindergarten children are of a fancier grade. The chef
          thus means, &quot;We didn’t Just grow low quality foods, we
          even grew fancy things.’’
        </para>
        <para>
          chàbuduō dōu shi zìjī shēngchānde, you piányi you xīnxian, duō
          hāo!
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Shíjiān bù zāo le, an jìhua wōmen
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          hái dei qù cānguān yìliāngge dìfang ne!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Hāo, hui tour jiàn.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A:   Hui tōur jiàn.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          See all these vegetables, we produced almost all of them
          ourselves. They’re inexpensive, and fresh, too. What could be
          better.
        </para>
        <para>
          It’s getting late, and according to our schedule we’re
          supposed to visit another couple of places’.
        </para>
        <para>
          All right. See you later.
        </para>
        <para>
          See you later.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
        </para>
        <para>
          An American student in China (A) is walking from Beijing
          University into town one weekend. (Not many people would do
          this, because it is a two-hour walk.) Near the People’s
          University (Rénmín Dàxué) on H&amp;idiàn Lù, she stoops down
          to pick a flower on the side of the road. A boy holding a hoe
          calls out to her.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Wèi! Bié zhāi bié zhāi! Zhè huār bù néng suíbiàn zhāi ya!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Duìbuql. Zhèixiē huār dōu shi nimen zhòngde ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shì, yánzhe zhèitiáo gōnglù yìzhí
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          dào dòngwuyuan, lùbiānrshangde huār dōu shi wōmen zhòngde.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nī shi Rénmín Dàxuéde gōngren?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bú shi, wō shi Huángzhuāng Dàduìde shèyuán.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nī Jiālide rén dōu zài Huángzhuāng ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Zài Huángzhuāng jiù yōu wō fùmu gēn wō.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A: Nl yōu xiōngdì jiēmèi ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Yōu, wō yōu yíge gēge zài tielù-shang gōngzuò, shi huōchē
          sijì. Yōu yíge gēge zài Shōudū Gāngtie Gōngsī gōngzuò,
          tīngshuǒ tǎmen zhìzàode dōngxi yōu bù shāo hái chū guo ne!
        </para>
        <para>
          Hey! Don’t pick those! ■ Don’t pick those! Those flowers
          aren’t for picking!
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m sorry. Did you plant these flowers?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. We planted all the flowers along the side of the highway
          all the way to the zoo.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you a worker from the People’s University?
        </para>
        <para>
          No, I’m a commune member from Huángzhuāng Production Brigade.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is your whole family in Huángzhuāng?
        </para>
        <para>
          In Huángzhuāng there are only my parents and myself.
        </para>
        <para>
          Do you have brothers and sisters?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, I have an older brother who works on the railroad. He’s
          an engineer. And I have an older brother who works at the
          Capital Iron and Steel Company. I understand that a lot of the
          things they manufacture go abroad.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nimen dàduìde shēngchān jìnxíng-
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          de zěnmeyàng a?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Wō ting wō fùqin shuō, cóng chān-liàngshang kàn, wǒmen
              dàduìde qíngkuàng bú cuò. Jlnnián wǒmen dàduì-de zōng
              shōurù děngyú Wénhuà Dà Gé-mìng shínián shōurùde yíbèi!
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          A:   He! Zhèi shi zhěnde?!
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Wō mā yě nàme shuō, Wénhuà Dà Gémìng nèi shihou wō hái
          xiāo, dà-duìli fāshēngde shir, wō dōu bù zěnme qīngchu. Wō Jiù
          J ide nèi shihou tiāntián kāi huì, ni shuō dàrenmen máng ba,
          hāoxiàng yě bù zěnme máng, f&amp;nzhèng shi kàn tamen zōngshi
          bú tài gāoxìng.
        </para>
        <para>
          A:   Xiànzài ni Jiāli rén dōu gāoxìng
        </para>
        <para>
          ba?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Gāoxìng, tèbié shi wō mā, yí dào Xīngqītiān Jiu tulshang
          yíbù xiāo chě, shàng zìyōu shichǎng le. Tā chang gēn wō shuō,
          háishi zhèihuìr-de zhèngcè hāo a!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Ni zìjī zěnmeyàng a? Yōu shénme dāsuan meiyou a?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Yōu, wō fùqin zhòng huārde Jìshu
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          kě gāo la! Tā zhòngle yíbèizi huār. Tā gěn wō shuō zánmen zhèr
          shi fēngjlngqū, zánmen bā huār zhònghāole, néng gěi guójiā
          zhuàn wàihuì ya!
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Ni Jinnián shíji le?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shísì le. Wō fùqin hái zhāolai yìběn shǔ, shi guānyú
              zhòng huārde, wō Jintiǎn wàng zai Jiāli le, xià-cì ni
              Jīngguò zhèr wō zài gěi ni kàn. Wō fùqin shuō nà shi kěxué
              zhòng huār, ràng wo hǎohāor xué.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Ni xiāng bu xiāng shàng dàxué?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          How is your brigade's production going?
        </para>
        <para>
          My father says that from the point of view of yield, our
          brigade is doing well. This year the total income of the
          brigade is equal to one time the income over the ten years of
          the Cultural Revolution!
        </para>
        <para>
          Wow! Is that true?!
        </para>
        <para>
          My mother says the same thing. I was still young during the
          Cultural Revolution, and I don't know very well what went on
          in our brigade. I Just remember that during that time there
          were meetings every day. But were the grown-ups really
          busy?—not really. In any case, they never looked very happy.
        </para>
        <para>
          But now everybody in your family is happy, aren't they?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes. Especially my mother. Every Sunday she goes to the free
          market, pushing a little cart'. She often says to me that the
          Cgovernment'sJ policy is much better now.
        </para>
        <para>
          What about yourself? Do you have any plans?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, ny father is a real expert at growing flowers. He's been
          growing flowers all his life. He told me that this is a scenic
          area, and if we planted flowers, we could bring in a lot of
          foreign exchange for the state.
        </para>
        <para>
          How old are you this year? Cpre-suming him to be a teenager]
        </para>
        <para>
          Fourteen. My father even got a book on flower growing. I left
          it at home today, but the next time you pass by here I'll show
          it to you. My father says that it's scientific flower growing
          and told me to study it hard.
        </para>
        <para>
          Do you want to go to college?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Xiíng shàng! Hòuniàn w3 Jiù gāo-zh5ng hìyè le, w8 kào
              Nongyè Dàxué, Jiù xué zhòng huār.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Yes! The year after next I graduate from high school and I'm
          going to take the exam for Agricultural University. I'm going
          to study flower growing.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Hào! Zàijiàn!                         Great! So long!
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Zàijiàn! Bié Jí, wo gěi ni zhǎi
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          liǎngduS huǎr.
        </para>
        <para>
          So long! Hold on, let me pick
        </para>
        <para>
          you a couple of flowers.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A:   Xièxie ni.                             Thanks.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="dk">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark40" /><anchor id="bookmark41" />2Dk</title>
        <para>
        </para>
      </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. A: Zài Guàngzhōu Jiāoyìhuìshang jiù zuò chūkōude TnXimai
            ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Bú jiù shi chùkōu, yě yōu hěn duō ren zài nar tán jìnkōu
        màoyi.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. A: Zhèi Jīge jīngji tèqū yuè lái yuè fánrōng le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Shi a! Jìnchūkōu màoyi, jiǎ-gong gōngyè yuè gāo yuè duō le.
      </para>
      <para>
        Do they only do export business at the Guángzhōu Trade Fair?
      </para>
      <para>
        Not just export business. Many people also do import trade
        there.
      </para>
      <para>
        These special economic zones are getting more and more
        prosperous.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes! Import-export trade and the processing industry are on the
        upswing.
      </para>
      <para>
        3.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        A: Guángj iǎohuìshangde dōngxi jiaqian &quot;zenmeyàng?
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Jiàqian dōu hái bú cuò, vàiguó shāngren hěn shào yōu
        kōng-shōu huíqude.
      </para>
      <para>
        How are the prices at the Gu&amp;ngzhōu Trade Fair?
      </para>
      <para>
        The prices are pretty good. It’s very seldom that a foreign
        businessman goes home empty-handed.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. A: Jīngji tèqǔde Zhōngguō gōngren shōurù bījiào gāo, nà
            hui bu hui chūxiàn yíge xīnde jiējj ne?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Since the income of Chinese workers in the special economic
        zones is higher, is it possible a new class will appear?
      </para>
      <para>
        B:
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Méiyou nàme yánzhòng! Gèjí zhèngfù hui àn zhèngcè bande.
      </para>
      <para>
        It’s not that serious! Every level of the government will go
        according to policy.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. A: Zhōngguō zhèngfǔ shi bu shi xiànzhi xiǎofèipīnde j
            ìnkōu?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Dāihuīr wō gěi nín ná yífènr cáiliào, nín yí kàn jiù qīngchu
        le.
      </para>
      <para>
        Does the Chinese government restrict consumer-good imports?
      </para>
      <para>
        I’ll bring you some materials in a while. As soon as you read
        them you’ll know the answer.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. A: Zài yíge gōngchángli, gōngzuò xiàolfl gāode gōngren
            cái néng tígāo gōngzī, duì ba?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Duì a! Duō lao duō dé ma!
      </para>
      <para>
        In a factory only workers with high efficiency can get a pay
        raise, right?
      </para>
      <para>
        Right! More pay for more work, you know!
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. A: Lio Zhang, Jīntiān kāi shénme huānsònghuì?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Hulnsòn^ Ōuzhōude lush! dàibiīotuán.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. A: Yōule Zhōng-Měi hli^ùn tiáo^uē yīhòu, yánhli yfdài jiù
            gèng rènao le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Shì a, kànqilai yīhòude shí-nián, zhèi Jīge dà hǎiglng huì
        yòu dà guìmōde fāzhān.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            9. A: Nl tīngdao xiāoxi le meiyou? Jintiān wlnshang yòu hěn
            zhòngyàode rén lái.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: JIntiānde wlnhuì yídìng hěn yōu yìsi, qiānwàn bié win le
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Lio Zhang, what’s the farewell meeting for today?
      </para>
      <para>
        We’re sending off the European delegation of lawyers.
      </para>
      <para>
        Since the Sino-American sea transportation treaty, the coastal
        region has become even busier.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. It looks as if these large ports will experience tremendous
        growth in the next decade.
      </para>
      <para>
        Have you heard the news? Some very important people are coming
        tonight.
      </para>
      <para>
        Tonight’s party is sure to be interesting. You mustn't be late!
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            10. A: Wō yào cānguān Jiàoxué shèbèi. I want to see the
            educational equipment.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Jiàoxué shèbèi d5u jízhòng zài zhèige dàtíngli le,
            huānyíng cānguān.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        The educational equipment is. all together in this large hall.
        You're welcome to see it.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            11. A: Zhōng-Měi lilngguō wèile zài gèfāngmiàn jinxing hézuò
            dinghlole bù shlo jìhuà.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: í?g. Gang yùn dao Fújiànde zhèixiē shèbèi Jiù shi nèixiē
            Jìhuàde yíbùfen.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        China and America have made a lot of plans to cooperate in
        various fields.
      </para>
      <para>
        Mm. The equipment which was Just shipped to Fújiàn is a part of
        those plans.
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Unit 8, Vocabulary List
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chūkǒu chūxiàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to export to appear
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dàibiaotuán dāi huīr dating ding
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  delegation, mission in a while, later (large) hall
                </para>
                <para>
                  to draw up (a plan); to agree on; to conclude (a
                  treaty)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  duō iSo duō dé
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  more pay for more work
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fènrōng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be flourishing, to be prosperous , to be booming
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fūjiàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a province in south China)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gōngzT
                </para>
                <para>
                  GuXngJiāohuì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wages
                </para>
                <para>
                  Guàngzhōu (Canton) Trade Fair scale, scope, dimensions
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  h&amp;igSng he zuò huānsòng huānsònghuì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  harbor, seaport
                </para>
                <para>
                  to cooperate; cooperation to see off, to send’ off
                  farewell/send-off meeting
                </para>
                <para>
                  or party
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -Jí Jiāgōng J iāoyìhuì Jiàqian JiēJi Jìnchūkǒu JlngJi
                  tèqū Jìnkǒu Jízhǒng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  level, rank, grade, stage, degree to process, to
                  finish (a product) trade fair
                </para>
                <para>
                  price
                </para>
                <para>
                  (social) class
                </para>
                <para>
                  import-export
                </para>
                <para>
                  special economic zone (SEZ)
                </para>
                <para>
                  to import
                </para>
                <para>
                  to concentrate, to centralize
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kōngshǒu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  empty-handed
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  làshī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  lawyer, attorney
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  màoyi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  trade
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  qiānvàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  without fail, be sure to
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shāngren shèbèi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  businessman/businesswoman; merchant
                  equipment,.facilities, instal
                </para>
                <para>
                  lation
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tiáoyuē
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  treaty
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wánhuì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  evening party; evening of entertainment
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        xiānzhi
      </para>
      <para>
        xiāofèipln xiàolù xiāoxi
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        to restrict, to limit; restriction, limitation
      </para>
      <para>
        consumer goods efficiency news
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yanzhòng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be serious, to be grave
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yī...Jiù...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  as soon as
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yùn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to transport, to ship
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        REFERENCE NOTES
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. A: Zài Guāngzhōu Jiāoyìhuìshang Do they only do export
            business at the jiù zuō chùkŌude mSimal ma? GuSngzhōu Trade
            Fair?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Bú Jiù shi chùkōu, yě yōu hěn Not Just export business. Many
        people duō rén zài nar tán Jìnkōu also do import trade there.
      </para>
      <para>
        màoyi.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on Ne. 1
      </para>
      <para>
        Ji&amp;oyìhuì: &quot;trade fair&quot; Jiāoyì means
        &quot;business, trade, transaction,&quot; and hui is the same
        word you knov from kāi hui, &quot;to have a meeting.&quot; The
        full name of the GuSngzhōu Trade Fair is Zhōngguō Chùkōu
        Shāngpln Jlāoyìhuì, the Chinese Export Commodities Fair
        (CECF).Since the first CECF in 957, every spring and autumn
        GuSngzhōu is inundated with businessmen and people of all walks
        of life connected with trade—more than 25,000 at each Fair.
        Chinese agricultural and industrial products are displayed in
        the Fairground buildings and open areas, located on HSizhū
        GuSngchSng (Haizhu Square) between the railroad station and the
        Dōngfāng Bīnguán (Dongfang Hotel). The Fair is held from April
        15 to May 15 and from October 15 to November 15.
      </para>
      <para>
        As the name implies, the CECF’s main purpose is to assist
        China's state trading corporations in exporting goods, but some
        large import contracts are signed there each year as well.
      </para>
      <para>
        Chùkōu, &quot;to export&quot; and jìnkōu, &quot;to import&quot;:
      </para>
      <para>
        RÌběn meinián chùkōu hěn duō Japan exports a lot of cars every
        qìchē.                               year.
      </para>
      <para>
        Wō zhēn bù dōng wèishénme Zhōng- I really don’t understand why
        the guō chūkōude dōngxi zōng shi       things China exports are
        always
      </para>
      <para>
        bl guōnèi màide hào.               better than those it sells
        domes
      </para>
      <para>
        tically.
      </para>
      <para>
        màoyi: &quot;trade,&quot; as in guōnèi màoyi, &quot;domestic
        trade&quot;; màoyi zhōngxīn, &quot;trade center&quot;; màoyi
        fēng, &quot;trade wind.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        ZhèiliMngge guōjiā zuìjìn jlnián cái kSishl jinxing màoyi.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        It is only in the past few years that these two countries have
        started have trade (with each other).
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Tán is used in the sense of &quot;negotiate&quot; in such
        phrases as tán màoyi, &quot;do trade (negotiating),&quot; tar,
        shēngyì, &quot;do business,&quot; etc.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. A: Zhèi jlge JingJi tèqǔ yuè lái yuè fénrong le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Shì a.! Jìnchūkōu màoyi, jiá-gōng gōngyè yuè gio yuè duō le.
      </para>
      <para>
        These special economic regions are getting more and more
        prosperous.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes! Import-export trade and the processing industry are on the
        upswing.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 2
      </para>
      <para>
        jīngji tèqǔ: Literally, &quot;economic special-district,&quot;
        translated as &quot;special economic zones,&quot; and
        abbreviated as SEZ. SEZs are designated areas similar to the
        export processing zones (EPZs) which have been extremely
        successful in places such as Taiwan. China established SEZs to
        bring in the foreign capital needed to create jobs and modernize
        the national economy. In these zones, foreign investors’ assets,
        profits, and other rights and interests are legally protected,
        and their operations enjoy tax and duty exemptions. Proposed
        investment projects are examined and approved by the Provincial
        Arim-lnìat.ration of the SEZ, which also draws up its own
        development plans and organizes their implementation. The SEZs
        compete with each other for foreign Investment As of 1981»
        Guángdōng province had three SEZs—Shēnzhèn, ZhūhXi (near Macao),
        and Shàntōu—and other SEZs had been established in Fújiàn
        province and HXinán Island. A wide variety of enterprises have
        already been set up.
      </para>
      <para>
        fénrōng; &quot;to be flourishing/prosperous/booming&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Rìbénde shàngyè h?n fénrōng. Japan’s commerce is flourishing.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shfnián ylhōu, zhèige dìfang huì Ten years from now, this place
        will biànde gèng fánrŌng le.            become even more
        prosperous.
