FSI-Russian/FSI-chap2-stressed.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<chapter version="5.0" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
  xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
  xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
  <title>Lesson 2</title>

  <informaltable colsep="0" floatstyle="" frame="all" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
    <tgroup align="center" cols="1">
      <tbody>
        <row>
          <entry>Lesson №2</entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry>GEOGRAPHY</entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry>УРОК № 2</entry>
        </row>

        <row>
          <entry><inlinemediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="Images/FsiRussianFast-Lessons2-5-1.png"/>
              </imageobject>
            </inlinemediaobject></entry>
        </row>
      </tbody>
    </tgroup>
  </informaltable>

  <section>
    <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Добро́ пожа́ловать в Росси́ю</foreignphrase>! Welcome to
      Russia!</title>

    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
            >Росси́я</foreignphrase></emphasis></foreignphrase> Russia covers more than 6.5 million
      square miles or, roughly speaking, an area more than TWICE the size of the United States. The
      Ural Mountains divide the country into a European (western) half and an Asian (eastern)
      half.</para>

    <para>To the west, Russia shares borders with Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia and Estonia. Southern
      Russia extends to the Caucasus Mountains, which form the frontier with Georgia and Azerbaijan.
      In the east, that portion of Russia known as <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis
          role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >Сиби́рь</foreignphrase></emphasis></foreignphrase> Siberia stretches from the Arctic Ocean
      in the north to Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China in the south.</para>

    <para>The southern portion of Russia is composed primarily of flat, treeless plains known as
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
            >степь</foreignphrase></emphasis></foreignphrase> steppe. Siberia itself is comprised of
      a northern belt of permanently frozen, treeless plains <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis
          role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >ту́ндра</foreignphrase></emphasis></foreignphrase> and, more southerly, vast evergreen
      forests <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
            >тайга́</foreignphrase></emphasis></foreignphrase>́́. The tundra region has one of the
      harshest climates known to mankind, with extremely long, cold winters and brief, often
      sweltering summers.</para>

    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Санкт
            Петербу́рг</foreignphrase></emphasis></foreignphrase> St. Petersburg , founded by
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пётр
            Вели́кий</foreignphrase></emphasis></foreignphrase> Peter the Great on the Gulf of
      Finland as a "window to the West", has been nicknamed the "brain" of Russia. This is mostly
      due to its "European" look, thanks to a regular, grid-like pattern of city planning.
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
            >Москва́</foreignphrase></emphasis></foreignphrase>́ Moscow, on the other hand, is often
      referred to as the "soul", thanks to its more chaotic growth over the years and a more
      "Russian" look.</para>

    <para>The climate of Moscow is more continental than that of St. Petersburg, with summer
      temperatures averaging in the high 70s. Summers in both cities can be humid (though the level
      of humidity there can hardly compare with that of a typical DC summer!), with frequent
      thunderstorms that seem to come up without much warning. Winter can begin as early as October,
      with the first significant snowfalls in early November. Winter temperatures in Moscow, as in
      St. Petersburg, average in the mid-teens. Thanks to the effects of the Neva River and the Gulf
      of Finland, winters in St. Petersburg tend to feel more damp than those in Moscow. In general,
      the weather in these cities is similar to that in the northeastern U.S.</para>
  </section>
  <?custom-pagebreak?>
  <section>
    <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Росси́я и ка́рта ми́ра</foreignphrase>.</title>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №1.</title>

      <para>Russia shares common borders with 14 different countries. They are listed here for you
        to read in Russian. After reading this list, see if you can find them on a map. Which of
        these are former republics of the Soviet Union?</para>

      <informaltable pgwide="0">
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Норве́гия</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">По́льша</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Казахста́н</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Финля́ндия</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Белору́ссия</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кита́й</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Эсто́ния</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Украи́на</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Монго́лия</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ла́твия</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Гру́зия</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Се́верная
                Коре́я</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Литва́</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >Азербайджа́н</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry/>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>

      <para>Russia also borders on several large bodies of water. They are listed below:</para>

      <informaltable pgwide="0">
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
          <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Балти́йское
                море</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Се́верный Ледови́тый
                  океа́н</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Фи́нский
                зали́в</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ти́хий
                океа́н</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Чёрное
                мо́ре</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Япо́нское
                мо́ре</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Азо́вское
                мо́ре</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Охо́тское
                мо́ре</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Каспи́йское
                мо́ре</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Бе́рингово
                мо́ре</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </section>

    <?custom-pagebreak?>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №2.</title>

      <para>Using the compass points below, tell your instructor where the 14 nations and the bodies
        of water are located:</para>

      <informaltable pgwide="0">
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry align="center">in the north</entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на се́вере</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="center">in the south</entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на юге</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="center">in the west</entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на за́паде</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="center">in the east</entry>
              <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на восто́ке</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>

      <mediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata align="center" fileref="Images/FsiRussianFast-Lessons2-5-2.png"/>
        </imageobject>
      </mediaobject>

      <para>Russia is divided into a number of distinct areas, based on the geographic features of
        each region. Some of the most common of these are:</para>

      <informaltable pgwide="0">
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Центра́льный район</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Central (region) Russia</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ура́л</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Ural Mountains</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пово́лжье</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Volga River Valley</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сиби́рь</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Siberia</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Да́льний Восто́к</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Far East</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>

