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 # DynamoDB Local files
 .dynamodb/
+
+# Original sources
+Original/

MD/g1-1.md

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+
+## 嗎?
+
+One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add
+嗎 at the end of a statement. Hence 你好! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎? (How are
+you?)
+
+
+### 你呢?
+
+This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to you.
+Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how about
+you?"
+
+    A: 你好嗎?
+        How are you?
+    B: 我很好, 你呢?
+        I am fine, and you?
+
+    A: 你忙嗎?
+        Are you busy?
+    B: 我不忙, 你呢?
+        I am not busy, what about you?

MD/g1-10.md

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+
+## The use of 還 (to return something to someone)
+
+When using 還 to indicate "return", use the following pattern:
+
+    S + 還 + (sb.) + sth.
+    e.g. 我還他畫報
+    你還丁云的車。(Notice here sb. is omitted.)
+
+This pattern is /only/ used for simple objects, i.e. the object to be
+returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的日本車, etc. Notice in the
+second example above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say
+你還丁云丁云的車, although grammatically it is correct. We will later
+learn the ways to express something more complicated.

MD/g1-11.md

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+
+## 用一下兒
+
+In this phrase, 用 is a verb which can be used both transitively and
+intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an object).
+一下兒 is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little
+while". If an object is to be used for 用 in the above phrase, it should
+be placed after 一下兒:
+
+    我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖
+        Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
+    他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。
+        They want to use your dad's car for a little while.

MD/g1-12.md

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+
+## Time Word 現在
+
+Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a
+sentence: /before/ or /after/ the subject.
+
+    現在她去學院還書。
+        Now she is going to the college to return books.
+    or 她現在去學院還書。
+
+
+    常 and 常常
+
+常 in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 without a
+change of meaning. Thus, 他常喝茶 = 他常常喝茶, 我們常去看書 = 我們常常
+去看書.
+
+In making negative sentences, however, 常 is normally /not/
+reduplicated. Hence 他不常喝茶, 我們不常去看書.

MD/g1-13.md

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+
+## Affirmative-Negative questions
+
+An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative
+and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
+
+    她是中國人嗎﹖becomes 她是不是中國人﹖
+    你忙嗎﹖becomes 你忙不忙﹖
+    你認識他嗎﹖becomes 你認識不認識他﹖
+
+1.  If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
+    the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
+
+        忙不忙, 認識不認識, 介紹不介紹
+
+2.  If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
+    that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
+
+        你喝不喝茶﹖
+        你去不去中國﹖
+
+3.  Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
+    form of "V + object + 不 + V ?" as well, although this is not as
+    common:
+
+        你喝茶不喝茶﹖
+        她去中國不去﹖
+
+4.  As in questions with interrogative words (誰, 什麼, etc),
+    affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎 at the end.
+
+5.  If an adverb such as 常, 都, 也 or 很 comes /before/ the predicative
+    verb or adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use
+    嗎 instead:
+
+        你們都去中國嗎﹖
+        but not 你們都去不去中國﹖
+
+        他常喝咖啡嗎﹖
+        but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖
+
+    Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
+    /before/ the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:
+
+    1.  她很忙嗎﹖ but not 她很忙不忙﹖
+
+    2.  她是很好大夫嗎﹖ 她是不是很好的大夫﹖
+
+    The second instance is acceptable because 很 comes /after/ the
+    predicative verb 是.
+
+6.  If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the
+    /first/ verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question:
+
+        你去商店買紙嗎﹖becomes 你去不去商店買紙﹖
+        他們歡迎我來嗎﹖ becomes 他們歡迎不歡迎我來﹖

MD/g1-14.md

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+
+## 和 and 都
+
+In Chinese, 和 as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or
+phrases, /never/ two clauses or sentences:
+
+    中國和美國
+    我的爸爸和媽媽
+    她學習漢語和英語。
+    你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖
+
+    but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。
+    nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。
+
+The adverb 都 is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or
+adjective. It governs only the elements /before/ it:
+
+    我們都去中國。 (All of us go to China: 都 modifies 我們.)
+    but not 都我們去中國。
+
+This is also wrong:
+
+    我都學漢語和法語。
+
+because 都 modifies 我 and not 漢語和法語. If "both Chinese and French"
+is intended in the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 should be
+placed before 都:
+
+    我漢語和法語都學。
+    or 漢語和法語都我學。

MD/g1-15.md

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+
+## The verb 有 expressing possession and existence
+
+The verb 有 in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the
+English "to have" and "there is" or "there are":
+
+    她有漢語詞典。
+        She has a Chinese dictionary.
+    我們學院有多外國學生。
+        There are a lot of foreign students in our college.
+
+N.B.:
+
+1.  To negate 有, one uses 沒 instead of 不:
+
+        我有哥哥﹐我沒有姐姐。
+            I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.
+
+2.  Informally in a negative sentence, 有 can sometimes be omitted:
+
+        我朋友沒(有)書﹐也沒(有)筆。
+            My friend does not have books, nor pens.
+        現在我們的宿舍沒(有)人。
+            There is no one in our dorm now.
+
+3.  The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 ... ?"
+
+        她有沒有妹妹﹖
+        呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒有人﹖
+
+    Sometimes, if the object of 有 is not long, one can use the form
+    "... 有 + object + 沒有 ?" as well, although this form is not as
+    common as the previous one.
+
+        她有妹妹沒有﹖
+        這宿舍有人沒有﹖

MD/g1-16.md

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+
+## Prepositional construction with 在 (in, at) and 給 (for, to)
+
+The object of 在 is often a place-word and the object of 給 is often the
+beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative verb. In Chinese,
+a prepositional construction comes /before/ the verb it modifies:
+
+    他在銀行工作。
+        She works in a bank.
+    but not 她工作在銀行。
+
+    我給你們介紹一下兒。
+        Let me introduce you to one another.
+    but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。
+
+To form a negative sentence, 不 is placed /before/ the prepositional
+construction:
+
+    他不在銀行工作。
+    我不給你們介紹。
+        I am not going to introduce you.
+
+Adverbs such as 常, 都, 也 are also placed /before/ the prepositional
+construction:
+
+    我們都在 City Lit 學院學習漢語。
+        We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
+    你常給你媽媽信嗎﹖
+        Do you often write to your mother?
+    我爸爸也常給我寫信。
+        My dad also often writes to me.

MD/g1-17.md

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+
+## Word usage: 想
+
+The word 想 in Chinese carries various meanings:
+
+1.  想 + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something:
+
+        丁雲很想家。
+            Ding Yun misses her family very much.
+        我很想我的爸爸媽媽。
+            I miss my parents very much.
+        你不想你的男朋友嗎﹖
+            Don't you miss your boyfriend?
+        你想不想她﹖
+            Do you miss her?
+
+2.  想 + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
+
+        A: 你想去商店嗎﹖
+            Do you want to go to the shop?
+        B: 我不想去。
+            I don't want to go.
+
+        A: 你想不想學法語﹖
+            Do you want to study French?
+        B: 我也想學法語。
+            I also want to study French.
+
+3.  想 + clause = to think/suppose something:
+
+        我想她是中國人。
+            I think she is Chinese.
+        我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。
+            I think her parents are both doctors.
+
+    N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 in this capacity, put the negative
+    adverb in the /subordinate clause/, not in the main clause as in
+    English:
+
+        我想她/不是/中國人。
+            I don't think she is Chinese.
+        but not 我不想她是中國人。
+
+N.B. 想 as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form /only/
+in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.

MD/g1-18.md

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+
+## Word usage: 告訴
+
+告訴 means "to tell". In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell
+somebody something, or to tell somebody /to do/ something. The Chinese
+verb 告訴 can only be applied to the first of these patterns.
+
+    e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。
+        She told me her work.
+    我告訴媽媽你是我的好朋友。
+        I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
+    but not 我告訴他給我寫信。
+        I told him to write to me.
+
+Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我, 媽媽) of 告訴
+in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a
+clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it
+uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a
+verb-phrase for its direct object. In this case, we should use 叫 or 請
+in place of 告訴 to make a correct sentence:
+
+    我請他給我寫信。
+        I asked him to write to me.

MD/g1-19.md

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+
+## The Numbers in Chinese
+
+For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
+
+    ○ (or 零), 一, 二, 三, 四, 五, 六, 七, 八, 九, 十
+
+Further on, they are:
+
+    十一 = 11, 十二 = 12, 十九 = 19
+    二十 = 20, 二十一 = 21, 二十八 = 28
+    三十 = 30, 四十 = 40, 九十 = 90, 九十九 = 99
+
+    一百 = 100
+    一百零一 = 101, 一百十 = 110, 一百十一 = 111
+    三百二十七 = 327, 九百零九 = 909
+
+    一千 = 1000
+    一千零一 = 1001, 五千零四十 = 5040, 八千七百二十五 = 8725
+
+    一萬 = 10,000
+    四萬零八百零一 = 40,801
+
+    一億 = 100,000,000
+
+N.B.:
+
+1.  Numbers like 15 are written e.g. 十五, not 一十五.
+
+2.  A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101
+    is 一百零一, and 3020 is 三千零二十. Notice the last zero in 3020 is
+    /not/ pronounced because it is not between two other digits.
+
+    If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero
+    digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一. However, if
+    the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched, as in
+    40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一.

MD/g1-2.md

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+
+## 很, 也, 都
+
+All three are adverbs, which should be placed /before/ what they modify in Chinese. E.g., 很好, 也好, 都好.
+
+Sometimes 很 is not really employed to mean "very" if it is modifying a monosyllabic adjective such as 好. It is simply because to say 我好 is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic adjective as the predicate of the sentence. Therefore people usually add 很 before 好 to make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 in this case does not necessarily mean "I am /very/ well", it may simply convey the meaning of "I am fine".
+
+_The order of these words_: If all three adverbs occur in the same sentence, their order is 也 -- 都 -- 很:
+
+    我很好.
+    我也很好.
+    我們也都很好.
+
+N.B. 都 (both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the /left/ of it. Hence it is wrong to say 都他們很好 ("all of them are fine"). One
+should say 他們都很好.

MD/g1-20.md

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+
+## Grammar notes
+
+1.  Measure words
+
+    In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
+    pronouns such as 這 or 那, or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 or
+    幾, a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and
+    its modifier(s):
+
+        三本書, 十五個學生, 那個老師, 哪個圖書館, 幾本詞典
+
+2.  幾 and 多少
+
+    Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much". Whereas
+    幾 should be used with a measure word, 多少 can be used either with
+    or without a measure word for the noun it modifies.
+
+        你有幾本詞典﹖
+        你有多少(本)詞典﹖
+
+    The measure word 本 is a must for the first sentence, but only
+    optional in the second.
+
+    Also, when 幾 is used, the expected answer is usually under 10,
+    whereas 多少 can be used whether one expects a large or small answer.
+
+        你們大學有多少學生﹖
+        你家有幾個人﹖
+
+3.  Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
+
+    As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
+    object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
+
+        王老師教我們語法。
+
+    In this sentence, 教 is a verb that takes 我們 as the indirect
+    object and 法語 as the direct object. Generally the indirect goes
+    before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same way
+    include 還, 告訴 and 問.
+
+    Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say
+    他買我一本書 (He bought me a book), or 她寫我一封信 (She wrote me a
+    letter). The correct way of saying these would be to use 給, as in
+    他給我買一本書 and 她給我寫一封信.
+
+4.  Adjectives as modifiers
+
+    When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the
+    noun as in English:
+
+        新書
+            new book
+        好朋友
+            good friend
+
+    However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
+    syllables, the particle 的 is usually inserted between the modifier
+    and the noun it modifies:
+
+        很新的書
+            very new book
+        很好的朋友
+            very good friend

MD/g1-21.md

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+
+## Word usage: 也 and 還
+
+也 is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement. Hence the
+relationship between the statement introduced by 也 and the previous one
+is a /parallel/ relationship. 還, on the other hand, introduces an
+/additional/ element to the previous statement.
+
+    e.g. 你有一個問題﹐我也有一個問題。
+        You have a question; I also have a question. The two are
+        parallel here.
+    我還有一個問題。
+        I have already had some questions, but I still have one more.
+        This is /in addition to/ the previous ones.
+
+Under certain circumstances, 也 and 還 are interchangeable, but with
+different emphasis:
+
+    王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他還教我們口語。
+    王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。
+
+Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang
+teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
+conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses
+the fact that Wang teaches conversation /in addition to/ the other
+subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three
+subjects he teaches without prioritization.

MD/g1-22.md

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+
+## Grammar notes
+
+1.  的 construction
+
+    A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
+    adjective) with the word 的 can function as a noun or noun-phrase in
+    a sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear:
+
+        這條裙子是我姐姐的。
+            This skirt is my sister's. Noun + 的)
+        哪本詞典是你的﹖
+            Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + 的
+        你爸爸的車是白的嗎﹖
+            Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + 的
+        你喝的是什麼茶﹖
+            What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + 的
+
+    These constructions normally involve the verb 是 (or 不是).
+
+2.  Usage of 從
+
+    從 + place word + 去 = to go from; 從 + place word + 來 = to come from.
+
+        e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖
+            Where did you come from?
+        我從圖書館來。
+            I came from the library.
+        我們晚上從我家去劇場。
+            We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.
+
+3.  Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 / 那兒 = over here/there at ...'s place
+
+    When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 or 那兒, they function as a
+    place word or expression. Since one cannot say 我去她 (I went to
+    her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 (I went to her place), because
+    她那兒 is now regarded as a place expression. Similarly one cannot
+    say 你的裙子在我 (Your skirt is with me), but one can say 你的裙子在
+    我這兒 (Your skirt is with me). More examples:
+
+        你的書在他那兒。
+            Your book is at his place.
+        我們都去姐姐那兒。
+            We all went to my sister's place.
+        老師來我這兒找她。
+            The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.
+
+    As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
+    use 那兒; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker
+    himself or herself, use 這兒.
+
+4.  太 + adjective + 了
+
+    This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
+    used between 太 and 了:
+
+        太忙了﹗
+            Too busy!
+        太大了﹗
+            Too big!
+
+    The expression 太好了﹗, however, has a positive meaning, expressing
+    satisfaction or admiration.

MD/g1-23.md

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+
+## Word study: 二 vs. 兩
+
+These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
+
+1.  When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩:
+
+        兩個人, 兩本書, 增加了兩倍, 去了兩次
+
+2.  二 should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is
+    followed by a measure word:
+
+        二十二, 一百零二次, 十二個人, 五千八百六十二元
+
+    There are some more restrictions, though:
+
+    1.  Only 二 can be used before the character 十; before the
+        character 百, 二 is usually employed but 兩 may also be used:
+
+            二十, 二百二十五, 二百五十元 or 兩百五十元
+
+    2.  For numbers like 千, 萬 or 億, 兩 is used more often than 二:
+
+            兩千元 (also 二千元), 兩萬三千八, 兩億人口
+
+    3.  If the number is greater than 百, 千, 萬, /i.e./ if there are
+        more digits before 百, 千 or 萬, then put 二 instead of 兩 in
+        front:
+
+            四億二千萬, 三萬二千人, 五千二百元

MD/g1-24.md

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+
+## Time
+
+The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
+
+    A: 現在幾點﹖
+    B: 現在...
+    兩點	2:00
+    十點半 (or 十點三十分)	10:30
+    三點一刻 (or 三點十五分)	3:15
+    十二點三刻 (or 十二點四十五分)	12:45
+    兩點差五分 (or 差五分兩點)	1:55
+    五點二十分	5:20
+    六點零五分	6:05
+    七點三十五分	7:35
+
+Some notes:
+
+1.  When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零, as in
+    三點零八分 (3:08) or 十二點零三分 (12:03).
+
+2.  When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 is optional:
+
+        七點十五 or 七點十五分
+
+3.  "This morning" is 今天上午, not for example 這個上午; "every
+    afternoon" is 每天下午, not 每下午.

MD/g1-25.md

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+
+## Placement of time-words
+
+A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject
+or at the beginning of a sentence:
+
+    我們十點半上中文課
+    十點半我們上中文課
+
+Some notes:
+
+1.  A time-word does not take a preposition:
+
+        我三點下課
+        but not 我在三點下課
+
+2.  A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
+
+        她晚上來
+            She came in the evening.
+        or 晚上她來
+        but not 她來晚上
+
+3.  If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
+    smaller:
+
+        今天晚上八點
+            at 8 o'clock this evening
+
+4.  If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
+    goes first:
+
+        我晚上八點在圖書館等你
+        你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖
+        明天你幾點在哪兒上課﹖
+            When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?
+
+5.  Time-word + 的 + noun (time-words modifying nouns)
+
+        A: 你想看幾點的電影﹖
+            What show do you want to see? /literally/ What time's film
+            do you want to see?
+        B: 我想看中午十二點半的(電影)。
+            I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.
+
+        A: 這是今天的報嗎﹖
+            Is this today's paper?
+        B: 不是今天的報﹐是昨天的。
+            It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.