      </para>
      <para>
        Cōng zhèige zhSnlánhuìshangde From the things in this
        exhibition, dōngxi, nl kéyi kàndao fin-        you can see the
        flourishing
      </para>
      <para>
        rōngde Mélguō wénhuà.              American culture.
      </para>
      <para>
        Fánrōng can also mean &quot;to make something prosper&quot;:
      </para>
      <para>
        Bàn Jiàoyìhuìde mùdi Jiù shi yào The purpose of holding trade
        fairs fánrōng JingJi.                     is to promote economic
        prosperity.
      </para>
      <para>
        .Hāgōng: (1) &quot;to finish&quot; a product, i.e., to work on a
        half-finished or finished article to make it more perfect or
        finer; (2) &quot;to process&quot; a raw material into a finished
        product.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. A: Gulngj iàohuìshangde dōngxi jiaqian zénmeyàng?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Jiàqian dōu hái bú cuò, wàiguó shlngren bin shāo yōu kǒngshōu
        huíqude.
      </para>
      <para>
        Hov are the prices at the Guàngzhōu Trade Fair?
      </para>
      <para>
        The prices are pretty good. . It’s very seldom that a foreign
        businessman goes home empty-handed.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 3
      </para>
      <para>
        GuàngJi&amp;ohuì: This is an abbreviation of GuSngzhōu
        Jiāoyìhuì.
      </para>
      <para>
        jiaqian: &quot;price&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige píngguō shénme Jiàqian?     How much are these apples?
      </para>
      <para>
        Timende dōngxi hén hSo, Jiàqian    Their things are very good,
        and the
      </para>
      <para>
        yé bú cuò.                          prices are pretty good, too.
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiàng Jiàqian means &quot;to bargain, to haggle&quot;:
      </para>
      <para>
        Zài Zhǒngguóde shāngdiànli, bù You cannot bargain in stores in
        China, kéyi Jiàng Jiàqian, dànshi         but you can in the
        free markets,
      </para>
      <para>
        zài zìyōu shìch&amp;ngshang kéyi.
      </para>
      <para>
        kǒngshōu: &quot;empty-handed&quot; Kong- means &quot;to be
        empty,&quot; as in
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige xiāngzl shi kǒngde.         This case is empty.
      </para>
      <para>
        Kǒngshōu is used, adverbially:
      </para>
      <para>
        Wō bù hào yìsi kǒngshōu dào        I would be embarrassed to go
        to
      </para>
      <para>
        tà Jià qu.                          his house empty-handed.
      </para>
      <para>
        U. A: JlngJi tèqǔde Zhōngguó gōngren shōurù bíjiào gāo, nà huì
        bu huì chūxiàn yíge xìnde JigJi ne?
      </para>
      <para>
        Since the income of Chinese workers in the special economic
        regions is higher, is it possible a new class will appear?
      </para>
      <para>
        B:
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Méiyou nàme yánzhòng! Gèjí zhèngfǔ hui àn zhengcè bànde.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        It*8 not that serious! Every level of the government will go
        according to policy.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. U
      </para>
      <para>
        chuxiàn: &quot;to appear&quot; As with fǎshěng, &quot;to
        happen,&quot; which you learned in the previous unit, chūxiàn is
        often followed in the sentence by the thing that appears,
        whereas in English the thing usually precedes &quot;appear&quot;
        (&quot;Will a new class appear?&quot;).
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige wèntí zài gang chúxiànde shíhou, méiyou rén fàxiàn,
        xiànzài zhidao yijīng tài win le.
      </para>
      <para>
        Tàiyang chūxiàn zài dSngfàngde shíhou, Jiù shi xlnde yìtiǎn
        kàishl le.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige shíhou, qiánmian chǔxiàn yìtiáo dà hé, shi w8 méi
        xiàhgdàode.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        When this problem first appeared, no one discovered it. Now that
        we’ve found out about it, it’s too late.
      </para>
      <para>
        When the sun appears in the east, it means that a new day is
        beginning. Ctàiyang, ’’sun”3
      </para>
      <para>
        At this moment, a large river appeared up ahead, something I had
        not expected.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Jiēji; ”(social) class” In the PRC, this word enters into many
        special phrases such as JiēJi Jiàoyu, &quot;class education”
        (which consists of recounting the difficult past to
        schoolchildren and younger workers).
      </para>
      <para>
        Shìjièshang méiyou yíge méiyou JiēJide shèhuì.
      </para>
      <para>
        yénzhòng; &quot;to be serious, to be
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige qíngkuàng xiāngdāng yánzhòng.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhōngguó y8u yánzhongde rénkSu wèntí.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige wèntí bú shi yánzhòng dào yídìng yào qing lìngdào lái
        Juédìng.
      </para>
      <para>
        Nl hái méi kànchū zhèige wèntíde yánzhòngxìng.
      </para>
      <para>
        -Jí: &quot;level, rank, stage, grade
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèi yijí līngdào hái bù néng Juédìng zēnme ban, nl dēi zh&amp;o
        shàngjí līngdào.
      </para>
      <para>
        Gànbu yígùng y8u èrshiliù Jí, shíjí yíshàngde kéyi kàn yìzhSng
        pútSng rén kànbudàode bàozhl.
      </para>
      <para>
        Nl zhè xié zhēn gāojí!
      </para>
      <para>
        There is no society in the world which is without classes.
      </para>
      <para>
        grave”
      </para>
      <para>
        This situation is quite serious.
      </para>
      <para>
        China has a serious population problem.
      </para>
      <para>
        This problem is not so serious that we have to ask our leader to
        decide it.
      </para>
      <para>
        You still haven’t discerned the seriousness of this problem.
      </para>
      <para>
        degree&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        This level leader cannot decide what to do. You must go to an
        upper-level leader.
      </para>
      <para>
        Altogether, there are twenty-six grades of cadres. Those above
        grade ten may read a newspaper that ordinary people cannot read.
        (The Cānkào Zīliào, &quot;Reference Mat erlals&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        These shoes of yours are really classy!
      </para>
      <para>
        5. A: ZhSngguó zhèngffl shì bu shi xiànzhi xiSofèipínde Jìnk8u?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Dàihuír w8 gèi nín ná yífènr cáiliào, nín yí kàn Jiù
            qīngchu le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Does the Chinese government restrict consumer-good imports?
      </para>
      <para>
        I’ll bring you some materials in a while. As soon as you read
        them you'll know the answer.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 5
      </para>
      <para>
        xiànzhi: &quot;to restrict, to limit&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        W8 àiren xiànzhi w3 mèige yuè chōu qíkuài qiánde yān.
      </para>
      <para>
        Welle xiànzhi rénmínde zìyóu, zhèngfù dingle bù shào gulju.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zài gSosù gōnglùshang, b£ qìchē-de sùdu xiànzhi zài
        wùshiwǔ-yīnglī yíxià shi bijiào héshìde.
      </para>
      <para>
        Y8u bù shSo xiànzhi zhen rang rén gàobudSng wèishénme yào zhème
        zuò.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yīnwèi shíjiánde xiànzhi, w8 méi néng zuòdao w8 kéyi zuòde nàme
        hào.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        or restriction, limitation&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        My spouse limits me to smoking seven dollars' worth of
        cigarettes a month.
      </para>
      <para>
        The government has set up a lot of. miles to restrict the
        people's freedom.
      </para>
      <para>
        It is rather appropriate to limit the speed of cars on the
        expressway to fifty-five miles an hour.
      </para>
      <para>
        There are many restrictions that leave one at a loss as to why
        one has to do it that way.
      </para>
      <para>
        Because of time restrictions, I was not able to do as well as I
        could have.
      </para>
      <para>
        to be restricted&quot; (liter
      </para>
      <para>
        Xiànzhi is often used in the phrase shòu xiànzhi, ailly,
        &quot;to receive restriction&quot;):
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Zài nèige guójiā, wàiguo rén ifixíng shòudao hàn dà xiànzhi.
      </para>
      <para>
        xiSofèi: &quot;to consume&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige gSngchMng yìtiSn xiSofèi
      </para>
      <para>
        duíshào meitàn?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yiqián BSiJīng Jiù shi yíge xiSofèi chéngshì, shénme yě bù
        shēngchSn.
      </para>
      <para>
        Xlàofèizhé is a &quot;consumer.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        in that country, foreigners are very restricted when they
        travel.
      </para>
      <para>
        How much coal does this factory consume a day?
      </para>
      <para>
        Bèijīng used to be Just a consumer city; it didn't produce a
        thing.
      </para>
      <para>
        dSihuír: A Běijīng expression of &quot;in (after) a while&quot;:
      </para>
      <para>
        DSlhuír w8 song ni huiqu.
      </para>
      <para>
        equivalent to děng yihuīr in the sense
      </para>
      <para>
        In a little while, I'll take you back.
      </para>
      <para>
        W3 xiànzài xiān qù y3u diānr shi, dāihuīr Jiù lái.
      </para>
      <para>
        Let me first go and take care of something I have to do; I’ll be
        back in a minute.
      </para>
      <para>
        yf.. .Jiù...: &quot;as soon as...” You already know that Jiù
        means ’’then” in the sense of immediately thereafter, e.g.,
      </para>
      <para>
        Tā shuǒwán Jiù z8u le.
      </para>
      <para>
        He left right after he finished speaking.
      </para>
      <para>
        When using the adverb yī, ”as soon as,” Jiù is often used in the
        folloving clause.
      </para>
      <para>
        Tǎ yí dào, wímen Jiù kéyi z8u le.
      </para>
      <para>
        Tiān yí liàng, tā Jiù qīlai kāi-shī gōngzuS.
      </para>
      <para>
        W3 yí kàn Jiù míngbai le.
      </para>
      <para>
        TS yì ting zhèiJù huà Jiù Jí le.
      </para>
      <para>
        W8 yì fāxiàn hùzhào dlū le, mā-shàng Jiù dào līngshìguān qù
      </para>
      <para>
        TS zānme yí qù Jiù shi bàntiǎn?
      </para>
      <para>
        We can leave as soon as he gets here.
      </para>
      <para>
        As soon as it gets light out, he gets up and starts to work.
      </para>
      <para>
        I understood as soon as I looked at it (OR read it).
      </para>
      <para>
        He got anxious (upset) as soon as he heard this sentence.
      </para>
      <para>
        As soon as I discovered that I had lost my passport, I
        immediately went to the consulate.
      </para>
      <para>
        What’s taking him so long?
      </para>
      <para>
        Sometimes yī,. .Jiù... is used in the sense of ”every time,” or
        &quot;whenever” (i.e., once certain conditions come about,
        something is sure to happen):
      </para>
      <para>
        W8 duì zhèrde lù hái bù shú, yì bú zhùyì Jiù huì zāucuò.
      </para>
      <para>
        Píngcháng tā hān máng, kāshi yí dào Xlngqītiin, tā Jiù yào kāi
        chě chūqu vánr.
      </para>
      <para>
        W?5 yì hā Jill Jiù téu yūn.
      </para>
      <para>
        Tā māicì yì y8u wèntí Jiù xiāng-dào wB, méi wèntíde shihou
        conglál bú Jìzhe wB.
      </para>
      <para>
        I’m still not very familiar with the roads here. I go the wrong
        way whenever I’m not paying attention.
      </para>
      <para>
        Usually he is very busy, but when Sunday comes he always goes
        out in his car to have fun.
      </para>
      <para>
        I get dizzy whenever I drink.
      </para>
      <para>
        He thinks of me whenever he has a problem, but never remembers
        me when he doesn’t have any problems.
      </para>
      <para>
        YI is sometimes used without Jiù in a following clause, as in
      </para>
      <para>
        Wā gāng yì ting hāoxiàng bú duì, When I first heard it, it
        didn’t sound hèulál yì xiāng, duì le.           right, but then
        after I thought about
      </para>
      <para>
        it, CI realized! it was right.
      </para>
      <para>
        6. A: Zài yíge gōngchǎngli, gōngzuò xiàolÒ gǎode gōngren cái
        n4ng tígǎo gōngzī. dui ba?
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Duì a! DuS láo duō de ma!
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        In a factory only workers with high efficiency can get a pay
        raise, right?
      </para>
      <para>
        Right! More pay for more work, you know!-
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 6
      </para>
      <para>
        xiao15: &quot;efficiency&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Tāde xuéxí xiàolū hén gāo, yì-tián néng kàn bù shāo shū, hái
        néng jìzhu bù shāo.
      </para>
      <para>
        %
      </para>
      <para>
        Welle tígǎo shíjián xiàolū, wSmen bìxū Jízhong lìliàng.
      </para>
      <para>
        He is very efficient in his studies. He can read a lot in one
        day and can remember a great deal too.
      </para>
      <para>
        We must pool our forces in order to increase our efficiency.
        (Shijiǎn xiàolÙ just means efficiency within a certain period of
        time.)
      </para>
      <para>
        cái; You have seen cái meaning &quot;only when, not until&quot;
        (Ta míngtiǎn cái dào, &quot;He isn’t coming until
        tomorrow&quot;) and meaning &quot;only in that case, not
        unless&quot; (Zhèlyang Zhōngguō wénhuà cái néng bǎochíxiàqù,
        &quot;Only in this way can Chinese culture be preserved^). In
        sentence èk<subscript>t</subscript> the necessary condition is
        gōngzuò xiàolū gāo. Since cái is an &quot;adverb, it must always
        precede the verb (here, néng), whereas in English,
        &quot;only&quot; precedes whatever it refers to (here, the noun
        phrase &quot;workers with high efficiency&quot;).
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. A: Lǎo ZhSng, jīntiǎn kǎi shénme Lǎo ZhSng, what's the
            farewell meeting huǎnsònghuì?                     for today?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Huǎnsòng Ǒuzhōude 15shl         We're sending off the
            European
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        dàibiaotuán.                     delegation of lawyers.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 7
      </para>
      <para>
        huǎnsòng: Literally, &quot;joyously send off,&quot; this give
        someone a send-off.&quot; The ordinary word is just
      </para>
      <para>
        dàibiǎo: &quot;to represent, to stand for
      </para>
      <para>
        WSmen bù néng dōu qù. Nī dàibiǎo, hǎo bu hǎo?
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Nī dàibiǎo shéi?
      </para>
      <para>
        Tǎ dàibiǎo tS gongsI qù cSnjiS nèige JlSoyìhuì.
      </para>
      <para>
        As a prepositional verb the name of&quot;;
      </para>
      <para>
        dàibiǎo can be translated as
      </para>
      <para>
        2*7
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        is a formal word for &quot;to sòng.
      </para>
      <para>
        or a &quot;representative, delegate&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        We can’t all go. Why don’t you stand in, okay?
      </para>
      <para>
        Whom do you represent?
      </para>
      <para>
        He vent to the trade fair representing his company.
      </para>
      <para>
        on behalf of&quot; or &quot;in
      </para>
      <para>
        W8 dàlbiáo LSxíngshède tóngzhì xièxie ni.
      </para>
      <para>
        I thank you on behalf of the comrades at the China Travel
        Service.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. A: Y8ule Zhíng-Méi h&amp;iyùn tiáoyuē yíhèu, yánhSi yídài
            Jiù gèng rènao le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Shi a, kànqilai ylhòude shí-nián, zhèi Jīge dà hSigáng huì
        y8u dà guímóde fázhXn.
      </para>
      <para>
        Since the Sino-American sea transportation treaty, the coastal
        region has become even busier.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. It looks as if these large ports will experience tremendous
        growth in the next decade.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 8
      </para>
      <para>
        háiyùn tiáoyuē: &quot;sea transportation treaty&quot; The word
        tiáoyuē. &quot;treaty,&quot; &quot;pact,&quot; is used loosely
        here, for it was technically an &quot;agreement&quot; (xiédìng)
        which was signed between the U.S. and China on September 17,
        1980. The maritime transport agreement stipulates that the U.S.
        open all its ports to China and China open specified ports to
        the U.S. (some Chinese ports do not have sufficient facilities).
        One third of the commercial shipping is to be handled by Chinese
        or American vessels.
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;scope, scale&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige gSngchángde guìmo bù xiāo, Jiù shi jìshu lìliang tài rud
        le.
      </para>
      <para>
        ZhSngguí dà guīmíde gài gōngyù dàléu, zhèijinián háishi dìyícì.
      </para>
      <para>
        The scope of this factory is quite large, it's Just that its
        technical capability is too weak.
      </para>
      <para>
        It is only in the past few years that China has started to build
        high-rise apartment buildings on a large scale.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            9. A: Ni tīngdao xiāoxi le meiyou? Have you heard the news?
            Some very Jintiǎn wānshang y8u hān        important people
            are coming tonight,
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        zhdngyàode rén lái.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: JIntiānde wínhuì yídìng hèn Tonight's party is sure to be
            inter-y8u yìsl, qiānwàn bié wān le. esting. You mustn't be
            late!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 9
      </para>
      <para>
        xiāoxi: &quot;news&quot; This has a few meanings: (1)
        &quot;news&quot; between people— &quot;tidings&quot;; (2)
        &quot;news&quot; reported in a newspaper, news periodical, or
        newscast (this meaning is shared in common with xlnwén); (3)
        &quot;information&quot; in the sense of
        &quot;intelligence,&quot; &quot;news&quot; about someone or
        something (e.g., &quot;Is this information reliable?&quot;).
