travail sur module wlf

OptionalModule-MBD/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText.txt

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Frith and John B. Ratliff, III (FSl); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T.
 Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz
 (CFFLS).
 
-The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197^+ in
+The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197^ in
 space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S.
 and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.
 
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ Part II
 
 Vocabulary
 
-UNIT 1+ Part I
+UNIT 1 Part I
 
 Part II
 
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ Nǐ jiéhūn duó jiǔ le?	How long have you been married?
 Jiéhūn is a verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage”. Jié and hūn can be separated by aspect markers, such as de or guo.
 
 Nǐ shi shénme shíhou jiéde hūn?	When did you get married?
-or 
+or
 Nǐ shi shénme shíhou jiéhūnde?
 Wang Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn.	Mr. Wang has been married three times.
 
@@ -361,17 +361,17 @@ PART II
 
 8.		Xiànzài Zhōngguo rén jiēhūn you shénme yíshì?	What kind of ceremony do the Chinese have when they get married now?
 
-9.	A:	 Nǐ jiehūn de shíhou nǐde qǐnqi sònggei ni shénme lǐwù?	What gifts did your relatives give you when you got married?
+9.	A:	Nǐ jiehūn de shíhou nǐde qǐnqi sònggei ni shénme lǐwù?	What gifts did your relatives give you when you got married?
 
-	B:	 Tāmen sònggei wo yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù zuò jìniàn.	They gave me a few small presents as mementos.
+	B:	Tāmen sònggei wo yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù zuò jìniàn.	They gave me a few small presents as mementos.
 
-10.	 A:	 Xǔduō nan qīngnián jiehūn yǐhòu zhùdao nuj iār qu.	Many young men now go and live with the wife’s family after they get married.
+10.	A:	Xǔduō nan qīngnián jiehūn yǐhòu zhùdao nuj iār qu.	Many young men now go and live with the wife’s family after they get married.
 
-	A:	 Zhè gēn yǐqiánde fēngsū you hen dàde qūbié.	This is very different from the customs of the past.
+	A:	Zhè gēn yǐqiánde fēngsū you hen dàde qūbié.	This is very different from the customs of the past.
 
-	B:	 Ke bú shi ma! Zhēnshi gǎi-biànle bù shǎo.	I’ll say! It’s really changed a lot.
+	B:	Ke bú shi ma! Zhēnshi gǎi-biànle bù shǎo.	I’ll say! It’s really changed a lot.
 
-11.		 Ěrqiě zài nóngcūn yě shíxíng wǎnhūn.	Furthermore, late marriage is also practiced in rural areas.
+11.		Ěrqiě zài nóngcūn yě shíxíng wǎnhūn.	Furthermore, late marriage is also practiced in rural areas.
 
 NOTES ON PART II
 
@@ -387,9 +387,9 @@ Notes on No. 9
 
 qǐnqi: ’relatives* Qǐnqi is slightly different from the English word ’relatives’ in that it does not include one’s immediate family, that is parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One’s immediate family are called Jiāli rén.)
 
-Nǐmen Jiā qīnqi duō ma?		 Do you have a lot of relatives in your family?
+Nǐmen Jiā qīnqi duō ma?		Do you have a lot of relatives in your family?
 
-Women Jiā qinqi kě duō le!		 We have lots of relatives in our family.
+Women Jiā qinqi kě duō le!		We have lots of relatives in our family.
 
 sǒnggei: ’give (a gift) to ...’ The verb song has several meanings. One is ’to send’, as in Wǒ bā nǐde xíngli sòngshangqu le, ’I sent your luggage upstairs.’ Another is to give someone something as a present.
 
@@ -397,11 +397,11 @@ Here you see song with the prepositional verb gěi ’for, to’ after it. You h
 
 Wǒ bǎ zhèijiǎn yīfu Jìgei wǒ mèimei le.		I sent this piece of clothing to my younger sister.
 
-Tā bǎ fángzi màigei wǒ le.		 He sold his house to me.
+Tā bǎ fángzi màigei wǒ le.		He sold his house to me.
 
 In these examples the direct object, clothing or house, is up front in the sentence, making it necessary to use gěi to put the indirect object after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the object is specific and the bǎ construction is preferred. When song is followed by an indirect object, however, the gěi is usually optional.
 
-Wǒ yǎo song ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.		 I am going to give him a small present.
+Wǒ yǎo song ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.		I am going to give him a small present.
 
 Wǒ yǎo sǒnggei ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.		I am going to give him a small present.
 
@@ -423,207 +423,107 @@ Notes on No. 10
 
 xǔduō: ’many; a great deal (of), lots (of)’. Xǔduō is used as a number (it can be followed by a counter) to modify other nouns.
 
-A: Hai you duōshao qián?
-
-B: Hái you xǔduō.
-
-Tā mǎile xǔduō (zhang) huàr.
+A: Hai you duōshao qián?	How much money is there left?
 
-How much money is there left?
+B: Hái you xǔduō.	There’s still a lot left, or There’s a lot more.
 
-There’s still a lot left, or There’s a lot more.
-
-He bought a lot of paintings.
+Tā mǎile xǔduō (zhang) huàr.	He bought a lot of paintings.
 
 Xǔduō has several things in common with hen duō, in addition to similarity of meaning. Used as modifiers in front of nouns, both xǔduō and hen duō can (1) be used alone, (2) be used with de, and (3) be followed by a counter, but not usually -ge.
 
-Tā rènshi xǔduō rén.
-
-Tā rènshi hen duō rén.
-
-He knows a lot of people.
-
-Tā Jiànle xǔduō(de) rén.
+Tā rènshi xǔduō rén.	He knows a lot of people.
+Tā rènshi hen duō rén.	He knows a lot of people.
 
-Tā Jiànle hen duō(de) rén.
+Tā Jiànle xǔduō(de) rén.	He saw (met with) a lot of people.
+Tā Jiànle hen duō(de) rén.	He saw (met with) a lot of people.
 
-He saw (met with) a lot of people.
+Bìchǔli you hen duō (jiàn) dàyī.	There are a lot of overcoats in the closet.
 
-Bìchǔli you hen duō (jiàn) dàyī.
-
-There are a lot of overcoats in the closet.
-
-Tā xiěle xǔduō (běn) shū.
-
-He wrote a lot of books.
+Tā xiěle xǔduō (běn) shū.	He wrote a lot of books.
 
 Hen duō is probably more common than xǔduō. Some speakers feel that they do not use xǔduō in conversation; many speakers, however, do not feel any restriction about using it in conversation.
 
 ...zhùdao nǔjiār qu: ’to go live with the wife's family' You've seen the prepositional verb dào used after main verbs, as in nádao loushàng qu, 'take it upstairs'. Following verbs expressing some kind of motion, the use of dào is fairly straightforward. But in the above example from the Reference List, dào is used with a verb which is not usually thought of as expressing motion, zhù, 'to live, to inhabit'. Here is another example of zhù used in a phrase expressing motion:
 
-Tā shi zuotiān zhùjinlaide. He moved in yesterday.
+Tā shi zuotiān zhùjinlaide. 	He moved in yesterday.
 
 The verbs zhàn ’to stand’ and zuò ’to sit’ can also be used in phrases expressing motion.
 
-Qǐng ni zhàndao nèibianr qu, Would you please go stand over
-
-hao bu hǎo? there.
+Qǐng ni zhàndao nèibianr qu, hao bu hǎo? 	Would you please go stand over there.
 
-Qǐng ni zuòdao qiǎnbianr qu, Would you please go sit up
-
-hǎo bu hǎo? front.
+Qǐng ni zuòdao qiǎnbianr qu, hǎo bu hǎo?	Would you please go sit up front.
 
 Due to the lack of housing, which might involve a wait of from one to three years for newlyweds, it is not infrequent now to find the groom join the household of his new bride. This is in contrast to former tradition, which stated that the woman became part of the man’s family, and of course, moved into his family’s house.
 
 In the past, for the groom to join the household of his new bride carried special significance. It was called rù zhuì and might take place when a family had only female children and the father wanted his daughter’s husband to take his last name in order to carry on the family line.
 
-qūbié: ’difference’ things, use ... gēn ... you qūbié.
-
-Zhèiběn zìdiǎn gēn nèibēn you hen dàde qūbié.
-
-Zhèige xuéxiào gēn nèige xuéxiào you shénme qūbié?
-
-Zhèiliǎngge bànfǎde qūbié zài nǎr?
+qūbié: ’difference’ When expressing the difference between two things, use ... gēn ... you qūbié.
 
-When expressing the difference between two
+Zhèiběn zìdiǎn gēn nèibēn you hen dàde qūbié.	There is a big difference between this dictionary and that one.
 
-There is a big difference between this dictionary and that one.
+Zhèige xuéxiào gēn nèige xuéxiào you shénme qūbié?	What is the difference between this school and that one?
 
-What is the difference between this school and that one?
-
-What is the difference between these two methods?
+Zhèiliǎngge bànfǎde qūbié zài nǎr?	What is the difference between these two methods?
 
 Kě bú shi ma*. : ’Yes, indeed’., I’ll say!’, or more literally, ’Isn’t it so’. ’ Kě bú shi ma! is often used in northern China to indicate hearty agreement, or to indicate that something makes perfect sense to the speaker, something like English ’Well, of course!’ or ’Really!’.
 
 bù shǎo: Literally ’not a little’, in other words, ’quite a lot’.
 
-Tā you bù shǎo huà yào gēn ni shuō.
+Tā you bù shǎo huà yào gēn ni shuō.	He has a lot he wants to say to you.
 
-Zài Měiguo bù shǎo rén you qìchē.
+Zài Měiguo bù shǎo rén you qìchē.	In America a lot of people have cars.
 
 érqiě: ’furthermore, moreover’
 
-Jīntiǎn tiānqi bù hǎo, érqiě hǎoxiàng yào xià xuě.
-
-He has a lot he wants to say to you.
-
-In America a lot of people have cars.
-
-The weather is bad today, and furthermore it looks as if it’s going to snow.
-
-Ěrqiě is often used in the pattern bú dan...érqiě "but also...’ or ’not only.. .moreover...’:
-
-’not only. . .
-
-Zhèizhěng huār hú dan hǎo kàn, érqiě fēicháng xiāng.
-
-This kind of flower is not only pretty, but it’s also very fragrant.
+Jīntiǎn tiānqi bù hǎo, érqiě hǎoxiàng yào xià xuě.	The weather is bad today, and furthermore it looks as if it’s going to snow.
 
-Wo bú dan ài chī tang, érqiě shénme tian dōngxi dōu ài chī.
+Ěrqiě is often used in the pattern bú dan...érqiě ’not only. . . "but also...’ or ’not only.. .moreover...’:
 
-I not only like to eat candy, (moreover) I like to eat anything sweet.
+Zhèizhěng huār hú dan hǎo kàn, érqiě fēicháng xiāng.	This kind of flower is not only pretty, but it’s also very fragrant.
 
-Tā bú dàn xuéguo Zhongwén,
+Wo bú dan ài chī tang, érqiě shénme tian dōngxi dōu ài chī.	I not only like to eat candy, (moreover) I like to eat anything sweet.
 
-érqiě xuéde bú cuo.
+Tā bú dàn xuéguo Zhongwén, érqiě xuéde bú cuo.	Not only has he studied Chinese, but moreover he has learned it quite well.
 
-Wo bu dàn méiyou hé tā tan liàn’ài, érqiě wo yě bú dà xīhuan ta.
-
-Not only has he studied Chinese, but moreover he has learned it quite well.
-
-Not only am I not in love with her, moreover I don’t like her very much.
+Wo bu dàn méiyou hé tā tan liàn’ài, érqiě wo yě bú dà xīhuan ta.	Not only am I not in love with her, moreover I don’t like her very much.
 
 Peking:
 
-The American exchange student and her language teacher continue their
-conversation:
-
-A: Zhōngguo rén jiéhūnde shíhou
-
-you shénmeyàngde yíshì?
-
-B: Méiyou shénme yíshì, jiù shi
-
-qǐng qīnqi péngyou lai hē dianr chá, chi diǎnr tang, diānxin, shenmede.
-
-A: Qīnqi péngyou song bu song
-
-lǐwù?
+The American exchange student and her language teacher continue their conversation:
 
-B: Youde rén song yìdianr xiao
+A: Zhōngguo rén jiéhūnde shíhou you shénmeyàngde yíshì?	What kind of ceremony is there when the Chinese get married?
 
-lǐwù zuò jìniàn.
+B: Méiyou shénme yíshì, jiù shi qǐng qīnqi péngyou lai hē dianr chá, chi diǎnr tang, diānxin, shenmede.	There is no ceremony, we just invite friends and relatives to come and have some tea, candy, snacks, and so on.
 
-A: _(v)Wǒ tīngshuō yǐqián nóngcūnli nūháizi jiéhūnde shíhou, nánjiā yào
-song xuduō lǐwù. Zhèige fēngsū shi bu shi yě gǎibiàn le?
+A: Qīnqi péngyou song bu song lǐwù?	Do the friends and relatives give gifts?
 
-B: Shi a! Zhèizhǒng shìqing
+B: Youde rén song yìdianr xiao lǐwù zuò jìniàn.	Some people give small gifts as a memento.
 
-zài bù shǎo dìqū dōu méiyou le. Érqiě xiànzài yě yǒude nan qīngnián
-jiehūn yǐhòu zhùdao nūjiār qu. Zhèi gēn yīqiánde fēngsū yě you hen dàde
-qūbié.
+A: _(v)Wǒ tīngshuō yǐqián nóngcūnli nūháizi jiéhūnde shíhou, nánjiā yào song xuduō lǐwù. Zhèige fēngsū shi bu shi yě gǎibiàn le?	I’ve heard that it used to be that in the country, when a girl got married, the man’s family would have to give a lot of gifts. Has this custom changed too?
 
-A: Ke bū shi ma’. Zhēn shi
+B: Shi a! Zhèizhǒng shìqing zài bù shǎo dìqū dōu méiyou le. Érqiě xiànzài yě yǒude nan qīngnián jiehūn yǐhòu zhùdao nūjiār qu. Zhèi gēn yīqiánde fēngsū yě you hen dàde qūbié.	Yes! In many regions, this kind of thing doesn’t exist any more. Furthermore, now there are also young men who go to live with the wife’s family after they get married. This is also very different from the customs of the past.
 
-gaibiànle bù shǎo.
-
-What kind of ceremony is there when the Chinese get married?
-
-There is no ceremony, we just invite friends and relatives to come and
-have some tea, candy, snacks, and so on.
-
-Do the friends and relatives give gifts?
-
-Some people give small gifts as a memento.
-
-I’ve heard that it used to be that in the country, when a girl got
-married, the man’s family would have to give a lot of gifts. Has this
-custom changed too?
-
-Yes! In many regions, this kind of thing doesn’t exist any more.
-Furthermore, now there are also young men who go to live with the wife’s
-family after they get married. This is also very different from the
-customs of the past.
-
-I’ll say! It has really changed a lot.
+A: Ke bū shi ma’. Zhēn shi gaibiànle bù shǎo.	I’ll say! It has really changed a lot.
 
 PART III
 
-12. Nǐmen jiéhūn yǐqián shuāngfāng dōu hen liǎoj iě ma?
-
-13. Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde bú tài duō.
-
-14. Nèiduì fūfù bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò.
-
-15. Tā meinián you duoshāo tiānde tànqǐnj ià?
-
-16. Fūfù zōngshi něnggōu zài yìqǐ bǐjiào hǎo.
-
-17. A: Tǎmen shi. jǐngguo xiǎngdǎng-de kǎolū yǐhōu cái jié-hūnde.
-
-A; Dànshi bù zhìdào wèishénme, tǎmen haishi you hen duō wèntí.
-
-18. Nǎnnū yīngdǎng bǐcǐ liaojie yǐhōu zài jiehūn.
-
-19. Nǐ xiǎng tǎ huì bu hui bǎng wō jiějué zhèige wèntí?
-
-Before you were married, did you both know each other very well?
+12. Nǐmen jiéhūn yǐqián shuāngfāng dōu hen liǎoj iě ma?	Before you were married, did you both know each other very well?
 
-There aren’t many people getting divorced in China now.
+13. Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde bú tài duō.	There aren’t many people getting divorced in China now.
 
-That married couple doesn’t work in the same region.
+14. Nèiduì fūfù bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò.	That married couple doesn’t work in the same region.
 
-How many days of leave does he get every year to visit family?
+15. Tā meinián you duoshāo tiānde tànqǐnj ià?	How many days of leave does he get every year to visit family?
 
-It’s always better if married couples can be together.
+16. Fūfù zōngshi něnggōu zài yìqǐ bǐjiào hǎo.	It’s always better if married couples can be together.
 
-They gave it quite a bit of consideration before they got married.
+17. A: Tǎmen shi. jǐngguo xiǎngdǎng-de kǎolū yǐhōu cái jié-hūnde.	They gave it quite a bit of consideration before they got married.
 
-But for some reason or other they still had a lot of problems.
+A; Dànshi bù zhìdào wèishénme, tǎmen haishi you hen duō wèntí.	But for some reason or other they still had a lot of problems.
 
-A man and woman should know each other well before they get married.
+18. Nǎnnū yīngdǎng bǐcǐ liaojie yǐhōu zài jiehūn.	A man and woman should know each other well before they get married.
 
-Do you think he will help me solve this problem?
+19. Nǐ xiǎng tǎ huì bu hui bǎng wō jiějué zhèige wèntí?	Do you think he will help me solve this problem?
 
 NOTES ON PART III
 
@@ -631,7773 +531,5985 @@ Notes on No. 12
 
 shuāngfāng: ’both sides, both parties’
 
-Zhèijiàn shìqing shi Zhōngguo he Měiguo shuāngfāng dōu zhīdaode.
-
-This matter is known to both America and China.
+Zhèijiàn shìqing shi Zhōngguo he Měiguo shuāngfāng dōu zhīdaode.	This matter is known to both America and China.
 
 bǐcǐ: 'the one and the other; each other, mutually’
 
-Suīrān women méiyou shuō huà, kěshi bǐcǐ dōu zhīdao, tāde bìng méiyou
-bànfa le.
-
-Although we didn't say anything, we both knew. There was nothing that
-could be done for his illness.
-
-Yěude dàxuéshēng xǐhuan zài bìyède shíhou bǐcǐ song lǐwù.
-
-A: Zhōumō hǎo!
-
-B: Bǐcǐ, bǐcǐ!
-
-liǎojiě:
-
-’to understand; to acquaint oneself with,
-
-Some college students like to give each other gifts when graduating.
+Suīrān women méiyou shuō huà, kěshi bǐcǐ dōu zhīdao, tāde bìng méiyou bànfa le.	Although we didn't say anything, we both knew. There was nothing that could be done for his illness.
 
-Have a nice weekend.’
+Yěude dàxuéshēng xǐhuan zài bìyède shíhou bǐcǐ song lǐwù.	Some college students like to give each other gifts when graduating.
 
-You too!
+A: Zhōumō hǎo!	Have a nice weekend.’
 
-to try to understand’
+B: Bǐcǐ, bǐcǐ!	You too!
 
-Zhèijiàn shi, wo bù dong, hái děi qù liǎojiě yíxià.
+liǎojiě: ’to understand; to acquaint oneself with, to try to understand’
 
-Wo liǎojiě ta.
+Zhèijiàn shi, wo bù dong, hái děi qù liǎojiě yíxià.	I don’t understand this, I have to go back and try to understand it again.
 
-Tǎ juéde tā méiyou yíge péngyou zhěnde liǎojiě tā.
+Wo liǎojiě ta.	I understand her.
 
-Notice that when you want to say ’to someone’, the Chinese word to use
-is to have made someone’s acquaintance)
+Tǎ juéde tā méiyou yíge péngyou zhěnde liǎojiě tā.	He feels that he doesn’t have a single friend who really knows him. 
 
-I don’t understand this, I have to go back and try to understand it
-again.
-
-I understand her.
-
-He feels that he doesn’t have a single friend who really knows him. know
-someone’ meaning ’to understand liǎojiě, not rènshi (which simply means
+Notice that when you want to say ’to know someone’ meaning ’to understand someone’, the Chinese word to use is liǎojiě, not rènshi (which simply means to have made someone’s acquaintance)
 
 Note on No. 13
 
-..■ líhūnde bú tài duo: ’There aren’t many people getting divorced ...
-Líhūnde, ’those (people) who get divorced’, is a noun phrase in which
-líhūn is nominalized by -de■
+...líhūnde bú tài duo: ’There aren’t many people getting divorced ... Líhūnde, ’those (people) who get divorced’, is a noun phrase in which líhūn is nominalized by -de■
 
-Notes on No. 1U
+Notes on No. 14
 
 fūfù: ’husband and wife, married couple’.
 
-Tāmen fūfù liāngge dou fēicháng hǎo.
-
-Those two (that couple) are both
-
-very nice.
-
-bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò: ’do not work in the same region’. Yíge, ’one’,
-is frequently used to mean ’one and the same’. Here are some more
-examples:
-
-Women dōu zài yíge xuéxiào niàn shū.
+Tāmen fūfù liāngge dou fēicháng hǎo.	Those two (that couple) are both very nice.
 
-All of us go to the same school.
+bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò: ’do not work in the same region’. Yíge, ’one’, is frequently used to mean ’one and the same’. Here are some more examples:
 
-Tāmen liāngge dōu shi yíge lǎoshī jiāochulaide.
+Women dōu zài yíge xuéxiào niàn shū.	All of us go to the same school.
 
-They are both the product of the same teacher.
+Tāmen liāngge dōu shi yíge lǎoshī jiāochulaide.	They are both the product of the same teacher.
 
 Note on No. 15
 
-tànqǐnjià: ’leave for visiting family’. Tàn qīn means to visit one’s
-closest relatives, usually parents, a spouse, or children.
+tànqǐnjià: ’leave for visiting family’. Tàn qīn means to visit one’s closest relatives, usually parents, a spouse, or children.
 
-Míngtiān tā jiù qù Shanghai Tomorrow he’s going to Shanghai to
-
-tan qīn le. visit his family.
+Míngtiān tā jiù qù Shanghai tan qīn le.	Tomorrow he’s going to Shanghai to visit his family.
 
 Note on No. 16
 
 zǒngshi: ’always, all the time’. This adverb may also occur as zǒng.
 
-Tā zǒngshi ài qù Huáměi He always loves to go to the
-
-kāfēitīng. Huáměi Coffeehouse.
+Tā zǒngshi ài qù Huáměi kāfēitīng.	He always loves to go to the Huáměi Coffeehouse.
 
 nénggòu: ’can, to he able to’. This is a synonym of něng.
 
 Notes on No. 17
 
-jīngguo: ’to pass by or through, to go through’. Jīngguo can mean 1) to
-pass by or through something physically, or 2) to go through an
-experience.
-
-Jīngguo zhèicì xuéxí yǐhòu wǒ kě qīngchu duō le.
-
-As a result of this study, I see things a lot more clearly.
-
-Every day on my way home from work I pass by the Bǎihuò Dàlou.
-
-Wǒ měitiān xià bān huí jiāde shíhou, dóu jīngguo Bǎihuò Dàlou
-...dōu
+jīngguo: ’to pass by or through, to go through’. Jīngguo can mean 1) to pass by or through something physically, or 2) to go through an experience.
 
-jīngguo Baihuò Dàláu.)
+Jīngguo zhèicì xuéxí yǐhòu wǒ kě qīngchu duō le.	As a result of this study, I see things a lot more clearly.
 
-Nǐ jīngguo zhèige wūzide shíhou, nǐ méiyou kànjian women zài lǐtou
-gōngzuò ma?
+Wǒ měitiān xià bān huí jiāde shíhou, dóu jīngguo Bǎihuò Dàlou...dōu jīngguo Baihuò Dàláu.)	Every day on my way home from work I pass by the Bǎihuò Dàlou.
 
-When you passed by this room, didn’t you see us working inside?
+Nǐ jīngguo zhèige wūzide shíhou, nǐ méiyou kànjian women zài lǐtou gōngzuò ma?	When you passed by this room, didn’t you see us working inside?
 
-etc.); considerable, a considerable
+xiāngdāng: ’quite, pretty (good, degree of’. etc.); considerable, a considerable
 
-His health is quite good.
-
-xiāngdāng: ’quite, pretty (good, degree of’.
-
-Tāde shēntǐ xiāngdāng hāo.
-
-\
+Tāde shēntǐ xiāngdāng hāo.	His health is quite good.
 
 kǎolū: ’to consider; consideration’
 
-Wǒ yǐjīng kaoliiguo le, ta I have already given it
-consideration
-
-háishi yīnggāi shàng dàxué. he should still go to college.
+Wǒ yǐjīng kaoliiguo le, ta háishi yīnggāi shàng dàxué.	I have already given it consideration he should still go to college.
 
 dànshi: ’but’, a synonym of kěshi.
 
-Wǒ yǐjīng qùguo le, dànshi I already went there, but I didn't
-
-wǒ méiyou kàndao ta. see her.
+Wǒ yǐjīng qùguo le, dànshi wǒ méiyou kàndao ta.	I already went there, but I didn't see her.
 
 Notes on No. 18
 
 nánnū: ’male and female’.
 
-Nānnude shìqing zuì nan shuō. Matters "between men and women are the
-hardest to judge.
+Nānnude shìqing zuì nan shuō. 	Matters "between men and women are the hardest to judge.
 
-yīngdāng: ’should, ought to’. Yīngdāng is a less-frequently heard word
-for yīnggāi. These two words share in common the following meanings:
+yīngdāng: ’should, ought to’. Yīngdāng is a less-frequently heard word for yīnggāi. These two words share in common the following meanings:
 
 (1) ’should’ in the sense of obligation or duty.
 
-Zánmen shi tóngzhì, yīngdāng We two are comrades, we should help (or
-yīnggāi) bǐcǐ bāngmáng. each other.
+Zánmen shi tóngzhì, yīngdāng (or yīnggāi) bǐcǐ bāngmáng. 	We two are comrades, we should help each other.
 
 (2) ’ought to’ in the sense of ’it would be suitable to’.
 
-Wàitou lěng, nǐ yīnggāi (or It’s cold out, you should put on
-
-yīngdāng) duō chuān yìdiǎnr. some more clothing.
+Wàitou lěng, nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) duō chuān yìdiǎnr.	It’s cold out, you should put on some more clothing.
 
 (3) ’should’ in the sense of ’it would be desirable to’.
 
-    Nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) shìyishi, zhēn hǎo wánr.
+Nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) shìyishi, zhēn hǎo wánr.	You should try this, it’s fun.
 
-    (U) ’should’ in the sense of ’it is
+(4) ’should’ in the sense of ’it is expected’.
 
-    Shídiǎn zhōng le, tā yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) kuài dào le.
+Shídiǎn zhōng le, tā yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) kuài dào le.	It’s ten o’clock, he should be here soon.
 
-    Tā xué Zhōngwén xuéle sānnián le, yīnggāi xuéde bú cuò le.
+Tā xué Zhōngwén xuéle sānnián le, yīnggāi xuéde bú cuò le.	He’s been studying Chinese for three years, he should be pretty good by now.
 
-    bǐjiào: ’r elat ively,
+bǐjiào: relatively, comparatively, by comparison’. Also pronounced bǐjiào
 
-    comparatively, by
+Jīntiān bǐjiào rè.	It’s hotter today.
 
-    Jīntiān bǐjiào rè.
+Zhèijiàn yīfu gǎile yǐhòu, bǐjiào hǎo yìdiǎnr.	After this article of clothing is altered, it will be better.
 
-    Zhèijiàn yīfu gǎile yǐhòu, bǐjiào hǎo yìdiǎnr.
+Zhèi liǎngtiān tā bǐjiào shūfu yìdiǎnr, bù zěnme fā shāo le.	The past couple of days he’s been feeling better, he doesn’t have such a high fever any more.
 
-    Zhèi liǎngtiān tā bǐjiào shūfu yìdiǎnr, bù zěnme fā shāo le.
+You may sometimes hear Chinese speakers use bǐjiào before other adverbial expressions like bú tài ’not too’, bù zěnme ’not so’, bú nàme ’not so’ or hen ’very’. Careful speakers, however, feel that bǐjiào should not be used in such cases.
 
-    You should try this, it’s fun.
-
-    expected’.
+Notes on No. 19
 
-    It’s ten o’clock, he should be here soon.
+huì: ’will; might; be likely to*. The auxiliary verb huì is used to express likelihood here.
 
-    He’s been studying Chinese for three years, he should be pretty good
-    by now.
+Míngtiān tā huì bu hui lai?	Will he come tomorrow?
 
-    comparison’. Also pronounced
+Wǒ qù bǎ men guānhǎo, nǐ huì bu hui juéde tài rè?	If I go close the door, will you feel too hot?
 
-    It’s hotter today.
+jiějué: ’to solve, to settle (a problem), to overcome (a difficulty)’.
 
-    After this article of clothing is altered, it will be better.
+Nǐ bú yao jí, qiǎnde wèntí yǐjīng jiějué le.	Don’t get anxious, the problem of money has already been solved.
 
-    The past couple of days he’s been feeling better, he doesn’t have
-    such a high fever any more.
+Washington, D. C.
 
-You may sometimes hear Chinese speakers use bǐj iào before other
-adverbial expressions like bú tài ’not too’, bù zěnme ’not so’, bú nàme
-’not so’ or hen ’very’. Careful speakers, however, feel that bǐjiào
-should not be used in such cases.
+A graduate student in Chinese studies talks with an exchange student from Peking.
 
-Notes on No. 19
+A: Women rènshi zhǐ you liǎngge duō xīngqī, kěshi yǐjīng shi lǎo péngyou le.	We’ve only known each other for two weeks or so, but we’re old friends already.
 
-huì: ’will; might; be likely to*. The auxiliary verb huì is used to
-express likelihood here.
+B: Duì. Women tiǎntiǎn zài yíkuàir, zhēn hǎoxiàng shi lǎo péngyou le.	Yes. We’re together every day; it really is as if we’re old friends.
 
-Míngtiān tā huì bu hui lai?
+A: Wǒ yìzhí xiǎng wènwen ni nǐ shi shénme shíhour jiéhūnde ne?	I’ve been meaning to ask you all along when you were married.
 
-Will he come tomorrow?
+B: 0! Wǒ shi qiǎnniǎn jiehūnde.	Oh. I was married the year before last.
 
-Wǒ qù bǎ men guānhǎo, nǐ huì bu hui juéde tài rè?
+A: Nǐ èrshibǎsuì le. Nǐ àiren ne?	You’re twenty-eight years old. How about your spouse?
 
-If I go close the door, will you feel too hot?
+B: Tā sānshièr le.	He’s thirty-two.
 
-jiějué: ’to solve, to settle (a problem), to overcome (a difficulty)’.
+A: Nīmen jiéhūnde shíhou kě bù xiǎo le’. Zhōngguo nianqīng rén dōu shi zhèige yàngzi ma?	You certainly weren’t young when you were married! Is it this way for all Chinese young people?
 
-Nǐ bú yao jí, qiǎnde wèntí yǐjīng jiějué le.
+B: Duì le. Zhèngfǔ tíchàng wǎn liàn wǎnhūn. Nianqīng rén yě dōu yào nǔlì xuéxí, nǔlì gōng-zuò, bú yào zǎo jiehūn.	Yes. The government promotes late involvement and late marriage. Also, all young people should study hard and work hard, and shouldn't get married early.
 
-Don’t get anxious, the problem of money has already been solved.
+A: Chéngshili nude duo da jiéhūn?	At what age do most women get married in the cities?
 
-Washington, D. C.
+B: Chàbuduō èrshiwǔsuì zuǒyòu.	After about twenty-five.
 
-A graduate student in Chinese studies talks with an exchange student
-from Peking.
+A: Nǎnde ne?	And men?
 
-A: Women rènshi zhǐ you liǎngge
+B: Dàgài èrshibǎsuì zuǒyòu.	After about twenty-eight.
 
-duō xīngqī, kěshi yǐjīng shi lǎo péngyou le.
+A: Jiéhūnde shíhour you shénme-yàngde yíshì?	What kind of ceremony is there when someone gets married?
 
-B: Duì. Women tiǎntiǎn zài
+B: Méiyou shénme yíshì. Būguò jiehūn nèitiǎn qīng qīnqi péngyou lai hēhe chǎ, chī diǎnr tang, diǎnxin shenmede. Yě you rén song diǎnr xiǎo lǐwu zuò jìniàn.	There is no ceremony. But on the day of the marriage relatives and friends are invited to come and drink tea, eat a little candy, snacks and so forth. Some people also give a small gift as a memento.
 
-yíkuàir, zhēn hǎoxiàng shi lǎo péngyou le.
+A: Nōngcūnlǐde niánqīng rén yě shíxíng wǎnhūn ma?	Do the young people in rural areas also practice late marriage?
 
-A: Wǒ yìzhí xiǎng wènwen ni nǐ
+B: Duì. Zài nóngcūnli wan liàn’ài wan jiēhūn yě yǐjīng chéngle yìzhǒng fēngqì.	Yes. Late involvement and late marriage have already become a common practice in the rural areas.
 
-shi shénme shíhour jiéhūnde ne?
+A: Nongcūnli nūháizi jiéhūnde shíhou nanjia hái yào song xǔduō lǐwù ma?	In the farm villages does the family of the husband still have to give a lot of presents when a girl gets married?
 
-B: 0! Wǒ shi qiǎnniǎn jiehūnde.
+B: Bú yào le. Érqiě xiànzài you. xiē nan qīngnián jiēhūn yīhòu hái zhùdao nūjiār qu. Zhè gēn yǐqiánde fēngsú you hěn dàde qùbié.	Not any more. Furthermore now there are even young men who live with the wife’s family after they get married. This is very different 'from the customs of the past.
 
-A: Nǐ èrshibǎsuì le. Nǐ àiren
+A: Kě bú shi ma! Zhēn shi gǎibiànle bù shǎo. 	I’ll say! It’s really changed a lot.
 
-ne?
+Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu duō?	Are there many people who get divorced in China now?
 
-B: Tā sānshièr le.
+B: You, kěshi bǐjiǎo shǎo.^, Yīnwei jiēhūn yǐqián nánnū shuāngfāng bǐcǐ bǐjiǎo liǎojiě, you jīngguo xiāngdāngde kǎolū, suōyi líhūnde bú tài duō.	Yes, there are, but relatively few. The man and the woman know each other rather well before they get married, and they give the matter quite a bit of consideration, so not too many people get divorced.
 
-A: Nīmen jiéhūnde shíhou kě bù
+A: Wǒ t’ngshuō Zhōngguo you yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò, bú zhùzai yíge dìfang, zhè huì bu hui you wèntí ne?	I hear there are some couples in China who don’t work in the same place. Do problems ever come about because of this?
 
-xiǎo le’. Zhōngguo nianqīng rén dōu shi zhèige yàngzi ma?
+B: Fūfù bú zài yíge dìfang gōngzuò, suīrán měinián you bànge yuède tànqīnjià, dànshi hái you hěn duō bù fāngbiàn. Suóyi wèile ràng tamen gèng hǎode gōngzuò he xuéxí, yīng-dāng bāng tamen jiějué zhèige wèntí.	If the husband and wife don’t work in the same place, even though they get half a month’s leave every year to visit family members, it’s still very inconvenient. So in order to let them work and study even better, we should help them solve this problem.
 
-B: Duì le. Zhèngfǔ tíchàng wǎn
+A: Duìjíle. Fūfù zǒngshi nénggòu zài yìqī bǐjiào hǎo.	You’re so right. It’s always better if the husband and wife can be together.
 
-liàn wǎnhūn. Nianqīng rén yě dōu yào nǔlì xuéxí, nǔlì gōng-zuò, bú yào
-zǎo jiehūn.
+NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE
 
-A: Chéngshili nude duo da
+...nánjia hái yào song xǔduō lǐwù ma?: In traditional China, the groom’s family gave gifts to the bride’s family to compensate for the loss of their daughter. (For the loss of the daughter might also entail a substantial loss of property and servants.) In Taiwan, it is still the man’s family who in most cases pays for the wedding arrangements. In the PRC today, these customs no longer exist.
 
-jiéhūn?
+Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu duō?: Although allowed by law with the mutual consent of both parties, it is not easy to obtain a divorce in the PRC. With the exceptions of one party being either politically questionable or terminally ill, the majority of couples are asked to resolve their differences via study and group criticism.
 
-B: Chàbuduō èrshiwǔsuì zuǒyòu.
+...you yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge dìfang gōngzuò: Many couples still have to be split up in order for each to have work. (Jobs are arranged for and assigned by the local government.) This is, of course, a great hardship since it is improbable that either will be able to arrange a transfer of job to the other’s work-place. The splits are arranged in order to increase rural population and provide labor for rural jobs. The partner left in the city, usually the woman, can go to the countryside to join her spouse, but rural life is so difficult that this is not likely.
 
-A: Nǎnde ne?
+...suǐràn měinián you bànge yuède tànqǐnjià: There are two types of leave for visiting one’s family in the PRC. One is for unmarried children to return home to see their parents, the other is for couples who are assigned to different places for work. These trips are paid for by one’s work unit (but communes have no family leave provisions). If the person on leave is working relatively near his home, he is allowed a fifteen day visit once per year and a worker who is located relatively far from home can take a thirty day visit once every two years.
 
-B: Dàgài èrshibǎsuì zuǒyòu.
+Vocabulary
 
-A: Jiéhūnde shíhour you shénme-
+bǐcǐ	 each other, mutually; you too, the same to you
+bǐjiào (bījiǎo)	 relatively, comparatively; fairly, rather
+bú dan 	not only
+bù shǎo 	quite a lot, quite a few
+chéng 	 to become, to constitute, to make
+chéngshì	city
+dànshi	 but
+érqiě 	furthermore
+fēngqì	common practice; general mood
+ fēngsū 	custom
+ fūfù	married couple, husband and wife
+gǎibiàn	 to change
+he 	 with; and
+huì	might, to be likely to, will
+Jiéhūn	 (jiehūn) to get married
+Jiějué	to solve
+ jingguo	to go through, to pass by or through
+  jìniàn	memento, memorial
+kǎolū 	to consider; consideration
+kě	indeed, really
+kě bū shi ma! sure	I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for
+liàn’ài	 to be romantically involved with; love
+liǎojiě (liáojie)	to understand; understanding
+ líhūn	to  get divorced
+  lǐwù (lǐwu)	gift, present
+nánjiá(r)	the husband’s family
+ nánnu	 male and female
+  nénggòu 	can, to be able to
+  niánqīng 	to be young
+nongcūn 	rural area, countryside 
+nūjiā(r)	the wife’s family
+ nǔlì 	to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard
+qīngnián	youth, young person
+ qīnqi	relatives
+  qūbié	difference, distinction
+shíxíng	 to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, ‘reform, etc.)
+shuāngfāng	 both sides, both parties
+ song 	 to give (something as a gift)
+tan qīn	to visit family
+ tànqīn	to visit relatives (usually means immediate family)
+tànqīnjià 	leave for visiting family
+tíchàng	to advocate, to promote, to initiate
+wǎnliàn 	wǎnhūn late involvement and late marriage
+xiāngdāng	quite, pretty, very
+ xǔduō	many; a great deal (of), a lot (of)
+yīngdāng 	should, ought to
+yíshì	ceremony
+yìzhí	all along, all the time (up until a certain point)
+zhèngfǔ 	government
+zhùdao	to move to, to go live at 
+ zǒngshi 	always
+ zuò 	to serve as, to act as; as
 
-yàngde yíshì?
+Customs Surrounding
 
-B: Méiyou shénme yíshì. Būguò
+Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 2
 
-jiehūn nèitiǎn qīng qīnqi péngyou lai hēhe chǎ, chī diǎnr tang, diǎnxin
-shenmede. Yě you rén song diǎnr xiǎo lǐwu zuò
+PART I
 
-We’ve only known each other for two weeks or so, but we’re old friends
-already.
+1. Hòutiān shi nǐmen xiao j ie dàxǐde rìzi.	The day after tomorrow is your daughter’s wedding day.
 
-Yes. We’re together every day; it really is as if we’re old friends.
+2. Xǐnlāng zài Taiwan Yínháng gōngzuò, rén hěn lāoshi, yě hěn shàngjìn.	The bridegroom works at the Bank of Taiwan. He’s very honest and very ambitious.
 
-I’ve been meaning to ask you all along when you were married.
+3. Women Xiùyún gēn tā jiāowǎng yǐjīng yìniánduō le, duì tā hěn mǎnyì.	Our Xiùyún has been seeing him for over a year now, and she's very pleased with him.
 
-Oh. I was married the year before last.
+4. A: Nǐmen gěn nánfāngde fùmǔ shóu hu shóu?	Did you know the groom's parents very well before?
 
-You’re twenty-eight years old. How about your spouse?
+B: Bu tài shóu. Kěshi zāo jiù tīngshuōguo.	Not too well. But we'd heard of them long before.
 
-He’s thirty-two.
+B: Tǎmen yì lai tíqǐn women jiù dāying le.	As soon as they came to propose the marriage we agreed to it.
 
-You certainly weren’t young when you were married! Is it this way for
-all Chinese young people?
+5. A: Tǎmen tánlāi tānqù tánle hěn jiǔ bù néng juédìng.	They talked and talked for a long time and couldn't decide.
 
-Yes. The government promotes late involvement and late marriage. Also,
-all young people should study hard and work hard, and shouldn't get
-married early.
+A: Kěshi hōulāi haishi wǒ gào-su tamen yīnggāi zěnme bàn.	But later it was I who told them what they should do, after all.
 
-At what age do most women get married in the cities?
+6. Wǒ nùérde hūnlǐ zài Éméi Cān-tīng jǔxíng.	My daughter's wedding will be held at the Omei Restaurant.
 
-After about twenty-five.
+7. Tīngshuō jiehūn lǐfú shi xīnniāng zìjī zuòde, tā zhēn nénggàn.	I hear that the wedding gown was made by the bride herself. She's really capable.
 
-And men?
+8. Wǒ zhù yīyuànde shíhou nǐmen hai song huā lai, ài, zhēn shi tài xièxie le.	When I was in the hospital you even sent flowers. Thanks so much.
 
-After about twenty-eight.
+NOTES ON PART I
 
-What kind of ceremony is there when someone gets married?
+Notes on No. 1
 
-There is no ceremony. But on the day of the marriage relatives and
-friends are invited to come and drink tea, eat a little candy, snacks
-and so forth. Some people also give a
+xiáojie: ’daughter’. You have seen xiáojie meanirfg ’Miss’ or ’young lady’. Here it is used to mean ’daughter'. Note, however, that it is used only in referring to someone else’s daughter, not in referring to one’s own daughter(s).
 
-jìniàn.
+Tā you jǐwèi xiaojie? How many daughters does he have?
 
-A: Nōngcūnlǐde niánqīng rén yě
+Nǐmen xiáojie zhēn piàoliang. Your daughter is really pretty.
 
-shíxíng wǎnhūn ma?
+Xiáojie, meaning either ’Miss’ or ’daughter’, is not in current usage in the PRC.
 
-B: Duì. Zài nóngcūnli wan
+dā xǐde rìzi: ’wedding day’, literally ’hig joyful day’. Xǐ ’to he glad, joyful’, is used in several expressions having to do with weddings. The character for xǐ is often used as a decoration. For weddings, two xǐ characters together are used as a decoration.
 
-liàn’ài wan jiēhūn yě yǐjīng chéngle yìzhǒng fēngqì.
+Notes on No. 2
 
-u
+ren hen lāoshi: ’he’s very honest’. Ren, ’person’, can he used to refer to a person’s character. It can he used with a noun or pronoun before it, for example Tā ren hen lāoshi, literally ’As for him, his person is very honest’. The wording Tā rén ... is often used to talk about the way someone truly is:
 
-A: Nongcūnli nūháizi jiéhūnde
+Tā rén hen āi bāngzhu bié rén.	He (is the sort of person who) likes to help others.
 
-shíhou nanjia hái yào song xǔduō lǐwù ma?
+Liu Xiānsheng rén hen tèbié, shénme shìqing dōu yào wen yige wèishenme.	Mr. Liu is a different sort of person, he has to ask ’why’ about everything.
 
-B: Bú yào le. Érqiě xiànzài you.
+Tā rén hen kèqi.	He’s a very polite sort of person.
 
-xiē nan qīngnián jiēhūn yīhòu hái zhùdao nūjiār qu. Zhè gēn yǐqiánde
-fēngsú you hěn dàde qùbié.
+Sometimes rén refers to a person’s mental state of being:
 
-A: Kě bú shi ma! Zhēn shi
+Wǒ hēde tài duō, rén hái you dianr bu qǐngchu.	I had too much to drink and I’m still a little foggy.
 
-gǎibiànle bù shǎo.
+Ren also sometimes refers to a person’s physical self. This meaning is mostly used in situations where a contrast is implied, something like ’And as for the person himself, For example:
 
-Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu duō?
+Wǒ yìzhí zhǐshi he tā tōng diànhuà, jīntiān zǎoshang, cái dìyīcì jiàn miàn, tā rén fēichāng piàoliàng.	All along I had only talked to her over the phone, but this morning I met her for the first time. She’s very beautiful.
 
-B: You, kěshi bǐjiǎo shǎo.^,
+Tāmen jiéhūn bu dào yíge yuè, xiānsheng jiù dào Jiāzhōu niàn shū qu le, rén zài Měiguo, xīn zài Tǎiwān, shū zěnme niàndehǎo ne?	They hadn’t even been married for one month when her husband went to California to go to school. He was in America, but his heart was in Taiwan, how could he possibly study well?
 
-Yīnwei jiēhūn yǐqián nánnū shuāngfāng bǐcǐ bǐjiǎo liǎojiě, you jīngguo
-xiāngdāngde kǎolū, suōyi líhūnde bú tài duō.
+Notes on No. 3
 
-A: Wǒ t’ngshuō Zhōngguo you
+jiāowǎng: ’to associate with, to have dealings with’, often said of boyfriend-girlfriend relationships.
 
-yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò, bú zhùzai yíge dìfang, zhè huì bu
-hui you wèntí ne?
+Wǒ hé tā méiyou shénme tèbiéde jiāowǎng.	There’s no special relationship between him and me. (Said by a daughter in explanation to her mother.)
 
-B: Fūfù bú zài yíge dìfang
+In the PRC jiāowǎng is not used this way; use rènshi, ’to know (a person)’ or jiāo péngyou, ’to make friends’ instead. In the PRC, you will hear jiāowǎng used in phrases such as ’’lǐangguo rénmínde jiāowǎng”, ’the contact (association) between the peoples of these two countries’.
 
-gōngzuò, suīrán měinián you bànge yuède tànqīnjià, dànshi hái you hěn
-duō bù fāngbiàn. Suóyi wèile ràng tamen gèng hǎode gōngzuò he xuéxí,
-yīng-dāng bāng tamen jiějué zhèige wèntí.
+Notes on No. 4
 
-A: Duìjíle. Fūfù zǒngshi
+nánfāng: ’’the bridegroom’s side”, a phrase which often refers to the bridegroom himself, and sometimes refers to the bridegroom’s family, relatives, and friends collectively. Nanfāng, ’’the bridegroom’s side”, happens to be a homonym of nanfāng, ’the South’.
 
-nénggòu zài yìqī bǐjiào hǎo.
+Zhōngguo rén Jiéhūnde shíhou, nǎnfāng dà qǐng kè.	When Chinese get married, the groom’s family hosts a big feast.
 
-small gift as a memento.
+Jiéhūn yǐqiǎn nǎnfāng nūfāng bǐcǐ song lǐ.	Before a marriage, the groom’s side  and the bride’s side give each other gifts.
 
-Do the young people in rural areas also practice late marriage?
+[Nūfāng means ’’the bride’s side, referring either to ’’the bride” herself, or to ’the bride’s family, relatives, and friends collectively’.]
 
-Yes. Late involvement and late marriage have already become a common
-practice in the rural areas.
+shou: ’to be familiar with ...’ Also pronounced shú. Shou is used with hé for people and with duì for places.
 
-In the farm villages does the family of the husband still have to give a
-lot of presents when a girl gets married?
+Wǒ hé tā hen shou. 	I know him very well.
 
-Not any more. Furthermore now there are even young men who live with the
-wife’s family after they get married. This is very different 'from the
-customs of the past.
+Tā duì Tǎiběi hěn shóu.	She knows Taipei very well.
 
-I’ll say! It’s really changed a lot.
+Shóu also means ’to be cooked sufficiently’ and ’to be ripe’.
 
-Are there many people who get divorced in China now?
+zǎo: You've learned this as the verb 'to be early' , now you see it used to mean 'long ago'.
 
-Yes, there are, but relatively few. The man and the woman know each
-other rather well before they get married, and they give the matter
-quite a bit of consideration, so not too many people get divorced.
+Wǒ zǎo zhǐdào nǐ bù huílai.	I knew long ago that you wouldn't come back.
 
-I hear there are some couples in China who don’t work in the same place.
-Do problems ever come about because of this?
+Wǒ zǎo tīngshuō le.	 I heard about it long ago.
 
-If the husband and wife don’t work in the same place, even though they
-get half a month’s leave every year to visit family members, it’s still
-very inconvenient. So in order to let them work and study even better,
-we should help them solve this problem.
+Zǎo is usually followed by jiù to stress the idea of 'as early as that’.
 
-You’re so right. It’s always better if the husband and wife can be
-together.
+Wǒ zǎo jiu gaosu tǎ neijian shi le.	I told him that long ago. (Said to correct an impression that he didn't actually know it so early. )
 
-NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE
+Wǒ zǎo jiù xiǎng lai kàn ni, yìzhí méi shíjiǎn.	I've been meaning to come see you for a long time, but I never had the time.
 
-...nánjia hái yào song xǔduō lǐwù ma?: In traditional China, the groom’s
-family gave gifts to the bride’s family to compensate for the loss of
-their daughter. (For the loss of the daughter might also entail a
-substantial loss of property and servants.) In Taiwan, it is still the
-man’s family who in most cases pays for the wedding arrangements. In the
-PRC today, these customs no longer exist.
-
-Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu duō?: Although allowed by law with the
-mutual consent of both parties, it is not easy to obtain a divorce in
-the PRC. With the exceptions of one party being either politically
-questionable or terminally ill, the majority of couples are asked to
-resolve their differences via study and group criticism.
-
-...you yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge dìfang gōngzuò: Many couples still have to
-be split up in order for each to have work. (Jobs are arranged for and
-assigned by the local government.) This is, of course, a great hardship
-since it is improbable that either will be able to arrange a transfer of
-job to the other’s work-place. The splits are arranged in order to
-increase rural population and provide labor for rural jobs. The partner
-left in the city, usually the woman, can go to the countryside to join
-her spouse, but rural life is so difficult that this is not likely.
-
-...suǐràn měinián you bànge yuède tànqǐnjià: There are two types of
-leave for visiting one’s family in the PRC. One is for unmarried
-children to return home to see their parents, the other is for couples
-who are assigned to different places for work. These trips are paid for
-by one’s work unit (but communes have no family leave provisions). If
-the person on leave is working relatively near his home, he is allowed a
-fifteen day visit once per year and a worker who is located relatively
-far from home can take a thirty day visit once every two years.
+tíqǐn: 'to bring up a proposal of marriage' Traditionally, the man's parents would visit the parents of the woman they wished their son to marry in order to bring up the subject of marriage. The situation in Taiwan is changing rapidly today, but some marriages are still proposed in this way. More frequently, however, the children simply inform their parents of their own arrangement.
 
-Vocabulary
+daying: 'to agree (to something), to consent, to promise'
 
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| bǐcǐ                              | each other, mutually; you too,    |
-|                                   | the same to you                   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| bǐjiào (bījiǎo)                   | relatively, comparatively;        |
-|                                   | fairly, rather                    |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| bú dan bù shǎo                    | not only                          |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | quite a lot, quite a few          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| chéng chéngshì                    | to become, to constitute, to make |
-|                                   | city                              |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| dànshi                            | but                               |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| érqiě                             | furthermore                       |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| fēngqì fēngsū fūfù                | common practice; general mood     |
-|                                   | custom                            |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | married couple, husband and wife  |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| gǎibiàn                           | to change                         |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| he huì                            | with; and                         |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | might, to be likely to, will      |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| Jiéhūn (jiehūn)                   | to get married                    |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| Jiějué^ jingguo jìniàn            | to solve                          |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to go through, to pass by or      |
-|                                   | through memento, memorial         |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| kǎolū                             | to consider; consideration        |
-|                                   | indeed, really                    |
-| kě                                |                                   |
-|                                   | I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for  |
-| kě bū shi ma!                     | sure                              |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| liàn’ài                           | to be romantically involved with; |
-|                                   | love                              |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| liǎojiě (liáojie) líhūn lǐwù      | to understand; understanding to   |
-| (lǐwu)                            | get divorced gift, present        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| nánjiá(r) nánnu nénggòu niánqīng  | the husband’s family male and     |
-| nongcūn nūjiā(r) nǔlì             | female can, to be able to to be   |
-|                                   | young rural area, countryside the |
-|                                   | wife’s family                     |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to be hardworking, to be          |
-|                                   | diligent; diligently, hard        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| qīngnián qīnqi qūbié              | youth, young person relatives     |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | difference, distinction           |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| shíxíng                           | to practice, to carry out (a      |
-|                                   | method, policy, plan, ‘reform,    |
-|                                   | etc.)                             |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| shuāngfāng song                   | both sides, both parties to give  |
-|                                   | (something as a gift)             |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| tan qīn tànqīn                    | to visit family                   |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to visit relatives (usually means |
-|                                   | immediate family)                 |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| tànqīnjià tíchàng                 | leave for visiting family         |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to advocate, to promote, to       |
-|                                   | initiate                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| wǎnliàn wǎnhūn                    | late involvement and late         |
-|                                   | marriage                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| xiāngdāng xǔduō                   | quite, pretty, very               |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | many; a great deal (of), a lot    |
-|                                   | (of)                              |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| yīngdāng yíshì yìzhí              | should, ought to                  |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | ceremony                          |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | all along, all the time (up until |
-|                                   | a certain point)                  |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| zhèngfǔ zhùdao zǒngshi zuò        | government                        |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to move to, to go live at always  |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to serve as, to act as; as        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+Tǎ dǎying gěi wo nèijiàn dōngxi, zěnme tǎ xiànzài you bù gěi le?	He agreed to give me that thing. How is that now he won't give it to me?
 
-Customs Surrounding
+Nǐ dǎying ta le, dāngrǎn yīnggāi péi ta qù.	You promised him, of course you should go with him.
 
-Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 2
+Nǐ dǎying zuòde shi, yídìng yào zuòdào.	You must do what you promise to do.
 
-PART I
+Nǐ dāyinglede shi, wèishénme bú zuò?	Why don't you do this thing that you have promised?
 
-1. Hòutiān shi nǐmen xiao j ie dàxǐde rìzi.
+Nǐ dāyingguode shi, jiù yǐnggǎi zuòdào.	You ought to do things that you promise•
 
-2. Xǐnlāng zài Taiwan Yínháng gōngzuò, rén hěn lāoshi, yě hěn
-    shàngjìn.
+Wǒ méi dǎying gěi ni yíge hùzhào.	I didn't promise to give you a passport.
 
-3. Women Xiùyún gēn tā jiāowǎng yǐjīng yìniánduō le, duì tā hěn
-    mǎnyì.
+Dǎyjng can also mean 'to answer'.
 
-4. A: Nǐmen gěn nánfāngde fùmǔ shóu hu shóu?
+Tā jiao ni, nǐ zěnme méi dāying?	He called you, how come you didn’t answer?
 
-B: Bu tài shóu. Kěshi zāo jiù tīngshuōguo.
+Notes on No. 5
 
-B: Tǎmen yì lai tíqǐn women
+tánlai tánqù: ’to talk over’.
 
-j iù dāying le.
+Tánlai tánqù, yě bù néng jiějué zhèige wèntí.	We discussed it for a long time, but still couldn’t solve the problem.
 
-5. A: Tǎmen tánlāi tānqù tánle
+Tánlai tánqù, tánde hen you yìsi.	It got very interesting, conversing back and forth.
 
-hěn jiǔ bù néng juédìng.
+juédìng: ’to decide’.
 
-A: Kěshi hōulāi haishi wǒ gào-su tamen yīnggāi zěnme bàn.
+Wǒ juedìng yào qù.	I’ve decided that I’m going.
 
-6. Wǒ nùérde hūnlǐ zài Éméi Cān-tīng jǔxíng.
+Wǒ yǐjīng juedìng jiù zhènme ban.	I’ve already decided that it’ll be this way.
 
-7. Tīngshuō jiehūn lǐfú shi xīnniāng zìjī zuòde, tā zhēn nénggàn.
+Wǒ hái méi juedìng gāi zěnme ban.	I haven’t yet decided what should be done.
 
-8. Wǒ zhù yīyuànde shíhou nǐmen hai song huā lai, ài, zhēn shi tài
-    xièxie le.
+Notice that when you want to say ’I can’t decide whether (to do something)’ or ’I haven’t decided whether (to do something)’, the object of juedìng is a choice-type question.
 
-The day after tomorrow is your daughter’s wedding day.
+Wǒ hái méi juédìng qù bu qù.	I haven’t yet decided whether to go or not.
 
-The bridegroom works at the Bank of Taiwan. He’s very honest and very
-ambitious.
+Wǒ bù néng juédìng wǒ qù bu qù.	I can’t decide whether to go or not.
 
-Our Xiùyún has been seeing him for over a year now, and she's very
-pleased with him.
+Wǒ hěn nán juédìng rang bu rang ta qù.	I’m having a hard time deciding whether to let him to or not.
 
-Did you know the groom's parents very well before?
+Wǒ shi bu shi gāi huíqu hěn nán juédìng.	It’s hard to decide whether or not I should go back.
 
-Not too well. But we'd heard of them long before.
+hòulái: ’afterwards, later’. You have already learned another word which can be translated as ’’afterwards” or ’’later”: yǐhòu. Yǐhòu and hòulái are both nouns which express time. Here is a brief comparison of them.
 
-As soon as they came to propose the marriage we agreed to it.
+(1) Yǐhòu can either follow another element ’in which case it is translated as ’’after ...”) or it can be used by itself.
 
-They talked and talked for a long time and couldn't decide.
+Tā láile yǐhòu, women jiù zǒu le.	After he came, we left.
 
-But later it was I who told them what they should do, after all.
+Yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài láiguo.	Afterwards, he never came back again.
 
-My daughter's wedding will be held at the Omei Restaurant.
+Hòulái can only be used by itself.
 
-I hear that the wedding gown was made by the bride herself. She's really
-capable.
+Hòulái, tā shuì jiao le.	Afterwards, he went to sleep.
 
-When I was in the hospital you even sent flowers. Thanks so much.
+(2) Both yǐhòu and hòulái may be used to refer to the past. (For example, in the reference list sentence, yǐhòu may be substituted for hòulái. But if you want to say "afterwards" or "later" referring to the future, you can only use yǐhòu. When it refers to the future time, yǐhòu can be translated in various ways, depending on the context:
 
-NOTES ON PART I
+Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu zài shuō.	Let’s wait until the future to see about future matters.
 
-Notes on No. 1
+Yǐhòu nǐ you kòng, qǐng cháng lái wán.	In the future when you have the time, please come over more often.
 
-xiáojie: ’daughter’. You have seen xiáojie meanirfg ’Miss’ or ’young
-lady’. Here it is used to mean ’daughter'. Note, however, that it is
-used only in referring to someone else’s daughter, not in referring to
-one’s own daughter(s).
+Wo yǐhòu zài gàosu ni.	I’ll tell you later on.
 
-Tā you jǐwèi xiaojie? How many daughters does he have?
+Tāde háizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā yào gēn yíge Rìběn ren Jiéhūn.	His child said that someday, he wants to marry a Japanese.
 
-Nǐmen xiáojie zhēn piàoliang. Your daughter is really pretty.
+Usage Note: Yǐhòu has the meaning of "after that". It can imply that some past event functions as a dividing point in time, as a sort of time boundary, and yǐhòu refers to the period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of reference (usually the time of speaking). In this usage it is often translated as "since".
 
-Xiáojie, meaning either ’Miss’ or ’daughter’, is not in current usage in
-the PRC.
+Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū, yǐhòu zài méi xiěguo.	He only wrote one book, and hasn't written any since.
 
-dā xǐde rìzi: ’wedding day’, literally ’hig joyful day’. Xǐ ’to he glad,
-joyful’, is used in several expressions having to do with weddings. The
-character for xǐ is often used as a decoration. For weddings, two xǐ
-characters together are used as a decoration.
+Ránhòu stresses the succession of one event upon the completion of a prior event.
 
-Notes on No. 2
+Wo shàngwū zhǐ you liǎngjié kè, ránhòu jiù méi shi le, women kéyi chuqū wánr.	I have only two classes in the morning, and after that I don't have anything else to do, so we
 
-ren hen lāoshi: ’he’s very honest’. Ren, ’person’, can he used to refer
-to a person’s character. It can he used with a noun or pronoun before
-it, for example Tā ren hen lāoshi, literally ’As for him, his person is
-very honest’. The wording Tā rén ... is often used to talk about the way
-someone truly is:
+háishi: 'in the end, after all' You have seen háishi meaning 'still' that is, that something remains the same way as it was. Here háishi is used to mean that the speaker feels that, all things considered, something is the case after all.
 
-Tā rén hen āi bāngzhu bié rén.
+Háishi tā duì.	He is right, after all.
 
-Liu Xiānsheng rén hen tèbié, shénme shìqing dōu yào wen yige wèishenme.
+Note on No. 6
 
-Tā rén hen kèqi.
+jūxíng: 'to hold (a meeting, banquet, celebration, ceremony, etc.)' For this example you need to know that diānlǐ means 'ceremony'.
 