MD/g1-26.md

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+
+## The use of the time-words 以前 and 以後
+
+When used by itself, 以前 means "previously" or "before" and 以後 means
+"later", "afterwards" or "in the future":
+
+    我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。
+        I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
+    你以前在哪兒工作﹖
+        Where did you work before?
+    以前我不住宿舍﹐現在住宿舍。
+        I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.
+
+When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 means
+"before..." and 以後 means "after...":
+
+    十點以前我不回家。
+        I won't go home before 10.
+    回家以前我在閱覽室看書。
+        I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
+    來美國以後他在這兒工作。
+        He has been working here after he came to America.
+    十點半以後你在宿舍作什麼﹖
+        What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?
+
+N.B. When 以前 or 以後 is used together with a time-word or verb phrase
+to mean "before" or "after", the word order is exactly the opposite of
+the English equivalent:
+
+    四點以前
+        before 4 o'clock
+    下課以前
+        before the class is over
+    明天晚上以後
+        after tomorrow evening (or night)
+    回宿舍以後
+        after returning to the dormitory

MD/g1-27.md

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+
+## A 跟 B (一起) + verb/verb-phrase
+
+跟 as a preposition means "with", and 一起 means "together". This
+pattern is used to indicate that A and B do something together. Here 跟
+can be replaced with 和 without changing the meaning; and the phrase 一
+起 is optional.
+
+    e.g. 我跟 (or 和) 她去看電影。
+        I go to see a film with her.
+    我跟她一起去看電影。
+        She and I go to see a film together.)
+    晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖
+        With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?
+
+    A: 晚上你有事兒嗎﹖跟我一起去看京劇﹐好嗎﹖
+        Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
+        opera!
+    B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。
+        I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.
+
+N.B. This pattern of A 跟 B (一起) is always placed /before/ the main
+verb in the sentence. Hence the following sentence, with English word
+order, is wrong:
+
+    我想去跟我男朋友一起。
+        I want to go together with my boyfriend.

MD/g1-28.md

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+
+## Alternative Questions using 還是
+
+In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 to connect
+two choices, which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or
+clauses:
+
+    你喜歡紅茶還是綠茶﹖ (nouns)
+    這本書是你的還是她的﹖ (noun phrases)
+    下午你來還是不來﹖ (verbs)
+    你要聽古典音樂還是聽現代音樂﹖ (verb phrases)
+    今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ (clauses)
+
+Note:
+
+1.  the two items connected by 還是 are normally parallel in structure; and
+
+2.  as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
+    interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 at the end.

MD/g1-29.md

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+
+## Pivotal Sentences with 請, 讓, 叫
+
+In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal sentence is
+one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the
+subject of the following verb. This object therefore functions as a
+pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence.
+
+The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause
+something to happen) such as 請, 讓 or 叫. All three carry the meaning
+of asking somebody to do something. Of the three, 請 is the most polite;
+讓 is less so, and 叫 is the least polite. So watch out for the
+occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe:
+
+    學生請王老師介紹中國音樂。
+        The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
+    老師讓學生每天寫漢字。
+        The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
+    爸爸叫孩子學中文。
+        Dad asked his child to study Chinese.
+
+Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the
+Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of
+politeness.
+
+Note:
+
+1.  Besides the use of 請 above (meaning "to ask someone to do
+    something"), 請 can also be used to mean "to invite":
+
+        我們請他來吃晚飯。
+            We invited him to dinner.
+        你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖
+            Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?
+
+2.  To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 /before the
+    first verb/:
+
+        我的大夫不讓我喝酒。
+            My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.
+        他們不叫我去看電影。
+            They did not invite me to go to the pictures.

MD/g1-3.md

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+
+## 都不 vs. 不都
+
+都不 indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 shows a partial negation:
+
+    他們都不忙
+        None of them is busy.
+    他們不都忙
+        Not all of them are busy.
+    我們都不是大夫
+        None of us is a doctor.
+    我們不都是大夫
+        Not all of us are doctors.

MD/g1-30.md

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+
+## Word usage: 別 and 不要
+
+別 and 不要 both mean "do not". They can be used in negative
+/imperative/ sentences with or without a subject. They are placed
+between the subject (if present) and the verb or adjective:
+
+    (你) 別 (or 不要) 告訴他﹗
+    別喝酒﹗ 別去那兒﹗
+    不要吸煙﹗ 下午不要去﹗
+
+Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
+sentences. It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他走. One can say instead 爸爸不請
+他走.

MD/g1-31.md

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+
+## Expressions for the date, week, month and year
+
+1.  年, year
+    1.  去年 = last year; 今年 = this year; 明年 = next year
+
+    2.  一九九七年, 一九九八年, ...
+
+    3.  一年 = one year; 兩年 = two years (not 二年); 三年 = three years
+        每年 = every year; 五年半 = five-and-a-half years
+
+2.  月, month
+    1.  上個月= last month; 這個月 = this month; 下個月 = next month
+
+    2.  一月 = January; 二月 = February (not 兩月); ... 二十月 = December
+
+3.  星期, week
+    1.  上 (個) 星期 = last week; 這 (個) 星期 = this week; 下 (個) 星期
+        = next week
+
+    2.  星期一 = Monday; 星期二 = Tuesday; ... 星期六 = Saturday; 星期日
+        or 星期天 = Sunday
+
+    3.  一 (個) 星期 = one week; 兩 (個) 星期 = two weeks (not 二 (個)
+        星期); 三 (個) 星期 = three weeks; 四個半星期 = four-and-a-half
+        weeks; ... 每 (個) 星期 = every week
+
+4.  日 / 號 / 天 date
+
+    Use 日 or 號 for a /specific/ date. Usually 日 is used in written
+    and formal language and 號 is used in conversation. The word 天
+    should be used in /counting/ the number of days:
+
+    1.  作天 = yesterday; 今天 = today; 明天 = tomorrow
+
+    2.  一號; 二號 (not 兩號); ... 三十一號
+        四月六號; 十月二十五日; ...
+
+    3.  一天 = one day; 兩天 = two days (not 二天); ... 半天 = half a
+        day; 每天 = every day
+
+Some notes:
+
+1.  When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
+    calendar date comes before the day of the week:
+
+        一九九六年十一月二十五號星期一
+        一七八九年七月十四日
+
+2.  Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month:
+
+        今年五月
+            the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
+        去年八月
+            the August of last year
+        明年二月
+            the February of next year
+
+        這 (個) 星期五
+            the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
+        上 (個) 星期一
+            the Monday of last week
+        下 (個) 星期四
+            the Thursday of next week
+
+    Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as
+    這個星期一, if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore
+    referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days,
+    and for months.

MD/g1-32.md

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+
+## Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun
+
+Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a
+modified to form a relative clause:
+
+1.  Unlike in English, all modifiers go /before/ the element they modify
+    in Chinese:
+
+        他喝的水不很乾淨
+        這是我朋友送我的禮物
+
+2.  The word 的 has to be inserted between the modifier and the element
+    it modifies:
+
+        我下午看的電影很有意思。
+            The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
+        給你開門的那個人是我妹妹。
+            The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
+        跟他跳舞的姑娘是我的同學。
+            The girl who danced with him was my classmate.

MD/g1-33.md

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+
+## Other grammar notes
+
+1.  Sentences with an adjectival predicate
+
+    The verb 是 is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence
+    where the main element of the predicate is an adjective:
+
+        我們今天很高興。
+        她的絲線衫太小。
+        那個服務員非常年輕。
+
+    In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
+    preceded by adverbs such as 真, 太, 非常 or 更, it is usually
+    qualified by the adverb 很. In such cases, 很 does not really mean
+    "very"; 他很忙 and 他忙 mean virtually the same.
+
+    Also, adverbs such as 很, 常, 也, 非常, 太 or 更 /cannot/ be used in
+    affirmative-negative sentences of this type:
+
+        你高興不高興﹖ but not 你很高興不很高興﹖
+        她年輕不年輕﹖ but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖
+        你去不去﹖ but not 你也去不去﹖
+
+2.  祝你 vs 祝賀你
+
+    In general, 祝你 is used to extend well-wishes /in advance/ whereas
+    祝賀你 is used to congratulate someone on something /already
+    accomplished/:
+
+        祝你生日好﹗ (One can say this on the day, or in advance.)
+        祝賀你﹗ (Say this only when something has already been
+        accomplished.)
+
+3.  Reduplication of verbs
+
+    To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften
+    the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can
+    be repeated:
+
+        我給你們介紹介紹。 (Notice the pattern is ABAB, not AABB.)
+        你們想去看看她嗎﹖
+        讓我想想。
+
+    In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 can be inserted:
+
+        讓我想一想。
+        我們都想看一看她。
+
+    Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒
+    after the verb:
+
+        用一下兒 = 用用 = 用一用
+        看一下兒 = 看看 = 看一看
+        介紹一下兒 = 介紹介紹

MD/g1-34.md

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+
+## Position words
+
+Words such as 上邊, 左邊, 前邊, 中間, 對面 are position words. Some of
+the basic syllables are:
+
+ 	上 - up
+左 - left 	中 - middle	 右 - right
+ 	下 - down
+
+前 - front	 	 裡 - in
+後 - back	 	 外 - out
+
+Usually, add 邊 to make "on the left", "above", "outside" etc.
+
+Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:
+
+1.  Noun (+ 的) + position word:
+
+        車(的)外邊
+            outside the car
+        房子(的)後邊
+            behind the house
+        桌子(的)對面
+            opposite the table
+
+2.  Position word + 的 + noun (here the 的 is /mandatory/).
+
+        外邊的車
+            the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
+        後邊的房子
+            the house behind (the house which is behind)
+        對面的桌子
+            the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the
+            way)
+
+Notes:
+
+1.  When 上邊, 下邊, 裡邊 and 外邊 are modified by other nouns, the
+    character 邊 can be omitted:
+
+        房子(的)裡(邊)
+            inside the house
+        桌子(的)上(邊)
+            on the table
+        教室(的)外(邊)
+            outside the classroom
+
+2.  Do /not/ use 裡邊 in the following two cases:
+    1.  After geographical names such as 中國, 北京 etc:
+
+            她在北京學習漢語。
+                She studies Chinese in Beijing.
+            but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。
+
+            美國有很多大學。
+                There are many universities in America.
+            but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。
+
+    2.  In a phrase of the form "在 + place, building or organisation":
+
+            我在銀行工作。
+                I work in a bank.
+            but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。
+
+            他們在閱覽室看書。
+                They are reading books in the reading-room.
+            but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。

MD/g1-35.md

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+
+## Patterns for Location
+
+There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在, 有
+and 是 respectively and with different meanings:
+
+1.  To show that there is something in a certain place: 有
+
+    Position word + 有 + indefinite noun:
+
+        後邊有什麼﹖
+            What is behind?
+        後邊有一個車房。
+            There is a garage behind.
+        我們家對面有一個公園。
+            Across from our home, there is a park.
+
+2.  To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在
+
+    Definite noun + 在 + position word:
+
+        花園在哪兒﹖
+            Where is the garden?
+        花園在我們家後邊。
+            The garden is behind our house.
+        花園在車房 (的) 右邊。
+            The garden is to the right of the garage.
+
+3.  To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是
+
+    Position word + 是 + definite/indefinite noun:
+
+        你們家後邊是什麼﹖
+            What's behind your house?
+        我們家後邊是一個花園。
+            Behind our house is a garden.
+        他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。
+            In front of their house is the college library.

MD/g1-36.md

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+
+## Progressive aspect of an action
+
+To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the
+following patterns:
+
+    她在休息。
+        She is resting.
+    她正休息。
+    她正在休息。
+
+    她休息呢。
+    她在休息呢。
+    她正休息呢。
+    她正在休息呢。
+
+Notes:
+
+1.  All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted.
+
+2.  The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but
+    also to past and future actions:
+
+        她現在正在休息。
+            She is resting now. /present progressive/
+        我去的時候﹐她正在休息。
+            When I went there, she was resting. /past progressive/
+        我明天去看她的時候﹐她一定正在休息。
+            When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting.
+            /future progressive/
+
+3.  As shown above, either 在, 正 or 正在 can be placed before a verb to
+    indicate the progressive aspect of an action.
+
+4.  Alternatively, 呢 can be placed at the end of the sentence to
+    perform the same function. Sometimes 呢 can be used together with
+    在, 正 or 正在.
+
+5.  The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有,
+    not 不, before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 alone if it
+    is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer. Otherwise the
+    full form of 沒有 must be used:
+
+        她沒(有)休息﹐她在看報。
+        她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。(or simply 沒有)
+
+6.  If both the 在 of the progressive aspect and the 在 of location
+    exist in a sentence, only one should be used:
+
+        她正在房間里休息。
+        but not 她正在在房間里休息。

MD/g1-37.md

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+
+## Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers
+
+An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as
+我給她打電話, 他今天買, 我們去北京參觀 can be used as a modifier for a
+noun. When used this way, there must be a 的 inserted between the
+construction and the noun it modifies:
+
+    我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃飯。
+        When I called her, she was eating.
+    他今天買的花兒很漂亮。
+        The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
+    請你們看我們去北京參觀的照片。
+        Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
+    這是誰給你寫的信﹖
+        Who wrote this letter to you?
+
+The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the
+的, which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.

MD/g1-38.md

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+
+## Word usage: 參觀 vs. 訪問
+
+Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English. However, while 參
+觀 implies 觀 (to see), 訪問 stresses 問 (to ask). Hence 參觀 really
+implies observation while visiting and 訪問 means to visit people with
+specific purpose such as interviews. 參觀 can be followed by places but
+not people; whereas 訪問 can take either, but most commonly people.
+
+    參觀/訪問學校
+    訪問他/這個國家的總統

MD/g1-39.md

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+
+## Grammar Notes
+
+1.  Measure word 些
+
+    些 is a measure word showing indefinite quantity. It is usually used
+    after demonstrative pronouns such as 這, 那, 哪 and after the
+    numeral 一:
+
+        一些
+            some
+        這些
+            these
+        那些
+            those
+        哪些
+            which (plural)
+
+    Don't attempt to mix 些 with definite measures. It is wrong to say
+    這些三本詞典 (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這三本詞典.
+
+2.  是 . . . 的 construction
+
+    Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
+    adjectives:
+
+        這本書是中文的。= 這本書中文的書。
+        那條裙子是妹妹的。= 那條裙子是妹妹的裙子。
+        姐姐的大衣是黑的。= 姐姐的大衣是黑的大衣。
+
+    But the 是 . . . 的 construction can also be used with prepositional
+    phrases and even whole verbal constructions:
+
+        那些點心是給丁雲的。= 那些點心是丁雲的點心。
+            Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
+        這束花兒是我給她買的。= 這束花兒我給她買的花兒。
+            This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
+        這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的。= 這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的書。
+            This book is the one I borrowed from the university library.

MD/g1-4.md

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+## 的
+
+As an auxiliary word, 的 is used to indicate possession. It comes
+between the subject and the noun it modifies: 我的書, 我媽媽的車 etc.
+
+In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
+possessive marker 的 can be omitted. /Otherwise it cannot/.
+
+    e.g. 你弟弟 = 你的弟弟, 我爸爸 = 我的爸爸

MD/g1-40.md

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+
+## The use of the Complement of Degree
+
+
+### What is a complement?
+
+A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain or
+complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
+duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of
+an action. Complements always appear *after* the verbs they modify.
+
+We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the words
+they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because Chinese
+word order often observes the time sequence in which an action occurs.
+Notice, for example:
+
+    昨天晚上我們從書店去電影院。
+        Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop.
+
+Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
+Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a verbal
+action has to take place first, before one can see its extent or result,
+the complement placed after the verb observes this time sequence.
+
+
+### The complement of degree
+
+This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
+adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle 得
+is used to connect the verb and its complement:
+
+    他學習得怎麼樣﹖
+        How is he studying?
+    他學習得很好。
+        He's studying very well.
+
+The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
+
+1.  Verb without object: V + 得 + adjective
+
+        你工作得不錯。
+
+2.  Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 + adjective
+
+        我妹妹唱民歌唱得很好。
+
+3.  Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 + adjective
+
+        他們中文學得很好。
+
+Place 不 /before the adjective/ to make the negative:
+
+4.  V + 得 + 不 + adjective
+
+        她歌唱得不好﹐ 舞也跳得不好。
+
+Questions are formed as follows:
+
+1.  . . . 得 adjective 不 adjective?
+
+        你開車開得快不快﹖
+
+2.  . . . 得怎麼樣﹖
+
+        你中文學得怎麼樣﹖
+
+3.  . . . 得 adjective 嗎﹖
+
+        你游泳游得好嗎﹖
+
+Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as 有,
+在 or 是, since those verbs normally do not denote actions.