      </para>
      <para>
        Y8u shénme xiaoxi?                 What information is there?
      </para>
      <para>
        Wō gàosu nī ge hāo xiāoxi!
      </para>
      <para>
        Hén chāng shíjiān méiyou tāde xiāoxi le.
      </para>
      <para>
        qjSnvàn; &quot;under any circumstances
      </para>
      <para>
        Qiānwàn yào xiāoxīn, tiān hēi le, lù bu hāo zōu.
      </para>
      <para>
        Nī dàole yīhòu qiānwàn lái ge diànhuà.
      </para>
      <para>
        Qiānwàn bú yào wàngji bā nèibēn shū dàilai, wō míngtiān yào
        yong.
      </para>
      <para>
        ZhèiJian shì, qianwàn bù néng ràng ta zhīdao.
      </para>
      <para>
        Let me give you some good news!
      </para>
      <para>
        We haven’t heard from him
      </para>
      <para>
        (OR about him) for a long time.
      </para>
      <para>
        ; by no means; be sure”
      </para>
      <para>
        Be sure to be careful. It’s dark out, so it’s difficult to
        travel.
      </para>
      <para>
        When you arrive, be sure to call.
      </para>
      <para>
        Make sure you don’t forget to bring that book; I need it for
        tomorrow.
      </para>
      <para>
        He must absolutèly not find out about this.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            10. A: Wō yào cānguān Jiàoxué shèbèi.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Jiàoxué shèbèi dōu jízhōng zài zhèige dàtīngli le,
            huānyíng cānguān.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        I want to see the educational equipment.
      </para>
      <para>
        The educational equipment is all together in this large hall.
        You’re welcome to see it.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 10
      </para>
      <para>
        shèbèi: &quot;equipment; facilities; installation”
      </para>
      <para>
        Yōude chāng suīrán shèbèi hān hāo, dànshi shēngchān háishi
        gāobuhāo.
      </para>
      <para>
        Cōng Déguō jìnkōude zhèixiē shèbèi dàbùfen shi yīxué
        fāng-miànde.
      </para>
      <para>
        In some factories, although the equipment is very good,
        production is still poor.
      </para>
      <para>
        Most of this equipment imported from Germany is for use in
        medicine.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèige gōngyùde shèbèi bī zhè The facilities in this apartment
        fújìnde biéde gōngyù dōu hāo. building are better than those of
        any other in the area.
      </para>
      <para>
        jízhōng: &quot;to concentrate; to centralize; to put together”
      </para>
      <para>
        Bā lìliàng Jízhōng zài xué Zhōng- It won’t do to concentrate all
        your wénshang shi bù xíngde, yīnwei     effort on studying
        Chinese, because
      </para>
      <para>
        hái yōu xìíduō biéde shì yào zuō.   you have many other things
        to do.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèipiān wénzhāng Jízhōngle jīge   This article assembles the
        opinions
      </para>
      <para>
        rénde kànfā, suōyi kànqilai        of several people, so it is
        very
      </para>
      <para>
        hēn yōu yìsi.                       interesting to read.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zil rénkòu jízhōngde dà chéngshì zhù hén yòu yìsi.
      </para>
      <para>
        Wínhuishang xūyàode dòngxi dòu yào jízhSng fànghěode.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèixiě dongxi fàng zài zhèli Jízhòng xie bù hěo ma?
      </para>
      <para>
        It is very interesting to live in a big city with a concentrated
        population.
      </para>
      <para>
        The things that will be needed at‘ the evening party should all
        be put together in one place.
      </para>
      <para>
        Wouldn’t it be better to put those things here, all together in
        one place?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            11. A: Zhòng-Měi liěngguò wèile zài gèfǎngmiàn jinxing hézuò
            dìngháole bù shào jìhuà.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: íìg. Gàng yùn dao Fújiànde zhèixiě shàbèi jiù shi nèixiě
            jìhuàde yíbùfen.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        China and America have made a lot of plans to cooperate in
        various fields.
      </para>
      <para>
        Mm. The equipment which was just shipped to Fújiàn is a part of
        those plans.
      </para>
      <para>
        Notes on No. 11
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhòng-Měi liěngguò; &quot;China and America, the two
        countries&quot; This is a formal way of saying Zhòngguò he
        Méiguò.
      </para>
      <para>
        hézuò: &quot;together-do,&quot; i.e., &quot;to cooperate&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Wòmen děi hézuò zhèijiàn shi cái néng bànde hlo.
      </para>
      <para>
        Tá bú yào gen wò hézuò.
      </para>
      <para>
        Xiànzài Zhòngguò hé wàiguo shǎng-rende hézuò yuè lái yuè duò le.
      </para>
      <para>
        We must work together on this if we are to do it well.
      </para>
      <para>
        He doesn’t want to cooperate with me.
      </para>
      <para>
        China is having more and more coopera' tion with foreign
        merchants.
      </para>
      <para>
        Hé- can also
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèiběn flhù shi wòmen héxiěde.
      </para>
      <para>
        ding: &quot;to agree on; to draw up
      </para>
      <para>
        Zánmen ding ge xuéxí jihuà ba! Zhèiyang xiàqu, shénme yě
        xué-budào.
      </para>
      <para>
        YÌbSiduònián qián, Qīngcháo zhèngfú hé wàiguò dingle bù shěo duì
        Zhòngguò hěn bù hěode tiáoyuě.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        be used before other one-syllable verbs
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        for example,
      </para>
      <para>
        We wrote this book together.
      </para>
      <para>
        (a plan); to conclude (a treaty)&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Let’s put together a study plan! We won’t learn a thing if we
        keep on like this.
      </para>
      <para>
        More than a century ago, the Qīng Dynasty government concluded
        many treaties with foreign countries that were very bad for
        China.
      </para>
      <para>
        yùn: &quot;to carry, to transport&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        TS qù Zhōngguōde shihou bā tāde qìchě y? yùnqu le.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèixiē dōngxi fēicháng zhòng, yùnqilai &quot;bù fānghian.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhème duō dōngxi, haiyùn bi kōngyùn piènyide duō.
      </para>
      <para>
        When he went to China, he shipped his car over too.
      </para>
      <para>
        These things are extremely heavy, and are difficult to
        transport.
      </para>
      <para>
        With -so many things, it would be much cheaper to ship them by
        sea than by air.
      </para>
      <para>
        Near the Guǎngzhōu Export Commodities Trade Fair, Miss Sarah
        Pearson (A) an AmAri can lawyer, spots Chen Guóqiáng (B), of the
        China Travel Service.
      </para>
      <para>
        Chen is carrying a shopping bag.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Éi, Xiǎo Chen, mǎi dōngxi qu
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        la?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Shi a, lái Guangzhou, bù néng
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        kongshōu huíqu, wō gěi wō àiren mǎile yíjiàn chènshān.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: He! Hǎo gāojíde chènshān! Jià
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        qian yě bú cud. Dāi huǐr wō yě qù mǎi liǎngjiàn. Zhèizhōng
        chènshān shi Guǎngzhōu shēngchǎnde ma?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Bú shi, shi Sǔzhǒu shēngchǎnde.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Wǒmen zài Sūzhōude shihou méi Jiànguo! Kànqilai
            Zhǒngguóde hǎo dōngxi dǒu Jízhǒng dào Guǎngzhōu lai le!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Guǎngjiāohuìshangde Jīqi ya,
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        xiāofèipīn la, dōu shi cóng quán-guó yùnláide, zhǎnlǎn yíhòu Jiù
        zài Guǎngzhōu mài, suóyi zhèr shāngdiànli màide dōngxi you duō
        you hǎo.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Xiǎo Chen, wō xiāng gēn ni dǎ-
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        ting yíxiàr ne, Guǎngzhōu fǔjìnde Jiāgōng gōngyè xiànzài
        fāzhānde zěnmeyàng le?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Jin nián lái, fāzhānde bú màn. Zhǔyào shi zhèixiē
            gōngchǎng yōu wàiguó gongsI cānjiā, suóyi tamende shēngchǎn
            hěn yōu tèdiǎn.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Wō Jíntiǎn zài bàozhíshang kàn
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        dao yíge xiāoxi, shuō zài Jīge dìfang chénglìle ’’jīngji tèqǔ.’’
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Shi. Zài Guǎngdōng, Fújiàn,
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Shànghǎi, dōu yijìng yōu zhèiyang-de tèqū. Yīhòu dàgài hái huì
        gèng duō.
      </para>
      <para>
        Hey, Xiǎo Chén, have you been out shopping?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. When one comes to Guǎngzhōu, one can’t go back
        empty-handed. I bought a shirt for my wife.
      </para>
      <para>
        Well! What a classy shirt! The price is also pretty good. Later,
        I’ll go buy a couple, too. Is this kind of shirt produced in
        Guǎngzhōu?
      </para>
      <para>
        No, it’s produced in Sǔzhǒu.
      </para>
      <para>
        We didn’t see any when we were in Sǔzhǒu! Apparently, all of
        China’s good things come together in Guǎngzhōu!
      </para>
      <para>
        The machines and consumer items at the Guǎngzhōu Trade Fair are
        shipped here from all over the country, and after being
        exhibited, are sold right here in Guǎngzhōu, so the stores here
        sell a lot of different items, and of good quality.
      </para>
      <para>
        Xiǎo Chén, I wanted to find out from you how the processing
        industry in the vicinity of Guǎngzhōu is developing?
      </para>
      <para>
        In recent years, it has been developing rather quickly. The main
        thing is that there are some foreign companies participating in
        these factories , so their production is very distinctive.
      </para>
      <para>
        I saw a story in the paper today that said that ’’special
        economic zones” have been established in several places.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. There are already special zones like this in Guǎngdōng,
        Fújiàn, and Shànghǎi. In the future, there will probably be even
        more of them.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Yōu méiyou tèbiéde f&amp;lù guān zhèixiē dìqūde JīngJi
            qíngkuàng?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Yōu. Wōmen yōu Zhōngwénde, yě yōu Yīngvénde, nī xūyào ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Xūyào aJ
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: 0, duì le, nī shi lùshī a!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Dāngrán xūyào le. Wō m&amp;shàng Jiù qù zhāo. Nī yào Zhōngwénde
        háishi Yīngvénde?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Wō dōu yào.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: H&amp;o, Luxíngshè, fàndiànli dōu
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        yōu, deng yíxiàr huíqu vō gěi ni ná. Ò! Duì le, kěnéng
        Jiāoyìhuì-li ye yōu, vō qù gei ni vènven.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Hāo ba! Wōmen yìqī qù, yìbiān zōu yìbiān liáoliao.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: H&amp;o!...NĪ dàgài tīngshuǒ le,
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        xiànzài Jìnchúkōude xiànzhi bī-JiSo shāo le, vōmen yōu he xúduō
        guōjiá dingle màoyi tiáoyuē, kāi-shī g&amp;o JīngJi hézuò. Suóyi
        zuì-Jìn zhèixiē niánde Jiāoyìhuì tèbié rènao.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Zhèi yidiǎn vō ye zhùyidào le,
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        xiànzài yì zōujìn Jiāoyìhuì dà-tīng, yānjing Jiu bú gōu yōng le,
        zhēn shi yuè bàn yuè hāo le, vō hái tīngshuǒ xiànzài biéde
        dìfang ye yōu xilo guīmǒde Jiāoyìhuì le, hěn duo vàiguo
        dàibiāotuán qù cānjiā, shì ma?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Shì. Tèbié shi yōule ZhōngMei hāiyùn tiáoyuē yīhòu, Jīge
            dà hāi-gāng gèng fánróng le. Zài zhèixiē h&amp;ig&amp;ng,
            hái yōu Běijīng, xiànzài dōu yōu xi&amp;o guīmǒde Jiāoyìhuì,
            yōu xuduō vàiguo shāngren zài nar zuò mXimai.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Duì, duì, duì. Wo tīngshuǒ le. Suoyi vō xiāng yīhòu
            yánh&amp;i yídài huì yōu hěn dàde fāzhǎn.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Are there special lavs governing the situations in these special
        economic zones?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. We have the Chinese and the English (versions). Do you need
        it?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes!
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh, right: you’re a lavyer! Of course you need it. I’ll go get
        it right avay. Do you vant the Chinese or the English?
      </para>
      <para>
        Both.
      </para>
      <para>
        Okay. The Travel Service and the hotel both have it. Later, vhen
        ve go back, I’ll get it for you. Oh, right—maybe they also have
        it at the trade fair. I’ll go ask them for you.
      </para>
      <para>
        All right! Let’s go together, and chat on the vay.
      </para>
      <para>
        Okay!...You’ve probably heard that nov there are fever
        restrictions on imports and exports, and ve have also concluded
        trade treaties vith many countries, and are starting to engage
        in economic cooperation. So the trade fair has been particularly
        lively the past fev years.
      </para>
      <para>
        I’ve noticed that myself. Nov, as soon as you valk into the hall
        of the trade fair, your eyes can’t take everything in. It’s
        really getting better and better. And I hear that nov there are
        small-scale trade fairs in other places, vhich a lot of foreign
        delegations attend. Is that so?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. Especially since the Sino-American sea transportation
        treaty, the larger ports have become even more prosperous. In
        these ports and in Běijīng, there are nov small-scale trade
        fairs vhere many foreign merchants do business.
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh, yes. I’ve heard that. So I think the coastal region vill
        develop greatly in the future.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Wō ye zènme xiǎng.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Wō hái yōu yíge wèntí, zài jīngji tèqūli gōngzuòde
            gōngren, gōng-zī shi bu shi gāo yidiānr ne?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Wō xiǎng gāo yidiānr.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Nà bú shi hui chūxiàn yíge xǐnde
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        JiēJi ma?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Mei nàme yánzhòng!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Wèishenme?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Yìbānde lái shuō, yōu wàiguo
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        gōngsī cānjiāde gōngchāng, suīrán gōngzī gāo yidiSnr, kěshi
        gōngzuò xiàolū yě bījiāo gāo a. &quot;Duō láo duō de&quot; shi
        shèhuizhūyìde jíngji zhèngcè ma!
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: &quot;Duō láo duō de&quot;! Zhèige zhèng
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        cè bú cuò.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Ò, duì le, nī bie wàngle, Jīn-tiān wānshang wōmen zài
            fàndiànli yōu yíge wānhuì.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Wānhuì? Duìbuqī, wō bú Jìde le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Zuótiān gěi nl sòngqude qīng-
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        tiě. Nī wàng le?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Ò, duì le, shi huānsònghuì!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Shi, shi Zhōngguō Luxíngshe
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        bànde. Shi huǎnsòng, yě shi huān-yíng.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Huānyíng?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Huānyíng nīmen zài lái ya!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Dāngrán, wōmen yídìng hui zài lái.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Nī qiānwàn bié wàngle. Wānshang
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        qīdiān ban!
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Hāo, wō yídìng lái!
      </para>
      <para>
        I think so, too.
      </para>
      <para>
        I have another question: Do the. workers in special economic
        zones have higher wages?
      </para>
      <para>
        I believe so.
      </para>
      <para>
        Then might not a new class arise?
      </para>
      <para>
        It's not that serious!
      </para>
      <para>
        Why?
      </para>
      <para>
        Generally speaking, in factories that have the participation of
        foreign companies, although the wages are higher, the efficiency
        is also higher. &quot;More pay for more work&quot; is the
        economic policy of socialism, you see!
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;More pay for more work&quot;!’ That’s a good policy.
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh, right—don't forget that we have a party in the restaurant
        tonight.
      </para>
      <para>
        Party? Excuse me, but I don't remember.
      </para>
      <para>
        The invitation was sent over to you yesterday. Have you
        forgotten?
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh, yes: it's a farewell party!
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. It's being given by the China Travel Service. It's to send
        you off, but also to welcome you.
      </para>
      <para>
        Welcome?
      </para>
      <para>
        To welcome you to come again!
      </para>
      <para>
        Of course. We'll be sure to come again.
      </para>
      <para>
        You mustn't forget. Seven-thirty in the evening!
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript>r</superscript>kay, I’ll be sure to come!
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise 1
      </para>
      <para>
        This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in
        this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed
        by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second
        speaker will confirm your answer.
      </para>
      <para>
        All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You
        may
      </para>
      <para>
        want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
        times.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Exercise 2
      </para>
      <para>
        In this exercise, an American reporter talks with the director
        of the Gu&amp;ngzhōu Trade Fair at a press conference.
      </para>
      <para>
        The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it
        completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer
        the questions below as you listen a second time.
      </para>
      <para>
        Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
        this conversation:
      </para>
      <para>
        -Jiè                                session
      </para>
      <para>
        wàishāng                           foreign businessman
      </para>
      <para>
        yāoqiú                              request, demand
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiànyì                              suggestion, proposal
      </para>
      <para>
        píngzi                             bottle
      </para>
      <para>
        rēng                                to throw away
      </para>
      <para>
        bāozhuāng                          packaging
      </para>
      <para>
        Questions for Exercise 2
      </para>
      <para>
        Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
        will be able to give them orally in class.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. What is the American reporter’s suggestion? What two
            reasons does he give?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Have the Chinese been able to follow this suggestion?
            Why?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. How does the reporter suggest the Chinese might raise
            their bottling efficiency?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        After you have answered these questions yourself, you nay want
        to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may
        also want to listen to the dialogue to help you practice saying
        your answers.