-Sometimes rén refers to a person’s
+Míngtiān jǔxíng bìyè dianlǐ.	Tomorrow the graduation ceremony will be held.
 
-Wǒ hēde tài duō, rén hái you dianr bu qǐngchu.
+Notes on No, 8
 
-He (is the sort of person who) likes to help others.
+hái: ’even, (to go) so far as to’ You have seen hái meaning ’still’*as in Nǐ hái zài zhèr!, ’You’re still here!’. You’ve also seen hái meaning ’also, additionally’, as in Wo hái yào mǎi yìpǐng qìshuǐ., ’I also want to buy a bottle of soda.’ Here you see hái meaning additionally in the sense of additional effort. The sentence Nǐmen hái song huār lai, hái expresses the speaker’s feeling that sending flowers went beyond what was expected or necessary.
 
-Mr. Liu is a different sort of person, he has to ask ’why’ about
-everything.
+zhēn shi tài xièxie le: ’I really thank you so much.’’ You have seen tài used to mean ’very, extremely’, as in Tài hǎo le!, ’Wonderful!’. Notice that here it is used with xièxie.
 
-He’s a very polite sort of person.
+Taipei:
 
-mental state of being:
+A woman goes to visit her old friend and to present her with a gift for her daughter and future son-in-law.	
 
-I had too much to drink and I’m still a little foggy.
+A: Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Zhège Xīng- qītiān jiù shi nǐmen èr xiáo-jiede dàxǐde rìzi! Zhèli shi sònggei xīnláng xinniángde lǐwù.	Congratulations! This Sunday is your second daughter’s big day! Here’s a present for the bride and groom.
 
-Ren also sometimes refers to a person’s physical self. This meaning is
-mostly used in situations where a contrast is implied, something like
-’And
+B: Xièxie*. Xièxie’. Nǐ tai kèqi le.	Thank you! That’s so nice of you.
 
-as for the person himself, For
+A: Yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi. Nǐ yídìng hěn mǎng ba’. Hūnlǐ dōu zhǔnbèi-hǎo le meiyou?	It’s just a little something. You must be busy! Is everything all ready for the wedding?
 
-Wǒ yìzhí zhǐshi he tā tōng diànhuà, jīntiān zǎoshang, cái dìyīcì jiàn
-miàn, tā rén fēichāng piàoliàng.
+B: Zuì mángde shíhou yǐjīng guò le, xiànzài chàbuduō dōu zhǔn-bèihǎo le. 	The busiest time has already passed; almost everything is ready now.
 
-Tāmen jiéhūn bu dào yíge yuè, xiānsheng jiù dào Jiāzhōu niàn shū qu le,
-rén zài Měiguo, xīn zài Tǎiwān, shū zěnme niàndehǎo ne?
+A: Xīnláng shi náli ren a? Zài náli gōngzuò?	Where is the groom’s family from? Where does he work?
 
-Notes on No. 3
+B: Xīnláng shi Héběi rén, zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò. Tā rén hěn laoshi, yě hěn shàngjìn.	The groom’s family is from Hopei. He works at the Bank of Taiwan. He’s very honest and ambitious.
 
-jiāowǎng: ’to associate with, t boyfriend-girlfriend relationships.
+A: Xiùyún gēn tā shi biéren jièshào rènshide háishi zìjǐ rènshide?	Were Xiuyun and he introduced by someone else or did they meet by themselves?
 
-Wǒ hé tā méiyou shénme tèbiéde jiāowǎng.
+B: Shi Xiùyúnde lǎoshī jiěshàode. Xiùyún gēn tā jiāowǎng dào xiànzài yǐjīng liǎngnián le, duì ta hěn mǎnyì.	They were introduced by Xiuyun’s teacher. Xiuyun and he have been seeing each other for two years now, and she’s very pleased with him.
 
-example:
+A: Nǐmen gēn nánfāngde fùmǔ yǐqián shou bu shōu?	Did you know the groom’s parents well before?
 
-All along I had only talked to her over the phone, but this morning I
-met her for the first time. She’s very beautiful.
+B: Bù shóu, kěshi women zǎo jiù tīngshuōguo tamen le. Tāmen liǎngwèi dōu zài TáiDà jiāo shū. Tāmen yì lái tíqīn women jiù dāying le.	No, but we had heard of them long before. They both teach at Taiwan University. As soon as they came to propose the marriage, we agreed to it.
 
-They hadn’t even been married for one month when her husband went to
-California to go to school. He was in America, but his heart was in
-Taiwan, how could he possibly study well?
+A: Wǒ kànjian qǐngtiēshang xiězhe hūnlǐ zài Guǒbīn Dàfàndiàn jǔxíng. Nali dìfang you dà you piàoliang. Zhen hǎo.	I saw on the invitation that the wedding is being held at the Ambassador Hotel. It’s very spacious and beautiful there. That’s great.
 
-have dealings with’, often said of
+B: Shi a! Women gēn nǎnfāngde fùmú tǎnlǎi tǎnqù tǎnle hǎo Jiu, bù zhīdào zài nǎli Jǔxíng hūnlǐ zuì hǎo. Hòulǎi haishi wǒ Juédìng zài Guóbǐn Dàfàndiàn jǔxíng.	Yes. We discussed it back and forth for a long time with his parents. We didn’t know where it would be best to hold the wedding. Afterwards I was the one who decided that we would have it at the Ambassador Hotel.
 
-There’s no special relationship between him and me. (Said by a daughter
-in explanation to her mother.)
+A: Ng! Guobǐn Dàfàndiàn bù zhǐ shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě tèbiě hǎo.	Oh! Not only is the Ambassador Hotel a beautiful place, but the food there is especially good too.
 
-In the PRC jiāowǎng is not used this way; use rènshi, ’to know (a
-person)’ or jiāo péngyou, ’to make friends’ instead. In the PRC, you
-will hear jiāowǎng used in phrases such as ’’lǐangguo rénmínde
-jiāowǎng”, ’the contact (association) between the peoples of these two
-countries’.
+B: Duì le.	That’s right.
 
-Notes on No. U
+ A: Xīnniǎngde Jiēhūn lǐfū zài nǎli mǎide?	Where did you buy the bride’s wedding gown?
 
-nánfāng: ’’the bridegroom’s side”, a phrase which often refers to the
-bridegroom himself, and sometimes refers to the bridegroom’s family,
-relatives, and friends collectively. Nanfāng, ’’the bridegroom’s side”,
-happens to be a homonym of nanfāng, ’the South’.
+B: Bu shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún zìjǐ zuòde.	It isn't bought. Xiuyun made it herself.
 
-Zhōngguo rén Jiéhūnde shíhou, When Chinese get married, the groom’s
-nǎnfāng dà qǐng kè. family hosts a big feast.
+A: Nǐmen èr xiǎojie zhēn nénggàn. Tiān bù zǎo le, wǒ gāi zou le.	Your second daughter sure is capable. It's getting late, I ought to be going. 
 
-V __
+B: Nǐ hai zìjǐ song lǐwù lai, zhēn shi xièxie! Xīngqǐtiān yídìng lǎi, ǎ!	You even brought the gifts yourself. Thank you so much. Be sure to come on Sunday!
 
-Jiéhūn yǐqiǎn nǎnfāng nūfāng Before a marriage, the groom’s side
+NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE
 
-bǐcǐ song lǐ. and the bride’s side give each
+Guǒbǐn Dàfàndiàn bù zhǐ shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě tèbiě hǎo. Traditional wedding foods included huāshēng, peanuts; liǎnzǐ, lotus seeds; and zǎozi, dates, all of which symbolize fertility in that shēng(zǐ) means "give birth to" (a son); liǎnzǐ sounds like part of the phrase liǎnshēng guìzǐ, "have sons consecutively"; and zǎozi sounds like part of zǎoshēng guì-zǐ, "have an early son." The wedding marked the beginning of that generation's carrying on of the family line. Today few adhere to these symbols and food is served according to family preference.
 
-other gifts.
+Bú shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún- zìjǐ zuòde: Wedding gowns in Taiwan these days are frequently hand-made or tailor-made, as tailoring is affordable and the quality of work surpasses that of ready-made items. Brides may wear two gowns: a white one for the ceremony (which may be in a church nowadays) and a traditional Chinese red one at the celebration.
 
-ENūfāng means ’’the bride’s side, referring either to ’’the bride”
-herself, or to ’the bride’s family, relatives, and friends
-collectively’.]
+9. Xīnláng Jiā xìn Jǐdūjiào, fùmǔ xīwàng tāmen zài Jiàotáng Jiéhūn.	The family of the bridegroom are Christians and the parents hope they will be married in church.
 
-shou: ’to be familiar with ...’ Also pronounced shú. Shou is used with
-hé for people and with duì for places.
+10. Xīnniáng jiā xìn Fo, fùmǔ bú rang tamen zài Jiàotáng Jiéhūn.	The family of the bride are Buddhists and -her parents won’t let them be married in church.
 
-Wǒ hé tā hen shou. I know him very well.
+11. Tāmen yào zài fǎyuàn gōngzhèng j iēhūn ma?	Are they going to have a civil marriage in court?
 
-Tā duì Tǎiběi hěn shóu.
+12. Hūnlǐ yǐhòu bādiān zhōng rù xí.	After the wedding ceremony the banquet will start at eight.
 
-She knows Taipei very well.
+13. Zhège wèntí hen fùzá.	This question is very complicated.
 
-Shóu also means ’to be cooked sufficiently’ and ’to be ripe’.
+lk. Wǒde yìjian shi děng liāngge xīngqī women zài tantan.	My opinion is that we should wait two weeks and talk about it again.
 
-zǎo: You've learned this as the verb 'to be early' , now you see it used
-to mean 'long ago'.
+15. Tāmen qǐng shéi zhènghūn?	Whom did they ask to witness the marriage?
 
-Wǒ zǎo zhǐdào nǐ bù huílai. I knew long ago that you wouldn't
+16. A: Hūnlǐ yǐhòu tāmen māshàng Jiù qù dù mìyuè ma?	After the wedding are they going to leave right away to go on their honeymoon?
 
-come back.
+B: Bù, yào děng huí mén yǐhòu cái qù.	No, they’re going to wait until after the bride’s first visit to her family before they go.
 
-Wǒ zǎo tīngshuō le. I heard about it long ago.
+17. Hòutiān yídìng lai chī xǐjiǔ!	Be sure to come to the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow.
 
-Zǎo is usually followed by jiù to stress the idea of 'as early as that’.
+18. A: Nǐmen xiáojie hūnlǐshàng jièshaorén shi nāliāngwèi a?	Who are the two people who are going to be the introducers at your daughter’s wedding?
 
-Wǒ zǎo jiu gaosu tǎ neijian I told him that long ago. (Said to
+B: Yíwèi shi lai zuò méide Lǐ Jiàoshòu.	One is Professor Li who was the go-between.
 
-shi le. correct an impression that he
+19. Nàwěi youzhèngjú Juzhāng shi women Jiā duōniánde lāo péngyou.	That postmaster is a friend of our family from many years back.
 
-didn't actually know it so early. )
+20. Tāndao jiehūn, nǐ yě yīnggāi kuài diān qù zū Jiàn Jiéhūn lǐfú.	Speaking of the wedding, you really ought to hurry up and go rent a wedding gown.
 
-Wǒ zǎo jiù xiǎng lai kàn ni, I've been meaning to come see you
+NOTES ON PART IT
 
-yìzhí méi shíjiǎn. for a long time, but I never had
+Notes on No. 9
 
-the time.
+xìn Jǐdūjiào: ’to believe in (Protestant) Christianity' This is one way of saying 'to be a (Protestant) Christian'.
 
-tíqǐn: 'to bring up a proposal of marriage' Traditionally, the man's
-parents would visit the parents of the woman they wished their son to
-marry in order to bring up the subject of marriage. The situation in
-Taiwan is changing rapidly today, but some marriages are still proposed
-in this way. More frequently, however, the children simply inform their
-parents of their own arrangement.
+Notes on No. 10
 
-daying: 'to agree (to something),
+xìn Fo: 'to believe in Buddha' This is one way of saying 'to be a Buddhist'.
 
-Tǎ dǎying gěi wo nèijiàn dōngxi, zěnme tǎ xiànzài you bù gěi le?
+Notes on No. 11
 
-Nǐ dǎying ta le, dāngrǎn yīnggāi péi ta qù.
+zài fǎyuàn: 'in court' Zài is the verb 'to be in, at, or on', in other words 'to be located (someplace). Zài must be followed by a place word or a place phrase. Just what is considered to be a place word or phrase may be difficult for the non-native speaker to figure out. Words which are not considered to be place words or phases must have a locational ending such as -li or -shang added to them. (Nǐ zài chēshang mǎi piào., 'You buy the ticket on the bus.')
 
-Nǐ dǎying zuòde shi, yídìng yào zuòdào.
+The names of institutions in Chinese are considered to be place words. The phrase 'in court' does not need a locational ending, zài fǎyuàn. Here are some other words which can function as place words by themselves. Many of these end with syllables such as -shi (shǐ) 'house, apartment', -jú 'office, shop', -dian 'inn, shop', -chǎng 'field, open ground', -ting 'hall, room', -suǒ 'place, room', -jiān 'house, rooms', guǎn 'public office, hall'.
 
-Nǐ dāyinglede shi, wèishénme bú zuò?
+Jīntiān xiàwu zài bàngōngshì Jiàn!	See you at the office this afternoon!
 
-Nǐ dāyingguode shi, jiù yǐnggǎi zuòdào.
+Zài běnshì you wǔge yóuzhèng-Jú!. 	There are five post offices in this city.
 
-Wǒ méi dǎying gěi ni yíge hùzhào.
+Nǐ zài cáiféngdiàn zuòde ba? 	You must have had that made at a tailor's. 
+Nǐ zài canting kàndao ta le ma?	 Did you see him in the dining room?
 
-Dǎyjng can also mean 'to answer'.
+Other words which behave in a similar way are:
 
-to consent, to promise'
+càishichǎng 	market	 fùjìn	 area
+cèsuǒ	 toilet 	fúwùtái 	service desk
+dàfàndiàn	hotel 	Gōngānjú 	Bureau of Public Security
+shāngdiàn 	store 	gongsī 	company
+dàlou 	building 	gōngyù 	apartment
+dashiguan 	embassy	gōngyuǎn park
+dìqū	region	huìkèshì 	reception room
+ fàndiàn	restaurant	huǒchēzhàn 	railroad station
+  fǎngjiǎn	room	jǐngchǎjú 	police station
+   fànguǎnzi	restaurant	kǎfēitīng 	coffeehouse
+    feinting 	dining room	lǎoj iǎ	 hometown
+    fēijichǎng	airport	and many more...including proper names of Restaurants, buildings, associations, organizations, etc.
 
-He agreed to give me that thing. How is that now he won't give it to me?
 
-You promised him, of course you should go with him.
+gōngzhèng: ’notarization, government witness’. A gōngzhèng rén is a notary public.
 
-You must do what you promise to do.
+Note on No. 12
 
-Why don't you do this thing that you have promised?
+rù xí: ’to take one’s seat at a banquet’, literally ’to enter the mat(ted area)’.
 
-You ought to do things that you promise•
+Women kuài diānr zhùnbèi, tǎmen liùdiǎn zhōng jiù yào rù xí le.	Let’s get ready a little faster, the banquet starts at b:00.
 
-I didn't promise to give you a passport.
+Note on No. 13
 
-Tā jiao ni, nǐ zěnme méi dāying?
+fùzǎ: ’to be complicated, to be complex’. Questions, problems, or situations can be fùzǎ if there are many pieces or factors figuring into the problem. It is also possible to use fùzǎ to imply that the situation is messy, problem-ridden.
 
-He called you, how come you didn’t answer?
+Tǎmen jiǎde qíngkuàng tài fùzǎ, wǒ gǎobuqīngchu.	Their family situation is too complicated, I can’t make heads or tails of it. (This sentence has an ambiguity in both languages.)
 
-Notes on No. $
+Zhèige wèntí tài fùzǎ, hěn nǎn shuōqīngchu.	This question is so complicated, it’s very hard to explain it clearly.
 
-tánlai tánqù: ’to talk over’.
+Zhèige jùzi tài fùzǎ, zuì hǎo bú zhèiyangr xiě.	This sentence is too complicated, it would be best not to write it this way.
 
-Tánlai tánqù, yě bù néng jiějué We discussed it for a long time, but
+Fùzǎ can also be used in a complimentary way. (For this example you need to know that sìxiǎng means ’thinking, thought’.)
 
-zhèige wèntí.
+Tǎde sìxiǎng hěn fùzǎ. 	His thinking is very complex.
 
-still couldn’t solve the problem.
+This sentence might be said of an Einstein. The opposite of fùzǎ in this case would, be jiāndān ’to be simple’, as in ’simple-minded’.
 
-Tánlai tánqù, tánde hen you yìsi.
+Fùzá is also pronounced fǔzā.
 
-It got very interesting, conversing back and forth.
+Note on No. 14
 
-juédìng: ’to decide’.
+yìj iàn: ’idea, view, opinion, suggestion’.
 
-Wǒ juedìng yào qù.
+Gāngcái tā tánle duì zhèiběn shūde yìjian, wo Juéde duì women hen you bāngzhu.	He just told us his opinions on this book, and I feel that they’re really helpful to us.
 
-I’ve decided that I’m going.
+Wǒ hen xiāng zhīdào, zài zhèige wèntíshang, Zhōngguo zhèng-fǔde yìjian shi shénme?	I’d very much like to know what the Chinese government’s view is on this question.
 
-Wǒ yǐjīng juedìng jiù zhènme ban.
+Wǒ xiāng xiān qù Shanghai, zài dào Wǔhàn, nǐde yìjian zěnmeyang?	I’d like to go to Shanghai first and then to Wuhan, what’s your opinion?
 
-I’ve already decided that it’ll be this way.
+Wǒde yìjian shi xiān qù Wǔhàn, zài dào Shànghāi qu. Yīnwei zài guò yíge yuè, Wǔhàn fēi-cháng rèle.	My opinion is to first go to Wuhan, then to Shanghai, because after a month, Wuhan will be extremely hot.
 
-Wǒ hái méi juedìng gāi zěnme ban.
+Note on No. 1J?
 
-I haven’t yet decided what should be done.
+zhènghǔn: ’to witness a marriage’. Witnesses formerly were persons of good reputation and venerable old age. Today, familiarity is most important. The witness makes a brief speech during the ceremony and stamps the marriage certificate with his name seal. He receives no remuneration for this service, but is honored to have been asked.
 
-Notice that when you want to say ’I can’t decide whether (to do
-something)’ or ’I haven’t decided whether (to do something)’, the object
-of juedìng is a choice-type question.
+Notes on No. 16
 
-Wǒ hái méi juédìng qù bu qù.
+dù mìyuè: ’to spend one’s honeymoon’. Dù is the verb ’to spend, to pass (something which is an amount of time, like a holiday). Mìyuè is literally 'honey-moon'.
 
-I haven’t yet decided whether to go or not.
+huímén: 'the bride's first visit to her own family on the third day after the wedding', literally 'return to the door'. When the newlyweds return home for this first visit, the family of the bride is given a chance to entertain the couple. More friends and relatives are invited and introduced to them. (It is the groom's family which arranges the marriage ceremony.)
 
-Wǒ bù néng juédìng wǒ qù bu qù.
+Note on No. 17
 
-I can’t decide whether to go or not.
+xǐjiǔ: ’wedding banquet’ . Notice that in the Reference List sentence the phrase lai chǐ xǐjiǔ is translated as ’to come to the wedding banquet’. A more literal translation might be ’come to eat a wedding feast!. The verb chi could also be rendered into English by ’attend’ or ’take part’, as in ’Be sure to come take part in the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow’.
 
-Wǒ hěn nán juédìng rang bu rang ta qù.
+Notes on No. 18
 
-Wǒ shi bu shi gāi huíqu hěn nán juédìng.
+hūnlǐshàng: ’at the wedding’. Notice that in English you say ’at the wedding’ while in Chinese you say hūnlǐshàng, literally ’on the wedding'. -Shang would also be the locative ending to use for ’at the meeting (huìshang).
 
-I’m having a hard time deciding whether to let him to or not.
+jièshaorén: ’introducer’. This is one person in the cast of people who play a part in getting two people together in marriage. Originally, the ’’introducer" functioned in much the same way as match-makers - finding a good mate for a friend or relative. Today, most young people find their own mates. The "introducers", however, still have a ceremonial function. They accompany the bride and groom during the ceremony (one for the bride and one for the groom).
 
-It’s hard to decide whether or not I should go back.
+zuò méi: ’to act as the go-between for two families whose children are to be married’. This person arranged the details of the match. He acted as a go-between for the families of the bride and groom, settling points which were usually of a financial nature. Often the zuò meide was also the jièshaorén. Traditionally, the go-between was an older woman who made a profession of it. She was paid for her services in money if the family was wealthy or in the best pork legs if they were poor. Today any adult can act as the go-between, although the practice is becoming less and less common. During the wedding ceremony, the go-between places his stamp on the wedding certificate.
 
-hòulái: ’afterwards, later’. You have already learned another word which
-can be translated as ’’afterwards” or ’’later”: yǐhòu. Yǐhòu and hòulái
-are both nouns which express time. Here is a brief comparison of them.
+Wo gěi ni zuò méi, hǎo bu hǎo? 	I’ll act as go-between for you, all right?
 
-(1) Yǐhòu can either follow another element ’in which case it is
-    translated as ’’after ...”) or it can be used by itself.
+Zhang Tàitai qǐng wo tī tāde nùér zuò méi.	Mrs. Chang asked me to act as go- between for her daughter.
 
-Tā láile yǐhòu, women jiù zǒu After he came, we left.
+Notes on No. 19
 
-le.
+júzhǎng: ’head of an office or bureau’. Júzhǎng is only used when the Chinese name of the office or bureau ends with the syllable -jú, as in youzhèngjú, ’post office’. You’ve also seen bùzhǎng, ’minister of a bureau’ and kēzhang, ’section chief’.
 
-Yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài láiguo.
+duōnián: ’many years’.
 
-Afterwards, he never came back again.
+Here are some examples:
 
-Hòulái can only be used by itself.
+Women duōnián bú jiàn le.	We haven’t seen each other for many years.
 
-Hòulái, tā shuì jiao le.
+Women zài yìqǐ gōngzuòle duōnián le.	We’ve been working together for many years.
 
-Afterwards, he went to sleep.
+Wo zhù zài zhèr duōnián le, kěshi méi tīngshuōguo zhèige rén.	I’ve been living here for many years, but I’ve never heard of this person.
 
-(2) Both yǐhòu and hòulái may be used to refer to the past. (For
-    example, in the reference list sentence, yǐhòu may be substituted
-    for hòulái. But if you want to say "afterwards" or "later" referring
-    to the future, you can only use yǐhòu. When it refers to the future
-    time, yǐhòu can be translated in various ways, depending on the
-    context:
+Notes on No. 20
 
-    Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu zài shuō.
+tándao: ’to talk about, to speak of’. This is used to refer to something that was Just brought up in conversation. You have seen dào used as a main verb meaning ’to go to, to arrive at’, and as a prepositional verb meaning ’to towards’. Now you see that dào is also used as a verb ending. Literally, it means ’to, up to’, but its translation into English sometimes changes, depending on the meaning of the verb it is used with. When used with tan, ’to talk, to chat’, -dào can be translated as ’about’ or ’of’. Here are some other examples of -dào used with verbs you’ve already studied:
 
-    Yǐhòu nǐ you kòng, qǐng cháng lái wán.
+Women gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, nǐ Jiù lái le.	We were even talking of you Just now, and here you are!
 
-    Wo yǐhòu zài gàosu ni.
+Jintiān nǐ gēn ta Jiǎngdao wo méiyou?	Did you talk about me with him today?
 
-    Tāde háizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā yào gēn yíge Rìběn ren Jiéhūn.
+Wǒ chángchang xiǎngdao wǒde háizi•	I often think of my child.
 
-    Let’s wait until the future to see about future matters.
+Notice that in the Reference List sentence, tándao is used at the beginning of the sentence to introduce a topic, like we use ’speaking of ...’ in English. Here are some other examples:
 
-    In the future when you have the time, please come over more often.
+Tándao Jiéhūnde shi, wǒ hái děi xiǎngyixiang.	When it comes to talking about marriage, I have to think it over.
 
-    I’ll tell you later on.
+Tándao zěnme xiě Zhōngguo zì, tā bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō.	When we talk about writing Chinese characters, he knows a lot more than I do.
 
-    His child said that someday, he wants to marry a Japanese.
+yě: ’really, after all’. You have seen yě meaning ’too, also’. Another common meaning of yě is ’(even though) ... nevertheless, still’. For example:
 
-Usage Note: Yǐhòu has the meaning of "after that". It can imply that
-some past event functions as a dividing point in time, as a sort of time
-boundary, and yǐhòu refers to the period from the end of that time
-boundary up to another point of reference (usually the time of
-speaking). In this usage it is often translated as "since".
+Wǒ suīrán shi Zhōngguorén wǒ yě huì shuō yìdiǎn Yǐngwén.	Although I am Chinese, I can still speak a little English.
 
-Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū, yǐhòu zài méi xiěguo.
+A: Zhèige diànyǐng zěnmeyàng?	How was the movie?
 
-Ránhòu stresses the succession of one event.
+B: Bu shi hěn hǎo, dànshi yě hái kéyi.	It wasn’t great, but it was pretty good nevertheless.
 
-Wo shàngwū zhǐ you liǎngjié kè, ránhòu jiù méi shi le, women kéyi chuqū
-wánr.
+Wǒ suīrān méi dàoguo Tiān An Although I’ve never been to Tian An
 
-He only wrote one book, and hasn't written any since.
+Men, yě zài diànshìshang Men, I’ve seen it on television,
 
-event upon the completion of a prior
+kànj ianguo.
 
-I have only two classes in the morning, and after that I don't have
-anything else to do, so we
+In addition, yě often is used to contrast the thought expressed in the
+sentence with another thought. This meaning can be paraphrased something
+like this: "in spite of anything which might be believed to the
+contrary, indeed what I am saying is true." Sometimes, however, yě is
+used when there is not much to contrast it with, and means little more
+than "we really ought to agree that what I am saying is true."
 
-háishi: 'in the end, after all' You have seen háishi meaning 'still'
-that is, that something remains the same way as it was. Here háishi is
-used to mean that the speaker feels that, all things considered,
-something is the case after all.
+There are many different possible ways to translate this yě into
+English. The following examples are meant to show some of its range of
+meaning and some of its possible translations.
 
-Háishi tā duì.
+Xiànzài shíyǐdiǎn ban le, wǒ yě yào shàng kè le, wǒmende wèntí míngtiān
+zài tan ba’.
 
-He is right, after all.
+Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfù tíchàng wǎnliàn wǎnhūn yě shi
+yinggāide.
 
-Note on No. 6
+Tāmen wèishénme yào líhūn, wǒ yě bù zhǐdào.
 
-jūxíng: 'to hold (a meeting, banquet, celebration, ceremony, etc.)' For
-this example you need to know that diānlǐ means 'ceremony'.
+A: Nǐ zěnme hǎi méi bǎ zhèxiē yǐfu xǐwān?
 
-Míngtiān jǔxíng bìyè dianlǐ.
+B: Wǒ yě bú shi nǐde yòngren, báitiān wǒ yě shàng bān, wǒ méiyou zhènme
+duō shij iān.
 
-Tomorrow the graduation ceremony will be held.
+Nǐ xiànzài yě gāi míngbai le ba?
 
-Notes on No, 8
+Women liāngge rènshi yě you jǐniǎn le, nǐ yǐnggāi liǎojiě wo.
 
-hái: ’even, (to go) so far as to’ You have seen hái meaning ’still’*as
-in Nǐ hái zài zhèr!, ’You’re still here!’. You’ve also seen hái meaning
-’also, additionally’, as in Wo hái yào mǎi yìpǐng qìshuǐ., ’I also want
-to buy a bottle of soda.’ Here you see hái meaning additionally in the
-sense of additional effort. The sentence Nǐmen hái song huār lai, hái
-expresses the speaker’s feeling that sending flowers went beyond what
-was expected or necessary.
+It’s eleven-thirty. I really have to be going to class. Let’s talk about
+our question tomorrow, okay?
 
-zhēn shi tài xièxie le: ’I really thank you so much.’’ You have seen tài
-used to mean ’very, extremely’, as in Tài hǎo le!, ’Wonderful!’. Notice
-that here it is used with xièxie.
+The population of China is too large, it really is right for the
+government to promote late marriage and late involvement.
 
-Taipei:
+Why they wanted to get a divorce, I really don’t know.
 
-A woman goes to visit her old friend her daughter and future son-in-law.
+How come you still haven’t finished washing these clothes?
 
-A: Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Zhège Xīng-
+I’m not your servant, after all; I work during the day too, and I don’t
+have all that much time.
 
-qītiān jiù shi nǐmen èr xiáo-jiede dàxǐde rìzi! Zhèli shi sònggei
-xīnláng xinniángde lǐwù.
+Now you (really) ought to understand, don’t you?
 
-B: Xièxie*. Xièxie’. Nǐ tai
+We have known each other for several years, after all; you ought to
+understand me.
 
-kèqi le.
+Taipei:
 
-A: Yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi. Nǐ yídìng
+The day before a young couple is to the mother of the bride:
 
-hěn mǎng ba’. Hūnlǐ dōu zhǔnbèi-hǎo le meiyou?
+A: Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Míngtiān shi
 
-B: Zuì mángde shíhou yǐjīng guò
+nǐmen xiáojie dàxǐde rǐzi! Xīnláng shi shénme rén a? Tāmen shi zěnme
+rènshide?
 
-le, xiànzài chàbuduō dōu zhǔn-bèihǎo le.
+B: Shi péngyou jièshàode.
 
-A: Xīnláng shi náli ren a? Zài
+Nánfāngde fùqin gēn wǒ xiān-sheng zài youzhèngjú shi tongshì, búguò
+yǐqián bú tài shóu. Hòulái lìngwài yíge xǐng Lǐde tongshì jiù lái zuò
+méi, jièshào tamen rènshi. Tāmen jiāowǎng dào xiànzài yě yìnián duō le.
+Nàge nánháizi xiànzài èrshibǎsuì, rén hěn laoshi, yě hěn shàngjìn.
+Xiànzài zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò. Tā bàngōngshìlide rén dōu shuō tā
+nénggàn. Xiùyún duì ta hěn mānyì, érqiě Xiùyún yǐjīng èrshisìsuì le, yě
+dàole gāi jiéhūnde shíhou le, suoyi nánfāng yì lái tíqīn women jiù
+dāying le.
 
-náli gōngzuò?
+A: Wǒ kàn qǐngtiēshang shuō
 
-B: Xīnláng shi Héběi rén, zài
+wǔdiǎn zhōng zài Guobīn Dà-fàndiàn jǔxíng hūnlǐ, liùdiǎn zhōng rù xí. Nà
+dìfang hěn dà, cài yě hěn hǎo, míngtiān yídìng hěn rènao.
 
-Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò. Tā rén hěn laoshi, yě hěn shàngjìn.
+B: Tándaò jǔxíng hūnlǐ a, yìjian
 
-A: Xiùyún gēn tā shi biéren
+duō le. Zhēn fùzá. Xiān shi liǎngge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng
+jiéhūn, kěshi nánfāngde fùmǔ bù dāying. Tāmen xìn Jīdūjiào, yídìng yào
+dào jiàotáng qù. Women jiā xìn Fo, zěnme kéyi rang tamen dào jiàotáng qù
+jǔxíng hūnlǐ ne! Hòulái, liǎngjiā tánlái tánqù, zuìhòu cái juédìng
+háishi zài Guobīn Dàfàndiàn
 
-jièshào rènshide háishi zìjǐ rènshide?
+be married, a friend pays a visit to
 
-B: Shi Xiùyúnde lǎoshī jiěshàode.
+Congratulations! Tomorrow’s your daughter’s big day! Who’s the
+bridegroom? How did they meet?
 
-Xiùyún gēn tā jiāowǎng dào xiànzài yǐjīng liǎngnián le, duì ta hěn
-mǎnyì.
+They were introduced by friends.
 
-A: Nǐmen gēn nánfāngde fùmǔ
+The father of the groom is a colleague of my husband’s at the post
+office, but they didn’t know each very well before. Afterwards, another
+colleague by the name of Li came to act as the go-between and introduced
+them. They have been seeing each other for over a year now. The young
+man is twenty-eight years old now. He’s very honest and ambitious. He
+works at the Bank of Taiwan. The people at his office all say he’s very
+capable. Xiuyun is very pleased with him, and besides, she’s twenty-four
+years old; she has reached the time when she should get married. So as
+soon as his family came to propose the marriage, we agreed to it.
 
-yǐqián shou bu shōu?
+I see it says on the invitation that the ceremony will be held at the
+Ambassador Hotel at five o’clock, and that the banquet starts at six.
+It’s a very big place, and the food is very good. It should be very
+lively tomorrow.
 
-B: Bù shóu, kěshi women zǎo jiù
+As far as the wedding ceremony is concerned, there were a lot of
+different opinions. It was really complicated. At first the two children
+wanted to go to court and have a civil marriage, but the parents of the
+groom didn’t agree to that. They’re Christians, and insisted on going to
+a church. Our family is Buddhist; how could we let them go to a church
+to hold the wedding! Later, our two families discussed it back and
 
-tīngshuōguo tamen le. Tāmen liǎngwèi dōu zài TáiDà jiāo shū. Tāmen yì
-lái tíqīn women jiù dāying le.
+jǔxíng hūnlǐ.
 
-A: Wǒ kànjian qǐngtiēshang xiězhe
+A: Shi qǐng shénme rén zhènghūn
 
-hūnlǐ zài Guǒbīn Dàfàndiàn jǔxíng. Nali dìfang you dà you piàoliang.
-Zhen hǎo.
+a?
 
-and to present her with a gift for
+B: Zhènghūnrén shi Youzhèngjū
 
-Congratulations! This Sunday is your second daughter’s big day!
+Zhang Júzhǎng. Tā gēn nánfāngde fùqin shi duōniánde lǎo péngyou, suóyi
+yì qǐng ta, tā mǎshàng jiu daying le.
 
-Here’s a present for the bride and groom.
+A: You méiyou jièshàorén? Jiè
 
-Thank you! That’s so nice of you.
+shàorén shi shéi ya?
 
-It’s just a little something. You must be busy! Is everything all ready
-for the wedding?
+B: Nánfāngde jièshàorén jiù shi
 
-The busiest time has already passed; almost everything is ready now.
+lai zuò méide nàwèi Lī Xiān-sheng. Women zhèbiān jiù qǐngle Zhang Zǐmíng
+Jiàoshòu. Tā shi Xiùyūn niàn dàxué shíhoude lāoshī.
 
-Where is the groom’s family from? Where does he work?
+A: Xǐnniángde jiéhūn lǐfú shi
 
-The groom’s family is from Hopei. He works at the Bank of Taiwan. He’s
-very honest and ambitious.
+zài shénme dìfang zuòde?
 
-Were Xiuyun and he introduced by someone else or did they meet by
-themselves?
+B: Bú shi zuòde, shi zūde.
 
-They were introduced by Xiuyun’s teacher. Xiuyun and he have been seeing
-each other for two years now, and she’s very pleased with him.
+A: Tāmen jiehūn yǐhòu yào dào
 
-Did you know the groom’s parents well before?
+náli qù dù mìyuè?
 
-No, but we had heard of them long before. They both teach at Taiwan
-University. As soon as they came to propose the marriage, we agreed to
-it.
+B: Tāmen jìhua yào dào Alǐ Shān
 
-I saw on the invitation that the wedding is being held at the Ambassador
-Hotel. It’s very spacious and beautiful there. That’s great.
+qù wan yíge xīngqī, būguò tāmen jiéhūn yǐhòu bù néng mǎshàng zǒu, yào
+děng huí mén yǐhòu cái qù.
 
-B: Shi a! Women gēn nǎnfāngde fùmú tǎnlǎi tǎnqù tǎnle hǎo Jiu, bù zhīdào
-zài nǎli Jǔxíng hūnlǐ zuì hǎo. Hòulǎi haishi wǒ Juédìng zài Guóbǐn
-Dàfàndiàn jǔxíng.
+A: 0, hǎo hǎo hǎo. Wǒ xiang
 
-A: Ng! Guobǐn Dàfàndiàn bù zhǐ
+nǐmen yídìng hen máng. Wǒ yīnggāi zǒu le.
 
-shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě tèbiě hǎo.
+B: Nǐ nàme kèqi, hái zìjǐ lai
 
-B: Duì le.
+song lǐwù lai. Xièxie, xièxie! Míngtiān yídìng lai chī xījiǔ.
 
-A: Xīnniǎngde Jiēhūn lǐfū zài
+A: Hǎo, míngtiān jiàn.
 
-nǎli mǎide?
+forth, and finally we decided it would be best to hold the wedding at
+the Ambassador Hotel.
 
-B: Bu shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún zìjǐ
+Whom did you ask to witness the marriage?
 
-zuòde.
-
-A: Nǐmen èr xiǎojie zhēn nénggàn.
-
-Tiān bù zǎo le, wǒ gāi zou le.
-
-B: Nǐ hai zìjǐ song lǐwù lai, zhēn
+The witness is Postmaster Zhang. He’s an old friend of many years of the
+groom’s father, so as soon as we went to ask him, he agreed right away.
 
-shi xièxie! Xīngqǐtiān yídìng lǎi, ǎ!
+Are there any introducers? Who are they?
 
-Yes. We discussed it back and forth for a long time with his parents. We
-didn’t know where it would be best to hold the wedding. Afterwards I was
-the one who decided that we would have it at the Ambassador Hotel.
+The introducer for the groom’s side is the Mr. Li who was the
+go-between. For our side we asked Professor Zhang Ziming. He was a
+teacher of Xiuyun’s when she was in college.
 
-Oh! Not only is the Ambassador Hotel a beautiful place, but the food
-there is especially good too.
+Where was the bride’s wedding gown made?
 
-That’s right.
+It wasn’t (specially) made, it’s rented.
 
-Where did you buy the bride’s wedding gown?
+After they’re married, where are they going to spend their honeymoon?
 
-It isn't bought. Xiuyun made it herself.
+They’re planning to go to Mt. Ali for a week, but they can’t leave right
+after the wedding. They have to wait until after the bride’s first visit
+to her new parents’ home before they go.
 
-Your second daughter sure is capable.
+Oh, okay. Well, you must be very busy, so I should be leaving now.
 
-It's getting late, I ought to be going.
+You’re so polite, you even brought presents over in person. Thank you!
+Be sure to come to the banquet tomorrow.
 
-You even brought the gifts yourself. Thank you so much. Be sure to come
-on Sunday!
+Okay, see you tomorrow.
 
 NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE
 
-Guǒbǐn Dàfàndiàn bù zhǐ shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě tèbiě hǎo.
-Traditional wedding foods included huāshēng, peanuts; liǎnzǐ, lotus
-seeds; and zǎozi, dates, all of which symbolize fertility in that
-shēng(zǐ) means "give birth to" (a son); liǎnzǐ sounds like part of the
-phrase liǎnshēng guìzǐ, "have sons consecutively"; and zǎozi sounds like
-part of zǎoshēng guì-zǐ, "have an early son." The wedding marked the
-beginning of that generation's carrying on of the family line. Today few
-adhere to these symbols and food is served according to family
-preference.
-
-Bú shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún- zìjǐ zuòde: Wedding gowns in Taiwan these days
-are frequently hand-made or tailor-made, as tailoring is affordable and
-the quality of work surpasses that of ready-made items. Brides may wear
-two gowns: a white one for the ceremony (which may be in a church
-nowadays) and a traditional Chinese red one at the celebration.
+. ..liǎngge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng .jiehūn: Traditional wedding
+ceremonies were held at home or in ancestral halls (not in temples or
+pagodas). Modern ones are likely to "be held in hotels or restaurants,
+as there is more room and food is then easier to prepare.
 
-9. Xīnláng Jiā xìn Jǐdūjiào, fùmǔ xīwàng tāmen zài Jiàotáng Jiéhūn.
+Tǎmen jìhua yào dào Ālǐ Shan qù: Ālǐ Shān and Rìyuè Tan (Sun-Moon Lake)
+are the two most popular honeymoon spots on Taiwan. An average honeymoon
+stay might last one week.
 
-10. Xīnniáng jiā xìn Fo, fùmǔ bú rang tamen zài Jiàotáng Jiéhūn.
+Vocabulary
 
-11. Tāmen yào zài fǎyuàn gōngzhèng j iēhūn ma?
 
-12. Hūnlǐ yǐhòu bādiān zhōng rù xí.
+ài (sound of sighing)
 
-13. Zhège wèntí hen fùzá.
+dàxǐ great rejoicing
 
-lk. Wǒde yìjian shi děng liāngge xīngqī women zài tantan.
+dàxǐde rìzi daying wedding day
 
-15. Tāmen qǐng shéi zhènghūn?
+to agree (to something), to
+consent, to promise
 
-16. A: Hūnlǐ yǐhòu tāmen māshàng Jiù qù dù mìyuè ma?
+dù to pass
 
-B: Bù, yào děng huí mén yǐhòu cái qù.
+dù mìyuè to go on a honeymoon, to spend
+one's honeymoon
 
-17. Hòutiān yídìng lai chī xǐjiǔ!
+duōnián many years
 
-18. A: Nǐmen xiáojie hūnlǐshàng jièshaorén shi nāliāngwèi a?
+fǎyuàn court of law
 
-B: Yíwèi shi lai zuò méide Lǐ Jiàoshòu.
+Fo fùzá (fǔzá) Buddha
 
-19. Nàwěi youzhèngjú Juzhāng shi women Jiā duōniánde lāo péngyou.
+to be complicated
 
-20. Tāndao jiehūn, nǐ yě yīnggāi kuài diān qù zū Jiàn Jiéhūn lǐfú.
+gōngzhèng jiēhūn civil marriage
 
-The family of the bridegroom are Christians and the parents hope they
-will be married in church.
+hái háishi hōulái hui men even, (to go) so far as to
 
-The family of the bride are Buddhists and -her parents won’t let them be
-married in church.
+after all
 
-Are they going to have a civil marriage in court?
+later, afterwards
 
-After the wedding ceremony the banquet will start at eight.
+the return of the bride to her
+parents' home (usually on the
+third day after the wedding)
 
-This question is very complicated.
+hūnlǐ wedding
 
-My opinion is that we should wait two weeks and talk about it again.
+j iàotáng jiāowāng church
 
-Whom did they ask to witness the marriage?
+to associate with, to have
+dealings with
 
-After the wedding are they going to leave right away to go on their
-honeymoon?
+Jīdūjiào jiēhūn lǐfú j ièshaorén Christianity wedding gown
+juédìng jǔxíng Juzhǎng introducer to decide to hold (a
+meeting, ceremony, etc.) head of
+an office or bureau (of which the
+last syllable is jú)
 
-No, they’re going to wait until after the bride’s first visit to her
-family before they go.
+...-lái...-qù (indicates repeating the action
+over and over again)
 
-Be sure to come to the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow.
+lǎoshi (lǎoshí) to be honest
 
-Who are the two people who are going to be the introducers at your
-daughter’s wedding?
+rnǎnyì mìyuè to be pleased honeymoon
 
-One is Professor Li who was the go-between.
+nánfāng nēnggàn the groom's side, the groom's
+family to be capable
 
-That postmaster is a friend of our family from many years back.
+ren person, self, body
 
-Speaking of the wedding, you really ought to hurry up and go rent a
-wedding gown.
 
-NOTES ON PART IT
 
-Notes on No. 9
+rù xí to take one’s seat (at a
+gathering, meeting, or banquet)
 
-xìn Jǐdūjiào: ’to believe in (Protestant) Christianity' This is one way
-of saying 'to be a (Protestant) Christian'.
+shàngjìn shou to be ambitious
 
-Notes on No. 10
+to be familiar (with), to know
+well
 
-xìn Fo: 'to believe in Buddha' This is one way of saying 'to be a
-Buddhist'.
+tándao to talk about; speaking of ...
 
-Notes on No. 11
+tánlai tánqù tíqīn to talk back and forth
 
-zài fǎyuàn: 'in court' Zài is the verb 'to be in, at, or on', in other
-words 'to be located (someplace). Zài must be followed by a place word
-or a place phrase. Just what is considered to be a place word or phrase
-may be difficult for the non-native speaker to figure out. Words which
-are not considered to be place words or phases must have a locational
-ending such as -li or -shang added to them. (Nǐ zài chēshang mǎi piào.,
-'You buy the ticket on the bus.')
+to bring up a proposal of
+marriage
 
-The names of institutions in Chinese are considered to be place words.
-The phrase 'in court' does not need a locational ending, zài fǎyuàn.
-Here are some other words which can function as place words by
-themselves. Many of these end with syllables such as -shi (shǐ) 'house,
-apartment', -jú 'office, shop', -dian 'inn, shop', -chǎng 'field, open
-ground', -ting 'hall, room', -suǒ 'place, room', -jiān 'house, rooms',
-guǎn 'public office, hall'.
+xiáojiě (xiáojie) daughter (referring to someone
+else’s daughter)
 
-Jīntiān xiàwu zài bàngōngshì Jiàn!
+xījiù xìn xìn Fo xīnláng xīnniáng wedding banquet; wedding wine to
+believe (in) to be a Buddhist
+bridegroom bride
 
-See you at the office this afternoon!
+yě yìjian indeed, in fact, admittedly
+opinion
 
-Zài běnshì you wǔge yóuzhèng- There are five post offices in this
+záo zhènghūn zhènghūnrén zū long ago
 
-  ------------- ------------------- --------- ---------------------------------- --------------
-  Jú!.                                        city.                              
-  Nǐ zài        cáiféngdiàn zuòde   ba?       You must have had that tailor's.   made at a
-  Nǐ zài        canting kàndao ta   le ma?    Did you see him in the             dining room?
-  Other words   which behave in a   similar   way are:                           
-  ------------- ------------------- --------- ---------------------------------- --------------
+zuò mei to witness a marriage
 
-  ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------------------------
-  càishichǎng   market     fùjìn      area
-  cèsuǒ         toilet     fúwùtái    service desk
-  dàfàndiàn     hotel      Gōngānjú   Bureau of Public Security
-  shāngdiàn     store      gongsī     company
-  dàlou         building   gōngyù     apartment
-  ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------------------------
+chief witness at a wedding
+ceremony to rent
 
-dashiguan dìqū fàndiàn fǎngjiǎn fànguǎnzi feinting fēijichǎng
+to act as go-between (for the
+families of a man and woman
+considering marriage)
 
-embassy region restaurant
 
-room restaurant dining room airport
+Customs Surrounding
 
-  ------------ ------------------
-  gōngyuǎn     park
-  huìkèshì     reception room
-  huǒchēzhàn   railroad station
-  jǐngchǎjú    police station
-  kǎfēitīng    coffeehouse
-  lǎoj iǎ      hometown
-  ------------ ------------------
+Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 3
 
-and many more...including proper names of Restaurants, buildings,
-associations, organizations, etc.
+PART I
 
-gōngzhèng: ’notarization, government witness’. A gōngzhèng rén is a
-notary public.
+1. Wǒ tīngshuō Zhōngguo kòngzhi rénkǒude gōngzuò zuòde hen
+chénggōng.
 
-Note on No. 12
+2. Zài chéngshìli zhùde rén yào you yíge hāizi děi zuòdao sān
+tōngguò.
 
-rù xí: ’to take one’s seat at a banquet’, literally ’to enter the
-mat(ted area)’.
+3. Sān tōngguòde yìsi yě jiùshi shuō děi you sānge dìfang tongyì
+zhèwèi fùnǔ shēng hāizi.
 
-Women kuài diānr zhùnbèi, Let’s get ready a little faster,
+1. A: Něi sānge dānwèi ne?
 
-tǎmen liùdiǎn zhōng jiù the banquet starts at b:00.
+B: Zhèwei fùnǔde gōngzuò dānwèi, tā zhùde dìfangde jǔmín wěiyuānhuì,
+he pàichūsuǒ.
 
-yào rù xí le.
+5. Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ gēnju shénme pīzhǔn fùnùmen shēng xiāo-háir?
 
-Note on No. 13
+6. Gègè chéngshì měinián zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā yídìng shùmude hāizi.
 
-fùzǎ: ’to be complicated, to be complex’. Questions, problems, or
-situations can be fùzǎ if there are many pieces or factors figuring into
-the problem. It is also possible to use fùzǎ to imply that the situation
-is messy, problem-ridden.
+7. Women shìqū jīnniānde chǔshēng-lù bù gāo.
 
-Tǎmen jiǎde qíngkuàng tài fùzǎ, wǒ gǎobuqīngchu.
+8. Wǒ zhǐ néng fēnpèigei nǐmen zhèiyìqǔ bābǎige míng* é.
 
-Zhèige wèntí tài fùzǎ, hěn nǎn shuōqīngchu.
+9. Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfǔ tíchàng rénmín shí-xíng bìyùn.
 
-Zhèige jùzi tài fùzǎ, zuì hǎo bú zhèiyangr xiě.
+10. Bìyùn gōngjù dōu shi miǎnfèide.
 
-Their family situation is too complicated, I can’t make heads or tails
-of it. (This sentence has an ambiguity in both languages.)
+11. Wǒ yījīng dédao pīzhǔn, kéyi you yìjiān xìn fāngzi.
 
-This question is so complicated, it’s very hard to explain it clearly.
+I hear that population control work has been done very successfully in
+China.
 
-This sentence is too complicated, it would be best not to write it this
-way.
+People who live in the city, if they want to have a child, must have
+’the three approvals’.
 
-Fùzǎ can also be used in a complimentary way. (For this example you need
-to know that sìxiǎng means ’thinking, thought’.)
+’The three approvals’ means that a woman must have the consent of three
+places in order to have a child.
 
-Tǎde sìxiǎng hěn fùzǎ. His thinking is very complex.
+Which three units?
 
-This sentence might be said of an Einstein. The opposite of fùzǎ in this
-case would, be jiāndān ’to be simple’, as in ’simple-minded’.
+The woman’s work unit, the neighborhood committee of the place she
+lives, and the local police station.
 
-Fùzá is also pronounced fǔzā.
+On what basis does the Chinese government give official permission for
+women to give birth?
 
-Note on No. 14
+The various cities can only increase by a specific number of children
+every year.
 
-yìj iàn: ’idea, view, opinion, suggestion’.
+The birth rate in our municipal area this year isn’t very high.
 
-Gāngcái tā tánle duì zhèiběn shūde yìjian, wo Juéde duì women hen you
-bāngzhu.
+I can only assign a quota of eight hundred to your area.
 
-Wǒ hen xiāng zhīdào, zài zhèige wèntíshang, Zhōngguo zhèng-fǔde yìjian
-shi shénme?
+The population of China is too large so the government encourages the
+people to practice birth control.
 
-Wǒ xiāng xiān qù Shanghai, zài dào Wǔhàn, nǐde yìjian zěnmeyang?
+All contraceptive devices are free.
 
-Wǒde yìjian shi xiān qù Wǔhàn, zài dào Shànghāi qu. Yīnwei zài guò yíge
-yuè, Wǔhàn fēi-cháng rèle.
+I have already received permission to get a new room.
 
-He just told us his opinions on this book, and I feel that they’re
-really helpful to us.
+NOTES ON PART I
 
-I’d very much like to know what the Chinese government’s view is on this
-question.
+Notes on No. 1
 
-I’d like to go to Shanghai first and then to Wuhan, what’s your opinion?
+kòngzhi: ’to control; control’. dominate; to command’.
 
-My opinion is to first go to Wuhan, then to Shanghai, because after a
-month, Wuhan will be extremely hot.
+Zhèige fǎngjiānde wěndù kòng-zhude hù hǎo, yìhuǐr lěng, yìhuǐr rè.
 
-Note on No. 1J?
+Shíjiān méi hànfa kòngzhi, shéi yě bànbudao.
 
-zhènghǔn: ’to witness a marriage’. Witnesses formerly were persons of
-good reputation and venerable old age. Today, familiarity is most
-important. The witness makes a brief speech during the ceremony and
-stamps the marriage certificate with his name seal. He receives no
-remuneration for this service, but is honored to have been asked.
+Tāde hìng yǐjīng kòngzhizhù le, yěxǔ Jǐtiān yǐhòu, tā huì hǎoqilai.
 
-Notes on No. 16
+You yìxiē rén kòngzhile zhèi-jià fēijī, hú rang ta qǐfēi.
 
-dù mìyuè: ’to spend one’s honeymoon’. Dù is the verb ’to spend, to pass
-(something which is an amount of time, like a holiday). Mìyuè is
-literally 'honey-moon'.
+This can also he translated as ’to
 
-huímén: 'the bride's first visit to her own family on the third day
-after the wedding', literally 'return to the door'. When the newlyweds
-return home for this first visit, the family of the bride is given a
-chance to entertain the couple. More friends and relatives are invited
-and introduced to them. (It is the groom's family which arranges the
-marriage ceremony.)
+The temperature in this room isn’t well regulated. It’s cold one minute
+and hot the next.
 
-Note on No. 17
+There is no way to control time; no one can do it.
 
-xǐjiǔ: ’wedding banquet’ . Notice that in the Reference List sentence
-the phrase lai chǐ xǐjiǔ is translated as ’to come to the wedding
-banquet’. A more literal translation might be ’come to eat a wedding
-feast!. The verb chi could also be rendered into English by ’attend’ or
-’take part’, as in ’Be sure to come take part in the wedding banquet the
-day after tomorrow’.
+His illness is under control now; maybe in another few days he will
+start to get better.
 
-Notes on No. 18
+Some people have taken control of this airplane and won’t let it take
+off.
 
-hūnlǐshàng: ’at the wedding’. Notice that in English you say ’at the
-wedding’ while in Chinese you say hūnlǐshàng, literally ’on the
-wedding'. -Shang would also be the locative ending to use for ’at the
-meeting (huìshang).
-
-jièshaorén: ’introducer’. This is one person in the cast of people who
-play a part in getting two people together in marriage. Originally, the
-’’introducer" functioned in much the same way as match-makers - finding
-a good mate for a friend or relative. Today, most young people find
-their own mates. The "introducers", however, still have a ceremonial
-function. They accompany the bride and groom during the ceremony (one
-for the bride and one for the groom).
-
-zuò méi: ’to act as the go-between for two families whose children are
-to be married’. This person arranged the details of the match. He acted
-as a go-between for the families of the bride and groom, settling points
-which were usually of a financial nature. Often the zuò meide was also
-the jièshaorén. Traditionally, the go-between was an older woman who
-made a profession of it. She was paid for her services in money if the
-family was wealthy or in the best pork legs if they were poor. Today any
-adult can act as the go-between, although the practice is becoming less
-and less common. During the wedding ceremony, the go-between places his
-stamp on the wedding certificate.
-
-Wo gěi ni zuò méi, hǎo bu hǎo? I’ll act as go-between for you, all
-right?
-
-Zhang Tàitai qǐng wo tī tāde Mrs. Chang asked me to act as go-
-
-nùér zuò méi. between for her daughter.
+chénggōng: ’to succeed; to he Zhèihěn shū chénggōng le.
 
-Notes on No. 19
+successful’.
 
-júzhǎng: ’head of an office or bureau’. Júzhǎng is only used when the
-Chinese name of the office or bureau ends with the syllable -jú, as in
-youzhèngjú, ’post office’. You’ve also seen bùzhǎng, ’minister of a
-bureau’ and kēzhang, ’section chief’.
+This hook was a success.
 
-duōnián: ’many years’.
+Zhèihěn shū xiěde hěn chénggōng.
 
-Here are some examples:
+His hook was written very successfully, (i.e., His hook came off very
+well.)
 
-Women duōnián bú jiàn le.
+This soup is a success, everyone loves it.
 
-We haven’t seen each other for many years.
+So long as you work hard at it, your effort is sure to succeed.
 
-Women zài yìqǐ gōngzuòle duōnián le.
+Zhèige tāng chénggōng le, dàjiā dōu ài chī.
 
-Wo zhù zài zhèr duōnián le, kěshi méi tīngshuōguo zhèige rén.
+Zhǐ yào nǐ nǔlì, nǐde shìqing yídìng néng chénggōng.
 
-We’ve been working together for many years.
+Notes on No. 2
 
-I’ve been living here for many years, but I’ve never heard of this
-person.
+zuòdào: ’to achieve, to make (a goal)’.. In Unit 2, Part II, you saw
+tandao ’to talk about, to speak of’, with the ending -dào meaning
+literally ’to, up to’. Here you see -dào used as an ending after the
+verb zuò ’to make’. You may think of -dào in zuòdào as conveying the
+meaning of reaching a goal.
 
-Notes on No. 20
+Zhèijiān shi, wǒ yǐjīng zuòdào I have already succeeded in doing le.
+this.
 
-tándao: ’to talk about, to speak of’. This is used to refer to something
-that was Just brought up in conversation. You have seen dào used as a
-main verb meaning ’to go to, to arrive at’, and as a prepositional verb
-meaning ’to towards’. Now you see that dào is also used as a verb
-ending. Literally, it means ’to, up to’, but its translation into
-English sometimes changes, depending on the meaning of the verb it is
-used with. When used with tan, ’to talk, to chat’, -dào can be
-translated as ’about’ or ’of’. Here are some other examples of -dào used
-with verbs you’ve already studied:
+Nǐ shuōguo, zuǒtiān nǐ yào qù, You said that you wanted to go nǐ zuòdào
+le ma? yesterday. Did you do so?
 
-Women gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, nǐ Jiù lái le.
+sān tōngguò: ’the three approvals’. The ’three approvals’ have "been in
+effect since 1973/7^. At that time, the minimum marriage age was pushed
+upward, but most recently it has been relaxed to ages twenty-five for
+males and twenty-three for females. Most couples must still wait a
+number of years before they can have a child. The sāntŌngguò guiding for
+city residents effectively means that, without these three approvals for
+a child, a pregnancy must end in abortion or else the child will have to
+live without food rations. (A government slogan is Yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge
+gòule, "One is best, two is enough.’’) Applications to have children are
+reviewed and permission granted or denied by one’s work unit, based on
+the total allowable city quota. A third child is strongly discouraged
+and life would be very difficult for it should it be born. Special
+gifts, privileges, and awards are given to one-child families. In the
+countryside, one can find four to six children in a household, but they
+of course could not easily move to the city.
 
-Jintiān nǐ gēn ta Jiǎngdao wo méiyou?
+Notes on No. 3
 
-Wǒ chángchang xiǎngdao wǒde háizi•
+yě jiùshi shuō: ’to mean; in other words, that is to say’.
 
-We were even talking of you Just now, and here you are!
+Jìhuà shēngyù yě jiùshi shuō yào you jìhuade shēng xiǎo-háir.
 
-Did you talk about me with him today?
+Planned parenthood means having children in a planned way.
 
-I often think of my child.
+’Hébì’ yě jiùshi shuō ’wèi-shénme xūyào’.
 
-Notice that in the Reference List sentence, tándao is used at the
-beginning of the sentence to introduce a topic, like we use ’speaking of
-...’ in English. Here are some other examples:
+Tā bù néng zài shēng xiǎoháizi, yě jiùshi shuō women juéde tā zhìbuhǎo
+le.
 
-Tándao Jiéhūnde shi, wǒ hái děi xiǎngyixiang.
+Tā bù gěi ni dǎ diànhuà hǎo-xiàng yě jiùshi shuō tā bù xīhuan ni.
 
-Tándao zěnme xiě Zhōngguo zì, tā bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō.
+Dàifu shuō tā bù néng chī ròu, yě jiùshi shuō chi ròu duì tāde shēntǐ bù
+hǎo.
 
-When it comes to talking about marriage, I have to think it over.
+When what follows is a more pointed jiùshi shuō can be used in place of
 
-When we talk about writing Chinese characters, he knows a lot more than
-I do.
+Tā bù kéyi shēng háizi, jiùshi shuō tā hái méiyou zuòdao sān tōngguò.
 
-yě: ’really, after all’. You have seen yě meaning ’too, also’. Another
-common meaning of yě is ’(even though) ... nevertheless, still’. For
-example:
+tongyì: ’consent, agreement; to or thinks)’.
 
-Wǒ suīrán shi Zhōngguorén wǒ yě huì shuō yìdiǎn Yǐngwén.
+’Hébì * means ’why must’.
 
-Although I am Chinese, I can still speak a little English.
+She can’t have children any more; that is to say, we feel that she
+cannot be cured.
 
-A: Zhèige diànyǐng zěnmeyàng?
+The fact that he doesn’t telephone you would seem to imply that he
+doesn’t like you.
 
-B: Bu shi hěn hǎo, dànshi yě hái kéyi.
+The doctor said that he couldn’t eat meat, in other words, eating meat
+isn’t good for his health.
 
-How was the movie?
+explanation of what has just been said, yě jiùshi shuō, e.g.
 
-It wasn’t great, but it was pretty good nevertheless.
+She cannot have a child; that is to say, she has not yet gotten the
+three approvals.
 
-Wǒ suīrān méi dàoguo Tiān An Although I’ve never been to Tian An
+agree, to agree with (what someone says
 
-Men, yě zài diànshìshang Men, I’ve seen it on television,
+A: Tongyì bu tongyì?
 
-kànj ianguo.
+Do you agree?
 
-In addition, yě often is used to contrast the thought expressed in the
-sentence with another thought. This meaning can be paraphrased something
-like this: "in spite of anything which might be believed to the
-contrary, indeed what I am saying is true." Sometimes, however, yě is
-used when there is not much to contrast it with, and means little more
-than "we really ought to agree that what I am saying is true."
+B: Wǒ bù tongyì.
 
