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@@ -109,9 +109,11 @@
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable></para>
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- <para>nia2nqīng: “to be young” (literally “years-light” or “years green”. There
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- are two different characters with the same sound used for the second
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- syllable.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng</foreignphrase>: “to be
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+ young” (literally “years-light” or “years green”. There are two different
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+ characters with the same sound used for the second syllable.)</para>
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+ <para>
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+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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<tbody>
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@@ -162,7 +164,8 @@
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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- </informaltable></para>
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+ </informaltable>
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+ </para>
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<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: “to get
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married”, also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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>jiēhūn</foreignphrase>. Notice that in Chinese you talk of “getting
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@@ -201,9 +204,9 @@
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable></para>
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- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a
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verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage”. <foreignphrase
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- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jié</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jié</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
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xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūn</foreignphrase> can be separated by
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aspect markers, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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>de</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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@@ -499,7 +502,6 @@
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable></para>
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- <para/>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Notes on №6</title>
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@@ -631,7 +633,7 @@
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú
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- shi ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ shì ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry/>
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@@ -836,78 +838,4123 @@
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable></para>
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- <para/>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...sònggei ni shénme
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+ lǐwù?</foreignphrase>: Wedding gifts for friends and relatives in
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+ the PRC are generally “useful” items. Common among these are
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nuǎnpíng</foreignphrase>,
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+ hot water jugs; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >huāpíng</foreignphrase>, vases; <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">táidēng</foreignphrase>, table lamps;
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐ</foreignphrase>, pens;
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánpěn</foreignphrase>,
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+ wash basins; or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >cānjù</foreignphrase>, kitchen items.</para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>: “to act
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+ as, to serve as”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
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+ sònggei wo yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù zuǒ jìniàn.</foreignphrase> is literally
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+ “They gave me a few small presents to serve as mementos.”<informaltable
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+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
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+ xuéxiǎo bìyède xuésheng, hěn duō dōu zuò lǎoshī
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+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para> A lot of students who graduated from this
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+ school have become teachers.</para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ <para>
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+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yòng
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+ zhèiběn xīn shū zuò lǐwù, hǎo bu
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+ hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Would it be okay to use this new book as a
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+ present?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable>
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+ </para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò</foreignphrase>, “to act
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+ as, to serve as” is often seen used with <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng</foreignphrase>, “to use” as in the
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+ example above, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng ... zuò
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+ ...</foreignphrase>, “to use (something) as (something)
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+ else”.</para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìniàn</foreignphrase>:
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+ “memento, remembrance; to commemorate”.</para>
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+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi ta
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+ yìzhāng zhàopiàn zuò jìniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>I'l give him a photo as a memento.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable>
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|
</section>
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- </section>
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- </section>
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- </section>
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- <section>
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- <title>Part 3</title>
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- <section>
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- <title>Reference List</title>
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- <para/>
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- </section>
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- <section>
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- <title>Reference Notes</title>
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- </section>
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- </section>
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- <section>
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- <title>Vocabulary</title>
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- </section>
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- </section>
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- <section>
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- <title>Unit 2</title>
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- <para/>
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- <section>
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- <title>Part 1</title>
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- <section>
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- <title>Reference List</title>
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|
- </section>
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- <section>
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- <title>Reference Notes</title>
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- </section>
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- </section>
|
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- <section>
|
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|
- <title>Part 2</title>
|
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|
- <section>
|
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- <title>Reference List</title>
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|
- </section>
|
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|
- <section>
|
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|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
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|
- </section>
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|
- </section>
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- <section>
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- <title>Vocabulary</title>
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|
- </section>
|
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|
- </section>
|
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|
- <section>
|
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- <title>Unit 3</title>
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|
- <para/>
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|
- <section>
|
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|
- <title>Part 1</title>
|
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|
- <section>
|
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- <title>Reference List</title>
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|
- </section>
|
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|
- <section>
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- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
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|
- </section>
|
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|
- </section>
|
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|
- <section>
|
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|
- <title>Part 2</title>
|
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|
- <section>
|
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|
- <title>Reference List</title>
|
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|
- </section>
|
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|
- <section>
|
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|
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
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|
- </section>
|
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|
- </section>
|
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|
- <section>
|
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|
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
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|
- </section>
|
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|
- </section>
|
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|
- <section>
|
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- <title>Unit 4</title>
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|
- <para/>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Notes on №10</title>
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|
+ <para>xǔduō: “many; a great deal (of), lots (of)”. Xǔduō is used as a number
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+ (it can be followed by a counter) to modify other nouns. <informaltable
|
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|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
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|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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|
+ <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
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|
+ <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
|
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|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu duōshao
|
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|
+ qián?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
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|
+ </row>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry/>
|
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|
+ <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"/>
|
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|
+ </row>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry/>
|
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|
+ <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">How much money
|
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|
+ is there left?</entry>
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|
+ </row>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
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+ <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
|
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|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu
|
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|
+ xǔduō.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
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|
+ </row>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry/>
|
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|
+ <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"/>
|
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|
+ </row>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry/>
|
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|
+ <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">There's still
|
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|
+ a lot left, or There's a lot more.</entry>
|
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|
+ </row>
|
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|
+ </tbody>
|
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|
+ </tgroup>
|
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|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
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|
+ <para>
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|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
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|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
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|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
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|
+ <tbody>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
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|
+ mǎile xǔduō (zhāng) huàr.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
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|
+ </row>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>He bought a lot of paintings.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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|
+ </informaltable>
|
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|
+ </para>
|
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|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǔduō</foreignphrase> has
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+ several things in common with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
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|
+ >hěn duō</foreignphrase>, in addition to similarity of meaning. Used
|
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|
+ as modifiers in front of nouns, both <foreignphrase
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|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
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|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn duō</foreignphrase> can (1) be used
|
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|
+ alone, (2) be used with de, and (3) be followed by a counter, but not
|
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|
+ usually -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
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|
+ >ge</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
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|
+ colsep="1">
|
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
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+ rènshi xǔduō rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
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+ rènshi hěn duō rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
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|
+ </row>
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+ <row>
|
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>He knows a lot of people.</entry>
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|
+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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|
+ </tgroup>
|
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|
+ </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
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|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
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|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
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|
+ <tbody>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
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|
+ jiànle xǔduō(de) rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry/>
|
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|
+ </row>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ jiànle hen duō(de) rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
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|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry>He saw (met with) a lot of people.</entry>
|
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|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìchǔli
|
|
|
+ yǒu hěn duō (jiàn) dàyī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There are a lot of overcoats in the
|
|
|
+ closet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ xiěle xǔduō (běn) shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He wrote a lot of books.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn duō</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ probably more common than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xǔduō</foreignphrase>. Some speakers feel that they do not use
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase> in
|
|
|
+ conversation; many speakers, however, do not feel any restriction about
|
|
|
+ using it in conversation.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...zhùdao nǚjiār
|
|
|
+ qu</foreignphrase>: “to go live with the wife's family” You've seen
|
|
|
+ the prepositional verb dào used after main verbs, as in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nádao lóushàng qu</foreignphrase>, “take
|
|
|
+ it upstairs”. Following verbs expressing some kind of motion, the use of
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ fairly straightforward. But in the above example from the Reference
|
|
|
+ List, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ used with a verb which is not usually thought of as expressing motion,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>, “to
|
|
|
+ live, to inhabit”. Here is another example of <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> used in a phrase
|
|
|
+ expressing motion:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
|
|
|
+ zuótiān zhùjinlaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He moved in yesterday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The verbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhàn</foreignphrase> “to stand” and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase> “to sit” can also be
|
|
|
+ used in phrases expressing motion.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
|
|
|
+ zhàndao nèibianr qu, hǎo bu
|
|
|
+ hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Would you please go stand over there.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
|
|
|
+ zuòdao qiǎnbianr qu, hǎo bu
|
|
|
+ hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Would you please go sit up front.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Due to the lack of housing, which might involve a wait of from one to
|
|
|
+ three years for newlyweds, it is not infrequent now to find the groom
|
|
|
+ join the household of his new bride. This is in contrast to former
|
|
|
+ tradition, which stated that the woman became part of the man's family,
|
|
|
+ and of course, moved into his family's house.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the past, for the groom to join the household of his new bride
|
|
|
+ carried special significance. It was called rù zhuì and might take place
|
|
|
+ when a family had only female children and the father wanted his
|
|
|
+ daughter's husband to take his last name in order to carry on the family
|
|
|
+ line.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qūbié</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “difference” When expressing the difference between two things, use
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">... gēn ... yǒu
|
|
|
+ qūbié</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
|
|
|
+ zìdiǎn gēn nèiběn yǒu hěn dàde
|
|
|
+ qūbié.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There is a big difference between this dictionary
|
|
|
+ and that one.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
|
|
|
+ xuéxiào gēn nèige xuéxiào yǒu shénme
|
|
|
+ qūbié?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is the difference between this school and
|
|
|
+ that one?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhèiliǎngge bànfǎde qūbié zài
|
|
|
+ nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is the difference between these two
|
|
|
+ methods?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú shì
|
|
|
+ ma!</foreignphrase>. : “Yes, indeed!, I'll say!”, or more literally,
|
|
|
+ “Isn't it so! <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú shì ma!