      </para>
      <para>
        Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
        indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
        sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise 3
      </para>
      <para>
        In this conversation, an American reporter talks to a leading
        cadre from an industrial commercial organization.
      </para>
      <para>
        Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
        second time through, look below and answer the questions.
      </para>
      <para>
        Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
        this conversation:
      </para>
      <para>
        zìcóng                              ever since
      </para>
      <para>
        cuòvu                              to be mistaken, to be wrong
      </para>
      <para>
        zhījiān                            between
      </para>
      <para>
        wàishāng                           foreign businessman
      </para>
      <para>
        fǎngxiàng                          direction
      </para>
      <para>
        chángqī                            long term
      </para>
      <para>
        Questions for Exercise 3
      </para>
      <para>
        Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
        will be able to give them orally in class.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. What interesting things does the American say have come
            about in special economic zones like Fúzhōu? How does he
            think the situation might develop?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. What does the Chinese say was one mistake of the Cultural
            Revolution?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. What does he say is the relationship between socialism
            and the policy of &quot;more pay for more work’’?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            U. What does he ask the American to tell his friends about
            China’s directionT
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
        to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may
        also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice
        saying the answers which you have prepared.
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise U
      </para>
      <para>
        Thia exercise is a conversation between two employees at the
        Guǎngzhōu Trade Fair.
      </para>
      <para>
        Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind
        the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer
        the questions.
      </para>
      <para>
        You will need the following new words and phrases:
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bǎi zhuōzi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to set a table
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wàishāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  foreign businessman
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zīben
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  capital
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bǎozhèng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to assure, to guarantee
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be willing
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Questions for Exercise U
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1. Who is being given a
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  send-off?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Why does the woman say China needs lawyers?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Why is the farewell meeting not going to be an ordinary
            one?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        U. What kind of work do these two workers do at the Trade Fair?
      </para>
      <para>
        After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want
        to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may
        also want to listen to the conversation again to help you
        pronounce your answers correctly.
      </para>
      <para>
        Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
      </para>
      <para>
        At a press conference in the GuSngzhou Trade Fair, an American
        reporter (A) talks with the director of the Trade Fair (B).
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B:   Gèwèi hái yōu shénme wèntí ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Yōu yíge hén xiàode wèntí, wō
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        xiàng zuìjìn JĪJiè Jiǎoyìhuì kàn-qilai dōu gàode hén bú cuò,
        wàiguō shāngren hén shào yōu kóngshōu huí-qude, búguò yōu xiō
        qíngxing nīmen néng bu néng gàide kuài yidianr ne?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Dāngrán, wàishāngnen tíchūlaide yāoqiú wōmen zōngshi yào
            kSolùde. Bàn Guàngjiāohuìde mùdi Jiù shi yào fánrōng
            jìnchūkōu ma!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Wō zhī yōu yíge Jiànyì. Nīmende píjiū píngzi kō bu kéyi gài
        xiào yidiànr ne? Wōmen hōn xīhuan Zhōngguō chūkōude píjiū, kěshi
        hōn bù xīhuan nèixiō xiàng Jiàngyóu-píng yíyàngde dà píngzi.
        Yùnqi-lai bù fāngbian. èrqiō Xīngqīliù, Xīngqītiān wōmen xīhuan
        chūqu 15-xíng, xiào ping pi Jiù hōwán Jiù rēng, duōme fangbian.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Xièxie ni. Zhèige Jiànyì tide hōn hào. Shàngcì Xiànggàng
        màoyi dàibiàotuán lái zhèlide shíhou yījīng tíchulai le. Dāi
        huīr wōmen Jiu kéyi qīng gèwèi kàn yíxiàr wōmende xiào ping
        piJiu, bú guò zhèi-zhōng pi Jiu mùqián hái bù néng dà guīmō
        shēngchàn, wōmende shèbei hái yōu hōn duō xiànzhi.
      </para>
      <para>
        A:   Yōxū. zài zhèifāngmian wōmen Mōi-
      </para>
      <para>
        guō gōngsī kéyi hé Zhōngguō fǎng-mian hézuò, tígāo bǎozhuángde
        xiàolū.
      </para>
      <para>
        Do you have any more questions?
      </para>
      <para>
        One small question. The last few trade fairs have all looked
        very successful. Foreign businessmen have rarely gone home
        empty-handed. But couldn’t you change certain things a little
        faster?
      </para>
      <para>
        Of course, we always consider suggestions from foreign
        businessmen. The purpose of holding the Guàngzhōu zhōu Trade
        Fair is to make foreign trade prosper!
      </para>
      <para>
        I Just have one suggestion. Could you make your beer bottles
        smaller? We like the beer that China exports, but we don’t like
        those big bottles that look like soy sauce bottles. They’re
        difficult to ship. Besides, on weekends we like to go out on
        trips. It’s so convenient to have small bottles which you can
        throw out when you’re finished.
      </para>
      <para>
        Thank you. That’s a very good suggestion. It was already made by
        a trade delegation from Hong Kong when they came here. Later, we
        can show you our smaller-bottle beer, but at present this kind
        of beer cannot yet be produced on a large scale. Our equipment
        still has many limitations.
      </para>
      <para>
        Perhaps some of our American companies might be able to
        cooperate with China in this area and raise your bottling
        efficiency.
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Zhèige wèntí bījiào fūzá, women dei yánjiū yanjiu, wō xīwàng
        bù Jiù, wōmen Jiù kéyi gōi nī yíge mànyìde huídá.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Xièxie ni.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        This is a rather complicated question which we will have to look
        into.
      </para>
      <para>
        I hope that we will be able to give you a satisfactory answer
        before long.
      </para>
      <para>
        Thank you.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Hái yōu shénme biéde wèntí ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Xiànzài méiyōu le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Hāo, nàme wōmende zhāodàihuì Jiù
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        kāi dào zhèli, wō yào xièxie gèwèi xìnwénjiè péngyoude bāngzhu
        he Jiànyì, xièxie dàjiā.
      </para>
      <para>
        Any more questions?
      </para>
      <para>
        No.
      </para>
      <para>
        All right, then we’ll end the press conference here. I’d like to
        thank all of you friends from the press for your help and
        suggestions, and thank all of you.
      </para>
      <para>
        Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
      </para>
      <para>
        An American reporter (A) and a leading cadre (B) frpm an
        industrial commercial organization talk.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Liú Xiānsheng, nín hāo, hāo Jiu
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        bú Jiàn.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Hāo Jiǔ bú Jiàn. Hěn máng ba?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Méiyou nàme máng, Jiù shi lèi yidiānr.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: ZuìJ in you dào nār qù le?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Fújiàn. Fúzhōu fūjìn yōu yíge hān dàde JlngJi tèqū, wo
            zài nàr zhùle Jītiān, Juéde hěn you yìsi.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Shi a. ZÌcōng hé nimen dingle hāiyùn tiáoyuē yīhòu, Jīge
            dà hāi-gāng dōu shi yuè gāo yuè fánrōng le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Bú Jiù shi zhèixiē, Fúzhōu hái chūxiànle yìxiē hěn you
            yìside shi.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Nī shuōshuo kàn ne?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Zài JlngJi tèqū gōngzuōde Zhōng-
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        guō gōngren, tamende shōurù bījiāo duō, tāmen bījiāo rōngyi
        mǎidào zhiliàng bījiāo hāode xiáofèipīn. Nín xiāng zěnmeyàng?
        Zài JīngJi tèqū huì bu hui chūxiàn xīnde Jiē-Jí, zài
        zhèngzhishang huì bu hui chūxiàn xinde qíngkuàng?
      </para>
      <para>
        Hello, Mr. Liú, I haven’t seen you in a long time.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes, it’s been a long time. Have you been busy?
      </para>
      <para>
        Not so busy, I’m Just tired.
      </para>
      <para>
        Where have you been to again lately?
      </para>
      <para>
        Fújiàn. Near Fúzhōu there’s a very large special economic zone
        where I stayed a few days. I found it very interesting.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. Ever since we concluded the sea transport treaty with you,
        our big ports have been getting more and more prosperous.
      </para>
      <para>
        Not only that, but some very interesting things have come about
        in Fúzhōu.
      </para>
      <para>
        What’s that?
      </para>
      <para>
        Chinese workers who live in special economic zones have larger
        incomes, and it’s easier for them to get higher quality consumer
        goods. What do you think: Will a new class appear in the special
        economic zones? Will a new political situation develop?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Nl qiānwàn bú yào name xíáng.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Qiánxiē nián, wōmen zhī gào zhèng-zhi bù gio JīngJi shi cuòwude.
        Erqiě zhī gio zhèngzhi, zhèngzhi yě méiyou giohio ma!
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Nàme, nl xiàng zhèige qíngkuàng
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        he shèhuìzhǔyìde gōngzì zhèngcè zhījiān bú huì you shénme dà
        wèntí le?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Nī fang xìn hǎo le, ”duǒ láo duō
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        dé&quot; shi wōmende zhèngcè. Zhèige zhèngcè shi bú huì gàide.
        Gio yì-tian shèhuìzhǔyì Jiù děi shíxíng yìtiān &quot;duō láo duō
        dé&quot;de zhèngcè. Zài JīngJi tèqúde gōngsī, gōng-ching,
        duōbànr yōu wàishàng cān-Jiā, shèbèi tiaoJiàn hāo yidiǎnr,
        gōngzuò xiàolú gāo yidiǎnr, gōngren gōngzī duō yidiǎnr shi
        yīng-gāide. Qíngkuàng bú huì yánzhòng-dào chūxiàn yíge xīnde
        JiěJi.
      </para>
      <para>
        A:   Hiojíle, xièxie nín.
      </para>
      <para>
        B:   Bú kèqi, qīng ni gàosu nīde
      </para>
      <para>
        péngyoumen, dà gio Sìge Xiàndàihuà shi wōmende fǎngxiàng.
        fánrōng JīngJi shi zhèige dà fāngxiàngde yíbùfen, shi wōmen
        chángqīde zhèngcè, bú huì suíbiàn giide, qīng gèfāngmiànde
        péngyou fàngxīn.
      </para>
      <para>
        A: Hǎo, wō yídìng zhuingào tamen.
      </para>
      <para>
        You mustn’t think like that. During those few years, we were
        mistaken to engage only in politics and not in economics.
        Moreover, we didn’t even handle the politics well.
      </para>
      <para>
        So you don’t think that there will be any big problems between
        this situation and the socialist wage policy?
      </para>
      <para>
        You can rest assured about that. &quot;More pay for more
        work&quot; is our policy, and it won’t change. Socialism and the
        policy of &quot;more pay for more work&quot; must go hand in
        hand. Most of the companies and factories in special economic
        zones have foreign merchants participating. They have better
        facilities and higher efficiency. It’s right that their workers
        have higher pay. The situation could never become so serious
        that a new class would appear.
      </para>
      <para>
        Wonderful. Thank you.
      </para>
      <para>
        Not at all. And please tell your friends that going all out with
        the Four Modernizations is our direction. Making our economy
        prosper is one part of that big direction, and it’s our
        long-term policy. We won’t change it arbitrarily. Ask our
        friends in all spheres to rest assured.
      </para>
      <para>
        All right, I’ll be sure to pass the message on to them.
      </para>
      <para>
        Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
      </para>
      <para>
        This is a conversation between two Fair.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Dàtīnglide zhuōzi dōu bǎihǎo le
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        meiyou?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Bǎihǎo le. Jīntiān you shi
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        huānsòng shéi ya?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Huānsòng yíge Xianggang láide
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        làshī dàibiǎotuán.
      </para>
      <para>
        employees at the Guǎngzhōu Trade
      </para>
      <para>
        Have all the tables in the large hall been set?
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes. Who is it that is being given a send-off today?
      </para>
      <para>
        A delegation of lawyers from Hong Kong.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Lils hi? FālÚ gōngzuòzhě gěn
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Guāngjiǎohuì yōu shénme guānxi?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Xiànzài Zhōngguó he wàishāngde
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        hézuò yuè lái yuè duō le. Zhōng-guō yào Jìnkōu shèbèi, yào gāo
        Jiāgōng gōngyè, huòshi yào gāo biéde JlngJi hézuò, dōu xūyào
        fālū a!
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Wō háishi Juéde yōu yidiānr qí-
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        guài, bù zānme qīngchu, wō cónglái méi xiāngdào fālù hé JlngJi
        hái yōu guānxi.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Wàiguō shāngren ma, Jiàqian na,
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        zlběn na, shenmede, dōu yào yòng fālù xiěqīngchude, yàoburán,
        tāmen zānme zhīdao bāozhèng kéyi zhuàn qián ne? Bù kéyi zhuàn
        qián, tāmen wèishenme yào hé wŌmen zuò mǎimai ne?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: A! Nín zhèi yì shuō wō Jiu qīng-
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        chu le. Yōule fālà bāozhèng, wàishāng cái ken zuò māimai.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Hāo le, zài qù kànkan, wānhuì-
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        shang xūyàode dōngxi dōu yào JÍ-zhōng fànghāode.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Hāo, J ide le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Hái yōu, ni tīngdao xiāoxi le
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        meiyou?
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Méiyou a, shénme xiāoxi?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Jintiǎn vānshangde huānsònghuì
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        bú tài píngcháng.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Zānme bù píngcháng ne?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Guǎngdōng shěng, Guǎngzhōu shi
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        gèjí rénmín zhèngfú dōu yào pài hěn zhòngyàode rén lái. Yōu hěn
        duō hěn zhòngyàode shi yào zài zhèr tán, wǒmen del bā shénme dōu
      </para>
      <para>
        Lawyers? What connection do legal workers have with the
        Guǎngzhōu Trade Fair?
      </para>
      <para>
        China is cooperating more and more with foreign merchants. If
        China wants to import equipment, to do processing or finishing
        of products, or have any other economic cooperation, they need
        lawyers!
      </para>
      <para>
        I still think that’s kind of strange. I don’t really understand.
        I never thought that law had anything to do with economics.
      </para>
      <para>
        Foreign merchants, you know. They have to write out clearly
        their prices and capital in legal terms, otherwise how can they
        know for sure that they are guaranteed to make money? And if
        they can’t make any money, why would they want to do business
        with us?
      </para>
      <para>
        Oh! When you put it that way, I understand. Foreign merchants
        are only willing to do business if they they have legal
        guarantees.
      </para>
      <para>
        Okay, go back and take a look. The things we’ll need during the
        banquet should all be put together in one place.
      </para>
      <para>
        All right, I won’t forget.
      </para>
      <para>
        And another thing: Have you heard the news?
      </para>
      <para>
        No, what news?
      </para>
      <para>
        Tonight’s farewell meeting isn’t going to be an ordinary one.
      </para>
      <para>
        How’s that?
      </para>
      <para>
        All levels of the people’s government of Guǎngdōng province and
        the city of Guǎngzhōu are sending very important people. They’ll
        be talking about a lot of important things here.
      </para>
      <para>
        yùbeihio, rang līngdāò fang xīn.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Méi wèntí, w3 zài qù Jiānchá
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        yícì. Nín dāi huīr k? děi zài lái kàn yíxiàr a!
      </para>
      <para>
        A:   Hāo, dāi huīr wo Jiù lái.
      </para>
      <para>
        We should prepare everything well and put the leadership at
        ease.
      </para>
      <para>
        That won’t be any problem. I’ll go back and check once more. But
        later . you have to go look things over once yourself.’
      </para>
      <para>
        Okay, I’ll be right there.
      </para>
      <para>
        APPENDIX:
      </para>
      <para>
        WORD USAGE EXERCISES
      </para>
      <para>
        TRANSLATION EXERCISE
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            I. Choose between cānguān, fāngwèn and kàn in translating
            these sentences.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. What places did you visit when you went to China?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. I don't even have time to visit my friends.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. This is not a formal (zhèngshì) visit. Don't be nervous
            (jǐnzhāng).
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            II. shāoshù, hěn shào
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. There are very few people who will not help others.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Only a small number of students make (chù) that kind of
            mistake.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            III. Choose between direction names with -fàng, -bù, and
            -biān (for example, běifāng, běibù, and běibiān).
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Northerners like to eat foods made from wheat (miànshí),
            and Southerners like to eat rice (mìfàn).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. There are several famous universities in the eastern
            United States.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Hángzhōu is southwest of Shànghài.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. New York is in the northeast.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Inner Mongolia is west of Manchuria.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. People from northern Taiwan have a different accent from
            southerners.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            IV. dǒng, liāojiě, zhīdào, tīngshuō, tīngdóng
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. If you understood that I wasn’t going to come, why did
            you still stand there waiting for two hours?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. I could understand everything he said, although he spoke
            with a very heavy (zhòng) accent (kōuyīn).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Such a weird (guài) guy is really impossible to
            understand.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. I understand you’re going to school this summer. Is that
            true?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. I can understand the Shànghài dialect, but I can't speak
            it very well.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            V. gāo, nòng, zuò
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Doing these sentences drives me crazy (&quot;gives one a
            headache&quot;).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. It was very difficult to do scientific experimentation
            (kěxué shíyàn) under such circumstances.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. What are you doing there, you naughty child!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        TRANSLATION EXERCISE
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            I. Choose -zhōng, -lèi, or -gang to translate these
            sentences:
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. How could you think that he was that kind of person?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. She'll eat any kind of food.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. What breed of dog (gǒu) is this?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. We should research these questions by category.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            II. mùqián, xiànzài, zhèihuīr
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Where is he now?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. At present the international situation (guójì xingshì) is
            complicated.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. I'm leaving right now.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. It is now 9:26 Běijīng time.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            III. null, yònggōng, shì (&quot;to try&quot;)
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Try doing it this way. If it doesn't work, we'll see what
            we can do about it later.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. All the students here are hardworking.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. China is hard at work on modernization, and we want to
            help.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. I tried his office three times today, but no one answered
            the phone.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            IV. púbiàn, pǔtōng, píngcháng, liúxíng
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. That's a popular saying.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. In Shanghai, for men and women to hold hands (shōu lā
            shóu) is a very common thing.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. How much does an ordinary worker here make a month?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Frisbees (fēipán) are now very common in Běijīng.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            V. wángua'n, guan, zhěngg'e
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. The room was filled with smoke (yān).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. His idea (xiángfǎ) was completely wrong.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. I'm afraid he completely misunderstood what I meant.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. The whole article was about how bad their planning had
            been.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. His whole family came.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            VI. qūbié, chǎbié, bù yiyàng
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. There aren't many differences between the big cities of .
            the northeastern United States and those of Western
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Europe (Xī'ōu).