      <?custom-pagebreak?>

      <para>The following cities are located in these geographic areas:</para>

      <informaltable pgwide="0">
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1cm"/>
          <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
          <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>1</entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Москва́ в Центра́льном
                райо́не.</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Moscow is in Central Russia.</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>2</entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Екатеринбу́рг на Ура́ле</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Yekaterinburg is in the Urals.</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>3</entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Волгогра́д в Пово́лжье.</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Volgograd is in the Volga River Valley.</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>4</entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Новосиби́рск в Сиби́ри.</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Novosibirsk is in Siberia.</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>5</entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Владивосто́к на Да́льнем
                Восто́ке.</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Vladivostok is in the Far East.</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>

      <para>See if you can locate these cities on the map shown here.</para>

      <mediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata align="center" fileref="Images/FsiRussianFast-Lessons2-5-3.png" width="15cm"/>
        </imageobject>
      </mediaobject>

      <para>After August 1991, the names of many Russian cities were changed:</para>

      <para><informaltable pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <thead>
              <row>
                <entry align="center">Present</entry>
                <entry align="center">Former</entry>
              </row>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Санкт-Петербу́рг</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Ленингра́д</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ни́жний
                  Но́вгород</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Го́рький</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Екатеринбу́рг</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Свердло́вск</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Тверь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кали́нин</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Се́ргиев
                  Поса́д</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Заго́рск</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable></para>

      <para>The same is true of numerous locations and landmarks in Moscow and other Russian
          cities:<informaltable frame="all" pgwide="0">
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
            <thead>
              <row>
                <entry align="center">Present</entry>
                <entry align="center">Former</entry>
              </row>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Тверска́я</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">у́лица
                  Го́рького</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нови́нский
                    бульва́р</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">у́лица
                    Чайко́вского</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Театра́льная
                    пло́щадь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пло́щадь
                    Свердло́ва</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Лубя́нская
                    пло́щадь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пло́щадь
                    Дзержи́нского</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мане́жная
                    пло́щадь</foreignphrase></entry>
                <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пло́щадь 50-ле́тия
                    Октября́</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable></para>

      <para>But "Red Square" is still Red Square!</para>

      <para><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кра́сная
          пло́щадь</foreignphrase></emphasis> has been called <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase
            xml:lang="ru">Кра́сная</foreignphrase></emphasis> (red) since the second half of the
        17th century. The square was constructed towards the end of the 15th century (around the
        time of Columbus' discovery of America) when Tsar Ivan the Great <emphasis role="bold"
            ><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ива́н Вели́кий</foreignphrase></emphasis> was building the
        magnificent cathedrals of the Kremlin <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
            >Кремль</foreignphrase></emphasis>, that walled fortress which was the heart of the
        city's defenses. Every major city in Russia would have had a Kremlin, but the Moscow one is
        by far the most famous.</para>

      <para>The square was first called <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
            >Торг</foreignphrase></emphasis> (Trading Place) and was the site for some very lively
        commerce. Later, in the 16th century, it became known as<emphasis role="bold">
          <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Тро́ицкая</foreignphrase></emphasis> (Trinity Square) in
        honor of the Trinity Cathedral which stood at the southern end of the square. In 1571 the
        square was renamed <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >Пожа́р</foreignphrase></emphasis> (The Fire) after the great fire of that year. Finally,
        the square was named <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
            >Кра́сная</foreignphrase></emphasis> when it was cleared of all the trading stalls at
        the end of the 17th century. At that time the word <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase
            xml:lang="ru">кра́сный</foreignphrase>
        </emphasis>(red) meant <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
            >краси́вый</foreignphrase></emphasis> (beautiful), and had nothing to do with the red
        brick of the Kremlin wall which runs along one of its sides.</para>

      <mediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="Images/FsiRussianFast-Lessons2-5-4.png" width="13cm"/>
        </imageobject>
      </mediaobject>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №3.</title>

      <para>Listen to the sentences your instructor will read aloud and write down in English any
        place names you recognize</para>

      <para>1. ____________________</para>

      <para>2. ____________________</para>

      <para>3. ____________________</para>

      <para>4. ____________________</para>

      <para>5. ____________________</para>

      <para>6. ____________________</para>

      <para>7. ____________________</para>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №4.</title>

      <para>Listen to the statements your instructor will read aloud and indicate whether they are
        true (T) or false (F)<informaltable frame="void">
          <col width="33%"/>

          <col width="33%"/>

          <col width="33%"/>

          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>1. ____________________</td>

              <td>4. ____________________</td>

              <td>7. ____________________</td>
            </tr>

            <tr>
              <td>2. ____________________</td>

              <td>5. ____________________</td>

              <td/>
            </tr>

            <tr>
              <td>3. ____________________</td>

              <td>6. ____________________</td>

              <td/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </informaltable></para>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №5.</title>

      <para>Practice writing place names in Russian as your instructor reads them aloud. He/she will
        read each one twice and then will write them on the board so that you can check your
        work.</para>

      <para>1. ____________________</para>

      <para>2. ____________________</para>

      <para>3.. ____________________</para>

      <para>4. ____________________</para>

      <para>5. ____________________</para>

      <para>6. ____________________</para>

      <para>7. ____________________</para>
    </section>

    <?custom-pagebreak?>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №6.</title>