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+
+## The difference between 呢 and 吧 as sentence-ending particles
+
+Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end of a
+question. However, they differ in usage.
+
+
+### In questions
+
+呢 is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry. It may appear in
+questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 or 哪兒;
+affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖好吃不好吃呢﹖; or
+alternative questions with 還是, such as 吃面包還是火腿呢﹖
+
+吧, on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate
+a mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker: 在這兒
+停車吧﹖ 你不知道吧﹖
+
+
+### In affirmative statements
+
+呢 in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an action
+(e.g. 她學中文呢), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration
+(e.g. 晚上電影九點才開始呢。 從這兒去要走三天呢。)
+
+吧 is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften the
+tone, as in 我們走吧。 你再想想吧。

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+
+## The use of optative verbs
+
+Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
+express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
+
+1.  To express /subjective wish/, /desire/ or /request/:
+
+    1.  要 + verb = to want to
+
+            我要喝橘子水。
+
+    2.  想 + verb = would like to
+
+            你想看電影嗎﹖
+
+2.  To express /objective necessity/:
+
+    1.  要 + verb = to have to (especially in questions)
+
+            我明天要來嗎﹖
+                Do I have to come tomorrow?
+            我們要去了。
+                We have to go.
+
+    2.  不用 + verb = don't have to
+
+            你明天不用來。
+                You don't have to come tomorrow.
+
+3.  To express /ability/ or /skill acquired/:
+
+    1.  能 + verb = can, be able to
+
+            你現在能看中文報紙嗎﹖
+
+    2.  可以 + verb = can, be able to
+
+            你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖
+
+    3.  會 + verb = can, be able to
+
+            他們都會游泳嗎﹖
+
+4.  To express /ability depending on circumstances/:
+
+    1.  能 + verb = can, be able to
+
+            你明天能來嗎﹖
+
+    2.  可以 + verb = can, be able to
+
+            你今天晚上可以1給他打電話嗎﹖
+
+    Note, in both cases use 不能 for negative sentences.
+
+5.  To express /permission/:
+
+    1.  能 + verb = may, be permitted to
+
+            我能在這兒停車嗎﹖
+            你不能 (or 不可以) 在這兒停車。
+
+    2.  可以 + verb = may, be permitted to
+
+            我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖
+            你不可以 (or 不能) 在這兒吸煙。
+
+6.  To express /possibility/ or /probability/:
+
+     .  會 + verb = be likely to, will probably
+
+            你明天會再來嗎﹖
+            今天晚上不會下雨。
+
+7.  To express /need arising from moral or factual necessity/:
+
+    1.  應該 + verb = should, ought to
+
+            你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。
+            他們不應該翻譯那本書。
+
+Note:
+
+1.  To make a negation, put the negative word 不 or 沒有 before the
+    optative verb:
+
+        他們不想給圖書館打電話。
+
+2.  To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
+    verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
+
+        你會不會唱中國民歌﹖
+        but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖
+
+3.  It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
+
+        你是北京人﹐應該會唱京劇。

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+
+## The use of adverbs 就 and 才
+
+就 and 才 are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's
+attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier
+(就) or later (才) than expected:
+
+    他們三點就來了﹐可是你們現在才來。
+        They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
+    我們是老朋友﹐我們十年前就認識了。
+        We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as
+        ten years ago.
+    她不是我的同學﹐我上個星期才認識她。
+        She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago.
+
+Compare the following sentences:
+
+    今年我們就想去中國學習。
+        (The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon
+        as this year.)
+    今年我們才想去中國學習。
+        (The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
+        they should have gone earlier.)
+
+As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
+sentence, 就 and 才 should be placed after it; when there is an optative
+verb, on the other hand, 就 and 才 should be placed before it. Here is
+the pattern:
+
+    Time-word + 就/才 + optative verb + main verb
+    她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。
+    他們今天下午三點就能出發﹐我們要晚上八點才能走。

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+
+## Word usage: 或者, 還是
+
+Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but
+they differ in usage: in general, 或者 is used in non-interrogative
+sentences to indicate a choice:
+
+    我妹妹想研究音樂或者文學。
+
+還是, on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
+questions:
+
+    你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖
+
+It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as 知道, 告訴
+etc:
+
+請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖
+我不知道她是老師還是學生。
+
+In cases in which both 或者 and 還是 can appear in questions, there are
+some subtle differences in their anticipations and tones:
+
+     1. A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖
+        B: 我想去中國。
+
+     2. A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖
+        B: 我想去﹐我兩個地方都想去。
+
+In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice
+from the answer. The two terms with 還是 are mutually exclusive. In
+dialogue 2, the question is a general one using 嗎 at the end. It does
+not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B can give a general
+answer: 我想去 -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought:
+我兩個地方都想去. The two items with 或者 in the question are therefore
+not mutually exclusive.
+
+Sometimes, however, 還是 can also be used in a non-interrogative
+sentence. For instance:
+
+    去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一時(??)不定主意。
+
+Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
+compelling 他 to make a choice. In contrast, 或者 in this case can only
+convey a sort of explanatory note:
+
+    你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一定要作決定。 (interrogative)
+    或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其他選擇。 (explanatory)

MD/g1-45.md

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+
+## 了解, 知道, 認識 and 懂
+
+The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
+
+Both 了解 and 知道 can mean "to know". However, 了解 implies some level
+of understanding and comprehension of what one knows. Therefore 了解 can
+be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道. Compare:
+
+    你了解 (or 知道) 這個學校嗎﹖
+    我不知道他是誰的孩子。(Here one can not use 了解.)
+
+認識 is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not
+others. It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability.
+
+    A: 哦﹐我認識她﹗
+        Oh, I know her!
+    B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖
+        Where did you get to know her?
+
+懂, on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its
+definition is not as broad as that of 了解 (to know and understand) and
+is different from that of 知道 (to know).
+
+    1. 你懂他說的漢語嗎﹖
+    2. 你知道他叫甚麼名字嗎﹖
+    3. 你了解他嗎﹖
+
+Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him
+than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than
+sentence 1.

MD/g1-46.md

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+
+## The use of the Perfect Aspect
+
+
+### Basic concept
+
+The aspect particle 了 is added to the end of a verb to indicate the
+completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is
+equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future
+perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place in
+the past or in the future. For instance:
+
+    A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖
+    B: 我下了課去圖書館。
+
+On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
+particle 了, if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there
+is no need to emphasise its completion:
+
+    去年他常常去書店。
+    以前我住在學生宿舍。
+
+
+### Basic patterns
+
+1.  Affirmative sentence
+
+        Subject + verb + 了 (+ object)
+        e.g. 電影開始了。 我買了兩本書。
+
+2.  Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
+
+        Subject + 沒(有) + verb (+ object)
+        or subject + 還沒(有) + verb (+ 呢)
+        e.g. 我沒有買書。 電影還沒開始呢。
+
+3.  Interrogative sentence
+
+        Subject + verb + 了 (+ object) + 沒有﹖
+        or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖
+        or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is
+        usually monosyllabic)
+        e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ 她來了嗎﹖ 你們談沒談這個問題﹖
+
+
+      Notes
+
+1.  If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence,
+    the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral +
+    measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the sentence sounds
+    incomplete:
+
+        我買了三本書。
+        我在書店里買了書。
+        but not simply 我買了書。
+
+2.  If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
+    those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 is
+    usually placed after the /last/ verb.
+
+        a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。
+        b. 他們昨天進城買了一些中文詞典。
+
+    In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is
+    written by using Chinese; in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related
+    to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to
+    buy the dictionaries. Compare the above sentences with the
+    following, with a different structure:
+
+        我下了課去圖書館。
+
+    Here "class is over" (下課) and "go to the library" are unrelated.
+    They are contained in the sentence simply to indicate their
+    sequence. Hence it is wrong to say
+
+        我下課去了圖書館。
+
+3.  When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 is
+    placed /before/ the reduplicated verb:
+
+        我試了試那條裙子﹐真漂亮﹗

MD/g1-47.md

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+
+## 又, 再 and 還
+
+All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like
+the English "again". They differ in usage, however:
+
+Whereas 又 indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken
+place, 再 implies a repetition of an action in the future. Also, 再 is
+only used in /declarative/ sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎:
+
+    昨天他來晚了﹐今天他又來晚了。
+        (repetition in the past)
+    你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進來了。
+        (repetition in the future)
+    你再喝一點兒橘子水﹐好嗎﹖
+
+Also, 又 can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or
+occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place:
+
+    明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。
+    新年又要來了。
+
+還, on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
+
+    你明天還來嗎﹖
+
+It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an
+optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb
+and an optional 再 can be placed after:
+
+    A: 你明年還能(再)教我們嗎﹖
+    B: 我明年還可以(再)教你們。

MD/g1-48.md

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+
+## Use of the modal particle 了
+
+
+### Basic concept
+
+The modal particle 了 is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate
+that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference
+between 了 as modal particle and 了 to indicate perfect aspect is that
+the latter only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former
+shows the completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some
+_change of situation_.
+
+    他買了書了。
+
+The first 了 in the sentence above indicates only the completion of the
+action of 買書, whereas the second 了 marks some change of situation on
+the part of 他 as a result of the completion of the book-buying process:
+originally he did not have the book, but now he has.
+
+
+### Basic patterns
+
+(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
+previous section.)
+
+1.  Affirmative sentence
+
+        Subject + verb (+ object) + 了
+        e.g. 他們看足球賽了。
+
+2.  Negative sentence (note 了 is dropped here)
+
+        Subject + 沒 (有) + verb (+ object)
+        e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。
+
+3.  Interrogative sentence
+
+        Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖
+        or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖
+        or Subject + verb + 沒 + verb + object﹖ (here the verb is
+        usually monosyllabic)
+        e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖
+        他們看足球賽了嗎﹖
+        他們看沒看足球賽﹖
+
+
+      Notes
+
+1.  As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the perfect
+    aspect 了 from the modal particle 了. In such a case, 了 can be
+    regarded as fulfilling both functions:
+
+        她來了。 我們懂了。
+
+2.  A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
+    require a 了 at the end of the sentence:
+
+        我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出去。

MD/g1-49.md

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+
+## Sequential actions
+
+To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
+other, we use the pattern
+
+    Subject + verb + 了 (以後) 就 + verb ...
+    e.g. 我們辦了簽証(以後)就回家。
+    明天吃了早飯(以後)我們就出發。
+
+The above pattern can be used for /future/ actions as well. To indicate
+that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 has to be
+inserted at the end of the sentence:
+
+    我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。
+    他們早上沒吃早飯就走了。

MD/g1-5.md

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+
+## 我很好 -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".
+
+Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb. In
+the sentence 我很好, the adjectival phrase 很好 serves as the predicate
+for the sentence. No verb "to be" is needed as in English (I /am/ very
+well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an /adjective/ as
+its predicate, even in negative sentences.
+
+    e.g. 他們很忙, 我們不忙
+        They are very busy, we are not.
+
+Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 should still
+be retained:
+
+    他是我朋友
+        He is my friend.
+
+    我不是她的哥哥
+        I am not her elder brother.
+
+
+### Proper Response
+
+Study the following two dialogues:
+
+    A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎?
+        Is your mother a doctor?
+    B: 是, 她是大夫.
+        Yes, she is a doctor.
+
+    A: 你媽媽忙嗎?
+        Is your mother busy?
+    B: 忙, 她很忙.
+        Yes, she is very busy.
+
+To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb --
+in the above case 是 and 忙 respectively -- as an equivalent to the
+English "yes" before making the statement itself. Note therefore that
+the response is not always 是.

MD/g1-6.md

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+
+## Questions with interrogative words 誰, 哪, 什麼
+
+Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as "what",
+"when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a question,
+Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming questions using
+such interrogative words as 誰, 哪, 什麼, etc:
+
+1.  他是我弟弟. (He is my younger brother.)
+    他是誰? (Who is he?)
+
+2.  他是我們老師. (He is our teacher.)
+    誰是你們老師? (Who is your teacher?)
+
+3.  他是中國人. (He is Chinese.)
+    他是哪國人? (What is his nationality?)
+
+4.  這是中國地圖. (This is a map of China.)
+    這是什麼地圖? (What map is this?)
+
+5.  那是書. (That is a book.)
+    那是什麼? (What is that?)
+
+6.  這是她的車. (This is her car.)
+    這是誰的車? (Whose car is this?)
+
+As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what
+one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form questions.
+No change of word order takes place.

MD/g1-7.md

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+
+## Asking a person's name
+
+There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that
+person is.
+
+1.  您貴姓﹖
+
+    This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What
+    is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to address one's
+    elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one
+    wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 cannot
+    be used when asking about a third person's name, or when referring
+    to oneself.
+
+        A: 您/你貴姓﹖
+            What is your name?
+        B: 我姓丁。
+            My name is Ding.
+
+2.  你叫什麼﹖
+
+    This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually used
+    to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors.
+    If one wants to be a bit polite, 請問 can be added to the question:
+
+        請問﹐你叫什麼﹖
+            May I ask, what's your name?
+
+    Unlike 貴姓, which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 can be
+    employed for all persons:
+
+        她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖etc.
+
+When asked 你姓什麼﹖you are supposed to give your last name first, and
+then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when asked
+你叫什麼﹖you can give either your given name or your full name.

MD/g1-8.md

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+
+## Word usage: 學習﹐ 學
+
+Both words mean "to study" or "to learn". Whereas 學習 can be used both
+transitively and intransitively, 學 is normally reserved for transitive
+use.
+
+    e.g. 我學(習)漢語﹐她學(習)法語。
+        I study Chinese, she studies French.
+    我學習﹐我弟弟不學習。
+        I study, my younger brother doesn't study.
+
+In the second sentence, the word 習 cannot be omitted.