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. I could hardly tell the difference between the twins
            (zhèduì shuǎngbǎotǎi).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Would you explain the difference between these two terms
            (míngcí)?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            VII. rènwéi, yīwéi, xiǎng, juéde
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. He thought that it was an hour earlier than it really
            (shíjìshang) was.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. I think the best way to study a foreign language {wàiyǔ)
            is to live in the country where it is spoken.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. What do you think of Běijīng?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Why do you consider him such a dangerous person?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. A: Has he already gone back?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: I think so, but I'm not sure.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            VIII. shǒuxiān, xiān, dìyī
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. First I stayed in a small town (xiǎozhèn) for a month and
            then came here.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. In his office<subscript>r</subscript> he is always the
            first to arrive.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. You have to first get the pronunciation right in order to
            get the spelling (pīnxiě) right.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            IX. tiáojiàn, qíngkuàng
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Why don't you apply yourself to your studies? You have
            such excellent conditions.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. He can't stand (shòubuliǎo) the situation any longer.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Under the circumstances, he had no choice but to agree.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. How are business conditions in China these days?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Conditions have changed greatly in rural China in the
            past thirty years.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. Working conditions there are better now than the last
            time I visited.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        TRANSLATION EXERCISE
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            I. Choose miànji, dìqù, -dài, -qū, -bù, or bùfen in
            translating these sentences.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. This area is very dirty.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. This area of the city isn't safe.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. The area of this room is nine square meters (jiǔ píngfāng
            mi).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. In the northeastern area of China, there is a lot of
            industry.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. This kind of rice is produced in the Jiāngnán area.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. The southwestern part of the United States has a very
            distinctive natural environment.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. I don't get the chance to come to this part of town very
            often.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. This kind of architecture is very popular in these parts.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            II. dàozi, mi, fàn
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. His father grows ride.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. This is fried rice, not plain (&quot;white&quot;) rice.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. This rice is grown (chūchǎn) only in Guǎngdōng.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            III. fāzhàn, zhang
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Your rice is growing pretty well!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. China's economy has grown slowly during the past two
            decades.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. The kids are growing so fast.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Our company has grown quickly.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Over the past one hundred years, Shàntóu has grown into
            an important industrial city.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            IV. jià, jiātíng, jiā(li)rén, -hù
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. There are no boys in their family.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Xiǎo Ping's whole family went to the seashore on Sunday.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Such a family is rare (bù cháng jiàn) in America.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Thirty years ago there were only twenty-odd families in
            this town (xíàozhèn).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Next Saturday I'm going up to Bèijīng to see my family.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. Almost every family has a television in our country. Some
            families have more than one.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            V. jīqì, jīxiè
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Our country’s machine industry is still young.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. The application (yìngyòng) of large machines started
            three hundred years ago.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Agricultural machinery is badly needed in China.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Shall I take you to see our new machinery now?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            VI. -kóu, -ge, -wèi
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Will the seven of us fit (in the car)?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Those three professors all graduated from Harvard (Hàfó).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. How many people are there in your family?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. (When entering a restaurant for dinner) Headwaiter: How
            many?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        You:          Four.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            VII. píngjūn, yìban
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. The average height (gǎodù) of the students in this class
            is about 1.6 meters (yìmi liù).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. The average person can eat fifteen to twenty-five jiǎozi.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. On an average day, I can write five pages (yè).
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            VIII. rén, rénmín, rénmen, rénjia
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. The people would surely not like to keep (báoliú) such a
            thing in the constitution (xiànfǎ).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. There isn't much difference between the two brothers (in
            personality).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Friendship involves at least two people.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. I've heard people say that they're going to build (gài) a
            hotel at that intersection.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. People naturally prefer to live in a quiet place rather
            than in the busy downtown area (nàoshì, &quot;busy downtown
            area&quot;).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. People are people; she's no different from anyone else.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            IX. túpiàn, zhaopi an, huà(r)
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. I think that picture is of her mother, but it must have
            been taken many years ago.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Where did you get so many pictures of China?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. The picture that old man (lǎotóuzi) is drawing is really
            ugly!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        TRANSLATION EXERCISE
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            I. Choose gài, xiū, jiànzhù, or jiànshè in translating these
            sentences:
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. This highway was three years'in construction. (It took
            three years to finish building this highway.)
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Are those workers building new dormitories?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Is this how you intend to build a powerful country?!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Many city walls (chéngqiáng) built in ancient times were
            destroyed (huíle) during wars.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. No one may build in this district.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. How long did it take to build this bridge (zhèizuò qiáo)?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            II. kě, zhěn, yidìng, dāngrán, shi (&quot;to be,&quot;
            emphatic)
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. He is going to go, but he hasn't decided when yet.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. When you tell him, he's sure to be happy.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. That sure was an interesting movie.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. He sure has a lot of friends!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Drugs (dùpín) — that's certainly not something to mess
            with.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. A: Can you tell me why your government didn't send anyone
            to take part?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: Sure I can tell you. It's like this: . . .
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. A: Would he know the answer (dá'àn) to this question?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B: I'm sure he would.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. They want to concentrate on only a portion of the work;
            that just won't do!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            III. In each sentence, &quot;how old&quot; requires a
            different translation.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. How old is this building?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. How old are you? (tó a young person)
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. How old is your boy?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. How old is your grandfather?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. How old is China?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. How old is this movie?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. How old are these shoes of yours?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. How old are these magazines?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            9. How old is this chicken soup? (How long since it was
            made?)
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            10. How old is this bean curd? (How long since it was
            bought?)
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            IV. gú, gǔdài
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. That’s an ancient building.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Man already knew how to cook in ancient times.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. He likes to study (dú) the ancient books.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. XI'an is an ancient city.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            V. chuánguò, jīngguò, guò, guògu
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Ten years have passed, and she's still just as young and
            pretty (as before).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Cross the street and wait for me in front of that
            building.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. I pass there every day on my way to work (shàng bānde
            shíhou).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Time passes so guickly!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. The train passed several stations without stopping.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. When I'm in a hurry, I cut through the park.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. After a month had passed, he felt much better.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. Through the efforts of many people, we have been able to
            set up (kāibàn) an elementary school here.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        TRANSLATION EXERCISE
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            I. bang, bāngzhù, bangmang
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Would you help me?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. I don't need this kind of help.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. He came to help.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Would you hold this for me for a second?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. I'll help you write the report (bàogào).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. We can help each other.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            II. gè-, mèi-, yī~ (&quot;one&quot;)
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Each person has his own ideas. How can he make you do it
            this way?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Each year we have many excellent students.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Each state has some laws of its own.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. These apples are a dime each.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Each book he writes is better than the last.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            III. guan, guānxīn, jièyì
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Although she says little, she actually (shíjìshang) cares
            deeply.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. If you don't mind, I'd like to ask you a few questions.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. People didn't care a bit about those pitiful (kěliánde)
            children.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Who cares what you do?!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Don't mind him!
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            IV. qítǎ, biéde, ling(wài), yī-, nèi-
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. These sentences are pretty good; the others are too
            colloquial (tú).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Well, you can say he's right about this point, but how
            about the other questions?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. One is too weak, the other is too fat (pang).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. When you're taking the test, don't think about other
            things.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. This vase is not bad, but the other one is even prettier.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. Do you want to know the other reasons?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. Put your other hand here.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            V. -wèi, dìwèi
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. I don't like to talk with those who are in high
            positions.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. India's rice (dàmí) output is the highest
            (&quot;first&quot;) in the world.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. He's too young to be in such a high position.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            VI. bú fàngxìn, dānxīn
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. I'm very worried about him. He doesn't look well.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Without you here I've been sort of anxious.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. What is there to worry about?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. I would really worry if you went alone.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Don't worry. She's already grown up; she can take care of
            herself.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        TRANSLATION EXERCISE
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            I. gǒngchàng, chang
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. The air is really bad because there are so many factories
            in this area.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. She'd never been so happy since she came to
            (&quot;entered&quot;) this factory.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. He works in a camera factory.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            II. méi, hǎokàn, piàoliàng
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. She's really a beautiful girl.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. What a beautiful place this is!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. This dress doesn't look good at all. Why do you want to
            buy it?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. You speak beautiful standard Chinese!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. What a handsome son you have, Department Chief Xú.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. The weather is beautiful today.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            III. chà, bù hào, huài
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. His pronunciation is too bad.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. He doesn't speak French well.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. His Japanese isn't bad.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. On the whole, it's a pretty nice place; it's just that
            the weather is always bad.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Bad boy (&quot;child&quot;)!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. Conditions here used to be very bad; now they're much
            better.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. That commune’s level of mechanization is rather poor.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            IV. liǎojiě, zhīdao, rènshi, shóu (shú)
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. I didn't know him when we were at Oxford (Niújīn).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Do you know what happened between them (tamen zhījiān)?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. I know nothing about that.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. You still don't know me too well, do you?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. I knew him, but not very well. We had only met a couple
            of times.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. I know of him, but I’ve never met him.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. I still~3on’t know Běijīng very well; perhaps we should
            go together.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. (To taxi driver) I want to go to the Dàhuá Restaurant. Do
            you know it?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            9. Of the three of us, you know him best. Do you think he
            would mind if we did this?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        TRANSLATION EXERCISE
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            I. Choose háishi... or zuì hǎo in translating these
            sentences.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. We'd better not go after all. See, it's raining.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. You'd better walk there. It's very hard to drive on that
            road.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. It’s best to be mentally prepared (&quot;in the heart
            have preparation&quot;).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. I’d better not drink too much. I have to drive.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. It would be best if I could talk with him in person.
            Would that be possible?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. Chinese food is still the tastiest, don't you think?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            II. jiǎshǔ, jià, jiā(li)rén
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. This housing is for workers and their families.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. How many people are there in the average worker's family?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Is your whole family in Huángzhuàng?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. They go home every Saturday to be with their families.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            III. kuài (yào), yào, huì, gang yào, zhèng yào, jiù yào, hěn
            kuài jiù
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Be patient. We'll be there soon.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. He's going to get his Ph.D. (bóshì xuéwèi) this summer.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. You've come at the perfect time. I'm just about to pack
            the suitcases.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. She'll be happy if you do that.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Look, it's about to rain.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. It's going to rain today.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. That's what I was just about to say, (but) you didn't
            give me the chance to say it.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. She forgot about the matter very soon.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            9. Three new consulates (lingshìguǎn) are going to open very
            soon.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            10. I’m about to die of hunger!
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            11. Don’t worry. I’ll tell him.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            12. It’s almost over (finished).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            13. If you don’t stay in touch (&quot;maintain
            contact&quot;) with them, they forget you very soon.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            14. He came when I was just about to leave.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            IV. yánzhe, pángbian
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. They've planted a lot of trees alongside the river.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Alongside the street, I saw many new stores.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. They built a railroad alongside the border.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Just walk along this street, and you'll see a lot of
            clothing stores.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. There is a park alongside the factory.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            V. yishàng, shàngmian, -duō OR yixià, xiàmian, bú dào
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. There are probably over ten people there.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. He has under twenty students.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Children ten and over may participate;
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. It will cost over fifty dollars.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. We had been going for less than an hour when the car
            broke down.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. Only buildings with over four stories have elevators.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. Under this brigade there are ten production teams.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. It's been over a month since I saw him last.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            9. His office is right above mine.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        TRANSLATION EXERCISE
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            I. Choose dāihuir, děng yíxià, déng (yì)huir, yihòu, or
            hòulái in translating these sentences:
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. I'll be leaving in a minute.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Later, when you have time, let's talk, okay?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Wait a second. I think I hear him coming.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Later, I found out that she had been a Red Guard.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Things were very chaotic at that time, but later on they
            got better.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. His later short stories are mostly about the Uygurs.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. He'll be here in a while.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            II. fánróng, fādá
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. The Táng dynasty was a period (shíqī) when China's
            culture flourished.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. I didn't expect that this place would have become so
            prosperous in the ten years since I left.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Livestock farming is well developed in Xinjiang and Inner
            Mongolia.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Japan's industry and commerce are flourishing and the
            economy is thriving.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            III. qiǎnwàn, yídìng
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Be sure to bring that book.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Be sure not to forget to ask him whether he is coming.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. I'll be sure to tell him.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            IV. xiāoxi, xīnwén
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Where did you hear this news?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. There isn't any interesting news in today's paper.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Is there any news about China?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. She often brought us unpleasant (bù yúkuàide) news.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Has there been any news about when the meeting will be
            held?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. What good news is there today?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. News reporters (jizAě) are the best at getting
            information.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        VOCABULARY
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ài
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to love
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  àiqíng gùshi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  love story
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  àishang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to fall in love with
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Alabó
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Arab, Arabic
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  an
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shore, bank, coast
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  àn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  according to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  āndìng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be peaceful and stable, to be
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  quiet and settled
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ánpái
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to arrange
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  an shí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  on time
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ba
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (marker of pause, hypothesis)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  baba
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  father, dad, papa
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Bādálīng (Bádàlīng)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (area northwest of Běijīng)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  b&amp;ifēn zhī X
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  X percent
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  baitian
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  daytime
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bSi zhuōzi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to set a table
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -ban
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (counter for class of students)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to help; as a help to, for (someone)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bàng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be great, to be fantastic, to be
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1**, 7.7’, 8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  terrific
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bang máng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to help; help
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bāngzhu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to help; help; as a help to, for
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bǎo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to wrap
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bàochí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to keep, to preserve, to maintain
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bSohù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to protect
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  b&amp;ozhèng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to guarantee, to assure
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bāozhuāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to package; packaging
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -bèi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  time, -fold
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bèi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (passive marker)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B?idà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Běijīng University
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  běifāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the north
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bèiháu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  behind someone's back
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -bèizi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  lifetime
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bin di
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  this locality, local
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  běnlái
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  originally, in the beginning, at first;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to begin with, in the first place
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  běnrén
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  herself, himself, oneself, myself,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  etc.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <superscript>bI</superscript>K
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to compare
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  biàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to change, to become different
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  biànchéng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to change into
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2’, 7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        bianhuà
      </para>
      <para>
        change(s)
      </para>
      <para>
        8.5
      </para>
      <para>
        biānjiǎng
      </para>
      <para>
        border region, frontier region
      </para>
      <para>
        8.6
      </para>
      <para>
        biānjìng
      </para>
      <para>
        (national) border
      </para>
      <para>
        8.5
      </para>
      <para>
        bld
      </para>
      <para>
        each other, one another, both; the same to you
      </para>
      <para>
        7.5*
      </para>
      <para>
        bljiào (blji&amp;o)
      </para>
      <para>
        comparatively, relatively, more; fairly, rather; to compare
      </para>
      <para>
        8.1
      </para>
      <para>
        bìngrén
      </para>
      <para>
        sick person, patient
      </para>
      <para>
        aunt (vife of father’s elder brother); term for the mother of
        one’s friend
      </para>
      <para>
        7.3*
      </para>
      <para>
        bomǔ
      </para>
      <para>
        7.8
      </para>
      <para>
        bóshì
      </para>
      <para>
        Ph.D.
      </para>
      <para>
        7.2‘
      </para>
      <para>
        -bù
      </para>
      <para>
        (counter for films; counter for automobiles, machines, etc.)
      </para>
      <para>
        8.1‘, 8.7
      </para>
      <para>
        bú fàngxìn
      </para>
      <para>
        to worry
      </para>
      <para>
        7.3’
      </para>
      <para>
        -bùfen
      </para>
      <para>
        part, section
      </para>
      <para>
        8.2
      </para>
      <para>
        bù guán
      </para>
      <para>
        no matter (what, whether, etc.)
      </para>
      <para>
        7.5’, 7.6
      </para>
      <para>
        bù huāng bù máng
      </para>
      <para>
        calm, not the least bit flustered
      </para>
      <para>
        7.8*
      </para>
      <para>
        bú Jiàn bú sàn
      </para>
      <para>
        don’t leave until we’ve met up
      </para>
      <para>
        7.7’
      </para>
      <para>
        bù JiàndSn
      </para>
      <para>
        not ordinary, not commonplace; remarkable
      </para>
      <para>
        7.7’
      </para>
      <para>
        bù neng bu
      </para>
      <para>
        to have to, must
      </para>
      <para>
        7.7
      </para>
      <para>
        bù sháo
      </para>
      <para>
        to be quite a lot, to be much, to be many
      </para>
      <para>
        7.U
      </para>
      <para>
        bú shi...Jiù shi...