-There are many different possible ways to translate this yě into
-English. The following examples are meant to show some of its range of
-meaning and some of its possible translations.
+I don’t agree.
 
-Xiànzài shíyǐdiǎn ban le, wǒ yě yào shàng kè le, wǒmende wèntí míngtiān
-zài tan ba’.
+Wǒ bù tongyì nǐde huà. I don’t agree with what you say.
 
-Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfù tíchàng wǎnliàn wǎnhūn yě shi
-yinggāide.
+Although in English we can say ’I agree with you’, in Chinese it is
+wrong to say either Wǒ gēn nǐ tongyì or Wǒ tǒngyì ni. Tongyì can be used
+in two ways: without an object, or with an object like tā shuōde ’what
+he said’, tāde huà ’what he said’, tāde jìhua ’his plan’, tāde yìjian
+’his opinion’. If you want to say ’I don’t agree with you’, you can say
+Wǒ bù tongyì, Nǐ shuōde, wǒ bù tǒngyì, Wǒ bù tǒngyì nǐde huà, Wǒ bù
+tǒngyì nǐde yìjian, etc.
 
-Tāmen wèishénme yào líhūn, wǒ yě bù zhǐdào.
+Notes on No. U
 
-A: Nǐ zěnme hǎi méi bǎ zhèxiē yǐfu xǐwān?
+dānwèi: ’(work) unit’. This word is used in the PRC as a cover term for
+any organization or department of an organization. It may, for instance
+refer to a factory, a school, a government organization, a store, or an
+army unit.
 
-B: Wǒ yě bú shi nǐde yòngren, báitiān wǒ yě shàng bān, wǒ méiyou zhènme
-duō shij iān.
+Nǐ zài něige dānwèi gōngzuò? is a common way of asking where someone
+works; compared with Nǐ zài nǎr gōngzuò?, the question Nǐ zài něige
+dānwèi gōngzuò? sounds more official.
 
-Nǐ xiànzài yě gāi míngbai le ba?
+Women dānwèi you hen duō nù There are a lot of women teachers in
 
-Women liāngge rènshi yě you jǐniǎn le, nǐ yǐnggāi liǎojiě wo.
+lāoshī. our unit. (Here, dānwèi refers to
 
-It’s eleven-thirty. I really have to be going to class. Let’s talk about
-our question tomorrow, okay?
+a school. )
 
-The population of China is too large, it really is right for the
-government to promote late marriage and late involvement.
+To specify that you are talking about a place of work, you can say
+gōngzuò dānwèi, as in the Reference List sentence.
 
-Why they wanted to get a divorce, I really don’t know.
+jūmǐn wěiyuánhuì: ’neighborhood committee’. The official duties of a
+neighborhood committee are diverse, ranging from sanitation maintenance
+to political study. Its actual role and duty remain ambiguous, as well
+as its relationship with the government. Although the government pays a
+committee’s elected delegates, there is no official connection between
+the two. The power of the committee in local affairs remains large.
 
-How come you still haven’t finished washing these clothes?
+pàichūsuǒ: ’local police station’. The local police station is the
+lowest level of the Bureau of Public Security. In addition to taking
+care of matters of a criminal nature, the pàichūsuǒ is familiar with the
+history and political situation of every one of its residents. Along
+with the gōngzuò dānwèi and the jūmǐn wěiyuánhuì, it affects the daily
+life of each citizen.
 
-I’m not your servant, after all; I work during the day too, and I don’t
-have all that much time.
+Notes on No. 5
 
-Now you (really) ought to understand, don’t you?
+gēnju: ’according to, on the basis of; basis’.
 
-We have known each other for several years, after all; you ought to
-understand me.
+Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō zhèige On what basis do you say this?
 
-Taipei:
+huà?
 
-The day before a young couple is to the mother of the bride:
+Nǐ shuōde huà you méiyou Is there a basis for what you're
 
-A: Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Míngtiān shi
+gēnju? saying?
 
-nǐmen xiáojie dàxǐde rǐzi! Xīnláng shi shénme rén a? Tāmen shi zěnme
-rènshide?
+pǐzhǔn: 'to give official permission (to someone to do something)'.
 
-B: Shi péngyou jièshàode.
+Dānwèi pǐzhǔn ta jiēhūn le. Her unit gave her permission to
 
-Nánfāngde fùqin gēn wǒ xiān-sheng zài youzhèngjú shi tongshì, búguò
-yǐqián bú tài shóu. Hòulái lìngwài yíge xǐng Lǐde tongshì jiù lái zuò
-méi, jièshào tamen rènshi. Tāmen jiāowǎng dào xiànzài yě yìnián duō le.
-Nàge nánháizi xiànzài èrshibǎsuì, rén hěn laoshi, yě hěn shàngjìn.
-Xiànzài zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò. Tā bàngōngshìlide rén dōu shuō tā
-nénggàn. Xiùyún duì ta hěn mānyì, érqiě Xiùyún yǐjīng èrshisìsuì le, yě
-dàole gāi jiéhūnde shíhou le, suoyi nánfāng yì lái tíqīn women jiù
-dāying le.
+marry.
 
-A: Wǒ kàn qǐngtiēshang shuō
+Xuéxiào pǐzhǔn ta qù Shanghai His school gave him permission to go le.
+to Shanghai.
 
-wǔdiǎn zhōng zài Guobīn Dà-fàndiàn jǔxíng hūnlǐ, liùdiǎn zhōng rù xí. Nà
-dìfang hěn dà, cài yě hěn hǎo, míngtiān yídìng hěn rènao.
+Wǒ mai zhèige diànshì shi dédao I got permission to buy this pǐzhǔnde.
+television.
 
-B: Tándaò jǔxíng hūnlǐ a, yìjian
+fùnǔmen: 'women'. -Men is a plural ending for nouns and pronouns. You
+have seen it in the pronouns women, zánmen, nǐmen, and tǎmen. After a
+noun, however, -men is never obligatory. It is usually used with nouns
+which designate humans (although in literature you may sometimes see it
+used with nouns referring to animals as well).
 
-duō le. Zhēn fùzá. Xiān shi liǎngge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng
-jiéhūn, kěshi nánfāngde fùmǔ bù dāying. Tāmen xìn Jīdūjiào, yídìng yào
-dào jiàotáng qù. Women jiā xìn Fo, zěnme kéyi rang tamen dào jiàotáng qù
-jǔxíng hūnlǐ ne! Hòulái, liǎngjiā tánlái tánqù, zuìhòu cái juédìng
-háishi zài Guobīn Dàfàndiàn
+Nǔshimen, xiānshengmen. Ladies and gentlemen.
 
-be married, a friend pays a visit to
+Note that the group referred to by a noun phrase with -men must be of
+unspecified number; it is wrong to say liàngge fùnǔmen or sānge
+jiàoshòumen, etc.
 
-Congratulations! Tomorrow’s your daughter’s big day! Who’s the
-bridegroom? How did they meet?
+Notes on No. 6
 
-They were introduced by friends.
+gègè: 'each and every, all of the various'. The first gè (a specifier
+like zhèi-) literally means 'each...' or 'the various, the
+different...'. The second ge is the counter ge, as in yíge rén 'one
+person'.
 
-The father of the groom is a colleague of my husband’s at the post
-office, but they didn’t know each very well before. Afterwards, another
-colleague by the name of Li came to act as the go-between and introduced
-them. They have been seeing each other for over a year now. The young
-man is twenty-eight years old now. He’s very honest and ambitious. He
-works at the Bank of Taiwan. The people at his office all say he’s very
-capable. Xiuyun is very pleased with him, and besides, she’s twenty-four
-years old; she has reached the time when she should get married. So as
-soon as his family came to propose the marriage, we agreed to it.
+Jiǔyuèli, gègè xuéxiào dōu In September all the schools open,
 
-I see it says on the invitation that the ceremony will be held at the
-Ambassador Hotel at five o’clock, and that the banquet starts at six.
-It’s a very big place, and the food is very good. It should be very
-lively tomorrow.
+kāi xué le.
 
-As far as the wedding ceremony is concerned, there were a lot of
-different opinions. It was really complicated. At first the two children
-wanted to go to court and have a civil marriage, but the parents of the
-groom didn’t agree to that. They’re Christians, and insisted on going to
-a church. Our family is Buddhist; how could we let them go to a church
-to hold the wedding! Later, our two families discussed it back and
+Měiguode gègè zhōu dōu you Each of the American states has its
 
-jǔxíng hūnlǐ.
+zíjǐde zhèngfǔ. government.
 
-A: Shi qǐng shénme rén zhènghūn
+zēngjiā: 'to increase; to increase by (such-and-such an amount)'.
 
-a?
+Jīnnián women xuexiàode xue-shēng zēngjiā le.
 
-B: Zhènghūnrén shi Youzhèngjū
+Zhèige yīyuànde bìngrén bù néng zài zēngjiā le.
 
-Zhang Júzhǎng. Tā gēn nánfāngde fùqin shi duōniánde lǎo péngyou, suóyi
-yì qǐng ta, tā mǎshàng jiu daying le.
+Zhèijǐtiān nǐ máng bu máng, zài gěi ni zēngjiā yìdiānr gōngzuò, hǎo bu
+hāo?
 
-A: You méiyou jièshàorén? Jiè
+The students in our school increased this year.
 
-shàorén shi shéi ya?
+The patients in this hospital cannot increase any further.
 
-B: Nánfāngde jièshàorén jiù shi
+Have you been busy the past few days? Would it be okay if I give you
+some more work to do?
 
-lai zuò méide nàwèi Lī Xiān-sheng. Women zhèbiān jiù qǐngle Zhang Zǐmíng
-Jiàoshòu. Tā shi Xiùyūn niàn dàxué shíhoude lāoshī.
+Women dānwèi you zēngjiāle liǎngge bàngōngshì.
 
-A: Xǐnniángde jiéhūn lǐfú shi
+They added two more offices on to our unit.
 
-zài shénme dìfang zuòde?
+yídìng: ’specific, certain, definite, set’. In addition to the meaning
+of yídìng which you already know, namely ’certainly, surely’, it can
+also mean ’set (by regulation, decision, or convention), fixed,
+particular,’ as in
 
-B: Bú shi zuòde, shi zūde.
+Tā ban shìqing you yídìng bànfa. He goes about doing things with a
 
-A: Tāmen jiehūn yǐhòu yào dào
+definite method.
 
-náli qù dù mìyuè?
+Měiniān zài yídìngde rìzi, tā dōu huíqu kàn māma.
 
-B: Tāmen jìhua yào dào Alǐ Shān
+Every year he goes back to see his mother on a set date.
 
-qù wan yíge xīngqī, būguò tāmen jiéhūn yǐhòu bù néng mǎshàng zǒu, yào
-děng huí mén yǐhòu cái qù.
+Notes on No. 7
 
-A: 0, hǎo hǎo hǎo. Wǒ xiang
+shìqū: ’city proper, municipal area’, the area within a chěngshì where
+population and buildings are relatively concentrated. Shìqu is used when
+you are emphasizing the city proper or contrasting it to the suburbs
+Ejiāoqūl. It is an administratively more exact term than chěngshì. CThe
+Peking municipal area, Beijing shìqū, is made up of eight urban
+districts, chěngqū.I
 
-nǐmen yídìng hen máng. Wǒ yīnggāi zǒu le.
+chūshēnglū: ’birth rate’. Chūshēng means ’to be born’. The chūshēnglū is
+usually considered to be the number of births per one thousand
+population in one year.
 
-B: Nǐ nàme kèqi, hái zìjǐ lai
+Notes on No. 8
 
-song lǐwù lai. Xièxie, xièxie! Míngtiān yídìng lai chī xījiǔ.
+fēnpèi: ’distribute; allot; assign; distribution’.
 
-A: Hǎo, míngtiān jiàn.
+Wǒ tīngshuō xiàge yuè jiù kéyi I’ve heard that you’ll be assigned
 
-forth, and finally we decided it would be best to hold the wedding at
-the Ambassador Hotel.
+gěi ni fēnpei gōngzuò.
 
-Whom did you ask to witness the marriage?
+work next month.
 
-The witness is Postmaster Zhang. He’s an old friend of many years of the
-groom’s father, so as soon as we went to ask him, he agreed right away.
+Wǒ xīwang néng zǎo yìdiān fēnpèidào fángzi.
 
-Are there any introducers? Who are they?
+I hope that housing can be assigned soon.
 
-The introducer for the groom’s side is the Mr. Li who was the
-go-between. For our side we asked Professor Zhang Ziming. He was a
-teacher of Xiuyun’s when she was in college.
+Tīngshuō tā fēnpèi dào Dōngběi qù gōngzuò le.
 
-Where was the bride’s wedding gown made?
+I've heard that he has been assigned to go work in Manchuria.
 
-It wasn’t (specially) made, it’s rented.
+míng*é: ’the number of people assigned or allowed; quota of people’.
+Míng’é does not exactly correspond to ’quota’. ’Quota’ is a fixed number
+of places which must be filled. Míng’é is (1) a fixed number of places
+which must not be exceeded, or (2) one such place. Bābǎige míng’é is
+literally ’800 name given-numbers’, i.e. ’a quota of 800 names.’
 
-After they’re married, where are they going to spend their honeymoon?
+Note on No. 9
 
-They’re planning to go to Mt. Ali for a week, but they can’t leave right
-after the wedding. They have to wait until after the bride’s first visit
-to her new parents’ home before they go.
+bìyùn: Literally, ’avoid-pregnancy’, i.e. ’contraception’. Shíxíng bìyùn
+’to carry out (the government policy of encouraging) contraception, to
+practice birth control’.
 
-Oh, okay. Well, you must be very busy, so I should be leaving now.
+Note on No. 10
 
-You’re so polite, you even brought presents over in person. Thank you!
-Be sure to come to the banquet tomorrow.
+miǎnfèide: Literally ’exempt from charge’, i.e. ’free (of charge)’
 
-Okay, see you tomorrow.
+Zhèige zhǎnlǎn kéyi miǎnfèi cānguān.
 
-NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE
+Sānyuè Báhao, funù he haizi dào gōngyuán qù dōu shi miǎnfēide.
 
-. ..liǎngge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng .jiehūn: Traditional wedding
-ceremonies were held at home or in ancestral halls (not in temples or
-pagodas). Modern ones are likely to "be held in hotels or restaurants,
-as there is more room and food is then easier to prepare.
+Lǔxíng bù piányi a! Fēijīpiào kě bú shi miǎnfèide.
 
-Tǎmen jìhua yào dào Ālǐ Shan qù: Ālǐ Shān and Rìyuè Tan (Sun-Moon Lake)
-are the two most popular honeymoon spots on Taiwan. An average honeymoon
-stay might last one week.
+You can visit this exhibit for free.
 
-Vocabulary
+On March 8th, women and children can go to parks free of charge.
 
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| ài                                | (sound of sighing)                |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| dàxǐ                              | great rejoicing                   |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| dàxǐde rìzi daying                | wedding day                       |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to agree (to something), to       |
-|                                   | consent, to promise               |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| dù                                | to pass                           |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| dù mìyuè                          | to go on a honeymoon, to spend    |
-|                                   | one's honeymoon                   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| duōnián                           | many years                        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| fǎyuàn                            | court of law                      |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| Fo fùzá (fǔzá)                    | Buddha                            |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to be complicated                 |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| gōngzhèng jiēhūn                  | civil marriage                    |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| hái háishi hōulái hui men         | even, (to go) so far as to        |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | after all                         |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | later, afterwards                 |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | the return of the bride to her    |
-|                                   | parents' home (usually on the     |
-|                                   | third day after the wedding)      |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| hūnlǐ                             | wedding                           |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| j iàotáng jiāowāng                | church                            |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to associate with, to have        |
-|                                   | dealings with                     |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| Jīdūjiào jiēhūn lǐfú j ièshaorén  | Christianity wedding gown         |
-| juédìng jǔxíng Juzhǎng            | introducer to decide to hold (a   |
-|                                   | meeting, ceremony, etc.) head of  |
-|                                   | an office or bureau (of which the |
-|                                   | last syllable is jú)              |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| ...-lái...-qù                     | (indicates repeating the action   |
-|                                   | over and over again)              |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| lǎoshi (lǎoshí)                   | to be honest                      |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| rnǎnyì mìyuè                      | to be pleased honeymoon           |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| nánfāng nēnggàn                   | the groom's side, the groom's     |
-|                                   | family to be capable              |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| ren                               | person, self, body                |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| rù xí                             | to take one’s seat (at a          |
-|                                   | gathering, meeting, or banquet)   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| shàngjìn shou                     | to be ambitious                   |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to be familiar (with), to know    |
-|                                   | well                              |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| tándao                            | to talk about; speaking of ...    |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| tánlai tánqù tíqīn                | to talk back and forth            |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to bring up a proposal of         |
-|                                   | marriage                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| xiáojiě (xiáojie)                 | daughter (referring to someone    |
-|                                   | else’s daughter)                  |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| xījiù xìn xìn Fo xīnláng xīnniáng | wedding banquet; wedding wine to  |
-|                                   | believe (in) to be a Buddhist     |
-|                                   | bridegroom bride                  |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| yě yìjian                         | indeed, in fact, admittedly       |
-|                                   | opinion                           |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| záo zhènghūn zhènghūnrén zū       | long ago                          |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| zuò mei                           | to witness a marriage             |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | chief witness at a wedding        |
-|                                   | ceremony to rent                  |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to act as go-between (for the     |
-|                                   | families of a man and woman       |
-|                                   | considering marriage)             |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+Travelling is not cheap. Plane tickets are certainly not free!
 
-Customs Surrounding
+Notes on No. 11
 
-Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 3
+dedao: ’to receive, to get’.
 
-PART I
+Tā dédao hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng jiù zōu le.
 
-1. Wǒ tīngshuō Zhōngguo kòngzhi rénkǒude gōngzuò zuòde hen
-    chénggōng.
+He left immediately after getting his passport.
 
-2. Zài chéngshìli zhùde rén yào you yíge hāizi děi zuòdao sān
-    tōngguò.
+Tā dédao pīzhǔn kéyi liúzai He has gotten permission to stay in
 
-3. Sān tōngguòde yìsi yě jiùshi shuō děi you sānge dìfang tongyì
-    zhèwèi fùnǔ shēng hāizi.
+Beijing gōngzuò. Peking to work.
 
-1+. A: Něi sānge dānwèi ne?
+yìjiān xīn fángzi: ’a new room’. Notice that although you have seen
+fāngzi meaning ’house’, it is being used here in the wider sense of ’a
+place to live’. In this phrase it is preceded by the counter for rooms
+of a house, jiān. Thus the whole phrase means ’a new room’, not ’a new
+house’.
 
-B: Zhèwei fùnǔde gōngzuò dānwèi, tā zhùde dìfangde jǔmín wěiyuānhuì,
-    he pàichūsuǒ.
+Living quarters in Peking and many other Chinese cities are very scarce.
+(Housing in Shanghai is more critical than Peking.) When a newly married
+couple applies for housing, they will be assigned a room that does not
+exceed 8-10 square meters. Rarely do living quarters have private baths,
+toilets, or kitchens. Later, when children come along, they will
+continue to live in the same size room.
 
-5. Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ gēnju shénme pīzhǔn fùnùmen shēng xiāo-háir?
+Peking:
 
-6. Gègè chéngshì měinián zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā yídìng shùmude hāizi.
+A Canadian tourist talks with her guide:
 
-7. Women shìqū jīnniānde chǔshēng-lù bù gāo.
+A: Wo zài Jiānádàde shihou jiù
 
-8. Wǒ zhǐ néng fēnpèigei nǐmen zhèiyìqǔ bābǎige míng* é.
+tīngshuō Zhōngguo kòngzhi rénkoude gōngzuò zuòde hěn chénggōng. Nǐ kéyi
+bu kéyi gěi wo jiǎngyijiǎng?
 
-9. Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfǔ tíchàng rénmín shí-xíng bìyùn.
+B: Hǎo. Wǒ xiān shuōshuo zài
 
-10. Bìyùn gōngjù dōu shi miǎnfèide.
+chéngshìli shi zěnme zuòde. Zài chéngshìli rúguo you rén yào you yíge
+haizi, děi zuòdào sān tōngguò.
 
-11. Wǒ yījīng dédao pīzhǔn, kéyi you yìjiān xìn fāngzi.
+A: Shénme shi sān tōngguò?
 
-I hear that population control work has been done very successfully in
-China.
+B: Jiùshi děi you nǐ gōngzuò
 
-People who live in the city, if they want to have a child, must have
-’the three approvals’.
+dānwèi, nǐ zhùde dìfangde jūmín wěiyuānhuì, hé pàichūsuǒde tōngyì.
 
-’The three approvals’ means that a woman must have the consent of three
-places in order to have a child.
+A: Zhèi sānge dānwèi gēnju
 
-Which three units?
+shénme pǐzhǔn fùnǔmen shēng xiǎoháir?
 
-The woman’s work unit, the neighborhood committee of the place she
-lives, and the local police station.
+B: Gègè chéngshì měinián you
 
-On what basis does the Chinese government give official permission for
-women to give birth?
+yídìngde chūshēnglǔ, yě jiùshi shuō měinián zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā yídìng
+shùmude haizi. Zhèixiē míng’é jiù an rénkou fēnpèigei gègè shìqū. Gègè
+shìqū zài _(w) fēnpèigei yào shēng háizide nǔ-tongzhì, suoyi fùnu dōu
+shi dédao pǐzhǔn yǐhòu cai huáiyùnde.
 
-The various cities can only increase by a specific number of children
-every year.
+A: Zài nongcūn, rénmen yě
 
-The birth rate in our municipal area this year isn’t very high.
+shíxíng bìyùn ma?
 
-I can only assign a quota of eight hundred to your area.
+B: Yě shíxíng bìyùn, kěshi bú
 
-The population of China is too large so the government encourages the
-people to practice birth control.
+xiàng chéngshìli zuòde nàme chénggōng.
 
-All contraceptive devices are free.
+A: Bìyùn gōngjù guì bu gui?
 
-I have already received permission to get a new room.
+B: Zhèngfǔ tíchàng rénmín shíxíng
 
-NOTES ON PART I
+bìyùn, suoyi bìyùn yào hé bìyùn gōngjù dōu shi miǎnfèide.
 
-Notes on No. 1
+When I was in Canada I heard that population control work is being done
+very successfully in China. Could you tell me about it?
 
-kòngzhi: ’to control; control’. dominate; to command’.
+Okay. First I’ll talk about how it’s being done in the cities. In the
+city if there’s someone who wants to have a child, they have to get the
+’three approvals’.
 
-Zhèige fǎngjiānde wěndù kòng-zhude hù hǎo, yìhuǐr lěng, yìhuǐr rè.
+What are the ’three approvals’?
 
-Shíjiān méi hànfa kòngzhi, shéi yě bànbudao.
+It means that you must have the consent of your work unit, the
+neighborhood committee of the place you live, and the local police
+station.
 
-Tāde hìng yǐjīng kòngzhizhù le, yěxǔ Jǐtiān yǐhòu, tā huì hǎoqilai.
+On what basis do these three units give official permission to women to
+have children?
 
-You yìxiē rén kòngzhile zhèi-jià fēijī, hú rang ta qǐfēi.
+Each year the various cities have specific birth rates; that is to say,
+each year they can only increase by a specific number of children. These
+quotas are distributed among the various cities according to population.
+The various cities then distribute them to women comrades who want to
+have children. So women don't get pregnant until they receive official
+permission.
 
-This can also he translated as ’to
+Do the people in the country also practice birth control?
 
-The temperature in this room isn’t well regulated. It’s cold one minute
-and hot the next.
-
-There is no way to control time; no one can do it.
-
-His illness is under control now; maybe in another few days he will
-start to get better.
-
-Some people have taken control of this airplane and won’t let it take
-off.
-
-chénggōng: ’to succeed; to he Zhèihěn shū chénggōng le.
-
-successful’.
-
-This hook was a success.
-
-Zhèihěn shū xiěde hěn chénggōng.
-
-His hook was written very successfully, (i.e., His hook came off very
-well.)
-
-This soup is a success, everyone loves it.
-
-So long as you work hard at it, your effort is sure to succeed.
-
-Zhèige tāng chénggōng le, dàjiā dōu ài chī.
-
-Zhǐ yào nǐ nǔlì, nǐde shìqing yídìng néng chénggōng.
-
-Notes on No. 2
-
-zuòdào: ’to achieve, to make (a goal)’.. In Unit 2, Part II, you saw
-tandao ’to talk about, to speak of’, with the ending -dào meaning
-literally ’to, up to’. Here you see -dào used as an ending after the
-verb zuò ’to make’. You may think of -dào in zuòdào as conveying the
-meaning of reaching a goal.
-
-Zhèijiān shi, wǒ yǐjīng zuòdào I have already succeeded in doing le.
-this.
-
-Nǐ shuōguo, zuǒtiān nǐ yào qù, You said that you wanted to go nǐ zuòdào
-le ma? yesterday. Did you do so?
-
-sān tōngguò: ’the three approvals’. The ’three approvals’ have "been in
-effect since 1973/7^. At that time, the minimum marriage age was pushed
-upward, but most recently it has been relaxed to ages twenty-five for
-males and twenty-three for females. Most couples must still wait a
-number of years before they can have a child. The sāntŌngguò guiding for
-city residents effectively means that, without these three approvals for
-a child, a pregnancy must end in abortion or else the child will have to
-live without food rations. (A government slogan is Yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge
-gòule, "One is best, two is enough.’’) Applications to have children are
-reviewed and permission granted or denied by one’s work unit, based on
-the total allowable city quota. A third child is strongly discouraged
-and life would be very difficult for it should it be born. Special
-gifts, privileges, and awards are given to one-child families. In the
-countryside, one can find four to six children in a household, but they
-of course could not easily move to the city.
-
-Notes on No. 3
-
-yě jiùshi shuō: ’to mean; in other words, that is to say’.
-
-Jìhuà shēngyù yě jiùshi shuō yào you jìhuade shēng xiǎo-háir.
-
-Planned parenthood means having children in a planned way.
-
-’Hébì’ yě jiùshi shuō ’wèi-shénme xūyào’.
-
-Tā bù néng zài shēng xiǎoháizi, yě jiùshi shuō women juéde tā zhìbuhǎo
-le.
-
-Tā bù gěi ni dǎ diànhuà hǎo-xiàng yě jiùshi shuō tā bù xīhuan ni.
-
-Dàifu shuō tā bù néng chī ròu, yě jiùshi shuō chi ròu duì tāde shēntǐ bù
-hǎo.
-
-When what follows is a more pointed jiùshi shuō can be used in place of
-
-Tā bù kéyi shēng háizi, jiùshi shuō tā hái méiyou zuòdao sān tōngguò.
-
-tongyì: ’consent, agreement; to or thinks)’.
-
-’Hébì * means ’why must’.
-
-She can’t have children any more; that is to say, we feel that she
-cannot be cured.
-
-The fact that he doesn’t telephone you would seem to imply that he
-doesn’t like you.
-
-The doctor said that he couldn’t eat meat, in other words, eating meat
-isn’t good for his health.
-
-explanation of what has just been said, yě jiùshi shuō, e.g.
-
-She cannot have a child; that is to say, she has not yet gotten the
-three approvals.
-
-agree, to agree with (what someone says
-
-A: Tongyì bu tongyì?
-
-Do you agree?
-
-B: Wǒ bù tongyì.
-
-    I don’t agree.
-
-Wǒ bù tongyì nǐde huà. I don’t agree with what you say.
-
-Although in English we can say ’I agree with you’, in Chinese it is
-wrong to say either Wǒ gēn nǐ tongyì or Wǒ tǒngyì ni. Tongyì can be used
-in two ways: without an object, or with an object like tā shuōde ’what
-he said’, tāde huà ’what he said’, tāde jìhua ’his plan’, tāde yìjian
-’his opinion’. If you want to say ’I don’t agree with you’, you can say
-Wǒ bù tongyì, Nǐ shuōde, wǒ bù tǒngyì, Wǒ bù tǒngyì nǐde huà, Wǒ bù
-tǒngyì nǐde yìjian, etc.
-
-Notes on No. U
-
-dānwèi: ’(work) unit’. This word is used in the PRC as a cover term for
-any organization or department of an organization. It may, for instance
-refer to a factory, a school, a government organization, a store, or an
-army unit.
-
-Nǐ zài něige dānwèi gōngzuò? is a common way of asking where someone
-works; compared with Nǐ zài nǎr gōngzuò?, the question Nǐ zài něige
-dānwèi gōngzuò? sounds more official.
-
-Women dānwèi you hen duō nù There are a lot of women teachers in
-
-lāoshī. our unit. (Here, dānwèi refers to
-
-a school. )
-
-To specify that you are talking about a place of work, you can say
-gōngzuò dānwèi, as in the Reference List sentence.
-
-jūmǐn wěiyuánhuì: ’neighborhood committee’. The official duties of a
-neighborhood committee are diverse, ranging from sanitation maintenance
-to political study. Its actual role and duty remain ambiguous, as well
-as its relationship with the government. Although the government pays a
-committee’s elected delegates, there is no official connection between
-the two. The power of the committee in local affairs remains large.
-
-pàichūsuǒ: ’local police station’. The local police station is the
-lowest level of the Bureau of Public Security. In addition to taking
-care of matters of a criminal nature, the pàichūsuǒ is familiar with the
-history and political situation of every one of its residents. Along
-with the gōngzuò dānwèi and the jūmǐn wěiyuánhuì, it affects the daily
-life of each citizen.
-
-Notes on No. 5
-
-gēnju: ’according to, on the basis of; basis’.
-
-Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō zhèige On what basis do you say this?
-
-huà?
-
-Nǐ shuōde huà you méiyou Is there a basis for what you're
-
-gēnju? saying?
-
-pǐzhǔn: 'to give official permission (to someone to do something)'.
-
-Dānwèi pǐzhǔn ta jiēhūn le. Her unit gave her permission to
-
-marry.
-
-Xuéxiào pǐzhǔn ta qù Shanghai His school gave him permission to go le.
-to Shanghai.
-
-Wǒ mai zhèige diànshì shi dédao I got permission to buy this pǐzhǔnde.
-television.
-
-fùnǔmen: 'women'. -Men is a plural ending for nouns and pronouns. You
-have seen it in the pronouns women, zánmen, nǐmen, and tǎmen. After a
-noun, however, -men is never obligatory. It is usually used with nouns
-which designate humans (although in literature you may sometimes see it
-used with nouns referring to animals as well).
-
-Nǔshimen, xiānshengmen. Ladies and gentlemen.
-
-Note that the group referred to by a noun phrase with -men must be of
-unspecified number; it is wrong to say liàngge fùnǔmen or sānge
-jiàoshòumen, etc.
-
-Notes on No. 6
-
-gègè: 'each and every, all of the various'. The first gè (a specifier
-like zhèi-) literally means 'each...' or 'the various, the
-different...'. The second ge is the counter ge, as in yíge rén 'one
-person'.
-
-Jiǔyuèli, gègè xuéxiào dōu In September all the schools open,
-
-kāi xué le.
-
-Měiguode gègè zhōu dōu you Each of the American states has its
-
-zíjǐde zhèngfǔ. government.
-
-zēngjiā: 'to increase; to increase by (such-and-such an amount)'.
-
-Jīnnián women xuexiàode xue-shēng zēngjiā le.
-
-Zhèige yīyuànde bìngrén bù néng zài zēngjiā le.
-
-Zhèijǐtiān nǐ máng bu máng, zài gěi ni zēngjiā yìdiānr gōngzuò, hǎo bu
-hāo?
-
-The students in our school increased this year.
-
-The patients in this hospital cannot increase any further.
-
-Have you been busy the past few days? Would it be okay if I give you
-some more work to do?
-
-Women dānwèi you zēngjiāle liǎngge bàngōngshì.
-
-They added two more offices on to our unit.
-
-yídìng: ’specific, certain, definite, set’. In addition to the meaning
-of yídìng which you already know, namely ’certainly, surely’, it can
-also mean ’set (by regulation, decision, or convention), fixed,
-particular,’ as in
-
-Tā ban shìqing you yídìng bànfa. He goes about doing things with a
-
-definite method.
-
-Měiniān zài yídìngde rìzi, tā dōu huíqu kàn māma.
-
-Every year he goes back to see his mother on a set date.
-
-Notes on No. 7
-
-shìqū: ’city proper, municipal area’, the area within a chěngshì where
-population and buildings are relatively concentrated. Shìqu is used when
-you are emphasizing the city proper or contrasting it to the suburbs
-Ejiāoqūl. It is an administratively more exact term than chěngshì. CThe
-Peking municipal area, Beijing shìqū, is made up of eight urban
-districts, chěngqū.I
-
-chūshēnglū: ’birth rate’. Chūshēng means ’to be born’. The chūshēnglū is
-usually considered to be the number of births per one thousand
-population in one year.
-
-Notes on No. 8
-
-fēnpèi: ’distribute; allot; assign; distribution’.
-
-Wǒ tīngshuō xiàge yuè jiù kéyi I’ve heard that you’ll be assigned
-
-gěi ni fēnpei gōngzuò.
-
-work next month.
-
-Wǒ xīwang néng zǎo yìdiān fēnpèidào fángzi.
-
-I hope that housing can be assigned soon.
-
-Tīngshuō tā fēnpèi dào Dōngběi qù gōngzuò le.
-
-I've heard that he has been assigned to go work in Manchuria.
-
-míng*é: ’the number of people assigned or allowed; quota of people’.
-Míng’é does not exactly correspond to ’quota’. ’Quota’ is a fixed number
-of places which must be filled. Míng’é is (1) a fixed number of places
-which must not be exceeded, or (2) one such place. Bābǎige míng’é is
-literally ’800 name given-numbers’, i.e. ’a quota of 800 names.’
-
-Note on No. 9
-
-bìyùn: Literally, ’avoid-pregnancy’, i.e. ’contraception’. Shíxíng bìyùn
-’to carry out (the government policy of encouraging) contraception, to
-practice birth control’.
-
-Note on No. 10
-
-miǎnfèide: Literally ’exempt from charge’, i.e. ’free (of charge)’
-
-Zhèige zhǎnlǎn kéyi miǎnfèi cānguān.
-
-Sānyuè Báhao, funù he haizi dào gōngyuán qù dōu shi miǎnfēide.
-
-Lǔxíng bù piányi a! Fēijīpiào kě bú shi miǎnfèide.
-
-You can visit this exhibit for free.
-
-On March 8th, women and children can go to parks free of charge.
-
-Travelling is not cheap. Plane tickets are certainly not free!
-
-Notes on No. 11
-
-dedao: ’to receive, to get’.
-
-Tā dédao hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng jiù zōu le.
-
-He left immediately after getting his passport.
-
-Tā dédao pīzhǔn kéyi liúzai He has gotten permission to stay in
-
-Beijing gōngzuò. Peking to work.
-
-yìjiān xīn fángzi: ’a new room’. Notice that although you have seen
-fāngzi meaning ’house’, it is being used here in the wider sense of ’a
-place to live’. In this phrase it is preceded by the counter for rooms
-of a house, jiān. Thus the whole phrase means ’a new room’, not ’a new
-house’.
-
-Living quarters in Peking and many other Chinese cities are very scarce.
-(Housing in Shanghai is more critical than Peking.) When a newly married
-couple applies for housing, they will be assigned a room that does not
-exceed 8-10 square meters. Rarely do living quarters have private baths,
-toilets, or kitchens. Later, when children come along, they will
-continue to live in the same size room.
-
-Peking:
-
-A Canadian tourist talks with her guide:
-
-A: Wo zài Jiānádàde shihou jiù
-
-tīngshuō Zhōngguo kòngzhi rénkoude gōngzuò zuòde hěn chénggōng. Nǐ kéyi
-bu kéyi gěi wo jiǎngyijiǎng?
-
-B: Hǎo. Wǒ xiān shuōshuo zài
-
-chéngshìli shi zěnme zuòde. Zài chéngshìli rúguo you rén yào you yíge
-haizi, děi zuòdào sān tōngguò.
-
-A: Shénme shi sān tōngguò?
-
-B: Jiùshi děi you nǐ gōngzuò
-
-dānwèi, nǐ zhùde dìfangde jūmín wěiyuānhuì, hé pàichūsuǒde tōngyì.
-
-A: Zhèi sānge dānwèi gēnju
-
-shénme pǐzhǔn fùnǔmen shēng xiǎoháir?
-
-B: Gègè chéngshì měinián you
-
-yídìngde chūshēnglǔ, yě jiùshi shuō měinián zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā yídìng
-shùmude haizi. Zhèixiē míng’é jiù an rénkou fēnpèigei gègè shìqū. Gègè
-shìqū zài _(w) fēnpèigei yào shēng háizide nǔ-tongzhì, suoyi fùnu dōu
-shi dédao pǐzhǔn yǐhòu cai huáiyùnde.
-
-A: Zài nongcūn, rénmen yě
-
-shíxíng bìyùn ma?
-
-B: Yě shíxíng bìyùn, kěshi bú
-
-xiàng chéngshìli zuòde nàme chénggōng.
-
-A: Bìyùn gōngjù guì bu gui?
-
-B: Zhèngfǔ tíchàng rénmín shíxíng
-
-bìyùn, suoyi bìyùn yào hé bìyùn gōngjù dōu shi miǎnfèide.
-
-When I was in Canada I heard that population control work is being done
-very successfully in China. Could you tell me about it?
-
-Okay. First I’ll talk about how it’s being done in the cities. In the
-city if there’s someone who wants to have a child, they have to get the
-’three approvals’.
-
-What are the ’three approvals’?
-
-It means that you must have the consent of your work unit, the
-neighborhood committee of the place you live, and the local police
-station.
-
-On what basis do these three units give official permission to women to
-have children?
-
-Each year the various cities have specific birth rates; that is to say,
-each year they can only increase by a specific number of children. These
-quotas are distributed among the various cities according to population.
-The various cities then distribute them to women comrades who want to
-have children. So women don't get pregnant until they receive official
-permission.
-
-Do the people in the country also practice birth control?
-
-They practice birth control too, but it isn't as successful as in the
-city.
-
-Are contraceptive devices expensive?
-
-The government encourages people to practice birth control, so all
-contraceptive medicines and devices are free.
-
-PART II
-
-12. Zài Zhōngguo, you gōngzuòde fùnu shēng háizi you chǎnjià, hái you
-gōngzì■
-
-13. Hěn duō Zhōngguo fùnū yòng gèzhōng hìyùn gōngjù shíxíng jìhuà
-shēngyù.
-
-1U. Zhōngguo ren zuò juéyù shōushù-de duō hu duō?
-
-15. Bìyùn shīhàide rén kéyi dào yíyuàn qu zuò réngōng liú-chǎn, hái
-    kéyi you liǎngge xíngqíde Jia.
-
-16. Zài shǎoshù mínzū dìqū rénkǒu bǐjiǎo shǎo.
-
-17. Zhōngguo rén xiāngxìn hōngtáng duì chǎnfù shi yìzhōng hěn hǎode
-    yíngyǎngpǐn.
-
-18. Tǎ hé hiérén hù tong, tā shi wō zuì qìnjìnde péngyou.
-
-19. Shǒuxiān yào qù gěi Mama mǎi xiānhuā, ránhòu hái yào gěi ni hǎ
-    wánjù xiūlihǎo.
-
-20. Tándao Zhōngguode nongcūn, gèdìde qíngkuàng dōu hù tong.
-
-In China working women get maternity leave when they have a child and
-they still receive their pay.
-
-Many Chinese women use various kinds of contraceptive devices to carry
-out family planning.
-
-Are there many Chinese people who have contraceptive surgery performed
-on them?
-
-A person who fails at hirth control can go to the hospital to have an
-abortion performed, and they can also have two weeks of leave.
-
-The population is relatively small in the national minority areas.
-
-Chinese believe that brown sugar is a very nutritional food for women
-who have given birth within the last month.
-
-She’s different from other people, she’s my closest friend.
-
-First I have to go buy fresh flowers for your mother, and then I have to
-fix your toy for you too.
-
-As for the rural areas of China, the situation is different in various
-places.
-
-NOTES ON PART II
-
-Notes on No. 12
-
-chǎnjià: ’maternity leave’. The syllable chǎn, literally ’to give birth
-to’ is used in compounds meaning ’maternity, delivery, birth’. It can
-also be used outside the context of human reproduction in compounds
-meaning ’to produce, production’, as in chǎnpǐn ’product’.]
-
-gōngzī: ’wages, pay’, literally ’labor-capital’.
-
-...you chānjià, hái you gōngzi: For a normal birth, a woman is given
-fifty-six days of paid leave; for a difficult birth, seventy days; and
-for twins, ninety days after the birth. After this period, one hour per
-day is allowed off in order to nurse the baby.
-
-Notes on No. 13
-
-gèzhōng: ’various kinds, every kind’. Ge ’each’ is a specifier like
-zhèi- ’this’ or nèi- ’that’. As a specifier, it can be followed by
-counters. Here you see ge- used with the counter -zhǒng ’types, kinds,
-sort, species’. Here are some other ways gè- is used:
-
-u
-
-Tā néng dào gèguō qù luxíng It’s great that he can go to all
-
-zhēn bú cuò. sorts of countries.
-
-Xuéshengmen yinggāi you gèrén-de xuéxi jìhua.
-
-Míngtiānde diànyǐngr piào gègè dānwèi dōu you.
-
-Students should each have their own plan of study.
-
-Each and every unit has movie tickets for tomorrow.
-
-Sometimes ge- is followed directly by the noun.
-
-Jīntiān xiàwu gè dānwèi dōu This afternoon every unit is having
-
-kāi huì. a meeting.
-
-bìyùn gōngju: ’contraceptive devices’. This does not refer to birth
-control pills. EBìyùnpǐn ’birth control products’ includes both bìyùnyào
-’birth control pills’ and bìyùn gōngjù.i
-
-jìhuà shēngyù: ’family planning, planned parenthood’. Jìhuà means
-
-’plan; to plan’. Shēngyù literally means ’to give birth to and raise’.
-
-Notes on No. lh
-
-juéyù: ’sterilization,’ or ’to sterilize, to be sterilized,’ applies to
-operations for men and women. Sterilization for women is still much more
-common than for men; and more prevalent in the cities than in the
-countryside.
-
-Tā juédìng juéyù. He has decided on sterilization.
-
-Juéyù shi jiějué Zhōngguo Sterilization is one good way to
-
-rénkōu wèntíde yíge hāo bànfa. solve China’s population problem.
-
-shǒushù: ’surgery’.
-
-Dàifu gěi ta zuòde shǒushù hěn chénggōng.
-
-The surgery the doctor performed on him was very successful.
-
-Notes on No. 1$
-
-shībài: ’to fail’.
-
-Tā zuò mǎimai shībài le. He failed in business.
-
-Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō tā shibài On what basis do you say that he
-
-le? failed?
-
-réngōng liúchǎn: ’abortion’, more literally, ’artificial miscarriage’.
-
-dào yīyuàn qu zuò réngōng liúchǎn: ’go to the hospital to have an
-abortion performed’. Zuò réngōng liúchǎn here means ’to have an abortion
-done', not of course ’to do an abortion'. Compare the following two
-sentences:
-
-Yīshēng gěi ta zuòle réngōng The doctor performed an abortion on
-
-liúchǎn. her.
-
-Tā zuòle réngōng liúchǎn. She had an abortion.
-
-In the first sentence, the subject of the sentence (yīshēng) performed
-the abortion. In the second sentence, the subject of the sentence (tā)
-had the abortion performed. In some cases, a verb-object in Chinese can
-mean either 'to do something' or 'to have something done'. Here are some
-more examples:
-
-Zhènme hǎode yīfu, shéi gěi nǐ Who made such nice clothes for you?
-zuòde?
-
-Zài Měiguo zuò yīfu hěn guì. It's really expensive to have clothes
-
-made in America.
-
-jià: 'leave, vacation'. You have seen this as part of the word chǎnjià
-’maternity leave’. Here you see it used by itself.
-
-Notes on No. 16
-
-shǎoshù mǐnzú: 'minority natiionalities', often translated as 'national
-minorities’. Besides the Han people, China has over fifty national
-minorities which are spead out over fifty to sixty percent of the land
-area and make up six percent of the total population of the country. The
-largest minorities are the Mongols (mostly in the Nèi Měnggú Zìzhìqū,
-'Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region'), the Hui (Chinese Muslims),
-Tibetans, Uighurs (in the Xīnjiāng Wéiwú-ěr Zìzhìqū, 'Xinxiang Uighur
-Autonomous Region'), and the Miao (found in several southern provinces).
-
-Shǎoshù mínzúde yīfu dōu hěn hǎo kàn.
-
-Zhōngguo you wǔshijǐge shǎoshù-mínzú.
-
-The clothing of the national minorities is very beautiful.
-
-China has fifty-odd minority nationalities.
-
-Notes on No. 1?
-
-xiāngxìn: ’to believe (that), to trust (someone), to believe in, to have
-faith in’.
-
-Wǒ xiāngxìn, women liǎngguǒ I believe that the friendship between
-
-rénmínde yǒuyì yídìng huì the people of our two countries
-
-búduàn fāzhǎn. will constantly grow.
-
-Compare xiāngxìn to the verb xìn, which you learned in the last unit.
-For the second example you need to know you is a verb meaning ’it’s up
-to...’.
-
-Bié xìn tāde huà. Don’t believe what he says.
-
-Xìn bu xìn you ni. Believe it or not, as you like.
-
-hōngtáng: ’brown sugar’, literally ’red sugar’. The Chinese often use
-brown sugar in cooking and for medicinal purposes. For example, a common
-remedy for colds is a hot drink made by boiling ginger root and brown
-sugar in water CjiāngtāngC, or simply brown sugar water Ctángshuǐ3.
-
-chǎnfù: ’a woman who has given birth within the last month’. [Contrast
-this word with yùnfù ’a pregnant woman*.3 The birth of a child is
-celebrated on the successful completion of the first month of life.
-
-yíngyǎngpǐn: ’a nutritional food item’. Yíngyǎng means ’nutrition’, for
-example:
-
-Dòujiāng hěn you yíngyǎng. Soy bean milk is very nitritious.
-
--Pin is a syllable used in many words to mean ’item, article, product’,
-[for example jìniànpǐn ’souvenir’, yòngpǐn ’item of use’, chǎnpǐn
-’produce’, gōngyèpǐn ’industrial product’3.
-
-As the Reference List sentence shows, the mother’s health continues to
-be an important consideration even after the child is born. Both
-mother’s and baby’s health are carefully attended to after birth, while
-Western medicine emphasizes the mother’s health only as long as she is
-carrying the child.
-
-Notes on No. 18
-
-bù tōng: ’to be not the same, to be different’. This is often used in
-
-the pattern ...he ... bù tong,
-
-is different from ...’.
-
-Hùzhào he luxíngzhèng wanquan bù tong, nǐ bú yào nòngcuò le.
-
-A passport and a travel permit are completely different. Don’t mistake
-them.
-
-Zhèige gōngchǎng jīnnián he qùniánde qíngkuàng hěn bù tong.
-
-The situation in the factory this year is very different from last year.
-
-Bù tong can also be used as a noun as in
-
-Tāde dānwèi he nǐde you hěn There is a big difference between
-
-dàde bù tong. his work unit and yours.
-
-You should be aware that tong ’same’, cannot be used as the main verb of
-a sentence to mean ’to be the same’. To say, ’These two things are the
-same’, you must say Zhèiliǎngge dōngxi shi yíyàngde.
-
-qǐnjìn: ’to be close (to), to be on intimate terms (with)’.
-
-Zhèiliǎngge rén hěn qǐnjìn. These two are on intimate terms.
-
-Dàjiā dōu yuànyi qǐnjìn ta. Everyone wants to be friends with
-him.
-
-Notes on No. 19
-
-shōuxiān: ’first (of all), in the anyone/anything else’.
-
-Jīntiān dàjiā kāi huì shōuxiān shi yào jiějué women chǎng
-shēngchǎnshàngde wèntí.
-
-Zài fàndiànli shōuxiān yào zhùyi jiějuéhāo kèrenmende chī fàn he xiūxi
-wèntí.
-
-Zuìjìn wàiguo péngyou hěn duō. Women shōuxiān yào jiějué zhùde wèntí.
-
-xiānhuā: ’fresh flowers’, as which the Chinese are also fond of.
-
-first place, first; first, before
-
-The first thing we want to do at today’s meeting is to solve our
-factory’s problems in production.
-
-A hotel must first of all pay attention to solving the dining and rest
-problems of the guests.
-
-Recently there have been many foreign friends. We must first of all
-solve the lodging problems.
-
-;ed to dried or artificial flowers,
-
-wánjù: ’(children’s) toy’.
-
-Míngtiān érzi guō shēngrì, gěi ta mǎi ge wánjù.
-
-Tomorrow is let’s buy
-
-our boy’s birthday, him a toy.
-
-Note on No. 20
-
-Here you see the specifier -gè are some more examples:
-
-I’d very much like to go visit lots of places in America. America is a
-great country.
-
-I’ve visited and sightseen lots of places in China for three weeks, it’s
-time to go back home.
-
-gèdì: ’each place; various places’ ’each’ used in another compound. Here
-
-Wǒ hen xiang dào Měiguo gèdì qù kànyikàn, Měiguo shi ge wěidàde guójiā.
-
-Zài Zhōngguo gèdì cānguān yǒu-lānle sānge xīngqi, wǒ gāi huí guǒ le.
-
-Peking:
-
-A Canadian student in Peking interviews a population control worker:
-
-A: Wo zài Jiānádàde shihou jiù
-
-tīngshuō Zhōngguo kōngzhi rén-koude gōngzuò zuòde hen chéng-gōng. Nǐ
-néng hu néng gěi wo jiǎngyijiǎng nīmen shi zěnme zuòde?
-
-C: Shōuxiān, zhèngfǔ tíchàng
-
-wǎnhūn. Érqiě, yìhānde shuō, zài chéngli jiéle hūnde rén liǎngnián yǐhòu
-cái yào haizi. Tāmen yào xiǎohair yǐqián yīnggāi zuòdao sān tōngguò.
-
-A: *Sān tōngguò' shi shénme
-
-yìsi ne?
-
-C: 'Sān tōngguò* yě jiùshi shuō
-
-yīnggāi dédao nǐ gōngzuò dānwèi , nǐ zhùde dìfangde jūmín wěiyuánhuì hé
-pàichūsuǒ zhèi-sānge dìfangde tongyì.
-
-A: Gè dānwèi gēn^u shénme biāo-
-
-zhūn pīzhǔn fùnūmen shēng xiǎohair ne?
-
-C: Gè chéngshì dōu you yídìngde
-
-rénkōu chūshēnglū, měinián měige chéngshì zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā yídìng
-shùmude haizi. Zhèixie míng'é Jiù fēnpèigei gègè shìqūde xiāng shēng
-háizide nutóngzhì. Fùnū dōu shi dédao pīzhǔn yǐhòu cái huáiyùnde.
-
-Bù xiāng yào háizide kéyi shíxíng bìyùn; hìyùn gōngjù hé bìyùn yào dōu
-shi miǎnfèide.
-
-A: Ruguo bìyùn shībàile zěnme
-
-bàn?
-
-C: Kéyi dào yīyuàn zuò réngōng
-
-liǔchān, shǒushù bǔbì zìjǐ gěi qián, hái you liāngge xīngqīde
-
-When I was in Canada I heard that population control work is being done
-very successfully in China. Could you explain to me what you do?
-
-First, the government promotes late marriage. Furthermore, generally
-speaking, in the city, married people don’t have children until after
-two years. Before they have a child they should have the 'three
-approvals*.
-
-What does the 'three approvals' mean?
-
-The 'three approvals* means that you should have the consent of your
-work unit, the neighborhood committee of the place you live, and the
-local police station.
-
-According to what criteria do the various units give official permission
-to women to have children?
-
-All the various cities have set population birth rates, and each year
-they can only increase by a certain number of children. These quotas are
-apportioned among women comrades in all the various cities who want to
-have children. Women do not become pregnant until they receive official
-permission.
-
-Those who do not want to have children can practice birth control; all
-contraceptive medicines and contraceptive devices are free.
-
-What is done if birth control fails?
-
-One can go to the hospital to have an abortion. A person doesn't have to
-pay for the operation herself, and
-
-jià, you you gōngzī.
-
-A: Wo hǎoxiàng tīngshuō Zhōngguo
-
-fùnū shēng háizide shihou you wǔshiliùtiānde chǎnjià, érqiě kéyi duō mǎi
-yìxiē yíngyǎngpǐn, shi hu shi?
-
-C: Duì le, chǎnjià you gōngzī.
-
-Chǎnfù hái kéyi mǎi yìliǎngjīn hongtáng, duō mǎi yìliǎngjīn jīdàn.
-Zhōngguo rén dōu xiāngxìn hōngtáng duì chǎnfù hěn hǎo.
-
-A: Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou,
-
-qīnqi péngyou song hu song lǐwù?
-
-C: Qīnqi hé qīnjìnde péngyou
-
-háishi huì song yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù, xiàng xiǎoháizide yǐfu la, xiǎo tǎnzi
-la, xiǎo màozi la, wánjù shenmede. Yě you rén huì song yìxiē shuǐguǒ
-huōzhǎ xiǎnhuā.
-
-A: Yíge jiātíng kéyi you jǐge
-
-xiǎoháir?
-
-C: Zài chéngshìli niánqīng fūfù
-
-zuì duō yào liǎngge háizi.
-
-A: Nongcūnde qíngkuàng zěnmeyàng?
-
-C: Gèdì nongcūnde qíngkuàng hù
-
-tong. Rénkǒu duōde dìfang zhèngfǔ tíchàng jìhuà shēngyù. Nóngcūnlide rén
-yě yòng gè-zhǒng hìyùn gōngjù. Bù shǎo rén yōule liǎngge háizi yǐhòu jiù
-zuò juéyù shǒushù, nánde zuò, nude zuò, dōu kéyi. Nōngmín juéde zuò
-Juéyù shǒushù hǐ yòng hìyùn gōngjù fānghiànde duō.
-
-there is two weeks' leave with pay.
-
-It seems to me I've heard that when Chinese women have children they get
-56 days' maternity leave, and they can also huy extra nutritional food
-items. Is that so?
-
-That's right. The maternity leave is paid. In the month after delivery,
-a woman can also huy one or two catties of hrown sugar, and one or two
-extra catties of eggs. Chinese believe that hrown sugar is very good for
-women during the month after delivery.
-
-When someone has a hahy, do relatives and friends give presents?
-
-Relatives and close friends will still give a few small gifts, like
-clothes for the hahy, little blankets, little hats, toys, and so forth.
-There are also people who will give a little fruit or fresh flowers.
-
-How many children can one family have?
-
-In the city young couples have two children at the most.
-
-What's the situation like in the rural areas?
-
-The situation in rural areas is different in different places. Where
-there's a large population the government promotes family planning.
-People in the rural areas also use all the various kinds of
-contraceptive devices. Quite a few people undergo contraceptive surgery
-after they've had two children. Either men or women may have this done.
-The peasants feel that having contraceptive surgery performed is much
-more convenient than using contraceptive devices.
-
-Keshi zài shaoshù mínzú dìqū, yīnwei rénkǒu shǎo, zhèngfǔ hù tíchàng
-jìhuà shēngyù, suoyi yìbānde jiātíng kéyi duō you jǐge xiǎoháir.
-
-But in the areas populated hy minority nationalities, because the
-population is smaller, the government doesn’t advocate family planning,
-so the average family can have a few more children.
-
-NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
-
-Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou, qǐnqi péngyou song bu song lǐwù?: As stated
-in the dailogue, friends and relatives in the PRC give useful items for
-the baby, like clothes, hats, cups, or perhaps a chicken for the mother.
-These are presented casually.
-
-Vocabulary
-
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| bìyùn bù tong                     | contraception to be different     |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| chǎnfù                            | a woman who has given birth       |
-|                                   | within the last month             |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| chǎnjià chénggōng_(s) chūshēnglù  | maternity leave                   |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to succeed, to be successful      |
-|                                   | birth rate                        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| dānwèi                            | unit                              |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| -dào                              | (indicates successful             |
-|                                   | accomplishment of something)      |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| dédao                             | to receive, to get                |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| fēnpèi                            | to assign, to apportion, to allot |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| gèdì gègè gēnjù (gēnju) gèzhǒng   | the various places, each place    |
-| gōngzī                            | various according to, based on    |
-|                                   | various kinds, types wages, pay   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| hóngtáng                          | brown sugar                       |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| jià jiātíng jìhua shēngyù juéyù   | vacation, leave                   |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| jūmín wěiyuánhuì                  | family                            |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | planned parenthood, family        |
-|                                   | planning sterilization            |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | neighborhood committee            |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| kòngzhi                           | to control                        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| -men miǎnfèi ming’é               | plural suffix                     |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to be free of charge              |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | the number of people assigned or  |
-|                                   | allowed, quota (of people)        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| nóngmín nii                       | peasant female                    |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| pàichūsuǒ(r) pīzhǔn               | the local police station to give  |
-|                                   | official permission               |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| qíngkuàng qīnjìn                  | situation                         |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to be close (to a person)         |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| réngōng liúchǎn                   | abortion                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| sān tōngguò shǎoshù mínzú         | "the three approvals"             |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | minority nationality, national    |
-|                                   | minority                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| shēngyù shībài shìqū shōushù      | to give birth to and raise to     |
-| shōuxiān shùmu                    | fail urban area or district       |
-|                                   | operation, surgery first number   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| tongguò tóngyì                    | to pass, to approve to consent,   |
-|                                   | to agree                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| wánjù                             | toy                               |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| xiāngxìn xiānhuā xiǎoháir         | to believe fresh flowers child,   |
-|                                   | children                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| yě jiù shi shuō yìbān yìbānde     | to mean; in other words ordinary, |
-| shuō yídìng yíngyǎngpǐn           | general, common generally         |
-|                                   | speaking to be specific           |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | food items of special nutritional |
-|                                   | value                             |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| zengjiā                           | to increase                       |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-
-Customs Surroundins Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit U
-
-PART I
-
-1. Nǐde fúqi zhēn hǎo.
-
-2. Zhang Tàitaide xífu tǒuyìtāí jiù gěi ta shēngle yige dǎ sūnzi.
-
-3. Wǒ zhèli you yíge hǒngbāo shi gěi xiǎo bǎohaode.
-
-b. Bù gǎn dāng!
-
-5. Nǐ zhēnshi tǎi kèqi le. Hébì pòfei ne?
-
-6. A: Nǐde nūér shēngxialaide shíhou you duo zhong?
-
-B: Qibǎng ban.
-
-7. A: Wǒ gang wèile ta bù jiù, tā you kū le.
-
-B: Dàgǎi you yào chi nǎi le.
-
-8. Tā zhǎngde hěn piàoliang.
-
-9. A: Nǐ zhège háizi hěn you fúxiàng, ěrduo zhǎngde zhēn dǎ.
-
-B: Tuǒ nínde fú*.
-
-You are really blessed with good fortune.
-
-Mrs. Zhang’s daughter-in-law in her first pregnancy presented her with a
-fine grandson.
-
-I have a "red envelope" for the baby.
-
-I’m flattered. You shouldn’t have.’
-
-You’re too polite. Why should you spend so much money?
-
-How much did your daughter weigh when she was born?
-
-Seven and a half pounds.
-
-I just fed him not long ago, and now he’s crying again.
-
-He probably wants to nurse again.
-
-She is very pretty.
-
-This child of yours has a lucky physiognomy. His ears are really big.
-
-It’s because of your lucky influence.
-
-NOTES ON PART I
-
-Note on No. 1
-
-fúqi: ’blessings, good fortune, luck’.
-
-Wo hěn you fúqi, érzi bāng wo I’m very fortunate, my son helps me bù
-shǎo máng. a lot.
-
-Nǐ zhen méi fúqi, gang chū men jiù xià yǔ le.
-
-You really have bad luck. You just leave on a trip and then it rains.
-
-Notes on No. 2
-
-xífu: ’daughter-in-law, son’s wife’.
-
-Tā xífu hāo piāoliang! Her daughter-in-law is so beautiful!
-
-Wo xífu gōngzuò mángjíle. My daughter-in-law is very busy.
-
-tōu-: ’first’, (literally ’head’) as in tōuyitiān, ’the first day’. Tōu-
-is used much like dì-: before a number and a counter, which may or may
-not be followed by a noun.
-
-tōuyicì the first time
-
-touyige rén the first person
-
-tóuliāngge rén the first two people
-
-tousānběn the first three volumes
-
-In touyige, tou- is stressed and yi is in the neutral tone. Also notice
-that the word for ’two’ is liāng- (not èr as is usually the case when a
-counter follows).
-
-Now here is a comparison of tou- and dì-:
-
-(1) Touyige rén and dìyíge rén are both translated as ’the first
-    person’ and touyige is for the most part interchangeable with
-    dìyíge.
-
-(2) Although the yǐ in touyige is unstressed and written without a
-    tone mark over it, the yī in dìyíge is stressed and said with a
-    second tone (or sometimes with a first tone).
-
-(3) The word for ’two’ is liāng after tou-, but èr after dì-. Dìèrge
-    means ’the second one’, while touliāngge means ’the first two’.
-
-(L) Tou- must be used with a counter, but dì- can be used with just a
-number after it. Here are some examples of dì- used with a number but no
-counter after it:
-
-Wǒ yào māi zhège dōngxi.
-
-Dìyī, zuòde hen hāo; dìèr, hen piányi.
-
-Tā shi dìyī, wǒ shi dìèr.
-
-I’m going to buy this. First, it’s very well made; second, it’s
-inexpensive.
-
-He is first, I’m second.
-
-But touyī-, touliāng-, tóusān- always have a counter word after the
-number.
-
-tāi: This is the counter for pregnancies, whether carried to term or
-not. Literally tāi means ’embryo’. The expression touyitāi can also be
-said toutāi.
-
-Tóusāntāi dōu shi nude, dào dìsìtāi cai shēngle ge érzi.
-
-The first three hahies were all girls it wasn’t until the fourth that
-she had a boy.
-
-Tā shēng tōutǎide shíhou, shēntǐ bú cud. Shēng dìèr-tāide shíhou jiù bù
-xíng le.
-
-When she had her first baby, she was still in pretty good health. But
-when she had her second, it wasn’t good any more.
-
-shēng; ’to give birth to...’ Notice that the Chinese verb shēng is used
-in an active sense which is not always reflected in the English. Compare
-the various translations of shēng in the Reference List, the above
-examples and the dialogue.
-
-sūnzi: ’grandson’. This only refers to the son of one’s son. The son of
-one’s daughter and son-in-law is called wàisūnzi. Here is a chart
-showing how these terms relate to each other.
-
-[]
-
-spouse
-
-[]
-
-[]
-
-(grandson) (granddaughter)
-
-nuer
-
-(daughter
-
-nuxu son-in-law)
-
-[]
-
-waisūnzi waisūnnu
-
-(grandson) (granddaughter)
-
-Notes on No. 3
-
-hóngbāo: 'a red envelope with money in it, given as a gift or bribe’.
-These gifts of money may be given to children by people at least a
-generation older. This usually happens at festive occasions, like New
-Years or a birthday. The amount given varies greatly but there is one
-thing to remember: ‘Do not give an amount with the number four in it!
-The number four, si, closely resembles the verb "to die," sǐ, and is
-therefore considered unlucky. Chinese youth were without any real
-opportunity to make money in the past, so this is one way that it is
-made up for.
-
-xiǎo bǎobao: Literally ■’little treasure’, in other words ’the little
-darling’ or ’the baby’. This word is usually used by women. Some people
-use the word bǎobao (with or without xiǎo) in addressing or speaking
-about babies or children.
-
-The second bǎo in bǎobao is neutral tone; even though it was originally
-also third tone, it does not make the first bǎo change to a rising tone,
-as you might expect (e.g. nǎli). The first bǎo in bǎobao is pronounced
-low,
-
-without any rise in pitch. (Some people also say hǎohǎo and xiao
-bǎobǎo.) IThere are many other words used to refer to babies. Some terms
-used by both men and women include (xiǎo) bēibì, (xiǎo) guāiguai, xiǎo
-jiǎhuo. Some terms used mostly by men include xiǎo bēibei and xiǎo
-budiǎnr.J
-
-Note on No. 4
-
-bù gǎn dāng: ’I’m flattered'. Literally, this means 'I dare not assume
-(the honor you pay me)'. This is a polite response to a compliment (such
-as 'You speak Chinese very well'), to a respectful gesture (such as
-helping someone put on their coat), or to a respectful phrase (like
-'Qǐngjiǎo').
-
-Note on No. 5
-
-pòfei: 'spend money (on someone)', also sometimes translated as 'to
-spend recklessly'.
-
-Rang nín pòfei. or Jiao nín pòfei•
-
-Tā shi wǒ sūnzi, wèi ta pòfei liǎngge qiǎn shi yīnggāide.
-
-I have caused you to spend a lor, of money. (i.e., 'you shouldn't have
-spent all that money on me')
-
-He’s my grandson, it’s only right that I should spend a little money on
-him.
-
-Tā shēngrìde shíhou, Wang Xiānsheng pòfeide zhēn bù shǎo.
-
-For his birthday, Mr. Wang really
-
-spent quite a bit of money on him.
-
-Notes on No. 6
-
-you duo zhòng: 'how heavy?' Zhòng is the adjectival verb 'to be heavy’.
-Notice the similarity between asking age, weight and height. In each the
-pattern is literally 'have how much (of some quality)'.
-
-Nǐ you duo dǎ? How old are you?
-
-Nèizhāng zhuōzi you duo zhòng? How heavy is that table?
-
-Tā you duo gāo? How tall is she?
-
-This pattern is usually confined to measurements of some sort.
-
-bang: 'pound (unit of weight)’. In addition to the traditional Chinese
-units of weight such as dǎn 'picul (100 liters approximately)', jIn
-'catty (1 1/3 lbs.)', liǎng 'tael (105 grams approximately)’, and the
-metric system of weights, such as gōngliǎng *100 grams’ and gōng jin
-’kilogram', you also find customary American units such as 'pound' used.
-
-Notes on No. 7
-
-gang wèile tā bù jiǔ: This means 'It's only been a short while SINCE I
-fed him.', NOT 'I fed him for only a short while.' Chinese can
-distinguish between the duration of a continued activity and the
-duration of something not happening by putting these two types of
-duration phrases in different places in the sentence.
-
-Let's review time when and time spent, and take a look at how you
-express TIME WITHIN WHICH something didn't happen and TIME ELAPSED since
-something happened.
-
-1. Simple duration phrases, that is phrases telling how long an
-    activity went on, follow the verb. These contrast with phrases
-    telling the time when something happened, which come before the
-    verb.
-
-Simple duration
-
-Ta zai Xianggang zhù liāng-tiān.
-
-He’s staying in Hong Kong for two days.
-
-Tā zuòle wǔfēn zhōng, jiù zǒu le.
-
-He sat for five minutes and then left.
-
-Time when
-
-Ta shi zuǒtian dàode.
-
-She arrived yesterday.
-
-2. The amount of time something did not happen, that is the TIME
-    WITHIN WHICH the activity has not taken place, is expressed in
-    negative sentences with time phrases before the verb.
-
-Time Within with a Negative Verb
-
-Women yìnián méi jiàn le.
-
-Wǒ yijīng yíge yuè méi qù nar le.
-
-We haven’t seen each other for a year.
-
-I haven’t been going there for a month now.
-
-3. To express the time elapsed since an activity took place the
-    duration phrase is again placed after the verb.
-
-Time elapsed in an affirmative sentence
-
-  ---- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------
-  Wo   zuòwánle yǐjīng yíge zhōngtou le.   I’ve been done for an hour already.
-  Tā   cai zěule yíge xīngqi.              It’s been only a week since he left
-  Wo   gāng líkāi zhèige wūzi              I’ve been out of the room only a
-  ---- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------
-
-bù jiù. short while.
-
-Note on No. 7
-
-chī nǎi: ’to eat (mother’s) milk’, in other words, **to breastfeed” and
-by extension ’to drink milk’, even from a bottle. Similarly, wèi nai can
-mean ’to feed milk (to a baby)* without specifying mother’s milk or
-otherwise. To distinguish between breast feeding and bottle feeding, one
-can say chī māmade nǎi, ’to eat mother’s milk’. And from the mother’s
-point of view, one can say mama zìji gěi haizi wèi nǎi, ’the mother
-nurses the child herself.’
-
-Note on No. 8
-
-Tǎ zhǎngde hěn piàoliang: * She’s very pretty.’ Zhǎngde piàoliang
-literally means ’grow pretty’, but it should be translated simply as ’is
-pretty*. Zhangde ... is often used in descriptions of the appearance of
-living things. In these cases, zhǎngde ... is absent of any meaning such
-as ’has grown ...’, ’has come to be ...’ or ’has become ...’; it simply
-means ’is, are*.
-
-Tǎ zhǎngde hěn hǎokàn. She is very beautiful.
-
-Tā zhǎngde gēn wo yíyàng gāo. She is just as tall as I am.
-
-Tāde lian zhǎngde gēn wo mèi- Her face looks just like my little
-
-mei yíyàng. sister.
-
-There is almost no difference in meaning between Tā hěn piàoliang and
-
-Tā zhǎngde hěn piàoliang. Both are used frequently. But there is a
-difference in meaning between Tā zhǎngde hěn gāo and Tā zhǎnggāo le: the
-former means ’He is very tali’, and the latter ’He has grown tall*.
-
-Notes on No. 9
-
-fúxiàng: ’auspicious physiognomy’. This phrase implies something more
-than ’lucky face’. The word fú expresses the destiny of a person to
-enjoy a life of good fortune. Xiang is a person’s looks considered from
-the point of view of fortune telling. Traditionally, it was believed
-that a person's destiny could be determined from the individual
-variations of his hands, bones, face, ears, hair, and so forth. The
-xiàng includes the face, ears, hairline, and bumps on the head.
-
-...erduo zhǎngde zhēn dǎ: Portraits of some of the most admired men in
-Chinese history depict them with long ears. (Long ears are thought to
-indicate wisdom.) It was thought that rulers in particular were so
-endowed. Buddha is also pictured with long ears, as he appeared in
-Indian portrayals.
-
-Taipei:
-
-Mrs. Song’s daughter-in-law, Bǎolǎn, has just recently had a baby. A
-friend of the family, Mrs. Zhāng, comes to pay them a visit:
-
-Z: Song Taitai, nín xífu shēngle
-
-meiyou?
-
-S: Shēng le. Shēngle ge nánháizi.
-
-Z: ōu! Nín fùqi zhēn hao. Tā
-
-tóuyitāi jiù gěi nin shēngle yige da súnzi. Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ.
-
-S: Xièxie, xièxie! Lai kànkan
-
-wǒ xífu gēn xiǎo bǎobao ba!
-
-Z: Hǎo.
-
-Bǎolǎn! Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Nǐ hǎo ma?
-
-B: Wǒ hen hǎo. Zhāng Bomù, nín
-
-lai le.
-
-Z: Ou! Nǐ zhè haizi hen you
-
-fúxiāng, ǒrduo zhǎngde name da!
-
-B: Xièxie! Tuō nínde fú!
-
-Z: Tā shēngxialaide shíhou you
-
-duō zhòng a?
-
-B: Qībàng ban.
-
-Z: Ùg, zhēn bù xiǎo.
-
-S: Tā zhēn néng chī. Bǎolàn
-
-gāng wèile ta bù jiù, xiànzài you kū le. Dàgài you yào chǐ nǎi le.
-
-Z: Tā kūde shēngyin hen dà.
-
-Shēntǐ yídìng hen jiànkāng.
-
-B: Duì! Tā cōng yǐyuàn huílai
-
-yíge lǐbài jiù zhǎngle yíbàng.
-
-Z: Wǒ lái yǐqiǎn xiǎngzhe nǐ
-
-yīnggāi shēngle, suōyi
-
-Mrs. Song, has your daughter-in-law had the baby yet?
-
-Yes. It’s a boy.
-
-Oh! How lucky you are. She had a nice big grandson for you—and it was
-her first! Congratulations.
-
-Thank you. Come see my daughter-in-law and the baby!
-
-Okay.
-
-Congratulations, Bǎolǎn! How are you?
-
-Well Mrs. Zhāng! I’m fine, thanks.
-
-Oh! He’s got a very lucky physiognomy. Such big ears,’
-
-Thank you! It’s because of your lucky influence!
-
-How much did he weigh at birth?
-
-Seven and a half pounds.
-
-Hm. That’s really pretty big.
-
-He eats like a horse. Bǎolǎn just fed him a little while ago, and now
-he’s crying again. He probably wants to nurse again.
-
-He cries so loudly. He must be very healthy.
-
-Yes! In the week after he came back from the hospital, he gained a
-pound.
-
-Before I came I thought you should have had the baby by now, so I got a
-zhùnbèile yíge hóngbāo. Shi gěi xiǎo bǎobaode.
-
-B: Bù gǎn dang. Nín tai kèqi
-
-le. Hébì pofei ne?
-
-Z: Bú shi kèqi. Zhí shi yìdiǎn
-
-xiǎo yìsi.
-
-B: Xièxie! Xièxie!
-
-’red envelope* ready. It’s for the baby.
-
-You shouldn’t have. That’s too polite of you. Why should you spend
-money?
+They practice birth control too, but it isn't as successful as in the
+city.
 