MD/g1-9.md

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+
+## Grammar notes: 在, 這兒 and 那兒
+
+ 1. 在 (to be at/in...) functions as a verb.
+
+    To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use
+    the following pattern:
+
+        S + 在 + place/location word or phrase
+        e.g. A: 你的地圖在哪兒﹖
+        B: 我的地圖在那兒。
+
+        A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖
+        B: 他們在中國。
+
+    If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
+
+        A: 古波在嗎﹖
+            Is Gubo in [or: here]?
+        B: 他不在﹐他在學生宿舍。
+            He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.
+
+
+ 2. Nouns / personal pronouns + 這兒/那兒 as place words.
+
+        e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖
+        B: 在我這兒。(or 在我那兒)
+
+        A: 你的車在哪兒﹖
+        B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。
+
+    The choice of 這兒 and 那兒 depends on the distance between the
+    object and the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use 這兒; if
+    not, use 那兒.
+
+ 3. The word order for Chinese place words
+
+    Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and
+    proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives in room
+    423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她住學院
+    學生宿舍四層四二三號。 Notice the exactly reverse order here, which
+    is applicable to the address used when writing letters as well.
+
+ 4. To live (stay) at a place
+
+    Most often one uses 住 to indicate that one lives or stays at a
+    certain place. There are several patterns for the use of 住. For
+    example, to say "I live here", one can have the following:
+
+        S + 住 + place word (我住這兒)
+        S + 住在 + place word (我住在這兒)
+        S + 在 + place word + 住 (我在這兒住)
+
+    All three sentences have the same meaning.
+
+ 5. Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
+
+    Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by
+    digit:
+
+        English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)
+        Chinese: # 1452 (一四五二號)

Programmes/wordlist.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,484 @@
+嗎 	ma3 / ma5	morphine / (question tag)
+你好 	ni3hao3	hello, how are you
+你 	ni3	you
+呢 	ne5 / ni2	(question particle) / woolen material
+我 	wo3	I, me, myself
+很好 	hen3hao3	well
+忙 	mang2	busy
+不忙 	bu4mang2	theres no hurry, take ones time
+很 	hen3	very, extremely
+也 	ye3	also, too
+都 	dou1 / du1	all, both (if two things are involved), entirely (due to)each, even, already / (surname), metropolis, capital city
+好 	hao3 / hao4	good, well / be fond of
+我們 	wo3men5	we, us, ourselves
+他們 	ta1men5	they
+他們都 	ta1men5dou1	all of them
+不 	bu4	(negative prefix), not, no
+不是 	bu2shi4	(n) blame or fault
+大夫 	dai4fu5	doctor
+是 	shi4	is, are, am, yes, to be
+的 	de5 / di2 / di4	(possessive particle), of / really and truly / aim, clear
+我的 	wo3de5	my, mine
+書 	shu1	book, letter
+媽媽 	ma1ma5	mama, mommy
+車 	che1 / ju1	car, a vehicle, machine, to shape with a lathe / vehicle on land
+弟弟 	di4di5	younger brother
+爸爸 	ba4ba5	(informal) father
+他 	ta1	he, him
+朋友 	peng2you5	friend
+她 	ta1	she
+哥哥 	ge1ge5	older brother
+誰 	shei2 / shui2	who / who
+哪 	na3 / na5 / nei3 / nei3	how, which / (final part. preceded by N) / which (followed by M or Num) / which (followed by M or Num)
+什 	shi2	tenth
+麼 	me5 / mo2	(interrog. suff.) / dimi.
+老師 	lao3shi1	teacher
+你們 	ni3men5	you (plural)
+中國人 	zhong1guo2ren2	Chinese person, Chinese people
+國 	guo2	country, state, nation
+人 	ren2	man, person, people
+這 	zhe4 / zhei4	this, these / this, these
+中國 	zhong1guo2	China, Chinese
+地圖 	di4tu2	map
+那 	na3 / na4 / nei4	how, which / that, those / that, those
+您 	nin2	you (formal)
+貴姓 	gui4xing4	what is your name?
+姓 	xing4	surname, family name, name
+丁 	ding1	(surname), 4th heavenly stem, a Chinese surname
+叫 	jiao4	to (be) call(ed)
+請問 	qing3wen4	may I ask...
+學習 	xue2xi2	to learn, to study
+學 	xue2	learn, study, science, -ology
+習 	xi2	to practice, to study, habit
+漢語 	han4yu3	Chinese language
+法語 	fa3yu3	French (language)
+不學 	bu4xue2wu2shu4	have neither learning nor skill, be ignorant and incompetent
+在 	zai4	(located) at, in, exist
+哪兒 	na3er5	where
+那兒 	nar3 / nar4	where / there
+古波 	gu3bo1	Gubo (a personal name)
+不在 	bu4zai4	not be in, be out
+學生 	xue2sheng5	student
+宿舍 	su4she4	dormitory, living quarters
+這兒 	zher4	here
+住 	zhu4	to live, to dwell, to reside, to stop
+學? /  	xue2yuan4	college, educational institute, school, faculty
+? /  	si4	four
+層 	ceng2	a measure word for layers, laminated, repeated, floor, story (of a building), layer
+二 	er4	two
+三 	san1	three
+號 	hao2 / hao4	roar, cry / day of a month, (suffix used after) name of a ship, (ordinal) number
+在這 	zai4zhe4qi1jian1	during time, in this time
+兒 	er2 / er5	son / non-syllabic dimi. suff.
+一 	yi1	one, single, a(n)
+五 	wu3	five, 5
+二號 	er4hao4	2nd day of the month
+還 	hai2 / huan2	also, in addition, more, still, else, still, yet, (not) yet / (surname), pay back, return
+畫報 	hua4bao4	pictorial (magazine)
+云 	yun2	say
+日本 	ri4ben3	Japan, Japanese
+用 	yong4	to use
+一下兒 	yi2xiar4	a little bit, a little while
+現在 	xian4zai4	modern, current, present, at present, now, nowadays
+去 	qu4	to go, to leave, to remove
+常 	chang2	always, ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant
+常常 	chang2chang2	frequently, usually, often
+喝 	he1 / he4	my goodness, to drink / shout applause
+茶 	cha2	tea, tea plant
+看 	kan1 / kan4	to look after, to take care of, to watch, to guard / it depends, think, to see, to look at
+是不是 	shi4bu4shi4	is or isnt, yes or no, whether or not
+認識 	ren4shi5	be acquainted with (a person), to know, to be familiar with, to recognize
+介紹 	jie4shao4	to present, introduction, to introduce
+咖啡 	ka1fei1	coffee
+商店 	shang1dian4	store, shop
+買 	mai3	buy
+紙 	zhi3	paper
+歡迎 	huan1ying2	to welcome, welcome
+來 	lai2	to come
+不歡 	bu4huan1er2san4	part on bad terms, (of a meeting, etc, ) break up in discord
+迎 	ying2	to welcome
+和 	he2 / he4 / huo2 / huo4	and, together with, with, peace, harmony, union / cap (a poem), respond in singing / soft, warm / mix together, to blend
+美國 	mei3guo2	America, American, United States, USA
+英語 	ying1yu3	English (language)
+有 	you3	to have, there is, there are, to exist, to be
+詞典 	ci2dian3	dictionary
+多 	duo1	many, much, a lot of, numerous, multi-
+外國 	wai4guo2	foreign (country)
+沒 	mei2 / mo4	(negative prefix for verbs), have not, not / drowned, to end, to die, to inundate
+沒有 	mei2you3	havent, hasnt, doesnt exist, to not have, to not be
+姐姐 	jie3jie5	older sister
+筆 	bi3	pen, pencil, writing brush, to write or compose, the strokes of Chinese characters
+妹妹 	mei4mei4 / mei4mei5	(informal) younger sister / younger sister
+沒有人 	mei2you3ren2	nobody
+有人 	you3ren2qing2	humane
+給 	gei3 / ji3	to, for, for the benefit of, to give, to allow, to do sth (for sb), (passive particle) / to supply, provide
+銀行 	yin2hang2	bank
+工作 	gong1zuo4	job, work, construction, work, task
+信 	xin4	letter, true, to believe, sign, evidence
+寫信 	xie3xin4	to write a letter
+想 	xiang3	to think, to believe, to suppose, to wish, to want, to miss
+丁雲 	ding1yun2	Ding Yun (a personal name)
+想家 	xiang3jia1	homesick
+男朋友 	nan2peng2you5	male friend, boyfriend
+告訴 	gao4su5	to tell, to inform, to let know
+好朋友 	hao3peng2you5	good friend
+請 	qing3	to ask, to invite, please (do sth), to treat (to a meal, etc), to request
+零 	ling2	remnant, zero
+六 	liu4	six
+七 	qi1	seven, 7
+八 	ba1	eight, 8
+九 	jiu3	nine, 9
+十 	shi2	ten
+十一 	shi2yi1	eleven
+十二 	shi2er4	12, twelve
+十九 	shi2jiu3	nineteen
+二十 	er4shi2	twenty, 20
+二十一 	er4shi2yi1	twenty-one
+二十八 	er4shi2ba1hao4	28th day of the month
+三十 	san1shi2	thirty, 30
+? / 十 	si4shi2	forty, 40
+九十 	jiu3shi2	ninety
+一百 	yi1bai3	a hundred
+三百 	san1bai3	three hundred
+二十七 	er4shi2qi1	twenty-seven
+百 	bai3	hundred
+一千 	yi1qian1	one thousand
+一千零 	yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4	105 billion
+五千 	wu3qian1dun1	5000 tons
+八千 	ba1qian1	eight thousand, 8000
+七百 	qi1bai3wan4	seven million
+二十五 	er4shi2wu3	twenty five
+一萬 	yi1wan4	ten thousand
+萬 	wan4	(surname), ten thousand, a great number
+一億 	yi1yi4	1 00 million
+十五 	shi2wu3	fifteen
+三千 	san1qian1wu3bai3	3 500
+幾 	ji1 / ji3	almost / how much, how many, several, a few
+本 	ben3	roots or stems of plants, origin, source, this, the current, root, foundation, basis, (a measure word)
+個 	ge4	(a measure word), individual
+那個 	nei4ge4	that one
+哪個 	na3ge5	which, who
+圖書館 	tu2shu1guan3	library
+多少 	duo1shao3	how much, how many, which (number)
+大學 	da4xue2	university
+家 	jia1	-ist, -er, -ian, home, family, a person engaged in a certain art or profession
+幾個 	ji3ge5	several
+王 	wang2	king, Wang (proper name)
+教 	jiao1 / jiao4	teach / religion, teaching
+語法 	yu3fa3	grammar
+問 	wen4	to ask
+寫 	xie3	to write
+封 	feng1	to confer, to grant, to seal, (a measure word)
+新書 	xin1shu1	new book
+新 	xin1	meso- (chem.), new, newly
+有一 	you3yi1xie1	somewhat, rather
+問題 	wen4ti2	problem, issue, topic
+漢字 	han4zi4	Chinese character
+口語 	kou3yu3	spoken language
+條 	tiao2	measure word for long, thin things (i.e. ribbon, river, etc.), a strip, item, article
+裙子 	qun2zi5	skirt
+白 	bai2	white, snowy, empty, blank, bright, clear, plain, pure, gratuitous
+從 	cong1 / cong2 / zong4	lax, yielding, unhurried / from, obey, observe, follow / second cousin
+晚上 	wan3shang5	in the evening
+劇場 	ju4chang3	theater
+找 	zhao3	to try to find, to look for, to call on (sb), to find, to seek, to return, to look for
+太 	tai4	highest, greatest, too (much), very, extremely
+了 	le5 / liao3	(modal particle intensifying preceding clause), (past tense marker) / to know, to understand, to know
+太忙 	tai4mang2	too busy
+大 	da4 / dai4	big, huge, large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest, eldest / doctor
+太好了 	tai4hao3le5	very good
+兩 	liang3	both, two, ounce, some, a few, tael
+兩個 	liang3ge4zhong1guo2	two-China (policy)
+增加 	zeng1jia1	to raise, to increase
+倍 	bei4	(two, three, etc) -fold, times (multiplier), double, to increase or multiply
+兩次 	liang3ci4	twice
+二十二 	er4shi2er4hao4	22nd day of a month
+二次 	er4ci4da4zhan4	World War Two
+個人 	ge4ren2	individual, personal, oneself
+六十 	liu4shi2	sixty, 60
+元 	yuan2	(dynasty), dollar, primary, first
+二百 	er4bai3	two hundred, 200
+五十 	wu3shi2	fifty
+兩百 	liang3bai3	two hundred
+千 	qian1	thousand
+億 	yi4	a hundred million, calculate
+兩千 	liang3qian1	two thousand
+人口 	ren2kou3	population
+千萬 	qian1wan4	ten million, millions and millions, very many
+三萬 	san1wan4	30 thousand
+點 	dian3	(downwards-right convex character stroke), oclock, (a measure word), point, dot, (decimal) point)
+兩點 	liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1	2 :1 9 (time of day)
+半 	ban4	half, semi-, incomplete, (after a number) and a half, half
+分 	fen1 / fen4	to divide, minute, (a measure word), (a unit of length
+= 0.33 centimeter) / part
+刻 	ke4	quarter (hour), (a measure word), to carve, to engrave, to cut, oppressive
+五分 	wu3fen1mei3jin1	nickel
+差 	cha1 / cha4 / chai1 / ci1	difference, error, discrepancy, to differ, to err, to make a mistake, to lack / different, short of, poor, to lack / send, a messenger, a mission, to commission / uneven
+六點 	liu4dian3liu4	6.6
+七點 	qi1dian3er4	7.2
+三十五 	san1shi2wu3yi4	3.5 billion
+八分 	ba1fen1yin1fu2	quaver, eighth note
+三分 	san1fen1zhi1yi1	one third
+今天 	jin1tian1	today, at the present, now
+上午 	shang4wu3	morning
+這個 	zhe4ge4	this
+每天 	mei3tian1	every day, everyday
+下午 	xia4wu3	afternoon
+每 	mei3	each, every