      </para>
      <para>
        if it isn’t...then it’s...; either... or...
      </para>
      <para>
        7.7
      </para>
      <para>
        bú shi tiánde Jiù shi làde
      </para>
      <para>
        if it isn’t sweet, then it’s hot
      </para>
      <para>
        8.7’
      </para>
      <para>
        bú xiàng huà
      </para>
      <para>
        to be ridiculous, to be outrageous, to be absurd (talk, acts,
        etc.)
      </para>
      <para>
        7.6
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cai
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  only (before an amount)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cai
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  only in that case, only under this condition
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cáichán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  property
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7-U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  càidí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  vegetable plot
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cáiliào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  material(s); data
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  canguan
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to visit and observe
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  canJià
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to participate in, to take part in; to join; to attend
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cānkáoshū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  reference book
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to differ; to be inferior, to be poor, to be not up to
                  standard; to lack
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chabié
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  difference, disparity
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be long
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to taste
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cháng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  factory, plant
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5’, 8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chàng ge
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to sing (songs)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Cháng Jiang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yangtze River
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3’, 8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chángqī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  long term
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chànliàng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  output, yield
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -cháo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dynasty (bound form)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.4
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cháo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be noisy; to disturb by making
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  noise
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cháodài
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dynasty
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.4
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cháoxlng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to wake (someone) up by being noisy
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -chéng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (verb ending) into
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chénggōng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to succeed
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chēnghu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to call, to address
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chēnglì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to establish, to found, to set up
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chéngshì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  city; urban
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chéngyuánguo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  member country
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chēxiǎng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  car (of a train)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chlbuxiàqù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be unable to eat
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chi ku
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to suffer, to undergo hardship
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.4
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chongxīn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  again, anew, afresh
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.4
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chōu yān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to smoke (tobacco)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to produce
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ...chū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  at the beginning of...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chuang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bed
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2’, 7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chuāngkSu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  window (e.g., ticket window)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chuānguò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to cross through
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.4
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chuántSng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tradition, traditional
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chū chǎi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to go or be away on (official)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  business
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chū guó
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to go abroad
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chū Jìng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to leave a country
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chūkíu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to export
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chūnjì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the spring season
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  chūxiàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to appear, to arise, to emerge
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cíhuì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  vocabulary
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cónglái
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ever (up till now), always (up till
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  now)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  conglái bù/méi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  never (up till now)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cong...(Verb)-ql
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to begin (Verb)-ing from...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cūnkuán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  savings
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cūnr
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  village
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cuòwù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be wrong (incorrect); mistake
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dàbùfen
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the greater part; for the most part, mostly
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dàduì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (production) brigade
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dàduǒshù(r)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the great majority
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -dài
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  generation; era, (historical) period
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -dài
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zone, area, belt
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dàibiSo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to represent; representative, delegate;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.4’, 8.7*, 9.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  on behalf of, in the name of
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Module &amp; Unit
      </para>
      <para>
        dàibiàotuán
      </para>
      <para>
        delegation, mission
      </para>
      <para>
        8.3*,&quot;8.8
      </para>
      <para>
        dāi huīr
      </para>
      <para>
        in a while, later (Běijīng)
      </para>
      <para>
        8.8
      </para>
      <para>
        dāishang
      </para>
      <para>
        to take along (Běijīng)
      </para>
      <para>
        7.8
      </para>
      <para>
        dàji?
      </para>
      <para>
        ’’older sister” (a respectful term
      </para>
      <para>
        7.U*
      </para>
      <para>
        of address for a woman about one's own age or older)
      </para>
      <para>
        Dàlī
      </para>
      <para>
        (a city in Yunnan province)
      </para>
      <para>
        8.1*
      </para>
      <para>
        dàlù
      </para>
      <para>
        mainland, continent
      </para>
      <para>
        7.1
      </para>
      <para>
        dang
      </para>
      <para>
        to act as, to be
      </para>
      <para>
        8.6*
      </para>
      <para>
        dāng
      </para>
      <para>
        (political) party
      </para>
      <para>
        7.6
      </para>
      <para>
        dānrèn
      </para>
      <para>
        to take up, to assume (a Job or post)
      </para>
      <para>
        8.2
      </para>
      <para>
        dānxīn
      </para>
      <para>
        to be worried, to be uneasy
      </para>
      <para>
        7.U
      </para>
      <para>
        dānzl
      </para>
      <para>
        list; form
      </para>
      <para>
        7.8
      </para>
      <para>
        dào
      </para>
      <para>
        to pour; to dump
      </para>
      <para>
        7.1
      </para>
      <para>
        -dào
      </para>
      <para>
        (resultative ending used for percep-
      </para>
      <para>
        7.3
      </para>
      <para>
        tion by one of the senses: Jiàndao , kàndao, tīngdao, etc.)
      </para>
      <para>
        -dào
      </para>
      <para>
        (resultative ending used to indicate
      </para>
      <para>
        7.3
      </para>
      <para>
        reaching: xiàngdào, tándào, etc., often translated as
        &quot;about&quot; or &quot;of&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        dào
      </para>
      <para>
        yet, on the contrary, nevertheless
      </para>
      <para>
        8.7
      </para>
      <para>
        dàochù
      </para>
      <para>
        everywhere
      </para>
      <para>
        7.7*
      </para>
      <para>
        dàodé
      </para>
      <para>
        morality, morals, ethics
      </para>
      <para>
        7.2*
      </para>
      <para>
        dàolī
      </para>
      <para>
        principle, truth, hows and whys;
      </para>
      <para>
        7.2
      </para>
      <para>
        reason, argument, sense
      </para>
      <para>
        dàoyóu
      </para>
      <para>
        (tour) guide
      </para>
      <para>
        8.7
      </para>
      <para>
        dàozi
      </para>
      <para>
        rice (in the paddy, or after harvesting
      </para>
      <para>
        8.3
      </para>
      <para>
        but before hulling); paddy
      </para>
      <para>
        Dàqìng
      </para>
      <para>
        (a city in Heilongjiang Province)
      </para>
      <para>
        8.1
      </para>
      <para>
        dàrào
      </para>
      <para>
        to disturb
      </para>
      <para>
        8.U*
      </para>
      <para>
        dà shīfu
      </para>
      <para>
        chef
      </para>
      <para>
        8.7*
      </para>
      <para>
        dàtīng
      </para>
      <para>
        (large) hall
      </para>
      <para>
        8.8
      </para>
      <para>
        Datong
      </para>
      <para>
        (a city in Shānxī province)
      </para>
      <para>
        8.6*
      </para>
      <para>
        dàxué bìyèshěng
      </para>
      <para>
        college graduate
      </para>
      <para>
        8.2*
      </para>
      <para>
        dàxuéshěng
      </para>
      <para>
        college student
      </para>
      <para>
        7.1’
      </para>
      <para>
        dà zhàng
      </para>
      <para>
        to fight a war, to go to war
      </para>
      <para>
        7.8
      </para>
      <para>
        dà zhēn
      </para>
      <para>
        to get an injection
      </para>
      <para>
        7.8*
      </para>
      <para>
        dà zì
      </para>
      <para>
        to type (on a typewriter)
      </para>
      <para>
        7.6
      </para>
      <para>
        dàzìrán
      </para>
      <para>
        nature (the physical world)
      </para>
      <para>
        8.2*
      </para>
      <para>
        dé
      </para>
      <para>
        to get
      </para>
      <para>
        7.5
      </para>
      <para>
        dédao
      </para>
      <para>
        to receive, to get
      </para>
      <para>
        7.5
      </para>
      <para>
        -de huà
      </para>
      <para>
        if; in case; supposing that
      </para>
      <para>
        7.6
      </para>
      <para>
        děi kàn
      </para>
      <para>
        to depend on
      </para>
      <para>
        7.8
      </para>
      <para>
        ding
      </para>
      <para>
        when; by the time; till
      </para>
      <para>
        7.8*
      </para>
      <para>
        děng dào
      </para>
      <para>
        wait until; when, by the time
      </para>
      <para>
        7.3
      </para>
      <para>
        děng yíxià
      </para>
      <para>
        wait a minute; in a little while
      </para>
      <para>
        7.8
      </para>
      <para>
        děngyú
      </para>
      <para>
        to equal, to be equal to; to be the
      </para>
      <para>
        8.7
      </para>
      <para>
        same as (in effect), to amount to
      </para>
      <para>
        dì
      </para>
      <para>
        earth, soil; land; ground; fields
      </para>
      <para>
        8.3
      </para>
      <para>
        -diàn
      </para>
      <para>
        point
      </para>
      <para>
        7.1
      </para>
      <para>
        diào yànlèi
      </para>
      <para>
        to cry
      </para>
      <para>
        7.3*
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ding
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to agree on; to draw up (a plan); to conclude (a
                  treaty)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dìqù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  area, district, region
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dìwei
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  position, status
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dìxíng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  topography, terrain
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1+
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -dong
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (counter for buildings)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Dōngběi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Manchuria
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dōngbù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the eastern part of a country
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dōngde
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to understand, to grasp, to know
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  duSnpiān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  short (stories, articles)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dulì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be independent; independence
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  duo (duō)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  how (to what extent)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1+
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -duō
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (counter for flowers)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  duō h&amp;o!
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  how great that is
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  duō láo duō de
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  more pay for more work
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  duōshù(r)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the majority (of), most (of)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  éi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  say.’ (interjection telling that the speaker Just
                  thought of something)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  értōng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  child (formal word)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  érxífu(r) (-fer)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  daughter-in-law
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fādá
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be (highly) developed, to be
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2*, 7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  flourishing, to be prosperous
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fàlu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  law
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fan
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to translate
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fan
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to violate, to offend, to commit; to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  have an attack (of an old disease)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  f&amp;nduì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to oppose, tò be against
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fángbèi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to take precautions against
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fàng Jià
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to have vacation; to let out for
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  vacation
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -fāngmlàn (-ml an )
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  aspect, side, area, respect
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  f&amp;ngwèn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to visit and meet with
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6*, 8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fāngxiàng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  direction
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fàng xìn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be unworried, to be at ease
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fāngyán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dialect
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fSngzhī gōngyè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  textile industry
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fánrōng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be flourishing/prosperous/booming;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to make (something) prosper
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ffinzhèng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  anyway, in any case
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3’, 8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fan zuì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to commit a crime
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7-7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fāshēng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to happen, to occur
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fāxiàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to discover, to find out; discovery
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fāzhXn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to develop, to expand, to grow
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fěn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  points
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fén
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to divide, to separate, to split; to be divided into
                  (parts, categories)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6, .8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -fèn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (counter for portions of food)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fěngsú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  custom(s)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fēnkāi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to separate, to split up
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to spend, to expend
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fujian
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a province in south China)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fùnu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  woman; women, womankind
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fúqi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  blessings, good fortune
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fùzá (fuzá)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be complicated, to be complex
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gāi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  will probably
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gāi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  should, ought to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U*, 7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gài
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to build (buildings); to cover
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U*, 8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  g&amp;ibiàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to change; change(s)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1’, 7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gāishàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to improve
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  g&amp;itiān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  another day
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gànbu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cadre
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gāngti?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  iron and steel
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  g&amp;njué
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  feeling, sensation; to feel, to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  perceive
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gànma
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  what for
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gānshàng(lái)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to catch up
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gàn shenme
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  what for
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gānxiè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be thankful, to be grateful (for)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3*, 8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gāo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to do/carry on/engage in/work in (a
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  field or endeavor)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gāocuò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to do wrong; to be mistaken
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gāogàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  senior cadres
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  g&amp;ohāo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to do a good Job of, to handle well
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gāoshàngqù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to cause to go up, to cause to move
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  forward
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gāozhòng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  senior high school
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2, 7.1’, 7.5 fl 7*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gè-
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  each, every, various, different
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gèguó
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  various countries
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Gēlúnblyà Dàxué
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Columbia University
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gémìng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  revolution; revolutionary; to revolt
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8’, 8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gēn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to follow
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gēnzhe
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  along with, in the wake of
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gong
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  male (for animals)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  GòngchSndSng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Communist Party
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gōngchSng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  factory, mill, plant, works
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6’, 8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gòngchéngshī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  engineer
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gòngdiàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  palace
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gonggong
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  grandfather, grandpa (paternal)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  góngkè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  homework
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Module &amp; Unit
      </para>
      <para>
        gōnglù Gòngqlngtuán gōngren gōngshāngyè gōngshè gōngyè gōngyìpìn
        gōngyuán gōngyuán qián gōngzī gōngzuòzh? gǔ-gu&amp;n
      </para>
      <para>
        guángcháng Gu&amp;ngdōng guánggào GuángJiàohuì Guángxī
      </para>
      <para>
        guán (X) Jiào (Y) guānniàn guānxln guānyú
      </para>
      <para>
        gǔdài gǔdàishi
      </para>
      <para>
        Gùgōng (Bowùyuàn) gǔhuī guīju
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Guilin guìmó Guìzhōu guōjiā guómín JlngJi guòqù guòqu guò rìzi
        guōytt gùshi gùshipiān(r) gǔshǔ
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark42">highway</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark43">Communist Youth League**</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        worker                                    8.3*, 8.6
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark44">industry and commerce</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark45">commune</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark46">industry</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark47">handicrafts</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark48">the common era; A.D.</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark49">B.C.</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark50">wages, pay</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark51">worker (in a particular field)</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark52">ancient (used in compound
        words)*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark53">to take care of; to mind, to
        bother</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        about
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark54">(public) square</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark55">(province in south China)</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark56">advertisement</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark57">Guángzhōu (Canton) Trade Fair</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark58">(a province in so. China)</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark59">to call (X) (Y)</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark60">concept, idea, notion</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        to be concerned/care about               7.1*, 8.5
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark61">as to, with regard to,
        concerning,</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        about
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark62">ancient times, antiquity;
        ancient</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark63">ancient history*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark64">Former Imperial Palace
        (Museum)</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark65">bone ashes, ashes (of a
        person)*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark66">rules of proper behavior,
        social</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        etiquette, manners; special custom, established practice, rule
        (of a community or organization)
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark67">(a city in GuàngxI Province)</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark68">scale, scope, dimensions</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark69">(a province of China)</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark70">country, state, nation;
        national</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark71">national economy*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark72">the past</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark73">to pass; to pass away, to die</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark74">to live; to get along*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark75">the national language
        (Taiwan)*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark76">story</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark77">feature film*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark78">ancient book*</link>
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hái
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fairly, passably
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  h&amp;igáng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  harbor, seaport
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  h&amp;iluòyīn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  heroin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  háishi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  it would be better to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U*, 8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  h&amp;iwān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bay; gulf
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5 .