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase>is often used in northern China to indicate hearty
|
|
|
+ agreement, or to indicate that something makes perfect sense to the
|
|
|
+ speaker, something like English “Well, of course!” or “Really!”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù shǎo</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ Literally “not a little”, in other words, “quite a lot”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu bù
|
|
|
+ shǎo huà yào gēn ni shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has a lot he wants to say to you.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguo
|
|
|
+ bù shǎo rén yǒu qìchē.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>In America a lot of people have cars.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érqiě</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “furthermore, moreover”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiǎn
|
|
|
+ tiānqi bù hǎo, érqiě hǎoxiàng yào xià
|
|
|
+ xuě.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The weather is bad today, and furthermore it
|
|
|
+ looks as if it's going to snow.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ěrqiě</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ often used in the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
|
|
|
+ dan...érqiě</foreignphrase> “not only ... but also...” or “not only
|
|
|
+ ... moreover...”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhèizhěng huǎr hú dàn hǎo kàn, érqiě fēicháng
|
|
|
+ xiāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This kind of flower is not only pretty, but it's
|
|
|
+ also very fragrant.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú
|
|
|
+ dàn ài chī táng, érqiě shénme tián dōngxi dōu ài
|
|
|
+ chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I not only like to eat candy, (moreover) I like
|
|
|
+ to eat anything sweet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú
|
|
|
+ dàn xuéguo Zhōngwén, érqiě xuéde bú
|
|
|
+ cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Not only has he studied Chinese, but moreover he
|
|
|
+ has learned it quite well.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
|
|
|
+ dàn méiyou hé tā tán liàn'ài, érqiě wǒ yě bú dà
|
|
|
+ xǐhuan ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Not only am I not in love with her, moreover I
|
|
|
+ don't like her very much.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>The American exchange student and her language teacher continue their
|
|
|
+ conversation:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №12</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuāngfāng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “both sides, both parties”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhèijiàn shìqing shi Zhōngguo hé Měiguo
|
|
|
+ shuāngfāng dōu zhīdaode.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This matter is known to both America and
|
|
|
+ China.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐcǐ</foreignphrase>: “the
|
|
|
+ one and the other; each other, mutually”<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suīrán
|
|
|
+ wǒmen méiyou shuō huà, kěshi bǐcǐ dōu zhīdao, tāde
|
|
|
+ bìng méiyou bànfa le. </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Although we didn't say anything, we both knew.
|
|
|
+ There was nothing that could be done for his
|
|
|
+ illness.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōumō
|
|
|
+ hǎo!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Have a nice weekend.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǐcǐ,
|
|
|
+ bǐcǐ!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You too!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ understand; to acquaint oneself with, to try to
|
|
|
+ understand”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhèijiàn shì, wǒ bù dǒng, hái děi qù liǎojiě
|
|
|
+ yíxià.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't understand this, I have to go back and
|
|
|
+ try to understand it again.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
|
|
|
+ liǎojiě ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I understand her.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ juéde tā méiyou yíge péngyou zhēnde liǎojiě
|
|
|
+ tā.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He feels that he doesn't have a single friend who
|
|
|
+ really knows him. </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that when you want to say “to know someone” meaning “to
|
|
|
+ understand someone”, the Chinese word to use is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>, not
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènshi</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ (which simply means to have made someone's acquaintance)</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №13</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...líhūnde bú tài
|
|
|
+ duō</foreignphrase>: “There aren't many people getting divorced …;”
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Líhūnde</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “those (people) who get divorced”, is a noun phrase in which <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">líhūn</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nominalized</foreignphrase> by
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №14</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fūfù</foreignphrase>: “husband
|
|
|
+ and wife, married couple”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen fūfù
|
|
|
+ liǎngge dōu fēicháng hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Those two (that couple) are both very nice.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú zài yíge dìqū
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò</foreignphrase>: “do not work in the same region”.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge</foreignphrase>, “one”,
|
|
|
+ is frequently used to mean “one and the same”. Here are some more
|
|
|
+ examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen dōu
|
|
|
+ zài yíge xuéxiào niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>All of us go to the same school.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
|
|
|
+ liǎngge dōu shi yíge lǎoshī
|
|
|
+ jiāochulaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>They are both the product of the same
|
|
|
+ teacher.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №15</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tànqǐnjià</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “leave for visiting family”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàn
|
|
|
+ qīn</foreignphrase> means to visit one's closest relatives, usually
|
|
|
+ parents, a spouse, or children.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān tā
|
|
|
+ jiù qù Shànghǎi tàn qīn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tomorrow he's going to Shanghai to visit his
|
|
|
+ family.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №16</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒngshi</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “always, all the time”. This adverb may also occur as zǒng.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒngshi
|
|
|
+ ài qù Huáměi kāfēitīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He always loves to go to the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáměi</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ Coffeehouse.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nénggòu</foreignphrase>: “can,
|
|
|
+ to be able to”. This is a synonym of <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něng</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №17</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngguo</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ pass by or through, to go through”. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngguo</foreignphrase> can mean 1) to pass
|
|
|
+ by or through something physically, or 2) to go through an
|
|
|
+ experience.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngguo
|
|
|
+ zhèicì xuéxí yǐhòu wǒ kě qīngchu duō
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>As a result of this study, I see things a lot more
|
|
|
+ clearly.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ měitiān
|
|
|
+ xià bān huí jiāde shíhou, dōu jīngguo Bǎihuò
|
|
|
+ Dàlóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Every day on my way home from work I pass by the
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎihuò
|
|
|
+ Dàlóu</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīngguo
|
|
|
+ zhèige wūzide shíhou, nǐ méiyou kànjian wǒmen zài
|
|
|
+ lǐtou gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When you passed by this room, didn't you see us
|
|
|
+ working inside?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngdāng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “quite, pretty (good, degree of'. etc.); considerable, a considerable degree
|
|
|
+ of”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shēntǐ
|
|
|
+ xiāngdāng hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His health is quite good.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ consider; consideration”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng
|
|
|
+ kǎolǜguo le, tā háishi yīnggāi shàng
|
|
|
+ dàxué.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have already given it consideration he should still
|
|
|
+ go to college.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dànshi</foreignphrase>: “but”, a
|
|
|
+ synonym of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >kěshi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng
|
|
|
+ qùguo le, dànshi wǒ méiyou kàndao
|
|
|
+ ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I already went there, but I didn't see her.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №18</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ</foreignphrase>: “male and
|
|
|
+ female”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nānnǚde
|
|
|
+ shìqing zuì nán shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Matters between men and women are the hardest to
|
|
|
+ judge.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīngdāng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “should, ought to”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Yīngdāng</foreignphrase> is a less-frequently heard word for
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīnggāi</foreignphrase>. These
|
|
|
+ two words share in common the following meanings:<orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>“should” in the sense of obligation or duty.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zánmen shi tóngzhì, yīngdāng (or yīnggāi) bǐcǐ
|
|
|
+ bāngmáng. </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We two are comrades, we should help each
|
|
|
+ other.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>“ought to” in the sense of “it would be suitable to”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wàitou lěng, nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) duō chuān
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's cold out, you should put on some more
|
|
|
+ clothing.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>“should” in the sense of “it would be desirable to”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) shìyishi, zhēn hǎo
|
|
|
+ wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You should try this, it's fun.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>“should” in the sense of “it is expected”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shídiǎn zhōng le, tā yīnggāi </foreignphrase>(or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yīngdāng</foreignphrase>) <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài dào
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's ten o'clock, he should be here
|
|
|
+ soon.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tā xué Zhōngwén xuéle sānnián le, yīnggāi xuéde bú
|
|
|
+ cuò le.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry> He's been studying Chinese for three years, he
|
|
|
+ should be pretty good by now.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “relatively, comparatively, by comparison”. Also pronounced <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiǎo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
|
|
|
+ bǐjiào rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's hotter today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
|
|
|
+ yīfu gǎile yǐhòu, bǐjiào hǎo
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>After this article of clothing is altered, it will be
|
|
|
+ better.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
|
|
|
+ liǎngtiān tā bǐjiào shūfu yìdiǎnr, bù zěnme fā shāo
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The past couple of days he's been feeling better, he
|
|
|
+ doesn't have such a high fever any more.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>You may sometimes hear Chinese speakers use <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase> before other adverbial
|
|
|
+ expressions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
|
|
|
+ tài</foreignphrase> “not too”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bù zěnme</foreignphrase> “not so”, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú nàme</foreignphrase> “not so” or hen
|
|
|
+ “very”. Careful speakers, however, feel that <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase> should not be used in
|
|
|
+ such cases.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №19</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>: “will;
|
|
|
+ might; be likely to”. The auxiliary verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is used to express
|
|
|
+ likelihood here.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān tā
|
|
|
+ huì bu hui lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Will he come tomorrow?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù bǎ
|
|
|
+ mén guānhǎo, nǐ huì bu hui juéde tài
|
|
|
+ rè?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>If I go close the door, will you feel too
|
|
|
+ hot?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiějué</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ solve, to settle (a problem), to overcome (a difficulty)”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú yao
|
|
|
+ jí, qiǎnde wèntí yǐjīng jiějué
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Don't get anxious, the problem of money has already
|
|
|
+ been solved.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue in Washington, D. C.</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A graduate student in Chinese studies talks with an exchange student from
|
|
|
+ Peking.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...nánjia hái yào sòng xǔduō
|
|
|
+ lǐwù ma?</foreignphrase>: In traditional China, the groom's family gave
|
|
|
+ gifts to the bride's family to compensate for the loss of their daughter.