-I’m not being polite. This is just a little something to express my
-feelings.
+Are contraceptive devices expensive?
 
-Thank you!
+The government encourages people to practice birth control, so all
+contraceptive medicines and devices are free.
 
 PART II
 
-10. Zhōngguo rén xiāngxìn chǎnfù mǎnyuè yīqián hu kéyi chuī fēng.
-
-11. Chǎnfù zuò yuèzide shíhou yào tèbié xiǎoxīn.
-
-12. Zhōngguo rén dōu shuō chī Zhōngyàode shíhou, hú yào chī
-    shēnglěng.
-
-13. Yīshēng shuō wǒ déle fēngshī, zuì hǎo hú yào pèng lěngshuī.
-
-1U. Nǐ yīnggāi duō tǎngzhe, zhùyi xiūxi, zhèyang cai néng huīfude kuài.
-
-15. Jiàndao Wang Bùzhǎngde shíhou qiǎnwàn dāngxīn, hié suíhiàn shuō
-    huà.
-
-16. Tā jiéhūn yǐqián duì tā xiān-sheng liǎojiěde húgòu, jiéguō
-    jiéhūn yǐhōu hěn tòngkǔ.
-
-17. Nǐ kàn tā duo kuài, yíxiàzi jiù hǎ fàn zuōhǎo le.
-
-18. Nà shi Wángjiāde xífu, zhènme pang!
-
-Chinese people believe that women who have just given hirth should stay
-out of drafts until the child is a full month old.
-
-Women who have just given hirth should he especially careful during the
-month after delivery.
-
-Chinese people say that when you take Chinese medicine, you shouldn’t
-eat raw or cold things.
-
-The doctor says I’ve got rheumatism and that it would he hest for me not
-to come in contact with cold water.
-
-You should lie down more and pay attention to your rest; that’s the only
-way you’ll recover quickly.
-
-When you see Secretary Wang, he sure to watch yourself, don’t he
-careless in what you say.
-
-Before she got married she didn’t understand her husband well enough and
-as a result she suffered a lot after the marriage.
-
-Look at how fast he is, he got dinner ready in no time at all.
-
-That is the Wang family’s daughter-in-law, she’s so fat!
-
-NOTES ON PART II
-
-Notes on No. 10
-
-mǎnyuè: ’thirtieth day after a child is born’, literally, ’full-month’.
-(it also means ’full moon’.) This refers to a baby’s completion of the
-first full month of life and is a cause of celebration.
-
-Wángjiā háizi kuài mǎnyuè le, The Wang’s hahy is about to be a qīng
-dàjiā qù chī mǎnyuè month old, and they’re asking
-
-jiù. everyone to go take part in the
-
-’full month’ banquet.
-
-chuī fēng: Literally, ’to blow wind’, but actually ’to be in a current
-of air, a draft, the wind’. Although what blows is the wind, fēng ’wind’
-seems to be in the object position in this phrase. Chǎnfù bù keyi chuī
-fēng does not mean ’’Women recently delivered of a child cannot blow
-wind", but rather, ’’Women recently delivered of a child cannot have
-wind blow on them." Traditionally, Chinese women were to stay out of
-drafts because of the very poor overall health situation of the country,
-and because of the importance of caring for the next generation. Of the
-three (Confucian) ways to be unfilial, the worst was to be heirless.
-
-Nīde bìng gang hǎo, bu yào You're just over your illness,
-
-chūqu chuī fēng. don’t go out in a draft.
-
-Notes on No. 11
-
-zuò yuèzi: Literally, ’to sit the yuèzi', yuèzi being the month after
-giving birth during which a woman is supposed to take special care of
-her health. There are different motivations underlying this custom.
-Woman’s most important function (indeed her only one) was to aide in
-perpetuating the family line. Therefore it was essential to take special
-precautions for her own health so that she would nurse a healthy baby.
-Another idea was that a woman’s body at this time was "dirty" and to
-avoid offending the door gods she should not go past them.
-
-Tā zuò yuèzide shíhou, kě xiǎo- During the first month after delivery
-xìn, méi chūguo yìtiān men. she was extremely careful. She
-
-didn’t go out once.
-
-xiǎoxīn: ’to be careful’, literally, ’small-heart’. Xiǎoxīn is an
-adjectival verb which can be used with or without an object following.
-
-Tā zhèige rén bù zěnmeyàng, hé This guy is nothing special, you’d tā zuò
-péngyou yào xiǎoxīn. better be careful making friends
+12. Zài Zhōngguo, you gōngzuòde fùnu shēng háizi you chǎnjià, hái you
+gōngzì■
 
-with him.
+13. Hěn duō Zhōngguo fùnū yòng gèzhōng hìyùn gōngjù shíxíng jìhuà
+shēngyù.
 
-Xiǎoxīn.’ Qiánbianr shi hóngdēng. Careful.’ There’s a red light up
-ahead.
+1U. Zhōngguo ren zuò juéyù shōushù-de duō hu duō?
 
-Xiǎoxīn nèige rén! Be careful of that person.’
+15. Bìyùn shīhàide rén kéyi dào yíyuàn qu zuò réngōng liú-chǎn, hái
+kéyi you liǎngge xíngqíde Jia.
 
-Xiǎoxīn guò mǎlù. Be careful crossing the street.
+16. Zài shǎoshù mínzū dìqū rénkǒu bǐjiǎo shǎo.
 
-Note on No. 12
+17. Zhōngguo rén xiāngxìn hōngtáng duì chǎnfù shi yìzhōng hěn hǎode
+yíngyǎngpǐn.
 
-shēngleng: 'raw or cold foods'. Traditional Chinese medicine divides
-foods into yin and yang Yin are "cool" (liángxìngde) foods, that is,
-foods that make the system cool; yang foods are "hot" (rèxìngde), that
-is, they make the system hot. These characteristics are not dependant on
-the degree temperature at which the food is eatenj but are rather
-inherent in the food. For example crab, white sugar, and most vegetables
-and fruits are yin or cool while hot pepper, lard, millet, brown sugar,
-and certain fruits such as canteloupe and lichee nuts are all
-particularly yang or hot. Generally speaking, yang foods harmonize with
-body temperature while yin foods shock the system. Nonetheless, a
-balance between the two kinds of foods must be maintained. Too much yang
-food can cause the body's "heat" to rise too much (shàng huo), minor
-symptoms of which might include a cough, fever, dry mouth, blisters on
-the tongue, and constipation. On the ocher hand, too much yin food is
-bad for the stomach and can cause diarrhea.
+18. Tǎ hé hiérén hù tong, tā shi wō zuì qìnjìnde péngyou.
 
-The body's "heat" (huo) can be regulated by eating one or the other kind
-of foods. Thus in hot weather, when the huo naturally rises, one should
-eat "cool" foods to lower the huo (qing huo), and in the winter one
-should eat "hot" foods. Likewise, certain illnesses call for the eating
-of one kind of food or the other: one should eat "cool" foods to
-counteract infections and fevers, while one should eat "hot" foods to
-build up one's strength if one has a disease which makes him weak. In
-particular, women giving birth should eat plenty of the "hot" type of
-foods.
+19. Shǒuxiān yào qù gěi Mama mǎi xiānhuā, ránhòu hái yào gěi ni hǎ
+wánjù xiūlihǎo.
 
-Shēngleng, raw or cold foods, have also traditionally been considered
-bad for women who are pregnant or have just given birth. Given sanitary
-conditions in traditional China, this is understandable.
+20. Tándao Zhōngguode nongcūn, gèdìde qíngkuàng dōu hù tong.
 
-Chi shēnglengde dōngxi yídìng When eating raw things, be sure to yào
-xǐgānjing. wash them well.
+In China working women get maternity leave when they have a child and
+they still receive their pay.
 
-de: 'to get, a catch (a disease)
+Many Chinese women use various kinds of contraceptive devices to carry
+out family planning.
 
-Wo de bìng yǐhòu, méi bànfa niàn shū le.
+Are there many Chinese people who have contraceptive surgery performed
+on them?
 
-Tā de bìng yǐqián, shēntǐ hen hāo.
+A person who fails at hirth control can go to the hospital to have an
+abortion performed, and they can also have two weeks of leave.
 
-Tā dede shi shénme bìng?
+The population is relatively small in the national minority areas.
 
-Dé bìng means 'to get an illness'.
+Chinese believe that brown sugar is a very nutritional food for women
+who have given birth within the last month.
 
-After I got sick, I couldn't study any more.
+She’s different from other people, she’s my closest friend.
 
-Before she got ill, her health was very good.
+First I have to go buy fresh flowers for your mother, and then I have to
+fix your toy for you too.
 
-What illness was it that she got?
+As for the rural areas of China, the situation is different in various
+places.
 
-Here are some examples of dé followed by the name of an illness:
+NOTES ON PART II
 
-Tā dé gānmào yǐhòu, jiù méiyou He didn't go out after he got a cold,
-chūlaiguo.
+Notes on No. 12
 
-QÙniān dōngtiān, tā dele xuěyā gāo.
+chǎnjià: ’maternity leave’. The syllable chǎn, literally ’to give birth
+to’ is used in compounds meaning ’maternity, delivery, birth’. It can
+also be used outside the context of human reproduction in compounds
+meaning ’to produce, production’, as in chǎnpǐn ’product’.]
 
-Last winter, he got high blood pressure.
+gōngzī: ’wages, pay’, literally ’labor-capital’.
 
-Here are some more examples sentences showing various uses of de:
+...you chānjià, hái you gōngzi: For a normal birth, a woman is given
+fifty-six days of paid leave; for a difficult birth, seventy days; and
+for twins, ninety days after the birth. After this period, one hour per
+day is allowed off in order to nurse the baby.
 
-Jīnniān guè shēngrì wo dele I got a new book on my birthday this
+Notes on No. 13
 
-yìběn xīn shū. year.
+gèzhōng: ’various kinds, every kind’. Ge ’each’ is a specifier like
+zhèi- ’this’ or nèi- ’that’. As a specifier, it can be followed by
+counters. Here you see ge- used with the counter -zhǒng ’types, kinds,
+sort, species’. Here are some other ways gè- is used:
 
-Xiǎodì jīntiān néng de hǎojǐ- Little brother will be able to get ge
-hongbāo! a lot of "red envelopes" today!
+u
 
-Of course, de cannot be used in all cases when we would say ’get’ in
-English. For one thing, de only means to receive passively, whereas
-English ’get’ sometimes denotes actively seeking to obtain, as in ’I’m
-going to the supply room to get some paper and pens’, or ’I got a
-package of cereal at the supermarket’. In these cases, dé would not be
-appropriate in Chinese. To show you some other ways in which the English
-word ’get’ is expressed in Chinese, here are some Chinese sentences
-which do not use de although the English translation uses ’get*:
+Tā néng dào gèguō qù luxíng It’s great that he can go to all
 
-Zuotian lai nǐde diānhuā le. Yesterday you got a phone call (but
+zhēn bú cuò. sorts of countries.
 
-you weren’t here to get it.)
+Xuéshengmen yinggāi you gèrén-de xuéxi jìhua.
 
-Zuotian wo jiēdāo tāde diānhuā Yesterday I got a phone call from le.
-him (and was there to receive it.)
+Míngtiānde diànyǐngr piào gègè dānwèi dōu you.
 
-Tā zēngjiā gōngzī le.
+Students should each have their own plan of study.
 
-Tā jiā xīnshuǐ le.
+Each and every unit has movie tickets for tomorrow.
 
-Wǒ shōudàole yíge zhāngdān.
+Sometimes ge- is followed directly by the noun.
 
-Wǒ cóng tā nār bǎ jiègei tade nèiběn shū nāhuilai le.
+Jīntiān xiàwu gè dānwèi dōu This afternoon every unit is having
 
-Yǒ gěi wǒ nǎ yíge lai•
+kāi huì. a meeting.
 
-Cong shenme dìfang wo néng mǎidao yíge xiāng zhèiyangrde?
+bìyùn gōngju: ’contraceptive devices’. This does not refer to birth
+control pills. EBìyùnpǐn ’birth control products’ includes both bìyùnyào
+’birth control pills’ and bìyùn gōngjù.i
 
-He got a raise in wages.
+jìhuà shēngyù: ’family planning, planned parenthood’. Jìhuà means
 
-He got a raise in salary.
+’plan; to plan’. Shēngyù literally means ’to give birth to and raise’.
 
-I got a bill.
+Notes on No. lh
 
-I got the book back which I lent him.
+juéyù: ’sterilization,’ or ’to sterilize, to be sterilized,’ applies to
+operations for men and women. Sterilization for women is still much more
+common than for men; and more prevalent in the cities than in the
+countryside.
 
-Get one for me too.
+Tā juédìng juéyù. He has decided on sterilization.
 
-Where can I get (buy) one of those?
+Juéyù shi jiějué Zhōngguo Sterilization is one good way to
 
-fēngshi: ’rheumatism’, literally
+rénkōu wèntíde yíge hāo bànfa. solve China’s population problem.
 
-Tā you fēngshi, tiān yì lěng tuǐ téngde lìhai.
+shǒushù: ’surgery’.
 
-’wind-humid’.
+Dàifu gěi ta zuòde shǒushù hěn chénggōng.
 
-He has rheumatism, as soon as it gets cold, his leg hurts severely.
+The surgery the doctor performed on him was very successful.
 
-pèng: ’to touch’, only in the sense of one object coming into contact
-with another. The verb pèng can also mean to come into contact with
-something in a violent way, ’to hit, to bump into’. Whether pèng means
-merely ’to touch’ or ’to bump into’ must be determined by context.
+Notes on No. 1$
 
-Ni bie peng zheige zhuōzi. Don’t touch this table.
+shībài: ’to fail’.
 
-Tāde chē kě bùdeliǎo. Biérén His car is terrific! Other people pèng dōu
-bù néng pèng, gèng can’t even touch it, not to mention
+Tā zuò mǎimai shībài le. He failed in business.
 
-bú yào shuō Jièqu kāi le! borrowing it to drive!
+Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō tā shibài On what basis do you say that he
 
-CSome other words meaning ’to touch’ are āi ’to be close to, to be next
-to, to be touching’
+le? failed?
 
-Ta zui pa da zhen. Zhen hai méi āidao ta, tā jiù dà jiao.
+réngōng liúchǎn: ’abortion’, more literally, ’artificial miscarriage’.
 
-dōng: ’to touch, to handle’
+dào yīyuàn qu zuò réngōng liúchǎn: ’go to the hospital to have an
+abortion performed’. Zuò réngōng liúchǎn here means ’to have an abortion
+done', not of course ’to do an abortion'. Compare the following two
+sentences:
 
-Nǐ bié dōng wo zhuōzishangde dōngxi, děng yìhuǐr wǒ huí-laile zìjǐ
-shōushi.
+Yīshēng gěi ta zuòle réngōng The doctor performed an abortion on
 
-mō: ’to feel, to rub, to touch’ Here ’to be soft, yielding to the
-touch’.
+liúchǎn. her.
 
-Zhèijiàn yīfu zhēn hǎo, mōshang-qu ruǎnruǎnde; chuānzhe yídìng hěn
-shūfu.
+Tā zuòle réngōng liúchǎn. She had an abortion.
 
-She is extremely afraid of getting shots. She cries out before the
-needle has even touched her.
+In the first sentence, the subject of the sentence (yīshēng) performed
+the abortion. In the second sentence, the subject of the sentence (tā)
+had the abortion performed. In some cases, a verb-object in Chinese can
+mean either 'to do something' or 'to have something done'. Here are some
+more examples:
 
-Don't touch the things on my desk, in a while when I come back I’ll
-straighten them up myself.
+Zhènme hǎode yīfu, shéi gěi nǐ Who made such nice clothes for you?
+zuòde?
 
-you also need to know that ruǎn means
+Zài Měiguo zuò yīfu hěn guì. It's really expensive to have clothes
 
-This piece of clothing is really nice very soft to the touch; it must be
-very comfortable to wear.]
+made in America.
 
-Notes on No. 1U
+jià: 'leave, vacation'. You have seen this as part of the word chǎnjià
+’maternity leave’. Here you see it used by itself.
 
-tang: ’to lie down’. This is an action verb. Under most circumstances it
-requires some kind of complement: either a zài phrase telling where the
-subject ended up in a lying position, as in
+Notes on No. 16
 
-Ta tangzai chuangshang le. He lay down on the bed.
+shǎoshù mǐnzú: 'minority natiionalities', often translated as 'national
+minorities’. Besides the Han people, China has over fifty national
+minorities which are spead out over fifty to sixty percent of the land
+area and make up six percent of the total population of the country. The
+largest minorities are the Mongols (mostly in the Nèi Měnggú Zìzhìqū,
+'Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region'), the Hui (Chinese Muslims),
+Tibetans, Uighurs (in the Xīnjiāng Wéiwú-ěr Zìzhìqū, 'Xinxiang Uighur
+Autonomous Region'), and the Miao (found in several southern provinces).
 
-or the durative apsect marker -zhe, as in
+Shǎoshù mínzúde yīfu dōu hěn hǎo kàn.
 
-Tā zài chuangshang tǎngzhe.
+Zhōngguo you wǔshijǐge shǎoshù-mínzú.
 
-or the directional ending -xia(lai),
+The clothing of the national minorities is very beautiful.
 
-Dàifu jiào wo tǎngxia.
+China has fifty-odd minority nationalities.
 
-or the completion le, as in
+Notes on No. 1?
 
-Tangle bàntiān, háishi bu shūfu.
+xiāngxìn: ’to believe (that), to trust (someone), to believe in, to have
+faith in’.
 
-Tā tangle yìhuǐr, jiù Juéde hǎo yìdiǎnr le.
+Wǒ xiāngxìn, women liǎngguǒ I believe that the friendship between
 
-He is/was lying on the bed.
+rénmínde yǒuyì yídìng huì the people of our two countries
 
-as in
+búduàn fāzhǎn. will constantly grow.
 
-The doctor told me to lie down.
+Compare xiāngxìn to the verb xìn, which you learned in the last unit.
+For the second example you need to know you is a verb meaning ’it’s up
+to...’.
 
-I lay down for quite a long time, but still felt ill.
+Bié xìn tāde huà. Don’t believe what he says.
 
-After I laid down for a while, I felt better.
+Xìn bu xìn you ni. Believe it or not, as you like.
 
-huīfu: ’to restore; to return to health)’.
+hōngtáng: ’brown sugar’, literally ’red sugar’. The Chinese often use
+brown sugar in cooking and for medicinal purposes. For example, a common
+remedy for colds is a hot drink made by boiling ginger root and brown
+sugar in water CjiāngtāngC, or simply brown sugar water Ctángshuǐ3.
 
-Zhèige gōngchāng yījīng huīfu shēngchǎn le.
+chǎnfù: ’a woman who has given birth within the last month’. [Contrast
+this word with yùnfù ’a pregnant woman*.3 The birth of a child is
+celebrated on the successful completion of the first month of life.
 
-Tā qiánjǐnián dào nóngcūn qu le. Zuìjìn cái huīfu gōngzuò.
+yíngyǎngpǐn: ’a nutritional food item’. Yíngyǎng means ’nutrition’, for
+example:
 
-A: Wǒ shàngge yuè shēng bìng-le, zhèige xīngqi cái huīfu yìdiǎnr.
+Dòujiāng hěn you yíngyǎng. Soy bean milk is very nitritious.
 
-B: Kan nǐde yàngzi, huīfude bú cuò.
+-Pin is a syllable used in many words to mean ’item, article, product’,
+[for example jìniànpǐn ’souvenir’, yòngpǐn ’item of use’, chǎnpǐn
+’produce’, gōngyèpǐn ’industrial product’3.
 
-(an original state); to recover (one’s
+As the Reference List sentence shows, the mother’s health continues to
+be an important consideration even after the child is born. Both
+mother’s and baby’s health are carefully attended to after birth, while
+Western medicine emphasizes the mother’s health only as long as she is
+carrying the child.
 
-This factory has already restored production. (Production in many areas
-was stopped during the turmoil of the Great Cultural Revolution.)
+Notes on No. 18
 
-She went to the countryside several years ago. Only recently did she
-return to work.
+bù tōng: ’to be not the same, to be different’. This is often used in
 
-I was sick last month and only this week am feeling like myself again.
+the pattern ...he ... bù tong,
 
-Looking at your appearance I’d say you’re pretty well recovered.
+is different from ...’.
 
-Notes on No. 1$
+Hùzhào he luxíngzhèng wanquan bù tong, nǐ bú yào nòngcuò le.
 
-qiānwàn: ’by all means, for sure’
+A passport and a travel permit are completely different. Don’t mistake
+them.
 
-Nèitiáo jiēshang chē tài duō, nī qiānwàn bié qù.
+Zhèige gōngchǎng jīnnián he qùniánde qíngkuàng hěn bù tong.
 
-Nī gāng Xue kāi chē, qiānwàn xiāoxīn.
+The situation in the factory this year is very different from last year.
 
-Qiānwàn zhùyì, bú yào xiěcuò le, xiěcuòle kě máfan.
+Bù tong can also be used as a noun as in
 
-literally ’thousand ten-thousands*.
+Tāde dānwèi he nǐde you hěn There is a big difference between
 
-There are too many cars on that street, you are absolutely not to go
-there.
+dàde bù tong. his work unit and yours.
 
-You’ve only just learned to drive a car, be sure to be careful.
+You should be aware that tong ’same’, cannot be used as the main verb of
+a sentence to mean ’to be the same’. To say, ’These two things are the
+same’, you must say Zhèiliǎngge dōngxi shi yíyàngde.
 
-Be sure to be careful, don’t write this incorrectly, if you do it’ll be
-so much trouble.
+qǐnjìn: ’to be close (to), to be on intimate terms (with)’.
 
-dāngxīn: ’to watch out, to watch oneself, to be cautious’. Not to be
-confused with dānxīn, ’to worry’.
+Zhèiliǎngge rén hěn qǐnjìn. These two are on intimate terms.
 
-Gāng xiàle xuě, chū men dāngxīn! It’s just snowed, watch yourself when
-you go out.
+Dàjiā dōu yuànyi qǐnjìn ta. Everyone wants to be friends with
+him.
 
-Kāi chē shàng jiē dāngxīn yì- Watch yourself when you go out diǎnr a!
-driving downtown!
+Notes on No. 19
 
-Notes on No. 16
+shōuxiān: ’first (of all), in the anyone/anything else’.
 
-jiéguǒ: ’as a result, and so ...’. One of the uses of this word is to
-connect the thought of one sentence with the next. (Another is as the
-noun ’result(s)*.) It provides a transition from one sentence to
-another, as in
+Jīntiān dàjiā kāi huì shōuxiān shi yào jiějué women chǎng
+shēngchǎnshàngde wèntí.
 
-'As a result, then Below is a monologue which takes place in
-Peking,
+Zài fàndiànli shōuxiān yào zhùyi jiějuéhāo kèrenmende chī fàn he xiūxi
+wèntí.
 
-in which the apeaker uses the word jiéguo in this way several times.
-(This is not meant to he an example of eloquence; in fact, you should
-not use jiéguo as repetitively as this speaker.)
+Zuìjìn wàiguo péngyou hěn duō. Women shōuxiān yào jiějué zhùde wèntí.
 
-Wo tīngshuō Xiǎo Wang he Xiǎo Lǐ tan liàn’ài le. Tǎnde zěnme yàng ne?
-Tǎnde hú cuò. Liǎngge rén dōu méiyou yìjian. JiéguS Xiǎo Wǎngde fùqin bù
-tongyì. Zhèijiàn shi kě jiù hù hǎo hàn le. Xiǎngle hàntiān, jiéguS
-haishi Xiǎo Wang qù zhǎo jūmín wěiyuǎnhuì. Jūwěihuìde gànhu hé Xiǎo Wang
-tǎnle hàntiān, jiéguǒ hai hù xíng. Zěnme hàn? Xiǎo Wang you qù zhǎo
-pàichūsuS. PàichūsuSde gànhu you lai hé Lǎo Wang tǎnle hàntiān, haishi
-méiyou jiéguS. Zuìhòu nǐ xiǎng zěnmeyàng, Xiǎo Lǐ zìjǐ lai hé Lǎo Wang
-tǎnle, shuō jiéhūn yīhòu hù hānchuqu zhù, tā zhàogu lǎorénjiā. Zhèihuǐr
-Lǎo Wǎng mǎnyì le. JiéguS Xiǎo Wǎng Xiǎo Lǐ gāogāoxìngxìng jiéhūn le.
+xiānhuā: ’fresh flowers’, as which the Chinese are also fond of.
 
-I heard that Xiǎo Wǎng and Xiǎo Lǐ are in love. How serious? Really
-serious. The two of them had no problems with the idea (of getting
-married). But then Xiǎo Wǎng’s father didn’t agree. The whole thing
-became difficult to arrange. They thought for a long time, and as a
-result it was Xiǎo Wǎng who went to seek out the neighborhood committee.
-The neighborhood committee cadres talked with Old Wǎng (Xiǎo Wǎng’s
-father) for a long time. But then it still didn’t go over. What to do?
-Xiǎo Wǎng then went to seek out the local police station. And the police
-station cadres went to talk with Old Wǎng too, but still no result. Well
-what do you think happened in the end? Xiǎo Lǐ went herself to talk with
-Old Wǎng. She said that after they married they wouldn’t move out, that
-she would take care of the old gentleman. That’s when Old Wǎng became
-satisfied. So in the end Xiǎo Wǎng and Xiǎo Lǐ were happily married.
+first place, first; first, before
 
-tòngkū: ’to be in pain, to be suffering’.
+The first thing we want to do at today’s meeting is to solve our
+factory’s problems in production.
 
-Tā nèi shíhou hen tòngkū. She was in a great deal of pain at
+A hotel must first of all pay attention to solving the dining and rest
+problems of the guests.
 
-that time.
+Recently there have been many foreign friends. We must first of all
+solve the lodging problems.
 
-Liàn’ài shībàile tā hěn tòngkū. It was very hard on him when they broke
-up.
+;ed to dried or artificial flowers,
 
-Zheijiàn shìqing ràng ta This matter pained him a great deal,
+wánjù: ’(children’s) toy’.
 
-fēichǎng tòngkū.
+Míngtiān érzi guō shēngrì, gěi ta mǎi ge wánjù.
 
-Notes on No. 17
+Tomorrow is let’s buy
 
-duo kuài: ’how fast’.’ Duo or the alternate form duome is used in
-exclamatory sentences to mean ’how ...!’ Here are some more examples:
+our boy’s birthday, him a toy.
 
-Nǐ kàn cai shuōle liǎngjù huà, tā jiù bù gāoxìng le. Duo
+Note on No. 20
 
-You see you only have to say two sentences and she gets unhappy.
+Here you see the specifier -gè are some more examples:
 
-rang rén bù hǎo yìsi!
+I’d very much like to go visit lots of places in America. America is a
+great country.
 
-It really makes a person embarrassed!
+I’ve visited and sightseen lots of places in China for three weeks, it’s
+time to go back home.
 
-Zhèi kùzi zhènme duǎn, chuǎn-shang duo nánshdu!
+gèdì: ’each place; various places’ ’each’ used in another compound. Here
 
-Zhèiběn shū xiěde duo hǎo!
+Wǒ hen xiang dào Měiguo gèdì qù kànyikàn, Měiguo shi ge wěidàde guójiā.
 
-Wo bǎ chē yǎoshi fǎngzi chuangshang. Duo ben!
+Zài Zhōngguo gèdì cānguān yǒu-lānle sānge xīngqi, wǒ gāi huí guǒ le.
 
-yíxiǎzi: in no time’.
+Peking:
 
-Wǒ huà hái méi shuōwán, tā yíxiǎzi jiù shēngqì le. Shéi zhīdao
-wèishénme?
+A Canadian student in Peking interviews a population control worker:
 
-These pants are so short, when you wear them they’ll be so
-uncomfortable.
+A: Wo zài Jiānádàde shihou jiù
 
-This book is so well written!
+tīngshuō Zhōngguo kōngzhi rén-koude gōngzuò zuòde hen chéng-gōng. Nǐ
+néng hu néng gěi wo jiǎngyijiǎng nīmen shi zěnme zuòde?
 
-I left the car keys on the bed. How stupid!
+C: Shōuxiān, zhèngfǔ tíchàng
 
-’in a flash, at one blow, at one fell swoop, all at once,
+wǎnhūn. Érqiě, yìhānde shuō, zài chéngli jiéle hūnde rén liǎngnián yǐhòu
+cái yào haizi. Tāmen yào xiǎohair yǐqián yīnggāi zuòdao sān tōngguò.
 
-I hadn’t yet finished speaking when he got angry all of a sudden. Who
-knows why?
+A: *Sān tōngguò' shi shénme
 
-Notes on No. 18
+yìsi ne?
 
-Wángjiā: ’the Wang family’, referring either to the people, the social
-unit, or their home (in which case it can be used as a place word).
+C: 'Sān tōngguò* yě jiùshi shuō
 
-pǎng: ’to be fat, to get fat’. The verb pǎng can be used in two ways:
-one as an adjectival verb ’to be fat’, the other as a process verb ’to
-get fat’. To the Chinese, a fat baby is not only a healthy baby, it is a
-beautiful one. Plumpness and roundness are two features admired in
-babies and children.
+yīnggāi dédao nǐ gōngzuò dānwèi , nǐ zhùde dìfangde jūmín wěiyuánhuì hé
+pàichūsuǒ zhèi-sānge dìfangde tongyì.
 
-Adjectival verb (state)
+A: Gè dānwèi gēn^u shénme biāo-
 
-Tā hěn pǎng.
+zhūn pīzhǔn fùnūmen shēng xiǎohair ne?
 
-Tǎ xiǎo shíhou bú pǎng.
+C: Gè chéngshì dōu you yídìngde
 
-Wǒ hěn pǎ pǎng, shénme dou bù gǎn chī.
+rénkōu chūshēnglū, měinián měige chéngshì zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā yídìng
+shùmude haizi. Zhèixie míng'é Jiù fēnpèigei gègè shìqūde xiāng shēng
+háizide nutóngzhì. Fùnū dōu shi dédao pīzhǔn yǐhòu cái huáiyùnde.
 
-Process verb
+Bù xiāng yào háizide kéyi shíxíng bìyùn; hìyùn gōngjù hé bìyùn yào dōu
+shi miǎnfèide.
 
-Zuìjìn shēntī hǎole, tā pǎng duō le.
+A: Ruguo bìyùn shībàile zěnme
 
-Nǐ shi bu shi pǎngle yìdiǎndiǎn, Èrgē a?
+bàn?
 
-He is fat.
+C: Kéyi dào yīyuàn zuò réngōng
 
-She wasn’t fat when she was little.
+liǔchān, shǒushù bǔbì zìjǐ gěi qián, hái you liāngge xīngqīde
 
-I’m afraid of being fat, I don’ dare eat anything.
+When I was in Canada I heard that population control work is being done
+very successfully in China. Could you explain to me what you do?
 
-Lately his health got better and he got very fat.
+First, the government promotes late marriage. Furthermore, generally
+speaking, in the city, married people don’t have children until after
+two years. Before they have a child they should have the 'three
+approvals*.
 
-Haven’t you put on just a little bit of weight, Older Brother?
+What does the 'three approvals' mean?
 
-Taipei:
+The 'three approvals* means that you should have the consent of your
+work unit, the neighborhood committee of the place you live, and the
+local police station.
 
-Mrs. Fang pays a visit to Mrs. Zhāng and her daughter-in-law to see the
-daughter-in-law’s new baby:
+According to what criteria do the various units give official permission
+to women to have children?
 
-F: Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Zhāng Taitai,
+All the various cities have set population birth rates, and each year
+they can only increase by a certain number of children. These quotas are
+apportioned among women comrades in all the various cities who want to
+have children. Women do not become pregnant until they receive official
+permission.
 
-nín zhēn you fúqi, nínde xífu tōuyitāi Jiù gěi nín shēngle yíge dā pang
-sūnzi. Nínde xífu he xiao bāobao cōng yīyuàn huílaile meiyou? Tāmen dōu
-hāo ba?
+Those who do not want to have children can practice birth control; all
+contraceptive medicines and contraceptive devices are free.
 
-Z: Xièxie, xièxie*. Tāmen dōu
+What is done if birth control fails?
 
-hāo, jīntiān zāoshang gāng cong yǐyuàn huílai.
+One can go to the hospital to have an abortion. A person doesn't have to
+pay for the operation herself, and
 
-F: Wo zhèli you yíge hōngbāo,
+jià, you you gōngzī.
 
-shi gěi xiāo bāobaode.
+A: Wo hǎoxiàng tīngshuō Zhōngguo
 
-Z: Ai! Bù gān dāng, nín zhēn
+fùnū shēng háizide shihou you wǔshiliùtiānde chǎnjià, érqiě kéyi duō mǎi
+yìxiē yíngyǎngpǐn, shi hu shi?
 
-shi tài kèqi le, hébì pòfei ne?
+C: Duì le, chǎnjià you gōngzī.
 
-F: Nali, nāli! Zhǐ shi yìdiān
+Chǎnfù hái kéyi mǎi yìliǎngjīn hongtáng, duō mǎi yìliǎngjīn jīdàn.
+Zhōngguo rén dōu xiāngxìn hōngtáng duì chǎnfù hěn hǎo.
 
-xiāo yìsi. Hāizi you duō zhòng a?
+A: Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou,
 
-Z: Haizi shēngxialaide shíhou
+qīnqi péngyou song hu song lǐwù?
 
-shi bābàng qī. Zhège hāizi shēntǐ zhēn hāo, zhēn neng chǐ. Gāng wèibāo,
-yíxiāzi you è le. NĪ ting, tā you kū le, shēngyin zhēn dà, dàgāi you yào
-chǐ nāi le. Women qù kànkan.
+C: Qīnqi hé qīnjìnde péngyou
 
-Congratulations! Mrs. Zhāng, you’re so lucky! Your daughter-in-law had a
-big fat grandson for you—and it was just her first! Have your
-daughter-in-law and the little darling come back from the hospital yet?
-They’re both doing well, I hope?
+háishi huì song yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù, xiàng xiǎoháizide yǐfu la, xiǎo tǎnzi
+la, xiǎo màozi la, wánjù shenmede. Yě you rén huì song yìxiē shuǐguǒ
+huōzhǎ xiǎnhuā.
 
-Thank you! They’re both fine. They just came back from the hospital this
-morning.
+A: Yíge jiātíng kéyi you jǐge
 
-I have a ’red envelope’ for the baby here.
+xiǎoháir?
 
-Oh! You shouldn’t have. You’re really too kind. Why should you spend all
-this money?
+C: Zài chéngshìli niánqīng fūfù
 
-Don’t be silly. This is Just a little something to express my feelings.
-How much does the baby weigh?
+zuì duō yào liǎngge háizi.
 
-He was eight pounds seven ounces at birth. He’s really a healthy baby,
-and he eats a lot. Right after his feeding, in no time he’s hungry
-again. Listen, he’s crying again. What a loud voice! He probably wants
-to nurse again. Let’s go see.
+A: Nongcūnde qíngkuàng zěnmeyàng?
 
-C: ō! Fang Bōmu, nín yě lāi
+C: Gèdì nongcūnde qíngkuàng hù
 
-le!
+tong. Rénkǒu duōde dìfang zhèngfǔ tíchàng jìhuà shēngyù. Nóngcūnlide rén
+yě yòng gè-zhǒng hìyùn gōngjù. Bù shǎo rén yōule liǎngge háizi yǐhòu jiù
+zuò juéyù shǒushù, nánde zuò, nude zuò, dōu kéyi. Nōngmín juéde zuò
+Juéyù shǒushù hǐ yòng hìyùn gōngjù fānghiànde duō.
 
-F : Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ ’. Wō lāi kàn nǐ ěrzi lai le! Zhège hāizi zhāngde
-zhēn hāo, duō you fúxiàng!
+there is two weeks' leave with pay.
 
-C: Xièxie, xièxie! Tuō nínde
+It seems to me I've heard that when Chinese women have children they get
+56 days' maternity leave, and they can also huy extra nutritional food
+items. Is that so?
 
-fú!
+That's right. The maternity leave is paid. In the month after delivery,
+a woman can also huy one or two catties of hrown sugar, and one or two
+extra catties of eggs. Chinese believe that hrown sugar is very good for
+women during the month after delivery.
 
-Oh! Auntie Fāng, you’ve come too!
+When someone has a hahy, do relatives and friends give presents?
 
-Congratulations! I’ve come to see your son! He looks so good! What a
-lucky physiognomy!
+Relatives and close friends will still give a few small gifts, like
+clothes for the hahy, little blankets, little hats, toys, and so forth.
+There are also people who will give a little fruit or fresh flowers.
 
-Thank you! It’s all thanks to your lucky influence!
+How many children can one family have?
 
-F: Nǐ shēntǐ hao bu hao?
+In the city young couples have two children at the most.
 
-Yuèzili yào xiǎoxīn, bú yào chi shēnglěngde dōngxi, bú yào chuī fēng, bú
-yào pèng lěng shuǐ, yě bú yào chū men. Nǐ kàn, Liújia nàge xífu zuò
-yuèzi bú zhùyì, chǎng kāi diàn bīngxiāng, yòng lěng shuǐ, jiéguō dele
-fēngshī, tòngkúde hěn. Xiànzài hai yào tiǎntiǎn chi Zhōngyào. Nǐ qiǎnwàn
-yào dāngxīn.
+What's the situation like in the rural areas?
 
-Z: Shi a’. Wǒ yǐjīng gàosu
+The situation in rural areas is different in different places. Where
+there's a large population the government promotes family planning.
+People in the rural areas also use all the various kinds of
+contraceptive devices. Quite a few people undergo contraceptive surgery
+after they've had two children. Either men or women may have this done.
+The peasants feel that having contraceptive surgery performed is much
+more convenient than using contraceptive devices.
 
-ta le, yuèzili shénme shi dōu bú yào zuò, duō tǎngzhe, duō xiūxi, duō
-chi hǎode, shēntǐ jiù huifude kuài yidiǎn.
+Keshi zài shaoshù mínzú dìqū, yīnwei rénkǒu shǎo, zhèngfǔ hù tíchàng
+jìhuà shēngyù, suoyi yìbānde jiātíng kéyi duō you jǐge xiǎoháir.
 
-F: Wǒ zōu le, guò jǐtiǎn zài
+But in the areas populated hy minority nationalities, because the
+population is smaller, the government doesn’t advocate family planning,
+so the average family can have a few more children.
 
-lái kàn nǐ gēn xiǎo bǎobao.
+NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
 
-C: Deng yíxià. Nǐ dài jǐge
+Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou, qǐnqi péngyou song bu song lǐwù?: As stated
+in the dailogue, friends and relatives in the PRC give useful items for
+the baby, like clothes, hats, cups, or perhaps a chicken for the mother.
+These are presented casually.
 
-hōngdàn qu, mǎnyuède shihou zài qǐng ni chi mǎnyuèjiú.
+Vocabulary
 
-F: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wǒ yídìng lái.
 
-How are you feeling? You have to be careful for the first month after
-giving birth. Don’t eat raw or cold foods, stay out of drafts, avoid
-cold water, and don’t leave the house. Look at Mrs. Liú who didn’t pay
-attention during the first month after giving birth; she opened the
-refrigerator a lot and used cold water, and ended up getting rheumatism.
-She suffered so much. Now she still has to take Chinese medicine every
-day. Be absolutely sure you watch out.
+bìyùn bù tong contraception to be different
 
-Right’. I’ve already told her. You shouldn’t do anything at all during
-the first month after giving birth. You should lie down a lot, get a lot
-of rest, eat a lot of good food, and then your health will come back
-faster.
+chǎnfù a woman who has given birth
+within the last month
 
-I’m going to leave now. I’ll come back in a few days to see you and the
-baby.
+chǎnjià chénggōng_(s) chūshēnglù maternity leave
 
-Wait a second. Take a few red eggs with you. We’ll invite you to the
-celebration dinner when the baby is one month old.
+to succeed, to be successful
+birth rate
 
-All right, I'll be sure to come.
+dānwèi unit
 
-NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
+-dào (indicates successful
+accomplishment of something)
 
-hōngdàn: Red eggs symbolize a combination of lucky influences: red is
-the color of happiness and dignity, while eggs are symbols of health and
-prosperity to the farmer. Hōngdàn are sometimes also used as gifts from
-a newly-engaged couple to their friends.
+dédao to receive, to get
 
-Vocabulary
+fēnpèi to assign, to apportion, to allot
 
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| -bang                             | pound (unit of weight)            |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| bǎobao (bǎobao)                   | baby, darling (term of endearment |
-|                                   | for a young child)                |
-| bīngxiāng                         |                                   |
-|                                   | refrigerator, ice box             |
-| bù gǎn dāng                       |                                   |
-|                                   | I’m flattered, You shouldn't      |
-|                                   | have,                             |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | I don't deserve this              |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| chī nǎi                           | to nurse, to suckle               |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| chuī fēng                         | to have air blow on oneself, to   |
-|                                   | be                                |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-|                                   | in a draft                        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| dāngxīn                           | to watch out                      |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| de                                | to get                            |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| duo kuài!                         | how fast!                         |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| ěrduo                             | ear                               |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| fēngshi                           | rheumatism                        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| fúqi                              | blessings, luck                   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| fúxiàng                           | lucky physiognomy                 |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| hongbāo                           | a red envelope with a gift or     |
-|                                   | bribe                             |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-|                                   | of money in it                    |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| hongdàn                           | eggs dyed red                     |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| huīfu                             | to recover                        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| jiēguǒ (jiēguǒ)                   | as a result; result, results      |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| mǎnyuè                            | a full month after the birth of a |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-|                                   | baby                              |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| mǎnyuèjiǔ                         | celebration meal one month after  |
-|                                   | a                                 |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-|                                   | baby is born                      |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| pang                              | to be fat                         |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| pèng                              | to touch                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| pofei                             | to spend a lot of money (on       |
-|                                   | someone),                         |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-|                                   | to go to some expense             |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| qiānwàn                           | by all means, be sure to; (in com |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-|                                   | bination with a negative          |
-|                                   | sentence)                         |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-|                                   | by no means, under no             |
-|                                   | circumstances                     |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| shēnglěng                         | raw or cold foods                 |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| shēngxialai                       | to be born                        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| sūnzi                             | grandson                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| -tāi                              | birth                             |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+gèdì gègè gēnjù (gēnju) gèzhǒng the various places, each place
+gōngzī various according to, based on
+various kinds, types wages, pay
 
-tang tòngkǔ touyige tóuyìtāi tuō nínde fú
+hóngtáng brown sugar
 
-Wangjia wèi
+jià jiātíng jìhua shēngyù juéyù vacation, leave
 
-xiǎo bǎobao (xiǎo bǎobǎo)
+jūmín wěiyuánhuì family
 
-xiǎoxīn
+planned parenthood, family
+planning sterilization
 
-xífu
+neighborhood committee
 
-yíxiǎzi yuèzi
+kòngzhi to control
 
-zhang zhòng zuo yuèzi
+-men miǎnfèi ming’é plural suffix
 
-to lie,to recline
+to be free of charge
 
-to he painful
+the number of people assigned or
+allowed, quota (of people)
 
-the first
+nóngmín nii peasant female
 
-the first pregnancy, the first hahy
+pàichūsuǒ(r) pīzhǔn the local police station to give
+official permission
 
-thanks to your lucky influence, many thanks
+qíngkuàng qīnjìn situation
 
-the Wang family to feed
+to be close (to a person)
 
-hahy, darling (term of endearment for a young child)
 
-to be careful daughter-in-law
 
-an instant, a moment, a while month of confinement after giving birth to
-a child
+réngōng liúchǎn abortion
 
-to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)
+sān tōngguò shǎoshù mínzú "the three approvals"
 
-to be heavy
+minority nationality, national
+minority
 
-to go through the month of confinement and special care after childbirth
+shēngyù shībài shìqū shōushù to give birth to and raise to
+shōuxiān shùmu fail urban area or district
+operation, surgery first number
 
-Customs Surrounding
+tongguò tóngyì to pass, to approve to consent,
+to agree
 
-Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 5
+wánjù toy
 
-PART I
+xiāngxìn xiānhuā xiǎoháir to believe fresh flowers child,
+children
 
-1. Wǒ zuìjin chūchai qu le, méi néng cānj iā zhège huì.
+yě jiù shi shuō yìbān yìbānde to mean; in other words ordinary,
+shuō yídìng yíngyǎngpǐn general, common generally
+speaking to be specific
 
-2. Wǒ zài shàng Xīngqīèr jiù tīngdao tā zùmù qùshìde xiāoxi.
+food items of special nutritional
+value
 
-3. Míngtiān wǒ yào qù diàosāng.
+zengjiā to increase
 
-U. Míngtiān wǒ yào bāng tāmen bàn sānglǐ.
 
-5. Wǒ fùqin yíxiàng xǐhuan he jiù, shàngge yuè hùrán juédìng zài yě
-    bù hē le.
+Customs Surroundins Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit U
 
-6. Wǒ fùqin fànle xǐnzàngbìng.
+PART I
 
-7. Women gǎnjǐn bǎ tā lǎorénjiā sòngdao TāiDà Yīyuàn qu.
+1. Nǐde fúqi zhēn hǎo.
 
-8. Yīshēng shuō jīngguo jíjiù, yǐjīng jiùguolai le.
+2. Zhang Tàitaide xífu tǒuyìtāí jiù gěi ta shēngle yige dǎ sūnzi.
 
-9. Nǐ zùmù yíxiàng hen bǎozhòng shēntǐ.
+3. Wǒ zhèli you yíge hǒngbāo shi gěi xiǎo bǎohaode.
 
-10. Tā guòqude shíhou, niánji yídìng hen dà le ba?
+b. Bù gǎn dāng!
 
-11. Wǒ tīngwánle yǐhòu xīnli hen jiù bù néng píngjìngxiàlai.
+5. Nǐ zhēnshi tǎi kèqi le. Hébì pòfei ne?
 
-12. Hen bàoqiàn, wǒ méi néng gǎnhui-lai diàosāng.
+6. A: Nǐde nūér shēngxialaide shíhou you duo zhong?
 
-I’ve been out of town on business lately, so I wasn’t able to
-participate in this meeting.
+B: Qibǎng ban.
 
-Last Tuesday I heard the news that his grandmother had passed away.
+7. A: Wǒ gang wèile ta bù jiù, tā you kū le.
 
-Tomorrow I’m going to present my condolences at the funeral.
+B: Dàgǎi you yào chi nǎi le.
 
-Tomorrow I’m going to help them take care of the funeral.
+8. Tā zhǎngde hěn piàoliang.
 
-My father always liked to drink, but last month he decided all of a
-sudden that he would never drink again.
+9. A: Nǐ zhège háizi hěn you fúxiàng, ěrduo zhǎngde zhēn dǎ.
 
-My father had a heart attack.
+B: Tuǒ nínde fú*.
 
-We rushed him to Taiwan University Hospital.
+You are really blessed with good fortune.
 
-The doctor said that she had been saved through emergency treatment.
+Mrs. Zhang’s daughter-in-law in her first pregnancy presented her with a
+fine grandson.
 
-Your grandmother always took good care of herself.
+I have a "red envelope" for the baby.
 
-She must have been quite old when she passed away.
+I’m flattered. You shouldn’t have.’
 
-After I listened to it I couldn't calm down for quite a while.
+You’re too polite. Why should you spend so much money?
 
-I’m sorry I couldn’t rush back in time for the funeral.
+How much did your daughter weigh when she was born?
 
-NOTES ON PART I
+Seven and a half pounds.
 
-Notes on No. 1
+I just fed him not long ago, and now he’s crying again.
 
-zuìjìn; ’lately, recently; in the near future*. This word can either
-refer to the near past or the near future.
+He probably wants to nurse again.
 
-A: Tā zuìjìn zěnmeyàng? How has she been lately?
+She is very pretty.
 
-B: Zuìjìn tā hěn hǎo. Lately she’s, been very well.
+This child of yours has a lucky physiognomy. His ears are really big.
 
-Wǒ zuìjìn zài niàn shū. I’ve been studying lately.
+It’s because of your lucky influence.
 
-Wo zuìjìn yào dào Jiāzhōu qù. I’m going to be going to California
+NOTES ON PART I
 
-in the near future.
+Note on No. 1
 
-chūchāi: ’to go away on official business’.
+fúqi: ’blessings, good fortune, luck’.
 
-Míngtiān chūchāi, jǐntiān hěn máng.
+Wo hěn you fúqi, érzi bāng wo I’m very fortunate, my son helps me bù
+shǎo máng. a lot.
 
-Zhècì chūchāi, qù shénme dìfang?
+Nǐ zhen méi fúqi, gang chū men jiù xià yǔ le.
 
-Zhějiàn shi, děng wo chūle chāi yǐhòu zài bàn.
+You really have bad luck. You just leave on a trip and then it rains.
 
-Zhècì chūchāi huílai, kéyi dài diǎn dōngxi gěi ni.
+Notes on No. 2
 
-cānjiā: ’to participate in; to performance, etc.); to join’.
+xífu: ’daughter-in-law, son’s wife’.
 
-Wǒ jìhua xià Xǐngqīyī yào dào Niǔ Yūē qu war. Nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng cānjiā?
+Tā xífu hāo piāoliang! Her daughter-in-law is so beautiful!
 
-Wǒ yào cānjiā míngtiān xiàwude huì.
+Wo xífu gōngzuò mángjíle. My daughter-in-law is very busy.
 
-Zuǒtiān women gěi Zhāng Tàitai sòngxíng, nǐ yě cānjiā le ma?
+tōu-: ’first’, (literally ’head’) as in tōuyitiān, ’the first day’. Tōu-
+is used much like dì-: before a number and a counter, which may or may
+not be followed by a noun.
 
-Tomorrow I’m going away on business, so today is a busy day.
+tōuyicì the first time
 
-Where are you going on this business trip?
+touyige rén the first person
 
-I’ll get to this matter after my business trip.
+tóuliāngge rén the first two people
 
-When I come back from this business trip, I’ll be able to bring you back
-a little something.
+tousānběn the first three volumes
 
-attend; to go to (a meeting, gathering,
+In touyige, tou- is stressed and yi is in the neutral tone. Also notice
+that the word for ’two’ is liāng- (not èr as is usually the case when a
+counter follows).
 