      <para>Answer the following questions according to the model.<informaltable frame="all"
          rowsep="0" colsep="0">
          <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="4cm"/>
            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>Instructor:</entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Москва́ - столи́ца
                  Росси́и</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>Student:</entry>
                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Да, Москва́ - столи́ца
                  Росси́и.</foreignphrase></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable></para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">О́сло - столи́ца Норве́гии?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Хе́льсинки - столи́ца
            Финля́ндии?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пари́ж - столи́ца Фра́нции?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Бонн - столи́ца Герма́нии?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Варша́ва - столи́ца По́льши</foreignphrase>?</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Отта́ва - столи́ца Кана́ды?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вашингто́н - столи́ца Аме́рики?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ло́ндон - столи́ца А́нглии?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мадри́д - столи́ца Испа́нии?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Рим - столи́ца Ита́лии?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>

    <?custom-pagebreak?>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №7.</title>

      <para>Answer the questions truthfully, according to the models:</para>

      <informaltable colsep="0" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="4cm"/>
          <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>Instructor:</entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пари́ж - столи́ца
                Фра́нции?</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>Student:</entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Да, Пари́ж - столи́ца
                Фра́нции.</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>Instructor:</entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Анкара́ - столи́ца И́ндии?</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>Student:</entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нет, Но́вый Де́ли - столи́ца
                  И́ндии.</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">То́кио - столи́ца Кита́я?</foreignphrase>
              (<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пекин</foreignphrase>)</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мани́ла - столи́ца Филиппи́н?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мадра́с - столи́ца И́ндии?</foreignphrase>
              (<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Но́вый Де́ли</foreignphrase>)</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Анка́ра - столи́ца Ира́на?</foreignphrase>
              (<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Тегера́н</foreignphrase>)</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ло́ндон - столи́ца А́нглии?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Стокго́льм - столи́ца Шве́ции?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Афи́ны - столи́ца Гре́ции?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Канбе́рра - столи́ца А́встрии?
              </foreignphrase>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ве́на</foreignphrase>)</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Каи́р - столи́ца Еги́пта?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Адди́с-Абе́ба - столи́ца
            Эфио́пии?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Тель-Ави́в - столи́ца Изра́иля?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Р<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">им - столи́ца Ита́пии?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мадри́д - столи́ца Португа́лии?</foreignphrase>
              (<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Лиссабо́н</foreignphrase>)</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Гава́на - столи́ца Ку́бы?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №8: <foreignphrase
          xml:lang="ru">Како́й</foreignphrase>?</title>

      <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Како́й</foreignphrase>? is the question word which asks:
        "Which?". Listen carefully as your instructor asks:</para>

      <para><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Како́й го́род столи́ца
            А́нглии?</foreignphrase></emphasis></para>

      <para>Which city is the capital of England?</para>

      <para>You'll answer:</para>

      <para><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >Ло́ндон</foreignphrase>.</emphasis></para>

      <para>Continue, using the cities and countries given in Exercise 7. See how many you might be
        able to add on your own.</para>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №9: <foreignphrase
          xml:lang="ru">Что</foreignphrase>? <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Что</foreignphrase>
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">э́то</foreignphrase>?</title>

      <para><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Что э́то?</foreignphrase></emphasis>
        asks "What is this? What is that?" When answering, you'll begin your answer with
          <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold">Э́то</emphasis></foreignphrase>... This
        is/That is...</para>

      <para>Now your instructor will point to various cities on the map and will ask:</para>

      <para><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Что э́то?</foreignphrase></emphasis>
        What is this? (pointing to Moscow)</para>

      <para>You'll answer by naming the city, using this model:</para>

      <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold">Э́то
          Москва</emphasis>́.</foreignphrase> That is Moscow.</para>
    </section>

    <?custom-pagebreak?>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №10:<foreignphrase
          xml:lang="ru"> где?</foreignphrase>
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вот</foreignphrase>.</title>

      <para>Answer the following questions substituting the appropriate pronoun for the noun.</para>

      <informaltable colsep="0" pgwide="0" rowsep="0">
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>Instructor</entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Москва́?</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Ло́ндон?</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Чёрное мо́ре?</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>Student</entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вот она́.</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вот он.</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вот оно́.</foreignphrase></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>

      <informaltable border="0" frame="void" width="100%">
        <col width="1*"/>

        <col width="1*"/>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold">A.</emphasis></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold">В.</emphasis></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Ло́ндон?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Пра́га?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Пари́ж?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Тира́на?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где
              Санкт-Петербу́рг?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Москва́?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Берли́н?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Софи́я?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Мадри́д?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где
            Варша́ва?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Рим?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Ве́на?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где
            Вашингто́н?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где
            Братисла́ва?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где го́род
              То́кио?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Я́лта?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где го́род
            О́сло?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Гаа́га?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold">С.</emphasis></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold">D.</emphasis></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Росси́я?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Каспи́йское
              мо́ре?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Кана́да?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Чёрное
            мо́ре?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Япо́ния?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где о́зеро
              Байка́л?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где
            Эфио́пия?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Балти́йское
              мо́ре?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>
      </informaltable>
    </section>

    <?custom-pagebreak?>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №11.</title>

      <para>Take a look at the following advertisements. Pick out all words which are familiar to
        you. Any guesses as to what the ads are all about? Ask your instructor if you need
        help.</para>

      <mediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata align="center" condition="" fileref="Images/FsiRussianFast-Lessons2-5-5.png"
            width="17cm"/>
        </imageobject>
      </mediaobject>
    </section>