+上 	shang4	on, on top, upon, first (of two parts), previous or last (week, etc.), upper, higher, above, previous, to climb, to go into, above, to go up
+中文 	zhong1wen2	Chinese language
+課 	ke4 / ke4	subject, class, lesson / class, lesson
+下課 	xia4ke4	class is over
+等 	deng3	class, rank, grade, equal to, same as, wait for, await, et cetera, and so on
+明天 	ming2tian1	tomorrow
+上課 	shang4ke4	to attend class
+電影 	dian4ying3	movie, film
+中午 	zhong1wu3	noon, midday
+報 	bao4	to announce, to inform, report, newspaper, recompense, revenge
+昨天 	zuo2tian1	yesterday
+以前 	yi3qian2	before, formerly, previous
+以後 	yi3hou4	after, later, afterwards, following, later on, in the future
+不住 	bu2zhu4	repeatedly, continuously, constantly
+住宿 	zhu4su4	lodging
+舍 	she3 / she4	to abandon, to give up / residence
+回家 	hui2jia1	homeward
+閱覽室 	yue4lan3shi4	reading room
+美國以 	mei3guo2yi3wai4	outside of the U.S.
+後 	hou4	back, behind, rear, afterwards, after, later
+半以 	ban4yi3shang4	more than half
+作 	zuo4	to regard as, to take (somebody) for, to do, to make
+回 	hui2	(a measure word for matters or actions) a time, to circle, to go back, to turn around, to answer, to return, to revolve
+跟 	gen1	to follow, to go with, heel, with, and
+一起 	yi4qi3	together
+事兒 	shir4	business, thing
+京劇 	jing1ju4	Beijing opera
+還是 	hai2shi4	or, still, nevertheless
+喜歡 	xi3huan5	to like, to be fond of
+紅茶 	hong2cha2	black tea
+綠茶 	lu:4cha2	green tea
+要 	yao1 / yao4	demand, ask, request, coerce / important, vital, to want, to be going to, must
+聽 	ting1 / ting4	listen, hear, obey / let, allow
+古典音樂 	gu3dian3yin1yue4	classical music
+現代音樂 	xian4dai4yin1yue4	modern music, contemporary music
+讓 	rang4	to ask, to let, permit, have (someone do something), to yield, to allow
+音樂 	yin1yue4	music
+孩子 	hai2zi5	child
+吃 	chi1 / ji2	eat, eradicate, destroy, receive / stammer
+晚飯 	wan3fan4	supper
+酒 	jiu3	wine, liquor, spirits
+別 	bie2 / bie4	leave, depart, separate, distinguish, classify, other, another, do not, must not, to pin / contrary, difficult, awkward
+不要 	bu4yao4	dont!, must not
+吸煙 	xi1yan1	to smoke
+走 	zou3	to walk, to go, to move
+年 	nian2	year
+去年 	qu4nian2	last year
+今年 	jin1nian2	this year
+明年 	ming2nian2	next year
+一九九七 	yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2	the year 1997
+一九九 	yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2	the year 1997
+八年 	ba1nian2	eight years
+一年 	yi1nian2ban4	a year and a half
+三年 	san1nian2	three years
+每年 	mei3nian2	every year, each year, yearly
+五年 	wu3nian2ji4hua4	Five-Year Plan
+月 	yue4	moon, month
+上個月 	shang4ge4yue4	last month
+這個月 	zhei4ge4yue4	this (current) month
+下個月 	xia4ge4yue4	next month
+一月 	yi1yue4	first month, January
+二月 	er4yue4	February, second month
+星期 	xing1qi1	week
+下 	xia4	under, second (of two parts), next (week, etc.), lower, below, underneath, down(wards), to decline, to go down, latter
+星期一 	xing1qi1yi1	Monday
+星期二 	xing1qi1er4	Tuesday
+星期六 	xing1qi1liu4	Saturday
+星期日 	xing1qi1ri4	Sunday
+星期天 	xing1qi1tian1	Sunday
+? / 個 	si4ge4xiao3shi2	four hours
+日 	ri4	Japan, day, sun, date, day of the month
+天 	tian1	day, sky, heaven
+一號 	yi1hao4	first day of the month
+? / 月 	si4yue4	April, fourth month
+六號 	liu4hao4	6th day of the month
+十月 	shi2yue4	October
+一天 	yi1tian1	one day
+半天 	ban4tian1	half of the day, a long time, quite a while
+十一月 	shi2yi1yue4	eleventh month, November
+八九 	ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2	pretty close, very near, about right
+七月 	qi1yue4	July, seventh month
+十? /  	shi2si4	fourteen, 14
+五月 	wu3yue4	May, fifth month
+八月 	ba1yue4	eighth month, August
+星期五 	xing1qi1wu3	Friday
+星期? /  	xing1qi1si4	Thursday
+水 	shui3	water, river
+不很 	bu4hen3	not very
+乾淨 	gan1jing4	clean, neat
+送 	song4	to deliver, to carry, to give (as a present), to present (with), to see off, to send
+禮物 	li3wu4	gift, present
+有意思 	you3yi4si5	interesting
+開門 	kai1men2	open (the) door
+跳舞 	tiao4wu3	to dance
+姑娘 	gu1niang5	girl
+同學 	tong2xue2	(fellow) classmate
+高興 	gao1xing4	happy, glad, willing (to do sth), in a cheerful mood
+絲 	si1	silk, thread, trace
+線 	xian4	thread, string, wire, line
+衫 	shan1	Chinese gown (unlined)
+小 	xiao3	small, tiny, few, young
+服務員 	fu2wu4yuan2	waiter, waitress, server
+非常 	fei1chang2	unusual, extraordinary, extreme, very, exceptional
+年輕 	nian2qing1	young
+真 	zhen1	real, true, genuine
+更 	geng1 / geng4	to change / more, even more, further, still, still more
+祝 	zhu4	invoke, pray to, wish, to express good wishes
+祝賀 	zhu4he4	to congratulate, congratulations
+生日 	sheng1ri4	birthday
+上邊 	shang4bian5	upside
+左邊 	zuo3bian1	left
+前邊 	qian2bian1	(n) the area in front of sth
+中間 	zhong1jian4	betwixt, intermediate, mid, middle
+對面 	dui4mian4	opposite
+左 	zuo3	left
+中 	zhong1 / zhong4	within, among, in, middle, center, while (doing sth), during, China, Chinese / hit (the mark)
+右 	you4	right (-hand)
+前 	qian2	before, in front, ago, former, previous, earlier, front
+裡 	li3	li, a Chinese unit of length = 1, 2 kilometer, village, within, inside
+外 	wai4	outside, in addition, foreign, external
+邊 	bian1	side, edge, margin, border, boundary
+外邊 	wai4bian5	(n) outside, (n) exterior surface, (n) place other than ones home town
+房子 	fang2zi5	house
+後邊 	hou4bian1	behind
+桌子 	zhuo1zi5	table, desk
+下邊 	xia4bian1	(n) under
+教室 	jiao4shi4	classroom
+北京 	bei3jing1	Beijing (capital of mainland China)
+很多 	hen3duo1	very many, very much, great (quantity)
+房 	fang2	house
+公園 	gong1yuan2	a public park
+花園 	hua1yuan2	garden
+在車 	zai4che1	aboard
+右邊 	you4bian1	right (as opposed to left)
+一個 	yi1ge4	a, an
+休息 	xiu1xi5	rest, to rest
+正 	zheng1 / zheng4	Chinese 1st month of year / just (right), main, upright, straight, correct, principle
+正在 	zheng4zai4	in the process of (doing something or happening), while (doing)
+的時候 	de5shi2hou4	when, during, at the time of
+一定 	yi1ding4	surely, certainly, necessarily, fixed, a certain (extent, etc.), given, particular
+房間 	fang2jian1	room
+里 	li3	Chinese mile, neighborhood
+打電話 	da3dian4hua4	to make a telephone call
+參觀 	can1guan1	to look around, to inspect, visit and observe
+吃飯 	chi1fan4	to eat a meal
+花兒 	huar1	flower
+漂亮 	piao4liang5	pretty, beautiful
+照片 	zhao4pian4	photograph, picture
+訪問 	fang3wen4	pay a visit (to), to access, to interview
+觀 	guan1 / guan4	to look at, to watch, to observe, to behold / Taoist monastery
+學校 	xue2xiao4	school
+國家 	guo2jia1	country, nation
+總統 	zong3tong3	president (of a country)
+些 	xie1	some, few, several, (a measure word)
+一些 	yi1xie1	some, a few, a little
+這些 	zhe4xie5	these
+那些 	na4xie1	those
+哪些 	na3xie1	which, who, what
+大衣 	da4yi1	overcoat, topcoat, cloak
+黑 	hei1	black, dark
+點心 	dian3xin1	light refreshments, pastry
+束 	shu4	bunch, (a measure word), to bind, to control
+在大 	zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4	in most instances
+借 	jie4	to lend, to borrow, excuse, pretext, by means of
+書店 	shu1dian4	bookstore
+電影? /  	dian4ying3yuan4	cinema, movie theater
+得 	de2 / de5 / dei3	obtain, get, gain, proper, suitable, proud, contented, allow, permit, ready, finished / a sentence particle used after a verb to show effect, degree or possibility / to have to, must, ought to, to need to
+怎麼樣 	zen3me5yang4	how about, (used in the negative)(not) so good
+得很 	de5hen3	very (much, good etc.)
+得不 	de2bu4dao4	cannot get, cannot obtain
+錯 	cuo4	mistake, error, blunder, fault, cross, uneven, wrong
+唱 	chang4	sing, to call loudly, to chant
+民歌 	min2ge1	folk song
+歌唱 	ge1chang4	sing
+舞 	wu3	to dance, to wield, to brandish
+跳 	tiao4	jump, hop, skip (a grade), to leap, to bounce, to beat
+開車 	kai1che1	to drive a car
+開 	kai1	open, operate (vehicle), start
+快 	kuai4	fast, quick, swift
+不快 	bu4kuai4	be unhappy, be displeased, be in low spirits, be indisposed, feel under the weather, be out of sorts
+游泳 	you2yong3	swim
+游 	you2	to walk, to tour, to roam, to swim, to travel
+吧 	ba1 / ba5	(onomat.), dumb / (modal particle indicating polite suggestion), ...right?, ...OK?
+好吃 	hao3chi1	tasty, delicious
+不好 	bu4hao3	no good
+面 	mian4	fade, side, surface, aspect, top, face, flour, noodles
+包 	bao1	to cover, to wrap, to hold, to include, to take charge of, package, wrapper, container, bag, to hold or embrace, bundle, packet, to contract (to or for)
+火腿 	huo3tui3	ham
+停車 	ting2che1	to stop, to park
+不知 	bu4zhi1	unknowing(ly)
+道 	dao4	direction, way, method, road, path, principle, truth, reason, skill, method, Tao (of Taoism), a measure word, to say, to speak, to talk
+才 	cai2	ability, talent, endowment, gift, an expert, only (then), only if, just
+開始 	kai1shi3	begin, beginning, start, initial
+三天 	san1tian1	three days
+再 	zai4	again, once more, re-, second, another
+橘子 	ju2zi5	orange
+不用 	bu4yong4	need not
+能 	neng2	can, may, capable, energy, able
+報紙 	bao4zhi3	newspaper, newsprint
+可以 	ke3yi3	can, may, possible, able to
+? /  	hui4 / kuai4	can, be possible, be able to, to assemble, to meet, to gather, to see, union, group, association / to balance an account, accounting
+不能 	bu4neng2	cannot, must not, should not
+不可 	bu4ke3	cannot, should not, must not
+以 	yi3	to use, according to, so as to, in order to, by, with, because
+不? /  	bu4hui4	improbable, unlikely, will not (act, happen, etc, ), have not learned to, be unable to
+下雨 	xia4yu3	rainy
+應該 	ying1gai1	ought to, should, must
+翻譯 	fan1yi4	translate
+? / 不? /  	hui4bu4hui4	(posing a question: whether someone, something) can or not, is able to or not
+中國民 	zhong1guo2min2hang2	General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC)
+歌 	ge1	song
+北京人 	bei3jing1ren2	person from Beijing, Peking Man (Sinanthropus pekinesis)
+就 	jiu4	at once, then, right away, only, (emphasis), to approach, to move towards, to undertake
+可是 	ke3shi4	but, however
+老 	lao3	(a prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family to indicate affection or familiarity), old (of people)
+十年 	shi2nian2	ten years
+上個星期 	shang4ge4xing1qi1	last week
+出發 	chu1fa1	to start out, to set off
+才能 	cai2neng2	talent, ability, capacity
+或者 	huo4zhe3	or, possibly, maybe, perhaps
+研究 	yan2jiu1	research
+文學 	wen2xue2	literature
+知道 	zhi1dao5	know, be aware of
+地方 	di4fang5	area, place, local
+一時 	yi4shi2	temporary, momentary
+不定 	bu4ding4	indefinite, adventitious, indeterminate
+主意 	zhu3yi5	plan, idea, decision
+一定要 	yi1ding4yao4	must
+決定 	jue2ding4	to decide (to do something), to determine, to resolve
+其他 	qi2ta1	other, else
+選擇 	xuan3ze2	to select, to pick, to choose, to make a choice
+了解 	liao3jie3	understand, come to understand, find out
+懂 	dong3	to understand, to know
+哦 	e2 / o2	to chant / oh is that so
+說 	shui4 / shuo1	persuade (politically) / to speak, to say
+甚麼 	shen2me5	what
+名字 	ming2zi5	(a persons) name
+談 	tan2	to speak, to talk, to converse, to chat, to discuss, (surname)
+進 	jin4	advance, enter, to come in
+城 	cheng2	city walls, city, town
+試 	shi4	to test, to try, experiment, examination, test
+又 	you4	(once) again, also, both... and..., again
+晚 	wan3	evening, night, late
+進來 	jin4lai2	(v) come in
+一點兒 	yi1dianr3	a bit, a little
+新年 	xin1nian2	New Year
+足球 	zu2qiu2	football (British English), soccer (American English)
+賽 	sai4	to compete, competition, match
+出去 	chu1qu4	(v) go out
+辦 	ban4	to do, to manage, to handle, to go about, to run, to set up, to deal with
+簽 	qian1	sign ones name
+証 	zheng4	(translation unavailable)
+早飯 	zao3fan4	breakfast
+早上 	zao3shang5	early morning
+沒吃 	mei2chi1mei2chuan1	(idiom) to be without food and clothing; be very poor
+隊 	dui4	squadron, team, group
+贏 	ying2	to beat, to win, to profit