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  h&amp;iyùn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  sea transportation
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hánshòubān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  correspondence courses
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hànyǔ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the Chinese language
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  h&amp;ochù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  benefit, advantage
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hǎoh&amp;o (h&amp;oháor)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  properly, carefully, thoroughly
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*, 7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ...h&amp;o le
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (used when agreeing, suggesting, or
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  permitting); (used when giving in
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to something)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  h&amp;o shi h&amp;o, k&amp;shi...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  well, okay, but...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hǎoxiàng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to seem as if, to seem like
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hàozhāo (hàozhào)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to appeal to/to call on (people to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  engage in an activity)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Heilongjiang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a province in northeast China)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hēiyè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (darkness of) night, nighttime
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hen
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to hate, to detest; to feel bitter
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  toward
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hépíng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  peace; peacefully
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  héxiá
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to write together, to coauthor
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  he zuò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to cooperate; cooperation
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hóngwèibīng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a) Red Guard; the Red Guards
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hòulái
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  later, afterwards
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2*, 7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -hù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  household, family
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huá
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to spend, to expend
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -huà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -ize, -ify
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huábāi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  north of China
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huàcè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  book of photographs
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huánán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  south of China
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huángdì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  emperor
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huang He
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the Yellow River
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huangshān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a mountain in Anhui Province)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huángtú gāoyuán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  loess plateau
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huángzhuāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (name of a commune)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huānsòng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to see off, to send off
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huānsònghuì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  farewell/send-off meeting
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  or party
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huáshèngdùn Youbào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Washington Post
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huàxián
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  synthetic fiber
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -hui
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (counter for shì, &quot;matter&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  might; to be likely to; will
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huìhuà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  conversation
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huítòu(r) Jiàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  see you later (in a little while)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to live; to become alive; to survive;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be live/alive/living; mobile,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  moving
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huódòng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  activity
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huòtul sānmíngzhì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ham sandwich
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  húshuō
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to talk nonsense; nonsense, drivel
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hùxiǎng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mutually
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-12.png" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        -Jiā
      </para>
      <para>
        -Jiā
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        J iāgōng Jiākuài JiSnchēng JiSndān Jiàng
      </para>
      <para>
        J iSng
      </para>
      <para>
        JiSng Jià(qian) JiSngJiu
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiāngnán
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiāngsū Jiènlì Jiànshè
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiànyì
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiànzhù (-zhú,
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiao
      </para>
      <para>
        -Jiào Jiàokēshū Jiāoliú
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiāoqū Jiàoshī Jiàotáng Jiāotōng Jiāoyìhuì
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiàoyu Jiàqian
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiārù Jiāshǔ
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiātíng jTbSn Jìbenshang
      </para>
      <para>
        Jīdòng Jiè
      </para>
      <para>
        -Jiè Jièdao J ièfàng Jièfàngjūn Jiehūn (jiěhūn)
      </para>
      <para>
        JiēJi
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  level, rank, grade, stage, degree
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be crowded
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8-.1+
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to remember; to commit to memory
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (counter for families)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (suffix indicating a professional or
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  specialist in some activity)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to process; to finish (a product)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to speed up
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  abbreviation
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be simple
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to stress, to pay attention to, to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  be particular about
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  prize
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to bargain, to haggle
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be particular about; to be
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  elegant, to be tasteful
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the area south of the the lower
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*, 8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  reaches of the Yangtze River
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a coastal province of China)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to establish, to found
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to build up, to construct; construc
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tion, reconstruction
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to suggest; suggestion, proposal
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhu)    to build, to construct; structure;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1+
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  architecture
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to hand over, to give
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  religion, church (bound form)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  textbook
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to exchange; exchange, interchange
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  suburbs, outskirts
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  teacher, instructor
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  church, cathedral
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7*, 8.1+
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  traffic; transportation
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  trade fair
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to educate; education
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  price
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to Join
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ■family members, (family)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dependents
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  family
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  basic, fundamental, elementary
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  •8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  basically, on the whole, by
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  and large
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be agitated, to be worked up
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to borrow; to lend
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  session
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to successfully borrow
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to liberate, to emancipate; liberation
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (People’s) Liberation Army, PLA
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to get married
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (social) class
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jiěshòu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to accept
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jièyì^
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to mind, to take offense
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  JÍJÍmángmáng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  in a hurry, extremely rushed
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  jímáng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be hasty, to be hurried
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be tight
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jin...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the past..., the last...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  jìnbù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to progress; progress
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  J ìnchūkōu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  import-export
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jìndàishī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  modern history
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  J īngguò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to go through, to pass through; as
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  a result of, after, through; course
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (of events), what has happened
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  JlngJi tèqū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  special economic zone (SEZ)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jīngshén
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  energy, spirits
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jīngxìdào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a kind of rice plant)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jíníng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a city in Inner Mongolia)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jìnkōu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to import
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jīnr
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  today (Béijīng)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jīnshǔ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  metal
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  J inxíng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to carry on, to conduct, to proceed
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  JīnzhSng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be nervous, to be tense
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3*, 8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jīqì (Jīqi)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  machine, machinery, apparatus
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jìshu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  technique, skill; technology; technical
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jiù ná Sichuan lái
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shuō take Sichuan for example
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jiùshi...yè...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  even (if)...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jlxiè (jījiè)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  machine; machinery; mechanical
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jīxièhuà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to mechanize; mechanization
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jìzh?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  reporter, Journalist
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jízhǒng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to concentrate; to centralize; to put
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  together
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jìzhu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to remember
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -Jù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  sentence; (counter for sentences or
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  utterances, often followed by
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  huà, ’’speech”)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Juédìng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to decide; decision
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jǔ ge lìzi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  give an example
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jǔnduì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  army
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Júzi shuī(r)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  orange Juice (Béijīng)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (V V) kàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  try and (V), (V) and see how it is
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to depend on
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kànbuqī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to look down on, to scorn, to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  despise
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kàndao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to see
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kànzhe
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (followed by a verb) as one sees fit,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  as one deems reasonable
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to take/give an exam, test, or quiz
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to depend on, to rely on; to lean
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        against; to be next to/against/by
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  k&amp;olu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to consider, to think about; consideration
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7 <subscript>t</subscript>l
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kSoshàng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be admitted (to a school or organi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zation by passing an entrance exam)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  káoshì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to take/give an exam,&quot;test, or quiz;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  exam, test
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -kē
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (counter for trees)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  k?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  indeed, certainly, really
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kěài
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be loveable/adorable/cute
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kējì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  science and technology
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kěk&amp;yīn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cocaine
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Kěkōukělè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Coca Cola
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*, 7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kělián
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be pitiful
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kěn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be willing to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7’, 8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kěnéng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be possible
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kěxué
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  science; to be scientific
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kōng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  empty
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kōngchulai
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to become vacant
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kǒngshōu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  empty-handed
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -kSu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (counter for people considered as
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  making up a family)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kōuyin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  accent
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to cry
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kuài yào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  will soon
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kuàngqū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mining region
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kùnnan
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  difficulty
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lading zìmǔ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Latin (Roman) alphabet
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ...lái
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  for the past...(amount of time)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  lái
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (used before a verb to express that something will be
                  done)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  lái
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to do (something), to perform (something), to have (an
                  event), to help oneself (to food, etc.), to join in (a
                  game, etc.)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ...lái shuō
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ...speaking
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  lājl
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  garbage
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  làngfèi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to waste
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  lánwěiyán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  appendicitis
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  láo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  all the time, always
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  láodòng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to labor
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  láodonglì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  labor force, labor; able-bodied person
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  l&amp;olao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  grandmother, grandma (maternal)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  láolì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  labor force; labor
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  láo shīfu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  old master
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  láoshú (láoshu)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mouse or rat
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  l&amp;oxiǎnsheng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  old gentlemen
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  l&amp;oyé
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  grandfather, grandpa (maternal)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        láozJSng
      </para>
      <para>
        -lèi
      </para>
      <para>
        -11 liS
      </para>
      <para>
        lián...dōu/yS... liàng liángshi liánxì
      </para>
      <para>
        Liáodài liǎoji?
      </para>
      <para>
        liáo tiān(r)
      </para>
      <para>
        lí jìng
      </para>
      <para>
        lìliàng (lìliàng) llmào
      </para>
      <para>
        līngdáo
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        lìngwài
      </para>
      <para>
        liùshi niándài liúxia liúxíng
      </para>
      <para>
        liúxuéshēng
      </para>
      <para>
        11 wù luàn
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        luànqībāzāo
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Lǔ Xùn
      </para>
      <para>
        It} shi lūxíngtuán
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Module &amp; Unit
      </para>
      <para>
        (used with surname as an affectionate 7.8*
      </para>
      <para>
        term for a high-ranking PLA commander)
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark79">category</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark80">li, a unit of length (1/2 km.)</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark81">TĒáiJìng colloquial word
        meaning*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark82">liángge, ’’two”) even...</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark83">to be bright, to be light; to be
        shiny 8.6 grain, cereals</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark84">to contact, to get in touch
        with;</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark85">connection, ties the Liáo
        Period*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark86">to understand/grasp/comprehend;
        to</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark87">find out/acquaint oneself with to
        chat</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark88">to leave a country or place</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark89">power; force; strength</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark90">manners, politeness</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        to lead, to direct, to exercise lead- 7.6
      </para>
      <para>
        ership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark91">other*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark92">the decade of the sixties*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark93">to leave*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark94">to be common, to be popular, to
        be</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark95">prevalent study-abroad
        students</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark96">gift</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark97">to be in disorder, to be in a
        mess,</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        to be chaotic; arbitrarily, recklessly, any old way
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark98">in a mess, in confusion, in
        dis-</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        order; miscellaneous, motley, all thrown in together
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark99">(a famous Chinese author of the
        1920s*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        and 1930s)
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark100">lawyer, attorney</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark101">tour group</link>
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ma
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (marker for obviousness of reasoning)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ma
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (marker for insistent sentences)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mànmàn (mànmānr)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  slowly; gradually, by and by; taking one’s time (doing
                  something); (tell) all about, in all details
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mányì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be pleased, to be satisfied
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  màoyi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  trade
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  me (ma)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (pause marker)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  méi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be beautiful
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  méitàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  coal
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  méi yìsi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be uninteresting/boring; to be
                  pointless/meaningless; to be a drag; to be without
                  value, not worthy of respect, cheap
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -mén
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (counter for courses)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  miànji
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (surface) area
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ming
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (name of a dynasty, 1368—16UU)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  míngbai
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to understand, to be clear on, to comprehend; to be
                  clear, to be intelligible
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ming Bào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ming Pao (a Hong Kong newspaper)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  míngcí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  word, term, expression
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mínzú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nationality, a people, nation (ethnic group)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mínzú zhījiān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  between nationalities
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  female (for animals)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -mú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mu (a unit of area)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  múchán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  per-mu yield
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Mùníhēi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Munich
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mùqián
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the present; at present
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mùtou
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wood
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nà hái yòng shuō
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  that goes without saying
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nSinai
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  grandmother (paternal)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nákāi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to take away, to move (something) out
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  of the way
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nánfāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the bridegroom’s side
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nánfāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the south
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nán M?i
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  South America
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  w nannu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  men and women, male-female
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nánshòu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be uncomfortable; to feel bad,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to feel unhappy
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nántīng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be unpleasant to hear; to sound
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bad, to offend the ears; to be scandalous
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ne
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (used in questions asking the where
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  abouts of someone/something)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ne
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (indicating lack of completion/absence
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  of change)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  .. .ne
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  as for...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nèidì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  interior region (of a country)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5*, 8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nèimèng(gǔ)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Inner Mongolia, Nei Mongol (an auto
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nomous region of China)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nénglì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ability
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  niándài
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  decade of a century; period, era
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  niánjì (-Ji)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  age
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  niánlíng (-ling)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  age
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  niánqīng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be young
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        nl hái shi iSoyàngzi
      </para>
      <para>
        you look as if you haven't changed a bit
      </para>
      <para>
        8.U*
      </para>
      <para>
        nílóng
      </para>
      <para>
        nylon
      </para>
      <para>
        8.5*
      </para>
      <para>
        nòng
      </para>
      <para>
        to do; to fool with; to get
      </para>
      <para>
        7.3
      </para>
      <para>
        nóngchǎng
      </para>
      <para>
        farm
      </para>
      <para>
        8.3*,
      </para>
      <para>
        8.7*
      </para>
      <para>
        nóngcūn
      </para>
      <para>
        country, rural area; rural
      </para>
      <para>
        7.5*,
      </para>
      <para>
        7.6
      </para>
      <para>
        nònglai
      </para>
      <para>
        to get and bring
      </para>
      <para>
        7.3
      </para>
      <para>
        nóngmín
      </para>
      <para>
        peasant
      </para>
      <para>
        7.5*,
      </para>
      <para>
        8.3*, 8.6
      </para>
      <para>
        nongyè
      </para>
      <para>
        agriculture
      </para>
      <para>
        7.5
      </para>
      <para>
        nongyèqū
      </para>
      <para>
        farming region
      </para>
      <para>
        8.3*
      </para>
      <para>
        nūlì
      </para>
      <para>
        to make great efforts, to try
      </para>
      <para>
        7-7*,
      </para>
      <para>
        8.2
      </para>
      <para>
        hard, to exert oneself
      </para>
      <para>
        nūshěng
      </para>
      <para>
        coed, woman student
      </para>
      <para>
        7.3*
      </para>
      <para>
        Ouzhōu
      </para>
      <para>
        8.U
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be afraid
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pSolai pSoqù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to run back and forth
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6*, 8.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pèngdao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to hit; to run into, to come across
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -piān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (counter for sheets, articles or
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pieces of writing)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  plan
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to fool, to deceive
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  piānzi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  film, movie
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pichá bing
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pizza
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ping
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be flat, to be level
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  píngdèng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  equality; to be equal (of people)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  píngfāng gōngli
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  square kilometer
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  píngjūn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (on the) average
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  píngjūnshù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  an average number, a mean
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  píngyuán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  plain, flatlands
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  píngzi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  bottle
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pīnmìng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  with all one’s might, for all one
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  is worth, desperately, like mad; to risk one’s life,
                  to defy death
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  plnzhíng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  variety
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pīzhǔn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to give permission, to approve;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  approval, permission, sanction
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pópo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gra dmother, grandma
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.h‘
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pubian
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be universal, to be general, to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  be widespread, to be common
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pǔtSng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be common/regular/ordinary
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  pǔtōnghuà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the common (standard) speech,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Standard Chinese
      </para>
      <para>
        qiāng qiáng qiángguó Qiānjīndào Qiánmén qiānwàn
      </para>
      <para>
        qiánxiē nián qiāo men qíguài
      </para>
      <para>
        qìlai -qilai
      </para>
      <para>
        qīmS
      </para>
      <para>
        Qin qīng qīngchú (-chu) qīng gōngyè Qīnghāi qīngjiāo qíngkuàng
        qíngxing qīngzhēnsì qīnlūè qiong qítā qiūjì (-)qū quán
      </para>
      <para>
        quàn
      </para>
      <para>
        quánbù quánguó quánjiā rén qǔbié
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  gun
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be strong
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.-6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  powerful nation, a (world) power
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Thousand-Catty Rice
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a gate in BèiJIng)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  under any circumstances; by no means;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  without fail, be sure to a few years back, in recent
                  years
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to knock at the door
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be strange, to be odd, to be
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  surprising
                </para>
                <para>
                  to get up (in several senses)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (resultative ending which indicates
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  starting)
                </para>
                <para>
                  at least; minimum, lowest, rudimentary,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  elementary
                </para>
                <para>
                  (name of a dynasty, 221-207 B.C.)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be light
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be clear, to be distinct
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  light industry
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a province in western China)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3*, 8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  green pepper
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  situation, circumstances, condition,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  state of affairs situation, circumstances, condition,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  state of affairs
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mosque
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to invade; invasion, aggression
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be poor
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  other, else; the rest
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the fall season
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  area, region, district
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  entirely, completely; whole, entire;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be complete
                </para>
                <para>
                  to advise, to urge, to try to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  persuade entire, whole, all
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the whole country
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the whole family
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  difference, distinction
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        rang
      </para>
      <para>
        ràng nī Jiu d?ng le rén
      </para>
      <para>
        rang
      </para>
      <para>
        rénj ia
      </para>
      <para>
        rénmín
      </para>
      <para>
        rénmín gōngshè
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        to make (someone a certain way) I’ve kept you waiting person;
        self; body
      </para>
      <para>
        to throw, to throw away
      </para>
      <para>
        people; other people; someone else; they; he, she; I
      </para>
      <para>
        the people people’s commune
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        7.1
      </para>
      <para>
        8.5*
      </para>
      <para>
        7.U
      </para>
      <para>
        8.8*
      </para>
      <para>
        7.U
      </para>
      <para>
        8.3
      </para>
      <para>
        8.3
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  rènwéi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to think/believe/consider (that)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  rényuán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  personnel, staff
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  rèxín
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be enthusiastic and interested; to be warmhearted
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  rèxīnqilai
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to become enthusiastic and interested
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  rìzi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  day; date; time
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  rù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to enter; to Join (an organization)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ruò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be weak
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  rù Tuan
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to Join the Communist Youth League (Gòngqǐngtuán or
                  Gòngchǎnzhǔyì Qīngniántuan)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  sàn bù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to go for a stroll
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6'
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shǎ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to kill (means unspecified); to kill (specifically,
                  with a knife or knifelike instrument); to try to kill
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shá
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be stupid, to be dumb, to be
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  silly, to be naive
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shāfā
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  sofa
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8'
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shāmò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  desert
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shāndì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mountainous region, hilly area (geographical term)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -shang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a verb ending indicating starting and continuing )-
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shāngren
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  businessman, businesswoman
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shàng xué
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to go to school; to attend school
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shǎngyè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  commerce, business
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shānqū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hilly country, mountainous region
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Shǎnxī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (province in north central China)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shàoshù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  minority; a minority of, a small number of, few
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shǎoshù mínzú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  minority nationality, national minority
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Shàoxiānduì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Young Pioneers
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6'
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shèbèi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  equipment; facilities; installation
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shèhuì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  society; social
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shèhuì kěxué
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  social sciences
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -shēng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  province
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.h
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shēngchàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to produce; production
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shēngchàn dàduì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  production brigade
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shēngch&amp;nduì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  production team
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shēnghuó
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to live; life; daily life; livelihood
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shēngyì (shēngyi)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  business, trade
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shēnqīng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to apply (for)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shēntī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  body; health
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Shēnzhèn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a border stop in Guangdong, formerly spelled
                  Shumchun)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shèyuán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  commune member
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Module &amp; Unit
      </para>
      <para>
        shi
      </para>
      <para>
        shi shìcháng Shi Dà Jiànzhù shìjiè shìjièshang shìjièxìng
        Shisānlíng shitáng shíxiàn
      </para>
      <para>
        shixíng
      </para>
      <para>
        shíyóu shizài shìzhèngfǔ shou shòu shòu shōuchāode shōudū
      </para>
      <para>
        shòu Jiàoyu shōurù shōushi
      </para>
      <para>
        shōuxiān shòu xiànzhi shù
      </para>
      <para>
        shūcài shuīpíng shǔjià shùliàng ...(lái) shuō shuōbuqīngchu
        shuōdao
      </para>
      <para>
        shuōfá
      </para>
      <para>
        shuòshì sī
      </para>
      <para>
        Sichuan
      </para>
      <para>
        Sìge Xiàndàihuà
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        sìjì '
      </para>
      <para>
        sìjì chang lu Si Jì Qīng Si Shǔ
      </para>
      <para>
        sīxiSng
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark102">to cause (folloved by a verb),
        to</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        make, to enable
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark103">city, municipality</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark104">market*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark105">the Ten Great Structures (in
        Béijīng) 8.ú world</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark106">in the world, in the whole
        world</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark107">worldwide</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        the Ming Tombs
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark108">mess hall, dining room</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark109">to realize/achieve/bring
        about/</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark110">accomplish/come true to practice, to
        carry out, to put</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark111">into effect, to implement (a method,
        policy, plan, reform, etc.) petroleum, oil</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark112">really; to be real</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark113">city hall*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark114">to harvest</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark115">to receive</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark116">to be thin*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark117">handwritten*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark118">capital</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark119">to receive an education</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark120">income, earnings</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark121">to straighten up; to get
        one’s</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        things ready first; first of all, in the first place 8.2
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark122">to be restricted*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark123">tree*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark124">vegetable</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark125">level, standard</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark126">simmer vacation</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark127">quantity, amount, number</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark128">...speaking</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark129">can’t explain clearly</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark130">to speak of; as for</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark131">way of saying a thing;
        statement,</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        version, argument
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark132">Master’s degree
                                  7.2*,*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark133">to die
                                           7.3’,</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark134">(province in central China)</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark135">the Four Modernizations (of
        agricul-</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark136">ture, industry, national defense,
        and science and technology) four seasons*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark137">green all year round*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark138">(a commune in Báijīng
        suburbs)</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark139">the Four Books (Dàxué,
        Zhōnpyōng,</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        LúnyS, Mèngzī)
      </para>
      <para>
        thought, way of thinking, ideas          7.5*, 8.6*
      </para>
      <para>
        sònghuiqu
      </para>
      <para>
        to take/escort back
      </para>
      <para>
        7.5’ •
      </para>
      <para>
        sòngxíng
      </para>
      <para>
        to see (someone off), to wish (someone) a good trip; to give a
        going-away party
      </para>
      <para>
        7.8
      </para>
      <para>
        suàn
      </para>
      <para>
        to be considered, to count as, can be regarded as
      </para>
      <para>
        8.2*, 8.5
      </para>
      <para>
        suàn le
      </para>
      <para>
        forget it, let’s drop the matter, let it go at that; come off
        it, come on
      </para>
      <para>
        7.2
      </para>
      <para>
        sùdu
      </para>
      <para>
        speed, pace
      </para>
      <para>
        8.2
      </para>
      <para>
        Sū-Háng
      </para>
      <para>
        Suzhou and Hangzhou (abbreviation)
      </para>
      <para>
        8.6*
      </para>
      <para>
        Sǔlian
      </para>
      <para>
        Soviet Union
      </para>
      <para>
        8.5’
      </para>
      <para>
        sūnnù
      </para>
      <para>
        granddaughter (through one’s son) grandson (through one’s son)
      </para>
      <para>
        7.U
      </para>
      <para>
        sǔnzi
      </para>
      <para>
        7.U
      </para>
      <para>
        suōyōude...dōu
      </para>
      <para>
        all
      </para>
      <para>
        7.3
      </para>
      <para>
        sùshè
      </para>
      <para>
        living quarters; dormitory
      </para>
      <para>
        8.7
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -tai
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (counter for machines)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tàiyang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  sun
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tan
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to talk about (used with the object shēngyì, màoyi,
                  etc., in the sense of &quot;to negotiate&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tán liàn’ài
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be in love, to be going together (courtship)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tàolùn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to discuss; discussion
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tSoyàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to dislike, to be disgusted with
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tèdi&amp;n
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  distinctive trait, characteristic
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  téng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be very fond of, to be attached to, to dote on
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to carry (from the hand at the side of the body); to
                  lift/raise; to mention/bring up; to put forward/
                  propose; to ask (questions)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8’, 8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tiān’ānmén
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the Gate of Heavenly Peace
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tianjin (Tiānjlng)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a municipality and port in northeast China)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tian liàng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  daybreak, dawn; to become light out
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tian Tan
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the Temple of Heaven
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tiào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to jump, to leap
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tiáojiàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  conditions), circumstances
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tiáoyuē
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  treaty
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tiáozi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  a brief, informal note
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tíchǔ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to raise/put forward/propose
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tíchulai
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to bring up
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tièlù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  railroad
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tígāo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to raise, to improve
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tímu (-mù)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  topic, subject; title; exam question, test problem
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ting
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to heed (advice), to obey (orders)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tīngdechǔ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be able to distinguish by listening
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tongjū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to cohabit; cohabitation
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tóngyì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to consent, to agree
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tíngyī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to become united; to unite, to unify;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  unification
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tour
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  head, chief, boss
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -tuán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  group of people, society (bound form)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6, 8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tuan
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the (Communist Youth) League
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tǔdì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  land
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tiíěrqí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Turkey
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tuī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to push
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tuōlājī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tractor
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tūpiàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  picture, photograph
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tz.’