    <?custom-pagebreak?>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №12.</title>

      <para>Your instructor wants you to show where various places are on the map. He/she will ask
        you:</para>

      <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те</foreignphrase>...</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те Во́лгу.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те Сиби́рь.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те Ти́хий океа́н.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те Фи́нский зали́в.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те Каспи́йское мо́ре.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те Се́верный Ледови́тый
            океа́н.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те Чёрное мо́ре.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №13.</title>

      <para>Read through this list of Russian cities and sort them according to the regions</para>

      <para>in the table below. Use the map, or ask your instructor for help.</para>

      <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ирку́тск</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >Владивосто́к</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Хаба́ровск</foreignphrase>,
          <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пермь</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >Сама́ра</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Челя́бинск</foreignphrase>,
          <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Москва</foreignphrase>́, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >Но́вгород</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Екатеринбу́рг</foreignphrase>,
          <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Петропа́вловск</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >Оренбу́рг</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Тверь</foreignphrase>,
          <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Красноя́рск</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >Кострома</foreignphrase>́, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Новосиби́рск</foreignphrase>,
          <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Влади́мир</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >Сара́тов</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Яросла́вль</foreignphrase>.</para>

      <informaltable border="1" frame="box" width="100%">
        <col width="30%"/>

        <col width="70%"/>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сиби́рь</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"/>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Да́льний
            Восто́к</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"/>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пово́лжье</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"/>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ура́л</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"/>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Центра́льный
              райо́н</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"/>
        </tr>
      </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кли́мат Росси́и. Пого́да.</foreignphrase></title>

      <informaltable pgwide="0">
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Росси́я больша́я страна́.</foreignphrase></entry>

              <entry>Russia is a large country.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кли́мат Росси́и
                разнообра́зный:</foreignphrase></entry>

              <entry>The climate of Russia is varied:</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на Кра́йнем Се́вере -
                  аркти́ческий.</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>In the Far North - arctic.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">На ю́ге, в Со́чи
                -субтропи́ческий.</foreignphrase></entry>

              <entry>In the south, in Sochi - subtropical.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В европе́йской ча́сти Росси́и и в Сиби́ри кли́мат
                  уме́ренный, континента́льный.</foreignphrase></entry>

              <entry>In the European part of Russia and in Siberia the climate is moderate,
                continental.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">На за́паде - мя́гкий, на восто́ке и
                  се́веро-восто́ке -о́чень холо́дный и суро́вый.</foreignphrase></entry>

              <entry>In the west it is mild and in the east and northeast - very cold and
                severe.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">На Да́льнем Восто́ке кли́мат
                  морско́й.</foreignphrase></entry>

              <entry>In the Far East the climate is maritime.</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </section>

    <?custom-pagebreak?>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №14.</title>

      <para>Examine the weather forecasts below and:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>a. read the names of the cities and the legend (explanation of symbols).</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>b. tell where it is sunny <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >со́лнечно</foreignphrase></emphasis>, overcast <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase
                xml:lang="ru">о́блачно</foreignphrase></emphasis>, raining <emphasis role="bold">
              <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дождь</foreignphrase></emphasis> or snowing <emphasis
              role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">снег</foreignphrase></emphasis>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <mediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata align="center" fileref="Images/FsiRussianFast-Lessons2-5-6.png"/>
        </imageobject>
      </mediaobject>
    </section>

    <?custom-pagebreak?>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Росси́я и Бли́жнее Зарубе́жье.</foreignphrase> Russia and
        the Newly Independent States of Eurasia</title>

      <informaltable pgwide="0">
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="4cm"/>
          <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Росси́я</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Москва́ - столи́ца России.</foreignphrase>
                </para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Росси́и живу́т ру́сские.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Украи́на</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Киев - столи́ца Украи́ны.</foreignphrase>
                </para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Украи́не живу́т
                  украи́нцы.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Ла́твия</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ри́га - столи́ца Ла́твии. </foreignphrase>
                </para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Ла́твии живу́т
                  латыши́</foreignphrase>́́́́.</para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Литва́</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ви́льнюс - столи́ца Литвы́.</foreignphrase>
                </para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Литве́ живу́т лито́вцы.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Эсто́ния</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Та́ллин - столи́ца
                  Эсто́нии.</foreignphrase></para>
                <para>
                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Эсто́нии живу́т эсто́нцы.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Молда́вия</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кишинёв - столи́ца
                  Молда́вии.</foreignphrase></para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Молда́вии живу́т
                  молдава́не.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Белору́ссия</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Минск - столи́ца Белору́ссии.</foreignphrase>
                </para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"> В Белору́ссии живу́т
                  белору́сы.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Гру́зия</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Тбилиси - столи́ца
                  Гру́зии.</foreignphrase></para>
                <para>
                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Груз́ии живу́т грузи́ны.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Арме́ния</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ерева́н - столи́ца Арме́нии.</foreignphrase>
                </para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Арме́нии живу́т армя́не.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Азербайджа́н</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Баку́ - столи́ца Азербайджа́на.</foreignphrase>
                </para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Азербайджа́не живу́т
                    азербайджа́нцы.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Узбекиста́н</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ташке́нт - столи́ца Узбекиста́на.</foreignphrase>
                </para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Узбекиста́не живу́т
                  узбе́ки.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Казахста́н</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Алма́-Ата́ - столи́ца
                    Казахста́на.</foreignphrase></para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"> В Казахста́не живу́т
                  каза́хи.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Туркме́ния</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ашхаба́д - столи́ца Туркме́нии.</foreignphrase>
                </para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Туркме́нии живу́т
                  туркме́ны.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Таджикиста́н</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Душанбе́ - столи́ца
                    Таджикиста́на.</foreignphrase></para>
                <para>
                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Таджикиста́не живу́т
                  таджи́ки.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >Кирги́зия</foreignphrase></emphasis></entry>
              <entry>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Бишке́к - столи́ца Кирги́зии.</foreignphrase>
                </para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Кирги́зии живу́т
                  кирги́зы.</foreignphrase></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </section>