Temp/wordlist.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,484 @@
+嗎 	ma3 / ma5	morphine / (question tag)
+你好 	ni3hao3	hello, how are you
+你 	ni3	you
+呢 	ne5 / ni2	(question particle) / woolen material
+我 	wo3	I, me, myself
+很好 	hen3hao3	well
+忙 	mang2	busy
+不忙 	bu4mang2	theres no hurry, take ones time
+很 	hen3	very, extremely
+也 	ye3	also, too
+都 	dou1 / du1	all, both (if two things are involved), entirely (due to)each, even, already / (surname), metropolis, capital city
+好 	hao3 / hao4	good, well / be fond of
+我們 	wo3men5	we, us, ourselves
+他們 	ta1men5	they
+他們都 	ta1men5dou1	all of them
+不 	bu4	(negative prefix), not, no
+不是 	bu2shi4	(n) blame or fault
+大夫 	dai4fu5	doctor
+是 	shi4	is, are, am, yes, to be
+的 	de5 / di2 / di4	(possessive particle), of / really and truly / aim, clear
+我的 	wo3de5	my, mine
+書 	shu1	book, letter
+媽媽 	ma1ma5	mama, mommy
+車 	che1 / ju1	car, a vehicle, machine, to shape with a lathe / vehicle on land
+弟弟 	di4di5	younger brother
+爸爸 	ba4ba5	(informal) father
+他 	ta1	he, him
+朋友 	peng2you5	friend
+她 	ta1	she
+哥哥 	ge1ge5	older brother
+誰 	shei2 / shui2	who / who
+哪 	na3 / na5 / nei3 / nei3	how, which / (final part. preceded by N) / which (followed by M or Num) / which (followed by M or Num)
+什 	shi2	tenth
+麼 	me5 / mo2	(interrog. suff.) / dimi.
+老師 	lao3shi1	teacher
+你們 	ni3men5	you (plural)
+中國人 	zhong1guo2ren2	Chinese person, Chinese people
+國 	guo2	country, state, nation
+人 	ren2	man, person, people
+這 	zhe4 / zhei4	this, these / this, these
+中國 	zhong1guo2	China, Chinese
+地圖 	di4tu2	map
+那 	na3 / na4 / nei4	how, which / that, those / that, those
+您 	nin2	you (formal)
+貴姓 	gui4xing4	what is your name?
+姓 	xing4	surname, family name, name
+丁 	ding1	(surname), 4th heavenly stem, a Chinese surname
+叫 	jiao4	to (be) call(ed)
+請問 	qing3wen4	may I ask...
+學習 	xue2xi2	to learn, to study
+學 	xue2	learn, study, science, -ology
+習 	xi2	to practice, to study, habit
+漢語 	han4yu3	Chinese language
+法語 	fa3yu3	French (language)
+不學 	bu4xue2wu2shu4	have neither learning nor skill, be ignorant and incompetent
+在 	zai4	(located) at, in, exist
+哪兒 	na3er5	where
+那兒 	nar3 / nar4	where / there
+古波 	gu3bo1	Gubo (a personal name)
+不在 	bu4zai4	not be in, be out
+學生 	xue2sheng5	student
+宿舍 	su4she4	dormitory, living quarters
+這兒 	zher4	here
+住 	zhu4	to live, to dwell, to reside, to stop
+學? /  	xue2yuan4	college, educational institute, school, faculty
+? /  	si4	four
+層 	ceng2	a measure word for layers, laminated, repeated, floor, story (of a building), layer
+二 	er4	two
+三 	san1	three
+號 	hao2 / hao4	roar, cry / day of a month, (suffix used after) name of a ship, (ordinal) number
+在這 	zai4zhe4qi1jian1	during time, in this time
+兒 	er2 / er5	son / non-syllabic dimi. suff.
+一 	yi1	one, single, a(n)
+五 	wu3	five, 5
+二號 	er4hao4	2nd day of the month
+還 	hai2 / huan2	also, in addition, more, still, else, still, yet, (not) yet / (surname), pay back, return
+畫報 	hua4bao4	pictorial (magazine)
+云 	yun2	say
+日本 	ri4ben3	Japan, Japanese
+用 	yong4	to use
+一下兒 	yi2xiar4	a little bit, a little while
+現在 	xian4zai4	modern, current, present, at present, now, nowadays
+去 	qu4	to go, to leave, to remove
+常 	chang2	always, ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant
+常常 	chang2chang2	frequently, usually, often
+喝 	he1 / he4	my goodness, to drink / shout applause
+茶 	cha2	tea, tea plant
+看 	kan1 / kan4	to look after, to take care of, to watch, to guard / it depends, think, to see, to look at
+是不是 	shi4bu4shi4	is or isnt, yes or no, whether or not
+認識 	ren4shi5	be acquainted with (a person), to know, to be familiar with, to recognize
+介紹 	jie4shao4	to present, introduction, to introduce
+咖啡 	ka1fei1	coffee
+商店 	shang1dian4	store, shop
+買 	mai3	buy
+紙 	zhi3	paper
+歡迎 	huan1ying2	to welcome, welcome
+來 	lai2	to come
+不歡 	bu4huan1er2san4	part on bad terms, (of a meeting, etc, ) break up in discord
+迎 	ying2	to welcome
+和 	he2 / he4 / huo2 / huo4	and, together with, with, peace, harmony, union / cap (a poem), respond in singing / soft, warm / mix together, to blend
+美國 	mei3guo2	America, American, United States, USA
+英語 	ying1yu3	English (language)
+有 	you3	to have, there is, there are, to exist, to be
+詞典 	ci2dian3	dictionary
+多 	duo1	many, much, a lot of, numerous, multi-
+外國 	wai4guo2	foreign (country)
+沒 	mei2 / mo4	(negative prefix for verbs), have not, not / drowned, to end, to die, to inundate
+沒有 	mei2you3	havent, hasnt, doesnt exist, to not have, to not be
+姐姐 	jie3jie5	older sister
+筆 	bi3	pen, pencil, writing brush, to write or compose, the strokes of Chinese characters
+妹妹 	mei4mei4 / mei4mei5	(informal) younger sister / younger sister
+沒有人 	mei2you3ren2	nobody
+有人 	you3ren2qing2	humane
+給 	gei3 / ji3	to, for, for the benefit of, to give, to allow, to do sth (for sb), (passive particle) / to supply, provide
+銀行 	yin2hang2	bank
+工作 	gong1zuo4	job, work, construction, work, task
+信 	xin4	letter, true, to believe, sign, evidence
+寫信 	xie3xin4	to write a letter
+想 	xiang3	to think, to believe, to suppose, to wish, to want, to miss
+丁雲 	ding1yun2	Ding Yun (a personal name)
+想家 	xiang3jia1	homesick
+男朋友 	nan2peng2you5	male friend, boyfriend
+告訴 	gao4su5	to tell, to inform, to let know
+好朋友 	hao3peng2you5	good friend
+請 	qing3	to ask, to invite, please (do sth), to treat (to a meal, etc), to request
+零 	ling2	remnant, zero
+六 	liu4	six
+七 	qi1	seven, 7
+八 	ba1	eight, 8
+九 	jiu3	nine, 9
+十 	shi2	ten
+十一 	shi2yi1	eleven
+十二 	shi2er4	12, twelve
+十九 	shi2jiu3	nineteen
+二十 	er4shi2	twenty, 20
+二十一 	er4shi2yi1	twenty-one
+二十八 	er4shi2ba1hao4	28th day of the month
+三十 	san1shi2	thirty, 30
+? / 十 	si4shi2	forty, 40
+九十 	jiu3shi2	ninety
+一百 	yi1bai3	a hundred
+三百 	san1bai3	three hundred
+二十七 	er4shi2qi1	twenty-seven
+百 	bai3	hundred
+一千 	yi1qian1	one thousand
+一千零 	yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4	105 billion
+五千 	wu3qian1dun1	5000 tons
+八千 	ba1qian1	eight thousand, 8000
+七百 	qi1bai3wan4	seven million
+二十五 	er4shi2wu3	twenty five
+一萬 	yi1wan4	ten thousand
+萬 	wan4	(surname), ten thousand, a great number
+一億 	yi1yi4	1 00 million
+十五 	shi2wu3	fifteen
+三千 	san1qian1wu3bai3	3 500
+幾 	ji1 / ji3	almost / how much, how many, several, a few
+本 	ben3	roots or stems of plants, origin, source, this, the current, root, foundation, basis, (a measure word)
+個 	ge4	(a measure word), individual
+那個 	nei4ge4	that one
+哪個 	na3ge5	which, who
+圖書館 	tu2shu1guan3	library
+多少 	duo1shao3	how much, how many, which (number)
+大學 	da4xue2	university
+家 	jia1	-ist, -er, -ian, home, family, a person engaged in a certain art or profession
+幾個 	ji3ge5	several
+王 	wang2	king, Wang (proper name)
+教 	jiao1 / jiao4	teach / religion, teaching
+語法 	yu3fa3	grammar
+問 	wen4	to ask
+寫 	xie3	to write
+封 	feng1	to confer, to grant, to seal, (a measure word)
+新書 	xin1shu1	new book
+新 	xin1	meso- (chem.), new, newly
+有一 	you3yi1xie1	somewhat, rather
+問題 	wen4ti2	problem, issue, topic
+漢字 	han4zi4	Chinese character
+口語 	kou3yu3	spoken language
+條 	tiao2	measure word for long, thin things (i.e. ribbon, river, etc.), a strip, item, article
+裙子 	qun2zi5	skirt
+白 	bai2	white, snowy, empty, blank, bright, clear, plain, pure, gratuitous
+從 	cong1 / cong2 / zong4	lax, yielding, unhurried / from, obey, observe, follow / second cousin
+晚上 	wan3shang5	in the evening
+劇場 	ju4chang3	theater
+找 	zhao3	to try to find, to look for, to call on (sb), to find, to seek, to return, to look for
+太 	tai4	highest, greatest, too (much), very, extremely
+了 	le5 / liao3	(modal particle intensifying preceding clause), (past tense marker) / to know, to understand, to know
+太忙 	tai4mang2	too busy
+大 	da4 / dai4	big, huge, large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest, eldest / doctor
+太好了 	tai4hao3le5	very good
+兩 	liang3	both, two, ounce, some, a few, tael
+兩個 	liang3ge4zhong1guo2	two-China (policy)
+增加 	zeng1jia1	to raise, to increase
+倍 	bei4	(two, three, etc) -fold, times (multiplier), double, to increase or multiply
+兩次 	liang3ci4	twice
+二十二 	er4shi2er4hao4	22nd day of a month
+二次 	er4ci4da4zhan4	World War Two
+個人 	ge4ren2	individual, personal, oneself
+六十 	liu4shi2	sixty, 60
+元 	yuan2	(dynasty), dollar, primary, first
+二百 	er4bai3	two hundred, 200
+五十 	wu3shi2	fifty
+兩百 	liang3bai3	two hundred
+千 	qian1	thousand
+億 	yi4	a hundred million, calculate
+兩千 	liang3qian1	two thousand
+人口 	ren2kou3	population
+千萬 	qian1wan4	ten million, millions and millions, very many
+三萬 	san1wan4	30 thousand
+點 	dian3	(downwards-right convex character stroke), oclock, (a measure word), point, dot, (decimal) point)
+兩點 	liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1	2 :1 9 (time of day)
+半 	ban4	half, semi-, incomplete, (after a number) and a half, half
+分 	fen1 / fen4	to divide, minute, (a measure word), (a unit of length
+= 0.33 centimeter) / part
+刻 	ke4	quarter (hour), (a measure word), to carve, to engrave, to cut, oppressive
+五分 	wu3fen1mei3jin1	nickel
+差 	cha1 / cha4 / chai1 / ci1	difference, error, discrepancy, to differ, to err, to make a mistake, to lack / different, short of, poor, to lack / send, a messenger, a mission, to commission / uneven
+六點 	liu4dian3liu4	6.6
+七點 	qi1dian3er4	7.2
+三十五 	san1shi2wu3yi4	3.5 billion
+八分 	ba1fen1yin1fu2	quaver, eighth note
+三分 	san1fen1zhi1yi1	one third
+今天 	jin1tian1	today, at the present, now
+上午 	shang4wu3	morning
+這個 	zhe4ge4	this
+每天 	mei3tian1	every day, everyday
+下午 	xia4wu3	afternoon
+每 	mei3	each, every
+上 	shang4	on, on top, upon, first (of two parts), previous or last (week, etc.), upper, higher, above, previous, to climb, to go into, above, to go up
+中文 	zhong1wen2	Chinese language
+課 	ke4 / ke4	subject, class, lesson / class, lesson
+下課 	xia4ke4	class is over
+等 	deng3	class, rank, grade, equal to, same as, wait for, await, et cetera, and so on
+明天 	ming2tian1	tomorrow
+上課 	shang4ke4	to attend class
+電影 	dian4ying3	movie, film
+中午 	zhong1wu3	noon, midday
+報 	bao4	to announce, to inform, report, newspaper, recompense, revenge
+昨天 	zuo2tian1	yesterday
+以前 	yi3qian2	before, formerly, previous
+以後 	yi3hou4	after, later, afterwards, following, later on, in the future
+不住 	bu2zhu4	repeatedly, continuously, constantly
+住宿 	zhu4su4	lodging
+舍 	she3 / she4	to abandon, to give up / residence
+回家 	hui2jia1	homeward
+閱覽室 	yue4lan3shi4	reading room
+美國以 	mei3guo2yi3wai4	outside of the U.S.
+後 	hou4	back, behind, rear, afterwards, after, later
+半以 	ban4yi3shang4	more than half
+作 	zuo4	to regard as, to take (somebody) for, to do, to make
+回 	hui2	(a measure word for matters or actions) a time, to circle, to go back, to turn around, to answer, to return, to revolve
+跟 	gen1	to follow, to go with, heel, with, and
+一起 	yi4qi3	together
+事兒 	shir4	business, thing
+京劇 	jing1ju4	Beijing opera
+還是 	hai2shi4	or, still, nevertheless
+喜歡 	xi3huan5	to like, to be fond of
+紅茶 	hong2cha2	black tea
+綠茶 	lu:4cha2	green tea
+要 	yao1 / yao4	demand, ask, request, coerce / important, vital, to want, to be going to, must
+聽 	ting1 / ting4	listen, hear, obey / let, allow
+古典音樂 	gu3dian3yin1yue4	classical music
+現代音樂 	xian4dai4yin1yue4	modern music, contemporary music
+讓 	rang4	to ask, to let, permit, have (someone do something), to yield, to allow
+音樂 	yin1yue4	music
+孩子 	hai2zi5	child
+吃 	chi1 / ji2	eat, eradicate, destroy, receive / stammer
+晚飯 	wan3fan4	supper
+酒 	jiu3	wine, liquor, spirits
+別 	bie2 / bie4	leave, depart, separate, distinguish, classify, other, another, do not, must not, to pin / contrary, difficult, awkward
+不要 	bu4yao4	dont!, must not
+吸煙 	xi1yan1	to smoke
+走 	zou3	to walk, to go, to move
+年 	nian2	year
+去年 	qu4nian2	last year
+今年 	jin1nian2	this year
+明年 	ming2nian2	next year
+一九九七 	yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2	the year 1997
+一九九 	yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2	the year 1997
+八年 	ba1nian2	eight years
+一年 	yi1nian2ban4	a year and a half
+三年 	san1nian2	three years
+每年 	mei3nian2	every year, each year, yearly
+五年 	wu3nian2ji4hua4	Five-Year Plan
+月 	yue4	moon, month
+上個月 	shang4ge4yue4	last month
+這個月 	zhei4ge4yue4	this (current) month
+下個月 	xia4ge4yue4	next month
+一月 	yi1yue4	first month, January
+二月 	er4yue4	February, second month
+星期 	xing1qi1	week
+下 	xia4	under, second (of two parts), next (week, etc.), lower, below, underneath, down(wards), to decline, to go down, latter
+星期一 	xing1qi1yi1	Monday
+星期二 	xing1qi1er4	Tuesday
+星期六 	xing1qi1liu4	Saturday
+星期日 	xing1qi1ri4	Sunday
+星期天 	xing1qi1tian1	Sunday
+? / 個 	si4ge4xiao3shi2	four hours
+日 	ri4	Japan, day, sun, date, day of the month
+天 	tian1	day, sky, heaven
+一號 	yi1hao4	first day of the month
+? / 月 	si4yue4	April, fourth month
+六號 	liu4hao4	6th day of the month
+十月 	shi2yue4	October
+一天 	yi1tian1	one day
+半天 	ban4tian1	half of the day, a long time, quite a while
+十一月 	shi2yi1yue4	eleventh month, November
+八九 	ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2	pretty close, very near, about right
+七月 	qi1yue4	July, seventh month
+十? /  	shi2si4	fourteen, 14
+五月 	wu3yue4	May, fifth month
+八月 	ba1yue4	eighth month, August
+星期五 	xing1qi1wu3	Friday
+星期? /  	xing1qi1si4	Thursday
+水 	shui3	water, river
+不很 	bu4hen3	not very
+乾淨 	gan1jing4	clean, neat
+送 	song4	to deliver, to carry, to give (as a present), to present (with), to see off, to send
+禮物 	li3wu4	gift, present
+有意思 	you3yi4si5	interesting
+開門 	kai1men2	open (the) door
+跳舞 	tiao4wu3	to dance
+姑娘 	gu1niang5	girl
+同學 	tong2xue2	(fellow) classmate
+高興 	gao1xing4	happy, glad, willing (to do sth), in a cheerful mood
+絲 	si1	silk, thread, trace
+線 	xian4	thread, string, wire, line
+衫 	shan1	Chinese gown (unlined)
+小 	xiao3	small, tiny, few, young
+服務員 	fu2wu4yuan2	waiter, waitress, server
+非常 	fei1chang2	unusual, extraordinary, extreme, very, exceptional
+年輕 	nian2qing1	young
+真 	zhen1	real, true, genuine
+更 	geng1 / geng4	to change / more, even more, further, still, still more
+祝 	zhu4	invoke, pray to, wish, to express good wishes
+祝賀 	zhu4he4	to congratulate, congratulations
+生日 	sheng1ri4	birthday
+上邊 	shang4bian5	upside
+左邊 	zuo3bian1	left
+前邊 	qian2bian1	(n) the area in front of sth
+中間 	zhong1jian4	betwixt, intermediate, mid, middle
+對面 	dui4mian4	opposite
+左 	zuo3	left
+中 	zhong1 / zhong4	within, among, in, middle, center, while (doing sth), during, China, Chinese / hit (the mark)
+右 	you4	right (-hand)
+前 	qian2	before, in front, ago, former, previous, earlier, front
+裡 	li3	li, a Chinese unit of length = 1, 2 kilometer, village, within, inside
+外 	wai4	outside, in addition, foreign, external
+邊 	bian1	side, edge, margin, border, boundary
+外邊 	wai4bian5	(n) outside, (n) exterior surface, (n) place other than ones home town
+房子 	fang2zi5	house
+後邊 	hou4bian1	behind
+桌子 	zhuo1zi5	table, desk
+下邊 	xia4bian1	(n) under
+教室 	jiao4shi4	classroom
+北京 	bei3jing1	Beijing (capital of mainland China)
+很多 	hen3duo1	very many, very much, great (quantity)
+房 	fang2	house
+公園 	gong1yuan2	a public park
+花園 	hua1yuan2	garden
+在車 	zai4che1	aboard
+右邊 	you4bian1	right (as opposed to left)
+一個 	yi1ge4	a, an
+休息 	xiu1xi5	rest, to rest
+正 	zheng1 / zheng4	Chinese 1st month of year / just (right), main, upright, straight, correct, principle
+正在 	zheng4zai4	in the process of (doing something or happening), while (doing)
+的時候 	de5shi2hou4	when, during, at the time of
+一定 	yi1ding4	surely, certainly, necessarily, fixed, a certain (extent, etc.), given, particular
+房間 	fang2jian1	room
+里 	li3	Chinese mile, neighborhood
+打電話 	da3dian4hua4	to make a telephone call
+參觀 	can1guan1	to look around, to inspect, visit and observe
+吃飯 	chi1fan4	to eat a meal
+花兒 	huar1	flower
+漂亮 	piao4liang5	pretty, beautiful
+照片 	zhao4pian4	photograph, picture
+訪問 	fang3wen4	pay a visit (to), to access, to interview
+觀 	guan1 / guan4	to look at, to watch, to observe, to behold / Taoist monastery
+學校 	xue2xiao4	school
+國家 	guo2jia1	country, nation
+總統 	zong3tong3	president (of a country)
+些 	xie1	some, few, several, (a measure word)
+一些 	yi1xie1	some, a few, a little
+這些 	zhe4xie5	these
+那些 	na4xie1	those
+哪些 	na3xie1	which, who, what
+大衣 	da4yi1	overcoat, topcoat, cloak
+黑 	hei1	black, dark
+點心 	dian3xin1	light refreshments, pastry
+束 	shu4	bunch, (a measure word), to bind, to control
+在大 	zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4	in most instances
+借 	jie4	to lend, to borrow, excuse, pretext, by means of
+書店 	shu1dian4	bookstore
+電影? /  	dian4ying3yuan4	cinema, movie theater
+得 	de2 / de5 / dei3	obtain, get, gain, proper, suitable, proud, contented, allow, permit, ready, finished / a sentence particle used after a verb to show effect, degree or possibility / to have to, must, ought to, to need to
+怎麼樣 	zen3me5yang4	how about, (used in the negative)(not) so good
+得很 	de5hen3	very (much, good etc.)
+得不 	de2bu4dao4	cannot get, cannot obtain
+錯 	cuo4	mistake, error, blunder, fault, cross, uneven, wrong
+唱 	chang4	sing, to call loudly, to chant
+民歌 	min2ge1	folk song
+歌唱 	ge1chang4	sing
+舞 	wu3	to dance, to wield, to brandish
+跳 	tiao4	jump, hop, skip (a grade), to leap, to bounce, to beat
+開車 	kai1che1	to drive a car
+開 	kai1	open, operate (vehicle), start
+快 	kuai4	fast, quick, swift
+不快 	bu4kuai4	be unhappy, be displeased, be in low spirits, be indisposed, feel under the weather, be out of sorts
+游泳 	you2yong3	swim
+游 	you2	to walk, to tour, to roam, to swim, to travel
+吧 	ba1 / ba5	(onomat.), dumb / (modal particle indicating polite suggestion), ...right?, ...OK?
+好吃 	hao3chi1	tasty, delicious
+不好 	bu4hao3	no good
+面 	mian4	fade, side, surface, aspect, top, face, flour, noodles
+包 	bao1	to cover, to wrap, to hold, to include, to take charge of, package, wrapper, container, bag, to hold or embrace, bundle, packet, to contract (to or for)
+火腿 	huo3tui3	ham
+停車 	ting2che1	to stop, to park
+不知 	bu4zhi1	unknowing(ly)
+道 	dao4	direction, way, method, road, path, principle, truth, reason, skill, method, Tao (of Taoism), a measure word, to say, to speak, to talk
+才 	cai2	ability, talent, endowment, gift, an expert, only (then), only if, just
+開始 	kai1shi3	begin, beginning, start, initial
+三天 	san1tian1	three days
+再 	zai4	again, once more, re-, second, another
+橘子 	ju2zi5	orange
+不用 	bu4yong4	need not
+能 	neng2	can, may, capable, energy, able
+報紙 	bao4zhi3	newspaper, newsprint
+可以 	ke3yi3	can, may, possible, able to
+? /  	hui4 / kuai4	can, be possible, be able to, to assemble, to meet, to gather, to see, union, group, association / to balance an account, accounting
+不能 	bu4neng2	cannot, must not, should not
+不可 	bu4ke3	cannot, should not, must not
+以 	yi3	to use, according to, so as to, in order to, by, with, because
+不? /  	bu4hui4	improbable, unlikely, will not (act, happen, etc, ), have not learned to, be unable to
+下雨 	xia4yu3	rainy
+應該 	ying1gai1	ought to, should, must
+翻譯 	fan1yi4	translate
+? / 不? /  	hui4bu4hui4	(posing a question: whether someone, something) can or not, is able to or not
+中國民 	zhong1guo2min2hang2	General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC)
+歌 	ge1	song
+北京人 	bei3jing1ren2	person from Beijing, Peking Man (Sinanthropus pekinesis)
+就 	jiu4	at once, then, right away, only, (emphasis), to approach, to move towards, to undertake
+可是 	ke3shi4	but, however
+老 	lao3	(a prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family to indicate affection or familiarity), old (of people)
+十年 	shi2nian2	ten years
+上個星期 	shang4ge4xing1qi1	last week
+出發 	chu1fa1	to start out, to set off
+才能 	cai2neng2	talent, ability, capacity
+或者 	huo4zhe3	or, possibly, maybe, perhaps
+研究 	yan2jiu1	research
+文學 	wen2xue2	literature
+知道 	zhi1dao5	know, be aware of
+地方 	di4fang5	area, place, local
+一時 	yi4shi2	temporary, momentary
+不定 	bu4ding4	indefinite, adventitious, indeterminate
+主意 	zhu3yi5	plan, idea, decision
+一定要 	yi1ding4yao4	must
+決定 	jue2ding4	to decide (to do something), to determine, to resolve
+其他 	qi2ta1	other, else
+選擇 	xuan3ze2	to select, to pick, to choose, to make a choice
+了解 	liao3jie3	understand, come to understand, find out
+懂 	dong3	to understand, to know
+哦 	e2 / o2	to chant / oh is that so
+說 	shui4 / shuo1	persuade (politically) / to speak, to say
+甚麼 	shen2me5	what
+名字 	ming2zi5	(a persons) name
+談 	tan2	to speak, to talk, to converse, to chat, to discuss, (surname)
+進 	jin4	advance, enter, to come in
+城 	cheng2	city walls, city, town
+試 	shi4	to test, to try, experiment, examination, test
+又 	you4	(once) again, also, both... and..., again
+晚 	wan3	evening, night, late
+進來 	jin4lai2	(v) come in
+一點兒 	yi1dianr3	a bit, a little
+新年 	xin1nian2	New Year
+足球 	zu2qiu2	football (British English), soccer (American English)
+賽 	sai4	to compete, competition, match
+出去 	chu1qu4	(v) go out
+辦 	ban4	to do, to manage, to handle, to go about, to run, to set up, to deal with
+簽 	qian1	sign ones name
+証 	zheng4	(translation unavailable)
+早飯 	zao3fan4	breakfast
+早上 	zao3shang5	early morning
+沒吃 	mei2chi1mei2chuan1	(idiom) to be without food and clothing; be very poor
+隊 	dui4	squadron, team, group
+贏 	ying2	to beat, to win, to profit