-I’m planning to go to New York next week to relax. Do you want to join
-in?
+Now here is a comparison of tou- and dì-:
 
-I’m going to attend the meeting tomorrow afternoon.
+(1) Touyige rén and dìyíge rén are both translated as ’the first
+person’ and touyige is for the most part interchangeable with
+dìyíge.
 
-Yesterday when we gave the going-away party for Mrs. Zhang, did you come
-too?
+(2) Although the yǐ in touyige is unstressed and written without a
+tone mark over it, the yī in dìyíge is stressed and said with a
+second tone (or sometimes with a first tone).
 
-Notes on No. 2
+(3) The word for ’two’ is liāng after tou-, but èr after dì-. Dìèrge
+means ’the second one’, while touliāngge means ’the first two’.
 
-zài shàng Xīngqīèr: ’on last Tuesday’. Notice that with an expression
-stating a time when something occurs. zài is optional. Here are some
-more
+(L) Tou- must be used with a counter, but dì- can be used with just a
+number after it. Here are some examples of dì- used with a number but no
+counter after it:
 
-examples:
+Wǒ yào māi zhège dōngxi.
 
-Zhège huì zài xiàge yuè kāi.
+Dìyī, zuòde hen hāo; dìèr, hen piányi.
 
-This meeting will
+Tā shi dìyī, wǒ shi dìèr.
 
-zài is used here In this
+I’m going to buy this. First, it’s very well made; second, it’s
+inexpensive.
 
-sentence
+He is first, I’m second.
 
-he held
+But touyī-, touliāng-, tóusān- always have a counter word after the
+number.
 
-next month.
+tāi: This is the counter for pregnancies, whether carried to term or
+not. Literally tāi means ’embryo’. The expression touyitāi can also be
+said toutāi.
 
-Zhège haizi zài qùniǎn qiūtiān kāishǐ zài jiā niàn shū le.
+Tóusāntāi dōu shi nude, dào dìsìtāi cai shēngle ge érzi.
 
-This child began studying last fall.
+The first three hahies were all girls it wasn’t until the fourth that
+she had a boy.
 
-at home
+Tā shēng tōutǎide shíhou, shēntǐ bú cud. Shēng dìèr-tāide shíhou jiù bù
+xíng le.
 
-Wǒ zài shàngge lǐbài mǎile yíjiàn jiéhūn lǐfū.
+When she had her first baby, she was still in pretty good health. But
+when she had her second, it wasn’t good any more.
 
-Last week I bought a wedding gown.
+shēng; ’to give birth to...’ Notice that the Chinese verb shēng is used
+in an active sense which is not always reflected in the English. Compare
+the various translations of shēng in the Reference List, the above
+examples and the dialogue.
 
-Zài Yījiǔliǔsānniǎn wǒ rènshi-le ta.
+sūnzi: ’grandson’. This only refers to the son of one’s son. The son of
+one’s daughter and son-in-law is called wàisūnzi. Here is a chart
+showing how these terms relate to each other.
 
-I met him in 1963.
+[]
 
-Zài Yījiǔwǔlíngniǎn wǒ jiù kànguo zhèběn shū.
+spouse
+
+[]
 
-I read this book back in 1950.
+[]
 
-zǔmǔ: ’(paternal) grandmother'. Remember that this refers exclusively to
-the father's mother. The mother's mother is wàizǔmǔ. EA grandmother is
-usually addressed by her son's children as nāinai.J Here is a chart
-showing these terms:
+(grandson) (granddaughter)
 
-zǔfù zǔmǔ wàizǔfù wàizǔmǔ
+nuer
 
-[]
+(daughter
 
-qùshì: 'to pass away'. Literally, this means 'to go (from this) world'.
-It is a euphemism for sǐ 'to die', which is introduced in Unit 6.
+nuxu son-in-law)
 
-Xiǎo Wāngde fùqin qùshì yǐjīng It's been two years since Xiǎo Wang's
-liǎngniǎn le. father died.
+[]
 
-xiǎoxi: 'news, information, tidings'.
+waisūnzi waisūnnu
 
-Zhèiliǎngtiǎn bàozhǐshang you The
+(grandson) (granddaughter)
 
-hěn duō guānyu Zhōngguode
+Notes on No. 3
 
-xiǎoxi.
+hóngbāo: 'a red envelope with money in it, given as a gift or bribe’.
+These gifts of money may be given to children by people at least a
+generation older. This usually happens at festive occasions, like New
+Years or a birthday. The amount given varies greatly but there is one
+thing to remember: ‘Do not give an amount with the number four in it!
+The number four, si, closely resembles the verb "to die," sǐ, and is
+therefore considered unlucky. Chinese youth were without any real
+opportunity to make money in the past, so this is one way that it is
+made up for.
 
-Jīntiǎn bàozhǐshang you shénme
+xiǎo bǎobao: Literally ■’little treasure’, in other words ’the little
+darling’ or ’the baby’. This word is usually used by women. Some people
+use the word bǎobao (with or without xiǎo) in addressing or speaking
+about babies or children.
 
-xīn xiǎoxi?
+The second bǎo in bǎobao is neutral tone; even though it was originally
+also third tone, it does not make the first bǎo change to a rising tone,
+as you might expect (e.g. nǎli). The first bǎo in bǎobao is pronounced
+low,
 
-The past couple of days there's been a lot of news about China in the
-newspaper.
+without any rise in pitch. (Some people also say hǎohǎo and xiao
+bǎobǎo.) IThere are many other words used to refer to babies. Some terms
+used by both men and women include (xiǎo) bēibì, (xiǎo) guāiguai, xiǎo
+jiǎhuo. Some terms used mostly by men include xiǎo bēibei and xiǎo
+budiǎnr.J
 
-What news is there in the newspaper today?
+Note on No. 4
 
-Women jiā liǎngge yuè méiyou xìn le, shénme xiāoxi dōu méiyou.
+bù gǎn dāng: ’I’m flattered'. Literally, this means 'I dare not assume
+(the honor you pay me)'. This is a polite response to a compliment (such
+as 'You speak Chinese very well'), to a respectful gesture (such as
+helping someone put on their coat), or to a respectful phrase (like
+'Qǐngjiǎo').
 
-Our family hasn’t sent a letter in two months, there’s no news at all.
-(Said hy one family member who is separated from the rest.)
+Note on No. 5
 
-Xiāoxi can be used with the counter -ge to mean ’a piece of news, an
-item of news’:
+pòfei: 'spend money (on someone)', also sometimes translated as 'to
+spend recklessly'.
 
-Wǒ you yíge hǎo xiāoxi.
+Rang nín pòfei. or Jiao nín pòfei•
 
-I have a piece of good news.
+Tā shi wǒ sūnzi, wèi ta pòfei liǎngge qiǎn shi yīnggāide.
 
-Note on No. 3
+I have caused you to spend a lor, of money. (i.e., 'you shouldn't have
+spent all that money on me')
 
-diàosāng: ’to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a
-funeral’. At a traditional funeral, the guests, by groups, present their
-condolences to the family of the deceased in a brief formal ceremony.
+He’s my grandson, it’s only right that I should spend a little money on
+him.
 
-Jīntiān wǒ qù diàosāng, jiàndao Today when I was at the funeral I nín
-jiā lǎotàitai. saw your grandmother.
+Tā shēngrìde shíhou, Wang Xiānsheng pòfeide zhēn bù shǎo.
 
-Note on No. 4
+For his birthday, Mr. Wang really
 
-sānglǐ: ’the funeral ceremony’. CSāng- in some combinations means
-’funeral’, for example, sāngfú ’funeral clothing’, or sāngshì
-’funeral’.! On a volunteer basis, family, friends, and villagers help
-with funeral preparations. Members of the immediate family stay with the
-coffin to guard it during the day and sleep with it at night.
+spent quite a bit of money on him.
 
-Notes on No. 5
+Notes on No. 6
 
-yíxiàng: ’always (up to now)’, has been so all along up until now (and
-else change).
+you duo zhòng: 'how heavy?' Zhòng is the adjectival verb 'to be heavy’.
+Notice the similarity between asking age, weight and height. In each the
+pattern is literally 'have how much (of some quality)'.
 
-This adverb indicates that something may either continue the same way or
+Nǐ you duo dǎ? How old are you?
 
-I’ve always like to eat sweet snacks
+Nèizhāng zhuōzi you duo zhòng? How heavy is that table?
 
-He has always done very well in his studies.
+Tā you duo gāo? How tall is she?
 
-Teacher Wú has always liked children
+This pattern is usually confined to measurements of some sort.
 
-Mr. Xià has always been very polite.
+bang: 'pound (unit of weight)’. In addition to the traditional Chinese
+units of weight such as dǎn 'picul (100 liters approximately)', jIn
+'catty (1 1/3 lbs.)', liǎng 'tael (105 grams approximately)’, and the
+metric system of weights, such as gōngliǎng *100 grams’ and gōng jin
+’kilogram', you also find customary American units such as 'pound' used.
 
-time word. It may go before the verb,
+Notes on No. 7
 
-Wǒ yíxiàng ài chi tian diǎnxin.
+gang wèile tā bù jiǔ: This means 'It's only been a short while SINCE I
+fed him.', NOT 'I fed him for only a short while.' Chinese can
+distinguish between the duration of a continued activity and the
+duration of something not happening by putting these two types of
+duration phrases in different places in the sentence.
 
-Tā yíxiàng niàn shū niànde hen hǎo.
+Let's review time when and time spent, and take a look at how you
+express TIME WITHIN WHICH something didn't happen and TIME ELAPSED since
+something happened.
 
-Wú Lǎoshī yíxiàng xǐhuan haizi.
+1. Simple duration phrases, that is phrases telling how long an
+activity went on, follow the verb. These contrast with phrases
+telling the time when something happened, which come before the
+verb.
 
-Xià Xiānsheng yíxiàng hěn kèqi.
+Simple duration
 
-hūrǎn: ’suddenly’. This is a or at the front of the sentence.
+Ta zai Xianggang zhù liāng-tiān.
 
-Wǒ hūrǎn xiǎngqilai, wǒde xìn hai méiyou jì.
+He’s staying in Hong Kong for two days.
 
-I suddenly remembered that I hadn’t mailed my letter yet.
+Tā zuòle wǔfēn zhōng, jiù zǒu le.
 
-Hūrán, tā pǎolai le, hāoxiàng you shénme shi.
+He sat for five minutes and then left.
 
-Suddenly, he came running in, as if there were something wrong.
+Time when
 
-Hūrán tiān xià yǔ le, xiàde Suddenly it started raining, raining
+Ta shi zuǒtian dàode.
 
-hāo dà.
+She arrived yesterday.
 
-very hard.
+2. The amount of time something did not happen, that is the TIME
+WITHIN WHICH the activity has not taken place, is expressed in
+negative sentences with time phrases before the verb.
 
-Tā jìnlai zuòle yìhuǐr, hūrán jiù zǒu le.
+Time Within with a Negative Verb
 
-He came in and sat down for a while, and then left all of a sudden.
+Women yìnián méi jiàn le.
 
-zài yě bù he le: ’will never drink again’. Sometimes people ask what is
-the word for ’never’ in Chinese. The answer is that ’never’ is not
-expressed by one word, but rather by a combination of adverbs and
-negative. Not only is ’never’ rendered into Chinese by several words,
-but the word patterns are different for sentences expressing completed
-action, habitual action, or planned action. For these examples you need
-to know that yongyuān is the word for ’forever’.
+Wǒ yijīng yíge yuè méi qù nar le.
 
-Wo cǒnglai méi chīguo Zhōngguo I’ve never eaten Chinese food, cài.
+We haven’t seen each other for a year.
 
-Wǒ cónglái bu kàn nèiyangde I’ve never read those kinds of books,
+I haven’t been going there for a month now.
 
-shū.
+3. To express the time elapsed since an activity took place the
+duration phrase is again placed after the verb.
 
-Tāde wèntí yongyuān bù néng His problems can never be solved,
+Time elapsed in an affirmative sentence
 
-jiějué.
+- -
+Wo zuòwánle yǐjīng yíge zhōngtou le. I’ve been done for an hour already.
+Tā cai zěule yíge xīngqi. It’s been only a week since he left
+Wo gāng líkāi zhèige wūzi I’ve been out of the room only a
+- -
 
-Wo zài yě bú qù nàli le. I’ll never go there again.
+bù jiù. short while.
 
-The adverb zài and a negative, such idea of not doing something anymore.
+Note on No. 7
 
-Bìng hāole yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài hē jiǔ.
+chī nǎi: ’to eat (mother’s) milk’, in other words, **to breastfeed” and
+by extension ’to drink milk’, even from a bottle. Similarly, wèi nai can
+mean ’to feed milk (to a baby)* without specifying mother’s milk or
+otherwise. To distinguish between breast feeding and bottle feeding, one
+can say chī māmade nǎi, ’to eat mother’s milk’. And from the mother’s
+point of view, one can say mama zìji gěi haizi wèi nǎi, ’the mother
+nurses the child herself.’
 
-Yǐhòu wǒ bu zài zuò le.
+Note on No. 8
 
-Bú yào zài dā ta le.
+Tǎ zhǎngde hěn piàoliang: * She’s very pretty.’ Zhǎngde piàoliang
+literally means ’grow pretty’, but it should be translated simply as ’is
+pretty*. Zhangde ... is often used in descriptions of the appearance of
+living things. In these cases, zhǎngde ... is absent of any meaning such
+as ’has grown ...’, ’has come to be ...’ or ’has become ...’; it simply
+means ’is, are*.
 
-as méiyou, can be used to express the
+Tǎ zhǎngde hěn hǎokàn. She is very beautiful.
 
-After he got well, he didn’t drink anymore.
+Tā zhǎngde gēn wo yíyàng gāo. She is just as tall as I am.
 
-In the future I won’t do it again.
+Tāde lian zhǎngde gēn wo mèi- Her face looks just like my little
 
-Don’t hit him any more.
+mei yíyàng. sister.
 
-If zài is placed in front of the negative, the meaning of the phrase is
-more emphatic.
+There is almost no difference in meaning between Tā hěn piàoliang and
 
-Wǒ zài bù huílai le’. I’m never coming back here again.’
+Tā zhǎngde hěn piàoliang. Both are used frequently. But there is a
+difference in meaning between Tā zhǎngde hěn gāo and Tā zhǎnggāo le: the
+former means ’He is very tali’, and the latter ’He has grown tall*.
 
-If yě is added between zài and the negative, the meaning is
-approximately the same.
+Notes on No. 9
 
-Wǒ zài yě bù chǐ táng le. I’m never going to eat candy again.
+fúxiàng: ’auspicious physiognomy’. This phrase implies something more
+than ’lucky face’. The word fú expresses the destiny of a person to
+enjoy a life of good fortune. Xiang is a person’s looks considered from
+the point of view of fortune telling. Traditionally, it was believed
+that a person's destiny could be determined from the individual
+variations of his hands, bones, face, ears, hair, and so forth. The
+xiàng includes the face, ears, hairline, and bumps on the head.
 
-Nèitiáo lù bù hāo zǒu, nǐ zài That road is hard to go on, don’t yě Lie
-zǒu nèitiáo lù le. ever take it again.
+...erduo zhǎngde zhēn dǎ: Portraits of some of the most admired men in
+Chinese history depict them with long ears. (Long ears are thought to
+indicate wisdom.) It was thought that rulers in particular were so
+endowed. Buddha is also pictured with long ears, as he appeared in
+Indian portrayals.
 
-Nǐ zài yě bié kàn zhèzhǒng shū le.
+Taipei:
 
-Nàge fàndiànde cài tài guì, wǒ zhǐ qùle yícì, jiù zài yě méi qùguo le.
+Mrs. Song’s daughter-in-law, Bǎolǎn, has just recently had a baby. A
+friend of the family, Mrs. Zhāng, comes to pay them a visit:
 
-Women shi tǒngxué, kěshi líkāi xuéxiào yǐhòu, wǒ jiù zài yě méi kànjian
-ta le.
+Z: Song Taitai, nín xífu shēngle
 
-Sānge yuè yǐqián xiàguo yìchǎng yǔ, yǐhòu jiù zài yě méi xiàguo le.
+meiyou?
 
-More on ’Again*: Up until now you’ve which did not express a completed
-event and
+S: Shēng le. Shēngle ge nánháizi.
 
-Don’t ever read, this kind of book again.
+Z: ōu! Nín fùqi zhēn hao. Tā
 
-That restaurant is too expensive; I only went there once and then I
-never went back again.
+tóuyitāi jiù gěi nin shēngle yige da súnzi. Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ.
 
-We were schoolmates, but after we left the school, I never saw him
-again.
+S: Xièxie, xièxie! Lai kànkan
 
-Three months ago it rained once, and since then it hasn’t rained again.
+wǒ xífu gēn xiǎo bǎobao ba!
 
-seen zài ’again’ used in sentences òu used in sentences which did.
+Z: Hǎo.
 
-Míngtiān zài lai ba.
+Bǎolǎn! Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Nǐ hǎo ma?
 
-Come again tomorrow.’
+B: Wǒ hen hǎo. Zhāng Bomù, nín
 
-òu, nǐ you lai le.
+lai le.
 
-Oh, you’ve come again.’
+Z: Ou! Nǐ zhè haizi hen you
 
-But there are further qualifications on the use of ’again’ in Chinese.
-While zài always refers to activities which have not yet occurred, that
-is future activities or events, you is not totally limited to activities
-or events which are completed or past. You may be used in present or
-future situations if the thing being talked about is so certain that it
-may be treated like something which has actually happened.
+fúxiāng, ǒrduo zhǎngde name da!
 
-Míngtiān you shi Xīngqīyī le.
+B: Xièxie! Tuō nínde fú!
 
-Zhè you yào duōshao qián a?
+Z: Tā shēngxialaide shíhou you
 
-Zhèi yìtiān you yào wan le.
+duō zhòng a?
 
-Xiànzài wǒ you you gōngzuò le.
+B: Qībàng ban.
 
-And tomorrow is Monday again.
+Z: Ùg, zhēn bù xiǎo.
 
-And how much money is needed again for this?
+S: Tā zhēn néng chī. Bǎolàn
 
-And this day is about to end too. (Said at the end of a long busy day
-with many things left to do.)
+gāng wèile ta bù jiù, xiànzài you kū le. Dàgài you yào chǐ nǎi le.
 
-Now I have a job again.
+Z: Tā kūde shēngyin hen dà.
 
-Notes on No. 6
+Shēntǐ yídìng hen jiànkāng.
 
-fàn: ’to have an attack (of a revert to (an old habit)’.
+B: Duì! Tā cōng yǐyuàn huílai
 
-Tā you fàn lǎo máobìng le, zhèjǐtiān hěn bu shūfu.
+yíge lǐbài jiù zhǎngle yíbàng.
 
-disease), to have a recurrence of, to
+Z: Wǒ lái yǐqiǎn xiǎngzhe nǐ
 
-That old problem of his is acting up again. He hasn’t been feeling well
-the last few days.
+yīnggāi shēngle, suōyi
 
-Shàngge yuè tā fan bìng le, xuěyā hǎo gāo
+Mrs. Song, has your daughter-in-law had the baby yet?
 
-Bié fan nǐde lǎo mǎobìng le, kuài qù shàng xué qu ba!
+Yes. It’s a boy.
 
-xǐnzàngbìng: ’heart disease’.
+Oh! How lucky you are. She had a nice big grandson for you—and it was
+her first! Congratulations.
 
-Last month he had a recurrence; and his blood pressure was really high!
+Thank you. Come see my daughter-in-law and the baby!
 
-Don't fall back into your old habit (of skipping sbhool), get yourself
-to school.
+Okay.
 
-Xǐnzàng is ’heart’..
+Congratulations, Bǎolǎn! How are you?
 
-Notes on No. 7
+Well Mrs. Zhāng! I’m fine, thanks.
 
-gǎnjǐn: ’in a hurry’. This adverb means that someone decided to hurry up
-and start doing something. It can often be translated as 'to hurry up
-and', or ’to rush to (do something)'. Here are some examples:
+Oh! He’s got a very lucky physiognomy. Such big ears,’
 
-Nàbiān chū chēhuò le, nǐ gǎnjǐn qù kǎnkan!
+Thank you! It’s because of your lucky influence!
 
-Jīntiǎn xiàwǎ, tā zǒu le, zhōngwǎ wǒ gǎnjǐn péi ta qù chī wǔfàn.
+How much did he weigh at birth?
 
-Kuài jiǎdiǎn le, wǒ yào gǎnjǐn zǒu le.
+Seven and a half pounds.
 
-There's been a car accident over there, hurry up and go look!
+Hm. That’s really pretty big.
 
-He was leaving this afternoon, so at noontime I hurried to go out to
-lunch with him.
+He eats like a horse. Bǎolǎn just fed him a little while ago, and now
+he’s crying again. He probably wants to nurse again.
 
-It's almost nine o'clock. I have to hurry up and leave.
+He cries so loudly. He must be very healthy.
 
-Gǎnjǐn means only that someone hurries to start the action. It does not
-mean that the action is finished quickly. For example, to say 'He made
-dinner in a hurry, so it didn’t come out well', meaning that he finished
-cooking it in a very short time, you cannot use gǎnjǐn; you could say
-Yǐnwei tā zuò fàn zuòde tài kuài, suǒyi zuòde bù hǎo.
+Yes! In the week after he came back from the hospital, he gained a
+pound.
 
-tā lǎorénjiā: Lǎorénjiǎ is a respectful way of referring to or
-addressing old people. When addressing someone directly, it is almost
-always preceded by nǐ or nín, as in
+Before I came I thought you should have had the baby by now, so I got a
+zhùnbèile yíge hóngbāo. Shi gěi xiǎo bǎobaode.
 
-Qīngwèn nín lǎorénjiā, dào Excuse me, sir, how do I get to
+B: Bù gǎn dang. Nín tai kèqi
 
-Zhōngshān Lù zěnme zǒu? Zhongshan Road?
+le. Hébì pofei ne?
 
-Nǐ lǎorénjiā, zuìjìn zěnmeyàng? Shēntǐ hǎo ba?
+Z: Bú shi kèqi. Zhí shi yìdiǎn
 
-How have you been lately? Have you been in good health, I hope?
+xiǎo yìsi.
 
-A third party can be referred to as tā lǎorénjiā:
+B: Xièxie! Xièxie!
 
-Tā lǎorénjiā shuō le, zhèjiàn shi búbì jízhe bàn.
+’red envelope* ready. It’s for the baby.
 
-He said that we don't need to be in a rush to do this.
+You shouldn’t have. That’s too polite of you. Why should you spend
+money?
 
-I've come to give him some pastries.
+I’m not being polite. This is just a little something to express my
+feelings.
 
-Wǒ gěi tā lǎorénjiā song yidiǎn diǎnxin lai.
+Thank you!
 
-Wo wènguo wǒ zùfù le, tā lāo- I asked my grandfather, and he said rénjia
-shuō míngnián zánmen our whole family is going to
+PART II
 
-quánjiā qù Shanghai. Shanghai next year.
+10. Zhōngguo rén xiāngxìn chǎnfù mǎnyuè yīqián hu kéyi chuī fēng.
 
-Here are two examples of lāorénjia being used as a respectful word for
-’old people’:
+11. Chǎnfù zuò yuèzide shíhou yào tèbié xiǎoxīn.
 
-Jǐntiān, liāngwèi lāorénjia tánde hen gāoxìng.
+12. Zhōngguo rén dōu shuō chī Zhōngyàode shíhou, hú yào chī
+shēnglěng.
 
-Today those two (old people) had a very pleasant conversation.
+13. Yīshēng shuō wǒ déle fēngshī, zuì hǎo hú yào pèng lěngshuī.
 
-Older people like to eat soft foods.
+1U. Nǐ yīnggāi duō tǎngzhe, zhùyi xiūxi, zhèyang cai néng huīfude kuài.
 
-Lāorénjiamen dōu xǐhuan chi ruānde dōngxi.
+15. Jiàndao Wang Bùzhǎngde shíhou qiǎnwàn dāngxīn, hié suíhiàn shuō
+huà.
 
-In Peking, the syllable lāo in lāorénjia receives the heaviest stress of
-the three syllables, and jia is in the neutral tone.
+16. Tā jiéhūn yǐqián duì tā xiān-sheng liǎojiěde húgòu, jiéguō
+jiéhūn yǐhōu hěn tòngkǔ.
 
-song: ’to take (someone somewhere), to escort (someone somewhere), to
-see someone off or out’. The basic meaning of this word is to accompany
-someone who is leaving, but as you can see from the various translations
-given, song can be used in a wide variety of circumstances. Here are
-some examples:
+17. Nǐ kàn tā duo kuài, yíxiàzi jiù hǎ fàn zuōhǎo le.
 
-Wǒ qù bā kèren sòngdao dàmén wàitou.
+18. Nà shi Wángjiāde xífu, zhènme pang!
 
-Nǐ song ta huí jiā.
+Chinese people believe that women who have just given hirth should stay
+out of drafts until the child is a full month old.
 
-Tā míngtiān zǒu, women dào jīchāng qu song ta.
+Women who have just given hirth should he especially careful during the
+month after delivery.
 
-Wǒ song ta dào xuéxiào qu.
+Chinese people say that when you take Chinese medicine, you shouldn’t
+eat raw or cold things.
 
-To specify that you are taking someone this way:
+The doctor says I’ve got rheumatism and that it would he hest for me not
+to come in contact with cold water.
 
-Wo kāi chē song ta dào xuéxiào qu.
+You should lie down more and pay attention to your rest; that’s the only
+way you’ll recover quickly.
 
-I’m going to show the guests out the front door.
+When you see Secretary Wang, he sure to watch yourself, don’t he
+careless in what you say.
 
-Escort her home, or Walk her home. or Take her home.
+Before she got married she didn’t understand her husband well enough and
+as a result she suffered a lot after the marriage.
 
-She’s leaving tomorrow and we’re going to the airport to see her off.
+Look at how fast he is, he got dinner ready in no time at all.
 
-I took him to school. (E.g., I drove him there or I walked there with
-him. )
+That is the Wang family’s daughter-in-law, she’s so fat!
 
-in a car, you can phrase your sentence
+NOTES ON PART II
 
-I drove her to school.
+Notes on No. 10
 
-Notes on No. 8
+mǎnyuè: ’thirtieth day after a child is born’, literally, ’full-month’.
+(it also means ’full moon’.) This refers to a baby’s completion of the
+first full month of life and is a cause of celebration.
 
-jǐngguò: You have seen jǐngguo meaning ’to go thru’. Here it is used to
-mean ’though’ in the sense of ’by means of’. It can also be translated
-’as a result of’, ’after’, ’through’, or ’via’.
+Wángjiā háizi kuài mǎnyuè le, The Wang’s hahy is about to be a qīng
+dàjiā qù chī mǎnyuè month old, and they’re asking
 
-Tā shēntǐ yìzhí bù hǎo, dànshi wǒ xiǎng jīngguò yíduàn shí-jiānde
-bǎoyǎng, kěnéng huì hǎo yìdiǎn.
+jiù. everyone to go take part in the
 
-Jīngguò sāntiānde kǎolù, wǒ juédìng he tǎ jiēhūn.
+’full month’ banquet.
 
-Jīngguò dàjiǎde nǔlì, zhèjiàn shìqing chénggōng le.
+chuī fēng: Literally, ’to blow wind’, but actually ’to be in a current
+of air, a draft, the wind’. Although what blows is the wind, fēng ’wind’
+seems to be in the object position in this phrase. Chǎnfù bù keyi chuī
+fēng does not mean ’’Women recently delivered of a child cannot blow
+wind", but rather, ’’Women recently delivered of a child cannot have
+wind blow on them." Traditionally, Chinese women were to stay out of
+drafts because of the very poor overall health situation of the country,
+and because of the importance of caring for the next generation. Of the
+three (Confucian) ways to be unfilial, the worst was to be heirless.
 
-Zhège jìhua bìxū jīngguò tǎo-lùn.
+Nīde bìng gang hǎo, bu yào You're just over your illness,
 
-His health has been bad.all along, but I think after a short period of
-taking care of himself, he might get a little better.
+chūqu chuī fēng. don’t go out in a draft.
 
-After three days of consideration, I’ve decided to marry him.
+Notes on No. 11
 
-As a result of everyone’s hard work, this matter has succeeded.
+zuò yuèzi: Literally, ’to sit the yuèzi', yuèzi being the month after
+giving birth during which a woman is supposed to take special care of
+her health. There are different motivations underlying this custom.
+Woman’s most important function (indeed her only one) was to aide in
+perpetuating the family line. Therefore it was essential to take special
+precautions for her own health so that she would nurse a healthy baby.
+Another idea was that a woman’s body at this time was "dirty" and to
+avoid offending the door gods she should not go past them.
 
-This plan must go through discussion.
+Tā zuò yuèzide shíhou, kě xiǎo- During the first month after delivery
+xìn, méi chūguo yìtiān men. she was extremely careful. She
 
-jíjiù: ’emergency treatment; to administer emergency treatment, to
-receive emergency treatment’. Notice that jíjiù can mean to give or get
-emergency treatment.
+didn’t go out once.
 
-Jīntiān yǐjīng shi jíjiùde dìsǎntiān le, bù zhīdào you méiyou xīwàng.
+xiǎoxīn: ’to be careful’, literally, ’small-heart’. Xiǎoxīn is an
+adjectival verb which can be used with or without an object following.
 
-Tāde chēzi yǐjīng wánle, rén zài jíjiù.
+Tā zhèige rén bù zěnmeyàng, hé This guy is nothing special, you’d tā zuò
+péngyou yào xiǎoxīn. better be careful making friends
 
-Gāngcǎi chū chēhuò, you jǐge rén shòushāng le, yīshēng zhèngzài jíjiù.
+with him.
 
-Jíjiù refers only to aid given in nature, usually those where life is in
-injury or acute attacks of an illness.
+Xiǎoxīn.’ Qiánbianr shi hóngdēng. Careful.’ There’s a red light up
+ahead.
 
-Today is already the third day of emergency (intensive care) treatment.
-I don’t know if there’s . any hope.
+Xiǎoxīn nèige rén! Be careful of that person.’
 
-His car is finished (totalled), and he himself is undergoing emergency
-treatment.
+Xiǎoxīn guò mǎlù. Be careful crossing the street.
 
-There’s just been a car accident, and several people were injured. The
-doctor is administering first-aid.
+Note on No. 12
 
-incidents of a relatively serious danger; for example, cases of severe
+shēngleng: 'raw or cold foods'. Traditional Chinese medicine divides
+foods into yin and yang Yin are "cool" (liángxìngde) foods, that is,
+foods that make the system cool; yang foods are "hot" (rèxìngde), that
+is, they make the system hot. These characteristics are not dependant on
+the degree temperature at which the food is eatenj but are rather
+inherent in the food. For example crab, white sugar, and most vegetables
+and fruits are yin or cool while hot pepper, lard, millet, brown sugar,
+and certain fruits such as canteloupe and lichee nuts are all
+particularly yang or hot. Generally speaking, yang foods harmonize with
+body temperature while yin foods shock the system. Nonetheless, a
+balance between the two kinds of foods must be maintained. Too much yang
+food can cause the body's "heat" to rise too much (shàng huo), minor
+symptoms of which might include a cough, fever, dry mouth, blisters on
+the tongue, and constipation. On the ocher hand, too much yin food is
+bad for the stomach and can cause diarrhea.
 
-jiùguolai: ’to save’, literally ’to save over’. The directional verb
-ending guòlai ’over’ sometimes shows the recovery of an original
-desirable or normal state. For example, in jiùguolai it implies the
-change from a condition in which death is imminent to one in which the
-patient can be expected to' live.
+The body's "heat" (huo) can be regulated by eating one or the other kind
+of foods. Thus in hot weather, when the huo naturally rises, one should
+eat "cool" foods to lower the huo (qing huo), and in the winter one
+should eat "hot" foods. Likewise, certain illnesses call for the eating
+of one kind of food or the other: one should eat "cool" foods to
+counteract infections and fevers, while one should eat "hot" foods to
+build up one's strength if one has a disease which makes him weak. In
+particular, women giving birth should eat plenty of the "hot" type of
+foods.
+
+Shēngleng, raw or cold foods, have also traditionally been considered
+bad for women who are pregnant or have just given birth. Given sanitary
+conditions in traditional China, this is understandable.
+
+Chi shēnglengde dōngxi yídìng When eating raw things, be sure to yào
+xǐgānjing. wash them well.
 
-Daren qíngkuàng hai hǎo, haizi jiùbuguòlai le.
+de: 'to get, a catch (a disease)
 
-Zhège jùzi xiěcuò le, wǒ yào bǎ ta gǎiguolai.
+Wo de bìng yǐhòu, méi bànfa niàn shū le.
 
-Zhège dìzhǐ xiěde bǔ duì, nín děi gǎiguolai.
+Tā de bìng yǐqián, shēntǐ hen hāo.
 
-The adult’s condition is all right, but the child cannot be saved.
+Tā dede shi shénme bìng?
 
-This sentence is wrong, I have to correct it.
+Dé bìng means 'to get an illness'.
 
-This address is wrong, you have to correct it.
+After I got sick, I couldn't study any more.
 
-Zuò huǒchē zuòle sāntiān lèi-huài le, yào shuì yídà Jiao cái néng
-xiūxiguolai.
+Before she got ill, her health was very good.
 
-Shàngwù mangle sìwùge zhòngtou zhōngwù shuì ge wùjiào, rén •jiù
-xiūxiguolai le.
+What illness was it that she got?
 
-Tiān tài lěng, hē kōu jiu jiù nuǎnhuoguolai le.
+Here are some examples of dé followed by the name of an illness:
 
-Wo hǎoxiàng hìng le, chuān zhènme duō yīfu dōu méi banfa nuanhuoguolai.
+Tā dé gānmào yǐhòu, jiù méiyou He didn't go out after he got a cold,
+chūlaiguo.
 
-After three days on the train, I’m exhausted. I’ll have to have a good
-long sleep before I can be well rested.
+QÙniān dōngtiān, tā dele xuěyā gāo.
 
-In the morning I ran around for four or five hours, but then after a nap
-at noon, I felt very rested.
+Last winter, he got high blood pressure.
 
-The weather is too cold, a sip of wine will warm you up.
+Here are some more examples sentences showing various uses of de:
 
-I seem to be sick, I’ve got on all these clothes and I still can’t get
-warm.
+Jīnniān guè shēngrì wo dele I got a new book on my birthday this
 
-Note on No. 9
+yìběn xīn shū. year.
 
-bǎozhòng: ’to take care of oneself, to take care of (one’s health)’.
+Xiǎodì jīntiān néng de hǎojǐ- Little brother will be able to get ge
+hongbāo! a lot of "red envelopes" today!
 
-Haohao baozhong shenti, bie lèihuài le.
+Of course, de cannot be used in all cases when we would say ’get’ in
+English. For one thing, de only means to receive passively, whereas
+English ’get’ sometimes denotes actively seeking to obtain, as in ’I’m
+going to the supply room to get some paper and pens’, or ’I got a
+package of cereal at the supermarket’. In these cases, dé would not be
+appropriate in Chinese. To show you some other ways in which the English
+word ’get’ is expressed in Chinese, here are some Chinese sentences
+which do not use de although the English translation uses ’get*:
 
-In telling someone to be sure to take preceded by duō or duōduō ’more
-(than
+Zuotian lai nǐde diānhuā le. Yesterday you got a phone call (but
 
-Yílù píng’ān, duō bǎozhòng.
+you weren’t here to get it.)
 
-Nǐde bìng gāng hǎo, duōduō bǎozhòng.
+Zuotian wo jiēdāo tāde diānhuā Yesterday I got a phone call from le.
+him (and was there to receive it.)
 
-Take good care of your health, don’t wear yourself out.
+Tā zēngjiā gōngzī le.
 
-care of himself, bǎozhòng is usually usual)’.
+Tā jiā xīnshuǐ le.
 
-Have a good trip, and take good care of yourself.
+Wǒ shōudàole yíge zhāngdān.
 
-You just got over your illness, take real good care of yourself.
+Wǒ cóng tā nār bǎ jiègei tade nèiběn shū nāhuilai le.
 
-Notes on No. 10
+Yǒ gěi wǒ nǎ yíge lai•
 
-guòqu: ’to pass away’. Like English ’pass away’, this is a euphemism for
-’to die’.
+Cong shenme dìfang wo néng mǎidao yíge xiāng zhèiyangrde?
 
-Tāde zǔfù zuotiān wǎnshang guòqu le.
+He got a raise in wages.
 
-Nǐ mùqin shi shénme shíhou guòqude?
+He got a raise in salary.
 
-Wō mùqin guòqude shíhou, wo hái hen xiǎo.
+I got a bill.
 
-niánji: ’(a person’s) age’,
+I got the book back which I lent him.
 
-you should learn by heart:
+Get one for me too.
 
-His grandfather passed away last night.
+Where can I get (buy) one of those?
 
-When did your mother pass away?
+fēngshi: ’rheumatism’, literally
 
-I was still very young when my mother passed away.
+Tā you fēngshi, tiān yì lěng tuǐ téngde lìhai.
 
-Here are some frequently used patterns
+’wind-humid’.
 
-Nín duo dà niánji le? How old are you? (polite way of
+He has rheumatism, as soon as it gets cold, his leg hurts severely.
 
-asking an adult’s age)
+pèng: ’to touch’, only in the sense of one object coming into contact
+with another. The verb pèng can also mean to come into contact with
+something in a violent way, ’to hit, to bump into’. Whether pèng means
+merely ’to touch’ or ’to bump into’ must be determined by context.
 
-Tā niánji bù xiǎo le. She’s not young any more.
+Ni bie peng zheige zhuōzi. Don’t touch this table.
 
-Tā niánji dà le. or Tā shàngle He’s getting on in years, niánji le.
+Tāde chē kě bùdeliǎo. Biérén His car is terrific! Other people pèng dōu
+bù néng pèng, gèng can’t even touch it, not to mention
 
-[Although the adjectival verb dà ’to be big’ is used after niánji to
-mean ’to be old’, when you want to say ’to be young’, you should use the
-adjectival verb qīng ’to be light* rather than xiǎo ’to be small’; for
-example, Tā niánji hái qīng, bù yīnggāi ràng ta qù gōngzuò, ’He’s still
-young, you shouldn’t make him go get a job.’]
+bú yào shuō Jièqu kāi le! borrowing it to drive!
 
-Note on No. 11
+CSome other words meaning ’to touch’ are āi ’to be close to, to be next
+to, to be touching’
 
-píngjìng: ’to be calm’. Pingjìngxiàlai, ’to calm down’.
+Ta zui pa da zhen. Zhen hai méi āidao ta, tā jiù dà jiao.
 
-Shuǐshàng yìzhī chuán dōu méiyou, ye méiyou fēng, hen píngjìng.
+dōng: ’to touch, to handle’
 
-Kànjian jiāli rén dōu hěn hǎo, xīnli píngjìngdeduō le.
+Nǐ bié dōng wo zhuōzishangde dōngxi, děng yìhuǐr wǒ huí-laile zìjǐ
+shōushi.
 
-As in the last example above, pingjìng is heart’ to describe one’s
-emotional state.
+mō: ’to feel, to rub, to touch’ Here ’to be soft, yielding to the
+touch’.
 
-There wasn’t a single boat on the water, and there was no wind. It was
-very calm.
+Zhèijiàn yīfu zhēn hǎo, mōshang-qu ruǎnruǎnde; chuānzhe yídìng hěn
+shūfu.
 
-When I saw that everyone in the family was all right, I felt much
-calmer.
+She is extremely afraid of getting shots. She cries out before the
+needle has even touched her.
 
-often used with xīnli ’in the
+Don't touch the things on my desk, in a while when I come back I’ll
+straighten them up myself.
 
-Jīntiān tā hěn shēngqì, wǒ méi bànfa ràng ta pingjìngxiàlai.
+you also need to know that ruǎn means
 
-He got very angry today and there was no way I could get him to calm
-down.
+This piece of clothing is really nice very soft to the touch; it must be
+very comfortable to wear.]
 
-Notes on No. 12
+Notes on No. 1U
 
-méi néng: ’was not able to’• Here you see the auxiliary verb néng used
-with the negative méi. You have learned that state verbs (auxiliary
-verbs are one type of state verbs) are negated with bù, (bù hǎo, bù
-zhīdao) not with méi. Here, however, you see méi néng instead of bù
-néng. This is an exception to the rule that all state verbs are always
-negated with bù. Actually, either bù néng or méi néng would be
-acceptable in this sentence. Some speakers, however, feel that there is
-a subtle difference between bù néng and méi néng when referring to an
-event in the past. For example, one can say Wo zuōtiān méi néng qù as
-well as Wo zuotiān bù néng qù. Wǒ zuótiān méi néng qù hints at the fact
-that there was a failure to attain the state of being able to go,
-whereas Wǒ zuotiān bù néng qù merely describes the state of being unable
-to go, without making any implications about failure (to attain the
-state of being able to go). Such a subtle difference
+tang: ’to lie down’. This is an action verb. Under most circumstances it
+requires some kind of complement: either a zài phrase telling where the
+subject ended up in a lying position, as in
 
-in implication may make very little difference in the actual import of a
-sentence in some contexts, although in other contexts it may be of some
-significance. (For the first example sentence, you need to know that
-mìmi means ’secret’.)
+Ta tangzai chuangshang le. He lay down on the bed.
 
-Zuotiān nǐ wen wo, wǒ bù néng gàosu ni, yīnwei zhè shi
+or the durative apsect marker -zhe, as in
 
-*mìmi.
+Tā zài chuangshang tǎngzhe.
 
-Zuotiān, nǐ wen wo, wǒ méi néng gàosu ni, yīnwei Zhang Sān zhàn zai
-pángbiān, wǒ bù xiǎng rang ta zhīdao.
+or the directional ending -xia(lai),
 
-gǎnhuilai: ’to rush back’.
+Dàifu jiào wo tǎngxia.
 
-Dōu liùdiǎn zhōng le, wǒ xiǎng tā dàgài gǎnbuhuílai le.
+or the completion le, as in
 
-Xiàwǔ wǔdiǎn zhōng, women you ge huì, nǐ gǎndehuílai gǎnbuhuílai?
+Tangle bàntiān, háishi bu shūfu.
 
-Yesterday when you asked me, I couldn’t tell you, because it’s a secret.
+Tā tangle yìhuǐr, jiù Juéde hǎo yìdiǎnr le.
 
-Yesterday when you asked me, I couldn’t tell you, because Zhāng Sān was
-standing there, and I didn’t want to let him know about it.
+He is/was lying on the bed.
 
-It’s six o’clock already, I think she probably won’t make it back in
-time.
+as in
 
-At five in the afternoon we have a meeting. Can you make it back in
+The doctor told me to lie down.
 
-Taipei:
+I lay down for quite a long time, but still felt ill.
 
-A woman goes to visit her friend after hearing of her father’s death:
+After I laid down for a while, I felt better.
 
-A: Wǒ zuìjìn chūchāi qu le,
+huīfu: ’to restore; to return to health)’.
 
-jīngguò Táinánde shíhou tīngdao nǐ fùqin qùshìde xiǎoxi. Zhēn bàoqiàn,
-wǒ mei néng gǎnhuilai diàosāng.
+Zhèige gōngchāng yījīng huīfu shēngchǎn le.
 
-B: Wǒ fùqin dele bìng, hen kuài
+Tā qiánjǐnián dào nóngcūn qu le. Zuìjìn cái huīfu gōngzuò.
 
-jiù guòqu le. Women you xiē zài wàidìde qǐnqi dōu méi néng láidejí
-cānjiā sānglǐ.
+A: Wǒ shàngge yuè shēng bìng-le, zhèige xīngqi cái huīfu yìdiǎnr.
 
-A: Wǒ jìde nī fùqin shēntī
+B: Kan nǐde yàngzi, huīfude bú cuò.
 
-yíxiàng bú cuò, zhècì déle shénme bìng?
+(an original state); to recover (one’s
 
-B: 0, wǒ fùqin shēntī shi bú cuò,
+This factory has already restored production. (Production in many areas
+was stopped during the turmoil of the Great Cultural Revolution.)
 
-jiùshi xīnzàng bú tài hǎo, zhècì hūrán fànle xīnzàngbìng, women gǎnjīn
-bǎ tǎ laorénjia sòngdao TaiDà Yīyuàn qu. Kěshi jīngguo jíjiù, háishi méi
-j iùguolai.
+She went to the countryside several years ago. Only recently did she
+return to work.
 
-A: Wǒ zǔmǔ yě shi xīnzàngbìng
+I was sick last month and only this week am feeling like myself again.
 
-qùshìde. Hǎoxiàng niánji dàlede rén déle xīnzàngbìng yǐhòu, hen nan
-zhìhǎo. Lǎo xiānsheng guòqude shíhou bú tài tòngkǔ ba?
+Looking at your appearance I’d say you’re pretty well recovered.
 
-B: Shìde. Tǎ guòqude shíhou
+Notes on No. 1$
 
-bǐjiào píngjìng, hǎoxiàng bú tài tòngkǔ.
+qiānwàn: ’by all means, for sure’
 
-A: Nǐ zhèxiē tiǎn yídìng mángde
+Nèitiáo jiēshang chē tài duō, nī qiānwàn bié qù.
 
-hen lèi le. Nǐ yào bǎozhòng shēntī. Guò xiē shíhou wǒ zài lāi kàn ni.
+Nī gāng Xue kāi chē, qiānwàn xiāoxīn.
 
-B: Xièxie ni. Yǐhòu you gōngfu
+Qiānwàn zhùyì, bú yào xiěcuò le, xiěcuòle kě máfan.
 
-zài guòlai zuòzuo.
+literally ’thousand ten-thousands*.
 
-A: Hǎo. Zàijiàn!
+There are too many cars on that street, you are absolutely not to go
+there.
 
-B: Zàijiàn!
+You’ve only just learned to drive a car, be sure to be careful.
 
-I went away on business lately and I heard the news of your father’s
-death when I was passing through Tainan. I’m so sorry I couldn’t make it
-back in time to go to the funeral.
+Be sure to be careful, don’t write this incorrectly, if you do it’ll be
+so much trouble.
 
-My father passed away very soon after he became ill. We even have
-relatives outside the area who couldn’t make it to the funeral.
+dāngxīn: ’to watch out, to watch oneself, to be cautious’. Not to be
+confused with dānxīn, ’to worry’.
 
-As I recall your father’s health was always pretty good, what illness
-did he get this time?
+Gāng xiàle xuě, chū men dāngxīn! It’s just snowed, watch yourself when
+you go out.
 
-Well, my father’s health was pretty good, only his heart wasn’t so good.
-This time he had a sudden heart attack, and we rushed him to Taiwan
-University Hospital. But even the emergency treatment didn’t save him.
+Kāi chē shàng jiē dāngxīn yì- Watch yourself when you go out diǎnr a!
+driving downtown!
+
+Notes on No. 16
+
+jiéguǒ: ’as a result, and so ...’. One of the uses of this word is to
+connect the thought of one sentence with the next. (Another is as the
+noun ’result(s)*.) It provides a transition from one sentence to
+another, as in
 
-My grandmother also died of heart disease. Older people seem to be very
-hard to cure after they get heart disease. When your father passed away
-he wasn’t in much pain, I hope?
+'As a result, then Below is a monologue which takes place in
+Peking,
 
-No. He was rather calm when he passed away. He didn’t seem to be in too
-much pain.
+in which the apeaker uses the word jiéguo in this way several times.
+(This is not meant to he an example of eloquence; in fact, you should
+not use jiéguo as repetitively as this speaker.)
 
-You must be very tired from being so busy these past few days. You have
-to take good care of yourself. I’ll be back to see you again soon.
+Wo tīngshuō Xiǎo Wang he Xiǎo Lǐ tan liàn’ài le. Tǎnde zěnme yàng ne?
+Tǎnde hú cuò. Liǎngge rén dōu méiyou yìjian. JiéguS Xiǎo Wǎngde fùqin bù
+tongyì. Zhèijiàn shi kě jiù hù hǎo hàn le. Xiǎngle hàntiān, jiéguS
+haishi Xiǎo Wang qù zhǎo jūmín wěiyuǎnhuì. Jūwěihuìde gànhu hé Xiǎo Wang
+tǎnle hàntiān, jiéguǒ hai hù xíng. Zěnme hàn? Xiǎo Wang you qù zhǎo
+pàichūsuS. PàichūsuSde gànhu you lai hé Lǎo Wang tǎnle hàntiān, haishi
+méiyou jiéguS. Zuìhòu nǐ xiǎng zěnmeyàng, Xiǎo Lǐ zìjǐ lai hé Lǎo Wang
+tǎnle, shuō jiéhūn yīhòu hù hānchuqu zhù, tā zhàogu lǎorénjiā. Zhèihuǐr
+Lǎo Wǎng mǎnyì le. JiéguS Xiǎo Wǎng Xiǎo Lǐ gāogāoxìngxìng jiéhūn le.
 
-Thanks. When you have time come over again and sit awhile.
+I heard that Xiǎo Wǎng and Xiǎo Lǐ are in love. How serious? Really
+serious. The two of them had no problems with the idea (of getting
+married). But then Xiǎo Wǎng’s father didn’t agree. The whole thing
+became difficult to arrange. They thought for a long time, and as a
+result it was Xiǎo Wǎng who went to seek out the neighborhood committee.
+The neighborhood committee cadres talked with Old Wǎng (Xiǎo Wǎng’s
+father) for a long time. But then it still didn’t go over. What to do?
+Xiǎo Wǎng then went to seek out the local police station. And the police
+station cadres went to talk with Old Wǎng too, but still no result. Well
+what do you think happened in the end? Xiǎo Lǐ went herself to talk with
+Old Wǎng. She said that after they married they wouldn’t move out, that
+she would take care of the old gentleman. That’s when Old Wǎng became
+satisfied. So in the end Xiǎo Wǎng and Xiǎo Lǐ were happily married.
 
-Okay. Good-bye.’
+tòngkū: ’to be in pain, to be suffering’.
 
-Good-bye.’
+Tā nèi shíhou hen tòngkū. She was in a great deal of pain at
 
-PART II
+that time.
 
-13. Wǒ dǎ chángtú diànhuà gàosu ta.
+Liàn’ài shībàile tā hěn tòngkū. It was very hard on him when they broke
+up.
 
-11. Tā lǎo péngyoude mǔqin shàngge ■xīngqī guòshì le.
+Zheijiàn shìqing ràng ta This matter pained him a great deal,
 
-15. Tā shāngxīnjíle.
+fēichǎng tòngkū.
 
-16. Nǐ fùqin yǐjīng qīshiwǔsuì, kéyi shuō shi chāngshòu le.
+Notes on No. 17
 
-17. Zài shuō ta guòshìde shíhou ye hu tài tòngkǔ.
+duo kuài: ’how fast’.’ Duo or the alternate form duome is used in
+exclamatory sentences to mean ’how ...!’ Here are some more examples:
 
-18. Nǐ hú hi tài nánguò le.
+Nǐ kàn cai shuōle liǎngjù huà, tā jiù bù gāoxìng le. Duo
 
-19. Wǒ mǔqin hǎnlāi xīwàng érnǔmen yíhèizi dōu zài tā shēnhiān.
+You see you only have to say two sentences and she gets unhappy.
 
-20. Wo dàgē jīnniān qubuliǎo Xiāng-gǎng le.
+rang rén bù hǎo yìsi!
 
-21. Jiānglái you jīhui zài qù ha!
+It really makes a person embarrassed!
 
-22. Wǒ mǔqin cháng shuō tā hú yuànyi j iānglái zàngzai guōwài.
+Zhèi kùzi zhènme duǎn, chuǎn-shang duo nánshdu!
 
-23. Ràng ta zài jiā ānxǐn xiūxi.
+Zhèiběn shū xiěde duo hǎo!
 
-21. A: Tā shuō tā qùshì yǐhòu yào huǒzàng.
+Wo bǎ chē yǎoshi fǎngzi chuangshang. Duo ben!
 
-B: Bìngqiǒ xīwàng tade háizimen néng hǎ tāde gǔhuī sònghuí guōnèi.
+yíxiǎzi: in no time’.
 
-I called him long distance to tell him.
+Wǒ huà hái méi shuōwán, tā yíxiǎzi jiù shēngqì le. Shéi zhīdao
+wèishénme?
 
-His old friend’s mother passed away last week.
+These pants are so short, when you wear them they’ll be so
+uncomfortable.
 
-He was terribly broken up.
+This book is so well written!
 
-Your father was already 75 years old. That’s quite a long life,
-actually.
+I left the car keys on the bed. How stupid!
 
-Besides that, he wasn’t in too much pain when he died.
+’in a flash, at one blow, at one fell swoop, all at once,
 
-You don’t have to feel too sad.
+I hadn’t yet finished speaking when he got angry all of a sudden. Who
+knows why?
 
-Originally my mother hoped that her children would stay with her all her
-life.
+Notes on No. 18
 
-My oldest brother can’t go to Hong Kong this year any more.
+Wángjiā: ’the Wang family’, referring either to the people, the social
+unit, or their home (in which case it can be used as a place word).
 
-Go sometime in the future if you get the chance.
+pǎng: ’to be fat, to get fat’. The verb pǎng can be used in two ways:
+one as an adjectival verb ’to be fat’, the other as a process verb ’to
+get fat’. To the Chinese, a fat baby is not only a healthy baby, it is a
+beautiful one. Plumpness and roundness are two features admired in
+babies and children.
 
-My mother often said that when the time came she didn’t want to be
-buried abroad.
+Adjectival verb (state)
 
-Let her rest without worry in her home.
+Tā hěn pǎng.
 
-He says that after he passes away he wants to be cremated.
+Tǎ xiǎo shíhou bú pǎng.
 
-Moreover he hopes his children will be able to take his ashes back to
-his home country.
+Wǒ hěn pǎ pǎng, shénme dou bù gǎn chī.
 
-NOTES ON PART II
+Process verb
 
-Note on No. 13
+Zuìjìn shēntī hǎole, tā pǎng duō le.
 
-da chángtú diànhuà: ’to make a long-distance telephone call’.
+Nǐ shi bu shi pǎngle yìdiǎndiǎn, Èrgē a?
 
-Qǐng nǐmen shēngyin xiǎo Would you all he a little quieter,
+He is fat.
 
-yídiǎn, wǒ zài dǎ chángtú . please? I’m making a long-distance
+She wasn’t fat when she was little.
 
-diànhuà ne! call!
+I’m afraid of being fat, I don’ dare eat anything.
 
-You saw in the Post Office-Telephone Module that diànhuà can also be
-used with the meaning ’a telephone call’ as in You nǐde diànhuà,
-’There’s a telephone call for you’. Chángtú diànhuà can be used in the
-same way:
+Lately his health got better and he got very fat.
 
-Wèi! Xiǎo Sānr! You nǐde Xiǎo Sānr! There’s a long-distance
+Haven’t you put on just a little bit of weight, Older Brother?
 
-chángtú diànhuà! phone call for you!
+Taipei:
 
-In the Meeting Module you saw the expression lái diànhuà ’a telephone
-call is received’ or ’make a telephone call here’. Here is chángtú
-diànhuà used in the same pattern:
+Mrs. Fang pays a visit to Mrs. Zhāng and her daughter-in-law to see the
+daughter-in-law’s new baby:
 
-Jīntiān zǎoshàng you ren gěi This morning someone called long-
+F: Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Zhāng Taitai,
 
-ni lái chángtú diànhuà le, distance for you, but you weren’t
+nín zhēn you fúqi, nínde xífu tōuyitāi Jiù gěi nín shēngle yíge dā pang
+sūnzi. Nínde xífu he xiao bāobao cōng yīyuàn huílaile meiyou? Tāmen dōu
+hāo ba?
 
-nǐ bú zài. here.
+Z: Xièxie, xièxie*. Tāmen dōu
 
-Note on No. 1H
+hāo, jīntiān zāoshang gāng cong yǐyuàn huílai.
 
-guòshǐ: ’to pass away, to die’. You have now seen ’to die’ expressed
-three different ways: guòqu, qùshì, and guòshì. All may be used in
-conversation, although guòqu is probably the most common.
+F: Wo zhèli you yíge hōngbāo,
 
-Note on No. 15
+shi gěi xiāo bāobaode.
 
-shāngxǐn: Literally, hurt, to be sad, to be broken-hearted’
+Z: Ai! Bù gān dāng, nín zhēn
 
-A: Tā zhènme shāngxǐn, wèi-shénme?
+shi tài kèqi le, hébì pòfei ne?
 
-B: Tā núpengyou zou le, zenme néng bù shāngxǐn?
+F: Nali, nāli! Zhǐ shi yìdiān
 
-Women j iāde gǒu sǐle, wǒ shāngxīnle hǎo cháng shíjiān.
+xiāo yìsi. Hāizi you duō zhòng a?
 
-Nàme hǎode yíge háizi sǐle, zhēn ràng rén shāngxǐn.
+Z: Haizi shēngxialaide shíhou
 
-’to wound the heart’.
+shi bābàng qī. Zhège hāizi shēntǐ zhēn hāo, zhēn neng chǐ. Gāng wèibāo,
+yíxiāzi you è le. NĪ ting, tā you kū le, shēngyin zhēn dà, dàgāi you yào
+chǐ nāi le. Women qù kànkan.
 
-’To be grieved, to be
+Congratulations! Mrs. Zhāng, you’re so lucky! Your daughter-in-law had a
+big fat grandson for you—and it was just her first! Have your
+daughter-in-law and the little darling come back from the hospital yet?
+They’re both doing well, I hope?
 
-Why is he so broken-hearted?
+Thank you! They’re both fine. They just came back from the hospital this
+morning.
 
-His girlfriend left, how can he not be broken-hearted?
+I have a ’red envelope’ for the baby here.
 
-After the family dog died, I was broken-hearted for a real long time
+Oh! You shouldn’t have. You’re really too kind. Why should you spend all
+this money?
 
-It really grieves one for such a good child to die.
+Don’t be silly. This is Just a little something to express my feelings.
+How much does the baby weigh?
 
-Note on No. 16
+He was eight pounds seven ounces at birth. He’s really a healthy baby,
+and he eats a lot. Right after his feeding, in no time he’s hungry
+again. Listen, he’s crying again. What a loud voice! He probably wants
+to nurse again. Let’s go see.
 
-chángshòu: ’long life, longevity; to live a long life’.
+C: ō! Fang Bōmu, nín yě lāi
 
-Yào xiang chángshòu, jiù bù yīnggāi dūo he jiu.
+le!
 
-Běifāng chángshòude rén bī Nanfāng duō.
+F : Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ ’. Wō lāi kàn nǐ ěrzi lai le! Zhège hāizi zhāngde
+zhēn hāo, duō you fúxiàng!
 
-If you want to live a long life, you shouldn’t drink excessively.
+C: Xièxie, xièxie! Tuō nínde
 
-There are more people who live long in the North than in the South.
+fú!
 
-Note on No. IT
+Oh! Auntie Fāng, you’ve come too!
 
-zài shuō: ’furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides’. Often following
-a clause with zài shuō, one of the adverbs yě ’also’ or you ’also’ is
-used.
+Congratulations! I’ve come to see your son! He looks so good! What a
+lucky physiognomy!
 
-A: Zěnmeyàng? Jīntiān nī néng lai ma?
+Thank you! It’s all thanks to your lucky influence!
 
-B: Zhèiliǎngtiān xià xuě, wo gānmào le, tiānqi you zhènme bù hǎo, zài
-shuō haizi tài xiǎo, bǎ tā yíge rén fàngzai jiāli, wō bu fàngxīn.
-Gǎitiān, wo yídìng lai, hǎo bu hǎo?
+F: Nǐ shēntǐ hao bu hao?
 
-Tā hen nénggàn, zài shuō you nàme piàoliang, nī jiù tongyì le ba?
+Yuèzili yào xiǎoxīn, bú yào chi shēnglěngde dōngxi, bú yào chuī fēng, bú
+yào pèng lěng shuǐ, yě bú yào chū men. Nǐ kàn, Liújia nàge xífu zuò
+yuèzi bú zhùyì, chǎng kāi diàn bīngxiāng, yòng lěng shuǐ, jiéguō dele
+fēngshī, tòngkúde hěn. Xiànzài hai yào tiǎntiǎn chi Zhōngyào. Nǐ qiǎnwàn
+yào dāngxīn.
 
-How about it? Can you come today?
+Z: Shi a’. Wǒ yǐjīng gàosu
 
-It’s snowed these two days, and I caught a cold, and the weather is so
-bad. Moreover the child is too small to leave alone at home. I would
-worry. I’ll come for sure another day, okay?
+ta le, yuèzili shénme shi dōu bú yào zuò, duō tǎngzhe, duō xiūxi, duō
+chi hǎode, shēntǐ jiù huifude kuài yidiǎn.
 
-She’s very capable, and what’s more, she’s so beautiful too. So you will
-agree (to marry her), won’t you? (said by a matchmaker to a young man)
+F: Wǒ zōu le, guò jǐtiǎn zài
 
-A: Wō děng ni bàntiān le, wō yào hé ni tan yixia.
+lái kàn nǐ gēn xiǎo bǎobao.
 
-B: Wo gāng xià kè. Zài shuō wō hái méi chī fàn ne’. Gǎitiān zài shuō
-    ba’.
+C: Deng yíxià. Nǐ dài jǐge
 
-I’ve been waiting for you for ages.
+hōngdàn qu, mǎnyuède shihou zài qǐng ni chi mǎnyuèjiú.
 
-I want to have a talk with you.
+F: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wǒ yídìng lái.
 