    <?custom-pagebreak?>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №15.</title>

      <para>Fill in the blanks, orally.</para>

      <informaltable border="0" width="100%">
        <col width="1.06*"/>

        <col width="1.0*"/>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">1. ____________________</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">столи́ца
              Белору́ссии.</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">2. ____________________</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">столи́ца
            Гру́зии.</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">3. ____________________</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">столи́ца
              Кирги́зии.</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">4. ____________________</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">столи́ца
              Туркме́нии.</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">5. ____________________</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">столи́ца
            Литвы́.</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">6. ____________________</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">столи́ца
              Украи́ны.</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">7. ____________________</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">столи́ца
              Узбекиста́на.</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>
      </informaltable>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №16.</title>

      <para>Fill in the blanks, orally.</para>

      <informaltable border="0" width="100%">
        <col width="1*"/>

        <col width="1*"/>

        <tbody>
          <tr valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">1. <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Арме́нии
                живу́т</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">____________________</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>

        <tbody>
          <tr valign="top">
            <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">2. <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Азербайджа́не
                живу́т</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">____________________</td>
          </tr>

          <tr valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">3. <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Молда́вии
                живу́т</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">____________________</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>

        <tbody>
          <tr valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">4. <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Эсто́нии
                живу́т</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">____________________</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>

        <tbody>
          <tr valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">5. <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Таджикиста́не
                живу́т</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">____________________</td>
          </tr>

          <tr valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">6. <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Казахста́не
                живу́т</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">____________________</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>

        <tbody>
          <tr align="left" valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">7. <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Ла́твии
                живу́т</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">____________________</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </informaltable>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №17.</title>

      <para>Answer the following questions according the models:</para>

      <informaltable border="0" width="100%">
        <col width="4cm"/>

        <col width="1*"/>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Instructor:</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Таджи́ки живу́т в
              Таджикиста́не?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Student:</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Да, они́ живу́т в
              Таджикиста́не.</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Instructor:</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Эсто́нцы живу́т в
              Ла́твии?</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Student:</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Нет, они́ живу́т в
              Эсто́нии.</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>
      </informaltable>

      <informaltable border="0" width="100%">
        <col width="1cm"/>

        <col width="1*"/>

        <col width="1*"/>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1.</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ру́сские живу́т в
              Росси́и?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td>____________________</td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">2.</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Грузи́ны живу́т в
              Гру́зии?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td>____________________</td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3.</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Каза́хи живу́т в
              Казахста́не?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td>____________________</td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">4.</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Молдава́не живу́т в
              Белору́ссии?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td>____________________</td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Узбе́ки живу́т в
              Ла́твии?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td>____________________</td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6.</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Туркме́ны живу́т в
              Кирги́зии?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td>____________________</td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7.</td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Азербайджа́нцы живу́т в
              Литве́?</foreignphrase></td>

          <td>____________________</td>
        </tr>
      </informaltable>

      <para>Of course, as you well know, the Newly Independent States are home to many
        nationalities. The above exercise, and the ones following, in no way suggest that these new
        countries have entirely homogeneous populations.</para>
    </section>

    <?custom-pagebreak?>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №18.</title>

      <para>Using the map, indicate the home countries of the given nationalities.</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те где живу́т укра́инцы.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те где живу́т узбе́ки.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те где живу́т армя́не.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те где живу́т ру́сские.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те где живу́т белору́сы.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те где живу́т лито́вцы.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №19.</title>

      <para>Using the map, indicate the capitals of the following countries:</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те столи́цу Казахста́на.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те столи́цу Молда́вии.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те столи́цу Туркме́нии.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те столи́цу Украи́ны.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те столи́цу Росси́и.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те столи́цу Арме́нии.</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №20.</title>

      <para>Listen to the following statements your instructor will read aloud. Indicate whether
        they are true (<emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >пра́вильно</foreignphrase></emphasis>) or false (<emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase
            xml:lang="ru">непра́вильно</foreignphrase></emphasis>):</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Кирги́зии живу́т кирги́зы?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Таджи́ки живу́т в Таджикиста́не?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Узбекиста́не живу́т узбе́ки?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ру́сские живу́т в Азербайджа́не?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Эсто́нии живу́т каза́хи?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Латыши́ живу́т в Ла́твии?</foreignphrase></para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>

    <?custom-pagebreak?>

    <section>
      <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Упражне́ние</foreignphrase> №21.</title>

      <para>Match the countries with their capitals.</para>

      <informaltable border="0" width="100%">
        <col width="1*"/>

        <col width="1*"/>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Эсто́ния</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ерева́н</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Таджикиста́н</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ри́га</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Росси́я</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Минск</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Казахста́н</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Тбили́си</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Литва́</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Бишке́к</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Гру́зия</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ки́ев</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Туркме́ния</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ви́льнюс</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Молда́вия</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Москва́</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ла́твия</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Душанбе́</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Узбекиста́н</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ашхаба́д</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Арме́ния</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кишинёв</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Украи́на</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Та́ллин</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Азербайджа́н</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Баку́</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Белору́ссия</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Алма́-ата́</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>