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tsk (clicking sound with several
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        different uses: disappointment, admiration, hesitation, etc.)
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wàigōng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  grandfather, grandpa (maternal)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wàihuì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  foreign exchange
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wàipo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  grandmother, grandma (maternal)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1+*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wàishāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  foreign businessman
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wàiwén
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  foreign language
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wānhuì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  evening party; evening of entertainment
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6*, 8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  w&amp;nliàn wSnhūn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  late involvement and late marriage
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wànll Changchéng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -wèi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  place, position
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wéidà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be great (e.g., a leader)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wèile
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  in order to; for the purpose of; for
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the sake of
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wéiwúér
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the Uygur (Uighur) nationality
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  WénGé
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the Cultural Revolution
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wénhuà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  culture; schooling, education, literacy
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wénhuà (Dà) Gémìng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the Cultural Revolution
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wénxuéj iā
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  writer, literary man
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wénzhāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  article, essay; prose style
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wénzì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  writing, script, written language
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wSde tian na.'
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  my God.’
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  WuduS JInhuā
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Five Golden Flowers (a film)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wǔjiào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  noontime nap
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wuxi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a city in Jiāngsū province)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  department (of a school)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -xià
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  under
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiàndài
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  modern, contemporary; modern times
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*, 8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiàndàihuà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to become modernized; modernization;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  modern(ized), sophisticated
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to sound, to make a sound
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1**
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiàng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be like, to resemble; like; such as
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiàngbuchū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  can't think up, can't come up with
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiāngdāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  quite, pretty, considerably
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiàngdao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to think of
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiāngxìn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to believe (in); to trust, to be
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7*, 8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  certain, to be convinced (that)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiàngzhe
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be thinking of, to have on one's
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mind
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiānjin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be advanced
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiànjīn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  cash
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiànzhi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to restrict, to limit; restriction,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  limitation
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  young
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiào diàn(r) shēng(r)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  a little more quietly
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiāofèi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to consume
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiāofèipīn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  consumer goods
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiāofèizh?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  consumer
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiàolū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  efficiency
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiāomiè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to exterminate/eliminate/wipe out/
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  stamp out
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiào péngyou
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  little friend; kids
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiàoshun
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be filial; filial obedience
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiàoshuō(r)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fiction, novel
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiāoxi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  news
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xià qí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to play chess
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -xiaqu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (resultative ending which indicates
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  continuing an action)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -xiaqu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  down (directional ending used for
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  eating or drinking down)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  XTbài
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the Northwest
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xī dú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to take drugs; drug taking
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Xīfāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the West
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xíguàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  habit, custom, usual practice; to be
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  accustomed to, to be used to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xīn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  heart; mind
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -xing
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nature, -ness, -ity
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xìngkuī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fortunately, luckily
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xìngqu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  interest
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Xīnjiǎng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (an autonomous region of China)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xìn jiao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to believe in a religion
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xīnkà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be arduous/tiring/hard work; to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  work hard/go through hardships
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xīnli
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  in one's heart, in one's mind
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xīnshàng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to appreciate/enjoy/admire
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xīnshì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  something weighing on one's mind,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  worry
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xīnwén
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  news
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Xīnwén Jiànbào&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;News Summary&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xīnvénpiǎn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  newsreel
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Xīnvén Zhōukān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Newsweek
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xiū
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to repair; to build (roads, reservoirs); to trim, to
                  prune
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xuin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to choose, to select; to elect
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xúduō
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  many, much
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xué hào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to learn from good examples, to learn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be a good person
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xuéhuì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to learn, to master
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xuéqī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  semester, term (of school)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xuéshēnghuì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  student association
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xué yī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to study medicine
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xuéyuàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (academic) institute
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*. 8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xuézh?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  scholar
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xùmuyè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  livestock farming, animal husbandry
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xùnliànbān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  training class
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xūyàoliàng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  level of need/demand (for an item)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  y&amp;n dianyIng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to show a movie
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -yàng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kind, sort (bound form)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yán’gé
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be strict, to be rigorous
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yánhli
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  along the coast, coastal
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yánjīng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  eye
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yánjiū (-Jiu, -Jiù)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to study (in detail), to do
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  research on; research
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yánjiūshěng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  graduate student
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yánzhe
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  along(side)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yánzhòng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be serious, to be grave
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yàoburan
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  otherwise
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2*, 8.7’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yào kàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to depend on
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ySoqiú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to require/request/demand
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*, 8.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yàzhǒu (Yá-)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Asia
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yèdà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  evening university
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yèdàxué
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  evening university
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yé gai
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  really should
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ...yí hào, ...yè hSo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  whether...or...; both...and...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yè Jiù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  accordingly, correspondingly, so
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yéye
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  grandfather (paternal)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1’, 7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yèyú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  spare-time, after-hours, amateur
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  medical science, medicine (used in
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  phrases like xué yi)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  as soon as
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1’, 7.U’, 8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yi-
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (used before direction words to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mark direction with reference
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  a point)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -yì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hundred million
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìbān lái shuǒ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  generally speaking, ordinarily
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.5’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìbiǎn(r)...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  doing...while doing...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        ylbiān(r)...
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìfǎngmiàn...,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  on the one hand..., on the other
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìfǎngmiàn...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hand...; for one thing..., for
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yíhéyuán (Yì-)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  another thing...
                </para>
                <para>
                  the Summer Palace (in Bōijìng)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìjiāzi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  one family; the whole family; the
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yī..Jiù...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  same family as soon as
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yímiàn(r)...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  doing...while doing...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yímiàn(r)...
                </para>
                <para>
                  yìnián bl yìnián duō
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  more and more every year
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìnián sìjì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  in all four seasons of the year,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.3*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yí shàng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  all year round above, over (an amount)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìshí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  for the moment
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1**
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìshu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  art
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YIsīlán Jiào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Islam
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìtiǎn dào wSn.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  all day long
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yīwéi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to think (mistakenly), to assume
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yíxià
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  under (an amount)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yīxué
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  medical science, medicine
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yīyuàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  hospital
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yìzhí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  all along, continuously, all the
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yònggōng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  time (up until a certain point) to be hardworking (in
                  one’s studies)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  excellent
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to come up to (a certain level)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  also
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  anyway; after all
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu bànfá, (duì...)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be able to deal with (something)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu bāngzhu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be helpful
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu dàoll
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to make sense
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōuéryuán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  kindergarten
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5*, 8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu gulju
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to have manners, to be proper
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōuhāo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be friendly, to be amicable
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1**
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yóulān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to sightsee, to tour
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu límào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be well mannered, to be polite
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu míng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be famous
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu qián
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be rich
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu xiào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be effective; to be valid
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu xìngqu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be interested
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu yánjiǔ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to have done research on; to know
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yōu yōng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  a lot about to be useful
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yǔ^
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  and (written style)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yuánlái
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  original, former; originally,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yuànyi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  formerly; it turns out that..., so...J (expresses
                  finding out the true situation
                </para>
                <para>
                  to wish, would like, to want to;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yuányīn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be willing to reason, cause
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yúcháng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fishery
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yuè lai yuè...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  more and more..., increasingly
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.-2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yuè...yuè...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the more...the more...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yūfS
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  grammar
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yùn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to transport, to ship, to carry
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yúnnán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a province of China)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yùnqi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  luck
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yuyán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  language
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yǔyánxué
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  linguistics
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yǔyánxuéjià
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  linguist
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zài shuō
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  furthermore, besides, moreover
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5’, 7.8*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ...zài shuō
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ...and then we’ll see about it
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  z&amp;o
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  a long time ago
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  z&amp;ohūn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  early marriage; child marriage; to marry as a child,
                  to marry early
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zénme gàode
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  what’s wrong; what’s the matter; how come
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zánme (yì)huí shi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  what’s it all about
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zènme (yì)huí shi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  like this
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zéren (-rèn)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  responsibility
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhāi huā(r)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to pick flowers
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to occupy (space), to take up (time);
                </para>
                <para>
                  to make up, to constitute (an amount)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zháng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to grow
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhángdà
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to grow up
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhàngfu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  husband
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhànzhēng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  war
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U’, 8.2*, 8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhSobudào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  can’t.find, to be unable to find
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2*, 9.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhàogu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to take care of; care
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhàopiàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  photograph
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhèi yíxiàzi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  after this, as a result of this
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Zhéjiāng (Zhejiang)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (a province in eastern China)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhème (yì)huí shi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  like this
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhèng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Just, precisely, right
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.5
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhèngcè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  policy
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6, 7.5’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhèngfú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  government
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.6, 7.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhénggè(r)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  whole, entire; completely, in entirety
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhènghXo(r)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  it Just so happens that, to happen to, as it happens;
                  Just in time, Just right, Just enough
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.8
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhéngqí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  to be neat, to be tidy
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.U*
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhèngzhi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  politics; political
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhígōng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  staff and workers; worker or staff member
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.7
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhī hào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  can only, to have to, to be forced to
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ...zhīj iSn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  between...
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.8’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhiliàng (zhí-,zhī-)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  quality
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zhīshi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  knowledge
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.2
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        zhī yào zhìzào zhìzàochāng -zhòng zhòng zhòng zhòngdián
        Zhōngdōng Zhōngguō Guōjì
      </para>
      <para>
        Lūxíngshg
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhōngguō Lūxíngshè Zhōngguō Qīngnián Zhōnghuá Rénmín
      </para>
      <para>
        Gònghéguó zhòng nán qīng nu
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhōngshān Gōngyuán zhōngxīn Zhōngxuéshěng zhōngzú zhōukān
        zhuānjiā zhuàn qián zhuānyè zhuānyèhuà zhǔrén zhùxialai
      </para>
      <para>
        zhǔyào
      </para>
      <para>
        -zhūyì zīběn zìcóng zirán
      </para>
      <para>
        zirán kěxué zixué zìyōu zìyōu shìchāng zīyuán zizhìqū zōng
      </para>
      <para>
        zōngde lái shuō zōnggōngchéngshī zōngjiào zōng mi anJi zōng
        shōurù zōngtōng -zú
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Module &amp; Unit provided that, as long as                 7.7
        7 £*
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark140">to manufacture</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark141">manufacturing plant, factory</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark142"><superscript>ln</superscript></link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark143">to plant; to grow</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark144">to be heavy</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark145">focal point, emphasis; key</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark146">the Middle East</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark147">China International Travel
        Service*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        (CITS)
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark148">China Travel Service (CTS)</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark149">China Youth (a periodical)*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark150">People's Republic of China*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark151">to regard males as superior</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        to females
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark152">Sun Yatsen Park*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark153">center, heart, core, hub;
        central</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark154">High School Student (a
        periodical)*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark155">race; racial</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark156">weekly publication, weekly
        magazine</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark157">specialist, expert</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark158">to earn money, to make money</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark159">special line/field/discipline</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark160">to specialize; specialization</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark161">host; master*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark162">to move and stay (in a place),
        to*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        settle down
      </para>
      <para>
        major, main, essential; mainly,          7.5*, 8.1
      </para>
      <para>
        essentially
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark163">-ism, doctrine (bound form)</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark164">capital*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark165">ever since*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark166">nature; to be natural; naturally;
        in</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark167">the normal course of events natural
        sciences</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark168">to study by oneself*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark169">freedom; to be free</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        free market                                    7 • 5 *
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark170">(natural) resources</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark171">autonomous region</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark172">always; inevitably, without</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        exception; after all, in any case
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark173">generally speaking, on the
        whole</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark174">chief engineer*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark175">(organized) religion</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark176">total area*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark177">total income*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark178">president*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark179">nationality</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Module &amp; Unit
      </para>
      <para>
        zui zuì zuìJin
      </para>
      <para>
        zuo
      </para>
      <para>
        -zuò zuòbuliío zuò llbài
      </para>
      <para>
        zuòxia zuòyè zǔzhi
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark180">mouth*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark181">crime; guilt</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark182">lately, recently; the near
        future,</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        soon
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark183">to be, to act as</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark184">(counter for massive
        objects)*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark185">to be unable to do**</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark186">to worship, to attend a religious
               7-7*,*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        service
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark187">to sit down</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark188">homework*</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark189">to organize; organization</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        25
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote1">1</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark16" />
      </para>
      <para>
        He really is.
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote2">2</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark37" />
      </para>
      <para>
        The five autonomous regions (AR) are
      </para>
      <para>
        Nèiměnggū Zìzhìqū
      </para>
      <para>
        Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū
      </para>
      <para>
        Xinjiang Weiwúēr Zìzhìqū Gu&amp;ngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū Xīzàng
        Zìzhìqū
      </para>
    </section>
  </section>
</article>