-I just got out of class. And furthermore I haven’t eaten yet! Let’s talk
-some other day!
+How are you feeling? You have to be careful for the first month after
+giving birth. Don’t eat raw or cold foods, stay out of drafts, avoid
+cold water, and don’t leave the house. Look at Mrs. Liú who didn’t pay
+attention during the first month after giving birth; she opened the
+refrigerator a lot and used cold water, and ended up getting rheumatism.
+She suffered so much. Now she still has to take Chinese medicine every
+day. Be absolutely sure you watch out.
 
-Note on No■ 18
+Right’. I’ve already told her. You shouldn’t do anything at all during
+the first month after giving birth. You should lie down a lot, get a lot
+of rest, eat a lot of good food, and then your health will come back
+faster.
 
-nánguò: ’to be sad, to verb can be used to refer to either
+I’m going to leave now. I’ll come back in a few days to see you and the
+baby.
 
-Yīshēng shuō tā muqinde bìng hěn lìhai, women dōu hěn nánguò.
+Wait a second. Take a few red eggs with you. We’ll invite you to the
+celebration dinner when the baby is one month old.
 
-be distressed, to feel bad’. physical or emotional
+All right, I'll be sure to come.
+
+NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
 
-This adjectival distress.
+hōngdàn: Red eggs symbolize a combination of lucky influences: red is
+the color of happiness and dignity, while eggs are symbols of health and
+prosperity to the farmer. Hōngdàn are sometimes also used as gifts from
+a newly-engaged couple to their friends.
 
-The doctor said his mother’s illness was very serious, and we were all
-very sad.
+Vocabulary
 
-Jīntiān tā chǐle hǎo duō shēngcài, xiànzài dùzili nánguò le.
 
-Bié nánguò le, rén yǐjīng sǐle nánguò yě méiyou yòng le.
+-bang pound (unit of weight)
 
-Jīntiān Song Lǎoshī hěn nánguò.
+bǎobao (bǎobao) baby, darling (term of endearment
+for a young child)
+bīngxiāng
+refrigerator, ice box
+bù gǎn dāng
+I’m flattered, You shouldn't
+have,
 
-Xiǎo Wángde jiāli you nàme duō máfan. Zhēn ràng rén nánguò.
+I don't deserve this
 
-He ate a lot of raw vegetables today, so now his stomach hurts (he feels
-bad) .
+chī nǎi to nurse, to suckle
 
-Don’t be sad, he’s already dead, and it’s no use being sad.
+chuī fēng to have air blow on oneself, to
+be
 
-Teacher Song is very sad today.
+in a draft
 
-There’s so much trouble in Xǐao Wáng’s family, it really makes a person
-sad.
+dāngxīn to watch out
 
-Notes on No. 19
+de to get
 
-běnlái’originally, at first, in the first place’.
+duo kuài! how fast!
 
-Běnlái wo xiǎng jǐntiān xiàwu qù kàn diànyǐng. Hòulái tīngshuō kāi huì.
-Suànle, wǒ yǐhòu zài qù ba.
+ěrduo ear
 
-Běnlái wǒ jīntiān qù Guangzhou, tiānqì bù hǎo, dàgài děi míngtiān cái
-néng zou le.
+fēngshi rheumatism
 
-Originally I wanted to go see a movie this afternoon. Later I heard
-there was a meeting. So I’ll forget it and go another time.
+fúqi blessings, luck
 
-Originally I was going to Canton today, but the weather is bad so I’ll
-probably have to wait until tomorrow before X can leave.
+fúxiàng lucky physiognomy
 
-yíbèizi: ’all one’s life, in one’s (whole) life, throughout one’s life,
-as long as one lives, a lifetime’.
+hongbāo a red envelope with a gift or
+bribe
 
-Zhèngfù bāng tā bǎ zài wàiguō-de qián zhǎohuilai le. Tā yíbèizi yě
-méiyou jiànguo zhènme duō qián, hǎo gāoxìng.
+of money in it
 
-Tā you sānge érzi, wèi zhèi sānge érzi mángle yíbèizi. Xiànzài lǎole,
-gāi xiūxi xiūxi le.
+hongdàn eggs dyed red
 
-The government helped her get back money she had outside the country.
-She had never seen so much money in her whole life. She was really
-happy.
+huīfu to recover
 
-She has three sons and for these three sons she was busy her whole life.
-Now she is old and should take it easy.
+jiēguǒ (jiēguǒ) as a result; result, results
 
-shēnbiān: ’at/by one’s side; (have something) on one, with one’.
+mǎnyuè a full month after the birth of a
 
-Wo you yíge háizi zài nongcūn, yíge háizi zài shēnbiān.
+baby
 
-Rúguo tā shēnbiān you hǎo jǐge háizi jiù méiyou bànfǎ chū-lai gōngzuò.
+mǎnyuèjiǔ celebration meal one month after
+a
 
-I have one child out in the country and one child here with me.
+baby is born
 
-If she has several children at her feet, then she just can’t go out and
-work.
+pang to be fat
 
-Notes on No. 20
+pèng to touch
 
-dàgē; ’oldest brother'. Remember that 'older brother' is gēge, but the
-oldest of several children is dàgē. In addition dàgē can be used between
-men to show a friendly relationship of unequal status.
+pofei to spend a lot of money (on
+someone),
 
-qùbuliǎo: 'cannot go*. This is a compound verb or result, like kanbujian
-'cannot see' or chǐbubǎo 'cannot eat one's fill'. The ending -liǎo is in
-compounds of potential result (those with -de- or -bu- between the main
-verb and the resultative ending) with the meaning of 'be able to'. You
-may be thinking (and rightly so) that this is just the meaning added by
-the use of -de- or -bu-. This has led some people to label -liǎo as a
-'dummy' resultative ending since it does not seem to add any additional
-information like other more specific endings do (e.g. wan 'finish').
+to go to some expense
 
-Wàimian shēngyǐn hǎo dà.
+qiānwàn by all means, be sure to; (in com
 
-Shizài shuìbuliǎo jiào.
+bination with a negative
+sentence)
 
-Jīntiān ting diàn, kànbuliǎo diǎnyǐngr.
+by no means, under no
+circumstances
 
-Wǒ zuìjìn dùzi bù shūfu, chǐ-buliǎo shēngcài.
+shēnglěng raw or cold foods
 
-Zhènme duō cài, chìbuliǎo le'.
+shēngxialai to be born
 
-Xiàwu wǒ you shi, qùbuliǎo túshūguǎnle, míngtiān zài shuō ba.
+sūnzi grandson
 
-Nǐ jiǔdiǎn zhōng xià ban, jintiān wǎnhuì nǐ qùdeliǎo qubuliǎo?
+-tāi birth
 
-Nǐ bú yào dāo jīchǎng lai song wo, nǐ yì kū wǒ j iù zōubu-liǎo le.
 
-It's so noisy outside. I really can't sleep at all.
+tang tòngkǔ touyige tóuyìtāi tuō nínde fú
 
-Today they're turning off the electricity, so we can't watch the movie.
+Wangjia wèi
 
-My stomach has been uncomfortable lately, I can't eat lettuce.
+xiǎo bǎobao (xiǎo bǎobǎo)
 
-So many dishes, we won't be able to eat them!
+xiǎoxīn
 
-This afternoon I'm busy, I can't go to the library, let's talk about it
-tomorrow.
+xífu
 
-You get off work at 9:00, can you go to the evening meeting?
+yíxiǎzi yuèzi
 
-Don't come to the airport to see me off; as soon as you start to cry, I
-won't be able to leave.
+zhang zhòng zuo yuèzi
 
-Note on No. 21
+to lie,to recline
 
-jiānglǎi: 'in the future*. Like other time words, jiānglai can be used
-between the subject and the verb, or at the front of the sentence before
-the subject.
+to he painful
 
-Jiānglai ZhōngMěi guānxi yuè In the future as Sino-American
+the first
 
-lái yuè hǎo, women zài Měiguo relations get better and better, jiù
-bǐjiào rōngyi mǎidào it will be easier for us to buy
+the first pregnancy, the first hahy
 
-Zhōngguode dōngxi. Chinese goods in America.
+thanks to your lucky influence, many thanks
 
-Wǒ jiānglái yào dào Shànghǎi lǐngshìguān qù gōngzuò.
+the Wang family to feed
 
-In the future I want to work in the consulate in Shanghai.
+hahy, darling (term of endearment for a young child)
 
-Note on No. 23
+to be careful daughter-in-law
 
-ānxǐn: ’to feel at ease, to set to keep one’s mind (on something)’.
+an instant, a moment, a while month of confinement after giving birth to
+a child
 
-Tā xiānshēng nǔlì zuò shi, tā keyi ānxǐn dú shū.
+to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)
 
-Wǒde hāizi gōngzuòde hěn hāo, wǒ yě jiù ānxǐn le.
+to be heavy
 
-o'ne’s mind at ease, to be at peace;
+to go through the month of confinement and special care after childbirth
 
-With her husband working hard at his Job, she could keep her mind on her
-studying.
+Customs Surrounding
 
-My child is doing well at work, and I can now feel at ease.
+Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 5
 
-Note on No. 2k
+PART I
 
-bìngqie:
+1. Wǒ zuìjin chūchai qu le, méi néng cānj iā zhège huì.
 
-’furthermore, moreover,
+2. Wǒ zài shàng Xīngqīèr jiù tīngdao tā zùmù qùshìde xiāoxi.
 
-and, besides’.
+3. Míngtiān wǒ yào qù diàosāng.
 
-Wǒ yào bā bìngqie xuěhāo.
+U. Míngtiān wǒ yào bāng tāmen bàn sānglǐ.
 
-gōngzuò zuò hāo yào bā Zhōngwén
+5. Wǒ fùqin yíxiàng xǐhuan he jiù, shàngge yuè hùrán juédìng zài yě
+bù hē le.
 
-I want to do a good and do a good job
+6. Wǒ fùqin fànle xǐnzàngbìng.
 
-job at work and studying Chinese.
+7. Women gǎnjǐn bǎ tā lǎorénjiā sòngdao TāiDà Yīyuàn qu.
 
-Zhèige hāizi hěn nùlì bìngqiě hěn cōngmīng.
+8. Yīshēng shuō jīngguo jíjiù, yǐjīng jiùguolai le.
 
-This child is very industrious and intelligent too.
+9. Nǐ zùmù yíxiàng hen bǎozhòng shēntǐ.
 
-Wǒ jìhua zhèige xīngqī bā zhèipiān wénzhāng xiěwán, bìngqiě fānyicheng
-Zhōngwén.
+10. Tā guòqude shíhou, niánji yídìng hen dà le ba?
 
-I plan to finish writing this essay this week and furthermore translate
-it into Chinese.
+11. Wǒ tīngwánle yǐhòu xīnli hen jiù bù néng píngjìngxiàlai.
 
-Taipei:
+12. Hen bàoqiàn, wǒ méi néng gǎnhui-lai diàosāng.
 
-After the funeral of an elderly man a friend comes to visit the family:
+I’ve been out of town on business lately, so I wasn’t able to
+participate in this meeting.
 
-A: Wo zuìjìn chūchāi qu le,
+Last Tuesday I heard the news that his grandmother had passed away.
 
-zuotiān huílai cai zhīdao lǎo xiānsheng guòshìde xiǎoxi, érqiě tīngshuō
-sānglǐ yě bānguo le, wǒ méi néng gǎn-huilai diāosāng, zhēn shi bāoqiān.
+Tomorrow I’m going to present my condolences at the funeral.
 
-B: Wo fùqin xīnzàng yíxiàng
+Tomorrow I’m going to help them take care of the funeral.
 
-hú tài hǎo, zuìjìn liǎngniān, yīshēng jiao ta tiāntiān chī yào, jiéguo
-wèntí hǎoxiāng shǎole yìdiǎn, kěshi liǎngge xīngqī yīqiǎn hūrān fānle
-lǎo bìng, wǒ dǎgē jiù gǎnjīn bǎ tǎ lǎorénjia sǒngdao TǎiDā Yīyuān jíjiù,
-bìngqiě dǎ changtú diānhuā bǎ wo jiāo-huilai. Tā niānji dā le, suīrān
-jīngguò jǐtiān jíjiù haishi méi jiùguolai, zāi shāng Xīngqīèr qùshì le;
-búguǒ tā qùshìde shíhou bǐjiǎo píngjìng, hǎoxiāng bú tāi tòngkū.
+My father always liked to drink, but last month he decided all of a
+sudden that he would never drink again.
 
-V
+My father had a heart attack.
 
-A: Fùqin qùshì, érnu yídìng
+We rushed him to Taiwan University Hospital.
 
-hěn shāngxīn. Búguǒ lǎo xiānsheng qīshiduōsuì qùshì yě suān shi
-chǎngshòu le. Zāi shuō tā gudqude shíhou bú tāi tòngkū, nǐmen xiōngdì
-jiěmèi yě dōu zāi tā shēnbiān, tā yě jiù ānxīn le, nǐ yě bú yāo tāi
-nanguò. Lǎo xiānsheng zāngzai nǎli?
+The doctor said that she had been saved through emergency treatment.
 
-B: Wǒ fùqin shuōguo, yāo huǒ-
+Your grandmother always took good care of herself.
 
-zāng. Tā shuō tā zhèyíbèizi kǒngpā huíbuliǎo lǎojiā le, jiāo women
-jiānglāi bǎ gúhuī sònghuí lǎojiā qu, suoyi women jiù zhǔnbèi zhǎo tā
-shuōde bān.
+She must have been quite old when she passed away.
 
-who came to Taiwan from the mainland,
+After I listened to it I couldn't calm down for quite a while.
 
-I've been away on business lately, and I didn't find out until I got
-back yesterday that your father had passed away. And I hear that the
-funeral has already been held. I'm really sorry I didn't make it back in
-time to attend the funeral.
+I’m sorry I couldn’t rush back in time for the funeral.
 
-My father's heart was never too good. The past two years, the doctor
-told him to take medicine every day, and there didn't seem to be so much
-of a problem any more, but two weeks ago he had a sudden attack of his
-old illness. My oldest brother rushed him to Taiwan University Hospital
-for emergency treatment. He also called me long distance to get me to
-come back. He was quite old, and even after several days of emergency
-treatment they still weren't able to save him. He passed away last
-Tuesday, but at the time he was rather calm, and he didn't seem to be in
-too much pain.
+NOTES ON PART I
 
-When a father passes away, the children always feel very grieved. But
-for your father to pass away at over seventy is really quite a long
-life. Besides, he wasn't in too much pain when he passed away, and all
-you brothers and sisters were at his side, so he could set his mind at
-ease; so don't be too sad. Where will he be buried?
+Notes on No. 1
 
-My father had said he wanted to be cremated. He said that he probably
-wouldn't be able to return to his hometown in his lifetime, and he told
-us to take his ashes back to his hometown someday. So we're planning to
-do as he asked.
+zuìjìn; ’lately, recently; in the near future*. This word can either
+refer to the near past or the near future.
 
-Vocabulary
+A: Tā zuìjìn zěnmeyàng? How has she been lately?
 
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| ānxǐn                             | to be without worry, to feel at   |
-|                                   | ease to feel relieved             |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| bǎozhòng běnlái bìngqiē           | to take good care (of oneself)    |
-|                                   | originally moreover, and          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| cānj iā chángshòu                 | to take part in; to attend        |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | long life, longevity; to live a   |
-|                                   | long time                         |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| chūchāi                           | to be out of town on business     |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| dǎ chángtū diànhuà dàgē diàosāng  | to make a long-distance phone     |
-|                                   | call oldest brother               |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to present one’s condolences at a |
-|                                   | funeral, to attend a funeral      |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| érnū                              | children                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| fàn                               | to have an attack (of an old      |
-|                                   | disease)                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| gāndeshàng                        | to be able to catch up, to be     |
-|                                   | able to make it in time           |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| gǎnhuilai gǎnjīn gǔhuī guòqu      | to rush back quickly bone ashes   |
-| guòshì                            | to pass away, to die to pass      |
-|                                   | away, to die                      |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| huǒzàng hūrǎn                     | to cremate; cremation suddenly    |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| jiānglai Jí jiù                   | the future, someday               |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | first aid; to administer          |
-|                                   | emergency treatment               |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| j iùguolai                        | to save                           |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| lǎorénjiā                         | polite way of addressing or       |
-|                                   | referring to an old person (ní    |
-|                                   | lǎorénjiā, tā lǎorénjiā)          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| -liǎo                             | can, to be able to                |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| nǎnguò                            | to be sad age                     |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| niánji (niánji)                   |                                   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| píngjìng                          | to be calm                        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+B: Zuìjìn tā hěn hǎo. Lately she’s, been very well.
 
-qubuliǎo qùshì
+Wǒ zuìjìn zài niàn shū. I’ve been studying lately.
 
-sānglǐ shāngxīn
+Wo zuìjìn yào dào Jiāzhōu qù. I’m going to be going to California
 
-shēnbiān
+in the near future.
 
-song
+chūchāi: ’to go away on official business’.
 
-xiāoxi xīnzàng xīnzàngbìng
+Míngtiān chūchāi, jǐntiān hěn máng.
 
-yíbèizi yíxiang
+Zhècì chūchāi, qù shénme dìfang?
 
-zài shuō zàng zuìjin zǔmǔ
+Zhějiàn shi, děng wo chūle chāi yǐhòu zài bàn.
 
-cannot go
+Zhècì chūchāi huílai, kéyi dài diǎn dōngxi gěi ni.
 
-to pass away, to die
+cānjiā: ’to participate in; to performance, etc.); to join’.
 
-funeral
+Wǒ jìhua xià Xǐngqīyī yào dào Niǔ Yūē qu war. Nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng cānjiā?
 
-to be grieved, to be sorrowful, to be heartbroken
+Wǒ yào cānjiā míngtiān xiàwude huì.
 
-one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings
+Zuǒtiān women gěi Zhāng Tàitai sòngxíng, nǐ yě cānjiā le ma?
 
-to escort, to take (someone to a place)
+Tomorrow I’m going away on business, so today is a busy day.
 
-news
+Where are you going on this business trip?
 
-heart
+I’ll get to this matter after my business trip.
 
-heart disease
+When I come back from this business trip, I’ll be able to bring you back
+a little something.
 
-all one’s life
+attend; to go to (a meeting, gathering,
 
-(have) always, (had) always, consistently, all along
+I’m planning to go to New York next week to relax. Do you want to join
+in?
 
-furthermore, besides
+I’m going to attend the meeting tomorrow afternoon.
 
-to bury
+Yesterday when we gave the going-away party for Mrs. Zhang, did you come
+too?
 
-recently; soon
+Notes on No. 2
 
-grandmother (on the father’s side)
+zài shàng Xīngqīèr: ’on last Tuesday’. Notice that with an expression
+stating a time when something occurs. zài is optional. Here are some
+more
 
-Customs Surrounding
+examples:
 
-Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 6
+Zhège huì zài xiàge yuè kāi.
 
-PART I
+This meeting will
 
-1. Xiǎo Lǐde mama sǐ le.
+zài is used here In this
 
-2. A: NǏ shuō women shi fǒu gāi cānjiā tāde sānglǐ?
+sentence
 
-B: Women yīngdāng qù yíxià.
+he held
 
-3. Xiǎo Lǐde māma jīntiān chū bin.
+next month.
 
-4. Yìbān rénde sānglǐ méiyou name duōde guǐju le.
+Zhège haizi zài qùniǎn qiūtiān kāishǐ zài jiā niàn shū le.
 
-5. Yìbān cānjiā sānglǐde rén dōu song wǎnliàn huò huāquān.
+This child began studying last fall.
 
-6. Xiě wǎnliàn fǎnzhèng lāibují le.
+at home
 
-7. Women qù mǎi yige huāquān rúhé?
+Wǒ zài shàngge lǐbài mǎile yíjiàn jiéhūn lǐfū.
 
-8. Nianqīng fùnù xǐhuan chuān huā yīfu.
+Last week I bought a wedding gown.
 
-9. Na néng rang ni pòfei?
+Zài Yījiǔliǔsānniǎn wǒ rènshi-le ta.
 
-10. Wō qù gei ta mǎi diān xiǎo lǐwù jiù shi le.
+I met him in 1963.
 
-11. Zhǐ yǎo bú tài guì, wō hāishi dā jìchéngchē qu.
+Zài Yījiǔwǔlíngniǎn wǒ jiù kànguo zhèběn shū.
 
-12. Nǐ shuō women liǎngge rén héqilai song ta yítāo pǎnzi-wǎn
-    zěnmeyāng?
+I read this book back in 1950.
 
-13. Nǐ xiǎode Yāngmíngshān Gōngmù zài nali ma?
+zǔmǔ: ’(paternal) grandmother'. Remember that this refers exclusively to
+the father's mother. The mother's mother is wàizǔmǔ. EA grandmother is
+usually addressed by her son's children as nāinai.J Here is a chart
+showing these terms:
 
-Xiao Li’s mother died.
+zǔfù zǔmǔ wàizǔfù wàizǔmǔ
 
-Do you think we should go to the funeral?
+[]
 
-We should go.
+qùshì: 'to pass away'. Literally, this means 'to go (from this) world'.
+It is a euphemism for sǐ 'to die', which is introduced in Unit 6.
 
-The funeral procession for Xiao Li’s mother is today.
+Xiǎo Wāngde fùqin qùshì yǐjīng It's been two years since Xiǎo Wang's
+liǎngniǎn le. father died.
 
-Most people’s funerals don’t have so many special customs anymore.
+xiǎoxi: 'news, information, tidings'.
 
-Most people who attend a funeral send a funeral scroll or a flower
-wreath.
+Zhèiliǎngtiǎn bàozhǐshang you The
 
-It’s too late to write a funeral scroll anyway.
+hěn duō guānyu Zhōngguode
 
-How about if we go buy a flower wreath?
+xiǎoxi.
 
-Young women like to wear multicolored clothing.
+Jīntiǎn bàozhǐshang you shénme
 
-How could I make you spend money?
+xīn xiǎoxi?
 
-I’ll just go and buy her a little present.
+The past couple of days there's been a lot of news about China in the
+newspaper.
 
-As long as it’s not too expensive, it would be best if I took a taxi.
+What news is there in the newspaper today?
 
-What do you say the two of us give him a set of dishes together?
+Women jiā liǎngge yuè méiyou xìn le, shénme xiāoxi dōu méiyou.
 
-Do you know where Yangmingshan Public Cemetery is?
+Our family hasn’t sent a letter in two months, there’s no news at all.
+(Said hy one family member who is separated from the rest.)
 
-NOTES ON PART I
+Xiāoxi can be used with the counter -ge to mean ’a piece of news, an
+item of news’:
 
-Notes on No. 1
+Wǒ you yíge hǎo xiāoxi.
 
-mama: ’mother, mom’ Although this can he used as a term of address, like
-English ’Mom’ or ’Mommy’, it can also he used in informal conversation
-to refer to one’s own or someone else’s mother, as in wǒ mama ’my
-mother’, or tā mama* his mother’. For the term of direct address ’Mom’,
-Mā is prohahly more commonly used than Mama.
+I have a piece of good news.
 
-Wǒ mama shàng hān qu le. My mother has left for work.
+Note on No. 3
 
-Xiàwù, Mama jiù zuò huǒche lāi This afternoon, Mom came hy train kàn wo
-le. to visit me.
+diàosāng: ’to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a
+funeral’. At a traditional funeral, the guests, by groups, present their
+condolences to the family of the deceased in a brief formal ceremony.
 
-sǐ: ’to die’ This is a process verh, like hìng ’to become ill, to get
-sick’, and therefore corresponds more closely to the English ’to become
-dead’ than it does ’to be dead’. In English one can talk about a person
-who has a terminal illness, saying ’He is dying’, but this does not
-translate directly into Chinese. In Chinese one can say Tā kuài (yào)
-sǐle, ’He is about to die,’ or Tā huòbuliǎo duo jiù le, ’He won’t live
-much longer.’
+Jīntiān wǒ qù diàosāng, jiàndao Today when I was at the funeral I nín
+jiā lǎotàitai. saw your grandmother.
 
-Tīngshuō Lao Liùde fùqin sǐ le. I heard that Lāo Liu’s father has died.
+Note on No. 4
 
-Sǐ can be used directly before a noun as an adjective, meaning ’dead’.
-Shi sǐde may be used to mean ’is dead’.
+sānglǐ: ’the funeral ceremony’. CSāng- in some combinations means
+’funeral’, for example, sāngfú ’funeral clothing’, or sāngshì
+’funeral’.! On a volunteer basis, family, friends, and villagers help
+with funeral preparations. Members of the immediate family stay with the
+coffin to guard it during the day and sleep with it at night.
 
-Zhè shi yìtiāo sǐ yù. This is a dead fish.
+Notes on No. 5
 
-Zhèitiáo yu shi sǐde. This fish is (a) dead (one).
+yíxiàng: ’always (up to now)’, has been so all along up until now (and
+else change).
 
-Notes on No. 2
+This adverb indicates that something may either continue the same way or
 
-shi fǒu: ’is it (true) or isn’t it (true that) ...’ This phrase is a
-more formal-sounding equivalent of shi bu shi; fǒu in literary Chinese
-means ’or not’. In spoken Standard Chinese, the use of shi fǒu is more
-restricted than shi bu shi. First of all, shi fǒu has a more educated,
-formal ring to
+I’ve always like to eat sweet snacks
 
-it than shi bu shi. Secondly, shi fǒu verbal expression, as in the
-following
+He has always done very well in his studies.
 
-Zhèzhǒng tiān shi fǒu huì xià yù?
+Teacher Wú has always liked children
 
-Jǐnnián dōngtiān, nǐ shi fǒu xiāng dào Màiāmì qu?
+Mr. Xià has always been very polite.
 
-Nǐ shi fǒu zhùnbèi ànzhao zhège jìhua qù zuò?
+time word. It may go before the verb,
 
-is usually used only before another examples:
+Wǒ yíxiàng ài chi tian diǎnxin.
 
-Is (this weather) going to rain?
+Tā yíxiàng niàn shū niànde hen hǎo.
 
-Are you hoping to go to Miami this winter?
+Wú Lǎoshī yíxiàng xǐhuan haizi.
 
-Are you planning to act according to this plan?
+Xià Xiānsheng yíxiàng hěn kèqi.
 
-Nǐ yīnggāi xiǎngyixiǎng, nǐ duì zhège rén shi fǒu liǎojiě.
+hūrǎn: ’suddenly’. This is a or at the front of the sentence.
 
-Nǐ niánji hù xiǎo le, nǐ shi fǒu kǎolūguo jiéhūnde wèntí?
+Wǒ hūrǎn xiǎngqilai, wǒde xìn hai méiyou jì.
 
-Jīnnián, nǐmen xuéxiǎode xué-shēng shi fǒu zēngjiā le?
+I suddenly remembered that I hadn’t mailed my letter yet.
 
-Wǒ hù zhīdào wǒde yìjian shi fǒu néng dédao tǒngyì.
+Hūrán, tā pǎolai le, hāoxiàng you shénme shi.
 
-Zhèizhong dōngxi zài zhèli shi fǒu mǎidedāo?
+Suddenly, he came running in, as if there were something wrong.
 
-You ought to think about whether you understand this person or not.
+Hūrán tiān xià yǔ le, xiàde Suddenly it started raining, raining
 
-You’re not young anymore, have you considered the question of marriage?
+hāo dà.
 
-This year did the (number of) students in your school increase?
+very hard.
 
-I don't know whether my opinion will be agreed with or not.
+Tā jìnlai zuòle yìhuǐr, hūrán jiù zǒu le.
 
-Can this sort of thing be bought here?
+He came in and sat down for a while, and then left all of a sudden.
 
-Note on No. 3
+zài yě bù he le: ’will never drink again’. Sometimes people ask what is
+the word for ’never’ in Chinese. The answer is that ’never’ is not
+expressed by one word, but rather by a combination of adverbs and
+negative. Not only is ’never’ rendered into Chinese by several words,
+but the word patterns are different for sentences expressing completed
+action, habitual action, or planned action. For these examples you need
+to know that yongyuān is the word for ’forever’.
 
-chū bin: ’to transport the coffin to the burial place or to the tomb'.
-Literally, this means 'take out the coffin’.
+Wo cǒnglai méi chīguo Zhōngguo I’ve never eaten Chinese food, cài.
 
-Liújiā míngtiān chū bin. The Liu's have the funeral procession
+Wǒ cónglái bu kàn nèiyangde I’ve never read those kinds of books,
 
-tomorrow.
+shū.
 
-Zuotiān, Liu Xiānsheng gěi tā Yesterday, after Mr. Liu accompanied fùqin
-chūle bin yǐhòu, hui his father's coffin to the cemetery
+Tāde wèntí yongyuān bù néng His problems can never be solved,
 
-jiā jiù bìng le. he went home and then got sick.
+jiějué.
 
-Note on No. 4
+Wo zài yě bú qù nàli le. I’ll never go there again.
 
-guǐju: 'fixed standards of conduct, regulations, or customs'.
+The adverb zài and a negative, such idea of not doing something anymore.
 
-Anzhao Zhōngguode guīju, gěi sǐrén chūle bin yǐhòu hái yāo zuò shénme?
+Bìng hāole yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài hē jiǔ.
 
-Kèren lái le, zāi máng yě yāo he běi chá, zhè shi wǒmende guīju.
+Yǐhòu wǒ bu zài zuò le.
 
-According to Chinese custom, after accompanying the coffin of the
-deceased to the cemetery, what else should be done?
+Bú yào zài dā ta le.
 
-When a guest comes, no matter how busy he is, he should have a cup a cup
-of tea. This is our custom.
+as méiyou, can be used to express the
 
-You guīju means 'to have manners':
+After he got well, he didn’t drink anymore.
 
-Zhège háizi bù dong shi, méi guīju, zhēn rāng rén bù hǎo yìsi.
+In the future I won’t do it again.
 
-Wángjiāde lǎodā zhǎngde hǎokān, you you guīju, zhēn hǎo.
+Don’t hit him any more.
 
-This child does not understand about things, he has no manners• It
-really embarasses a person.
+If zài is placed in front of the negative, the meaning of the phrase is
+more emphatic.
 
-The Wáng's oldest son is good looking and he is well mannered. He's
-really great.
+Wǒ zài bù huílai le’. I’m never coming back here again.’
 
-Guīju as an adjectival verb means ’to be proper, to be correct (of a
-person)’.
+If yě is added between zài and the negative, the meaning is
+approximately the same.
 
-Lǎo Wǎngde nūér rén hěn guīju. Lǎo Wang’s daughter is very proper.
+Wǒ zài yě bù chǐ táng le. I’m never going to eat candy again.
 
-Notes on No. 5
+Nèitiáo lù bù hāo zǒu, nǐ zài That road is hard to go on, don’t yě Lie
+zǒu nèitiáo lù le. ever take it again.
 
-dōu: Some of the uses of dōu do not correspond to ’all*. ’All’ in
-English is often described as ’collective’, that is, referring to all
-the members in a group. D5u in Chinese is often described as
-’distributive’, that is referring to the members of a group as
-individuals. This usage sometimes is translated as ’each’. Notice that
-in the Reference List sentence dōu in combination with yìbān and another
-noun produces this meaning.
+Nǐ zài yě bié kàn zhèzhǒng shū le.
 
-Hěn duō Zhōngguo rén dǎole Měiguo dōu xiǎng niǎn shū.
+Nàge fàndiànde cài tài guì, wǒ zhǐ qùle yícì, jiù zài yě méi qùguo le.
 
-Qiǎnjǐniǎn, xǔduō xuéshēng bìyè yīhōu dōu dào nongcūn qu le.
+Women shi tǒngxué, kěshi líkāi xuéxiào yǐhòu, wǒ jiù zài yě méi kànjian
+ta le.
 
-Yìbān Zhōngguo rén dōu juéde xué Yīngwén bǐ xué Zhōngwén nan.
+Sānge yuè yǐqián xiàguo yìchǎng yǔ, yǐhòu jiù zài yě méi xiàguo le.
 
-A lot of Chinese want to study after they get to the United States.
+More on ’Again*: Up until now you’ve which did not express a completed
+event and
 
-Several years ago many students went to the countryside after they
-graduated.
+Don’t ever read, this kind of book again.
 
-The average Chinese thinks that English is harder to learn than Chinese.
+That restaurant is too expensive; I only went there once and then I
+never went back again.
 
-wǎnliàn: ’funeral scroll, scroll of condolence’, literally ’elegiac—
-couplet’. CLiǎn is short for duìliǎn ’a written or inscribed couplet
-(pair of parallel sentences)’.] Traditionally, white cloth scrolls in
-one to three strips were written for the deceased by friends. More
-recently a new practice has developed which is to send scrolls or
-wreaths bearing one character: diǎn, ”to sacrifice.” Sending flowers has
-been brought in by Western custom.
+We were schoolmates, but after we left the school, I never saw him
+again.
 
-Xiǎwǔ wǒ dào Liūjiā qu, nǐ gěi This afternoon I’m going to the Liu’s,
-xiě ge wǎnliàn hǎo bu hǎo? could you write a funeral scroll
+Three months ago it rained once, and since then it hasn’t rained again.
 
-for them?
+seen zài ’again’ used in sentences òu used in sentences which did.
 
-huò: ’or’. You have learned huòshi and huōzhě for ’or’. Huō is a more
-literary variant, but it can still be heard in conversation.
+Míngtiān zài lai ba.
 
-Jīntiān wǎnshang huō míngtiān Come over to my house tonight or wǎnshang
-nǐ dào wǒ zhèli lai tomorrow night, okay?
+Come again tomorrow.’
 
-yítàng hǎo bu hǎo?
+òu, nǐ you lai le.
 
-huāquān: ’flower wreath’, literally ’flower circle’.
+Oh, you’ve come again.’
 
-Wǒ xiǎng mǎi ge huāquān gěi I want to buy a flower wreath to send
+But there are further qualifications on the use of ’again’ in Chinese.
+While zài always refers to activities which have not yet occurred, that
+is future activities or events, you is not totally limited to activities
+or events which are completed or past. You may be used in present or
+future situations if the thing being talked about is so certain that it
+may be treated like something which has actually happened.
 
-Liujiā sōngqu. to the Liu’s.
+Míngtiān you shi Xīngqīyī le.
 
-Note on No. 6
+Zhè you yào duōshao qián a?
 
-fanzheng: ’anyway, anyhow, either way, in any case, all the same’.
-Fǎnzhèng may come either before or after the subject of the sentence.
+Zhèi yìtiān you yào wan le.
 
-Nǐ jí shenme, fǎnzhèng gǎnbu-shàng kāi huì le, mǎnmǎn zǒu ba!
+Xiànzài wǒ you you gōngzuò le.
 
-Fǎnzhèng wǒ bù mǎi, méi qián méi guānxi.
+And tomorrow is Monday again.
 
-Wǒ fǎnzhèng méi shi, women jiù tántan zhèige wèntí ba.
+And how much money is needed again for this?
 
-Fǎnzhèng wǒ yào qù, nǐ bú qù yě kéyi.
+And this day is about to end too. (Said at the end of a long busy day
+with many things left to do.)
 
-Fǎnzhèng is often prefaced by a matter whether...':
+Now I have a job again.
 
-Bù guǎn nǐ qù bu qù, fǎnzhèng wǒ yào qù.
+Notes on No. 6
 
-What are you so anxious for, we won’t make it in time for the meeting
-anyway, so let’s just take our time!
+fàn: ’to have an attack (of a revert to (an old habit)’.
 
-I’m not going to buy it anyway, so it doesn’t matter that I don’t have
-any money.
+Tā you fàn lǎo máobìng le, zhèjǐtiān hěn bu shūfu.
 
-I don’t have anything to do anyway, so let’s talk about this.
+disease), to have a recurrence of, to
 
-I’m going anyway; it’s okay if you don’t go or It’s okay if you don’t
-go; anyway, I’m going.
+That old problem of his is acting up again. He hasn’t been feeling well
+the last few days.
 
-clause beginning with bù guǎn ’no
+Shàngge yuè tā fan bìng le, xuěyā hǎo gāo
 
-No matter whether you go or not, I'm going anyway.
+Bié fan nǐde lǎo mǎobìng le, kuài qù shàng xué qu ba!
 
-Note on No. T
+xǐnzàngbìng: ’heart disease’.
 
-rúhé: ’how; how about; in what way'. This is a literary word which means
-about the same as zěnmeyǎng. In a more plain, colloquial style, the
-Reference List sentence could also be said as Women qù mǎi yige huāquān
-zěnmeyǎng? Spoken Standard Chinese draws more on the written style in an
-area like Taiwan, where a majority of the population learn Standard
-Chinese in school, rather than at home. A speaker from Peking might
-consider Women mǎi yige huāquān rúhé to sound a little stiff and
-unnatural. You should be able to understand rúhé, but use it yourself
-only in speaking with people who use it, or in writing.
+Last month he had a recurrence; and his blood pressure was really high!
 
-Míngtiān Lǎo Zhāng qǐng women Tomorrow Lǎo Zhāng has invited all dǎjiā
-chǐ fǎn, nǐ juéde rúhà? of us to eat, what do you think?
+Don't fall back into your old habit (of skipping sbhool), get yourself
+to school.
 
-Zhèjiǎn shìde jiéguǒ rúhé? What was the outcome of this matter?
+Xǐnzàng is ’heart’..
 
-"Jiǎo wǒ rúhé bù xiāng ta?" "(it makes me so that) How could I
+Notes on No. 7
 
-not miss her?" (name of famous popular song of the 30's)
+gǎnjǐn: ’in a hurry’. This adverb means that someone decided to hurry up
+and start doing something. It can often be translated as 'to hurry up
+and', or ’to rush to (do something)'. Here are some examples:
 
-Note on No. 8
+Nàbiān chū chēhuò le, nǐ gǎnjǐn qù kǎnkan!
 
-huā: ’to be multicolored’.
+Jīntiǎn xiàwǎ, tā zǒu le, zhōngwǎ wǒ gǎnjǐn péi ta qù chī wǔfàn.
 
-Jīntiān tā chuānle yíjiǎn huā yīfu, hǎo piāoliāng!
+Kuài jiǎdiǎn le, wǒ yào gǎnjǐn zǒu le.
 
-Today she’s wearing a multicolored dress. It’s gorgeous.’
+There's been a car accident over there, hurry up and go look!
 
-Note on No. 9
+He was leaving this afternoon, so at noontime I hurried to go out to
+lunch with him.
 
-Nǎ néng rang ni pòfei: Nǎ or nǎr (Peking) is used in rhetorical
-questions.
+It's almost nine o'clock. I have to hurry up and leave.
 
-Tā méi qián, nǎ néng jiēhūn’.
+Gǎnjǐn means only that someone hurries to start the action. It does not
+mean that the action is finished quickly. For example, to say 'He made
+dinner in a hurry, so it didn’t come out well', meaning that he finished
+cooking it in a very short time, you cannot use gǎnjǐn; you could say
+Yǐnwei tā zuò fàn zuòde tài kuài, suǒyi zuòde bù hǎo.
 
-Zài Yéye nali nǎ(r) néng name shuō huǎ’.
+tā lǎorénjiā: Lǎorénjiǎ is a respectful way of referring to or
+addressing old people. When addressing someone directly, it is almost
+always preceded by nǐ or nín, as in
 
-Nǐ shi women jiǎde rén, nǎ(r) néng bú rang ni zhīdao zánmen jiǎde shi
-ne?
+Qīngwèn nín lǎorénjiā, dào Excuse me, sir, how do I get to
 
-Wǒ shuōde shi jǐbǎiniánqiánde shi, nǎ shíhoude Měiguo nǎ(r) you shenme
-chéngshì ’.
+Zhōngshān Lù zěnme zǒu? Zhongshan Road?
 
-A: Wǒ nǎ(r) míngbai’.
+Nǐ lǎorénjiā, zuìjìn zěnmeyàng? Shēntǐ hǎo ba?
 
-B: Nǐ name cōngmingde rén, nǎ(r) huì bù míngbai!
+How have you been lately? Have you been in good health, I hope?
 
-Nǐ kǎn, nǎ(r) you zhèyang ban shìde, bù jīngguò jūmín wěiyuánhuì, jiù
-xiǎng shēng háizi, nǎ nǎ(r) xíng?
+A third party can be referred to as tā lǎorénjiā:
 
-Tā yìzhí zǎi chéngli zhùzhe, nǎ(r) dǎoguo nongcūn ne!
+Tā lǎorénjiā shuō le, zhèjiàn shi búbì jízhe bàn.
 
-A: Zěnmeyǎng? Xiǎo Zhāng kuǎi jiēhūn le ba?
+He said that we don't need to be in a rush to do this.
 
-B: Nǎr a! Nūjiā fùmǔ bú yuǎn-yi , máf an dǎ le ’.
+I've come to give him some pastries.
 
-He has no money, how can he get married?
+Wǒ gěi tā lǎorénjiā song yidiǎn diǎnxin lai.
 
-How can you talk like that in front of Grandpa?
+Wo wènguo wǒ zùfù le, tā lāo- I asked my grandfather, and he said rénjia
+shuō míngnián zánmen our whole family is going to
 
-You’re family, how could we not let you know what’s going on in our
-family?
+quánjiā qù Shanghai. Shanghai next year.
 
-I’m talking about something several hundred years ago, how could America
-have had any cities at that time?
+Here are two examples of lāorénjia being used as a respectful word for
+’old people’:
 
-Like heck I understand!
+Jǐntiān, liāngwèi lāorénjia tánde hen gāoxìng.
 
-You’re such a smart person, how could you not understand?
+Today those two (old people) had a very pleasant conversation.
 
-Look, how can you go about things like this? You want to have a child
-without going through your neighborhood committee, how can that be okay?
+Older people like to eat soft foods.
 
-When has he ever been to the countryside! He’s always lived in the city!
+Lāorénjiamen dōu xǐhuan chi ruānde dōngxi.
 
-How’s it going? Is Xiǎo Zhāng going to get married soon?
+In Peking, the syllable lāo in lāorénjia receives the heaviest stress of
+the three syllables, and jia is in the neutral tone.
 
-You must be kidding! The girl’s parents don’t want it. There’s a lot of
-trouble.
+song: ’to take (someone somewhere), to escort (someone somewhere), to
+see someone off or out’. The basic meaning of this word is to accompany
+someone who is leaving, but as you can see from the various translations
+given, song can be used in a wide variety of circumstances. Here are
+some examples:
 
-Note on No. 10
+Wǒ qù bā kèren sòngdao dàmén wàitou.
 
-jiù shi le: This phrase is used at the end of a sentence to mean
-’...that’s all’. It can have several different implications, depending
-on the context: ’’Don’t worry, this matter can simply be taken care of
-like this.’’ (something is virtually taken care of)
+Nǐ song ta huí jiā.
 
-(1)
+Tā míngtiān zǒu, women dào jīchāng qu song ta.
 
-  -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  Wǒ you wàngle bǎ shū dàilai, búguǒ wǒ yídìng jiègei ni jiù shi le.   I forgot to bring the book again, but I’m going to lend it to you for sure, don’t worry.
-  Wǒ zhào nín shuōde bàn jiù shi le.                                   I’ll simply do as you say.
-  Deng yixià gěi ni bàn jiù shi le, nǐ jí shenme!                      I’ll take care of it for you in a moment, don’t worry, why are you so anxious?
-  Anzhao zhège jìhua zuò jiù shi le, you shénme hǎo tánde?.’           Do it according to this plan and that’s all there is to it! What else is there to discuss?
-  -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Wǒ song ta dào xuéxiào qu.
 
-2) ’Only, just this, nothing more than this’.
+To specify that you are taking someone this way:
 
-  ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  Zhèliǎngge háizi chàbuduǒ, búguǒ Lǎo Dà cōngming yidiǎnr jiù shi le.   These two children are about the same, but the older one is a little more intelligent, that’s all.
-  Tā lái, méiyou shénme shi, búguǒ xiǎng yào nàběn shū jiù shi le.       When he came he wasn’t up to anything special, he just wanted that book, that’s all.
-  (3) ’that’s all that can be done                                       about it’.
-  Fǎnzhèng wǒ gēn ni shuōguo jiù shi le.                                 In any case, I've told you, and that’s all I can do.
-  ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Wo kāi chē song ta dào xuéxiào qu.
 
-Notes on No. 11
+I’m going to show the guests out the front door.
 
-zhǐ yào: ’as long as, so long as,
+Escort her home, or Walk her home. or Take her home.
 
-Zhǐ yào wǒ jīntiān wǎnshang you kǒng, jiù kéyi bǎ zhèběn shū kànwán.
+She’s leaving tomorrow and we’re going to the airport to see her off.
 
-i f only’.
+I took him to school. (E.g., I drove him there or I walked there with
+him. )
 
-As long as I have time tonight, I can finish reading this book.
+in a car, you can phrase your sentence
 
-dā: ’to travel by, to take (a bus, car, train, boat, etc.)’
+I drove her to school.
 
-Wo yě yào dào xuéxiào qu, dā nínde chē xíng bu xíng?
+Notes on No. 8
 
-Wo dācuòle chē, jiéguō pāodao Běitou qu le.
+jǐngguò: You have seen jǐngguo meaning ’to go thru’. Here it is used to
+mean ’though’ in the sense of ’by means of’. It can also be translated
+’as a result of’, ’after’, ’through’, or ’via’.
 
-Měitiān wō dā sìlù chē shàng bān.
+Tā shēntǐ yìzhí bù hǎo, dànshi wǒ xiǎng jīngguò yíduàn shí-jiānde
+bǎoyǎng, kěnéng huì hǎo yìdiǎn.
 
-I’m going to school too, can I get a ride with you?
+Jīngguò sāntiānde kǎolù, wǒ juédìng he tǎ jiēhūn.
 
-I got on the wrong bus, and ended up in Běitou.
+Jīngguò dàjiǎde nǔlì, zhèjiàn shìqing chénggōng le.
 
-I take the Route 1 bus to work every day.
+Zhège jìhua bìxū jīngguò tǎo-lùn.
 
-Note on No. 12
+His health has been bad.all along, but I think after a short period of
+taking care of himself, he might get a little better.
 
-héqilai: ’to combine, to put together, to unite’. He is a verb meaning
-’to combine, to put together, to unite, to merge’. You should learn to
-use he in the following combinations: hézai yìqǐ ’to combine (two or
-more things together)’, héqilai ’to combine (forces), to come together,
-to put together’, héchéng ’to combine into, to merge into’.
+After three days of consideration, I’ve decided to marry him.
 
-Women liāngjiā héqilai mǎixiale zhè liùjiān fángzi.
+As a result of everyone’s hard work, this matter has succeeded.
 
-Zhèliāngge jùzi hécheng yíge, rōngyi shuō yidiǎnr.
+This plan must go through discussion.
 
-Zhèliāngbān hézai yìqǐ, zhǐ you shíge xuéshēng, hái bú suàn tài duō.
+jíjiù: ’emergency treatment; to administer emergency treatment, to
+receive emergency treatment’. Notice that jíjiù can mean to give or get
+emergency treatment.
 
-Our two families bought these six rooms together.
+Jīntiān yǐjīng shi jíjiùde dìsǎntiān le, bù zhīdào you méiyou xīwàng.
 
-If you combine these two sentences into one, it’s easier to say.
+Tāde chēzi yǐjīng wánle, rén zài jíjiù.
 
-If these two classes are combined, there are only ten students; that’s
-still not too many.
+Gāngcǎi chū chēhuò, you jǐge rén shòushāng le, yīshēng zhèngzài jíjiù.
 
-Notes on No. 13
+Jíjiù refers only to aid given in nature, usually those where life is in
+injury or acute attacks of an illness.
 
-xiāode: ’know’. This is a synonym of zhídao, and can be used in most of
-the same ways that zhǐdao can be used. Xiāode is not, however, commonly
-used in Peking; it is mostly used in southern areas.
+Today is already the third day of emergency (intensive care) treatment.
+I don’t know if there’s . any hope.
 
-gōngmù: ’public cemetery’.
+His car is finished (totalled), and he himself is undergoing emergency
+treatment.
 
-Gāngcái tā you dào gōngmù qu Just now she went to the cemetery
+There’s just been a car accident, and several people were injured. The
+doctor is administering first-aid.
 
-le, gěi tā māma song yibā again and left a-bunch of flowers
+incidents of a relatively serious danger; for example, cases of severe
 
-huā. (on her mother’s grave).
+jiùguolai: ’to save’, literally ’to save over’. The directional verb
+ending guòlai ’over’ sometimes shows the recovery of an original
+desirable or normal state. For example, in jiùguolai it implies the
+change from a condition in which death is imminent to one in which the
+patient can be expected to' live.
 
-Taipei:
+Daren qíngkuàng hai hǎo, haizi jiùbuguòlai le.
 
-Two friends who work together at the
+Zhège jùzi xiěcuò le, wǒ yào bǎ ta gǎiguolai.
 
-A: Tīngshuō Xiǎo Lǐde Mama sǐle.
+Zhège dìzhǐ xiěde bǔ duì, nín děi gǎiguolai.
 
-Nǐ xiǎng women shi fǒu gǎi qù cānjiā tāde sānglǐ?
+The adult’s condition is all right, but the child cannot be saved.
 
-B: Women gēn Xiǎo Lǐ yǐjīng shi
+This sentence is wrong, I have to correct it.
 
-shíjǐniǎnde lǎo péngyou le, nǎ néng bū qù.’
+This address is wrong, you have to correct it.
 
-A: Sānglǐ you méiyou shénme
+Zuò huǒchē zuòle sāntiān lèi-huài le, yào shuì yídà Jiao cái néng
+xiūxiguolai.
 
-tēbié guīju? Wǒ zhǎngde zhènme da le, hai méi cānjiāguo sānglǐ ne!
+Shàngwù mangle sìwùge zhòngtou zhōngwù shuì ge wùjiào, rén •jiù
+xiūxiguolai le.
 
-B: Zhǐ yāo bù chuān huā yīfu
+Tiān tài lěng, hē kōu jiu jiù nuǎnhuoguolai le.
 
-dāgāi jiù kéyi le.
+Wo hǎoxiàng hìng le, chuān zhènme duō yīfu dōu méi banfa nuanhuoguolai.
 
-A: Women gāi song diǎn shénme
+After three days on the train, I’m exhausted. I’ll have to have a good
+long sleep before I can be well rested.
 
-dōngxi ma?
+In the morning I ran around for four or five hours, but then after a nap
+at noon, I felt very rested.
 
-B: Yìbān rén dōu song wǎnliān
+The weather is too cold, a sip of wine will warm you up.
 
-huǒ huāquān. Women liǎngge rén kéyi héqilai song yíge huāquān. Nǐ kān
-rúhé?
+I seem to be sick, I’ve got on all these clothes and I still can’t get
+warm.
 
-A: Dāngrǎn hǎo....NǏ zhīdao bu
+Note on No. 9
 
-zhidao tā māma nǎtiān chú bin?
+bǎozhòng: ’to take care of oneself, to take care of (one’s health)’.
 
-B: Xiā Lǐbāisān xiāwǎ sāndiǎn.
+Haohao baozhong shenti, bie lèihuài le.
 
-A: Yào zāngzai nǎli?
+In telling someone to be sure to take preceded by duō or duōduō ’more
+(than
 
-B: Yāngmíngshān Dìyī Gōngmù.
+Yílù píng’ān, duō bǎozhòng.
 
-A: Zěnme qù?
+Nǐde bìng gāng hǎo, duōduō bǎozhòng.
 
-B: Wǒ yě bù xiǎode. Fǎnzhèng
+Take good care of your health, don’t wear yourself out.
 
-dào shíhou women dā jìchéngchē qu jiù shi le.
+care of himself, bǎozhòng is usually usual)’.
 
-A: Xiǎng bu xiǎng xiànzài qù kànkan Xiǎo Lǐ?
+Have a good trip, and take good care of yourself.
 
-B: Bù xíng. Wǒ jīntiān wǎnshang
+You just got over your illness, take real good care of yourself.
 
-you shìqing.
+Notes on No. 10
 
-Bank of Taiwan are having a talk:
+guòqu: ’to pass away’. Like English ’pass away’, this is a euphemism for
+’to die’.
 
-I heard that Xiǎo Lǐ’s mother died. Do you think we should go to the
-funeral?
+Tāde zǔfù zuotiān wǎnshang guòqu le.
 
-We’ve been friends with Xiǎo Lǐ for over ten years, how could we not
-go.’
+Nǐ mùqin shi shénme shíhou guòqude?
 
-Are there any apecial customs at funerals? I’ve reached this age without
-ever having been to a funeral.’
+Wō mùqin guòqude shíhou, wo hái hen xiǎo.
 
-As long as you don’t wear multicolored clothes it should be okay.
+niánji: ’(a person’s) age’,
 
-Should we send some kind of gift?
+you should learn by heart:
 
-Most people send a funeral scroll or a flower wreath. The two of us can
-send a flower wreath together. What do you think?
+His grandfather passed away last night.
 
-Of course that would be good....Do you know what day his mother’s
-funeral procession will be?
+When did your mother pass away?
 
-Next Wednesday afternoon at 3.
+I was still very young when my mother passed away.
 
-Where is she going to be buried?
+Here are some frequently used patterns
 
-In Yangmíngshān Public Cemetery No. 1.
+Nín duo dà niánji le? How old are you? (polite way of
 
-How do you get there?
+asking an adult’s age)
 
-I don’t know either. Anyway, when the time comes we’ll just take a cab
-there.
+Tā niánji bù xiǎo le. She’s not young any more.
 
-Do you want to go see Xiǎo Lǐ now?
+Tā niánji dà le. or Tā shàngle He’s getting on in years, niánji le.
 
-I can’t. I’m busy tonight.
+[Although the adjectival verb dà ’to be big’ is used after niánji to
+mean ’to be old’, when you want to say ’to be young’, you should use the
+adjectival verb qīng ’to be light* rather than xiǎo ’to be small’; for
+example, Tā niánji hái qīng, bù yīnggāi ràng ta qù gōngzuò, ’He’s still
+young, you shouldn’t make him go get a job.’]
 
-A: Name míngtiān Jiàn.
+Note on No. 11
 
-B: Míngtiān jiàn.
+píngjìng: ’to be calm’. Pingjìngxiàlai, ’to calm down’.
 
-Then I’ll see you tomorrow.
+Shuǐshàng yìzhī chuán dōu méiyou, ye méiyou fēng, hen píngjìng.
 
-See you tomorrow.
+Kànjian jiāli rén dōu hěn hǎo, xīnli píngjìngdeduō le.
 
-PART II
+As in the last example above, pingjìng is heart’ to describe one’s
+emotional state.
 
-14. Zài Táiběi you rén rènwéi Yāngmíngshǎn gōngmù fēngshuǐ hǎo.
+There wasn’t a single boat on the water, and there was no wind. It was
+very calm.
 
-15. Shéi dōu xīwàng tǎde zīsūn hòudài fādá.
+When I saw that everyone in the family was all right, I felt much
+calmer.
 
-16. Jiǎngj iu fēngshuǐ hǎo hu hǎo hǎishi jiù guǎnniàn.
+often used with xīnli ’in the
 
-17. Wǒ mǔqin bù mixìn, tā shuō tǔzàng, huǒzàng dōu kéyi.
+Jīntiān tā hěn shēngqì, wǒ méi bànfa ràng ta pingjìngxiàlai.
 
-18. Women yídào qù Jílè Bìnyíguǎn ba!
+He got very angry today and there was no way I could get him to calm
+down.
 
-19. Wǒ kàndao chū bìnde rén dàdōu zhǐ zài shǒubìshang dài xiào.
+Notes on No. 12
 
-20. Wǒ cōnglāi bù chuān huī yīfu.
+méi néng: ’was not able to’• Here you see the auxiliary verb néng used
+with the negative méi. You have learned that state verbs (auxiliary
+verbs are one type of state verbs) are negated with bù, (bù hǎo, bù
+zhīdao) not with méi. Here, however, you see méi néng instead of bù
+néng. This is an exception to the rule that all state verbs are always
+negated with bù. Actually, either bù néng or méi néng would be
+acceptable in this sentence. Some speakers, however, feel that there is
+a subtle difference between bù néng and méi néng when referring to an
+event in the past. For example, one can say Wo zuōtiān méi néng qù as
+well as Wo zuotiān bù néng qù. Wǒ zuótiān méi néng qù hints at the fact
+that there was a failure to attain the state of being able to go,
+whereas Wǒ zuotiān bù néng qù merely describes the state of being unable
+to go, without making any implications about failure (to attain the
+state of being able to go). Such a subtle difference
 
-21'. Keren dōu yào zài qiānmíngbù-shang qiān ming, zhè shi wǒmende
-xíguàn.
+in implication may make very little difference in the actual import of a
+sentence in some contexts, although in other contexts it may be of some
+significance. (For the first example sentence, you need to know that
+mìmi means ’secret’.)
 
-In Taipei there are people who believe that the feng-shui in
-Yangmingshan demetery is good.
+Zuotiān nǐ wen wo, wǒ bù néng gàosu ni, yīnwei zhè shi
 
-Everyone hopes that his descendants will be prosperous.
+*mìmi.
 
-To be particular about whether the fengshui is good or not is an old way
-of thinking.
+Zuotiān, nǐ wen wo, wǒ méi néng gàosu ni, yīnwei Zhang Sān zhàn zai
+pángbiān, wǒ bù xiǎng rang ta zhīdao.
 
-My mother isn’t superstitious; she says that either burial or cremation
-is okay.
+gǎnhuilai: ’to rush back’.
 
-Let’s go to the Paradise Funeral Home together, okay?
+Dōu liùdiǎn zhōng le, wǒ xiǎng tā dàgài gǎnbuhuílai le.
 
-I saw that most of the people in the funeral procession were only
-wearing mourning on their arm.
+Xiàwǔ wǔdiǎn zhōng, women you ge huì, nǐ gǎndehuílai gǎnbuhuílai?
 
-I never wear gray clothing.
+Yesterday when you asked me, I couldn’t tell you, because it’s a secret.
 
-The guests are all supposed to sign their name in a guest book. This is
-our custom.
+Yesterday when you asked me, I couldn’t tell you, because Zhāng Sān was
+standing there, and I didn’t want to let him know about it.
 
-NOTES ON PART II
+It’s six o’clock already, I think she probably won’t make it back in
+time.
 
-Notes on No. 14
+At five in the afternoon we have a meeting. Can you make it back in
 
-rènwéi: ’to think (that), to consider (that), to believe (that)’. This
-is a very common verb used to express that someone has formed an opinion
-or made a judgment about a person or thing.
+Taipei:
 
-Wǒ rènwéi zhè shi yíge hěn zhòngyàode wèntí.
+A woman goes to visit her friend after hearing of her father’s death:
 
-I think this is a very important question.
+A: Wǒ zuìjìn chūchāi qu le,
 
-I don’t think you should do this
+jīngguò Táinánde shíhou tīngdao nǐ fùqin qùshìde xiǎoxi. Zhēn bàoqiàn,
+wǒ mei néng gǎnhuilai diàosāng.
 
-Wǒ bú rènwéi nǐ yīnggāi zuò zhèjiàn shi.
+B: Wǒ fùqin dele bìng, hen kuài
 
-fēngshuǐ: Literally ’wind and water’, this means the geographical outlay
-of something to he built, such as a grave or the foundation of a house.
-The traditional Chinese science of fēngshuǐ, or geomancy, is concerned
-with the good and bad influences which the location of a grave or
-building are believed to exert over a family and its descendants. In
-particular, the dead are influenced by and able to influence the
-celestial bodies for the benefit of the living. Each family, therefore,
-is naturally interested in arranging the most auspicious placement for
-it’s family grave.
+jiù guòqu le. Women you xiē zài wàidìde qǐnqi dōu méi néng láidejí
+cānjiā sānglǐ.
 
-Zhège fángzide fēngshuǐ bù hǎo. The fengshui of this house is no
-good.
+A: Wǒ jìde nī fùqin shēntī
 
-Zhèlide fēngshuǐ bú cuò. The fengshui here is pretty good.
+yíxiàng bú cuò, zhècì déle shénme bìng?
 
-Notes on No. 15
+B: 0, wǒ fùqin shēntī shi bú cuò,
 
-zǐsūn: ’sons and grandsons’, or used in a more general sense, ’offspring
-descendants’. For this example, you have to know that Huangdì means ’the
-Yellow Emperor’, a legendary ruler thought of as the father of Chinese
-civilization.
+jiùshi xīnzàng bú tài hǎo, zhècì hūrán fànle xīnzàngbìng, women gǎnjīn
+bǎ tǎ laorénjia sòngdao TaiDà Yīyuàn qu. Kěshi jīngguo jíjiù, háishi méi
+j iùguolai.
 
-Zhōngguo rén dōu shi Huangdì- The Chinese are all descendants of de
-zǐsūn. the Yellow Emperor.
+A: Wǒ zǔmǔ yě shi xīnzàngbìng
 
-hōudài: ’descendants, posterity, later generations’.
+qùshìde. Hǎoxiàng niánji dàlede rén déle xīnzàngbìng yǐhòu, hen nan
+zhìhǎo. Lǎo xiānsheng guòqude shíhou bú tài tòngkǔ ba?
 
-Wǒmende hōudài dōu yīnggāi jìzhu Our descendants should all remember
-zhèijiàn shi.’ this.’
+B: Shìde. Tǎ guòqude shíhou
 
-Tā méiyou hōudài. He is without descendants.
+bǐjiào píngjìng, hǎoxiàng bú tài tòngkǔ.
 
-fādā: ’to be prosperous, to be flourishing; to be developed, to be
-well-developed’. For the first example, you need to know that
-gōngshāngyè means ’industry and commerce’.
+A: Nǐ zhèxiē tiǎn yídìng mángde
 
-Měiguode gōngshāngyè fēichāng America’s industry and commerce are fādǎ.
-very developed.
+hen lèi le. Nǐ yào bǎozhòng shēntī. Guò xiē shíhou wǒ zài lāi kàn ni.
 