|
|
|
+ (For the loss of the daughter might also entail a substantial loss of
|
|
|
+ property and servants.) In Taiwan, it is still the man's family who in most
|
|
|
+ cases pays for the wedding arrangements. In the PRC today, these customs no
|
|
|
+ longer exist.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu
|
|
|
+ duō?</foreignphrase>: Although allowed by law with the mutual consent of
|
|
|
+ both parties, it is not easy to obtain a divorce in the PRC. With the
|
|
|
+ exceptions of one party being either politically questionable or terminally
|
|
|
+ ill, the majority of couples are asked to resolve their differences via
|
|
|
+ study and group criticism.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...yǒu yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge
|
|
|
+ dìfang gōngzuò</foreignphrase>: Many couples still have to be split up
|
|
|
+ in order for each to have work. (Jobs are arranged for and assigned by the
|
|
|
+ local government.) This is, of course, a great hardship since it is
|
|
|
+ improbable that either will be able to arrange a transfer of job to the
|
|
|
+ other's work-place. The splits are arranged in order to increase rural
|
|
|
+ population and provide labor for rural jobs. The partner left in the city,
|
|
|
+ usually the woman, can go to the countryside to join her spouse, but rural
|
|
|
+ life is so difficult that this is not likely.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...suǐràn měinián yǒu bànge
|
|
|
+ yuède tànqīnjià</foreignphrase>: There are two types of leave for
|
|
|
+ visiting one's family in the PRC. One is for unmarried children to return
|
|
|
+ home to see their parents, the other is for couples who are assigned to
|
|
|
+ different places for work. These trips are paid for by one's work unit (but
|
|
|
+ communes have no family leave provisions). If the person on leave is working
|
|
|
+ relatively near his home, he is allowed a fifteen day visit once per year
|
|
|
+ and a worker who is located relatively far from home can take a thirty day
|
|
|
+ visit once every two years.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiáojie</foreignphrase>: “daughter”. You have seen
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiáojie</foreignphrase> meaning “Miss” or ”young
|
|
|
+ lady”. Here it is used to mean “daughter”. Note, however, that it is
|
|
|
+ used only in referring to someone else's daughter, not in referring to
|
|
|
+ one's own daughter(s).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu jǐwèi
|
|
|
+ xiáojie?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How many daughters does he have?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xiáojie zhēn
|
|
|
+ piàoliang.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Your daughter is really pretty.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiáojie</foreignphrase>, meaning either “Miss” or
|
|
|
+ “daughter”, is not in current usage in the PRC.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dā xǐde rìzi</foreignphrase>: “wedding day”, literally
|
|
|
+ “big joyful day”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐ</foreignphrase> “to be glad,
|
|
|
+ joyful”, is used in several expressions having to do with weddings. The
|
|
|
+ character for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ</foreignphrase> is often used as a
|
|
|
+ decoration. For weddings, two <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ characters together are used as a decoration.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén hěn lǎoshi</foreignphrase>: “he's very honest”.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rén</foreignphrase>, “person”, can he used to refer to a
|
|
|
+ person's character. It can he used with a noun or pronoun before it, for
|
|
|
+ example <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rén hěn lǎoshi</foreignphrase>, literally “As for
|
|
|
+ him, his person is very honest”. The wording <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ rén</foreignphrase> ... is often used to talk about the way someone
|
|
|
+ truly is:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rén hěn ài bāngzhu bié
|
|
|
+ rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He (is the sort of person who) likes to help
|
|
|
+ others.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng rén hěn tèbié, shénme
|
|
|
+ shìqing dōu yào wèn yige
|
|
|
+ wèishenme.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Mr. Liú is a different sort of person, he has to ask
|
|
|
+ “why” about everything.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rén hén
|
|
|
+ kèqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He's a very polite sort of person.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase> refers to a person's mental
|
|
|
+ state of being:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hēde tài duō, rén hái yǒu diǎnr bu
|
|
|
+ qīSngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I had too much to drink and I'm still a little
|
|
|
+ foggy.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rén</foreignphrase> also sometimes refers to a person's
|
|
|
+ physical self. This meaning is mostly used in situations where a contrast is
|
|
|
+ implied, something like “And as for the person himself, ...”. For
|
|
|
+ example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yìzhí zhǐshi hé tā tōng diànhuà,
|
|
|
+ jīntiān zǎoshang, cái dìyīcì jiàn miàn, tā rén
|
|
|
+ fēicháng piàoliàng.</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>All along I had only talked to her over the phone,
|
|
|
+ but this morning I met her for the first time. She's
|
|
|
+ very beautiful.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tāmen jiéhūn bu dào yíge yuè, xiānsheng jiù dào
|
|
|
+ Jiāzhōu niàn shū qu le, rén zài Měiguo, xīn zài Tǎiwān,
|
|
|
+ shū zěnme niàndehǎo ne?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>They hadn't even been married for one month when her
|
|
|
+ husband went to California to go to school. He was in
|
|
|
+ America, but his heart was in Taiwan, how could he
|
|
|
+ possibly study well?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāowǎng</foreignphrase>: “to associate with, to have
|
|
|
+ dealings with”, often said of boyfriend-girlfriend
|
|
|
+ relationships.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hé tā méiyou shénme tèbiéde
|
|
|
+ jiāowǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There's no special relationship between him and me.
|
|
|
+ (Said by a daughter in explanation to her
|
|
|
+ mother.)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the PRC <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāowǎng</foreignphrase> is not used this way;
|
|
|
+ use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènshi</foreignphrase>, “to know (a person)” or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāo péngyou</foreignphrase>, “to make friends” instead.
|
|
|
+ In the PRC, you will hear <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāowǎng</foreignphrase> used in
|
|
|
+ phrases such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐangguo rénmínde jiāowǎng</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “the contact (association) between the peoples of these two
|
|
|
+ countries”.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №4</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánfāng</foreignphrase>: “the bridegroom's side”, a phrase
|
|
|
+ which often refers to the bridegroom himself, and sometimes refers to the
|
|
|
+ bridegroom's family, relatives, and friends collectively.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánfāng</foreignphrase>, “the bridegroom's side”, happens
|
|
|
+ to be a homonym of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánfāng</foreignphrase>, “the
|
|
|
+ South”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo rén jiéhūnde shíhou, nánfāng
|
|
|
+ dà qǐng kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When Chinese get married, the groom's family hosts a
|
|
|
+ big feast.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn yǐqiǎn nánfāng nǚfāng bǐcǐ sòng
|
|
|
+ lǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Before a marriage, the groom's side and the bride's
|
|
|
+ side give each other gifts.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>[<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚfāng</foreignphrase> means “the bride's side,” referring
|
|
|
+ either to ”the bride” herself, or to “the bride's family, relatives, and
|
|
|
+ friends collectively”.]</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shóu</foreignphrase>: “to be familiar with ...” Also
|
|
|
+ pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shú</foreignphrase>.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shóu</foreignphrase> is used with
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase> for people and with
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì</foreignphrase> for places.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hé tā hen
|
|
|
+ shóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I know him very well.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì Tǎiběi hěn
|
|
|
+ shóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She knows Taipei very well.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shóu</foreignphrase> also means “to be cooked sufficiently”
|
|
|
+ and “to be ripe”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>: You've learned this as the verb “to be
|
|
|
+ early”, now you see it used to mean “long ago”.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎo zhǐdào nǐ bù
|
|
|
+ huílai.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I knew long ago that you wouldn't come back.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎo tīngshuō
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I heard about it long ago.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo</foreignphrase> is usually followed by
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to stress the idea of “as early as
|
|
|
+ that”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎo jiù gàosu tā nèijiàn shì
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I told him that long ago. (Said to correct an
|
|
|
+ impression that he didn't actually know it so early.
|
|
|
+ )</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎo jiù xiǎng lái kàn ni, yìzhí méi
|
|
|
+ shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've been meaning to come see you for a long time,
|
|
|
+ but I never had the time.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíqǐn</foreignphrase>: “to bring up a proposal of marriage”
|
|
|
+ Traditionally, the man's parents would visit the parents of the woman they
|
|
|
+ wished their son to marry in order to bring up the subject of marriage. The
|
|
|
+ situation in Taiwan is changing rapidly today, but some marriages are still
|
|
|
+ proposed in this way. More frequently, however, the children simply inform
|
|
|
+ their parents of their own arrangement.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāying</foreignphrase>: “to agree (to something), to
|
|
|
+ consent, to promise”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dǎying gěi wo nèijiàn dōngxi, zěnme
|
|
|
+ tā xiànzài yòu bù gěi le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He agreed to give me that thing. How is that now he
|
|
|
+ won't give it to me?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dāying ta le, dāngrán yīnggāi péi
|
|
|
+ ta qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You promised him, of course you should go with
|
|
|
+ him.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dāying zuòde shì, yídìng yào
|
|
|
+ zuòdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You must do what you promise to do.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dāyinglede shì, wèishénme bú
|
|
|
+ zuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Why don't you do this thing that you have
|
|
|
+ promised?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dāyingguode shì, jiù yīnggāi
|
|
|
+ zuòdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You ought to do things that you promise.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi dāying gěi ni yíge
|
|
|
+ hùzhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I didn't promise to give you a passport.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dāyjng</foreignphrase> can also mean “to
|
|
|
+ answer”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiào ni, nǐ zěnme méi
|
|
|
+ dāying?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He called you, how come you didn't answer?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №5</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tánlai tánqù</foreignphrase>: “to talk over”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tánlai tánqù, yě bù néng jiějué zhèige
|
|
|
+ wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We discussed it for a long time, but still couldn't
|
|
|
+ solve the problem.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tánlai tánqù, tánde hěn yǒu
|
|
|
+ yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It got very interesting, conversing back and
|
|
|
+ forth.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juédìng</foreignphrase>: “to decide”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juédìng yào
|
|
|
+ qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've decided that I'm going.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng juédìng jiù zhènme
|
|
|
+ bàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've already decided that it'll be this way.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái méi juédìng gāi zěnme
|
|
|
+ bàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I haven't yet decided what should be done.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that when you want to say “I can't decide whether (to do
|
|
|
+ something)” or “I haven't decided whether (to do something)”, the object of
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juédìng</foreignphrase> is a choice-type
|
|
|
+ question.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái méi juédìng qù bu
|
|
|
+ qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I haven't yet decided whether to go or not.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù néng juédìng wǒ qù bu
|
|
|
+ qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I can't decide whether to go or not.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn nán juédìng ràng bu ràng ta
|
|
|
+ qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm having a hard time deciding whether to let him to
|
|
|
+ or not.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì bu shi gāi huíqu hěn nán
|
|
|
+ juédìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's hard to decide whether or not I should go
|
|
|
+ back.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>: “afterwards, later”. You have
|
|
|
+ already learned another word which can be translated as “afterwards” or
|
|
|
+ “later”: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase>.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase> are both nouns which express time.