        <tr valign="top">
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кирги́зия</foreignphrase></td>

          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ташке́нт</foreignphrase></td>
        </tr>
      </informaltable>
    </section>

    <?custom-pagebreak?>

    <section>
      <title>In case you were wondering</title>

      <section>
        <title>A. Cases</title>

        <para>Russian is an <emphasis role="italic">inflected </emphasis>language which simply means
          that nouns (and their modifiers) will change their shape to indicate a change of function
          within the sentence. A noun may function as a <emphasis role="bold">subject</emphasis>, an
            <emphasis role="bold">indirect object</emphasis> or <emphasis role="bold">direct
            object</emphasis> or the <emphasis role="bold">object of a preposition</emphasis>. In
          each instance it will change its ending to inform you of its particular role.</para>

        <para>Each of these functions is indicated by a set of endings (1 each for each of the
          genders and 1 for plural), which are grouped into CASES:</para>

        <informaltable width="100%">
          <col width="40%"/>

          <col width="60%"/>

          <tr valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">1. Nominative</td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">names the subject (who? what?)</td>
          </tr>

          <tr valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">2. Genitive</td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">shows possession (whose?)</td>
          </tr>

          <tr valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">3. Dative</td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">indicates the indirect object, recipient of the action (to
              whom? to what?)</td>
          </tr>

          <tr valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">4. Accusative</td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">indicates the direct object (whom? what?)</td>
          </tr>

          <tr valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">5. Instrumental</td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">indicates instrument or means; or accompaniment (how? with
              what? with whom?)</td>
          </tr>

          <tr valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">6. Locative/Prepositional</td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">shows location (where?); indicates the object of the
              preposition (about whom? about what?)</td>
          </tr>
        </informaltable>
      </section>

      <section>
        <title>B. Gender of Russian nouns</title>

        <para>All Russian nouns belong to one of three <emphasis role="italic">grammatical
            </emphasis><emphasis role="bold">genders: </emphasis><emphasis role="bold">masculine,
            neuter </emphasis>or <emphasis role="bold">feminine. </emphasis>Do not confuse <emphasis
            role="bold">gender </emphasis>with <emphasis role="bold">sex; </emphasis>the word for
          table in Russian is a <emphasis role="bold">masculine gender </emphasis>noun, but there's
          nothing <emphasis role="italic">male </emphasis>about the object; book in Russian is a
            <emphasis role="bold">feminine gender </emphasis>noun, but there's nothing inherently
            <emphasis role="italic">female </emphasis>about it. However, nouns referring to male
          beings will (usually) be masculine gender; those referring to female beings will be
          feminine gender.</para>

        <para>In most cases, the gender of the noun can be determined by its ending. The table below
          illustrates this:</para>

        <informaltable border="1" width="100%">
          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <tr align="center" valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold">MASCULINE</emphasis></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold">NEUTER</emphasis></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold">FEMININE</emphasis></td>
          </tr>

          <tr align="center" valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">end in a consonant or<emphasis role="bold"
              >-b</emphasis></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">end in -<emphasis role="bold">о</emphasis> or -<emphasis
                role="bold">е</emphasis></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">end in -<emphasis role="bold">а</emphasis>, -<emphasis
                role="bold">я</emphasis> or -<emphasis role="bold">ь</emphasis></td>
          </tr>

          <tr align="center" valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">па́спорт</foreignphrase>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">автомоби́ль</foreignphrase>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">портфе́ль</foreignphrase>
              </para></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">о́зеро</foreignphrase>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мо́ре</foreignphrase>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пальто́</foreignphrase>́ </para></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ви́за</foreignphrase>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">фами́лия</foreignphrase>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сиби́рь</foreignphrase>
              </para></td>
          </tr>

          <tr align="center" valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >он</foreignphrase></emphasis></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >оно́</foreignphrase></emphasis></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >она́</foreignphrase></emphasis></td>
          </tr>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <?custom-pagebreak?>
      <section>
        <title>C. Adjectives.</title>

        <para>Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number and case. This means
          that when a singular feminine noun is in the nominative case (the subject of the
          sentence), the adjective that describes that noun must be nominative, singular, feminine.
          Since the noun and adjective do not necessarily stand together in the sentence, agreement
          is especially important. Agreement in the nominative may look like this:</para>

        <informaltable border="1" width="100%">
          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <tr valign="top">
            <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase
                  xml:lang="ru">OН</foreignphrase></emphasis></td>

            <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase
                  xml:lang="ru">ОНО́</foreignphrase></emphasis></td>

            <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase
                  xml:lang="ru">ОНА́</foreignphrase></emphasis></td>
          </tr>

          <tr align="center" valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́вый дом</foreignphrase>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хоро́ший студе́нт</foreignphrase>
              </para></td>

            <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́вое зда́ние </foreignphrase>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хоро́шее вино́</foreignphrase>
              </para></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́вая кварти́ра </foreignphrase>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хоро́шая студе́нтка</foreignphrase>
              </para></td>
          </tr>
        </informaltable>

