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   <title xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng">The Instrumental Case</title><meta xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng" name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The RUSSIAN Fast Course"><link rel="up" href="ch08.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;8.&nbsp;Lesson 8"><link rel="prev" href="ch08s11.html" title="Ordinal Numbers"><link rel="next" href="ch08s13.html" title="Personal Pronouns"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">The Instrumental Case</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch08s11.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter&nbsp;8.&nbsp;Lesson 8</th><td width="20%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch08s13.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d5e18576"></a>The Instrumental Case</h2></div></div></div><p>Now you have seen all six of the cases in Russian. Like the Genitive, Dative and
      Accusative cases, the Instrumental may be used both with and without a preposition. Recall
      that the Nominative is NEVER used with a preposition and the Locative/Prepositional is ALWAYS
      used with one.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Most often, the Instrumental is used with the preposition "<span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;</em></span></strong></span>" to indicate accompaniment;
          "with" in English:</p><div class="informalexample"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1071; &#1093;&#1086;&#1095;&#1091;&#769; &#1093;&#1083;&#1077;&#1073; &#1089; &#1084;&#1072;&#769;&#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#1084;.</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1053;&#1072; &#1079;&#1072;&#1082;&#1091;&#769;&#1089;&#1082;&#1091; &#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1085;&#1077;&#1089;&#1080;&#769;&#1090;&#1077; &#1075;&#1088;&#1080;&#1073;&#1099;&#769; &#1089;&#1086;
              &#1089;&#1084;&#1077;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1085;&#1086;&#1081;.</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1052;&#1099; &#1086;&#1073;&#1077;&#769;&#1076;&#1072;&#1077;&#1084; &#1089; &#1076;&#1088;&#1091;&#1079;&#1100;&#1103;&#769;&#1084;&#1080;.</em></span></p></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>The Instrumental is also used without a preposition to indicate the means by which
          something is done (English "with" again), or the manner in which the action is
          accomplished:</p><div class="informalexample"><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1085; &#1077;&#1089;&#1090; &#1089;&#1091;&#1087; &#1083;&#1086;&#769;&#1078;&#1082;&#1086;&#1081;.</em></span></p><p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1085; &#1075;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1090; &#1075;&#1088;&#1086;&#769;&#1084;&#1082;&#1080;&#1084; &#1075;&#1086;&#769;&#1083;&#1086;&#1089;&#1086;&#1084;.</em></span></p></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>The Instrumental is used to answer the question <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1086;&#1075;&#1076;&#1072;?</em></span></strong></span> When? with parts of the day and
          seasons of the year:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"><col align="center" class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">
                  <p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1063;&#1090;&#1086;?</em></span></strong></span></p>
                </td><td align="center">
                  <p><span class="bold"><strong><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1050;&#1086;&#1075;&#1076;&#1072;&#769;?</em></span></strong></span></p>
                </td></tr><tr><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1091;&#769;&#1090;&#1088;&#1086;</em></span></p>
                </td><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1091;&#769;&#1090;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span></p>
                </td></tr><tr><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1100;</em></span></p>
                </td><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1076;&#1085;&#1105;&#1084;</em></span></p>
                </td></tr><tr><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1077;&#769;&#1095;&#1077;&#1088;</em></span></p>
                </td><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1077;&#769;&#1095;&#1077;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span></p>
                </td></tr><tr><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#1095;&#1100; </em></span></p>
                </td><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1095;&#1100;&#1102; </em></span></p>
                </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1077;&#1089;&#1085;&#1072;&#769;</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1074;&#1077;&#1089;&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1081;</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1083;&#1077;&#769;&#1090;&#1086;</em></span></p>
                </td><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1083;&#1077;&#769;&#1090;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span></p>
                </td></tr><tr><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#769;&#1089;&#1077;&#1085;&#1100;</em></span></p>
                </td><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;&#769;&#1089;&#1077;&#1085;&#1100;&#1102;</em></span></p>
                </td></tr><tr><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1079;&#1080;&#1084;&#1072;&#769;</em></span></p>
                </td><td align="center">
                  <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1079;&#1080;&#1084;&#1086;&#769;&#1081;</em></span></p>
                </td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ol></div><p>The table below shows the Instrumental Case forms for the singular and plural forms of
      nouns and adjectives and compares them to the Nominative (N), Genitive (G), Dative (D),
      Accusative (A) and Locative (L).</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"><col class="c4"><col class="c5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" align="center">
              <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">0H</em></span></p>
            </td><td align="center">
              <p><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1053;&#1040;&#769;</em></span></p>