|
|
|
+ Here is a brief comparison of them.<orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> can either follow another
|
|
|
+ element, in which case it is translated as “after ...”) or it
|
|
|
+ can be used by itself.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láile yǐhòu, wǒmen jiù
|
|
|
+ zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>After he came, we left.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài
|
|
|
+ láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Afterwards, he never came back
|
|
|
+ again.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hòulái</foreignphrase> can only be used by
|
|
|
+ itself.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hòulái, tā shuì jiào
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Afterwards, he went to sleep.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Both <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase> and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase> may be used to refer
|
|
|
+ to the past. (For example, in the reference list sentence,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase> may be substituted for
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>. But if you want to
|
|
|
+ say “afterwards” or “later” referring to the future, you can
|
|
|
+ only use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase>. When it refers to
|
|
|
+ the future time, yǐhòu can be translated in various ways,
|
|
|
+ depending on the context:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu
|
|
|
+ zài shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Let's wait until the future to see about
|
|
|
+ future matters.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu nǐ yǒu kòng, qǐng
|
|
|
+ cháng lái wán.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>In the future when you have the time,
|
|
|
+ please come over more often.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo yǐhòu zài gàosu
|
|
|
+ ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'll tell you later on.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde háizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā
|
|
|
+ yào gēn yíge Rìběn rén
|
|
|
+ jiéhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His child said that someday, he wants to
|
|
|
+ marry a Japanese.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Usage Note: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> has the
|
|
|
+ meaning of “after that”. It can imply that some past event
|
|
|
+ functions as a dividing point in time, as a sort of time
|
|
|
+ boundary, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase> refers to the
|
|
|
+ period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of
|
|
|
+ reference (usually the time of speaking). In this usage it is
|
|
|
+ often translated as “since”.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū,
|
|
|
+ yǐhòu zài méi xiěguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He only wrote one book, and hasn't written
|
|
|
+ any since.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ránhòu</foreignphrase> stresses the succession
|
|
|
+ of one event upon the completion of a prior event.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shàngwū zhǐ yǒu liǎngjié
|
|
|
+ kè, ránhòu jiù méi shì le, wǒmen kéyi chuqū
|
|
|
+ wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have only two classes in the morning, and
|
|
|
+ after that I don't have anything else to do, so we
|
|
|
+ can go out play.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">háishi</foreignphrase>: “in the end, after all”
|
|
|
+ You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">háishi</foreignphrase> meaning
|
|
|
+ “still” that is, that something remains the same way as it was.
|
|
|
+ Here <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">háishi</foreignphrase> is used to mean that
|
|
|
+ the speaker feels that, all things considered, something is the
|
|
|
+ case after all.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háishi tā
|
|
|
+ duì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is right, after all.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №6</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jūxíng</foreignphrase>: “to hold (a meeting, banquet,
|
|
|
+ celebration, ceremony, etc.)” For this example you need to know that
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diǎnlǐ</foreignphrase> means “ceremony”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān jǔxíng bìyè
|
|
|
+ diǎnlǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tomorrow the graduation ceremony will be
|
|
|
+ held.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №8</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>: “even, (to go) so far as to” You have
|
|
|
+ seen hái meaning “still” -as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái zài
|
|
|
+ zhèr!</foreignphrase>, “You're still here!”. You've also seen hái
|
|
|
+ meaning “also, additionally”, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái yào mǎi yìpǐng
|
|
|
+ qìshuǐ.</foreignphrase>, “I also want to buy a bottle of soda.” Here you
|
|
|
+ see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> meaning additionally in the sense of
|
|
|
+ additional effort. The sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen hái sòng huār
|
|
|
+ lái</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> expresses the
|
|
|
+ speaker's feeling that sending flowers went beyond what was expected or
|
|
|
+ necessary.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēn shi tài xièxie le</foreignphrase>: “I really thank you
|
|
|
+ so much.” You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tài</foreignphrase> used to mean
|
|
|
+ “very, extremely”, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tài hǎo le!</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “Wonderful!”. Notice that here it is used with
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xièxie</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A woman goes to visit her old friend and to present her with a gift for
|
|
|
+ her daughter and future son-in-law.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǒbǐn Dàfàndiàn bù zhǐ shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě
|
|
|
+ tèbié hǎo.</foreignphrase> Traditional wedding foods included
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huāshēng</foreignphrase>, peanuts;
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánzǐ</foreignphrase>, lotus seeds; and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎozi</foreignphrase>, dates, all of which symbolize
|
|
|
+ fertility in that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēng(zǐ)</foreignphrase> means “give birth
|
|
|
+ to” (a son); <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎnzǐ</foreignphrase> sounds like part of the
|
|
|
+ phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎnshēng guìzǐ</foreignphrase>, “have sons
|
|
|
+ consecutively”; and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎozi</foreignphrase> sounds like part of
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎoshēng guìzǐ</foreignphrase>, “have an early son.” The
|
|
|
+ wedding marked the beginning of that generation's carrying on of the family
|
|
|
+ line. Today few adhere to these symbols and food is served according to
|
|
|
+ family preference.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún zìjǐ zuòde</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ Wedding gowns in Taiwan these days are frequently hand-made or tailor-made,
|
|
|
+ as tailoring is affordable and the quality of work surpasses that of
|
|
|
+ ready-made items. Brides may wear two gowns: a white one for the ceremony
|
|
|
+ (which may be in a church nowadays) and a traditional Chinese red one at the
|
|
|
+ celebration.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №9</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìn Jīdūjiào</foreignphrase>: “to believe in
|
|
|
+ (Protestant) Christianity”. This is one way of saying “to be a
|
|
|
+ (Protestant) Christian”.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №10</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìn Fó</foreignphrase>: “to believe in Buddha”. This is
|
|
|
+ one way of saying “to be a Buddhist”.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №11</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài fǎyuàn</foreignphrase>: “in court”
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài</foreignphrase> is the verb “to be in, at, or
|
|
|
+ on”, in other words “to be located (someplace)”.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài</foreignphrase> must be followed by a place word
|
|
|
+ or a place phrase. Just what is considered to be a place word or phrase
|
|
|
+ may be difficult for the non-native speaker to figure out. Words which
|
|
|
+ are not considered to be place words or phases must have a locational
|
|
|
+ ending such as -li or -shang added to them. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài
|
|
|
+ chēshang mǎi piào.</foreignphrase>, “You buy the ticket on the
|
|
|
+ bus.”)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The names of institutions in Chinese are considered to be place words.
|
|
|
+ The phrase “in court” does not need a locational ending,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài fǎyuàn</foreignphrase>. Here are some other words
|
|
|
+ which can function as place words by themselves. Many of these end with
|
|
|
+ syllables such as -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase>) “house, apartment”,
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jú</foreignphrase> “office, shop”,
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diàn</foreignphrase> “inn, shop”,
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎng</foreignphrase> “field, open ground”,
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīng</foreignphrase> “hall, room”,
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suǒ</foreignphrase> “place, room”,
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiān</foreignphrase> “house, rooms”,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎn</foreignphrase> “public office,
|
|
|
+ hall”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān xiàwu zài bàngōngshì
|
|
|
+ jiàn!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>See you at the office this afternoon!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài běnshì yǒu wǔge
|
|
|
+ yóuzhèngjú!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There are five post offices in this city!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài cáiféngdiàn zuòde
|
|
|
+ ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You must have had that made at a tailor's.
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài cāntīng kàndao ta le
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you see him in the dining room?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Other words which behave in a similar way are:<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="6" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">càishichǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>market</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùjìn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>area</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cèsuǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>toilet</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúwùtái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>service desk</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>hotel</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngānjú</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Bureau of Public Security</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāngdiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>store</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngsī</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>company</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlou</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>building</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>apartment</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàshiguǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>embassy</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>park</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>region</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huìkèshì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>reception room</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>restaurant</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huǒchēzhàn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>railroad station</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàngjiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>room</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐngchájú</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>police station</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>restaurant</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāfēitīng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>coffeehouse</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàntīng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>dining room</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎojiā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>hometown</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēijichǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>airport</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6">and many more...