wordlist.txt

@@ -1,550 +0,0 @@
-嗎 	ma3 / ma5	 	morphine / (question tag)
-你好 	ni3hao3	 	hello, how are you
-你 	ni3	 	you
-呢 	ne5 / ni2	 	(question particle) / woolen material
-我 	wo3	 	I, me, myself
-很好 	hen3hao3	 	well
-忙 	mang2	 	busy
-不忙 	bu4mang2	 	theres no hurry, take ones time
-很 	hen3	 	very, extremely
-也 	ye3	 	also, too
-都 	dou1 / du1	 	all, both (if two things are involved), entirely (due
-to)each, even, already / (surname), metropolis, capital city
-好 	hao3 / hao4	 	good, well / be fond of
-我們 	wo3men5	 	we, us, ourselves
-他們 	ta1men5	 	they
-他們都 	ta1men5dou1	 	all of them
-不 	bu4	 	(negative prefix), not, no
-不是 	bu2shi4	 	(n) blame or fault
-大夫 	dai4fu5	 	doctor
-是 	shi4	 	is, are, am, yes, to be
-的 	de5 / di2 / di4	 	(possessive particle), of / really and truly /
-aim, clear
-我的 	wo3de5	 	my, mine
-書 	shu1	 	book, letter
-媽媽 	ma1ma5	 	mama, mommy
-車 	che1 / ju1	 	car, a vehicle, machine, to shape with a lathe /
-vehicle on land
-弟弟 	di4di5	 	younger brother
-爸爸 	ba4ba5	 	(informal) father
-他 	ta1	 	he, him
-朋友 	peng2you5	 	friend
-她 	ta1	 	she
-哥哥 	ge1ge5	 	older brother
-誰 	shei2 / shui2	 	who / who
-哪 	na3 / na5 / nei3 / nei3	 	how, which / (final part. preceded by N) /
-which (followed by M or Num) / which (followed by M or Num)
-什 	shi2	 	tenth
-麼 	me5 / mo2	 	(interrog. suff.) / dimi.
-老師 	lao3shi1	 	teacher
-你們 	ni3men5	 	you (plural)
-中國人 	zhong1guo2ren2	 	Chinese person, Chinese people
-國 	guo2	 	country, state, nation
-人 	ren2	 	man, person, people
-這 	zhe4 / zhei4	 	this, these / this, these
-中國 	zhong1guo2	 	China, Chinese
-地圖 	di4tu2	 	map
-那 	na3 / na4 / nei4	 	how, which / that, those / that, those
-您 	nin2	 	you (formal)
-貴姓 	gui4xing4	 	what is your name?
-姓 	xing4	 	surname, family name, name
-丁 	ding1	 	(surname), 4th heavenly stem, a Chinese surname
-叫 	jiao4	 	to (be) call(ed)
-請問 	qing3wen4	 	may I ask...
-學習 	xue2xi2	 	to learn, to study
-學 	xue2	 	learn, study, science, -ology
-習 	xi2	 	to practice, to study, habit
-漢語 	han4yu3	 	Chinese language
-法語 	fa3yu3	 	French (language)
-不學 	bu4xue2wu2shu4	 	have neither learning nor skill, be ignorant and
-incompetent
-在 	zai4	 	(located) at, in, exist
-哪兒 	na3er5	 	where
-那兒 	nar3 / nar4	 	where / there
-古波 	gu3bo1	 	Gubo (a personal name)
-不在 	bu4zai4	 	not be in, be out
-學生 	xue2sheng5	 	student
-宿舍 	su4she4	 	dormitory, living quarters
-這兒 	zher4	 	here
-住 	zhu4	 	to live, to dwell, to reside, to stop
-學? /  	xue2yuan4	 	college, educational institute, school, faculty
-? /  	si4	 	four
-層 	ceng2	 	a measure word for layers, laminated, repeated, floor, story
-(of a building), layer
-二 	er4	 	two
-三 	san1	 	three
-號 	hao2 / hao4	 	roar, cry / day of a month, (suffix used after) name
-of a ship, (ordinal) number
-在這 	zai4zhe4qi1jian1	 	during time, in this time
-兒 	er2 / er5	 	son / non-syllabic dimi. suff.
-一 	yi1	 	one, single, a(n)
-五 	wu3	 	five, 5
-二號 	er4hao4	 	2nd day of the month
-還 	hai2 / huan2	 	also, in addition, more, still, else, still, yet,
-(not) yet / (surname), pay back, return
-畫報 	hua4bao4	 	pictorial (magazine)
-云 	yun2	 	say
-日本 	ri4ben3	 	Japan, Japanese
-用 	yong4	 	to use
-一下兒 	yi2xiar4	 	a little bit, a little while
-現在 	xian4zai4	 	modern, current, present, at present, now, nowadays
-去 	qu4	 	to go, to leave, to remove
-常 	chang2	 	always, ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant
-常常 	chang2chang2	 	frequently, usually, often
-喝 	he1 / he4	 	my goodness, to drink / shout applause
-茶 	cha2	 	tea, tea plant
-看 	kan1 / kan4	 	to look after, to take care of, to watch, to guard /
-it depends, think, to see, to look at
-是不是 	shi4bu4shi4	 	is or isnt, yes or no, whether or not
-認識 	ren4shi5	 	be acquainted with (a person), to know, to be familiar
-with, to recognize
-介紹 	jie4shao4	 	to present, introduction, to introduce
-咖啡 	ka1fei1	 	coffee
-商店 	shang1dian4	 	store, shop
-買 	mai3	 	buy
-紙 	zhi3	 	paper
-歡迎 	huan1ying2	 	to welcome, welcome
-來 	lai2	 	to come
-不歡 	bu4huan1er2san4	 	part on bad terms, (of a meeting, etc, ) break
-up in discord
-迎 	ying2	 	to welcome
-和 	he2 / he4 / huo2 / huo4	 	and, together with, with, peace, harmony,
-union / cap (a poem), respond in singing / soft, warm / mix together, to
-blend
-美國 	mei3guo2	 	America, American, United States, USA
-英語 	ying1yu3	 	English (language)
-有 	you3	 	to have, there is, there are, to exist, to be
-詞典 	ci2dian3	 	dictionary
-多 	duo1	 	many, much, a lot of, numerous, multi-
-外國 	wai4guo2	 	foreign (country)
-沒 	mei2 / mo4	 	(negative prefix for verbs), have not, not / drowned,
-to end, to die, to inundate
-沒有 	mei2you3	 	havent, hasnt, doesnt exist, to not have, to not be
-姐姐 	jie3jie5	 	older sister
-筆 	bi3	 	pen, pencil, writing brush, to write or compose, the strokes
-of Chinese characters
-妹妹 	mei4mei4 / mei4mei5	 	(informal) younger sister / younger sister
-沒有人 	mei2you3ren2	 	nobody
-有人 	you3ren2qing2	 	humane
-給 	gei3 / ji3	 	to, for, for the benefit of, to give, to allow, to do
-sth (for sb), (passive particle) / to supply, provide
-銀行 	yin2hang2	 	bank
-工作 	gong1zuo4	 	job, work, construction, work, task
-信 	xin4	 	letter, true, to believe, sign, evidence
-寫信 	xie3xin4	 	to write a letter
-想 	xiang3	 	to think, to believe, to suppose, to wish, to want, to miss
-丁雲 	ding1yun2	 	Ding Yun (a personal name)
-想家 	xiang3jia1	 	homesick
-男朋友 	nan2peng2you5	 	male friend, boyfriend
-告訴 	gao4su5	 	to tell, to inform, to let know
-好朋友 	hao3peng2you5	 	good friend
-請 	qing3	 	to ask, to invite, please (do sth), to treat (to a meal,
-etc), to request
-零 	ling2	 	remnant, zero
-六 	liu4	 	six
-七 	qi1	 	seven, 7
-八 	ba1	 	eight, 8
-九 	jiu3	 	nine, 9
-十 	shi2	 	ten
-十一 	shi2yi1	 	eleven
-十二 	shi2er4	 	12, twelve
-十九 	shi2jiu3	 	nineteen
-二十 	er4shi2	 	twenty, 20
-二十一 	er4shi2yi1	 	twenty-one
-二十八 	er4shi2ba1hao4	 	28th day of the month
-三十 	san1shi2	 	thirty, 30
-? / 十 	si4shi2	 	forty, 40
-九十 	jiu3shi2	 	ninety
-一百 	yi1bai3	 	a hundred
-三百 	san1bai3	 	three hundred
-二十七 	er4shi2qi1	 	twenty-seven
-百 	bai3	 	hundred
-一千 	yi1qian1	 	one thousand
-一千零 	yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4	 	105 billion
-五千 	wu3qian1dun1	 	5000 tons
-八千 	ba1qian1	 	eight thousand, 8000
-七百 	qi1bai3wan4	 	seven million
-二十五 	er4shi2wu3	 	twenty five
-一萬 	yi1wan4	 	ten thousand
-萬 	wan4	 	(surname), ten thousand, a great number
-一億 	yi1yi4	 	1 00 million
-十五 	shi2wu3	 	fifteen
-三千 	san1qian1wu3bai3	 	3 500
-幾 	ji1 / ji3	 	almost / how much, how many, several, a few
-本 	ben3	 	roots or stems of plants, origin, source, this, the current,
-root, foundation, basis, (a measure word)
-個 	ge4	 	(a measure word), individual
-那個 	nei4ge4	 	that one
-哪個 	na3ge5	 	which, who
-圖書館 	tu2shu1guan3	 	library
-多少 	duo1shao3	 	how much, how many, which (number)
-大學 	da4xue2	 	university
-家 	jia1	 	-ist, -er, -ian, home, family, a person engaged in a certain
-art or profession
-幾個 	ji3ge5	 	several
-王 	wang2	 	king, Wang (proper name)
-教 	jiao1 / jiao4	 	teach / religion, teaching
-語法 	yu3fa3	 	grammar
-問 	wen4	 	to ask
-寫 	xie3	 	to write
-封 	feng1	 	to confer, to grant, to seal, (a measure word)
-新書 	xin1shu1	 	new book
-新 	xin1	 	meso- (chem.), new, newly
-有一 	you3yi1xie1	 	somewhat, rather
-問題 	wen4ti2	 	problem, issue, topic
-漢字 	han4zi4	 	Chinese character
-口語 	kou3yu3	 	spoken language
-條 	tiao2	 	measure word for long, thin things (i.e. ribbon, river,
-etc.), a strip, item, article
-裙子 	qun2zi5	 	skirt
-白 	bai2	 	white, snowy, empty, blank, bright, clear, plain, pure,
-gratuitous
-從 	cong1 / cong2 / zong4	 	lax, yielding, unhurried / from, obey,
-observe, follow / second cousin
-晚上 	wan3shang5	 	in the evening
-劇場 	ju4chang3	 	theater
-找 	zhao3	 	to try to find, to look for, to call on (sb), to find, to
-seek, to return, to look for
-太 	tai4	 	highest, greatest, too (much), very, extremely
-了 	le5 / liao3	 	(modal particle intensifying preceding clause), (past
-tense marker) / to know, to understand, to know
-太忙 	tai4mang2	 	too busy
-大 	da4 / dai4	 	big, huge, large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest,
-eldest / doctor
-太好了 	tai4hao3le5	 	very good
-兩 	liang3	 	both, two, ounce, some, a few, tael
-兩個 	liang3ge4zhong1guo2	 	two-China (policy)
-增加 	zeng1jia1	 	to raise, to increase
-倍 	bei4	 	(two, three, etc) -fold, times (multiplier), double, to
-increase or multiply
-兩次 	liang3ci4	 	twice
-二十二 	er4shi2er4hao4	 	22nd day of a month
-二次 	er4ci4da4zhan4	 	World War Two
-個人 	ge4ren2	 	individual, personal, oneself
-六十 	liu4shi2	 	sixty, 60
-元 	yuan2	 	(dynasty), dollar, primary, first
-二百 	er4bai3	 	two hundred, 200
-五十 	wu3shi2	 	fifty
-兩百 	liang3bai3	 	two hundred
-千 	qian1	 	thousand
-億 	yi4	 	a hundred million, calculate
-兩千 	liang3qian1	 	two thousand
-人口 	ren2kou3	 	population
-千萬 	qian1wan4	 	ten million, millions and millions, very many
-三萬 	san1wan4	 	30 thousand
-點 	dian3	 	(downwards-right convex character stroke), oclock, (a
-measure word), point, dot, (decimal) point)
-兩點 	liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1	 	2 :1 9 (time of day)
-半 	ban4	 	half, semi-, incomplete, (after a number) and a half, half
-分 	fen1 / fen4	 	to divide, minute, (a measure word), (a unit of length
-= 0.33 centimeter) / part
-刻 	ke4	 	quarter (hour), (a measure word), to carve, to engrave, to
-cut, oppressive
-五分 	wu3fen1mei3jin1	 	nickel
-差 	cha1 / cha4 / chai1 / ci1	 	difference, error, discrepancy, to
-differ, to err, to make a mistake, to lack / different, short of, poor,
-to lack / send, a messenger, a mission, to commission / uneven
-六點 	liu4dian3liu4	 	6.6
-七點 	qi1dian3er4	 	7.2
-三十五 	san1shi2wu3yi4	 	3.5 billion
-八分 	ba1fen1yin1fu2	 	quaver, eighth note
-三分 	san1fen1zhi1yi1	 	one third
-今天 	jin1tian1	 	today, at the present, now
-上午 	shang4wu3	 	morning
-這個 	zhe4ge4	 	this
-每天 	mei3tian1	 	every day, everyday
-下午 	xia4wu3	 	afternoon
-每 	mei3	 	each, every
-上 	shang4	 	on, on top, upon, first (of two parts), previous or last
-(week, etc.), upper, higher, above, previous, to climb, to go into,
-above, to go up
-中文 	zhong1wen2	 	Chinese language
-課 	ke4 / ke4	 	subject, class, lesson / class, lesson
-下課 	xia4ke4	 	class is over
-等 	deng3	 	class, rank, grade, equal to, same as, wait for, await, et
-cetera, and so on
-明天 	ming2tian1	 	tomorrow
-上課 	shang4ke4	 	to attend class
-電影 	dian4ying3	 	movie, film
-中午 	zhong1wu3	 	noon, midday
-報 	bao4	 	to announce, to inform, report, newspaper, recompense, revenge
-昨天 	zuo2tian1	 	yesterday
-以前 	yi3qian2	 	before, formerly, previous
-以後 	yi3hou4	 	after, later, afterwards, following, later on, in the future
-不住 	bu2zhu4	 	repeatedly, continuously, constantly
-住宿 	zhu4su4	 	lodging
-舍 	she3 / she4	 	to abandon, to give up / residence
-回家 	hui2jia1	 	homeward
-閱覽室 	yue4lan3shi4	 	reading room
-美國以 	mei3guo2yi3wai4	 	outside of the U.S.
-後 	hou4	 	back, behind, rear, afterwards, after, later
-半以 	ban4yi3shang4	 	more than half
-作 	zuo4	 	to regard as, to take (somebody) for, to do, to make