-Zhèijiā rénjiā hěn fādǎ. This family is prosperous.
+B: Xièxie ni. Yǐhòu you gōngfu
 
-Notes on No. 16
+zài guòlai zuòzuo.
 
-jiǎngjiu: ’to be particular about, to be meticulous about, to pay
-attention to, to strive for’.
+A: Hǎo. Zàijiàn!
 
-Zhège rén hěn jiǎngjiu chī, hěn This person is particular about what
-jiǎngjiu chuān. he eats and what he wears.
+B: Zàijiàn!
 
-Nèige haizi tài jiǎngjiu chuān. That kid pays too much attention to
+I went away on business lately and I heard the news of your father’s
+death when I was passing through Tainan. I’m so sorry I couldn’t make it
+back in time to go to the funeral.
 
-what she wears.
+My father passed away very soon after he became ill. We even have
+relatives outside the area who couldn’t make it to the funeral.
 
-Jiǎngjiu can also mean ’to be elegant’.
+As I recall your father’s health was always pretty good, what illness
+did he get this time?
 
-Nǐmen jiāde jiāju zhēn jiǎngjiu. Your furniture is truly elegant.
+Well, my father’s health was pretty good, only his heart wasn’t so good.
+This time he had a sudden heart attack, and we rushed him to Taiwan
+University Hospital. But even the emergency treatment didn’t save him.
 
-guānniàn: ’way of thinking, concept, notion, view, sense (of), mentality
-(of).
+My grandmother also died of heart disease. Older people seem to be very
+hard to cure after they get heart disease. When your father passed away
+he wasn’t in much pain, I hope?
 
-Měiguo rénde guānniàn gēn Zhōngguo rénde guānniàn yǒude yíyàng, yǒude bù
-yíyàng.
+No. He was rather calm when he passed away. He didn’t seem to be in too
+much pain.
 
-Nǐ kàn ba, zài guò jǐniān niān-qīngrén yīnggāi wǎnliàn wǎnhūn jiù huì
-biàncheng yizhǒng guānniàn.
+You must be very tired from being so busy these past few days. You have
+to take good care of yourself. I’ll be back to see you again soon.
 
-Sometimes the American way of thinking and the Chinese way is the same,
-sometimes not.
+Thanks. When you have time come over again and sit awhile.
 
-You watch, in more few years, it will have become an accepted notion
-that young people should get involved late and marry late.
+Okay. Good-bye.’
 
-Notes on No. 17
+Good-bye.’
 
-míxìn: ’to be superstitious (about); superstition’.
+PART II
 
-Shāngchāode shíhou Zhōngguo rén During the Shang Dynasty, the Chinese
-bǐjiào míxìn, xiànzài bǐjiào were relatively superstitious, now
+13. Wǒ dǎ chángtú diànhuà gàosu ta.
 
-bù míxìn le. they aren’t so much any more.
+11. Tā lǎo péngyoude mǔqin shàngge ■xīngqī guòshì le.
 
-Yǒude Zhōngguo rén míxìn fēng- Some Chinese are superstitious about
-shuǐ. fengshui.
+15. Tā shāngxīnjíle.
 
-tǔzàng: ’to bury (a dead person)’, literally ’ground-bury’. This word is
-used only in contrast to other ways of disposing of a dead body, for
-example cremation or burial at sea. CIf no contrast with other forms of
-disposal is implied, then the word for ’to bury’ is simply zàng (for
-formal burials), máj (for informal burials), mǎizàng, or ānzàng
-(literally ’peacefully bury’, a respectful term).2
+16. Nǐ fùqin yǐjīng qīshiwǔsuì, kéyi shuō shi chāngshòu le.
 
-Éguo rén shuōguo tāmen yào The Russians said they wanted to
+17. Zài shuō ta guòshìde shíhou ye hu tài tòngkǔ.
 
-māizàng Měiguo. bury Americans.
+18. Nǐ hú hi tài nánguò le.
 
-huǒzàng: ’to cremate; cremation*. In this word, you may think of zàng
-’to bury’ as extended to mean ’to dispose of (a dead body)’. Huǒ means
-’fire’.
+19. Wǒ mǔqin hǎnlāi xīwàng érnǔmen yíhèizi dōu zài tā shēnhiān.
 
-Note on No. 18
+20. Wo dàgē jīnniān qubuliǎo Xiāng-gǎng le.
 
-yídào: ’together’. You have already learned yìqǐ and yíkuàir for
-’together’. Yídào is mostly used by speakers of southern Mandarin and is
-little used by northerners.
+21. Jiānglái you jīhui zài qù ha!
 
-Yàohuá hé tāde nūpéngyou yídào Yàohuā and his girlfriend went to kàn
-diànyǐngr qu le. see a movie.
+22. Wǒ mǔqin cháng shuō tā hú yuànyi j iānglái zàngzai guōwài.
 
-Háizimen zài yídào wánr.
+23. Ràng ta zài jiā ānxǐn xiūxi.
 
-The children are playing together.
+21. A: Tā shuō tā qùshì yǐhòu yào huǒzàng.
 
-Notes on No. 19 meaning which is prohahly used hy more people than dàdōu
-is dàduō.
+B: Bìngqiǒ xīwàng tade háizimen néng hǎ tāde gǔhuī sònghuí guōnèi.
 
-dàdōu: ’for the most part, mostly’. Another word with the same
+I called him long distance to tell him.
 
-Zài Yìndu rénmín dàdōu (or In India the people are mostly Hindu,
+His old friend’s mother passed away last week.
 
-dàduō) xìn Yìndujiào.
+He was terribly broken up.
 
-Zhōngguo rén dàduō shi nóngmín. Chinese for the most part are rural
-people.
+Your father was already 75 years old. That’s quite a long life,
+actually.
 
-shōuhì: ’arm (from the wrist to the shoulder)’. Other words for ’arm’
-used in different regions are gēhei and gēho (Peking gēhe).
+Besides that, he wasn’t in too much pain when he died.
 
-Xiǎo Lǐ gēbo shòule shāng, Xiǎo Lǐ was hurt in the arm, and also
+You don’t have to feel too sad.
 
-Xiǎo Wǎngde tuǐ yě shòule Xiǎo Wǎng was hurt in the leg.
+Originally my mother hoped that her children would stay with her all her
+life.
 
-shang.
+My oldest brother can’t go to Hong Kong this year any more.
 
-Gǎngcái, wō bù xiǎoxin pèngdao- Just now I was careless and bumped le
-ménshang, dào xiànzài into the.door, and my arm still
+Go sometime in the future if you get the chance.
 
-shǒubì hai téng ne. hurts now.
+My mother often said that when the time came she didn’t want to be
+buried abroad.
 
-dàixiào: ’to wear mourning’. Formerly, people wore certain types of
-clothes while in mourning (sackcloth or white from head to foot).
-Nowadays, customs differ widely, but some small item is usually still
-worn to indicate a death in the family. These include a white flower in
-the hair, a coarse cloth patch on the arm or in the hair, or a black
-armband.
+Let her rest without worry in her home.
 
-Tā fùqin sǐle kuài sānnián le, Her father has been dead for almost tā
-hái dàixiào ne! three years and she is still wearing
+He says that after he passes away he wants to be cremated.
 
-mourning!
+Moreover he hopes his children will be able to take his ashes back to
+his home country.
 
-Notes on No. 20
+NOTES ON PART II
 
-cōnglái bù: ’never, never does...’. In the last unit, you saw the
-pattern cōnglái méi(you), meaning ’have never...’ or ’had never...’.
-Cōnglái means ’from the past up until now (it has always been this
-way)’.
+Note on No. 13
 
-Wǒ cōnglái bú yuànyi zǎoshang I never want to study in the morning, niàn
-shū.
+da chángtú diànhuà: ’to make a long-distance telephone call’.
 
-huǐ: ’to be gray’.
+Qǐng nǐmen shēngyin xiǎo Would you all he a little quieter,
 
-Zài Zhōngguo dàduōshù rén dōu The great majority of people in China
-xǐhuan chuān lánsè hé huīsède like to wear blue or gray clothing, yīfu.
+yídiǎn, wǒ zài dǎ chángtú . please? I’m making a long-distance
 
-Notes on No. 21
+diànhuà ne! call!
 
-qiānmíngbù: ’guest book’, literally, ’sign-name record book’.
+You saw in the Post Office-Telephone Module that diànhuà can also be
+used with the meaning ’a telephone call’ as in You nǐde diànhuà,
+’There’s a telephone call for you’. Chángtú diànhuà can be used in the
+same way:
 
-qián míng: ’to sign one’s name’.
+Wèi! Xiǎo Sānr! You nǐde Xiǎo Sānr! There’s a long-distance
 
-Qǐng ni zài zhèli qiān míng. Please sign here.
+chángtú diànhuà! phone call for you!
 
-xíguàn: ’custom, habit’. The definition of xíguàn in a Chinese
-dictionary reads: ’behavior, tendency, or social practice cultivated
-over a long period of time, and which is hard to change abruptly’.
-Compare this with fēngsú ’custom’, which you learned in Unit 1: ’the sum
-total of etiquette, usual practices, etc. adhered to over a long period
-of time in the development of society’.
+In the Meeting Module you saw the expression lái diànhuà ’a telephone
+call is received’ or ’make a telephone call here’. Here is chángtú
+diànhuà used in the same pattern:
 
-Notice that xíguàn may refer to the way of an individual or of a
-community, whereas fēngsú only refers to the way of a community.
+Jīntiān zǎoshàng you ren gěi This morning someone called long-
 
-Taipei:
+ni lái chángtú diànhuà le, distance for you, but you weren’t
 
-An American student attending Taiwan with a Chinese classmate and
-friend:
+nǐ bú zài. here.
 
-A: Tīngshuō Wang Lāoshīde fùqin
+Note on No. 1H
 
-qùshì le. Nǐ xiang women shi fou gāi qù cānjiā sānglǐ?
+guòshǐ: ’to pass away, to die’. You have now seen ’to die’ expressed
+three different ways: guòqu, qùshì, and guòshì. All may be used in
+conversation, although guòqu is probably the most common.
 
-B: Wo xiang women yīngdāng qù.
+Note on No. 15
 
-A: Tīngshuō sānglǐ zài Jílè
+shāngxǐn: Literally, hurt, to be sad, to be broken-hearted’
 
-Bìnyíguān jǔxíng. Nǐ xiāode Jílè Bìnyíguān zài náli ma?
+A: Tā zhènme shāngxǐn, wèi-shénme?
 
-B: Xiāode. Jiù zài Nánjīng
+B: Tā núpengyou zou le, zenme néng bù shāngxǐn?
 
-Dōnglù.
+Women j iāde gǒu sǐle, wǒ shāngxīnle hǎo cháng shíjiān.
 
-A: Wo cónglái méi cānjiāguo
+Nàme hǎode yíge háizi sǐle, zhēn ràng rén shāngxǐn.
 
-Zhōngguo rénde sānglǐ, "bù zhīdào nǐmen you nāxiē guīju. Nī néng "bu
-néng gēn wo jiāngyijiāng?
+’to wound the heart’.
 
-B: Kéyi. Xiànzài yibān rénde
+’To be grieved, to be
 
-sānglǐ dōu hěn jiāndān, méiyou tài duōde guīju. Búguò, nǐ hú yào chuān
-héngde, lùde, huòshi huāde yīfu. Chuān hēide, huīde, lānde dōu kéyi. Qù
-cānjiā sānglǐde rén dàdōu song wānlián huò huāquān. Wō xiāng women kéyi
-héqilai song yige huāquān.
+Why is he so broken-hearted?
 
-A: Hāo.
+His girlfriend left, how can he not be broken-hearted?
 
-B: Dào bìnyíguānde shíhou, nǐ
+After the family dog died, I was broken-hearted for a real long time
 
-yí jin mén jiù huì kàndao zhuōzishang fàngzhe qiānmíngbù, nī yào zài
-shàngmian qiān míng.
+It really grieves one for such a good child to die.
 
-A: Ng. Wang Lāoshīde fùqin yào
+Note on No. 16
 
-tǔzàng haishi huǒzàng, nī tīngshuō le ma?
+chángshòu: ’long life, longevity; to live a long life’.
 
-B: Tīngshuō shi yào tǔzàng.
+Yào xiang chángshòu, jiù bù yīnggāi dūo he jiu.
 
-A: Yào zàngzai náli?
+Běifāng chángshòude rén bī Nanfāng duō.
 
-National University is talking
+If you want to live a long life, you shouldn’t drink excessively.
 
-I heard that Teacher Wang’s father died. Do you think we should attend
-the funeral?
+There are more people who live long in the North than in the South.
 
-I think we ought to go.
+Note on No. IT
 
-I hear that the funeral is going to he held at the Paradise Funeral
-Home. Do you know where that is?
+zài shuō: ’furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides’. Often following
+a clause with zài shuō, one of the adverbs yě ’also’ or you ’also’ is
+used.
 
-Yes. it’s on Nanking East Road.
+A: Zěnmeyàng? Jīntiān nī néng lai ma?
 
-I’ve never been to a Chinese funeral, so I don’t know what special
-practices you have. Could you tell me about them?
+B: Zhèiliǎngtiān xià xuě, wo gānmào le, tiānqi you zhènme bù hǎo, zài
+shuō haizi tài xiǎo, bǎ tā yíge rén fàngzai jiāli, wō bu fàngxīn.
+Gǎitiān, wo yídìng lai, hǎo bu hǎo?
 
-Okay. These days the average person’s funeral is very simple. There
-aren’t too many special customs. But you shouldn’t wear red, green, or
-multicolored clothing. Black, gray, and blue would all be okay to wear.
-Most people who attend a funeral send a a funeral scroll or a flower
-wreath. I think we could send a flower wreath together.
+Tā hen nénggàn, zài shuō you nàme piàoliang, nī jiù tongyì le ba?
 
-Okay.
+How about it? Can you come today?
 
-When you get to the funeral home, as soon as you go in the door you’ll
-see a guest book on the table. You should sign your name in it.
+It’s snowed these two days, and I caught a cold, and the weather is so
+bad. Moreover the child is too small to leave alone at home. I would
+worry. I’ll come for sure another day, okay?
 
-Uh huh. Have you heard whether Teacher Wang’s father is going to be
-buried or cremated?
+She’s very capable, and what’s more, she’s so beautiful too. So you will
+agree (to marry her), won’t you? (said by a matchmaker to a young man)
 
-I heard he’s going to be buried.
+A: Wō děng ni bàntiān le, wō yào hé ni tan yixia.
 
-Where is he going to be buried?
+B: Wo gāng xià kè. Zài shuō wō hái méi chī fàn ne’. Gǎitiān zài shuō
+ba’.
 
-B: Yào zàngzai Yángmíngshān
+I’ve been waiting for you for ages.
 
-Gōngmù, yīnwei tǎmen rènwéi nàlide fēngshuǐ hǎo, rén zàngzai nàli, tāde
-zǐsūn houdài jiù huì fādǎ.
+I want to have a talk with you.
 
-A: Tǎiwān xiànzài you xiē rén
+I just got out of class. And furthermore I haven’t eaten yet! Let’s talk
+some other day!
 
-hai you diǎn míxìn, shi hu shi?
+Note on No■ 18
 
-B: Shìde, búguò zhèxiē dōu shi
+nánguò: ’to be sad, to verb can be used to refer to either
 
-jiù guānniàn. Niǎnqīng rén dàdōu hù jiǎngjiu zhèxiē le.
+Yīshēng shuō tā muqinde bìng hěn lìhai, women dōu hěn nánguò.
 
-A: Tǎiwān xiànzài hǎi you dài
+be distressed, to feel bad’. physical or emotional
 
-xiàode xíguàn ma?
+This adjectival distress.
 
-B: You. Nǐ méi kàndao Wǎng
+The doctor said his mother’s illness was very serious, and we were all
+very sad.
 
-tā shōubìshang jiù dàizhe xiào ne. Yǐqiǎnde rén dài xiào yào dài yìniǎn!
-Xiànzàide rén duōhàn zhǐ dài yìhǎitiān le.
+Jīntiān tā chǐle hǎo duō shēngcài, xiànzài dùzili nánguò le.
 
-A: Míngtiān women shénme shíhou
+Bié nánguò le, rén yǐjīng sǐle nánguò yě méiyou yòng le.
 
-qù?
+Jīntiān Song Lǎoshī hěn nánguò.
 
-B: Xiàwu yìdiǎn zhōng wō zài
+Xiǎo Wángde jiāli you nàme duō máfan. Zhēn ràng rén nánguò.
 
-TǎiDà ménkōu děng ni, women yídào qù.
+He ate a lot of raw vegetables today, so now his stomach hurts (he feels
+bad) .
 
-A: Hǎo.
+Don’t be sad, he’s already dead, and it’s no use being sad.
 
-In Yangmíngshān Public Cemetery, because they believe that the fengshui
-there is good, and that if a person is buried there his descendants will
-be prosperous.
+Teacher Song is very sad today.
 
-There are still some people in Taiwan who are a little superstitious,
-aren’t there?
+There’s so much trouble in Xǐao Wáng’s family, it really makes a person
+sad.
 
-Yes. But these are all old notions. For the most part, young people
-don’t pay much attention to this kind of thing any more.
+Notes on No. 19
 
-Does the custom of wearing mourning still exist in Taiwan?
+běnlái’originally, at first, in the first place’.
 
-Yes. Didn’t you see Teacher Wǎng, she’s wearing mourning on her arm.
-Before, people had to wear mourning for a year’. Now most people only
-wear it for a hundred days.
+Běnlái wo xiǎng jǐntiān xiàwu qù kàn diànyǐng. Hòulái tīngshuō kāi huì.
+Suànle, wǒ yǐhòu zài qù ba.
+
+Běnlái wǒ jīntiān qù Guangzhou, tiānqì bù hǎo, dàgài děi míngtiān cái
+néng zou le.
 
-What time shall we go there tomorrow?
+Originally I wanted to go see a movie this afternoon. Later I heard
+there was a meeting. So I’ll forget it and go another time.
 
-I’ll wait for you at the gate of Taiwan University at one o’clock, and
-we can go together.
+Originally I was going to Canton today, but the weather is bad so I’ll
+probably have to wait until tomorrow before X can leave.
 
-Okay.
+yíbèizi: ’all one’s life, in one’s (whole) life, throughout one’s life,
+as long as one lives, a lifetime’.
 
-NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
+Zhèngfù bāng tā bǎ zài wàiguō-de qián zhǎohuilai le. Tā yíbèizi yě
+méiyou jiànguo zhènme duō qián, hǎo gāoxìng.
+
+Tā you sānge érzi, wèi zhèi sānge érzi mángle yíbèizi. Xiànzài lǎole,
+gāi xiūxi xiūxi le.
 
-Funeral procedures in the PRC today are very simple. In the interest of
-sanitation (bodies might have some communicable disease) and economy
-(ground burials are expensive and consume government agricultural land),
-deceased city residents are required to be cremated. By government
-regulation the immediate family is allowed two days of paid leave, sàng
-jià. The funeral involves someone saying a few kind words about the
-deceased in the presence of relatives and people from his work unit.
-Those present are dressed plainly, bearing a white flower. Ashes are
-placed in carved wood or porcelain boxes in a gǔhuǐ cúnfàngchù, a
-building reserved for this purpose. It is not necessary to give anything
-to the family of the deceased but people sometimes give money or other
-small items. In the countryside, there might be a large feast at the
-deceased's home. There is an attitude which says a funeral is a time of
-gladness when the deceased enters the world of the non-living. CA
-funeral is a "white joyous event," bái xīshì. A wedding is a "red
-event." Together they are sometimes referred to as hongbái xīshì, red
-and white joyous events.J
+The government helped her get back money she had outside the country.
+She had never seen so much money in her whole life. She was really
+happy.
 
-bìnyíguǎn
+She has three sons and for these three sons she was busy her whole life.
+Now she is old and should take it easy.
 
-chū bin conglái bù conglái dōu conglái mei
+shēnbiān: ’at/by one’s side; (have something) on one, with one’.
 
-dā
+Wo you yíge háizi zài nongcūn, yíge háizi zài shēnbiān.
 
-dàdōu dài xiao
+Rúguo tā shēnbiān you hǎo jǐge háizi jiù méiyou bànfǎ chū-lai gōngzuò.
 
-fādá fānzhèng fēngshuǐ
+I have one child out in the country and one child here with me.
 
-gāi gōngmù guānniàn guīju
+If she has several children at her feet, then she just can’t go out and
+work.
 
-héqilai hòudài huā huāquān huī huò huōzàng
+Notes on No. 20
 
-jiǎngjiu
+dàgē; ’oldest brother'. Remember that 'older brother' is gēge, but the
+oldest of several children is dàgē. In addition dàgē can be used between
+men to show a friendly relationship of unequal status.
 
-Jílè Bìnyíguǎn jiù shi le
+qùbuliǎo: 'cannot go*. This is a compound verb or result, like kanbujian
+'cannot see' or chǐbubǎo 'cannot eat one's fill'. The ending -liǎo is in
+compounds of potential result (those with -de- or -bu- between the main
+verb and the resultative ending) with the meaning of 'be able to'. You
+may be thinking (and rightly so) that this is just the meaning added by
+the use of -de- or -bu-. This has led some people to label -liǎo as a
+'dummy' resultative ending since it does not seem to add any additional
+information like other more specific endings do (e.g. wan 'finish').
 
-māma míxin
+Wàimian shēngyǐn hǎo dà.
 
-nǎ (náli , nǎr)
+Shizài shuìbuliǎo jiào.
 
-qiān ming qiānmíngbù
+Jīntiān ting diàn, kànbuliǎo diǎnyǐngr.
 
-rènwéi
+Wǒ zuìjìn dùzi bù shūfu, chǐ-buliǎo shēngcài.
 
-funeral home
+Zhènme duō cài, chìbuliǎo le'.
 
-to hold a funeral procession never
+Xiàwu wǒ you shi, qùbuliǎo túshūguǎnle, míngtiān zài shuō ba.
 
-always (in the past)
+Nǐ jiǔdiǎn zhōng xià ban, jintiān wǎnhuì nǐ qùdeliǎo qubuliǎo?
 
-have never
+Nǐ bú yào dāo jīchǎng lai song wo, nǐ yì kū wǒ j iù zōubu-liǎo le.
 
-travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train, airplane, etc.)
+It's so noisy outside. I really can't sleep at all.
 
-for the most part
+Today they're turning off the electricity, so we can't watch the movie.
 
-to wear mourning
+My stomach has been uncomfortable lately, I can't eat lettuce.
 
-to be developed, to be prosperous anyway, in any case
+So many dishes, we won't be able to eat them!
 
-the Chinese science of geomancy
+This afternoon I'm busy, I can't go to the library, let's talk about it
+tomorrow.
 
-(that is, the influence of land
+You get off work at 9:00, can you go to the evening meeting?
 
-scape on people and their fortunes)
+Don't come to the airport to see me off; as soon as you start to cry, I
+won't be able to leave.
 
-should, ought to
+Note on No. 21
 
-public cemetery
+jiānglǎi: 'in the future*. Like other time words, jiānglai can be used
+between the subject and the verb, or at the front of the sentence before
+the subject.
 
-concept, notion, view
+Jiānglai ZhōngMěi guānxi yuè In the future as Sino-American
 
-special customs, established rules
+lái yuè hǎo, women zài Měiguo relations get better and better, jiù
+bǐjiào rōngyi mǎidào it will be easier for us to buy
 
-to combine, to join together descendants
+Zhōngguode dōngxi. Chinese goods in America.
 
-to be multicolored flower wreath to be gray
+Wǒ jiānglái yào dào Shànghǎi lǐngshìguān qù gōngzuò.
 
-or
+In the future I want to work in the consulate in Shanghai.
 
-cremation
+Note on No. 23
 
-to be particular about; to be elegant, to be tasteful
+ānxǐn: ’to feel at ease, to set to keep one’s mind (on something)’.
 
-Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)
+Tā xiānshēng nǔlì zuò shi, tā keyi ānxǐn dú shū.
 
-..., that’s all
+Wǒde hāizi gōngzuòde hěn hāo, wǒ yě jiù ānxǐn le.
 
-mother, mom
+o'ne’s mind at ease, to be at peace;
 
-to be superstitious; superstition
+With her husband working hard at his Job, she could keep her mind on her
+studying.
 
-how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)
+My child is doing well at work, and I can now feel at ease.
 
-to sign one’s name
+Note on No. 2k
 
-guest book
+bìngqie:
 
-to think that, to believe that
+’furthermore, moreover,
 
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| rúhé                              | how, in what way; how (someone or |
-|                                   | something) is; how is it          |
-|                                   | (literary form)                   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| shi fou shoubì si                 | (literary form meaning shi bu     |
-|                                   | shi) arm                          |
-|                                   |                                   |
-|                                   | to die                            |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| tǔzàng                            | burial (the word used in contrast |
-|                                   | to cremation or burial at sea)    |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| wǎnliàn                           | funeral scroll                    |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| xiāode xíguàn                     | to know habit, custom             |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| Yàngmíngshān yídào                | a mountain in suburban Taipei     |
-|                                   | together                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| zhǐ yào zǐsūn                     | as long as, if only descendants   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+and, besides’.
 
-bǐcǐ
+Wǒ yào bā bìngqie xuěhāo.
 
-each other, mutually
+gōngzuò zuò hāo yào bā Zhōngwén
 
-relatively, comparatively
+I want to do a good and do a good job
 
-bú dàn
+job at work and studying Chinese.
 
-not only
+Zhèige hāizi hěn nùlì bìngqiě hěn cōngmīng.
 
-bù shǎo
+This child is very industrious and intelligent too.
 
-a lot, many
+Wǒ jìhua zhèige xīngqī bā zhèipiān wénzhāng xiěwán, bìngqiě fānyicheng
+Zhōngwén.
 
-chéng
+I plan to finish writing this essay this week and furthermore translate
+it into Chinese.
 
-to become, to constitute, to make
+Taipei:
 
-chéngshì
+After the funeral of an elderly man a friend comes to visit the family:
 
-[]
+A: Wo zuìjìn chūchāi qu le,
 
-city
+zuotiān huílai cai zhīdao lǎo xiānsheng guòshìde xiǎoxi, érqiě tīngshuō
+sānglǐ yě bānguo le, wǒ méi néng gǎn-huilai diāosāng, zhēn shi bāoqiān.
 
-dànshi
+B: Wo fùqin xīnzàng yíxiàng
 
-érqiě
+hú tài hǎo, zuìjìn liǎngniān, yīshēng jiao ta tiāntiān chī yào, jiéguo
+wèntí hǎoxiāng shǎole yìdiǎn, kěshi liǎngge xīngqī yīqiǎn hūrān fānle
+lǎo bìng, wǒ dǎgē jiù gǎnjīn bǎ tǎ lǎorénjia sǒngdao TǎiDā Yīyuān jíjiù,
+bìngqiě dǎ changtú diānhuā bǎ wo jiāo-huilai. Tā niānji dā le, suīrān
+jīngguò jǐtiān jíjiù haishi méi jiùguolai, zāi shāng Xīngqīèr qùshì le;
+búguǒ tā qùshìde shíhou bǐjiǎo píngjìng, hǎoxiāng bú tāi tòngkū.
 
-[]
+V
 
-but
+A: Fùqin qùshì, érnu yídìng
 
-furthermore
+hěn shāngxīn. Búguǒ lǎo xiānsheng qīshiduōsuì qùshì yě suān shi
+chǎngshòu le. Zāi shuō tā gudqude shíhou bú tāi tòngkū, nǐmen xiōngdì
+jiěmèi yě dōu zāi tā shēnbiān, tā yě jiù ānxīn le, nǐ yě bú yāo tāi
+nanguò. Lǎo xiānsheng zāngzai nǎli?
 
-fēngqì
+B: Wǒ fùqin shuōguo, yāo huǒ-
 
-fēngsú
+zāng. Tā shuō tā zhèyíbèizi kǒngpā huíbuliǎo lǎojiā le, jiāo women
+jiānglāi bǎ gúhuī sònghuí lǎojiā qu, suoyi women jiù zhǔnbèi zhǎo tā
+shuōde bān.
 
-[]
+who came to Taiwan from the mainland,
 
-common practice
+I've been away on business lately, and I didn't find out until I got
+back yesterday that your father had passed away. And I hear that the
+funeral has already been held. I'm really sorry I didn't make it back in
+time to attend the funeral.
 
-custom
+My father's heart was never too good. The past two years, the doctor
+told him to take medicine every day, and there didn't seem to be so much
+of a problem any more, but two weeks ago he had a sudden attack of his
+old illness. My oldest brother rushed him to Taiwan University Hospital
+for emergency treatment. He also called me long distance to get me to
+come back. He was quite old, and even after several days of emergency
+treatment they still weren't able to save him. He passed away last
+Tuesday, but at the time he was rather calm, and he didn't seem to be in
+too much pain.
 
-fūfù -fá-
+When a father passes away, the children always feel very grieved. But
+for your father to pass away at over seventy is really quite a long
+life. Besides, he wasn't in too much pain when he passed away, and all
+you brothers and sisters were at his side, so he could set his mind at
+ease; so don't be too sad. Where will he be buried?
 
-married couple, husband and wife
+My father had said he wanted to be cremated. He said that he probably
+wouldn't be able to return to his hometown in his lifetime, and he told
+us to take his ashes back to his hometown someday. So we're planning to
+do as he asked.
 
-gǎibiàn
 
-[]
 
-to change with; and might, to be likely to, will
-
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| jiéhūn (jiehūn)                   | to get married.                   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| jiéjué ílípj*;                    | to solve                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| jīngguo                           | to go through, to pass hy or      |
-|                                   | through                           |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| jìniàn                            | memento, memorial                 |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| kǎoiū                             | to consider; consideration        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| kě Cíf"                           | indeed, really                    |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| kě hú shi ma!                     | I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for  |
-|                                   | sure                              |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| V' —                              | to he romantically involved with  |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| lian ai 'XIÍTR^               |                                   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| liǎojiě (liáojie)                 | to understand; understanding      |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| ^(líhSn) $                        | to divorce                        |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| lǐwù (lǐwu)                       | gift, present                     |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| „ .-/ \ tfl &                | the husband’s family              |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| nanjia(r)                         | male and female                   |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| „ 1            |                                   |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| nannu -jr             |                                   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| ' - 4ít                  | can, to he ahle to                |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| nenggou jSj^ ol&              |                                   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| niánqīng ìfò                 | to he young                       |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| nongcūn                           | rural area, countryside           |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-
-nujiā
-
-nfilì
-
-the wife’s family
-
-to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard
-
-shuāngfāng
 
-[]
 
-both sides, both parties
 
-[]
 
-to give (something as a gift)
 
-tan qīn
 
-[]
 
-to visit family
+Vocabulary
 
-  ---------- -- -----------------------------------------------------------------
-  qīngniān      youth, young person
-  qīnqi         relatives
-  qūbié         difference, distinction
-  shíxíng       to practice, to carry out (a method policy, plan, reform, etc.)
-  ---------- -- -----------------------------------------------------------------
 
-tànqīnjià
+ānxǐn to be without worry, to feel at
+ease to feel relieved
 
-tíchàng
+bǎozhòng běnlái bìngqiē to take good care (of oneself)
+originally moreover, and
 
-leave for visiting family to advocate, to promote, to initiate
+cānj iā chángshòu to take part in; to attend
 
-wǎnliàn wǎnhūn
+long life, longevity; to live a
+long time
 
-[]
+chūchāi to be out of town on business
 
-late involvement and late marriage
+dǎ chángtū diànhuà dàgē diàosāng to make a long-distance phone
+call oldest brother
 
-xiǎngdāng
+to present one’s condolences at a
+funeral, to attend a funeral
 
-quite, pretty, very
+érnū children
 
-xǔduō
+fàn to have an attack (of an old
+disease)
 
-[]
+gāndeshàng to be able to catch up, to be
+able to make it in time
 
-many, a great deal (of), a lot (of)
+gǎnhuilai gǎnjīn gǔhuī guòqu to rush back quickly bone ashes
+guòshì to pass away, to die to pass
+away, to die
 
-yīngdāng
+huǒzàng hūrǎn to cremate; cremation suddenly
 
-[]
+jiānglai Jí jiù the future, someday
 
-should, ought to
+first aid; to administer
+emergency treatment
 
-yíshì
+j iùguolai to save
 
-ceremony
+lǎorénjiā polite way of addressing or
+referring to an old person (ní
+lǎorénjiā, tā lǎorénjiā)
 
-yìzhí
+-liǎo can, to be able to
 
-all along, all the time (up until a certain point)
+nǎnguò to be sad age
 
-zhèngfu
+niánji (niánji)
 
-government
+píngjìng to be calm
 
-zhùdao
 
-to move to, to go live at
+qubuliǎo qùshì
 
-zongshi
+sānglǐ shāngxīn
 
-always
+shēnbiān
 
-ZUO
+song
 
-to serve as, to act as; as
+xiāoxi xīnzàng xīnzàngbìng
 
-ài
+yíbèizi yíxiang
 
-[]
+zài shuō zàng zuìjin zǔmǔ
 
-(sound, of sighing)
+cannot go
 
-dàxǐde rìzi
+to pass away, to die
 
-laying
+funeral
 
-[]
+to be grieved, to be sorrowful, to be heartbroken
 
-[]
+one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings
 
-dù mìyuè
+to escort, to take (someone to a place)
 
-[]
+news
 
-duōnián
+heart
 
-[]
+heart disease
 
-wedding day
+all one’s life
 
-to agree (to something), to consent, to promise
+(have) always, (had) always, consistently, all along
 
-to pass
+furthermore, besides
 
-to go on a honeymoon, to spend one's honeymoon
+to bury
 
-many years
+recently; soon
 
-fǎyuàn
+grandmother (on the father’s side)
 
-[]
+Customs Surrounding
 
-Fō
+Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 6
 
-fùzá (fǔzá)
+PART I
 
-court of law
+1. Xiǎo Lǐde mama sǐ le.
 
-Buddha
+2. A: NǏ shuō women shi fǒu gāi cānjiā tāde sānglǐ?
 
-to be complicated
+B: Women yīngdāng qù yíxià.
 
-gōngzhèng jiēhūn
+3. Xiǎo Lǐde māma jīntiān chū bin.
 
-civil marriage
+4. Yìbān rénde sānglǐ méiyou name duōde guǐju le.
 
-[]
+5. Yìbān cānjiā sānglǐde rén dōu song wǎnliàn huò huāquān.
 
-hui men
+6. Xiě wǎnliàn fǎnzhèng lāibují le.
 
-even, (to go) so far as to
+7. Women qù mǎi yige huāquān rúhé?
 
-after all
+8. Nianqīng fùnù xǐhuan chuān huā yīfu.
 
-later, afterwards
+9. Na néng rang ni pòfei?
 
-the return of the bride to her parents’ home (usually on the third day
-after the wedding)
+10. Wō qù gei ta mǎi diān xiǎo lǐwù jiù shi le.
 
-hūnlǐ
+11. Zhǐ yǎo bú tài guì, wō hāishi dā jìchéngchē qu.
 
-[]
+12. Nǐ shuō women liǎngge rén héqilai song ta yítāo pǎnzi-wǎn
+zěnmeyāng?
 
-wedding
+13. Nǐ xiǎode Yāngmíngshān Gōngmù zài nali ma?
 
-jiāotáng
+Xiao Li’s mother died.
 
-jiāowǎng
+Do you think we should go to the funeral?
 
-Jǐdūjiāo
+We should go.
 
-jiéhūn līfu
+The funeral procession for Xiao Li’s mother is today.
 
-jièshaorén
+Most people’s funerals don’t have so many special customs anymore.
 
-juédìng
+Most people who attend a funeral send a funeral scroll or a flower
+wreath.
 
-[]
+It’s too late to write a funeral scroll anyway.
 
-jǔxíng
+How about if we go buy a flower wreath?
 
-Júzhǎng
+Young women like to wear multicolored clothing.
 
-[]
+How could I make you spend money?
 
-church
+I’ll just go and buy her a little present.
 
-to associate with, to have dealings with
+As long as it’s not too expensive, it would be best if I took a taxi.
 
-Christianity
+What do you say the two of us give him a set of dishes together?
 
-wedding gown
+Do you know where Yangmingshan Public Cemetery is?
 
-introducer
+NOTES ON PART I
 
-to decide
+Notes on No. 1
 
-to hold (a meeting, ceremony, etc.)
+mama: ’mother, mom’ Although this can he used as a term of address, like
+English ’Mom’ or ’Mommy’, it can also he used in informal conversation
+to refer to one’s own or someone else’s mother, as in wǒ mama ’my
+mother’, or tā mama* his mother’. For the term of direct address ’Mom’,
+Mā is prohahly more commonly used than Mama.
 
-head of an office or bureau (of which the last syllable is Ju)
+Wǒ mama shàng hān qu le. My mother has left for work.
 
-lǎoshi (lǎoshí)
+Xiàwù, Mama jiù zuò huǒche lāi This afternoon, Mom came hy train kàn wo
+le. to visit me.
 
-[]
+sǐ: ’to die’ This is a process verh, like hìng ’to become ill, to get
+sick’, and therefore corresponds more closely to the English ’to become
+dead’ than it does ’to be dead’. In English one can talk about a person
+who has a terminal illness, saying ’He is dying’, but this does not
+translate directly into Chinese. In Chinese one can say Tā kuài (yào)
+sǐle, ’He is about to die,’ or Tā huòbuliǎo duo jiù le, ’He won’t live
+much longer.’
 
-to be honest
+Tīngshuō Lao Liùde fùqin sǐ le. I heard that Lāo Liu’s father has died.
 
-mǎnyì
+Sǐ can be used directly before a noun as an adjective, meaning ’dead’.
+Shi sǐde may be used to mean ’is dead’.
 
-mìyuè
+Zhè shi yìtiāo sǐ yù. This is a dead fish.
 
-[]
+Zhèitiáo yu shi sǐde. This fish is (a) dead (one).
 
-to be pleased
+Notes on No. 2
 
-honeymoon
+shi fǒu: ’is it (true) or isn’t it (true that) ...’ This phrase is a
+more formal-sounding equivalent of shi bu shi; fǒu in literary Chinese
+means ’or not’. In spoken Standard Chinese, the use of shi fǒu is more
+restricted than shi bu shi. First of all, shi fǒu has a more educated,
+formal ring to
 
-nanfāng
+it than shi bu shi. Secondly, shi fǒu verbal expression, as in the
+following
 
-nénggàn
+Zhèzhǒng tiān shi fǒu huì xià yù?
 
-[]
+Jǐnnián dōngtiān, nǐ shi fǒu xiāng dào Màiāmì qu?
 
-the groom's side, the groom's family
+Nǐ shi fǒu zhùnbèi ànzhao zhège jìhua qù zuò?
 
-to be capable
+is usually used only before another examples:
 
-rén
+Is (this weather) going to rain?
 
-person, self, body
+Are you hoping to go to Miami this winter?
 
-rù xí
+Are you planning to act according to this plan?
 
-[]
+Nǐ yīnggāi xiǎngyixiǎng, nǐ duì zhège rén shi fǒu liǎojiě.
 
-shàngjìn
+Nǐ niánji hù xiǎo le, nǐ shi fǒu kǎolūguo jiéhūnde wèntí?
 
-[]
+Jīnnián, nǐmen xuéxiǎode xué-shēng shi fǒu zēngjiā le?
 
-shóu
+Wǒ hù zhīdào wǒde yìjian shi fǒu néng dédao tǒngyì.
 
-[]
+Zhèizhong dōngxi zài zhèli shi fǒu mǎidedāo?
 
-to take one’s seat (at a gathering, meeting, or banquet)
+You ought to think about whether you understand this person or not.
 
-to be ambitious
+You’re not young anymore, have you considered the question of marriage?
 
-to be familiar (with), to know well
+This year did the (number of) students in your school increase?
 
-tándao
+I don't know whether my opinion will be agreed with or not.
 
-[]
+Can this sort of thing be bought here?
 
-tánlai tánqù
+Note on No. 3
 
-[]
+chū bin: ’to transport the coffin to the burial place or to the tomb'.
+Literally, this means 'take out the coffin’.
 
-tíqīn
+Liújiā míngtiān chū bin. The Liu's have the funeral procession
 
-[]
+tomorrow.
 
-to talk about; speaking of ...
+Zuotiān, Liu Xiānsheng gěi tā Yesterday, after Mr. Liu accompanied fùqin
+chūle bin yǐhòu, hui his father's coffin to the cemetery
 
-to discuss back and forth
+jiā jiù bìng le. he went home and then got sick.
 
-to bring up a proposal of marriage
+Note on No. 4
 
-xiǎojiě (xiáojie)
+guǐju: 'fixed standards of conduct, regulations, or customs'.
 
-xǐjiǔ
+Anzhao Zhōngguode guīju, gěi sǐrén chūle bin yǐhòu hái yāo zuò shénme?
 
-  ---------- ----
-  xìn /j'    I
-  xìn Fó     
-  xīnláng    
-  xīnniáng   w<
-  ---------- ----
+Kèren lái le, zāi máng yě yāo he běi chá, zhè shi wǒmende guīju.
 
-a way of referring to someone else’s daughter
+According to Chinese custom, after accompanying the coffin of the
+deceased to the cemetery, what else should be done?
 
-wedding banquet
+When a guest comes, no matter how busy he is, he should have a cup a cup
+of tea. This is our custom.
 
-to believe (in)
+You guīju means 'to have manners':
 
-to be a Buddhist
+Zhège háizi bù dong shi, méi guīju, zhēn rāng rén bù hǎo yìsi.
 
-bridegroom
+Wángjiāde lǎodā zhǎngde hǎokān, you you guīju, zhēn hǎo.
 
-bride
+This child does not understand about things, he has no manners• It
+really embarasses a person.
 
-yìjian
+The Wáng's oldest son is good looking and he is well mannered. He's
+really great.
 
-[]
+Guīju as an adjectival verb means ’to be proper, to be correct (of a
+person)’.
 
-indeed, in fact, admittedly
+Lǎo Wǎngde nūér rén hěn guīju. Lǎo Wang’s daughter is very proper.
 
-opinion
+Notes on No. 5
 
-zǎo
+dōu: Some of the uses of dōu do not correspond to ’all*. ’All’ in
+English is often described as ’collective’, that is, referring to all
+the members in a group. D5u in Chinese is often described as
+’distributive’, that is referring to the members of a group as
+individuals. This usage sometimes is translated as ’each’. Notice that
+in the Reference List sentence dōu in combination with yìbān and another
+noun produces this meaning.
 
-long ago
+Hěn duō Zhōngguo rén dǎole Měiguo dōu xiǎng niǎn shū.
 
-zhènghūn
+Qiǎnjǐniǎn, xǔduō xuéshēng bìyè yīhōu dōu dào nongcūn qu le.
 
-zhènghūnrén
+Yìbān Zhōngguo rén dōu juéde xué Yīngwén bǐ xué Zhōngwén nan.
 
-[]
+A lot of Chinese want to study after they get to the United States.
 
-zu
+Several years ago many students went to the countryside after they
+graduated.
 
-[]
+The average Chinese thinks that English is harder to learn than Chinese.
 
-zuo mei
+wǎnliàn: ’funeral scroll, scroll of condolence’, literally ’elegiac—
+couplet’. CLiǎn is short for duìliǎn ’a written or inscribed couplet
+(pair of parallel sentences)’.] Traditionally, white cloth scrolls in
+one to three strips were written for the deceased by friends. More
+recently a new practice has developed which is to send scrolls or
+wreaths bearing one character: diǎn, ”to sacrifice.” Sending flowers has
+been brought in by Western custom.
 
-to witness a marriage
+Xiǎwǔ wǒ dào Liūjiā qu, nǐ gěi This afternoon I’m going to the Liu’s,
+xiě ge wǎnliàn hǎo bu hǎo? could you write a funeral scroll
 
-a witness for a marriage
+for them?
 
-to rent
+huò: ’or’. You have learned huòshi and huōzhě for ’or’. Huō is a more
+literary variant, but it can still be heard in conversation.
 
-to act as go-between (for the families of a man and woman considering
-marriage)
+Jīntiān wǎnshang huō míngtiān Come over to my house tonight or wǎnshang
+nǐ dào wǒ zhèli lai tomorrow night, okay?
 
-  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
-  bìyùn              contraception
-  bù tong yf'- I?]   to be different
-  chǎnfù             a woman who has given birth within the last month
-  chǎnjià jl     maternity leave
-  chénggōng          to succeed, to be successful
-  phūshēnglù         birth rate
-  dānwèi \^L   unit
-  -dào               (indicates successful accomplishment of something)
-  dédao              to receive, to get
-  fēnpèi             to assign, to apportion
-  gèdì               the various places, each place
-  gègè               various
-  gēnjù (gēnju)      according to, based on
-  gè zhǒng           various kinds, types
-  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
+yítàng hǎo bu hǎo?
 
-góngzī
+huāquān: ’flower wreath’, literally ’flower circle’.
 
-wages, pay
+Wǒ xiǎng mǎi ge huāquān gěi I want to buy a flower wreath to send
 
-hongtang
+Liujiā sōngqu. to the Liu’s.
 
-[]
+Note on No. 6
 
-brown sugar
+fanzheng: ’anyway, anyhow, either way, in any case, all the same’.
+Fǎnzhèng may come either before or after the subject of the sentence.
 
-vacation, leave
+Nǐ jí shenme, fǎnzhèng gǎnbu-shàng kāi huì le, mǎnmǎn zǒu ba!
 
-jiātíng
+Fǎnzhèng wǒ bù mǎi, méi qián méi guānxi.
 
-[]
+Wǒ fǎnzhèng méi shi, women jiù tántan zhèige wèntí ba.
 
-family
+Fǎnzhèng wǒ yào qù, nǐ bú qù yě kéyi.
 
-jìhua shēngyù
+Fǎnzhèng is often prefaced by a matter whether...':
 
-planned parenthood, family planning
+Bù guǎn nǐ qù bu qù, fǎnzhèng wǒ yào qù.
 
-juéyù
+What are you so anxious for, we won’t make it in time for the meeting
+anyway, so let’s just take our time!
 
-[]
+I’m not going to buy it anyway, so it doesn’t matter that I don’t have
+any money.
 
-sterilization
+I don’t have anything to do anyway, so let’s talk about this.
 
-jūmín wěiyuánhuì
+I’m going anyway; it’s okay if you don’t go or It’s okay if you don’t
+go; anyway, I’m going.
 
-the neighborhood committee of the place you live
+clause beginning with bù guǎn ’no
 
-kòngzhi
+No matter whether you go or not, I'm going anyway.
 
-to control
+Note on No. T
 
-[]
+rúhé: ’how; how about; in what way'. This is a literary word which means
+about the same as zěnmeyǎng. In a more plain, colloquial style, the
+Reference List sentence could also be said as Women qù mǎi yige huāquān
+zěnmeyǎng? Spoken Standard Chinese draws more on the written style in an
+area like Taiwan, where a majority of the population learn Standard
+Chinese in school, rather than at home. A speaker from Peking might
+consider Women mǎi yige huāquān rúhé to sound a little stiff and
+unnatural. You should be able to understand rúhé, but use it yourself
+only in speaking with people who use it, or in writing.
 
-plural suffix
+Míngtiān Lǎo Zhāng qǐng women Tomorrow Lǎo Zhāng has invited all dǎjiā
+chǐ fǎn, nǐ juéde rúhà? of us to eat, what do you think?
 
-to be free of charge
+Zhèjiǎn shìde jiéguǒ rúhé? What was the outcome of this matter?
 
-the number of people assigned or allowed, quota (of people)
+"Jiǎo wǒ rúhé bù xiāng ta?" "(it makes me so that) How could I
 
-nóngmín
+not miss her?" (name of famous popular song of the 30's)
 
-peasant
+Note on No. 8
 
-nù
+huā: ’to be multicolored’.
 
-female
+Jīntiān tā chuānle yíjiǎn huā yīfu, hǎo piāoliāng!
 
-pàichūsuo(r)
+Today she’s wearing a multicolored dress. It’s gorgeous.’
 
-the local police station
+Note on No. 9
 
-pizhǔn
+Nǎ néng rang ni pòfei: Nǎ or nǎr (Peking) is used in rhetorical
+questions.
 
-to give official permission
+Tā méi qián, nǎ néng jiēhūn’.
 
-qíngkuàng
+Zài Yéye nali nǎ(r) néng name shuō huǎ’.
 
-• V*
+Nǐ shi women jiǎde rén, nǎ(r) néng bú rang ni zhīdao zánmen jiǎde shi
+ne?
 
-"u
+Wǒ shuōde shi jǐbǎiniánqiánde shi, nǎ shíhoude Měiguo nǎ(r) you shenme
+chéngshì ’.
 
-qīnjìn
+A: Wǒ nǎ(r) míngbai’.
 
-réngōng
+B: Nǐ name cōngmingde rén, nǎ(r) huì bù míngbai!
 
-liūchǎn X- yfòj
+Nǐ kǎn, nǎ(r) you zhèyang ban shìde, bù jīngguò jūmín wěiyuánhuì, jiù
+xiǎng shēng háizi, nǎ nǎ(r) xíng?
 
-sān tōngguò
+Tā yìzhí zǎi chéngli zhùzhe, nǎ(r) dǎoguo nongcūn ne!
 
-shǎoshù
+A: Zěnmeyǎng? Xiǎo Zhāng kuǎi jiēhūn le ba?
 
-mi nzú Jz
+B: Nǎr a! Nūjiā fùmǔ bú yuǎn-yi , máf an dǎ le ’.
 
-shēngyù
+He has no money, how can he get married?
 
-it
+How can you talk like that in front of Grandpa?
 
-shíbài
+You’re family, how could we not let you know what’s going on in our
+family?
 
-shìqū
+I’m talking about something several hundred years ago, how could America
+have had any cities at that time?
 
-shǒushù
+Like heck I understand!
 
-shǒuxiān
+You’re such a smart person, how could you not understand?
 
-shùmu
+Look, how can you go about things like this? You want to have a child
+without going through your neighborhood committee, how can that be okay?
 
-tōngguò
+When has he ever been to the countryside! He’s always lived in the city!
 
-tongyì
+How’s it going? Is Xiǎo Zhāng going to get married soon?
 
-wánjù
+You must be kidding! The girl’s parents don’t want it. There’s a lot of
+trouble.
 
-xiāngxìn
+Note on No. 10
 
-situation
+jiù shi le: This phrase is used at the end of a sentence to mean
+’...that’s all’. It can have several different implications, depending
+on the context: ’’Don’t worry, this matter can simply be taken care of
+like this.’’ (something is virtually taken care of)
 
-to be close (to a person abortion
+(1)
 
-"the three approvals"
 
-national minority
+Wǒ you wàngle bǎ shū dàilai, búguǒ wǒ yídìng jiègei ni jiù shi le. I forgot to bring the book again, but I’m going to lend it to you for sure, don’t worry.
+Wǒ zhào nín shuōde bàn jiù shi le. I’ll simply do as you say.
+Deng yixià gěi ni bàn jiù shi le, nǐ jí shenme! I’ll take care of it for you in a moment, don’t worry, why are you so anxious?
+Anzhao zhège jìhua zuò jiù shi le, you shénme hǎo tánde?.’ Do it according to this plan and that’s all there is to it! What else is there to discuss?
 
-give birth to and. raise to fail
 
-urban area or district operation, surgery first
+2) ’Only, just this, nothing more than this’.
 
-number
 
-to pass, to approve to consent, to agree
+Zhèliǎngge háizi chàbuduǒ, búguǒ Lǎo Dà cōngming yidiǎnr jiù shi le. These two children are about the same, but the older one is a little more intelligent, that’s all.
+Tā lái, méiyou shénme shi, búguǒ xiǎng yào nàběn shū jiù shi le. When he came he wasn’t up to anything special, he just wanted that book, that’s all.
+(3) ’that’s all that can be done about it’.
+Fǎnzhèng wǒ gēn ni shuōguo jiù shi le. In any case, I've told you, and that’s all I can do.
 
-toy
 
-to believe
+Notes on No. 11
 
-xiānhuā
+zhǐ yào: ’as long as, so long as,
 
-fresh flowers
+Zhǐ yào wǒ jīntiān wǎnshang you kǒng, jiù kéyi bǎ zhèběn shū kànwán.
 
-xiǎohair 'J'WG
+i f only’.
 
-child, children
+As long as I have time tonight, I can finish reading this book.
 
-yě jiù shi shuō
+dā: ’to travel by, to take (a bus, car, train, boat, etc.)’
 
-to mean; in other words
+Wo yě yào dào xuéxiào qu, dā nínde chē xíng bu xíng?
 
-yìbān
+Wo dācuòle chē, jiéguō pāodao Běitou qu le.
 
-[]
+Měitiān wō dā sìlù chē shàng bān.
 
-ordinary, general, common
-
-yìbānde shuō
-
-generally speaking
-
-yídìng
-
-to be specific
-
-yíngyǎngpǐn
-
-food items of special nutritional value
-
-zēngjiā
-
-to increase
-
-  ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
-  -bang                    pound (unit of weight)
-  bǐngxiāng                refrigerator, ice box
-  bù gǎn dang              I’m flattered! You shouldn’t have!
-  chī nǎi                  to nurse, to suckle
-  chuǐ fēng                to have air blow on oneself; to be in a draft
-  dāngxǐn                  to watch out
-  dé                       to get
-  duo kuài ! • 1'^’   how fast!
-  ěrduo                    ear
-  fēngshi                  rheumatism
-  fúqi                     blessings, luck
-  fúxiàng féj        lucky physiognomy
-  hóngbāo ^í. _(t)      a red envelope with a gift or bribe of money in it
-  hóngdàn                  eggs dyed red
-  ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
-
-  ----------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  huīfu             to recover
-  jiéguǒ (jiēguǒ)   as a result
-  mǎnyuè jjfa       a full month after the hirth of a baby
-  mǎnyuèjiǔ         celebration meal one month after a baby is born
-  pàng              to be fat
-  pèng              to touch
-  pòfei             to spend a lot of money on someone
-  qiānwàn           by all means, be sure to; (in a negative sentence) by no means, under no circumstances
-  shēngleng         raw or cold foods
-  shēngxialai       to be born
-  sūnzi             grandson
-  -tāi jfìc]        fetus, embryo
-  tǎng J^fa]        to lie down
-  tòngkǔ            to be painful
-  ----------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-tóuyige
-
-  -------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  touyìtāi             the first pregnancy, the first hahy
-  tuō nínde fú         thanks to your lucky influence
-  Wang jiā             the Wang family
-  wèi                  to feed
-  xiǎo hǎohao yjx^e^   hahy
-  xiǎoxīn              to he careful
-  xífu                 daughter-in-law
-  yíxiǎzi              an instant, a moment, a while
-  yuèzi J"         month of confinement after giving hirth to a child
-  zhǎng                to grow; to he (pretty, etc.)
-  zhòng                to he heavy
-  zuò yuèzi            to go through the month of confinement and special care after childbirth
-  -------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+I’m going to school too, can I get a ride with you?
 
-the first
+I got on the wrong bus, and ended up in Běitou.
 
-ānxīn
+I take the Route 1 bus to work every day.
 
-[]
+Note on No. 12
 
-to be without worry, to feel at ease to feel relieved
+héqilai: ’to combine, to put together, to unite’. He is a verb meaning
+’to combine, to put together, to unite, to merge’. You should learn to
+use he in the following combinations: hézai yìqǐ ’to combine (two or
+more things together)’, héqilai ’to combine (forces), to come together,
+to put together’, héchéng ’to combine into, to merge into’.
 
-bǎozhòng
+Women liāngjiā héqilai mǎixiale zhè liùjiān fángzi.
 
-to take good care (of oneself)
+Zhèliāngge jùzi hécheng yíge, rōngyi shuō yidiǎnr.
 
-běnlái
+Zhèliāngbān hézai yìqǐ, zhǐ you shíge xuéshēng, hái bú suàn tài duō.
 
-[]
+Our two families bought these six rooms together.
 
-originally
+If you combine these two sentences into one, it’s easier to say.
 
-bìngqiě
+If these two classes are combined, there are only ten students; that’s
+still not too many.
 
-moreover
+Notes on No. 13
 
-canjiā
+xiāode: ’know’. This is a synonym of zhídao, and can be used in most of
+the same ways that zhǐdao can be used. Xiāode is not, however, commonly
+used in Peking; it is mostly used in southern areas.
 
-[]
+gōngmù: ’public cemetery’.
 
-to take part in; to attend
+Gāngcái tā you dào gōngmù qu Just now she went to the cemetery
 
-chángshòu
+le, gěi tā māma song yibā again and left a-bunch of flowers
 
-[]
+huā. (on her mother’s grave).
 
-long life, longevity; to live a long time
+Taipei:
 
-chūchāi
+Two friends who work together at the
 
-[]
+A: Tīngshuō Xiǎo Lǐde Mama sǐle.
 
-to be out of town on business
+Nǐ xiǎng women shi fǒu gǎi qù cānjiā tāde sānglǐ?
 
-dǎ chángtú diānhuā
+B: Women gēn Xiǎo Lǐ yǐjīng shi
 
-to make a long-distance phone call
+shíjǐniǎnde lǎo péngyou le, nǎ néng bū qù.’
 
-dāgē
+A: Sānglǐ you méiyou shénme
 
-[]
+tēbié guīju? Wǒ zhǎngde zhènme da le, hai méi cānjiāguo sānglǐ ne!
 
-diāosāng
+B: Zhǐ yāo bù chuān huā yīfu
 
-oldest brother
+dāgāi jiù kéyi le.
 
-to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral
+A: Women gāi song diǎn shénme
 
-ernú
+dōngxi ma?
 
-fān
+B: Yìbān rén dōu song wǎnliān
 
-children
+huǒ huāquān. Women liǎngge rén kéyi héqilai song yíge huāquān. Nǐ kān
+rúhé?
 
-to have an attack (of a disease)
+A: Dāngrǎn hǎo....NǏ zhīdao bu
 
-gǎndeshāng
+zhidao tā māma nǎtiān chú bin?
 
-to be able to catch up, to be able to make it in time
+B: Xiā Lǐbāisān xiāwǎ sāndiǎn.
 
-gǎnhuilai
+A: Yào zāngzai nǎli?
 
-[]
+B: Yāngmíngshān Dìyī Gōngmù.
 
-gǎnjǐn
+A: Zěnme qù?
 
-  -------- --
-  gǔhuī    
-  guòqu    
-  guòshì   
-  -------- --
+B: Wǒ yě bù xiǎode. Fǎnzhèng
 
-to rush hack quickly
+dào shíhou women dā jìchéngchē qu jiù shi le.
 
-hone ashes to pass away to pass away
+A: Xiǎng bu xiǎng xiànzài qù kànkan Xiǎo Lǐ?
 
-huòzàng
+B: Bù xíng. Wǒ jīntiān wǎnshang
 
-hūrán
+you shìqing.
 
-to cremate; cremation
+Bank of Taiwan are having a talk:
 
-suddenly
+I heard that Xiǎo Lǐ’s mother died. Do you think we should go to the
+funeral?
 
-jiānglái
+We’ve been friends with Xiǎo Lǐ for over ten years, how could we not
+go.’
 
-jíjiù
+Are there any apecial customs at funerals? I’ve reached this age without
+ever having been to a funeral.’
 
-j iùguolai
+As long as you don’t wear multicolored clothes it should be okay.
 
-the future, someday
+Should we send some kind of gift?
 
-first aid; to administer emergency treatment
+Most people send a funeral scroll or a flower wreath. The two of us can
+send a flower wreath together. What do you think?
 
-to save
+Of course that would be good....Do you know what day his mother’s
+funeral procession will be?
 
-lǎorénjia
+Next Wednesday afternoon at 3.
 
-[]
+Where is she going to be buried?
 
--liǎo
+In Yangmíngshān Public Cemetery No. 1.
 
-polite way of referring to an older person (nǐ lǎorénjia, tā lǎorénjia)
+How do you get there?
 
-can, to be able to
+I don’t know either. Anyway, when the time comes we’ll just take a cab
+there.
 
-nánguò
+Do you want to go see Xiǎo Lǐ now?
 
-[]
+I can’t. I’m busy tonight.
 
-to be sad
-
-niánji (niánjì
-
-age
-
-píngjìng
-
-to be calm
-
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| qùbuliǎo                          | cannot go                         |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| qùshì {it               | to pass away                      |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| sānglǐ                            | funeral                           |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| L** shāngxīn                      | to be grieved.                    |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| shēnbiān                          | one’s vicinity, one’s immediate   |
-|                                   | surroundings                      |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| song                              | to escort, to take (someone to a  |
-|                                   | place)                            |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| • - ■f'èi '$      | news                              |
-|                                   |                                   |
-| xiaoxi >Fjí\*f              |                                   |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| xīnzǎng                           | heart                             |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| xīnzàngbìng i                     | heart disease                     |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| yíbèizi                           | all one’s life                    |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| yíxiàng                           | (have) always, (had) always,      |
-|                                   | consistently, all along           |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| zài shuō                          | furthermore, besides              |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| zàng                              | to bury                           |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| zuìjìn                            | recently                          |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-| zǔmǔ                              | grandmother (on the father’s      |
-|                                   | side)                             |
-+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
-
-bìnyíguān
+A: Name míngtiān Jiàn.
 
-[]
+B: Míngtiān jiàn.
 
-funeral home
+Then I’ll see you tomorrow.
 
-chū bin
+See you tomorrow.
 
-[]
+PART II
 
-to hold, a funeral procession; a funeral procession
+14. Zài Táiběi you rén rènwéi Yāngmíngshǎn gōngmù fēngshuǐ hǎo.
 
