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  3. <title xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng">The Instrumental Case</title><meta xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng" name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The RUSSIAN Fast Course"><link rel="up" href="ch08.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;8.&nbsp;Lesson 8"><link rel="prev" href="ch08s11.html" title="Ordinal Numbers"><link rel="next" href="ch08s13.html" title="Personal Pronouns"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">The Instrumental Case</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch08s11.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter&nbsp;8.&nbsp;Lesson 8</th><td width="20%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch08s13.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d5e18102"></a>The Instrumental Case</h2></div></div></div><p>Now you have seen all six of the cases in Russian. Like the
  4. Genitive, Dative and Accusative cases, the Instrumental may be used both
  5. with and without a preposition. Recall that the Nominative is NEVER used
  6. with a preposition and the Locative/Prepositional is ALWAYS used with
  7. one.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Most often, the Instrumental is used with the preposition
  8. "<span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;</em></span>" to indicate
  9. companiment; "with" in English:</p><div class="informalexample"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1071; &#1093;&#1086;&#1095;&#1091; &#1093;&#1083;&#1077;&#1073; &#1089;
  10. &#1084;&#1072;&#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#1084;.</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1053;&#1072; &#1079;&#1072;&#1082;&#1091;&#1089;&#1082;&#1091; &#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1085;&#1077;&#1089;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077; &#1075;&#1088;&#1080;&#1073;&#1099; &#1089;&#1086;
  11. &#1089;&#1084;&#1077;&#1090;&#1072;&#1085;&#1086;&#1081;.</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1052;&#1099; &#1086;&#1073;&#1077;&#1076;&#1072;&#1077;&#1084; &#1089;
  12. &#1076;&#1088;&#1091;&#1079;&#1100;&#1103;&#1084;&#1080;.</em></span></p></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>The Instrumental is also used without a preposition to indicate
  13. the meansby which something is done (English "with" again), or the
  14. manner in which theaction is accomplished:</p><div class="informalexample"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1085; &#1077;&#1089;&#1090; &#1089;&#1091;&#1087;
  15. &#1083;&#1086;&#1078;&#1082;&#1086;&#1081;.</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1085; &#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1090; &#1075;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084;&#1082;&#1080;&#1084;
  16. &#1075;&#1086;&#1083;&#1086;&#1089;&#1086;&#1084;.</em></span></p></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>The Instrumental is used to answer the question <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1086;&#1075;&#1076;&#1072;?</em></span> When? with parts of the day and
  17. seasons of the year:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"><col align="center" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1063;&#1090;&#1086;?</em></span></strong></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1086;&#1075;&#1076;&#1072;?</em></span></strong></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1091;&#1090;&#1088;&#1086;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1091;&#1090;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1100;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1076;&#1085;&#1105;&#1084;</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1077;&#1095;&#1077;&#1088;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1077;&#1095;&#1077;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1095;&#1100;
  18. &#1074;&#1077;&#1089;&#1085;&#1072;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1095;&#1100;&#1102;
  19. &#1074;&#1077;&#1089;&#1085;&#1086;&#1081;</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1083;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1083;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1089;&#1077;&#1085;&#1100;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#1089;&#1077;&#1085;&#1100;&#1102;</em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1079;&#1080;&#1084;&#1072;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1079;&#1080;&#1084;&#1086;&#1081;</em></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><p>The table below shows the Instrumental Case forms for the singular
  20. and plural forms of nouns and adjectives and compares them to the
  21. Nominative (N), Genitive (G), Dative (D), Accusative (A) and Locative
  22. (L).</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"><col class="c4"><col class="c5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">0H</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1053;&#1040;</em></span></p></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1053;&#1054;</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1053;&#1048;</em></span></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td><p>
  23. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1099;&#1081; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090; </em></span>
  24. </p> <p>
  25. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1099;&#1081; &#1076;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span>
  26. </p></td><td><p>
  27. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072;&#1103; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1082;&#1072; </em></span>
  28. </p> <p>
  29. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1072;&#1103; &#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1090;&#1080;&#1088;&#1072;</em></span>
  30. </p></td><td><p>
  31. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1077; &#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086; </em></span>
  32. </p> <p>
  33. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1077; &#1082;&#1088;&#1077;&#1089;&#1083;&#1086;</em></span>
  34. </p></td><td><p>
  35. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1099;&#1077; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1099;</em></span>
  36. </p> <p>
  37. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1099;&#1077; &#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1102;&#1084;&#1099;</em></span>
  38. </p></td></tr><tr><td>A</td><td><p>
  39. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1072; </em></span>
  40. </p> <p>
  41. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1099;&#1081; &#1076;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span>
  42. </p></td><td><p>
  43. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1091;&#1102; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1082;&#1091; </em></span>