|
|
|
+ including proper names of Restaurants, buildings,
|
|
|
+ associations, organizations, etc.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzhèng</foreignphrase>: “notarization, government
|
|
|
+ witness”. A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzhèng rén</foreignphrase> is a notary
|
|
|
+ public.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №12</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù xí</foreignphrase>: “to take one's seat at a
|
|
|
+ banquet”, literally “to enter the mat(ted area)”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen kuài diǎnr zhǔnbèi, tāmen
|
|
|
+ liùdiǎn zhōng jiù yào rù xí
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Let's get ready a little faster, the banquet
|
|
|
+ starts at 6:00.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №13</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùzá</foreignphrase>: “to be complicated, to be
|
|
|
+ complex”. Questions, problems, or situations can be
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùzá</foreignphrase> if there are many pieces or
|
|
|
+ factors figuring into the problem. It is also possible to use
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùzá</foreignphrase> to imply that the situation is
|
|
|
+ messy, problem-ridden.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen jiāde qíngkuàng tài fùzá, wǒ
|
|
|
+ gǎobuqīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Their family situation is too complicated, I
|
|
|
+ can't make heads or tails of it. (This sentence has
|
|
|
+ an ambiguity in both languages.)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige wèntí tài fùzá, hěn nán
|
|
|
+ shuōqīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This question is so complicated, it's very hard
|
|
|
+ to explain it clearly.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige jùzi tài fùzá, zuì hǎo bú
|
|
|
+ zhèiyangr xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This sentence is too complicated, it would be
|
|
|
+ best not to write it this way.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùzá</foreignphrase> can also be used in a
|
|
|
+ complimentary way. (For this example you need to know that
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sìxiǎng</foreignphrase> means “thinking,
|
|
|
+ thought”.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde sìxiǎng hěn
|
|
|
+ fùzá.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His thinking is very complex.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>This sentence might be said of an Einstein. The opposite of
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùzá</foreignphrase> in this case would, be
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎndān</foreignphrase> “to be simple”, as in
|
|
|
+ “simple-minded”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùzá</foreignphrase> is also pronounced
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǔzā</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №14</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìjiàn</foreignphrase>: “idea, view, opinion,
|
|
|
+ suggestion”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcái tā tánle duì zhèiběn shūde
|
|
|
+ yìjian, wǒ juéde duì wǒmen hěn yǒu
|
|
|
+ bāngzhu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He just told us his opinions on this book, and I
|
|
|
+ feel that they're really helpful to us.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn xiǎng zhīdào, zài zhèige
|
|
|
+ wèntíshang, Zhōngguo zhèngfǔde yìjian shi
|
|
|
+ shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'd very much like to know what the Chinese
|
|
|
+ government's view is on this question.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiāng xiān qù Shànghǎi, zài dào
|
|
|
+ Wǔhàn, nǐde yìjian
|
|
|
+ zěnmeyang?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'd like to go to Shànghǎi first and then to
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>, what's your
|
|
|
+ opinion?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde yìjian shi xiān qù Wǔhàn, zài
|
|
|
+ dào Shànghǎi qu. Yīnwei zài guò yíge yuè, Wǔhàn
|
|
|
+ fēicháng rèle.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>My opinion is to first go to
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>, then to
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>, because
|
|
|
+ after a month, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ will be extremely hot.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №15</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhènghūn</foreignphrase>: “to witness a marriage”.
|
|
|
+ Witnesses formerly were persons of good reputation and venerable old
|
|
|
+ age. Today, familiarity is most important. The witness makes a brief
|
|
|
+ speech during the ceremony and stamps the marriage certificate with his
|
|
|
+ name seal. He receives no remuneration for this service, but is honored
|
|
|
+ to have been asked.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №16</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dù mìyuè</foreignphrase>: “to spend one's honeymoon”.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dù</foreignphrase> is the verb “to spend, to pass”
|
|
|
+ (something which is an amount of time, like a holiday).
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mìyuè</foreignphrase> is literally
|
|
|
+ “honey-moon”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huímén</foreignphrase>: “the bride's first visit to her
|
|
|
+ own family on the third day after the wedding”, literally “return to the
|
|
|
+ door”. When the newlyweds return home for this first visit, the family
|
|
|
+ of the bride is given a chance to entertain the couple. More friends and
|
|
|
+ relatives are invited and introduced to them. (It is the groom's family
|
|
|
+ which arranges the marriage ceremony.)</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №17</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐjiǔ</foreignphrase>: “wedding banquet”. Notice that
|
|
|
+ in the Reference List sentence the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái chī
|
|
|
+ xǐjiǔ</foreignphrase> is translated as “to come to the wedding
|
|
|
+ banquet”. A more literal translation might be “come to eat a wedding
|
|
|
+ feast!”. The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase> could also be
|
|
|
+ rendered into English by “attend” or “take part”, as in “Be sure to come
|
|
|
+ take part in the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow”.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №18</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūnlǐshàng</foreignphrase>: “at the wedding”. Notice
|
|
|
+ that in English you say “at the wedding” while in Chinese you say
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūnlǐshàng</foreignphrase>, literally “on the
|
|
|
+ wedding”. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shàng</foreignphrase> would also be the
|
|
|
+ locative ending to use for “at the meeting”
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huìshàng</foreignphrase>).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièshaorén</foreignphrase>: “introducer”. This is one
|
|
|
+ person in the cast of people who play a part in getting two people
|
|
|
+ together in marriage. Originally, the “introducer” functioned in much
|
|
|
+ the same way as match-makers - finding a good mate for a friend or
|
|
|
+ relative. Today, most young people find their own mates. The
|
|
|
+ “introducer”, however, still have a ceremonial function. They accompany
|
|
|
+ the bride and groom during the ceremony (one for the bride and one for
|
|
|
+ the groom).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò méi</foreignphrase>: “to act as the go-between for
|
|
|
+ two families whose children are to be married”. This person arranged the
|
|
|
+ details of the match. He acted as a go-between for the families of the
|
|
|
+ bride and groom, settling points which were usually of a financial
|
|
|
+ nature. Often the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò méide</foreignphrase> was also the
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièshaorén</foreignphrase>. Traditionally, the
|
|
|
+ go-between was an older woman who made a profession of it. She was paid
|
|
|
+ for her services in money if the family was wealthy or in the best pork
|
|
|
+ legs if they were poor. Today any adult can act as the go-between,
|
|
|
+ although the practice is becoming less and less common. During the
|
|
|
+ wedding ceremony, the go-between places his stamp on the wedding
|
|
|
+ certificate.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo gěi ni zuò méi, hǎo bu
|
|
|
+ hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'll act as go-between for you, all
|
|
|
+ right?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng Tàitai qǐng wo tǐ tāde nǚér
|
|
|
+ zuò méi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Mrs. Chang asked me to act as go- between for her
|
|
|
+ daughter.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №19</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">júzhǎng</foreignphrase>: “head of an office or bureau”.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Júzhǎng</foreignphrase> is only used when the Chinese
|
|
|
+ name of the office or bureau ends with the syllable
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jú</foreignphrase>, as in
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóuzhèngjú</foreignphrase>, “post office”. You've
|
|
|
+ also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bùzhǎng</foreignphrase>, “minister of a bureau”
|
|
|
+ and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kēzhǎng</foreignphrase>, “section chief”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōnián</foreignphrase>: “many years”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Here are some examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen duōnián bú jiàn
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We haven't seen each other for many
|
|
|
+ years.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zài yìqǐ gōngzuòle duōnián
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We've been working together for many
|
|
|
+ years.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài zhèr duōnián le, kěshi
|
|
|
+ méi tīngshuōguo zhèige
|
|
|
+ rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've been living here for many years, but I've
|
|
|
+ never heard of this person.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №20</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tándao</foreignphrase>: “to talk about, to speak of”.
|
|
|
+ This is used to refer to something that was just brought up in
|
|
|
+ conversation. You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> used as a
|
|
|
+ main verb meaning “to go to, to arrive at”, and as a prepositional verb
|
|
|
+ meaning “to towards”. Now you see that
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is also used as a verb ending.
|
|
|
+ Literally, it means “to, up to”, but its translation into English
|
|
|
+ sometimes changes, depending on the meaning of the verb it is used with.
|
|
|
+ When used with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán</foreignphrase>, “to talk, to chat”,
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> can be translated as “about” or
|
|
|
+ “of”. Here are some other examples of
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> used with verbs you've already
|
|
|
+ studied:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, nǐ
|
|
|
+ jiù lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We were even talking of you Just now, and here
|
|
|
+ you are!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān nǐ gēn ta jiǎngdao wo
|
|
|
+ méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you talk about me with him today?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chángchang xiǎngdao wǒde
|
|
|
+ háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I often think of my child.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that in the Reference List sentence,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tándao</foreignphrase> is used at the beginning of
|
|
|
+ the sentence to introduce a topic, like we use “speaking of ...” in
|
|
|
+ English. Here are some other examples:<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tándao jiéhūnde shì, wǒ hái děi
|
|
|
+ xiǎngyixiang.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When it comes to talking about marriage, I have
|
|
|
+ to think it over.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tándao zěnme xiě Zhōngguo zì, tā
|
|
|
+ bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When we talk about writing Chinese characters, he
|
|
|
+ knows a lot more than I do.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>: “really, after all”. You have seen
|
|
|
+ yě meaning “too, also. Another common meaning of
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> is “(even though) ...
|
|
|
+ nevertheless, still”. For example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ suīrán shi Zhōngguorén wǒ yě
|
|
|
+ huì shuō yìdiǎn Yǐngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Although I am Chinese, I can still speak a little
|
|
|
+ English.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Zhèige diànyǐng
|
|
|
+ zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How was the movie?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Bú shi hěn hǎo, dànshi yě hái
|
|
|
+ kéyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It wasn't great, but it was pretty good
|
|
|
+ nevertheless.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ suīrán méi dàoguo Tiān Men, yě
|
|
|
+ zài diànshìshang Ān
|
|
|
+ kànjianguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Although I've never been to Tian An Men, I've
|
|
|
+ seen it on television.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In addition, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> often is used to
|
|
|
+ contrast the thought expressed in the sentence with another thought.