-cónglái
+15. Shéi dōu xīwàng tǎde zīsūn hòudài fādá.
 
-[]
+16. Jiǎngj iu fēngshuǐ hǎo hu hǎo hǎishi jiù guǎnniàn.
 
-always (in the past)
+17. Wǒ mǔqin bù mixìn, tā shuō tǔzàng, huǒzàng dōu kéyi.
 
-conglǎi bù/méi
+18. Women yídào qù Jílè Bìnyíguǎn ba!
 
-never
+19. Wǒ kàndao chū bìnde rén dàdōu zhǐ zài shǒubìshang dài xiào.
 
-dā
+20. Wǒ cōnglāi bù chuān huī yīfu.
 
-dādōu
+21'. Keren dōu yào zài qiānmíngbù-shang qiān ming, zhè shi wǒmende
+xíguàn.
 
-[]
+In Taipei there are people who believe that the feng-shui in
+Yangmingshan demetery is good.
 
-dài xiāo
+Everyone hopes that his descendants will be prosperous.
 
-[]
+To be particular about whether the fengshui is good or not is an old way
+of thinking.
 
-travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train, airplane, etc.)
+My mother isn’t superstitious; she says that either burial or cremation
+is okay.
 
-for the most part
+Let’s go to the Paradise Funeral Home together, okay?
 
-to wear mourning
+I saw that most of the people in the funeral procession were only
+wearing mourning on their arm.
 
-fādā
+I never wear gray clothing.
 
-[]
+The guests are all supposed to sign their name in a guest book. This is
+our custom.
 
-fǎnzhèng
+NOTES ON PART II
 
-[]
+Notes on No. 14
 
-fēngshuǐ
+rènwéi: ’to think (that), to consider (that), to believe (that)’. This
+is a very common verb used to express that someone has formed an opinion
+or made a judgment about a person or thing.
 
-[]
+Wǒ rènwéi zhè shi yíge hěn zhòngyàode wèntí.
 
-to be developed, to be prosperous
+I think this is a very important question.
 
-anyway, in any case
+I don’t think you should do this
 
-the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of landscape on
-people and their fortunes)
+Wǒ bú rènwéi nǐ yīnggāi zuò zhèjiàn shi.
 
-[]
+fēngshuǐ: Literally ’wind and water’, this means the geographical outlay
+of something to he built, such as a grave or the foundation of a house.
+The traditional Chinese science of fēngshuǐ, or geomancy, is concerned
+with the good and bad influences which the location of a grave or
+building are believed to exert over a family and its descendants. In
+particular, the dead are influenced by and able to influence the
+celestial bodies for the benefit of the living. Each family, therefore,
+is naturally interested in arranging the most auspicious placement for
+it’s family grave.
 
-should, ought to
+Zhège fángzide fēngshuǐ bù hǎo. The fengshui of this house is no
+good.
 
-public cemetery
+Zhèlide fēngshuǐ bú cuò. The fengshui here is pretty good.
 
-concept, notion, view
+Notes on No. 15
 
-special customs, established rules
+zǐsūn: ’sons and grandsons’, or used in a more general sense, ’offspring
+descendants’. For this example, you have to know that Huangdì means ’the
+Yellow Emperor’, a legendary ruler thought of as the father of Chinese
+civilization.
 
-héqilai
+Zhōngguo rén dōu shi Huangdì- The Chinese are all descendants of de
+zǐsūn. the Yellow Emperor.
 
-[]
+hōudài: ’descendants, posterity, later generations’.
 
-to combine, to join together
+Wǒmende hōudài dōu yīnggāi jìzhu Our descendants should all remember
+zhèijiàn shi.’ this.’
 
-hòudài
+Tā méiyou hōudài. He is without descendants.
 
-[]
+fādā: ’to be prosperous, to be flourishing; to be developed, to be
+well-developed’. For the first example, you need to know that
+gōngshāngyè means ’industry and commerce’.
 
-descendants
+Měiguode gōngshāngyè fēichāng America’s industry and commerce are fādǎ.
+very developed.
 
-huā
+Zhèijiā rénjiā hěn fādǎ. This family is prosperous.
 
-to be multicolored
+Notes on No. 16
 
-huāquān
+jiǎngjiu: ’to be particular about, to be meticulous about, to pay
+attention to, to strive for’.
 
-flower wreath
+Zhège rén hěn jiǎngjiu chī, hěn This person is particular about what
+jiǎngjiu chuān. he eats and what he wears.
 
-huí
+Nèige haizi tài jiǎngjiu chuān. That kid pays too much attention to
 
-to be gray
+what she wears.
 
-huò 4.
+Jiǎngjiu can also mean ’to be elegant’.
 
-or
+Nǐmen jiāde jiāju zhēn jiǎngjiu. Your furniture is truly elegant.
 
-huozàng
+guānniàn: ’way of thinking, concept, notion, view, sense (of), mentality
+(of).
 
-[]
+Měiguo rénde guānniàn gēn Zhōngguo rénde guānniàn yǒude yíyàng, yǒude bù
+yíyàng.
 
-cremation
+Nǐ kàn ba, zài guò jǐniān niān-qīngrén yīnggāi wǎnliàn wǎnhūn jiù huì
+biàncheng yizhǒng guānniàn.
 
-jiāngjiu
+Sometimes the American way of thinking and the Chinese way is the same,
+sometimes not.
 
-[]
+You watch, in more few years, it will have become an accepted notion
+that young people should get involved late and marry late.
 
-to be particular about
+Notes on No. 17
 
-Jílè Bìnyíguān
+míxìn: ’to be superstitious (about); superstition’.
 
-[]
+Shāngchāode shíhou Zhōngguo rén During the Shang Dynasty, the Chinese
+bǐjiào míxìn, xiànzài bǐjiào were relatively superstitious, now
 
-Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)
+bù míxìn le. they aren’t so much any more.
 
-jiù shi le
+Yǒude Zhōngguo rén míxìn fēng- Some Chinese are superstitious about
+shuǐ. fengshui.
 
-mama
+tǔzàng: ’to bury (a dead person)’, literally ’ground-bury’. This word is
+used only in contrast to other ways of disposing of a dead body, for
+example cremation or burial at sea. CIf no contrast with other forms of
+disposal is implied, then the word for ’to bury’ is simply zàng (for
+formal burials), máj (for informal burials), mǎizàng, or ānzàng
+(literally ’peacefully bury’, a respectful term).2
 
-mother, mom
+Éguo rén shuōguo tāmen yào The Russians said they wanted to
 
-míxìn
+māizàng Měiguo. bury Americans.
 
-to be superstitious; superstition
+huǒzàng: ’to cremate; cremation*. In this word, you may think of zàng
+’to bury’ as extended to mean ’to dispose of (a dead body)’. Huǒ means
+’fire’.
 
-nā (nali, nār)
+Note on No. 18
 
-how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)'
+yídào: ’together’. You have already learned yìqǐ and yíkuàir for
+’together’. Yídào is mostly used by speakers of southern Mandarin and is
+little used by northerners.
 
-qiān ming
+Yàohuá hé tāde nūpéngyou yídào Yàohuā and his girlfriend went to kàn
+diànyǐngr qu le. see a movie.
 
-[]
+Háizimen zài yídào wánr.
 
-to sign one's name
+The children are playing together.
 
-qiānmíngbù
+Notes on No. 19 meaning which is prohahly used hy more people than dàdōu
+is dàduō.
 
-[]
+dàdōu: ’for the most part, mostly’. Another word with the same
 
-guest book
+Zài Yìndu rénmín dàdōu (or In India the people are mostly Hindu,
 
-rūhé
+dàduō) xìn Yìndujiào.
 
-rènwéi
+Zhōngguo rén dàduō shi nóngmín. Chinese for the most part are rural
+people.
 
-[]
+shōuhì: ’arm (from the wrist to the shoulder)’. Other words for ’arm’
+used in different regions are gēhei and gēho (Peking gēhe).
 
-shi fǒu
+Xiǎo Lǐ gēbo shòule shāng, Xiǎo Lǐ was hurt in the arm, and also
 
-[]
+Xiǎo Wǎngde tuǐ yě shòule Xiǎo Wǎng was hurt in the leg.
 
-to think that, to believe that
+shang.
 
-to be how, how is it; how, in what way (literary form)
+Gǎngcái, wō bù xiǎoxin pèngdao- Just now I was careless and bumped le
+ménshang, dào xiànzài into the.door, and my arm still
 
-(literary form meaning shi bu shi)
+shǒubì hai téng ne. hurts now.
 
-shǒuhì
+dàixiào: ’to wear mourning’. Formerly, people wore certain types of
+clothes while in mourning (sackcloth or white from head to foot).
+Nowadays, customs differ widely, but some small item is usually still
+worn to indicate a death in the family. These include a white flower in
+the hair, a coarse cloth patch on the arm or in the hair, or a black
+armband.
 
-[]
+Tā fùqin sǐle kuài sānnián le, Her father has been dead for almost tā
+hái dàixiào ne! three years and she is still wearing
 
-arm
+mourning!
 
-sǐ
+Notes on No. 20
 
-tǔzàng
+cōnglái bù: ’never, never does...’. In the last unit, you saw the
+pattern cōnglái méi(you), meaning ’have never...’ or ’had never...’.
+Cōnglái means ’from the past up until now (it has always been this
+way)’.
 
-[]
+Wǒ cōnglái bú yuànyi zǎoshang I never want to study in the morning, niàn
+shū.
 
-to die
+huǐ: ’to be gray’.
 
-burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)
+Zài Zhōngguo dàduōshù rén dōu The great majority of people in China
+xǐhuan chuān lánsè hé huīsède like to wear blue or gray clothing, yīfu.
 
-wǎnlián
+Notes on No. 21
 
-funeral scroll
+qiānmíngbù: ’guest book’, literally, ’sign-name record book’.
 
-xiǎode
+qián míng: ’to sign one’s name’.
 
-to know
+Qǐng ni zài zhèli qiān míng. Please sign here.
 
-xí guan
+xíguàn: ’custom, habit’. The definition of xíguàn in a Chinese
+dictionary reads: ’behavior, tendency, or social practice cultivated
+over a long period of time, and which is hard to change abruptly’.
+Compare this with fēngsú ’custom’, which you learned in Unit 1: ’the sum
+total of etiquette, usual practices, etc. adhered to over a long period
+of time in the development of society’.
 
-habit, custom
+Notice that xíguàn may refer to the way of an individual or of a
+community, whereas fēngsú only refers to the way of a community.
 
-Yǎngmíngshān
+Taipei:
 
-a mountain in suburban Taipei
+An American student attending Taiwan with a Chinese classmate and
+friend:
 
-yí dào
+A: Tīngshuō Wang Lāoshīde fùqin
 
-together
+qùshì le. Nǐ xiang women shi fou gāi qù cānjiā sānglǐ?
 
-yīngdāng
+B: Wo xiang women yīngdāng qù.
 
-should, ought to
+A: Tīngshuō sānglǐ zài Jílè
 
-zhǐ yào
+Bìnyíguān jǔxíng. Nǐ xiāode Jílè Bìnyíguān zài náli ma?
 
-as long as, if only
+B: Xiāode. Jiù zài Nánjīng
 
-zǐsūn
+Dōnglù.
 
-descendants
+A: Wo cónglái méi cānjiāguo
 
-ài (sound of sighing) MBD 2
+Zhōngguo rénde sānglǐ, "bù zhīdào nǐmen you nāxiē guīju. Nī néng "bu
+néng gēn wo jiāngyijiāng?
 
-ānxīn to be without worry, to feel at MBD 5
+B: Kéyi. Xiànzài yibān rénde
 
-ease, to feel relieved
+sānglǐ dōu hěn jiāndān, méiyou tài duōde guīju. Búguò, nǐ hú yào chuān
+héngde, lùde, huòshi huāde yīfu. Chuān hēide, huīde, lānde dōu kéyi. Qù
+cānjiā sānglǐde rén dàdōu song wānlián huò huāquān. Wō xiāng women kéyi
+héqilai song yige huāquān.
 
-  ----------------- --------------------------------------------------------- --------
-  -bang             pound (unit of weight)                                    MBD 1+
-  bǎobao (bǎobǎo)   baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)      MBD 1+
-  bǎozhòng          to take good care (of oneself)                            MBD 5
-  běnlái            originally                                                MBD 5
-  bǐcǐ              each other, mutually; you too, the same to you            MBD 1
-  bǐjiào (bǐjiǎo)   relatively, comparatively; fairly, rather                 MBD 1
-  bìngqiě           moreover, and                                             MBD 5
-  bīngxiāng         refrigerator, ice box                                     MBD 1+
-  bìnyíguǎn         funeral home                                              MBD 6
-  bìyùn             contraception                                             MBD 3
-  bú dan            not only                                                  MBD 1
-  bù gǎn dāng       I’m flattered, You shouldn’t have, I don’t deserve this   MBD 1+
-  bù shǎo           quite a lot, quite a few                                  MBD 1
-  bù tong           to be different                                           MBD 3
-  ----------------- --------------------------------------------------------- --------
+A: Hāo.
 
-  ------------- --------------------------------------------------- --------
-  cānj iā       to take part in; to attend                          MBD 5
-  chǎnfù        a woman who has given birth within the last month   MBD 3
-  chángshòu     long life, longevity; to live a long time           MBD 5
-  chǎnj ià      maternity leave                                     MBD 3
-  chéng         to become, to constitute, to make                   MBD 1
-  chénggōng     to succeed, to be successful                        MBD 3
-  chengshì      city                                                MBD 1
-  chī nǎi       to nurse, to suckle                                 MBD 1
-  chū bin       to hold a funeral procession                        MBD 6
-  chūchāi       to be out of town on business                       MBD 5
-  chuī fēng     to have air blow on oneself; to be in a draft       MBD 1+
-  chūshēnglū    birth rate                                          MBD 3
-  conglái bù    never                                               MBD 6
-  conglái dōu   always (in the past)                                MBD 6
-  cōnglái méi   have never                                          MBD 6
-  ------------- --------------------------------------------------- --------
+B: Dào bìnyíguānde shíhou, nǐ
 
-dā
+yí jin mén jiù huì kàndao zhuōzishang fàngzhe qiānmíngbù, nī yào zài
+shàngmian qiān míng.
 
-travel by, take (a taxi, bus,
+A: Ng. Wang Lāoshīde fùqin yào
 
-MBD 6
+tǔzàng haishi huǒzàng, nī tīngshuō le ma?
 
-train, airplane, etc.)
+B: Tīngshuō shi yào tǔzàng.
 
-dǎ chángtú diānhuà
+A: Yào zàngzai náli?
 
-to make a long-distance phone call
+National University is talking
 
-MBD 5
+I heard that Teacher Wang’s father died. Do you think we should attend
+the funeral?
 
-dàdōu
+I think we ought to go.
 
-for the most part
+I hear that the funeral is going to he held at the Paradise Funeral
+Home. Do you know where that is?
 
-MBD 6
+Yes. it’s on Nanking East Road.
 
-dāgē
+I’ve never been to a Chinese funeral, so I don’t know what special
+practices you have. Could you tell me about them?
 
-oldest brother
+Okay. These days the average person’s funeral is very simple. There
+aren’t too many special customs. But you shouldn’t wear red, green, or
+multicolored clothing. Black, gray, and blue would all be okay to wear.
+Most people who attend a funeral send a a funeral scroll or a flower
+wreath. I think we could send a flower wreath together.
 
-"MBD 5
+Okay.
 
-dài xiāo
+When you get to the funeral home, as soon as you go in the door you’ll
+see a guest book on the table. You should sign your name in it.
 
-to wear mourning
+Uh huh. Have you heard whether Teacher Wang’s father is going to be
+buried or cremated?
 
-MBD 6
+I heard he’s going to be buried.
 
-dāngxīn
+Where is he going to be buried?
 
-to watch out
+B: Yào zàngzai Yángmíngshān
 
-MBD 1+
+Gōngmù, yīnwei tǎmen rènwéi nàlide fēngshuǐ hǎo, rén zàngzai nàli, tāde
+zǐsūn houdài jiù huì fādǎ.
 
-dānshi
+A: Tǎiwān xiànzài you xiē rén
 
-but
+hai you diǎn míxìn, shi hu shi?
 
-.MBD 1
+B: Shìde, búguò zhèxiē dōu shi
 
-dānwèi
+jiù guānniàn. Niǎnqīng rén dàdōu hù jiǎngjiu zhèxiē le.
 
-unit
+A: Tǎiwān xiànzài hǎi you dài
 
-MBD 3
+xiàode xíguàn ma?
 
--dāo
+B: You. Nǐ méi kàndao Wǎng
 
-(indicates successful accomplishment of something)
+tā shōubìshang jiù dàizhe xiào ne. Yǐqiǎnde rén dài xiào yào dài yìniǎn!
+Xiànzàide rén duōhàn zhǐ dài yìhǎitiān le.
 
-MBD 3
+A: Míngtiān women shénme shíhou
 
-dàxǐ
+qù?
 
-great rejoicing
+B: Xiàwu yìdiǎn zhōng wō zài
 
-MBD 2
+TǎiDà ménkōu děng ni, women yídào qù.
 
-dāxīde rìzi
+A: Hǎo.
 
-wedding day
+In Yangmíngshān Public Cemetery, because they believe that the fengshui
+there is good, and that if a person is buried there his descendants will
+be prosperous.
 
-MBD 2
+There are still some people in Taiwan who are a little superstitious,
+aren’t there?
 
-dāying
+Yes. But these are all old notions. For the most part, young people
+don’t pay much attention to this kind of thing any more.
 
-to agree (to something), to consent, to promise
+Does the custom of wearing mourning still exist in Taiwan?
 
-MBD 2
+Yes. Didn’t you see Teacher Wǎng, she’s wearing mourning on her arm.
+Before, people had to wear mourning for a year’. Now most people only
+wear it for a hundred days.
 
-dé
+What time shall we go there tomorrow?
 
-to get
+I’ll wait for you at the gate of Taiwan University at one o’clock, and
+we can go together.
 
-MBD 1+
+Okay.
 
-dédao
+NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
 
-to receive, to get
+Funeral procedures in the PRC today are very simple. In the interest of sanitation (bodies might have some communicable disease) and economy (ground burials are expensive and consume government agricultural land), deceased city residents are required to be cremated. By government regulation the immediate family is allowed two days of paid leave, sàng jià. The funeral involves someone saying a few kind words about the deceased in the presence of relatives and people from his work unit. Those present are dressed plainly, bearing a white flower. Ashes are placed in carved wood or porcelain boxes in a gǔhuǐ cúnfàngchù, a building reserved for this purpose. It is not necessary to give anything to the family of the deceased but people sometimes give money or other small items. In the countryside, there might be a large feast at the deceased's home. There is an attitude which says a funeral is a time of gladness when the deceased enters the world of the non-living. [A funeral is a “white joyous event," bái xīshì. A wedding is a “red event." Together they are sometimes referred to as hongbái xīshì, red and white joyous events.J
 
-MBD 3
+Vocabulary
 
-diaosāng
+bìnyíguǎn	funeral home
+chū bin	to hold a funeral procession
+conglái bù	never
+conglái dōu	always (in the past)
+conglái mei	have never
+dā	travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train, airplane, etc.)
+dàdōu	for the most part
+dài xiao	to wear mourning
+fādá	to be developed, to be prosperous
+fānzhèng	anyway, in any case
+fēngshuǐ	the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)
+gāi	should, ought to
+gōngmù	public cemetery
+guānniàn	concept, notion, view
+guīju	special customs, established rules
+héqilai	to combine, to join together
+hòudài	descendants
+huā	to be multicolored
+huāquān	flower wreath
+huī	to be gray
+huò	or
+huōzàng	cremation
+jiǎngjiu	to be particular about; to be elegant, to be tasteful
+Jílè Bìnyíguǎn	Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)
+jiù shi le	..., that’s all
+māma	mother, mom
+míxin	to be superstitious; superstition
+nǎ (náli , nǎr)	how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)
+qiān ming	to sign one’s name
+qiānmíngbù	guest book
+rènwéi	to think that, to believe that
+rúhé	how, in what way; how (someone or something) is; how is it (literary form)
+shi fou	literary form meaning shi bu shi
+shoubì	arm
+si	to die
+tǔzàng	burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)
+wǎnliàn	funeral scroll
+xiāode	to know
+xíguàn	habit, custom
+Yàngmíngshān	a mountain in suburban Taipei
+yídào	together
+zhǐ yào	as long as, if only
+zǐsūn	descendants
 
-to present one’s condolences at a funeral
+Vocabulary
 
-MBD 5
+bǐcǐ	each other, mutually
+	relatively, comparatively
+bú dàn	not only
+bù shǎo	a lot, many
+chéng	to become, to constitute, to make
+chéngshì	city
+dànshi	but
+érqiě	furthermore
+fēngqì	common practice
+fēngsú	custom
+fūfù	married couple, husband and wife
+gǎibiàn	to change
+	with; and
+	might, to be likely to, will
+jiéhūn (jiehūn)	to get married.
+jiéjué	to solve
+jīngguo 	to go through, to pass hy or through
+jìniàn	memento, memorial
+kǎoiū	to consider; consideration
+kě	indeed, really
+kě hú shi ma!	I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for sure
+lian ai	to he romantically involved with
+liǎojiě (liáojie)	to understand; understanding
+	to divorce
+lǐwù (lǐwu)	gift, present
+nanjia(r)	the husband’s family
+nannu	male and female
+nenggou	can, to he ahle to
+niánqīng	to he young
+nongcūn	rural area, countryside
+nujiā	the wife’s family
+nfilì	to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard
+qīngniān	youth, young person
+qīnqi	relatives
+qūbié	difference, distinction
+shíxíng	to practice, to carry out (a method policy, plan, reform, etc.)
+shuāngfāng	both sides, both parties
+	to give (something as a gift)
+tan qīn	to visit family
+tànqīnjià	leave for visiting family
+tíchàng	to advocate, to promote, to initiate
+wǎnliàn wǎnhūn	late involvement and late marriage
+xiǎngdāng	quite, pretty, very
+xǔduō	many, a great deal (of), a lot (of)
+yīngdāng	should, ought to
+yíshì	ceremony
+yìzhí	all along, all the time (up until a certain point)
+zhèngfu	government
+zhùdao	to move to, to go live at
+zongshi	always
+ZUO	to serve as, to act as; as
 
-dù
+Vocabulary
 
-to pass
+ài	(sound, of sighing)
+dàxǐde rìzi	wedding day
+laying	to agree (to something), to consent, to promise
+dù	to pass
+dù mìyuè	to go on a honeymoon, to spend one's honeymoon
+duōnián	many years
+fǎyuàn	court of law
+Fō	Buddha
+fùzá (fǔzá)	to be complicated
+gōngzhèng jiēhūn	civil marriage
+	even, (to go) so far as to
+	after all
+	later, afterwards
+hui men	the return of the bride to her parents’ home (usually on the third day after the wedding)
+hūnlǐ	wedding
+jiāotáng	church
+jiāowǎng	to associate with, to have dealings with
+Jǐdūjiāo	Christianity
+jiéhūn līfu	wedding gown
+jièshaorén	introducer
+juédìng	to decide
+jǔxíng	to hold (a meeting, ceremony, etc.)
+Júzhǎng	head of an office or bureau (of which the last syllable is Ju)
+lǎoshi (lǎoshí)	to be honest
+mǎnyì	to be pleased
+mìyuè	honeymoon
+nanfāng	the groom's side, the groom's family
+nénggàn	to be capable
+rén	person, self, body
+rù xí	to take one’s seat (at a gathering, meeting, or banquet)
+shàngjìn	to be ambitious
+shóu	to be familiar (with), to know well
+tándao	to talk about; speaking of ...
+tánlai tánqù	to discuss back and forth
+tíqīn	to bring up a proposal of marriage
+xiǎojiě (xiáojie)	a way of referring to someone else’s daughter
+xǐjiǔ	wedding banquet
+xìn	to believe (in)
+xìn Fó	to be a Buddhist
+xīnláng	bridegroom
+xīnniáng	bride
+	indeed, in fact, admittedly
+yìjian	opinion
+zǎo	long ago
+zhènghūn	to witness a marriage
+zhènghūnrén	a witness for a marriage
+zu	to rent
+zuo mei	to act as go-between (for the families of a man and woman considering marriage)
 
-MBD 2
 
-dù mìyuè
+Vocabulary
 
-to go on a honeymoon, to spend one's honeymoon
+bìyùn	contraception
+bù tong	to be different
+chǎnfù	a woman who has given birth within the last month
+chǎnjià	maternity leave
+chénggōng	to succeed, to be successful
+phūshēnglù	birth rate
+dānwèi	unit
+-dào	(indicates successful accomplishment of something)
+dédao	to receive, to get
+fēnpèi	to assign, to apportion
+gèdì	the various places, each place
+gègè	various
+gēnjù (gēnju)	according to, based on
+gè zhǒng	various kinds, types
+góngzī	wages, pay
+hongtang	brown sugar
+jiā	vacation, leave
+jiātíng	family
+jìhua shēngyù	planned parenthood, family planning
+juéyù	sterilization
+jūmín wěiyuánhuì	the neighborhood committee of the place you live
+kòngzhi	to control
+	plural suffix
+	to be free of charge
+	the number of people assigned or allowed, quota (of people)
+nóngmín	peasant
+nù	female
+pàichūsuo(r)	the local police station
+pizhǔn	to give official permission
+qíngkuàng	situation
+qīnjìn	to be close (to a person )
+réngōng liūchǎn	abortion
+sān tōngguò	"the three approvals"
+shǎoshù mi nzú	national minority
+shēngyù	give birth to and. raise
+shíbài	to fail
+shìqū	urban area or district
+shǒushù	operation, surgery
+shǒuxiān	first
+shùmu	number
+tōngguò	to pass, to approve
+tongyì	to consent, to agree
+wánjù	toy
+xiāngxìn	to believe
+xiānhuā	fresh flowers
+xiǎohair	child, children
+yě jiù shi shuō	to mean; in other words
+yìbān	ordinary, general, common
+yìbānde shuō	generally speaking
+yídìng	to be specific
+yíngyǎngpǐn	food items of special nutritional value
+zēngjiā	to increase
 
-MBD 2
 
-duo kuāi.’
+Vocabulary
 
-how fast.'
 
-MBD 1+
+-bang	pound (unit of weight)
+bǐngxiāng	refrigerator, ice box
+bù gǎn dang	I’m flattered! You shouldn’t have!
+chī nǎi	to nurse, to suckle
+chuǐ fēng	to have air blow on oneself; to be in a draft
+dāngxǐn	to watch out
+dé	to get
+duo kuài	how fast!
+ěrduo	ear
+fēngshi	rheumatism
+fúqi	blessings, luck
+fúxiàng féj	lucky physiognomy
+hóngbāo	a red envelope with a gift or bribe of money in it
+hóngdàn	eggs dyed red
+huīfu	to recover
+jiéguǒ (jiēguǒ)	as a result
+mǎnyuè jjfa	a full month after the hirth of a baby
+mǎnyuèjiǔ	celebration meal one month after a baby is born
+pàng	to be fat
+pèng	to touch
+pòfei	to spend a lot of money on someone
+qiānwàn	by all means, be sure to; (in a negative sentence) by no means, under no circumstances
+shēngleng	raw or cold foods
+shēngxialai	to be born
+sūnzi	grandson
+-tāi jfìc]	fetus, embryo
+tǎng J^fa]	to lie down
+tòngkǔ	to be painful
+tóuyige	
+touyìtāi	the first pregnancy, the first hahy
+tuō nínde fú	thanks to your lucky influence
+Wang jiā	the Wang family
+wèi	to feed
+xiǎo hǎohao	yjx^e^ hahy
+xiǎoxīn	to he careful
+xífu	daughter-in-law
+yíxiǎzi	an instant, a moment, a while
+yuèzi J"	month of confinement after giving hirth to a child
+zhǎng	to grow; to he (pretty, etc.)
+zhòng	to he heavy
+zuò yuèzi	to go through the month of confinement and special care after childbirth
 
-duōnián
 
-many years
+Vocabulary
 
-MBD 2
+ānxīn	to be without worry, to feel at ease to feel relieved
+bǎozhòng	to take good care (of oneself)
+běnlái	originally
+bìngqiě	moreover
+canjiā	to take part in; to attend
+chángshòu	long life, longevity; to live a long time
+chūchāi	to be out of town on business
+dǎ chángtú diānhuā	to make a long-distance phone call
+dāgē	oldest brother
+diāosāng	to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral
+ernú	children
+fān	to have an attack (of a disease)
+gǎndeshāng	to be able to catch up, to be able to make it in time
+gǎnhuilai	to rush hack
+gǎnjǐn	quickly
+gǔhuī	hone ashes
+guòqu	to pass away
+guòshì	to pass away
+huòzàng	to cremate; cremation
+hūrán	suddenly
+jiānglái	the future, someday
+jíjiù	first aid; to administer emergency treatment
+j iùguolai	to save
+lǎorénjia	polite way of referring to an older person (nǐ lǎorénjia, tā lǎorénjia)
+-liǎo	can, to be able to
+nánguò	to be sad
+niánji (niánjì	age
+píngjìng	to be calm
+qùbuliǎo	cannot go
+qùshì {it	to pass away
+sānglǐ	funeral
+L** shāngxīn	to be grieved.
+shēnbiān	one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings
+song	to escort, to take (someone to a place)
+xiaoxi	
+xīnzǎng	heart
+xīnzàngbìng i	heart disease
+yíbèizi	all one’s life
+yíxiàng	(have) always, (had) always, consistently, all along
+zài shuō	furthermore, besides
+zàng	to bury
+zuìjìn	recently
+zǔmǔ	grandmother (on the father’s side)
 
-  ------- ---------------- -------
-  ěrduo   ' ear   MBD 1
-  érnu    children         MBD 5
-  érqiě   furthermore      MBD 1
-  ------- ---------------- -------
+Vocabulary
 
-  ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
-  fādá       to be developed, to be prosperous                                                                    MBD 6
-  fan        to have an attack (of an old disease)                                                                MBD 5
-  fǎnzhèng   anyway, in any case                                                                                  MBD 6
-  fǎyuàn     court of law                                                                                         MBD 2
-  fēngqì     common practice; general mood                                                                        MBD 1
-  fēngshī    rheumatism                                                                                           MBD U
-  fēngshuī   the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)   MBD 6
-  fēngsū     custom                                                                                               MBD 1
-  fēnpèi     to assign, to apportion, to allot                                                                    MBD 3
-  ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
+bìnyíguān	funeral home
+chū bin	to hold, a funeral procession; a funeral procession
+cónglái	always (in the past)
+conglǎi bù/méi	never
+dā	travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train, airplane, etc.)
+dādōu	for the most part
+dài xiāo	to wear mourning
+fādā	to be developed, to be prosperous
+fǎnzhèng	anyway, in any case
+fēngshuǐ	the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)
+	should, ought to
+	public cemetery
+	concept, notion, view
+	special customs, established rules
+héqilai	to combine, to join together
+hòudài	descendants
+huā	to be multicolored
+huāquān	flower wreath
+huí	to be gray
+huò	or
+huozàng	cremation
+jiāngjiu	to be particular about
+Jílè Bìnyíguān	Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)
+jiù shi le	
+mama	mother, mom
+míxìn	to be superstitious; superstition
+nā (nali, nār)	how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)'
+qiān ming	to sign one's name
+qiānmíngbù	guest book
+rènwéi	to think that, to believe that
+rūhé	to be how, how is it; how, in what way (literary form)
+shi fǒu	(literary form meaning shi bu shi)
+shǒuhì	arm
+sǐ	to die
+tǔzàng	burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)
+wǎnlián	funeral scroll
+xiǎode	to know
+xí guan	habit, custom
+Yǎngmíngshān	a mountain in suburban Taipei
+yí dào	together
+yīngdāng	should, ought to
+zhǐ yào	as long as, if only
+zǐsūn	descendants
 
-  ------------- ------------------------- -------
-  Fó            Buddha                    MBD 2
-  fūfù          married couple, husband   MBD 1
-                and wife                  
-  fuqi          blessings, luck           MBD U
-  fuxiàng       lucky physiognomy         MBD U
-  fùzá (fùzá)   to be complicated         MBD 2
-  ------------- ------------------------- -------
-
-  ------------------ -------------------------------- -------
-  gāi                should, ought to                 MBD 6
-  gǎibiàn            to change                        MBD 1
-  gāndeshàng         to be able to catch up, to be    MBD 5
-                     able to make it in time          
-  gǎnhuilai          to rush back                     MBD 5
-  gǎnjǐn             quickly                          MBD 5
-  gèdì               the various places, each place   MBD 3
-  gègè               various                          MBD 3
-  gēnju (gēnju)      according to, based on           MBD 3
-  gè zhōng           various kinds, types             MBD 3
-  gōngmù             public cemetery                  MBD 6
-  gōngzhèng jiēhūn   civil marriage                   MBD 2
-  gōngzī             wages, pay                       MBD 3
-  guānniàn           concept, notion, view            MBD 6
-  gǔhuī              bone ashes                       MBD 5
-  guiju              special customs, established     MBD 6
-                     rules                            
-  guòqu              to pass away, to die             MBD 5
-  guòshì             to pass away, to die             MBD 5
-  ------------------ -------------------------------- -------
-
-  ---------- -------------------------------- -------
-  hái        even, (to go) so far as to       MBD 2
-  háishi     after all                        MBD 2
-  he         with; and                        MBD 1
-  héqilai    to combine, to join              MBD 6
-             together                         
-  hōngbāo    a red envelope with a gift or    MBD U
-             bribe of money in it             
-  hōngdàn    eggs dyed red                    MBD U
-  hōngtáng   brown sugar                      MBD 3
-  houdài     descendants                      MBD 6
-  hòulái     later, afterwards                MBD 2
-  huā        to be multicolored               MBD 6
-  huāquān    flower wreath                    MBD 6
-  huì        to be gray                       MBD 6
-  huì        might, to be likely to, will     MBD 1
-  hui men    the return of the bride to her   MBD 2
-  ---------- -------------------------------- -------
-
-parents’ home (usually on the third day after the wedding)
-
-  --------- ----------------------- --------
-  huīfu     to recover              MBD 1+
-  hūnlǐ     wedding                 MBD 2
-  huò       or                      MBD 6
-  huǒzàng   to cremate; cremation   MBD 5
-  huozàng   cremation               MBD 6
-  hūrán     suddenly                MBD 5
-  --------- ----------------------- --------
-
-  ------------------ --------------------------------- --------
-  Jiù                vacation, leave                   MBD 3
-  Jiangjiu           to be particular about; to be     MBD 6
-                     elegant, to be tasteful           
-  Jiānglai           the future, someday               MBD 5
-  jiàotáng           church                            MBD 2
-  j iāowāng          to associate with, to have        MBD 2
-                     dealings with                     
-  jiātíng            family                            MBD 3
-  Jídūjiào           Christianity                      MBD 2
-  JieguS (jiēguǒ)    as a result; result, results      MBD 1+
-  jiehūn (jiehūn)    to get married                    MBD 1
-  Jiehūn lǐfū        wedding gown                      MBD 2
-  Jiějue             to solve                          MBD 1
-  j ièshaorén        introducer                        MBD 2
-  Jìhua shēngyù      planned parenthood, family        MBD 3
-                     planning                          
-  JíJiù              first aid; to administer          MBD 5
-                     emergency treatment               
-  Jílè Bìnyíguǎn     Paradise Funeral Home             MBD 6
-                     (in Taipei)                       
-  jingguo            to go through, to pass by or      MBD 1
-                     through                           
-  jìniàn             memento, memorial                 MBD 1
-  Jiù shi le         ... , that’s all                  MBD 6
-  J iùguolai         to save                           MBD 5
-  juedìng            to decide                         MBD 2
-  jueyù              sterilization                     MBD 3
-  Jūmín wěiyuánhuì   neighborhood committee            MBD 3
-  jǔxíng             to hold (a meeting, ceremony,     MBD 2
-                     etc. )                            
-  Júzhǎng            head of an office or bureau (of   MBD 2
-  ------------------ --------------------------------- --------
-
-which the last syllable is jú)
-
-  -------------- ------------------------------ -------
-  kǎolū          to consider; consideration     MBD 1
-  kě             indeed, really                 MBD 1
-  kě bú shi ma   I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s   MBD 1
-                 for sure                       
-  kòngzhi        to control                     MBD 3
-  -------------- ------------------------------ -------
-
-  ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------
-  ...-lai ...-qù      (indicates repeating the action over and over again)                                 MBD 2
-  laorénjia           polite way of addressing or referring to an old person ní laorénjia, tā lāorénjia)   MBD 5
-  lǎoshi (lǎoshi)     to he honest                                                                         MBD 2
-  liàn’ài             to he romantically involved with; love                                               MBD 1
-  -liǎo               can, to he ahle to                                                                   MBD 5
-  liǎojiě (liáojie)   to understand; understanding                                                         MBD 1
-  líhūn               to get divorced                                                                      MBD 1
-  lǐwù (lǐwu)         gift, present                                                                        MBD 1
-  ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------
-
-  ----------- ------------------------------- -------
-  mama        mother, mom                     MBD 6
-  mǎnyì       to he pleased                   MBD 2
-  mǎnyuè      a full month after the hirth    MBD U
-              of a hahy                       
-  mǎnyuèjiǔ   celebration meal one month      MBD U
-              after a hahy is horn            
-  -men        plural suffix                   MBD 3
-  miǎnfèi     to he free of charge            MBD 3
-  míng’é      the number of people assigned   MBD 3
-              or allowed, quota (of people)   
-  míxìn       to be superstitious;            MBD 6
-              superstition                    
-  mìyuè       honeymoon                       MBD 2
-  ----------- ------------------------------- -------
-
-  ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------ -------
-  nǎ (náli, nǎr)    how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)   MBD 6
-  nanfāng           the groom’s side, the grocm’s family                   MBD 2
-  nánguò            to be sad                                              MBD 5
-  nánjiā(r)         the husband’s family                                   MBD 1
-  nánnù             male and female                                        MBD 1
-  nénggàn           to be capable                                          MBD 2
-  nénggòu           can, to be able to                                     MBD 1
-  niánji (niánjì)   age                                                    MBD 5
-  niánqing          to be young                                            MBD 1
-  nongcūn           rural area, countryside                                MBD 1
-  nongmín           peasant                                                MBD 3
-  nù                female                                                 MBD 3
-  nùjiā(r)          the wife’s family                                      MBD 1
-  nǔlì              to be hardworking, to be                               MBD 1
-  ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------ -------
-
-diligent; diligently, hard
-
-  -------------- ----------------------------- --------
-  pàichūsuǒ(r)   the local police station      MBD 3
-  pang           to he fat                     MBD U
-  pèng           to touch                      MBD U
-  píngjìng       to he calm                    MBD 5
-  pizhǔn         to give official permission   MBD 3
-  pòfei          to spend a lot of money (on   Y1BD U
-                 someone), to go to some ex
-  -------------- ----------------------------- --------
-
-pense
-
-  ------------ ------------------------------- -------
-  qiān míng    to sign one’s name              MBD 6
-  qiānmíngbù   guest hook                      MBD 6
-  qiānwan      hy all means, he sure to; (in   MBD U
-               combination with a negative     
-               word) hy no means, under no     
-               circumstances                   
-  qíngkuàng    situation                       MBD 3
-  qingnián     youth, young person             MBD 1
-  qinjìn       to he close (to a person)       MBD 3
-  qīnqi        relatives                       MBD 1
-  qūhié        difference, distinction         MBD 1
-  qǔbuliǎo     cannot go                       MBD 5
-  qùshì        to pass away, to die            MBD 5
-  ------------ ------------------------------- -------
-
-  ----------------- --------------------------------- -------
-  rén               person, self, hody                MBD 2
-  réngōng liúchǎn   abortion                          MBD 3
-  r^.iwéi           to think that, to believe that    MBD 6
-  rù xí             to take one’s seat (at a gather   MBD 2
-                    ing, meeting, or banquet)         
-  rúhé              how, in what way; how (someone    MBD 6
-  ----------------- --------------------------------- -------
-
-or something) is; how is...?, how is it (literary form)
-
-  --------------- ------------------------------------------------------ --------
-  sān tōngguò     "the three approvals"                                  MBD 3
-  sānglǐ          funeral                                                MBD 5
-  shàngjìn        to be ambitious                                        MBD 2
-  shāngxīn        to be grieved, to be sorrowful, to be broken-hearted   MBD 5
-  shǎoshù mínzú   minority nationality, national minority                MBD 3
-  shēnbiān        one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings           MBD 5
-  shēnglěng       raw or cold foods                                      MBD it
-  shēngxialai     to be born                                             MBD U
-  --------------- ------------------------------------------------------ --------
-
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| shēngyù               | to give birth to and  | MBD 3                 |
-|                       | raise                 |                       |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| shi fǒu               | (literary form        | MBD 6                 |
-|                       | meaning shi bu shi)   |                       |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| shībài                | to fail               | MBD 3                 |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| shìqū                 | urban area or         | MBD 3                 |
-|                       | district              |                       |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| shíxíng               | to practice, to carry | MBD 1                 |
-|                       | out (a method,        |                       |
-|                       | policy, plan, reform, |                       |
-|                       | etc.)                 |                       |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| shóu (shū)            | to be familiar        | MBD 2                 |
-|                       | (with), to know well  |                       |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| shǒubì                | arm                   | MBD 6                 |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| shǒushù               | operation, surgery    | MBD 3                 |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| shǒuxiān shū (shóu)   | first                 | MBD 3                 |
-|                       |                       |                       |
-|                       | to be familiar        |                       |
-|                       | (with), to know well  |                       |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| shuāngfāng            | both sides, both      | MBD 1                 |
-|                       | parties               |                       |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| shùmu                 | number                | MBD 3                 |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| sǐ                    | to die                | MBD 6                 |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| song                  | to give (something as | MBD 1                 |
-|                       | a gift)               |                       |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| song                  | to escort, to take    | MBD 5                 |
-|                       | (someone to a place)  |                       |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-| sūnzi                 | grandson              | MBD U                 |
-+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-
-  -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ --------
-  -tài           birth                                                              MBD 1+
-  tan qin        to visit family                                                    MBD 1
-  tandao         to talk about; speaking of ...                                     MBD 2
-  tang           to lie, to recline                                                 MBD U
-  tánlai tánqù   to talk back and forth                                             MBD 2
-  tanqin         to visit relatives (usually means immediate family)                MBD 1
-  tànqínjià      leave for visiting family                                          MBD 1
-  tíchàng        to advocate, to promote, to initiate                               MBD 1
-  tí qin         to bring up a proposal of marriage                                 MBD 2
-  tōngguò        to pass, to approve                                                MBD 3
-  tòngkǔ         to be painful                                                      MBD 1+
-  tongyì         to consent, to agree                                               MBD 3
-  tóuyige        the first                                                          MBD 1+
-  tóu(yì)tāi     the first pregnancy, the first baby                                MBD 1+
-  tuō nínde fū   thanks to your lucky influence, many thanks                        MBD 1+
-  tǔzàng         burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)   MBD 6
-  -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ --------
-
-  ---------------- ---------------------------- ------ ---
-  Wangj iā         the Wang family, the Wangs   MBD    U
-  wánjù            toy                          MBD    3
-  wǎnliàn          funeral scroll               MBD    6
-  wǎnliàn wǎnhūn   late involvement and late    MBD    1
-                   marriage                            
-  wèi              to feed                      *MBD   U
-  ---------------- ---------------------------- ------ ---
-
-  ------------------- -------------------------------- -------
-  xiānhuā             fresh flowers                    MBD 3
-  xiǎngdāng           quite, pretty, very              MBD 1
-  xiǎngxìn            to believe                       MBD 3
-  xiǎo bǎobao         baby, darling (term of endear    MBD U
-                      ment for a young child)          
-  xiaode              to know                          MBD 6
-  xiǎohair            child, children                  MBD 3
-  xiǎojiě (xiǎojie)   daughter (referring to someone   MBD 2
-                      else’s daughter)                 
-  xiāoxi              news                             MBD 5
-  xiǎoxīn             to be careful                    MBD U
-  xífu                daughter-in-law                  MBD U
-  xíguān              habit, custom                    MBD 6
-  xǐjiǔ               wedding banquet; wedding wine    MBD 2
-  xìn                 to believe (in)                  MBD 2
-  xìn Fó              to be a Buddhist                 MBD 2
-  xīnlǎng             bridegroom                       MBD 2
-  xīnniǎng            bride                            MBD 2
-  xīnzàng             heart                            MBD 5
-  xīnzàngbìng         heart disease                    MBD 5
-  xǔduō               many, a great deal (of),         MBD 1
-                      a lot (of)                       
-  ------------------- -------------------------------- -------
-
-Yāngmíngshān
-
-^(y)ě
-
-yě jiù shi shuō yìhān
-
-yìbānde shuō
-
-yíbèizi yídào yídìng yìjian yīngdāng yíngyǎngpīn
-
-yíshì yíxiàng
-
-yíxiàzi
-
-a mountain in surburban Taipei MBD
-
-indeed, in fact, admittedly MBD
-
-to mean; in other words MBD
-
-ordinary, general, common MBD
-
-generally speaking MBD
-
-all one’s life MBD
-
-together MBD
-
-to be specific MBD
-
-opinion MBD
-
-should, ought to MBD
-
-food items of special MBD
-
-nutritional value
-
-ceremony MBD
-
-(have) always, (had) always, MBD
-
-consistently, all along
-
-an instant, a moment, a while MBD
-
-  ------------- ---------------------------------------------------- --------
-  yìzhí         all along, all the time (up until a certain point)   MBD 1
-  yuèzi         month of confinement after                           MBD 1+
-                giving birth to a child                              
-  zài shuō      furthermore, besides                                 MBD 5
-  zàng          to bury                                              MBD 5
-  zǎo           long ago                                             MBD 2
-  zēngjiā       to increase                                          MBD 3
-  zhang         to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)                        MBD 1+
-  zhèngfǔ       government                                           MBD 1
-  zhènghūn      to witness a marriage                                MBD 2
-  zhènghūnrén   chief witness at a wedding                           MBD 2
-                ceremony                                             
-  zhǐ yào       as long as, if only                                  MBD 6
-  zhong         to be heavy                                          MBD ll
-  zhù dao       to move to, to go live at                            MBD 1
-  zǐsūn         descendants                                          MBD 6
-  zǒngshi       always                                               MBD 1
-  zū            to rent                                              MBD 2
-  zūijìn        recently; soon                                       MBD 5
-  zǔmǔ          grandmother (on the father’s                         MBD 5
-                side)                                                
-  zuò           to serve as, to act as; as                           MBD 1
-  zuò méi       to act as go-between (for the                        MBD 2
-                families of a man and woman considering marriage)    
-  zuò yuèzi     to go through the month of                           MBD 4
-  ------------- ---------------------------------------------------- --------
 
-confinement and special care after childbirth
+Vocabulary
 
-GPO 5B7-00l/3096
 
-155
+ài	(sound of sighing)	MBD 2
+ānxīn	to be without worry, to feel at ease, to feel relieved	MBD 5
+-bang	pound (unit of weight)		MBD 1
+bǎobao (bǎobǎo)	baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)		MBD 1
+bǎozhòng	to take good care (of oneself)		MBD 5
+běnlái	originally		MBD 5
+bǐcǐ	each other, mutually; you too, the same to you		MBD 1
+bǐjiào (bǐjiǎo)	relatively, comparatively; fairly, rather		MBD 1
+bìngqiě	moreover, and		MBD 5
+bīngxiāng	refrigerator, ice box		MBD 1
+bìnyíguǎn	funeral home		MBD 6
+bìyùn	contraception		MBD 3
+bú dan	not only	MBD 1
+bù gǎn dāng	I’m flattered, You shouldn’t have, I don’t deserve this		MBD 1
+bù shǎo	quite a lot, quite a few	MBD 1
+bù tong	to be different	MBD 3
+cānj iā	to take part in; to attend		MBD 5
+chǎnfù	a woman who has given birth within the last month	MBD 3
+chángshòu	long life, longevity; to live a long time		MBD 5
+chǎnj ià	maternity leave		MBD 3
+chéng	to become, to constitute, to make		MBD 1
+chénggōng	to succeed, to be successful		MBD 3
+chengshì	city		MBD 1
+chī nǎi	to nurse, to suckle		MBD 1
+chū bin	to hold a funeral procession		MBD 6
+chūchāi	to be out of town on business		MBD 5
+chuī fēng	to have air blow on oneself; to be in a draft		MBD 1
+chūshēnglū	birth rate	MBD 3
+conglái bù	never	MBD 6
+conglái dōu	always (in the past)	MBD 6
+cōnglái méi	have never	MBD 6
+dā	travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train, airplane, etc.)	MBD 6
+dǎ chángtú diānhuà	to make a long-distance phone call	MBD 5
+dàdōu	for the most part	MBD 6
+dāgē	oldest brother "	MBD 5
+dài xiāo	to wear mourning	MBD 6
+dāngxīn	to watch out	MBD 1
+dānshi	but .	MBD 1
+dānwèi	unit	MBD 3
+-dāo	(indicates successful accomplishment of something)	MBD 3
+dàxǐ	great rejoicing	MBD 2
+dāxīde rìzi	wedding day	MBD 2
+dāying	to agree (to something), to consent, to promise	MBD 2
+dé	to get	MBD 1
+dédao	to receive, to get	MBD 3
+diaosāng	to present one’s condolences at a funeral	MBD 5
+dù	to pass	MBD 2
+dù mìyuè	to go on a honeymoon, to spend one's honeymoon	MBD 2
+duo kuāi.	’ how fast.'	MBD 1
+duōnián	many years	MBD 2
+ěrduo	' ear	MBD 1
+érnu	children	MBD 5
+érqiě	furthermore	MBD 1
+fādá	to be developed, to be prosperous	MBD 6
+fan	to have an attack (of an old disease)	MBD 5
+fǎnzhèng	anyway, in any case	MBD 6
+fǎyuàn	court of law	MBD 2
+fēngqì	common practice; general mood	MBD 1
+fēngshī	rheumatism	MBD U
+fēngshuī	the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)	MBD 6
+fēngsū	custom	MBD 1
+fēnpèi	to assign, to apportion, to allot	MBD 3
+Fó	Buddha	MBD 2
+fūfù	married couple, husband and wife	MBD 1
+fuqi	blessings, luck	MBD U
+fuxiàng	lucky physiognomy	MBD U
+fùzá	(fùzá) to be complicated	MBD 2
+gāi	should, ought to	MBD 6
+gǎibiàn	to change	MBD 1
+gāndeshàng	to be able to catch up, to be able to make it in time	MBD 5
+gǎnhuilai	to rush back	MBD 5
+gǎnjǐn	quickly	MBD 5
+gèdì	the various places, each place	MBD 3
+gègè	various	MBD 3
+gēnju (gēnju)	according to, based on	MBD 3
+gè zhōng	various kinds, types	MBD 3
+gōngmù	public cemetery	MBD 6
+gōngzhèng	jiēhūn civil marriage	MBD 2
+gōngzī	wages, pay	MBD 3
+guānniàn	concept, notion, view	MBD 6
+gǔhuī	bone ashes	MBD 5
+guiju	special customs, established rules	MBD 6
+guòqu	to pass away, to die	MBD 5
+guòshì	to pass away, to die	MBD 5
+hái	even, (to go) so far as to	MBD 2
+háishi	after all	MBD 2
+he	with; and	MBD 1
+héqilai	to combine, to join together	MBD 6
+hōngbāo	a red envelope with a gift or bribe of money in it	MBD U
+hōngdàn	eggs dyed red	MBD U
+hōngtáng	brown sugar	MBD 3
+houdài descendants	MBD 6
+hòulái	later, afterwards	MBD 2
+huā	to be multicolored	MBD 6
+huāquān	flower wreath	MBD 6
+huì	to be gray	MBD 6
+huì	might, to be likely to, will	MBD 1
+hui men	the return of the bride to her parents’ home (usually on the third day after the wedding)	MBD 2
+huīfu	to recover	MBD 1
+hūnlǐ	wedding	MBD 2
+huò	or	MBD 6
+huǒzàng	to cremate; cremation	MBD 5
+huozàng	cremation	MBD 6
+hūrán	suddenly	MBD 5
+Jiù	vacation, leave	MBD 3
+Jiangjiu	to be particular about; to be elegant, to be tasteful	MBD 6
+Jiānglai	the future, someday	MBD 5
+jiàotáng	church	MBD 2
+j iāowāng	to associate with, to have  dealings with	MBD 2
+jiātíng	family	MBD 3
+Jídūjiào	Christianity	MBD 2
+JieguS (jiēguǒ)	as a result; result, results	MBD 1
+jiehūn (jiehūn)	to get married	MBD 1
+Jiehūn lǐfū	wedding gown	MBD 2
+Jiějue	to solve	MBD 1
+j ièshaorén	introducer	MBD 2
+Jìhua shēngyù	planned parenthood, family planning	MBD 3
+JíJiù	first aid; to administer emergency treatment	MBD 5
+Jílè Bìnyíguǎn	Paradise Funeral Home (in Taipei)	MBD 6
+jingguo	to go through, to pass by or through	MBD 1
+jìniàn	memento, memorial	MBD 1
+Jiù shi le	... , that’s all	MBD 6
+J iùguolai	to save	MBD 5
+juedìng	to decide	MBD 2
+jueyù	sterilization	MBD 3
+Jūmín wěiyuánhuì	neighborhood committee	MBD 3
+jǔxíng	to hold (a meeting, ceremony,  etc. )	MBD 2
+Júzhǎng	head of an office or bureau (of which the last syllable is jú)	MBD 2
+kǎolū	to consider; consideration	MBD 1
+kě	indeed, really	MBD 1
+kě bú shi ma	I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for sure	MBD 1
+kòngzhi	to control	MBD 3
+...-lai ...-qù	(indicates repeating the action over and over again)	MBD 2
+laorénjia	polite way of addressing or referring to an old person ní laorénjia, tā lāorénjia)	MBD 5
+lǎoshi	(lǎoshi) to he honest	MBD 2
+liàn’ài	to he romantically involved with; love	MBD 1
+-liǎo	can, to he ahle to	MBD 5
+liǎojiě (liáojie)	to understand; understanding	MBD 1
+líhūn	to get divorced	MBD 1
+lǐwù (lǐwu)	gift, present	MBD 1
+mama	mother, mom	MBD 6
+mǎnyì	to he pleased	MBD 2
+mǎnyuè	a full month after the hirth of a hahy	MBD U
+mǎnyuèjiǔ	celebration meal one month after a hahy is horn	MBD U
+-men	plural suffix	MBD 3
+miǎnfèi	to he free of charge	MBD 3
+míng’é	the number of people assigned or allowed, quota (of people)	MBD 3
+míxìn	to be superstitious; superstition	MBD 6
+mìyuè	honeymoon	MBD 2
+nǎ (náli, nǎr)	how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)	MBD 6
+nanfāng the groom’s side, the grocm’s family	MBD 2
+nánguò to be sad	MBD 5
+nánjiā(r) the husband’s family	MBD 1
+nánnù male and female	MBD 1
+nénggàn to be capable	MBD 2
+nénggòu can, to be able to	MBD 1
+niánji (niánjì) age	MBD 5
+niánqing to be young	MBD 1
+nongcūn rural area, countryside	MBD 1
+nongmín peasant	MBD 3
+nù female	MBD 3
+nùjiā(r) the wife’s family	MBD 1
+nǔlì	to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard	MBD 1
+pàichūsuǒ(r)	the local police station	MBD 3
+pang	to he fat	MBD U
+pèng	to touch	MBD U
+píngjìng	to he calm	MBD 5
+pizhǔn	to give official permission	MBD 3
+pòfei	to spend a lot of money (on  someone), to go to some expense	MBD 4
+qiān	míng to sign one’s name	MBD 6
+qiānmíngbù	guest hook	MBD 6
+qiānwan	hy all means, he sure to; (in combination with a negative  word) hy no means, under no  circumstances	MBD U
+qíngkuàng	situation	MBD 3
+qingnián	youth, young person	MBD 1
+qinjìn	to he close (to a person)	MBD 3
+qīnqi	relatives	MBD 1
+qūhié	difference, distinction	MBD 1
+qǔbuliǎo	cannot go	MBD 5
+qùshì	to pass away, to die	MBD 5
+rén	person, self, hody	MBD 2
+réngōng	liúchǎn abortion	MBD 3
+r^.iwéi	to think that, to believe that	MBD 6
+rù xí	to take one’s seat (at a gather ing, meeting, or banquet)	MBD 2
+rúhé	how, in what way; how (someone or something) is; how is...?, how is it (literary form)	MBD 6
+sān tōngguò	"the three approvals"	MBD 3
+sānglǐ	funeral	MBD 5
+shàngjìn	to be ambitious	MBD 2
+shāngxīn	to be grieved, to be sorrowful, to be broken-hearted	MBD 5
+shǎoshù mínzú	minority nationality, national minority	MBD 3
+shēnbiān	one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings	MBD 5
+shēnglěng	raw or cold foods	MBD it
+shēngxialai	to be born	MBD U
+shēngyù	to give birth to and raise	MBD 3
+shi fǒu	(literary form meaning shi bu shi)	MBD 6
+shībài	to fail	MBD 3
+shìqū	urban area or district	MBD 3
+shíxíng to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, reform,  etc.)	MBD 1
+shóu (shū)	to be familiar (with), to know well	MBD 2
+shǒubì	arm	MBD 6
+shǒushù	operation, surgery	MBD 3
+shǒuxiān	first	MBD 3
+shū (shóu)	to be familiar  (with), to know well	MBD
+shuāngfāng	both sides, both parties	MBD 1
+shùmu	number	MBD 3
+sǐ	to die	MBD 6
+song	to give (something as a gift)	MBD 1
+song	to escort, to take (someone to a place)	MBD 5
+sūnzi	grandson	MBD U
+-tài	birth	MBD 1
+tan qin	to visit family	MBD 1
+tandao	to talk about; speaking of ...	MBD 2
+tang	to lie, to recline	MBD U
+tánlai tánqù	to talk back and forth	MBD 2
+tanqin	to visit relatives (usually means immediate family)	MBD 1
+tànqínjià	leave for visiting family	MBD 1
+tíchàng	to advocate, to promote, to initiate	MBD 1
+tí qin	to bring up a proposal of marriage	MBD 2
+tōngguò	to pass, to approve	MBD 3
+tòngkǔ	to be painful	MBD 1
+tongyì	to consent, to agree	MBD 3
+tóuyige	the first	MBD 1
+tóu(yì)tāi	the first pregnancy, the first baby	MBD 1
+tuō nínde fū	thanks to your lucky influence, many thanks	MBD 1
+tǔzàng	burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)	MBD 6
+Wangj iā	the Wang family, the Wangs	MBD U
+wánjù	toy	MBD 3
+wǎnliàn	funeral scroll	MBD 6
+wǎnliàn wǎnhūn	late involvement and late marriage	MBD 1
+wèi	to feed	MBD 4
+xiānhuā	fresh flowers	MBD 3
+xiǎngdāng	quite, pretty, very	MBD 1
+xiǎngxìn	to believe	MBD 3
+xiǎo bǎobao	baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)	MBD U
+xiaode	to know	MBD 6
+xiǎohair	child, children	MBD 3
+xiǎojiě (xiǎojie)	daughter (referring to someone else’s daughter)	MBD 2
+xiāoxi news	MBD 5
+xiǎoxīn	to be careful	MBD U
+xífu	daughter-in-law	MBD U
+xíguān	habit, custom	MBD 6
+xǐjiǔ	wedding banquet; wedding wine	MBD 2
+xìn	to believe (in)	MBD 2
+xìn Fó	to be a Buddhist	MBD 2
+xīnlǎng bridegroom	MBD 2
+xīnniǎng	bride	MBD 2
+xīnzàng	heart	MBD 5
+xīnzàngbìng	heart disease	MBD 5
+xǔduō	many, a great deal (of),  a lot (of)	MBD 1
+Yāngmíngshān	a mountain in surburban Taipei	MBD
+yě	indeed, in fact, admittedly	MBD
+yě jiù shi shuō	to mean; in other words	MBD
+yìhān	ordinary, general, common	MBD
+yìbānde shuō	generally speaking	MBD
+yíbèizi	all one’s life	MBD
+yídào	together	MBD
+yídìng	to be specific	MBD
+yìjian	opinion	MBD
+yīngdāng	should, ought to	MBD
+yíngyǎngpīn	food items of special nutritional value	MBD
+yíshì	ceremony	MBD
+yíxiàng	(have) always, (had) always,consistently, all along	MBD
+yíxiàzi	an instant, a moment, a while	MBD
+yìzhí	all along, all the time (up until a certain point)	MBD 1
+yuèzi	month of confinement after giving birth to a child	MBD 1
+zài shuō	furthermore, besides	MBD 5
+zàng	to bury	MBD 5
+zǎo	long ago	MBD 2
+zēngjiā	to increase	MBD 3
+zhang	to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)	MBD 1
+zhèngfǔ	government	MBD 1
+zhènghūn	to witness a marriage	MBD 2
+zhènghūnrén	chief witness at a wedding ceremony	MBD 2
+zhǐ yào	as long as, if only	MBD 6
+zhong	to be heavy	MBD ll
+zhù dao	to move to, to go live at	MBD 1
+zǐsūn	descendants	MBD 6
+zǒngshi	always	MBD 1
+zū	to rent	MBD 2
+zūijìn	recently; soon	MBD 5
+zǔmǔ	grandmother (on the father’s side)	MBD 5
+zuò	to serve as, to act as; as	MBD 1
+zuò méi	to act as go-between (for the families of a man and woman considering marriage)	MBD 2
+zuò yuèzi	to go through the month of confinement and special care after childbirth	MBD 4