        <informaltable border="1" width="100%">
          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <tr valign="top">
            <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase
                  xml:lang="ru">ОНИ́</foreignphrase></emphasis></td>

            <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase
                  xml:lang="ru">ОНИ́</foreignphrase></emphasis></td>

            <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase
                  xml:lang="ru">ОНИ́</foreignphrase></emphasis></td>
          </tr>

          <tr align="center" valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́вые дома́</foreignphrase>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хоро́шие студе́нты</foreignphrase>
              </para></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́вые зда́ния</foreignphrase>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"> хоро́шие ви́на</foreignphrase>
              </para></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́вые кварти́ры</foreignphrase>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"> хоро́шие студе́нтки</foreignphrase>
              </para></td>
          </tr>
        </informaltable>
      </section>

      <section>
        <title>D. Personal pronouns.</title>

        <para>Russian uses pronouns in much the same way English does; they take the place of, or
          refer back to nouns. The table below shows the correspondence between Russian and English
          pronouns:</para>

        <informalexample>
          <informaltable border="0" width="100%">
            <col width="3cm" title="c1"/>

            <col width="1*" title="c2"/>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я</foreignphrase></td>

              <td align="left">I</td>
            </tr>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ты</foreignphrase></td>

              <td align="left">you (sing, and informal)</td>
            </tr>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">он</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >она́</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">оно́</foreignphrase></td>

              <td align="left">he/she/it</td>
            </tr>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мы</foreignphrase></td>

              <td align="left">we</td>
            </tr>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вы</foreignphrase></td>

              <td align="left">you (pi. and formal)</td>
            </tr>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">они́</foreignphrase></td>

              <td align="left">they</td>
            </tr>
          </informaltable>
        </informalexample>

        <para>As you can see by this table, Russian has two pronouns for the second person you.
            <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ты</foreignphrase></emphasis> is
          informal and singular; <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
              >вы</foreignphrase></emphasis> is formal and/or plural. (See the comments on <emphasis
            role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ты</foreignphrase></emphasis> and<emphasis
            role="bold">
            <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вы</foreignphrase></emphasis> in Lesson 3).</para>

        <para>As in English, Russian pronouns change form as their function changes in the sentence.
          Take a look at the following sentences:</para>

        <para><emphasis role="bold">I know you.</emphasis></para>

        <para><emphasis role="bold">You know me. </emphasis></para>

        <para>I changes to me when it switches from the role of subject to the role of
          object.</para>

        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я зна́ю <emphasis role="bold"
            >вас.</emphasis></foreignphrase></para>

        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold">Вы</emphasis> зна́ете <emphasis
              role="bold">меня́</emphasis>.</foreignphrase></para>
      </section>
      <?custom-pagebreak?>
      <section>
        <title>E. <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вот</foreignphrase></title>

        <para><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вот</foreignphrase>
          </emphasis>is used in Russian in the sense of "Here is..." when pointing to something or
          someone. For example:</para>

        <informalexample>
          <informaltable border="0" width="100%">
            <col width="1*" align="center"/>

            <col width="1*" align="center"/>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">-Где
                бага́ж?</foreignphrase></td>

              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Where's the luggage?</td>
            </tr>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">-Вот он.</foreignphrase></td>

              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Here it is.</td>
            </tr>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">-Где
                Ли́нда?</foreignphrase></td>

              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Where's Linda?</td>
            </tr>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">-Вот
                она́.</foreignphrase></td>

              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Here she is.</td>
            </tr>
          </informaltable>
        </informalexample>
      </section>

      <section>
        <title>F. Why do verbs have different forms?</title>

        <para/>

        <para>The verb<emphasis role="bold">
            <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">жить</foreignphrase></emphasis> [to live] appears in two
          forms in this lesson: <emphasis role="bold">(<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
              >он</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">она</foreignphrase>)
            </emphasis><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">живёт</foreignphrase>
          </emphasis>and <emphasis role="bold">(<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">они́</foreignphrase>)
              <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">живу́т</foreignphrase>. </emphasis>Verbs in Russian, as
          in English, agree with their subjects in terms of person (I, you, he/she, we, they) and
          number (He <emphasis role="italic">lives, </emphasis>vs They <emphasis role="italic"
            >live.). </emphasis>The two forms indicated here are for a singular subject and a plural
          subject, respectively.</para>

        <para><informalexample>
            <informaltable border="0" width="100%">
              <col width="1*" align="center"/>

              <col width="1*" align="center"/>

              <tr valign="top">
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он живёт в
                    Москве́.</foreignphrase></td>

                <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">He lives in Moscow.</td>
              </tr>

              <tr valign="top">
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она́ живёт в
                    Ки́еве.</foreignphrase></td>

                <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">She lives in Kiev.</td>
              </tr>

              <tr valign="top">
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Они́ живу́т в
                    Аме́рике.</foreignphrase></td>

                <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">They live in America.</td>
              </tr>

              <tr valign="top">
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кто живёт в
                    Украи́не?</foreignphrase></td>

                <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Who lives in Ukraine?</td>
              </tr>

              <tr valign="top">
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В Украи́не живу́т
                    украи́нцы.</foreignphrase></td>

                <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Ukrainians live in Ukraine.</td>
              </tr>
            </informaltable>
          </informalexample></para>
      </section>

      <section>
        <title>G. The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">жить</foreignphrase> (present tense)</title>

        <para>Here is the verb <emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
              >жить</foreignphrase>
          </emphasis>in all forms of the present tense: <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
            colsep="0">