-回 	hui2	 	(a measure word for matters or actions) a time, to circle, to
-go back, to turn around, to answer, to return, to revolve
-跟 	gen1	 	to follow, to go with, heel, with, and
-一起 	yi4qi3	 	together
-事兒 	shir4	 	business, thing
-京劇 	jing1ju4	 	Beijing opera
-還是 	hai2shi4	 	or, still, nevertheless
-喜歡 	xi3huan5	 	to like, to be fond of
-紅茶 	hong2cha2	 	black tea
-綠茶 	lu:4cha2	 	green tea
-要 	yao1 / yao4	 	demand, ask, request, coerce / important, vital, to
-want, to be going to, must
-聽 	ting1 / ting4	 	listen, hear, obey / let, allow
-古典音樂 	gu3dian3yin1yue4	 	classical music
-現代音樂 	xian4dai4yin1yue4	 	modern music, contemporary music
-讓 	rang4	 	to ask, to let, permit, have (someone do something), to
-yield, to allow
-音樂 	yin1yue4	 	music
-孩子 	hai2zi5	 	child
-吃 	chi1 / ji2	 	eat, eradicate, destroy, receive / stammer
-晚飯 	wan3fan4	 	supper
-酒 	jiu3	 	wine, liquor, spirits
-別 	bie2 / bie4	 	leave, depart, separate, distinguish, classify, other,
-another, do not, must not, to pin / contrary, difficult, awkward
-不要 	bu4yao4	 	dont!, must not
-吸煙 	xi1yan1	 	to smoke
-走 	zou3	 	to walk, to go, to move
-年 	nian2	 	year
-去年 	qu4nian2	 	last year
-今年 	jin1nian2	 	this year
-明年 	ming2nian2	 	next year
-一九九七 	yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2	 	the year 1997
-一九九 	yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2	 	the year 1997
-八年 	ba1nian2	 	eight years
-一年 	yi1nian2ban4	 	a year and a half
-三年 	san1nian2	 	three years
-每年 	mei3nian2	 	every year, each year, yearly
-五年 	wu3nian2ji4hua4	 	Five-Year Plan
-月 	yue4	 	moon, month
-上個月 	shang4ge4yue4	 	last month
-這個月 	zhei4ge4yue4	 	this (current) month
-下個月 	xia4ge4yue4	 	next month
-一月 	yi1yue4	 	first month, January
-二月 	er4yue4	 	February, second month
-星期 	xing1qi1	 	week
-下 	xia4	 	under, second (of two parts), next (week, etc.), lower,
-below, underneath, down(wards), to decline, to go down, latter
-星期一 	xing1qi1yi1	 	Monday
-星期二 	xing1qi1er4	 	Tuesday
-星期六 	xing1qi1liu4	 	Saturday
-星期日 	xing1qi1ri4	 	Sunday
-星期天 	xing1qi1tian1	 	Sunday
-? / 個 	si4ge4xiao3shi2	 	four hours
-日 	ri4	 	Japan, day, sun, date, day of the month
-天 	tian1	 	day, sky, heaven
-一號 	yi1hao4	 	first day of the month
-? / 月 	si4yue4	 	April, fourth month
-六號 	liu4hao4	 	6th day of the month
-十月 	shi2yue4	 	October
-一天 	yi1tian1	 	one day
-半天 	ban4tian1	 	half of the day, a long time, quite a while
-十一月 	shi2yi1yue4	 	eleventh month, November
-八九 	ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2	 	pretty close, very near, about right
-七月 	qi1yue4	 	July, seventh month
-十? /  	shi2si4	 	fourteen, 14
-五月 	wu3yue4	 	May, fifth month
-八月 	ba1yue4	 	eighth month, August
-星期五 	xing1qi1wu3	 	Friday
-星期? /  	xing1qi1si4	 	Thursday
-水 	shui3	 	water, river
-不很 	bu4hen3	 	not very
-乾淨 	gan1jing4	 	clean, neat
-送 	song4	 	to deliver, to carry, to give (as a present), to present
-(with), to see off, to send
-禮物 	li3wu4	 	gift, present
-有意思 	you3yi4si5	 	interesting
-開門 	kai1men2	 	open (the) door
-跳舞 	tiao4wu3	 	to dance
-姑娘 	gu1niang5	 	girl
-同學 	tong2xue2	 	(fellow) classmate
-高興 	gao1xing4	 	happy, glad, willing (to do sth), in a cheerful mood
-絲 	si1	 	silk, thread, trace
-線 	xian4	 	thread, string, wire, line
-衫 	shan1	 	Chinese gown (unlined)
-小 	xiao3	 	small, tiny, few, young
-服務員 	fu2wu4yuan2	 	waiter, waitress, server
-非常 	fei1chang2	 	unusual, extraordinary, extreme, very, exceptional
-年輕 	nian2qing1	 	young
-真 	zhen1	 	real, true, genuine
-更 	geng1 / geng4	 	to change / more, even more, further, still, still more
-祝 	zhu4	 	invoke, pray to, wish, to express good wishes
-祝賀 	zhu4he4	 	to congratulate, congratulations
-生日 	sheng1ri4	 	birthday
-上邊 	shang4bian5	 	upside
-左邊 	zuo3bian1	 	left
-前邊 	qian2bian1	 	(n) the area in front of sth
-中間 	zhong1jian4	 	betwixt, intermediate, mid, middle
-對面 	dui4mian4	 	opposite
-左 	zuo3	 	left
-中 	zhong1 / zhong4	 	within, among, in, middle, center, while (doing
-sth), during, China, Chinese / hit (the mark)
-右 	you4	 	right (-hand)
-前 	qian2	 	before, in front, ago, former, previous, earlier, front
-裡 	li3	 	li, a Chinese unit of length = 1, 2 kilometer, village,
-within, inside
-外 	wai4	 	outside, in addition, foreign, external
-邊 	bian1	 	side, edge, margin, border, boundary
-外邊 	wai4bian5	 	(n) outside, (n) exterior surface, (n) place other
-than ones home town
-房子 	fang2zi5	 	house
-後邊 	hou4bian1	 	behind
-桌子 	zhuo1zi5	 	table, desk
-下邊 	xia4bian1	 	(n) under
-教室 	jiao4shi4	 	classroom
-北京 	bei3jing1	 	Beijing (capital of mainland China)
-很多 	hen3duo1	 	very many, very much, great (quantity)
-房 	fang2	 	house
-公園 	gong1yuan2	 	a public park
-花園 	hua1yuan2	 	garden
-在車 	zai4che1	 	aboard
-右邊 	you4bian1	 	right (as opposed to left)
-一個 	yi1ge4	 	a, an
-休息 	xiu1xi5	 	rest, to rest
-正 	zheng1 / zheng4	 	Chinese 1st month of year / just (right), main,
-upright, straight, correct, principle
-正在 	zheng4zai4	 	in the process of (doing something or happening),
-while (doing)
-的時候 	de5shi2hou4	 	when, during, at the time of
-一定 	yi1ding4	 	surely, certainly, necessarily, fixed, a certain
-(extent, etc.), given, particular
-房間 	fang2jian1	 	room
-里 	li3	 	Chinese mile, neighborhood
-打電話 	da3dian4hua4	 	to make a telephone call
-參觀 	can1guan1	 	to look around, to inspect, visit and observe
-吃飯 	chi1fan4	 	to eat a meal
-花兒 	huar1	 	flower
-漂亮 	piao4liang5	 	pretty, beautiful
-照片 	zhao4pian4	 	photograph, picture
-訪問 	fang3wen4	 	pay a visit (to), to access, to interview
-觀 	guan1 / guan4	 	to look at, to watch, to observe, to behold / Taoist
-monastery
-學校 	xue2xiao4	 	school
-國家 	guo2jia1	 	country, nation
-總統 	zong3tong3	 	president (of a country)
-些 	xie1	 	some, few, several, (a measure word)
-一些 	yi1xie1	 	some, a few, a little
-這些 	zhe4xie5	 	these
-那些 	na4xie1	 	those
-哪些 	na3xie1	 	which, who, what
-大衣 	da4yi1	 	overcoat, topcoat, cloak
-黑 	hei1	 	black, dark
-點心 	dian3xin1	 	light refreshments, pastry
-束 	shu4	 	bunch, (a measure word), to bind, to control
-在大 	zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4	 	in most instances
-借 	jie4	 	to lend, to borrow, excuse, pretext, by means of
-書店 	shu1dian4	 	bookstore
-電影? /  	dian4ying3yuan4	 	cinema, movie theater
-得 	de2 / de5 / dei3	 	obtain, get, gain, proper, suitable, proud,
-contented, allow, permit, ready, finished / a sentence particle used
-after a verb to show effect, degree or possibility / to have to, must,
-ought to, to need to
-怎麼樣 	zen3me5yang4	 	how about, (used in the negative)(not) so good
-得很 	de5hen3	 	very (much, good etc.)
-得不 	de2bu4dao4	 	cannot get, cannot obtain
-錯 	cuo4	 	mistake, error, blunder, fault, cross, uneven, wrong
-唱 	chang4	 	sing, to call loudly, to chant
-民歌 	min2ge1	 	folk song
-歌唱 	ge1chang4	 	sing
-舞 	wu3	 	to dance, to wield, to brandish
-跳 	tiao4	 	jump, hop, skip (a grade), to leap, to bounce, to beat
-開車 	kai1che1	 	to drive a car
-開 	kai1	 	open, operate (vehicle), start
-快 	kuai4	 	fast, quick, swift
-不快 	bu4kuai4	 	be unhappy, be displeased, be in low spirits, be
-indisposed, feel under the weather, be out of sorts
-游泳 	you2yong3	 	swim
-游 	you2	 	to walk, to tour, to roam, to swim, to travel
-吧 	ba1 / ba5	 	(onomat.), dumb / (modal particle indicating polite
-suggestion), ...right?, ...OK?
-好吃 	hao3chi1	 	tasty, delicious
-不好 	bu4hao3	 	no good
-面 	mian4	 	fade, side, surface, aspect, top, face, flour, noodles
-包 	bao1	 	to cover, to wrap, to hold, to include, to take charge of,
-package, wrapper, container, bag, to hold or embrace, bundle, packet, to
-contract (to or for)
-火腿 	huo3tui3	 	ham
-停車 	ting2che1	 	to stop, to park
-不知 	bu4zhi1	 	unknowing(ly)
-道 	dao4	 	direction, way, method, road, path, principle, truth, reason,
-skill, method, Tao (of Taoism), a measure word, to say, to speak, to talk
-才 	cai2	 	ability, talent, endowment, gift, an expert, only (then),
-only if, just
-開始 	kai1shi3	 	begin, beginning, start, initial
-三天 	san1tian1	 	three days
-再 	zai4	 	again, once more, re-, second, another
-橘子 	ju2zi5	 	orange
-不用 	bu4yong4	 	need not
-能 	neng2	 	can, may, capable, energy, able
-報紙 	bao4zhi3	 	newspaper, newsprint
-可以 	ke3yi3	 	can, may, possible, able to
-? /  	hui4 / kuai4	 	can, be possible, be able to, to assemble, to meet,
-to gather, to see, union, group, association / to balance an account,
-accounting
-不能 	bu4neng2	 	cannot, must not, should not
-不可 	bu4ke3	 	cannot, should not, must not
-以 	yi3	 	to use, according to, so as to, in order to, by, with, because
-不? /  	bu4hui4	 	improbable, unlikely, will not (act, happen, etc, ),
-have not learned to, be unable to
-下雨 	xia4yu3	 	rainy
-應該 	ying1gai1	 	ought to, should, must
-翻譯 	fan1yi4	 	translate
-? / 不? /  	hui4bu4hui4	 	(posing a question: whether someone,
-something) can or not, is able to or not
-中國民 	zhong1guo2min2hang2	 	General Administration of Civil Aviation
-of China (CAAC)
-歌 	ge1	 	song
-北京人 	bei3jing1ren2	 	person from Beijing, Peking Man (Sinanthropus
-pekinesis)
-就 	jiu4	 	at once, then, right away, only, (emphasis), to approach, to
-move towards, to undertake
-可是 	ke3shi4	 	but, however
-老 	lao3	 	(a prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral
-indicating the order of birth of the children in a family to indicate
-affection or familiarity), old (of people)
-十年 	shi2nian2	 	ten years
-上個星期 	shang4ge4xing1qi1	 	last week
-出發 	chu1fa1	 	to start out, to set off
-才能 	cai2neng2	 	talent, ability, capacity
-或者 	huo4zhe3	 	or, possibly, maybe, perhaps
-研究 	yan2jiu1	 	research
-文學 	wen2xue2	 	literature
-知道 	zhi1dao5	 	know, be aware of
-地方 	di4fang5	 	area, place, local
-一時 	yi4shi2	 	temporary, momentary
-不定 	bu4ding4	 	indefinite, adventitious, indeterminate
-主意 	zhu3yi5	 	plan, idea, decision
-一定要 	yi1ding4yao4	 	must
-決定 	jue2ding4	 	to decide (to do something), to determine, to resolve
-其他 	qi2ta1	 	other, else
-選擇 	xuan3ze2	 	to select, to pick, to choose, to make a choice
-了解 	liao3jie3	 	understand, come to understand, find out
-懂 	dong3	 	to understand, to know
-哦 	e2 / o2	 	to chant / oh is that so
-說 	shui4 / shuo1	 	persuade (politically) / to speak, to say
-甚麼 	shen2me5	 	what
-名字 	ming2zi5	 	(a persons) name
-談 	tan2	 	to speak, to talk, to converse, to chat, to discuss, (surname)
-進 	jin4	 	advance, enter, to come in
-城 	cheng2	 	city walls, city, town
-試 	shi4	 	to test, to try, experiment, examination, test
-又 	you4	 	(once) again, also, both... and..., again
-晚 	wan3	 	evening, night, late
-進來 	jin4lai2	 	(v) come in
-一點兒 	yi1dianr3	 	a bit, a little
-新年 	xin1nian2	 	New Year
-足球 	zu2qiu2	 	football (British English), soccer (American English)
-賽 	sai4	 	to compete, competition, match
-出去 	chu1qu4	 	(v) go out
-辦 	ban4	 	to do, to manage, to handle, to go about, to run, to set up,
-to deal with
-簽 	qian1	 	sign ones name
-証 	zheng4	 	(translation unavailable)
-早飯 	zao3fan4	 	breakfast
-早上 	zao3shang5	 	early morning
-沒吃 	mei2chi1mei2chuan1	 	(idiom) to be without food and clothing; be
-very poor
-隊 	dui4	 	squadron, team, group
-贏 	ying2	 	to beat, to win, to profit