            </td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1053;&#1054;&#769;</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1054;&#1053;&#1048;&#769;</em></span></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1099;&#1081; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1099;&#1081; &#1076;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1072;&#1103; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1082;&#1072; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1072;&#1103; &#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1090;&#1080;&#769;&#1088;&#1072;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1077; &#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1077; &#1082;&#1088;&#1077;&#769;&#1089;&#1083;&#1086;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1099;&#1077; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1099;</em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1099;&#1077; &#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1102;&#769;&#1084;&#1099;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td></tr><tr><td>A</td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1072; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1099;&#1081; &#1076;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1091;&#1102; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1082;&#1091; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1091;&#1102; &#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1090;&#1080;&#769;&#1088;&#1091;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1077; &#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1077; &#1082;&#1088;&#1077;&#769;&#1089;&#1083;&#1086;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1099;&#1093; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1086;&#1074;</em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1099;&#1077; &#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1102;&#769;&#1084;&#1099;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td></tr><tr><td>G</td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1072; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1076;&#1086;&#769;&#1084;&#1072;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1081; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1082;&#1080;</em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1081; &#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1090;&#1080;&#769;&#1088;&#1099;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1072; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1082;&#1088;&#1077;&#769;&#1089;&#1083;&#1072;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1099;&#1093; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1086;&#1074;</em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1099;&#1093; &#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1102;&#769;&#1084;&#1086;&#1074;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td></tr><tr><td>L</td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086; &#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1084; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1077; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;/&#1074; &#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084; &#1076;&#1086;&#769;&#1084;&#1077;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086; &#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1081; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1082;&#1077;</em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;/&#1074; &#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1081; &#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1090;&#1080;&#769;&#1088;&#1077;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;/&#1074; &#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1084; &#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1077; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;/&#1074; &#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084; &#1082;&#1088;&#1077;&#769;&#1089;&#1083;&#1077;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086; &#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1099;&#1093; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1072;&#1093;</em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1086;/&#1074; &#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1099;&#1093; &#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1102;&#769;&#1084;&#1072;&#1093;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1084;&#1091; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1091; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084;&#1091; &#1076;&#1086;&#769;&#1084;&#1091;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1081; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1082;&#1077; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1081; &#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1090;&#1080;&#769;&#1088;&#1077;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1084;&#1091; &#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1091; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084;&#1091; &#1082;&#1088;&#1077;&#769;&#1089;&#1083;&#1091;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1099;&#1084; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1072;&#1084;</em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1099;&#1084; &#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1102;&#769;&#1084;&#1072;&#1084;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1099;&#1084; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1099;&#1084; &#1076;&#1086;&#769;&#1084;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1081; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1082;&#1086;&#1081; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1081; &#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1090;&#1080;&#769;&#1088;&#1086;&#1081;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1099;&#1084; &#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1086;&#1084; </em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1099;&#1084; &#1082;&#1088;&#1077;&#769;&#1089;&#1083;&#1086;&#1084;</em></span>
              </p>
            </td><td>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1085;&#1086;&#769;&#1074;&#1099;&#1084; &#1089;&#1090;&#1091;&#1076;&#1077;&#769;&#1085;&#1090;&#1072;&#1084;&#1080;</em></span>
              </p>
              <p>
                <span lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#769;&#1088;&#1099;&#1084;&#1080; &#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1102;&#769;&#1084;&#1072;&#1084;&#1080;</em></span>
              </p>
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