|
|
|
+ This meaning can be paraphrased something like this: “in spite of
|
|
|
+ anything which might be believed to the contrary, indeed what I am
|
|
|
+ saying is true.” Sometimes, however, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ is used when there is not much to contrast it with, and means little
|
|
|
+ more than “we really ought to agree that what I am saying is
|
|
|
+ true.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>There are many different possible ways to translate this yě into
|
|
|
+ English. The following examples are meant to show some of its range of
|
|
|
+ meaning and some of its possible translations.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài shíyīdiǎn bàn le, wǒ yě
|
|
|
+ yào shàng kè le, wǒmende wèntí míngtiān zài tán
|
|
|
+ ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's eleven-thirty. I really have to be going to
|
|
|
+ class. Let's talk about our question tomorrow,
|
|
|
+ okay?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfǔ
|
|
|
+ tíchàng wǎnliàn wǎnhūn yě shi
|
|
|
+ yīnggāide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The population of China is too large, it really
|
|
|
+ is right for the government to promote late marriage
|
|
|
+ and late involvement.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen wèishénme yào líhūn, wǒ yě
|
|
|
+ bù zhīdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Why they wanted to get a divorce, I really don't
|
|
|
+ know.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Nǐ zěnme hái méi bǎ zhèxiē yīfu
|
|
|
+ xǐwán?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How come you still haven't finished washing these
|
|
|
+ clothes?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Wǒ yě bú shi nǐde yòngren,
|
|
|
+ báitiān wǒ yě shàng bān, wǒ méiyou zhènme duō
|
|
|
+ shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm not your servant, after all; I work during
|
|
|
+ the day too, and I don't have all that much
|
|
|
+ time.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài yě gāi míngbai le
|
|
|
+ ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Now you (really) ought to understand, don't
|
|
|
+ you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen liǎngge rènshi yě yǒu jǐnián
|
|
|
+ le, nǐ yīnggāi liǎojiě wo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We have known each other for several years, after
|
|
|
+ all; you ought to understand me.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...liǎngge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng
|
|
|
+ jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: Traditional wedding ceremonies were held at
|
|
|
+ home or in ancestral halls (not in temples or pagodas). Modern ones are
|
|
|
+ likely to be held in hotels or restaurants, as there is more room and
|
|
|
+ food is then easier to prepare.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen jìhua yào dào Ālǐ Shān qù</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ālǐ Shān</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìyuè
|
|
|
+ Tán</foreignphrase> (Sun-Moon Lake) are the two most popular
|
|
|
+ honeymoon spots on Taiwan. An average honeymoon stay might last one
|
|
|
+ week.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes in Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kòngzhi</foreignphrase>: “to control; control”. This can
|
|
|
+ also he translated as “to dominate; to command”.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige fǎngjiānde wēndù kòngzhude hù
|
|
|
+ hǎo, yìhuǐr lěng, yìhuǐr rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The temperature in this room isn't well regulated.
|
|
|
+ It's cold one minute and hot the next.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shíjiān méi bànfa kòngzhi, shéi yě
|
|
|
+ bànbudao.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There is no way to control time; no one can do
|
|
|
+ it.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde bìng yǐjīng kòngzhizhù le, yěxǔ
|
|
|
+ jǐtiān yǐhòu, tā huì
|
|
|
+ hǎoqilai.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His illness is under control now; maybe in another
|
|
|
+ few days he will start to get better.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu yìxiē rén kòngzhile zhèijià fēijī,
|
|
|
+ hú ràng ta qǐfēi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Some people have taken control of this airplane and
|
|
|
+ won't let it take off.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chénggōng</foreignphrase>: “to succeed; to be
|
|
|
+ successful“.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèihěn shū chénggōng
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This hook was a success.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèihěn shū xiěde hěn
|
|
|
+ chénggōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His hook was written very successfully, (i.e., His
|
|
|
+ hook came off very well.)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige tāng chénggōng le, dàjiā dōu ài
|
|
|
+ chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This soup is a success, everyone loves it.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yào nǐ nǔlì, nǐde shìqing yídìng
|
|
|
+ néng chénggōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>So long as you work hard at it, your effort is sure
|
|
|
+ to succeed.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòdào</foreignphrase>: “to achieve, to make (a goal)”. In
|
|
|
+ Unit 2, Part II, you saw <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tándao</foreignphrase> “to talk
|
|
|
+ about, to speak of”, with the ending -dào meaning literally “to, up to”.
|
|
|
+ Here you see -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> used as an ending after the
|
|
|
+ verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase> “to make”. You may think of
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> in
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòdào</foreignphrase> as conveying the meaning of
|
|
|
+ reaching a goal.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiān shi, wǒ yǐjīng zuòdào
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have already succeeded in doing this.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōguo, zuótiān nǐ yào qù, nǐ
|
|
|
+ zuòdào le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You said that you wanted to go yesterday. Did you do
|
|
|
+ so?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sān tōngguò</foreignphrase>: “the three approvals”. The
|
|
|
+ “three approvals” have ”been in effect since 1973/74. At that time, the
|
|
|
+ minimum marriage age was pushed upward, but most recently it has been
|
|
|
+ relaxed to ages twenty-five for males and twenty-three for females. Most
|
|
|
+ couples must still wait a number of years before they can have a child. The
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sāntōngguò guīdìng</foreignphrase> for city residents
|
|
|
+ effectively means that, without these three approvals for a child, a
|
|
|
+ pregnancy must end in abortion or else the child will have to live without
|
|
|
+ food rations. (A government slogan is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge
|
|
|
+ gòule</foreignphrase>, “One is best, two is enough.”) Applications to
|
|
|
+ have children are reviewed and permission granted or denied by one's work
|
|
|
+ unit, based on the total allowable city quota. A third child is strongly
|
|
|
+ discouraged and life would be very difficult for it should it be born.
|
|
|
+ Special gifts, privileges, and awards are given to one-child families. In
|
|
|
+ the countryside, one can find four to six children in a household, but they
|
|
|
+ of course could not easily move to the city.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě jiùshi shuō</foreignphrase>: “to mean; in other words,
|
|
|
+ that is to say”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jìhuà shēngyù yě jiùshi shuō yào yǒu
|
|
|
+ jìhuade shēng xiǎoháir.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Planned parenthood means having children in a planned
|
|
|
+ way.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">“Hébì” yě jiùshi shuō “wèishénme
|
|
|
+ xūyào”.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>“Hébì” means “why must”.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù néng zài shēng xiǎoháizi, yě
|
|
|
+ jiùshi shuō wǒmen juéde tā zhìbuhǎo
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She can't have children any more; that is to say, we
|
|
|
+ feel that she cannot be cured.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù gěi ni dǎ diànhuà hǎoxiàng yě
|
|
|
+ jiùshi shuō tā bù xīhuan ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The fact that he doesn't telephone you would seem to
|
|
|
+ imply that he doesn't like you.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàifu shuō tā bù néng chī ròu, yě
|
|
|
+ jiùshi shuō chi ròu duì tāde shēntǐ bù
|
|
|
+ hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The doctor said that he couldn't eat meat, in other
|
|
|
+ words, eating meat isn't good for his health.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>When what follows is a more pointed explanation of what has just been
|
|
|
+ said, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiùshi shuō</foreignphrase> can be used in place of
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě jiùshi shuō</foreignphrase>, e.g. <informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù kéyi shēng háizi, jiùshi shuō tā
|
|
|
+ hái méiyou zuòdao sān
|
|
|
+ tōngguò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She cannot have a child; that is to say, she has not
|
|
|
+ yet gotten the three approvals.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngyì</foreignphrase>: “consent, agreement; to agree, to
|
|
|
+ agree with (what someone says or thinks)”.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngyì bu
|
|
|
+ tongyì?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Do you agree?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù tóngyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't agree.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù tóngyì nǐde
|
|
|
+ huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't agree with what you say.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Although in English we can say “I agree with you”, in Chinese it is wrong
|
|
|
+ to say either <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gēn nǐ tóngyì</foreignphrase> or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tóngyì ni</foreignphrase>.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngyì</foreignphrase> can be used in two ways: without
|
|
|
+ an object, or with an object like t<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ā shuōde</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ “what he said”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde huà</foreignphrase> “what he said”,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde jìhua</foreignphrase> “his plan”,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde yìjian </foreignphrase>“his opinion”. If you want to
|
|
|
+ say “I don't agree with you”, you can say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù tóngyì, Nǐ
|
|
|
+ shuōde, wǒ bù tóngyì, Wǒ bù tóngyì nǐde huà, Wǒ bù tóngyì nǐde
|
|
|
+ yìjian,</foreignphrase> etc.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №4</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānwèi</foreignphrase>: W(work) unit”. This word is used in
|
|
|
+ the PRC as a cover term for any organization or department of an
|
|
|
+ organization. It may, for instance refer to a factory, a school, a
|
|
|
+ government organization, a store, or an army unit.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài něige dānwèi gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> is a common
|
|
|
+ way of asking where someone works; compared with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài nǎr
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò?</foreignphrase>, the question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài něige
|
|
|
+ dānwèi gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> sounds more official.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen dānwèi yǒu hěn duō nǚ
|
|
|
+ lāoshī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There are a lot of women teachers in our unit. (Here,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānwèi</foreignphrase> refers to a
|
|
|
+ school. )</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>To specify that you are talking about a place of work, you can say
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò dānwèi</foreignphrase>, as in the Reference List
|
|
|
+ sentence.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jūmín wěiyuánhuì</foreignphrase>: “neighborhood committee”.
|
|
|
+ The official duties of a neighborhood committee are diverse, ranging from
|
|
|
+ sanitation maintenance to political study. Its actual role and duty remain
|
|
|
+ ambiguous, as well as its relationship with the government. Although the
|
|
|
+ government pays a committee's elected delegates, there is no official
|
|
|
+ connection between the two. The power of the committee in local affairs
|
|
|
+ remains large.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pàichūsuǒ</foreignphrase>: “local police station”. The
|
|
|
+ local police station is the lowest level of the Bureau of Public Security.
|
|
|
+ In addition to taking care of matters of a criminal nature, the
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pàichūsuǒ</foreignphrase> is familiar with the history
|
|
|
+ and political situation of every one of its residents. Along with the
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò dānwèi</foreignphrase> and the
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jūmín wěiyuánhuì</foreignphrase>, it affects the daily
|
|
|
+ life of each citizen.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №5</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēnju</foreignphrase>: “according to, on the basis of;
|
|
|
+ basis”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō zhèige
|
|
|
+ huà?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>On what basis do you say this?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde huà yǒu méiyou
|
|
|
+ gēnju?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Is there a basis for what you're saying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīzhǔn</foreignphrase>: “to give official permission (to
|
|
|
+ someone to do something)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dānwèi pīzhǔn ta jiēhūn le.