            <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
              <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
              <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
              <thead>
                <row>
                  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                        >жить</foreignphrase> / to live</emphasis></entry>
                </row>

              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я живу́</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мы живём</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ты живёшь</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вы живёте</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">он живёт</foreignphrase></entry>
                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">они живу́т</foreignphrase></entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable></para>
      </section>

      <section>
        <title>Н. The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">какой</foreignphrase></title>

        <para><emphasis role="bold"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Како́й</foreignphrase>,
              <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">како́е</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
              >кака́я</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">каки́е</foreignphrase>
          </emphasis>is a question word which asks: «Which?» or «What kind of? ...» It is an
          adjective and will agree in gender, number and case with the word it modifies. The first
          three forms shown here are the masculine, neuter and feminine forms, respectively. The
          fourth is the plural. Compare these forms to those of the adjectives in the table on page
          29.</para>

        <informaltable width="100%">
          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <col width="1*" align="center"/>

          <tr align="center" valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">OH</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">OHÓ</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ОНА́</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ОНИ́</foreignphrase></td>
          </tr>

          <tr align="center" valign="top">
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">како́й</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">како́е</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кака́я</foreignphrase></td>

            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">каки́е</foreignphrase></td>
          </tr>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <?custom-pagebreak?>
      <section>
        <title>Nominative Case</title>

        <para>The nominative case is used to indicate the subject of a sentence. It is also used for
          other nouns in the sentence which give more information about the subject. As it is the
          dictionary form for nouns and adjectives, you should memorize nouns and adjectives in
          their nominative case forms.</para>

        <informalexample>
          <informaltable border="0" width="100%">
            <col width="1*" align="center"/>

            <col width="1*" align="center"/>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold"
                    >Я</emphasis> иду́ в теа́тр.</foreignphrase></td>

              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">I am going to the theater.</td>
            </tr>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold"
                    >Кни́га</emphasis> на столе́.</foreignphrase></td>

              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">The book is on the table.</td>
            </tr>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вот <emphasis role="bold"
                    >дом</emphasis>.</foreignphrase></td>

              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">There is the house.</td>
            </tr>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Э́то <emphasis role="bold"
                    >моя́ ру́чка</emphasis>.</foreignphrase></td>

              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">This is my pen.</td>
            </tr>

            <tr valign="top">
              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"><emphasis role="bold">Мой
                    брат</emphasis> - <emphasis role="bold"
                >инжене́р</emphasis>.</foreignphrase></td>

              <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">My brother is an engineer.</td>
            </tr>

            <tr align="left">
              <td><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">В институ́те рабо́тают <emphasis role="bold"
                    >америка́нские фи́зики</emphasis>.</foreignphrase></td>

              <td>American physicists work in the institute.</td>
            </tr>
          </informaltable>
        </informalexample>

        <para>Because Russian has cases, word order in a sentence is less important than it is in
          English. The subject [that noun plus its modifiers in the nominative case] can come at the
          beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence. Knowing the nominative case
          endings for nouns and adjectives will help you find the subject of the sentence more
          quickly.</para>

        <para>Adjectives are linked to their nouns by their endings. The adjective may stand in
          front of, after, or at a distance from the noun it modifies. You can always find the
          adjective which modifies a noun by looking for the one whose ending matches in gender,
          number, and case that of the noun.</para>

        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Э́то Бе́л<emphasis role="bold">ый</emphasis>
            дом.</foreignphrase></para>

        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она́ учи́тельниц<emphasis role="bold">а</emphasis>
              хоро́ш<emphasis role="bold">ая</emphasis>, о́пытн<emphasis role="bold"
            >ая</emphasis>.</foreignphrase></para>

        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ру́сск<emphasis role="bold">ий</emphasis> язы́к о́чень
              интере́сн<emphasis role="bold">ый</emphasis>, но тру́дн<emphasis role="bold"
              >ый</emphasis>.</foreignphrase></para>
      </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
      <title>Useful words and expressions</title>

      <table pgwide="0">
        <title>Useful words and expressions</title>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>in, inside</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">восто́к; на восто́ке</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>east; in the east</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вот</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>here</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где?</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Where?</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">го́род</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>city, town</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Добро́ пожа́ловать!</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Welcome</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">жить</foreignphrase>
                </para>
                <para>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я живу</foreignphrase>́, <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="ru">вы живёте</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">они
                    живу́т</foreignphrase>)</para>
              </entry>
              <entry>to live</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">за́пад</foreignphrase>; <foreignphrase
                  xml:lang="ru">на за́паде</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>west; in the west</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">како́й</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase
                  xml:lang="ru">како́е</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >кака́я</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >каки́е</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>what kind of; which; which one(s)</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кто?</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>who</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кто э́то?</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Who is that?</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>on; at; in</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">он</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                  >она</foreignphrase>́, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">оно́</foreignphrase>,
                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">они́</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>he; she; it; they</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Покажи́те</foreignphrase>...</entry>
              <entry>Show...</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пого́да</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>weather</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">се́вер</foreignphrase>; <foreignphrase
                  xml:lang="ru">на се́вере</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>north; in the north</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">столи́ца</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>capital</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">что</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>what</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Что э́то?</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>What is that/this</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">э́то</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>this/that</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">юг</foreignphrase>;<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">
                  на ю́ге </foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>south; in the south</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>
    </section>
  </section>
</chapter>