  44. </p> <p>
  45. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1091;&#1102; &#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1090;&#1080;&#1088;&#1091;</em></span>
  46. </p></td><td><p>
  47. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1077; &#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086; </em></span>
  48. </p> <p>
  49. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1077; &#1082;&#1088;&#1077;&#1089;&#1083;&#1086;</em></span>
  50. </p></td><td><p>
  51. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1099;&#1093; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1086;&#1074;</em></span>
  52. </p> <p>
  53. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1099;&#1077; &#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1102;&#1084;&#1099;</em></span>
  54. </p></td></tr><tr><td>G</td><td><p>
  55. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1072; </em></span>
  56. </p> <p>
  57. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1076;&#1086;&#1084;&#1072;</em></span>
  58. </p></td><td><p>
  59. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1081; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1082;&#1080;</em></span>
  60. </p> <p>
  61. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1081; &#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1090;&#1080;&#1088;&#1099;</em></span>
  62. </p></td><td><p>
  63. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072; </em></span>
  64. </p> <p>
  65. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1082;&#1088;&#1077;&#1089;&#1083;&#1072;</em></span>
  66. </p></td><td><p>
  67. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1099;&#1093; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1086;&#1074;</em></span>
  68. </p> <p>
  69. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1099;&#1093; &#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1102;&#1084;&#1086;&#1074;</em></span>
  70. </p></td></tr><tr><td>L</td><td><p>
  71. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086; &#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1084; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1077; </em></span>
  72. </p> <p>
  73. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;/&#1074; &#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084; &#1076;&#1086;&#1084;&#1077;</em></span>
  74. </p></td><td><p>
  75. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086; &#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1081; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1082;&#1077;</em></span>
  76. </p> <p>
  77. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;/&#1074; &#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1081;
  78. &#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1090;&#1080;&#1088;&#1077;</em></span>
  79. </p></td><td><p>
  80. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;/&#1074; &#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1084; &#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077; </em></span>
  81. </p> <p>
  82. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;/&#1074; &#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084; &#1082;&#1088;&#1077;&#1089;&#1083;&#1077;</em></span>
  83. </p></td><td><p>
  84. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086; &#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1099;&#1093; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1072;&#1093;</em></span>
  85. </p> <p>
  86. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;/&#1074; &#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1099;&#1093;
  87. &#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1102;&#1084;&#1072;&#1093;</em></span>
  88. </p></td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td><p>
  89. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1084;&#1091; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1091; </em></span>
  90. </p> <p>
  91. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084;&#1091; &#1076;&#1086;&#1084;&#1091;</em></span>
  92. </p></td><td><p>
  93. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1081; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1082;&#1077; </em></span>
  94. </p> <p>
  95. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1081; &#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1090;&#1080;&#1088;&#1077;</em></span>
  96. </p></td><td><p>
  97. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1084;&#1091; &#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#1074;&#1091; </em></span>
  98. </p> <p>
  99. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084;&#1091; &#1082;&#1088;&#1077;&#1089;&#1083;&#1091;</em></span>
  100. </p></td><td><p>
  101. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1099;&#1084; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1072;&#1084;</em></span>
  102. </p> <p>
  103. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1099;&#1084; &#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1102;&#1084;&#1072;&#1084;</em></span>
  104. </p></td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td><p>
  105. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1099;&#1084; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span>
  106. </p> <p>
  107. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1099;&#1084; &#1076;&#1086;&#1084;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span>
  108. </p></td><td><p>
  109. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1081; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1082;&#1086;&#1081; </em></span>
  110. </p> <p>
  111. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;&#1081; &#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1090;&#1080;&#1088;&#1086;&#1081;</em></span>
  112. </p></td><td><p>
  113. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1099;&#1084; &#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1084; </em></span>
  114. </p> <p>
  115. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1099;&#1084; &#1082;&#1077;&#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span>
  116. </p></td><td><p>
  117. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1099;&#1084; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1072;&#1084;&#1080;</em></span>
  118. </p> <p>
  119. <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1088;&#1099;&#1084;&#1080; &#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1102;&#1084;&#1072;&#1084;&#1080;</em></span>
  120. </p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch08s11.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch08.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch08s13.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Ordinal Numbers&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">&nbsp;Personal Pronouns</td></tr></table></div></body></html>