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Her unit gave her permission to marry.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuéxiào pīzhǔn ta qù Shànghǎi
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His school gave him permission to go to
|
|
|
+ Shanghai.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mǎi zhèige diànshì shi dédao
|
|
|
+ pīzhǔnde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I got permission to buy this television.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚmen</foreignphrase>: “women”. -Men is a plural ending
|
|
|
+ for nouns and pronouns. You have seen it in the pronouns women,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zánmen</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐmen</foreignphrase>, and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāmen</foreignphrase>. After a noun, however, -men is
|
|
|
+ never obligatory. It is usually used with nouns which designate humans
|
|
|
+ (although in literature you may sometimes see it used with nouns referring
|
|
|
+ to animals as well).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚshimen,
|
|
|
+ xiānshengmen.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Ladies and gentlemen.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Note that the group referred to by a noun phrase with -men must be of
|
|
|
+ unspecified number; it is wrong to say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàngge
|
|
|
+ fùnǚmen</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
|
|
|
+ jiàoshòumen</foreignphrase>, etc.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №6</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gègè</foreignphrase>: “each and every, all of the various”.
|
|
|
+ The first <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gè</foreignphrase> (a specifier like
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>-) literally means “each...” or “the
|
|
|
+ various, the different...”. The second <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ the counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase>, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
|
|
|
+ rén</foreignphrase> “one person”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǔyuèli, gègè xuéxiào dōu kāi xué
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>In September all the schools open.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguode gègè zhōu dōu yǒu zíjǐde
|
|
|
+ zhèngfǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Each of the American states has its
|
|
|
+ government.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zēngjiā</foreignphrase>: “to increase; to increase by
|
|
|
+ (such-and-such an amount)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnnián wǒmen xuéxiàode xuéshēng
|
|
|
+ zēngjiā le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The students in our school increased this
|
|
|
+ year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige yīyuànde bìngrén bù néng zài
|
|
|
+ zēngjiā le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The patients in this hospital cannot increase any
|
|
|
+ further.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijǐtiān nǐ máng bu máng, zài gěi ni
|
|
|
+ zēngjiā yìdiǎnr gōngzuò, hǎo bu
|
|
|
+ hāo?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Have you been busy the past few days? Would it be
|
|
|
+ okay if I give you some more work to do?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen dānwèi yòu zēngjiāle liǎngge
|
|
|
+ bàngōngshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>They added two more offices on to our unit.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase>: “specific, certain, definite, set”.
|
|
|
+ In addition to the meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase> which
|
|
|
+ you already know, namely “certainly, surely”, it can also mean “set (by
|
|
|
+ regulation, decision, or convention), fixed, particular,” as
|
|
|
+ in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bàn shìqing yǒu yídìng
|
|
|
+ bànfa.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He goes about doing things with a definite
|
|
|
+ method.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiniān zài yídìngde rìzi, tā dōu
|
|
|
+ huíqu kàn māma.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Every year he goes back to see his mother on a set
|
|
|
+ date.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №7</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìqū</foreignphrase>: “city proper, municipal area”, the
|
|
|
+ area within a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chěngshì</foreignphrase> where population and
|
|
|
+ buildings are relatively concentrated. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìqū</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ is used when you are emphasizing the city proper or contrasting it to the
|
|
|
+ suburbs [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāoqū</foreignphrase>]. It is an administratively
|
|
|
+ more exact term than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chěngshì</foreignphrase>. [The Peking
|
|
|
+ municipal area, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng shìqū</foreignphrase>, is made up of
|
|
|
+ eight urban districts, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngqū</foreignphrase>.]</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūshēnglü</foreignphrase>: “birth rate”.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chūshēng</foreignphrase> means “to be born”. The
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūshēnglü</foreignphrase> is usually considered to be
|
|
|
+ the number of births per one thousand population in one year.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №8</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēnpèi</foreignphrase>: “distribute; allot; assign;
|
|
|
+ distribution”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tīngshuō xiàge yuè jiù kéyi gěi ni
|
|
|
+ fēnpei gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've heard that you'll be assigned work next
|
|
|
+ month.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xīwang néng zǎo yìdiān fēnpèidào
|
|
|
+ fángzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I hope that housing can be assigned soon.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngshuō tā fēnpèi dào Dōngběi qù
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've heard that he has been assigned to go work in
|
|
|
+ Manchuria.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míng'é</foreignphrase>: “the number of people assigned or
|
|
|
+ allowed; quota of people”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng'é</foreignphrase> does not
|
|
|
+ exactly correspond to “quota”. “Quota” is a fixed number of places which
|
|
|
+ must be filled. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng'é</foreignphrase> is (1) a fixed number
|
|
|
+ of places which must not be exceeded, or (2) one such place.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bābǎige míng'é</foreignphrase> is literally “800 name
|
|
|
+ given-numbers”, i.e. “a quota of 800 names.”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №9</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìyùn</foreignphrase>: Literally, “avoid-pregnancy”, i.e.
|
|
|
+ “contraception”.<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Shíxíng bìyùn </foreignphrase>“to carry
|
|
|
+ out (the government policy of encouraging) contraception, to practice birth
|
|
|
+ control”.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №10</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miǎnfèide</foreignphrase>: Literally “exempt from charge”,
|
|
|
+ i.e. “free (of charge)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige zhǎnlǎn kéyi miǎnfèi
|
|
|
+ cānguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You can visit this exhibit for free.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānyuè Báhào, fùnǚ hé háizi dào
|
|
|
+ gōngyuán qù dōu shi
|
|
|
+ miǎnfēide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>On March 8th, women and children can go to parks free
|
|
|
+ of charge.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lüxíng bù piányi a! Fēijīpiào kě bú
|
|
|
+ shi miǎnfèide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Travelling is not cheap. Plane tickets are certainly
|
|
|
+ not free!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №11</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dédao</foreignphrase>: “to receive, to get”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dédao hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng jiù zōu
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He left immediately after getting his
|
|
|
+ passport.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dédao pīzhǔn kéyi liúzai Běijīng
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has gotten permission to stay in Peking to
|
|
|
+ work.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìjiān xīn fángzi</foreignphrase>: “a new room”. Notice
|
|
|
+ that although you have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngzi</foreignphrase> meaning
|
|
|
+ “house”, it is being used here in the wider sense of “a place to live”. In
|
|
|
+ this phrase it is preceded by the counter for rooms of a house,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiān</foreignphrase>. Thus the whole phrase means “a new
|
|
|
+ room”, not “a new house”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Living quarters in Peking and many other Chinese cities are very scarce.
|
|
|
+ (Housing in Shanghai is more critical than Peking.) When a newly married
|
|
|
+ couple applies for housing, they will be assigned a room that does not
|
|
|
+ exceed 8-10 square meters. Rarely do living quarters have private baths,
|
|
|
+ toilets, or kitchens. Later, when children come along, they will continue to
|
|
|
+ live in the same size room.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A Canadian tourist talks with her guide:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №12</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnjià</foreignphrase>: “maternity leave”. The syllable
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎn</foreignphrase>, literally “to give birth to” is
|
|
|
+ used in compounds meaning “maternity, delivery, birth”. It can also be used
|
|
|
+ outside the context of human reproduction in compounds meaning “to produce,
|
|
|
+ production”, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnpǐn</foreignphrase> “product”.]</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzī</foreignphrase>: “wages, pay”, literally
|
|
|
+ “labor-capital”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...yǒu chānjià, hái yǒu gōngzi</foreignphrase>: For a
|
|
|
+ normal birth, a woman is given fifty-six days of paid leave; for a difficult
|
|
|
+ birth, seventy days; and for twins, ninety days after the birth. After this
|
|
|
+ period, one hour per day is allowed off in order to nurse the baby.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №13</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gèzhōng</foreignphrase>: “various kinds, every kind”.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gè</foreignphrase> “each” is a specifier like
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>- “this” or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi</foreignphrase>- “that”. As a specifier, it can be
|
|
|
+ followed by counters. Here you see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gè</foreignphrase>- used
|
|
|
+ with the counter -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǒng</foreignphrase> “types, kinds, sort,
|
|
|
+ species”. Here are some other ways <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gè</foreignphrase>- is
|
|
|
+ used:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā néng dào gèguō qù lǚxíng zhēn bú
|
|
|
+ cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's great that he can go to all sorts of
|
|
|
+ countries.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuéshengmen yīnggāi yǒu gèrénde xuéxi
|
|
|
+ jìhua.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Students should each have their own plan of
|
|
|
+ study.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiānde diànyǐngr piào gègè dānwèi
|
|
|
+ dōu you.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Each and every unit has movie tickets for
|
|
|
+ tomorrow.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gè</foreignphrase>- is followed directly by the
|
|
|
+ noun.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān xiàwu gè dānwèi dōu kāi
|
|
|
+ huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This afternoon every unit is having a
|
|
|
+ meeting.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìyùn gōngju</foreignphrase>: “contraceptive devices”. This
|
|
|
+ does not refer to birth control pills.
|
|
|
+ [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìyùnpǐn</foreignphrase> “birth control products”
|
|
|
+ includes both <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìyùnyào</foreignphrase> “birth control pills”
|
|
|
+ and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìyùn gōngjù</foreignphrase>.]</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìhuà shēngyù</foreignphrase>: “family planning, planned
|
|
|
+ parenthood”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jìhuà</foreignphrase> means “plan; to plan”.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēngyù</foreignphrase> literally means “to give birth to
|
|
|
+ and raise”.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №14</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéyù</foreignphrase>: “sterilization,” or “to sterilize,
|
|
|
+ to be sterilized,” applies to operations for men and women. Sterilization
|
|
|
+ for women is still much more common than for men; and more prevalent in the
|
|
|
+ cities than in the countryside.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā juédìng
|
|
|
+ juéyù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has decided on sterilization.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Juéyù shi jiějué Zhōngguo rénkōu
|
|
|
+ wèntíde yíge hāo bànfa.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Sterilization is one good way to solve China's
|
|
|
+ population problem.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǒushù</foreignphrase>: “surgery”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàifu gěi ta zuòde shǒushù hěn
|
|
|
+ chénggōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The surgery the doctor performed on him was very
|
|
|
+ successful.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №15</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shībài</foreignphrase>: “to fail”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuò mǎimai shībài
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He failed in business.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō tā shībài le?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>On what basis do you say that he failed?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">réngōng liúchǎn</foreignphrase>: “abortion”, more
|
|
|
+ literally, “artificial miscarriage”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào yīyuàn qu zuò réngōng liúchǎn</foreignphrase>: “go to
|
|
|
+ the hospital to have an abortion performed”.<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zuò réngōng
|
|
|
+ liúchǎn</foreignphrase> here means “to have an abortion done”, not of
|
|
|
+ course “to do an abortion”. Compare the following two
|
|
|
+ sentences:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīshēng gěi ta zuòle réngōng
|
|
|
+ liúchǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The doctor performed an abortion on her.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuòle réngōng
|
|
|
+ liúchǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She had an abortion.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the first sentence, the subject of the sentence
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīshēng</foreignphrase>) performed the abortion. In the
|
|
|
+ second sentence, the subject of the sentence
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>) had the abortion performed. In some
|
|
|
+ cases, a verb-object in Chinese can mean either “to do something” or “to
|
|
|
+ have something done”. Here are some more examples:<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhènme hǎode yīfu, shéi gěi nǐ
|
|
|
+ zuòde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who made such nice clothes for you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguo zuò yīfu hěn
|
|
|
+ guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's really expensive to have clothes made in
|
|
|
+ America.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jià</foreignphrase>: “leave, vacation”. You have seen this
|
|
|
+ as part of the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnjià</foreignphrase> “maternity
|
|
|
+ leave”. Here you see it used by itself.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №16</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎoshù mínzú</foreignphrase>: “minority nationalities”,
|
|
|
+ often translated as “national minorities”. Besides the Han people, China has
|
|
|
+ over fifty national minorities which are spead out over fifty to sixty
|
|
|
+ percent of the land area and make up six percent of the total population of
|
|
|
+ the country. The largest minorities are the Mongols (mostly in the
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi Měnggú Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase>, “Inner Mongolian
|
|
|
+ Autonomous Region”), the Hui (Chinese Muslims), Tibetans, Uighur (in the
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng Wéiwúěr Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xinxiang</foreignphrase> Uighur Autonomous Region”), and
|
|
|
+ the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Miao</foreignphrase> (found in several southern
|
|
|
+ provinces). <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǎoshù mínzúde yīfu dōu hěn hǎo
|
|
|
+ kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The clothing of the national minorities is very
|
|
|
+ beautiful.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo yǒu wǔshijǐge
|
|
|
+ shǎoshùmínzú.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>China has fifty-odd minority nationalities.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №17</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxìn</foreignphrase>: “to believe (that), to trust
|
|
|
+ (someone), to believe in, to have faith in”.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiāngxìn, wǒmen liǎngguó rénmínde
|
|
|
+ yǒuyì yídìng huì búduàn
|
|
|
+ fāzhǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I believe that the friendship between the people of
|
|
|
+ our two countries will constantly grow.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Compare <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxìn</foreignphrase> to the verb
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìn</foreignphrase>, which you learned in the last unit.
|
|
|
+ For the second example you need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóu</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ is a verb meaning “it's up to...”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié xìn tāde
|
|
|
+ huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Don't believe what he says.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìn bu xìn yóu
|
|
|
+ nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Believe it or not, as you like.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hōngtáng</foreignphrase>: “brown sugar”, literally “red
|
|
|
+ sugar”. The Chinese often use brown sugar in cooking and for medicinal
|
|
|
+ purposes. For example, a common remedy for colds is a hot drink made by
|
|
|
+ boiling ginger root and brown sugar in water
|
|
|
+ [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāngtāng</foreignphrase>], or simply brown sugar water
|
|
|
+ [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tángshuǐ</foreignphrase>].</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnfù</foreignphrase>: “a woman who has given birth within
|
|
|
+ the last month”. [Contrast this word with
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùnfù</foreignphrase> “a pregnant woman”. The birth of a
|
|
|
+ child is celebrated on the successful completion of the first month of
|
|
|
+ life.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíngyǎngpǐn</foreignphrase>: “a nutritional food item”.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíngyǎng</foreignphrase> means “nutrition”, for
|
|
|
+ example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dòujiāng hěn yǒu
|
|
|
+ yíngyǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Soy bean milk is very nutritious.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pǐn</foreignphrase> is a syllable used in many words to
|
|
|
+ mean “item, article, product”, [for example
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìniànpǐn</foreignphrase> “souvenir”,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòngpǐn</foreignphrase> “item of use”,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnpǐn</foreignphrase> “produce”,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyèpǐn</foreignphrase> “industrial product”].</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>As the Reference List sentence shows, the mother's health continues to be
|
|
|
+ an important consideration even after the child is born. Both mother's and
|
|
|
+ baby's health are carefully attended to after birth, while Western medicine
|
|
|
+ emphasizes the mother's health only as long as she is carrying the
|
|
|
+ child.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №18</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù tóng</foreignphrase>: “to be not the same, to be
|
|
|
+ different”. This is often used in the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...hé ... bù
|
|
|
+ tóng</foreignphrase>, “...is different from ...”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hùzhào hé lǚxíngzhèng wánquán bù tóng,
|
|
|
+ nǐ bú yào nòngcuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A passport and a travel permit are completely
|
|
|
+ different. Don't mistake them.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige gōngchǎng jīnnián hé qùniánde
|
|
|
+ qíngkuàng hěn bù tóng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The situation in the factory this year is very
|
|
|
+ different from last year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù tóng</foreignphrase> can also be used as a noun as
|
|
|
+ in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde dānwèi hé nǐde yǒu hěn dàde bù
|
|
|
+ tong.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There is a big difference between his work unit and
|
|
|
+ yours.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>You should be aware that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóng</foreignphrase> “same”,
|
|
|
+ cannot be used as the main verb of a sentence to mean “to be the same”. To
|
|
|
+ say, “These two things are the same”, you must say
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiliǎngge dōngxi shi yíyàngde</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīnjìn</foreignphrase>: “to be close (to), to be on
|
|
|
+ intimate terms (with)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiliǎngge rén hěn
|
|
|
+ qīnjìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>These two are on intimate terms.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàjiā dōu yuànyi qīnjìn
|
|
|
+ ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Everyone wants to be friends with him.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №19</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǒuxiān</foreignphrase>: “first (of all), in the first
|
|
|
+ place, first; first, before anyone/anything else”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān dàjiā kāi huì shōuxiān shi yào
|
|
|
+ jiějué wǒmen chǎng shēngchǎnshàngde
|
|
|
+ wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The first thing we want to do at today's meeting is
|
|
|
+ to solve our factory's problems in production.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài fàndiànli shōuxiān yào zhùyi
|
|
|
+ jiějuéhāo kèrenmende chī fàn hé xiūxi
|
|
|
+ wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A hotel must first of all pay attention to solving
|
|
|
+ the dining and rest problems of the guests.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuìjìn wàiguo péngyou hěn duō. Wǒmen
|
|
|
+ shōuxiān yào jiějué zhùde
|
|
|
+ wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Recently there have been many foreign friends. We
|
|
|
+ must first of all solve the lodging problems.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānhuā</foreignphrase>: “fresh flowers”, as opposed ed to
|
|
|
+ dried or artificial flowers, which the Chinese are also fond of.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wánjù</foreignphrase>: “(children's) toy”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān érzi guò shēngrì, gěi ta mǎi
|
|
|
+ ge wánjù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tomorrow is let's buy our boy's birthday, him a
|
|
|
+ toy.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №20</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gèdì</foreignphrase>: “each place; various places” Here you
|
|
|
+ see the specifier -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gè</foreignphrase> “each” used in another
|
|
|
+ compound. Here are some more examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn xiang dào Měiguo gèdì qù
|
|
|
+ kànyikàn, Měiguo shi ge wěidàde
|
|
|
+ guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'd very much like to go visit lots of places in
|
|
|
+ America. America is a great country.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Zhōngguo gèdì cānguān yǒulānle
|
|
|
+ sānge xīngqi, wǒ gāi huí guǒ
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've visited and sight-seen lots of places in China
|
|
|
+ for three weeks, it's time to go back home.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A Canadian student in Peking interviews a population control
|
|
|
+ worker:</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou, qīnqi péngyou sòng bu sòng
|
|
|
+ lǐwù?</foreignphrase>: As stated in the dialogue, friends and relatives
|
|
|
+ in the PRC give useful items for the baby, like clothes, hats, cups, or
|
|
|
+ perhaps a chicken for the mother. These are presented casually.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 4</title>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
<section>
|
